fadurgardaz

fadurgardaz (nominative singular)
fadurgardōz (nominative plural)
fadurgardōs (nominative plural)
fadurgard (singular vocative)
fadurgardōz (plural vocative)
fadurgardōs (plural vocative)
fadurgardą (accusative singular)
fadurgardanz (accusative plural)
fadurgardas (genitive singular)
fadurgardis (genitive singular)
fadurgardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fadurgardai (dative singular)
fadurgardamaz (dative plural)
fadurgardō (instrumental singular)
fadurgardamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fæderġeard

Old Norse: fǫðurgarðr

Icelandic: föðurgarður

Norwegian Nynorsk: fadergard

/ˈɸɑ.ður.ˌɣɑr.ðɑz/

From *fadēr + *gardaz. Compare a similar formation found in Sanskrit पितृगृह (pitṛgṛha, “house of the fathers, place of the dead”).


rēdabanô

gem-decl-noun-table

*rēdabanô (an-stem)

rēdabanô (nominative singular)
rēdabananiz (nominative plural)
rēdabanô (singular vocative)
rēdabananiz (plural vocative)
rēdabananų (accusative singular)
rēdabananunz (accusative plural)
rēdabaniniz (genitive singular)
rēdabananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rēdabanini (dative singular)
rēdabanammaz (dative plural)
rēdabaninē (instrumental singular)
rēdabanammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: rǣdbana

Old Norse: ráðbani

Icelandic: ráðbani

/ˈrɛː.ðɑ.ˌbɑ.nɔːː/

accessory to murder; one involved in the planning of a murder


fermō

fermō (nominative singular)
fermôz (nominative plural)
fermō (singular vocative)
fermôz (plural vocative)
fermǭ (accusative singular)
fermōz (accusative plural)
fermōz (genitive singular)
fermǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fermōi (dative singular)
fermōmaz (dative plural)
fermō (instrumental singular)
fermōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: feorm, farm, færm, fearm, fyrm, fiorm, form
Middle English: ferme, farme, ferm, fyrme (Late Middle English), feorme, veorme (Early Middle English) (in part)
English: farm, (historical) feorm, (obsolete) ferme
Hawaiian Creole: farm
→ Dutch: farm
→ Finnish: farmi
→ German: Farm
→ Portuguese: farme, farma
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)
→ Spanish: farmear
→ Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)
Scots: ferm
→ Welsh: fferm
→ Medieval Latin: firma (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: Fjǫrm

Icelandic: Fjörm

From *ferhwą (“life force, body, being”).


fun-

Old English: fyne (< *funiz?)

q

Kentish <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">*vene</i>

Middle English: *fine (Kentish *vene)

English: fen; finew

⇒ Old English: fyniġ

Middle English: *finy, *viny

English: vinny; vinney

⇒ Old English: fynegian

desc

Middle English: *fenowen, *vinewen, vynyen

⇒ Middle English: yvyned

English: fenowed (obsolete)

⇒ Old English: fyniht

Old Frisian: *fene, *fune

⇒ West Frisian: vunsterig

Old Saxon: *funi

⇒ Old Saxon: *funisk

Middle Low German: *vunsch

Low German: vunsch

Old Dutch: *funi

⇒ Old Dutch: *funisk

Middle Dutch: vunsc, vunsch, vuyns

Dutch: vuns

⇒ Dutch: vunzig

⇒ Middle Dutch: vunst

⇒ Middle Dutch: vunstich

⇒ Old Norse: fúna (verb)

Icelandic: fúna

From Proto-Indo-European *pen- (“bog, mire”).


hlōþþijō

hlōþþijō (nominative singular)
hlōþþijôz (nominative plural)
hlōþþijō (singular vocative)
hlōþþijôz (plural vocative)
hlōþþijǭ (accusative singular)
hlōþþijōz (accusative plural)
hlōþþijōz (genitive singular)
hlōþþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlōþþijōi (dative singular)
hlōþþijōmaz (dative plural)
hlōþþijō (instrumental singular)
hlōþþijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: loete

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: lōte

Frankish: *lōtija

Old Dutch: *lōta

Middle Dutch: loet

Dutch: loet

→ English: loot

→ Old French: louce

French: louche

From Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to lay down, deposit, overlay”).


frekô

frekô (nominative singular)
frekaniz (nominative plural)
frekô (singular vocative)
frekaniz (plural vocative)
frekanų (accusative singular)
frekanunz (accusative plural)
frikiniz (genitive singular)
frekanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frikini (dative singular)
frekammaz (dative plural)
frikinē (instrumental singular)
frekammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: freca

Middle English: freke

English: freak

Old Norse: freki

Icelandic: freki

Derived from *frekaz (“active, bold, desirous, greedy”).


harmô

harmô (nominative singular)
harmaniz (nominative plural)
harmô (singular vocative)
harmaniz (plural vocative)
harmanų (accusative singular)
harmanunz (accusative plural)
harminiz (genitive singular)
harmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harmini (dative singular)
harmammaz (dative plural)
harminē (instrumental singular)
harmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harmō
Old English: hearma
Old Frisian: *harma
⇒ Old Frisian: *harmel
West Frisian: harmel
Old Saxon: harmo
Middle Low German: harm
⇒ German Low German: Hermanntje
⇒ Old Saxon: *hermil
Middle Low German: hermel
Old Dutch: *harmo
Middle Dutch: *herme
Dutch: herm (rare, now obsolete)
⇒ Middle Dutch: hermijn
→? Icelandic: hermín
⇒ Old Dutch: *hermilo
Middle Dutch: hermel
Dutch: hermel
⇒ Middle Dutch: hermelijn
Dutch: hermelijn
Old High German: harmo
Middle High German: harme
German: Harm
⇒ Old High German: harmilo
⇒ Old High German: harmilīn
Middle High German: hermelīn
German: Hermelin
→ Danish: hermelin
→ Swedish: hermelin
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hermelin
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hermelin
→? Old French: ermine, ermin, hermin, hermine
Middle French: hermin, ermin
French: hermine
→ Romanian: hermină
→ Turkish: ermin
→ Middle English: ermyne, armyn, armyne, ermin, ermine, ermyn, hermyn
English: ermine
Scots: ermine

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱormō (“weasel”).


elmaz

elmaz (nominative singular)
elmōz (nominative plural)
elmōs (nominative plural)
elm (singular vocative)
elmōz (plural vocative)
elmōs (plural vocative)
elmą (accusative singular)
elmanz (accusative plural)
elmas (genitive singular)
ilmis (genitive singular)
elmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
elmai (dative singular)
elmamaz (dative plural)
elmō (instrumental singular)
elmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *elm, *alm, *ulm, *olm
Old English: elm, *ulm m
Middle English: elm, alme, elme, helm, ulme
English: elm (dialectal ellum)
Scots: elm
⇒ Old English: ulmtrēow
Middle English: ulm tree, elme-tre, elmetree
English: elmtree
Old Saxon: elm, alm m (alm in placenames)
Middle Low German: elme, elm, olm m
Low German: Elm, Ölm, Ilm, Ülm
Old Dutch: *olm m, alma f, alme-, elme-, helme- (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: olm, *alm m, olme f (conflated with Old French olme?)
Dutch: olm, alm m
Old High German: elm, ilme, elmo m
Middle High German: ëlm, ëlme, elmene, ilm, ilme, ilmene f
Alemannic German: Elme, Ilme, Olme
⇒ Middle High German: ilmboum, ilmpoum
>? Old High German: ulm m (native or borrowed from Latin ulmus?)
Middle High German: ulme f (new borrowing from Latin, or back-formation from ulmboum and influenced by Latin?)
German: Ulme f
⇒ Old High German: ulmboum
Middle High German: ulmboum, ulmpoum

Old Norse: almr
Icelandic: álmur
Faroese: álmur
Norwegian Nynorsk: alm; (dialectal) æłm, ålm’e, åm’e
Norwegian Bokmål: alm
Swedish: alm
⇒ Old Norse: elmi (collective)
Danish: elm
Swedish: älme (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁él(e)m (“mountain elm”).
Kroonen (2011) regards the variant *ulmaz as evidence of an ablauting paradigm, most likely *elm ~ *ulmaz from an amphikinetic m-stem *h₁él-m̥ ~ *h₁l̥-m-ós (compare *armaz and *halmaz for potentially the same type). However, this lemma is not included in his 2013 dictionary.


herþrą

gem-decl-noun-table

*herþrą (a-stem)

herþrą (nominative singular)
herþrō (nominative plural)
herþrą (singular vocative)
herþrō (plural vocative)
herþrą (accusative singular)
herþrō (accusative plural)
herþras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
herþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
herþrai (dative singular)
herþramaz (dative plural)
herþrō (instrumental singular)
herþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *herþr
Old English: hreþer
Old High German: *herdar
⇒ Old High German: smalaherdar (“small intestine, gut”)

Old Norse: hreðr

Icelandic: hreður

⇒ Icelandic: hreðjar

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hairþra) (plural)

Uncertain. Perhaps from either Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker(t)- (“to cut, divide”) (to which Orel compares Proto-West Germanic *herþ (“hearth”)) or *ḱerd- (“heart”), with the suffix *-þrą. Compare Lithuanian kartóklys (“omasum”).

der

(anatomy) innards; guts; internal organs


meduwurtiz

meduwurtiz (nominative singular)
meduwurtīz (nominative plural)
meduwurti (singular vocative)
meduwurtīz (plural vocative)
meduwurtį (accusative singular)
meduwurtinz (accusative plural)
meduwurtīz (genitive singular)
meduwurtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
meduwurtī (dative singular)
meduwurtimaz (dative plural)
meduwurtī (instrumental singular)
meduwurtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *meduwurti
Old English: medewyrt, medowyrt
Middle English: medewort, medwert, medwort
English: meadwort, medæwart (obsolete)
Old Saxon: *meduwurt
Middle Low German: mēdewurt
Old High German: metuwurz

Old Norse: *mjǫðurt

Icelandic: mjaðurt

Danish: mjødurt

Norwegian: mjødurt

Swedish: mjödört

From *meduz + *wurtiz, so-called for its use in mead.


erþahūsą

erþahūsą (nominative singular)
erþahūsō (nominative plural)
erþahūsą (singular vocative)
erþahūsō (plural vocative)
erþahūsą (accusative singular)
erþahūsō (accusative plural)
erþahūsas (genitive singular)
erþahūsis (genitive singular)
erþahūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erþahūsai (dative singular)
erþahūsamaz (dative plural)
erþahūsō (instrumental singular)
erþahūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eorþhūs

Middle English: erthe-hous

Old High German: erdhūs

German: Erdhaus

Old Norse: jarðhús
Faroese: jarðhús
Icelandic: jarðhús
→ Russian: я́рус (járus)
→ Azerbaijani: yarus
→ Yakut: дьаарыс (jaarıs)

From *erþō + *hūsą. The Germanic peoples made use of caves for shelter and storage, according to Tacitus.


erþaburgz

erþaburgz (nominative singular)
erþaburgiz (nominative plural)
erþaburg (singular vocative)
erþaburgiz (plural vocative)
erþaburgų (accusative singular)
erþaburgunz (accusative plural)
erþaburgiz (genitive singular)
erþaburgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erþaburgi (dative singular)
erþaburgumaz (dative plural)
erþaburgē (instrumental singular)
erþaburgumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eorþburh

Old High German: erdburg

German: Erdburg

Old Norse: jarðborg

Icelandic: jarðborg


weganestą

weganestą (nominative singular)
weganestō (nominative plural)
weganestą (singular vocative)
weganestō (plural vocative)
weganestą (accusative singular)
weganestō (accusative plural)
weganestas (genitive singular)
weganistis (genitive singular)
weganestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
weganestai (dative singular)
weganestamaz (dative plural)
weganestō (instrumental singular)
weganestamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: weġnest

Old High German: weganest

Old Norse: vegnest


wargatrewą

wargatrewą (nominative singular)
wargatrewō (nominative plural)
wargatrewą (singular vocative)
wargatrewō (plural vocative)
wargatrewą (accusative singular)
wargatrewō (accusative plural)
wargatrewas (genitive singular)
wargatriwis (genitive singular)
wargatrewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wargatrewai (dative singular)
wargatrewamaz (dative plural)
wargatrewō (instrumental singular)
wargatrewamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: weargtrēow

Old Saxon: waragtreo

Old Norse: vargtré

gallows; (literally) outlaw-tree, a place where criminals are hanged


anþą

anþą (nominative singular)
anþō (nominative plural)
anþą (singular vocative)
anþō (plural vocative)
anþą (accusative singular)
anþō (accusative plural)
anþas (genitive singular)
anþis (genitive singular)
anþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anþai (dative singular)
anþamaz (dative plural)
anþō (instrumental singular)
anþamiz (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-to-m, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


ēþmaz

ēþmaz (nominative singular)
ēþmōz (nominative plural)
ēþmōs (nominative plural)
ēþm (singular vocative)
ēþmōz (plural vocative)
ēþmōs (plural vocative)
ēþmą (accusative singular)
ēþmanz (accusative plural)
ēþmas (genitive singular)
ēþmis (genitive singular)
ēþmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēþmai (dative singular)
ēþmamaz (dative plural)
ēþmō (instrumental singular)
ēþmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *āþm
Old English: ǣþm, ǣðm, ēþm, ēðm
Middle English: ethem
Old Saxon: āthom, āthum
Middle Low German: âdem, âtem, âtmen, âdam
German Low German: Aam
Old Dutch: *āthom; *āththem
Middle Dutch: âdem; âessem, âsem
Dutch: adem; asem
Afrikaans: asem
Limburgish: aom, aosem
Old High German: ātum, ātam, ātem, ātim, ādum, ādom, ādem, hātam
Middle High German: ātem, ādem, āten
Bavarian: Åtem
Cimbrian: aatom
German: Atem, Odem (influenced by Low German)
Hunsrik: Ochtem
Yiddish: אָטעם (otem)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁tmén (“breath”). Compare Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātmán, “soul, self, breath”).


ternō

ternō (nominative singular)
ternôz (nominative plural)
ternō (singular vocative)
ternôz (plural vocative)
ternǭ (accusative singular)
ternōz (accusative plural)
ternōz (genitive singular)
ternǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ternōi (dative singular)
ternōmaz (dative plural)
ternō (instrumental singular)
ternōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: tjǫrn
Icelandic: tjörn
Faroese: tjørn
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjørn, tjønn, tjønn f, tjern, kjenn n
→ Scots: shon
Jamtish: tjern
Old Swedish: tiärn
Swedish: tjärn
Danish: tjern
Norwegian Bokmål: tjern
→ Middle English: terne
English: tarn, tairn
Scots: tarn


alkǭ

alkǭ (nominative singular)
alkōniz (nominative plural)
alkǭ (singular vocative)
alkōniz (plural vocative)
alkōnų (accusative singular)
alkōnunz (accusative plural)
alkōniz (genitive singular)
alkōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alkōni (dative singular)
alkōmaz (dative plural)
alkōnē (instrumental singular)
alkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: alka
Icelandic: álka
→ English: auk
Faroese: álka
Norwegian Nynorsk: alke, alka; (dialectal) ålke
Swedish: alka
→ Dutch: alk
→ German: Alk
Danish: alke
Norwegian Bokmål: alke
→⇒ Irish: falcóg

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁el- (“a kind of bird”).

der

(North Germanic) a kind of sea bird, auk


sturiz

sturiz (nominative singular)
sturīz (nominative plural)
sturi (singular vocative)
sturīz (plural vocative)
sturį (accusative singular)
sturinz (accusative plural)
sturīz (genitive singular)
sturjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturī (dative singular)
sturimaz (dative plural)
sturī (instrumental singular)
sturimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sturi

Old English: *styr

i

also possibly derived from the verb Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">styrian</i>

⇒ Old English: ġestyr (also possibly derived from the verb Old English styrian)

desc

Middle English: stir, stere (“fighting, battle”)

English: stir

Scots: ster, sturre, sturr, steer

Old Norse: styrr

Icelandic: styrr, styr (in compounds)

Norwegian Nynorsk: styr m

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tur-, *(s)twer- (“to turn around, confuse”).


nēdiz

nēdiz (nominative singular)
nēdīz (nominative plural)
nēdi (singular vocative)
nēdīz (plural vocative)
nēdį (accusative singular)
nēdinz (accusative plural)
nēdīz (genitive singular)
nēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nēdī (dative singular)
nēdimaz (dative plural)
nēdī (instrumental singular)
nēdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *nād, *nēd

Saterland Frisian: Näid

West Frisian: naad (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *nād

Middle Low German: nât

German Low German: Nahd

Old Dutch: *nād

Middle Dutch: naet

Dutch: naad

Old High German: nāt

Middle High German: nāt

German: Naht

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (“to spin; sew”). Cognate with Ancient Greek νέσις (nésis, “spinning”).


hlīdō

hlīdō (nominative singular)
hlīdôz (nominative plural)
hlīdō (singular vocative)
hlīdôz (plural vocative)
hlīdǭ (accusative singular)
hlīdōz (accusative plural)
hlīdōz (genitive singular)
hlīdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlīdōi (dative singular)
hlīdōmaz (dative plural)
hlīdō (instrumental singular)
hlīdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlīdu

Old Saxon: *hlīda

Middle Low German: *lîd, *lît

⇒ Middle Low German: lîtkōp

Old Dutch: *hlīda

Middle Dutch: lijde

Old High German: hlīta, līta

Middle High German: līte

German: Leite

desctree

Old Norse: hlíð
Icelandic: hlíð
Faroese: líð
Norwegian Bokmål: li
Norwegian Nynorsk: li
Old Swedish: līþ
Swedish: lid, li
Old Danish: liidh
Danish: li, lid, lide

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱleytéh₂ (“something leaned, inclined”).


hlīþrō

hlīþrō (nominative singular)
hlīþrôz (nominative plural)
hlīþrō (singular vocative)
hlīþrôz (plural vocative)
hlīþrǭ (accusative singular)
hlīþrōz (accusative plural)
hlīþrōz (genitive singular)
hlīþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlīþrōi (dative singular)
hlīþrōmaz (dative plural)
hlīþrō (instrumental singular)
hlīþrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *hlíðr

Old Swedish: *hlīþer

Swedish: lider

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléytreh₂ (“shelter, covering”). Equivalent to *hlīdaną + *-þrō.


hlidą

hlidą (nominative singular)
hlidō (nominative plural)
hlidą (singular vocative)
hlidō (plural vocative)
hlidą (accusative singular)
hlidō (accusative plural)
hlidas (genitive singular)
hlidis (genitive singular)
hlidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlidai (dative singular)
hlidamaz (dative plural)
hlidō (instrumental singular)
hlidamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlid
Old English: hlid
Middle English: lid
English: lid
Scots: lid
Old Frisian: *hlid
Saterland Frisian: Lid
West Frisian: lid
Old Saxon: hlid
Middle Low German: lit, let, lēt
German Low German: Lidd
⇒ Middle Low German: lēdeken
Old Dutch: *hlid, *lid
Middle Dutch: lit (rare)
Dutch: lid (rare)
Old High German: hlit, lit, lid
Middle High German: lit
German: Lid

Old Norse: hlið

Icelandic: hlið

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlitóm (“that which is covered”), from the adjective *ḱlitós (“covered”), from the root *ḱley- (“to shelter, cover”). Compare, in particular, Sanskrit श्रित (śritá, “lying, situated in”).


hulisō

hulisō (nominative singular)
hulisôz (nominative plural)
hulisō (singular vocative)
hulisôz (plural vocative)
hulisǭ (accusative singular)
hulisōz (accusative plural)
hulisōz (genitive singular)
hulisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulisōi (dative singular)
hulisōmaz (dative plural)
hulisō (instrumental singular)
hulisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *hulisa

Middle Dutch: *hulse

Dutch: huls

Old High German: hulisa

German: Hülse

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱélōs, from *ḱel- (“to cover”).


marikiz

marikiz (nominative singular)
marikīz (nominative plural)
mariki (singular vocative)
marikīz (plural vocative)
marikį (accusative singular)
marikinz (accusative plural)
marikīz (genitive singular)
marikijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marikī (dative singular)
marikimaz (dative plural)
marikī (instrumental singular)
marikimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: meriċi, mereċe, mearċe, merċe

Middle English: merche, marche

⇒ Old English: wudumerċe, wudemerċe

Middle English: wudemerch, wodemarch

English: woodmarch

Old Saxon: *meriki, *merik

Middle Low German: merk

Old High German: merk, merc

Middle High German: *merk

German: Merk

Old Norse: merki

From Proto-Indo-European *móri (“water, sea”).


klintaz

klintaz (nominative singular)
klintōz (nominative plural)
klintōs (nominative plural)
klint (singular vocative)
klintōz (plural vocative)
klintōs (plural vocative)
klintą (accusative singular)
klintanz (accusative plural)
klintas (genitive singular)
klintis (genitive singular)
klintǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klintai (dative singular)
klintamaz (dative plural)
klintō (instrumental singular)
klintamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klint

Old Saxon: *klint

Middle Low German: *klint

German Low German: Klint

→ Danish: klint

desctree

Old Norse: klettr
Danish: klit
Faroese: klettur
Norn: klett
Icelandic: klettur
Norwegian: klett
Swedish: klätt
→ Scottish Gaelic: cleit

Uncertain; hypothetically from Proto-Indo-European *glendos (“shore”), but the only cognate is Proto-Celtic *glendos (“valley”) (along with its descendants). They are alternatively suggested to be of shared substrate origin.


þehsulǭ

þehsulǭ (nominative singular)
þehsulōniz (nominative plural)
þehsulǭ (singular vocative)
þehsulōniz (plural vocative)
þehsulōnų (accusative singular)
þehsulōnunz (accusative plural)
þehsulōniz (genitive singular)
þehsulōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þehsulōni (dative singular)
þehsulōmaz (dative plural)
þehsulōnē (instrumental singular)
þehsulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þehsulā

Old English: *þeoxle

desc

Middle English: thyxyl, thyxylle, thixil, tyxhyl

Old Frisian: *thioxel, *thiuxel

Saterland Frisian: Tjuksel

West Frisian: tsjoksel

Old Saxon: *thehsala

Middle Low German: desle, dessele, dessel, dēssel, deissel

Old Dutch: *thehsal

Middle Dutch: dessel, dissel, diessel

Dutch: dissel

Afrikaans: dissel

Old High German: dehsala, dehsila

Middle High German: dëhsel, dihsel

German: Dechsel

→ Danish: diksel

Old Norse: þexla

Icelandic: þexla

Swedish: tängsla, täxla (dialectal)

Norwegian Bokmål: teksel

Norwegian Nynorsk: teksla

Old Danish: þæxla

Danish: tenxle, tængsel, tengsel, tingsel

From *þehs- (“to hew; hackle”), from Proto-Indo-European *teḱs- (“weaponry”). Cognate with Latin tēlum (“throwing axe, weapon, spear”).


raubārijaz

Old English: rēafere

Middle English: revere

Scots: revar, rever

English: reaver

Old High German: roubari

Middle High German: röubære, roubære, roubāre

German: Räuber

Old Norse: raufari

From *raubaz (“rape, pillage, robbery”) + *-ārijaz.


salhô

gem-decl-noun-table

*salhô (an-stem)

salhô (nominative singular)
salhaniz (nominative plural)
salhô (singular vocative)
salhaniz (plural vocative)
salhanų (accusative singular)
salhanunz (accusative plural)
salhiniz (genitive singular)
salhanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salhini (dative singular)
salhammaz (dative plural)
salhinē (instrumental singular)
salhammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *salh
Old English: sealh, saliġ
Middle English: salwe, saly
English: sallow, sally
Old Saxon: *salha
Middle Low German: *sale
⇒ Middle Low German: salewîde)
Old High German: salaha
Middle High German: salehe, salhe
⇒ Middle High German: salewīde
German: Salweide
→ Old French: saule
Middle French: saule
French: saule

Old Norse: selja (< *salhijǭ)

Icelandic: selja f

Norwegian Nynorsk: selje

Norwegian Bokmål: selje m or f

Danish: selje(-pil) c

Swedish: sälg c

→? Proto-Finnic: *salaga (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂lk- (“willow”). Cognate with Welsh helyg, Latin salix.


skauba-

Proto-West Germanic: *skaub
Old English: sċēaf
Middle English: scheef
English: sheaf
Scots: schefe, scheif
Old Frisian: *skāf
Saterland Frisian: Schoof, Schoowe
West Frisian: skeaf
Old Saxon: skōf
Middle Low German: schôf
Low German: Schoof
→ German: Schof
Old Dutch: *skōf
Middle Dutch: scoef, schoof
Dutch: schoof
Afrikaans: skoof
Old High German: skoub, scoub
Middle High German: schoup
German: Schaub

Old Norse: skauf

Danish: skæv

Icelandic: skauf

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewp- (“tuft, cluster, hair on the head”), related to Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍆𐍄 (skuft, “hair of the head”), German Schopf (“tuft”), Albanian çup (“without tail, maimed”).


flekka-

Proto-West Germanic: *flekk, *flakk

Old English: *flecc, *flæcc

Middle English: *flekk (attested in Middle English flekked (past participle))

English: fleck

Scots: flek, fleck

Old Frisian: *flekk (attested in Old Frisian flekka; flekkia)

Saterland Frisian: Fläk

West Frisian: flek

Old Saxon: *flek, *flak

desc

Middle Low German: flek, vlek, vlak, vlack

German Low German: Fleck

Old Dutch: flec (in names); flecka f

Middle Dutch: vlecke, vlacke

Dutch: vlek

Afrikaans: vlek

desctree

Old High German: flek, flec
Middle High German: vlëc
German: Fleck
Yiddish: פֿלעק (flek)

Old Norse: flekkr

Icelandic: flekkur

Faroese: flekkur

Norwegian: flekk

Swedish: fläck

Uncertain, possibly related to Lithuanian plėšti (“to tear”). However, compare Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to beat, push, drive”).
Maybe related to *flakaz (“flat”) if the original sense was rather "place, region".

der

Fleck

partially merged with the descendant of the a-stem noun


sōtą

gem-decl-noun-table

*sōtą (a-stem)

sōtą (nominative singular)
sōtō (nominative plural)
sōtą (singular vocative)
sōtō (plural vocative)
sōtą (accusative singular)
sōtō (accusative plural)
sōtas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
sōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sōtai (dative singular)
sōtamaz (dative plural)
sōtō (instrumental singular)
sōtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōt

Old English: sōt

Middle English: soot, sot, sote, soote

English: soot

Scots: sute, suit

Old Saxon: *sōt

Middle Low German: sôt

German Low German: Soot

Old Dutch: *sōt

Middle Dutch: soet

Dutch: zoet

Old Norse: sót

Danish: sod

Faroese: sót

Icelandic: sót

Norwegian: sot

Swedish: sot

From a lengthened o-grade of *sitjaną (“to sit”), reflecting the nature of soot as accumulated particles that sit on surfaces.


hrōtaz

*hrōtaz (a-stem)

hrōtaz (nominative singular)
hrōtōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
hrōt (singular vocative)
hrōtōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
hrōtą (accusative singular)
hrōtanz (accusative plural)
hrōtas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
hrōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōtai (dative singular)
hrōtamaz (dative plural)
hrōtō (instrumental singular)
hrōtamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *hrōt

Saterland Frisian: Rout

West Frisian: roet, ruot

Old Saxon: hrōt

Middle Low German: rôt, rût

German Low German: Root

Old Dutch: *ruot

Middle Dutch: roet

Dutch: roet

Afrikaans: roet

Old High German: hruoz, ruoz

Middle High German: ruoz

Alemannic German: Ruus

German: Ruß

→ Proto-Samic: *ruottē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kreH(u)d- (“grime, soot”).


handusahsą

handusahsą (nominative singular)
handusahsō (nominative plural)
handusahsą (singular vocative)
handusahsō (plural vocative)
handusahsą (accusative singular)
handusahsō (accusative plural)
handusahsas (genitive singular)
handusahsis (genitive singular)
handusahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
handusahsai (dative singular)
handusahsamaz (dative plural)
handusahsō (instrumental singular)
handusahsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *handusahs

Old English: handseax

Middle English: hond-sæx

Old Norse: handsax

Icelandic: handsax


feþlą

gem-decl-noun-table

*feþlą (a-stem)

feþlą (nominative singular)
feþlō (nominative plural)
feþlą (singular vocative)
feþlō (plural vocative)
feþlą (accusative singular)
feþlō (accusative plural)
feþlas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
feþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
feþlai (dative singular)
feþlamaz (dative plural)
feþlō (instrumental singular)
feþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *feþl

Old High German: *fedel

desc

⇒ Old High German: fedelgold, pfedelgold

⇒ Old High German: fedelgoldōn, pfedelgoldōn

From pre-Germanic *péth₂lom, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂-. Cognate with Ancient Greek πέταλον (pétalon).


asjǭ

asjǭ (nominative singular)
asjōniz (nominative plural)
asjǭ (singular vocative)
asjōniz (plural vocative)
asjōnų (accusative singular)
asjōnunz (accusative plural)
asjōniz (genitive singular)
asjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
asjōni (dative singular)
asjōmaz (dative plural)
asjōnē (instrumental singular)
asjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: essa (“forge, melting-oven”)

Middle High German: esse

German: Esse (“chimney”) (regional)

Old Norse: esja

Old Swedish: æsia

Swedish: ässja

Danish: esse

→ Proto-Samic: *āšō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ahjo (see there for further descendants)


frōkni

frōkni (nominative singular)
frōknī (nominative plural)
frōkni (singular vocative)
frōknī (plural vocative)
frōkni (accusative singular)
frōknī (accusative plural)
frōknīz (genitive singular)
frōknijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frōknī (dative singular)
frōknimaz (dative plural)
frōknī (instrumental singular)
frōknimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frōkni, *frōknī

Old English: frœ̄cne, frēcne, frēcen


wiþiwindǭ

wiþiwindǭ (nominative singular)
wiþiwindōniz (nominative plural)
wiþiwindǭ (singular vocative)
wiþiwindōniz (plural vocative)
wiþiwindōnų (accusative singular)
wiþiwindōnunz (accusative plural)
wiþiwindōniz (genitive singular)
wiþiwindōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþiwindōni (dative singular)
wiþiwindōmaz (dative plural)
wiþiwindōnē (instrumental singular)
wiþiwindōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wiþiwindā
Old English: wiþewinde
Middle English: withewynde
English: withwind
Old Dutch: *withiwinda
Middle Dutch: wēdewinde
Dutch: wedewinde, wederwinde, weerwinde (obsolete)

Old Norse: *viðvindill

Icelandic: viðvindill

Danish: vedbende

From *wiþiz + *windǭ, possibly from *windaną.


ibahs

ibahs (nominative singular)
ibahiz (nominative plural)
ibah (singular vocative)
ibahiz (plural vocative)
ibahų (accusative singular)
ibahunz (accusative plural)
ibahiz (genitive singular)
ibahǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ibahi (dative singular)
ibahumaz (dative plural)
ibahē (instrumental singular)
ibahumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *ibah, *ibag, *ibig

desctree

Old English: īfiġ, īfeġn
Middle English: ivi
English: ivy
Scots: eevy

Middle Low German: īflōf, ifflōf

German Low German: Eiloov, Ieloof

West Flemish: iefte

Old High German: ebah

Middle High German: ebich

⇒ Middle High German: ebichpaum ⇒ epaum

Cimbrian: éapóom

⇒ Old High German: ebhouwi (conflated with houwi (“hay”))

Middle High German: ephöu

Central Franconian: Effche (Ripuarian)

German: Efeu, Epheu (superseded)

→ Norwegian: eføy

→ Danish: efeu

From Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ebʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *eburos.


wallijǭ

wallijǭ (nominative singular)
wallijōniz (nominative plural)
wallijǭ (singular vocative)
wallijōniz (plural vocative)
wallijōnų (accusative singular)
wallijōnunz (accusative plural)
wallijōniz (genitive singular)
wallijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wallijōni (dative singular)
wallijōmaz (dative plural)
wallijōnē (instrumental singular)
wallijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wallijā
Old English: wælle, wielle, welle, wylle, wille f; wiella, willa m
Middle English: welle, wille, wælle, walle, wolle
English: well
Scots: well, wall, woll
Old Frisian: *welle f; walla m
Saterland Frisian: Wälle f
West Frisian: welle, wel m or f
Old Saxon: wella, walla
Middle Low German: welle
German Low German: Welle, Well
Old Dutch: *wella
Middle Dutch: welle
Dutch: wel, welle
Afrikaans: wel
Old High German: wella
Middle High German: wëlle
German: Welle
→ Polish: fala

Old Norse: vella

Icelandic: vella

Swedish: väl

Danish: væld

From Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”), synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *wallaną (“to well up”).


trabō

trabō (nominative singular)
trabôz (nominative plural)
trabō (singular vocative)
trabôz (plural vocative)
trabǭ (accusative singular)
trabōz (accusative plural)
trabōz (genitive singular)
trabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trabōi (dative singular)
trabōmaz (dative plural)
trabō (instrumental singular)
trabōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *trabu

Middle High German: trabe

Old Norse: trǫf f, traf n

Icelandic: traf n

Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *drapati, Sanskrit द्रापि (drāpi, “garment, mantle”), and Ancient Greek δρέπω (drépō, “to pluck, tear off”). Also compare Old Norse trefja (“to buzz”) and trefill (“rag, tatter”). Note that a relation with Proto-Slavic *drabъ (“clothes”) is phonetically impossible by regular application of sound laws.


trugaz

trugaz (nominative singular)
trugōz (nominative plural)
trugōs (nominative plural)
trug (singular vocative)
trugōz (plural vocative)
trugōs (plural vocative)
trugą (accusative singular)
truganz (accusative plural)
trugas (genitive singular)
trugis (genitive singular)
trugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trugai (dative singular)
trugamaz (dative plural)
trugō (instrumental singular)
trugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *trog

desctree

Old English: trog, troh
Middle English: trogh
English: trough
Scots: troch, trouch
→ Irish: trach

Old Frisian: *trog, *troch

Saterland Frisian: Troach

West Frisian: trôge

Old Saxon: trog

Middle Low German: trog

German Low German: Trog

Old Dutch: *trog

Middle Dutch: troch

Dutch: trog

Afrikaans: trog

Old High German: troc

Middle High German: troc

Cimbrian: tròg

German: Trog

Luxembourgish: Trach

→ Italian: trogolo (with -olo)

→ Piedmontese: treu

Old Norse: trog n

Icelandic: trog

Faroese: trog

Norwegian Nynorsk: trau

Danish: trug

Swedish: tråg

From Proto-Indo-European *drukós (“trough, vessel”), from the same root as Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree, wood”).


wakwō

wakwō (nominative singular)
wakwôz (nominative plural)
wakwō (singular vocative)
wakwôz (plural vocative)
wakwǭ (accusative singular)
wakwōz (accusative plural)
wakwōz (genitive singular)
wakwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wakwōi (dative singular)
wakwōmaz (dative plural)
wakwō (instrumental singular)
wakwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *waku

Middle Low German: wake

→ German: Wake

q

possibly from a neuter <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wakwą</i>

Middle Dutch: wac (possibly from a neuter *wakwą)

Dutch: wak

desctree

Old Norse: vǫk
Icelandic: vök
Swedish: vak
Scanian: vag
Danish: våge
Dalian: wåk
Norwegian: vok, våk

From the same root as *wakwaz, namely Proto-Indo-European *wegʷ-.


awǭ

awǭ (nominative singular)
awōniz (nominative plural)
awǭ (singular vocative)
awōniz (plural vocative)
awōnų (accusative singular)
awōnunz (accusative plural)
awōniz (genitive singular)
awōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awōni (dative singular)
awōmaz (dative plural)
awōnē (instrumental singular)
awōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌰𐍅𐍉 (awō)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂eh₂, from *h₂éwh₂os (“grandfather”) + *-eh₂ (feminine suffix), or equivalent to *awô + *-ǭ.


fōrīniz

fōrīniz (nominative singular)
fōrīnīz (nominative plural)
fōrīni (singular vocative)
fōrīnīz (plural vocative)
fōrīnį (accusative singular)
fōrīninz (accusative plural)
fōrīnīz (genitive singular)
fōrīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōrīnī (dative singular)
fōrīnimaz (dative plural)
fōrīnī (instrumental singular)
fōrīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fórn (“gift, offering”)

Icelandic: fórn (“offering; sacrifice”)

Norwegian Nynorsk: fórn (“offering”)

Swedish: fon (dialectal)

Danish: forn / fon / fund (“gift (esp. of food) given for a feast”) (all archaic or dialectal)


habīniz

habīniz (nominative singular)
habīnīz (nominative plural)
habīni (singular vocative)
habīnīz (plural vocative)
habīnį (accusative singular)
habīninz (accusative plural)
habīnīz (genitive singular)
habīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habīnī (dative singular)
habīnimaz (dative plural)
habīnī (instrumental singular)
habīnimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: hæfen (“property, possession”)

Old Norse: hǫfn (“holding, possession, tenure; foetus; pasture; coat”)

Icelandic: höfn (“possession; pasture; foetus”)

Faroese: høvn (“pasture”) (in place names)

Norwegian Nynorsk: hamn / homn (“pasture; foetus”)

Norwegian Bokmål: havn (“pasture”)

Swedish: hamn (“pasture”)

From *habjaną (“to have, hold”) + *-īniz.


wammaz

wammaz (nominative singular)
wammōz (nominative plural)
wammōs (nominative plural)
wamm (singular vocative)
wammōz (plural vocative)
wammōs (plural vocative)
wammą (accusative singular)
wammanz (accusative plural)
wammas (genitive singular)
wammis (genitive singular)
wammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wammai (dative singular)
wammamaz (dative plural)
wammō (instrumental singular)
wammamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wamm

Middle English: wemme

English: wem

Scots: wame

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᛗᛗᚨᛉ (*wammaʀ)

Old Norse: vamm, vǫmm

Icelandic: vamm

→ Finnish: vamma

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼 (wamm)

From Proto-Indo-European *wemh₁- (“to spew, vomit”). Cognate with Latin vomō (“I vomit”), Sanskrit वमति (vámati).


wranhō

wranhō (nominative singular)
wranhôz (nominative plural)
wranhō (singular vocative)
wranhôz (plural vocative)
wranhǭ (accusative singular)
wranhōz (accusative plural)
wranhōz (genitive singular)
wranhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wranhōi (dative singular)
wranhōmaz (dative plural)
wranhō (instrumental singular)
wranhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: rá, vrá, vá (attested with nasal vowel)
Icelandic: rá
Faroese: vrá
Norwegian Nynorsk: ro
Swedish: vrå
Danish: vrå
→ Middle English: wro
English: wroo
Scots: wray

From Proto-Indo-European *wrónkeh₂, from the root *wrenk- (“to turn, twist, bend; to clutch, grasp”). Possibly formal cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ (“clutch, hand, arm”).


braidiþō

braidiþō (nominative singular)
braidiþôz (nominative plural)
braidiþō (singular vocative)
braidiþôz (plural vocative)
braidiþǭ (accusative singular)
braidiþōz (accusative plural)
braidiþōz (genitive singular)
braidiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
braidiþōi (dative singular)
braidiþōmaz (dative plural)
braidiþō (instrumental singular)
braidiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English:

Middle English: bredthe (late)

English: breadth

Scots: breedth, breeth

Old Saxon: *brēditha

Middle Low German:

Low German: Breddt, Breddte

Old Dutch: *brēditha

Middle Dutch: brêedte

Dutch: breedte

Old Norse: breidd

Icelandic: breidd

Faroese: breidd

Norwegian Nynorsk: breidd, breidde (influenced by Danish and Bokmål)

Old Swedish: brēd

Swedish: bredd

Danish: bredde

Norwegian: bredde


azaniz

azaniz (nominative singular)
azanīz (nominative plural)
azani (singular vocative)
azanīz (plural vocative)
azanį (accusative singular)
azaninz (accusative plural)
azanīz (genitive singular)
azanijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
azanī (dative singular)
azanimaz (dative plural)
azanī (instrumental singular)
azanimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aʀani
Old English: *iern
⇒ Old English: ruġern (“rye-harvest, the name of a month”) (+ ryġe (“rye”))
Old Frisian: ern, erne, arn, arne
Old Saxon: *aran
Middle Low German: arne, arn, erne, ern
Dutch Low Saxon: Oorn, Aarn
German Low German: Arne, Arn
⇒ Old Saxon: aranfīmba (“grain heap”) (+ fīma (“pile, heap”))
Old Dutch: *aran
Middle Dutch: arn, arne
Old High German: arn f, (aran m)
Middle High German: erne f, arn m
⇒ Middle High German: ernde f (merged with OHG arnōt)
German: Ernte f

Old Norse: ǫnn
Icelandic: önn
Norwegian Nynorsk: onn
Norwegian Bokmål: onn
Old Swedish: an, and
Swedish: (archaic or dialectal) and, ann

Gothic: 𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 (asans)
→ Occitan: guazanh, gasanh

→? Finnish: aarni (“treasure”), aarnio

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁os-on-i-s (“harvest”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *(j)esenь.


sēliþō

sēliþō (nominative singular)
sēliþôz (nominative plural)
sēliþō (singular vocative)
sēliþôz (plural vocative)
sēliþǭ (accusative singular)
sēliþōz (accusative plural)
sēliþōz (genitive singular)
sēliþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sēliþōi (dative singular)
sēliþōmaz (dative plural)
sēliþō (instrumental singular)
sēliþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sāliþu
Old English: sǣlþ
Middle English: selthe
Old Saxon: sālitha, sāltha
Middle Low German: sâlde, sêlde
Old Dutch: sālda
Middle Dutch: sâelde, salde, zalde
Old High German: sālida
Middle High German: sālide, sēlide, sælede, sālde, sælde, seilde

Old Norse: sæld

Icelandic: sæld

Norwegian Nynorsk: sæld


banstiz

banstiz (nominative singular)
banstīz (nominative plural)
bansti (singular vocative)
banstīz (plural vocative)
banstį (accusative singular)
banstinz (accusative plural)
banstīz (genitive singular)
banstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
banstī (dative singular)
banstimaz (dative plural)
banstī (instrumental singular)
banstimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bōsig

Old Frisian: bōs

Old High German: *banse

Middle High German: banse

German: Banse, Barn

Old Norse: báss

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (bansts)


tōgô

tōgô (nominative singular)
tōganiz (nominative plural)
tōgô (singular vocative)
tōganiz (plural vocative)
tōganų (accusative singular)
takkunz (accusative plural)
takkaz (genitive singular)
takkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tagini (dative singular)
tagummaz (dative plural)
takkē (instrumental singular)
tagummiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tōgō; *tōg (< *tōgaz, *tōgą)

Old Frisian: *tōga, *tōka; *tōch

Saterland Frisian: Toug, Touch

West Frisian: tûke

Old Saxon: tōgo; *tōg

Middle Low German: tôch

Old Dutch: *tuogo; *tuog

Middle Dutch: tooch, toech

Dutch: toeg

Old High German: zuogo; zuog

North Germanic:

Danish: tagge

Norwegian Nynorsk: tagge, tagg

Old Swedish: tagger

Swedish: tagg

→? Middle English: tag

English: tag

Scots: tag

Old Saxon: *takk; takka

Middle Low German: tacke, tagge m or f

German Low German: Tack f

→? Middle English: tag

English: tag

Scots: tag

Old Dutch: *tak

Middle Dutch: tac m

Dutch: tak

→ Old French: taque

→ Middle English: takke

English: tack

Old High German: *zahha

Middle High German: zacke, tacke f

German: Zacke

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₃gʰ- (“branch”). Possibly cognate with Albanian degë (“bough, branch”).


lukkaz

lukkaz (nominative singular)
lukkōz (nominative plural)
lukkōs (nominative plural)
lukk (singular vocative)
lukkōz (plural vocative)
lukkōs (plural vocative)
lukką (accusative singular)
lukkanz (accusative plural)
lukkas (genitive singular)
lukkis (genitive singular)
lukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lukkai (dative singular)
lukkamaz (dative plural)
lukkō (instrumental singular)
lukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lokk

Old English: locc, loc

Middle English: lok, lokke

English: lock

Scots: lok

Old Frisian: lokk, lok

West Frisian: lok, lokke

Old Saxon: lokk, lok

Middle Low German: locke

German Low German: Locke, Lock

Frankish: *lokk

Old Dutch: lock

Middle Dutch: loc, locke

Dutch: lok

→ Old French: lok, loc

Middle French: loque (influenced by Middle Dutch)

French: loque

Old High German: lok, loc

Middle High German: loc

Alemannic German:

Italian Walser: lokha

German: Locke

Old Norse: lokkr

Icelandic: lokkur

Faroese: lokkur

Norwegian: lokk

Swedish: lock

Danish: lok

From Proto-Indo-European *lugnós, from *lewg- (“to bend”) + *-nós. Synchronically analyzed as an a-stem nominal formation from *lūkaną (“to close, shut”).


tīkō

tīkō (nominative singular)
tīkôz (nominative plural)
tīkō (singular vocative)
tīkôz (plural vocative)
tīkǭ (accusative singular)
tīkōz (accusative plural)
tīkōz (genitive singular)
tīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīkōi (dative singular)
tīkōmaz (dative plural)
tīkō (instrumental singular)
tīkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tīku

Old Saxon: *tīka

Middle Low German: *tîke, tike

→ Dutch: tike (dialectal)

→ West Frisian: tike, tik

>? Dutch: toeke

>? West Frisian: tûke, tuke, tuike

>? German: Zucke

Old Norse: tík

Icelandic: tík

Faroese: tík

Norwegian: tik

Swedish: tik

Old Danish: tig

Middle English: tike, tyke

English: tyke

Scots: tyke

→ Proto-Samic: *tijkkō (see there for further descendants)


farzaz

farzaz (nominative singular)
farzōz (nominative plural)
farzōs (nominative plural)
farz (singular vocative)
farzōz (plural vocative)
farzōs (plural vocative)
farzą (accusative singular)
farzanz (accusative plural)
farzas (genitive singular)
farzis (genitive singular)
farzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farzai (dative singular)
farzamaz (dative plural)
farzō (instrumental singular)
farzamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *farʀ

Old English: fearr

Middle English: fearr

Old Frisian: *fēr

⇒ Old Frisian: fēring

Old Saxon: *farr

Middle Low German: var, ver

Old Dutch: *far

Middle Dutch: vare, vaer

Old High German: far

Middle High German: var, phar

German: Farr

From Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to provide”).


waisǭ

waisǭ (nominative singular)
waisōniz (nominative plural)
waisǭ (singular vocative)
waisōniz (plural vocative)
waisōnų (accusative singular)
waisōnunz (accusative plural)
waisōniz (genitive singular)
waisōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waisōni (dative singular)
waisōmaz (dative plural)
waisōnē (instrumental singular)
waisōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waisā
Old English: wāse
Middle English: wose
English: ooze
Old Frisian: wāse
West Frisian: weaze
Old Saxon: waso
Middle Low German: wāse
Middle Dutch: wāse, wāze, waes
Dutch: waas
Afrikaans: waas
Old High German: waso
Middle High German: wase
German: Wasen

Old Norse: veisa

Icelandic: veisa

/ˈwɑi̯.sɔ̃ː/

From Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to flow”), whence also Proto-West Germanic *waisund (“windpipe, gullet”), Sanskrit वेषति (véṣati, “to flow”), and perhaps Proto-Germanic *waizą (“seaweed”) (whence Dutch wier (“idem”)).


wōþa-

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wōþō</i>

Old English: wōþ (< *wōþō)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“to be excited or inspired”).


bigangaz

bigangaz (nominative singular)
bigangōz (nominative plural)
bigangōs (nominative plural)
bigang (singular vocative)
bigangōz (plural vocative)
bigangōs (plural vocative)
bigangą (accusative singular)
biganganz (accusative plural)
bigangas (genitive singular)
bigangis (genitive singular)
bigangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bigangai (dative singular)
bigangamaz (dative plural)
bigangō (instrumental singular)
bigangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: begang, begong

Old High German: bigang

Middle High German: beganc

/biˈɣɑŋ.ɡɑz/

From *bi- + *gangaz, or perhaps a derivation of *biganganą.


swarduz

swarduz (nominative singular)
swardiwiz (nominative plural)
swardu (singular vocative)
swardiwiz (plural vocative)
swardų (accusative singular)
swardunz (accusative plural)
swardauz (genitive singular)
swardiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swardiwi (dative singular)
swardumaz (dative plural)
swardū (instrumental singular)
swardumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sweard
Middle English: sward, swerd, swerde, swarde, swarthe, swarth, suarth
English: sward
Scots: swaird

Old Dutch: *swarda

Middle Dutch: swaerde

Dutch: zwoerd

Old High German: *swarta

Middle High German: swarte

German: Schwarte

Old Norse: svǫrðr
Icelandic: svörður
Faroese: svørður
Norwegian Nynorsk: svord, svor
Norwegian Bokmål: svor
Swedish: svål
Danish: svær

Of unknown origin. Often the only cognate compared is Latvian šērve (“pigskin, thick (and dirty) skin layer”) and a possible reconstruction Proto-Balto-Slavic *sverdvē, though the Latvian term itself could have been borrowed through Germanic from German Low German Schörwe.


preunaz

preunaz (nominative singular)
preunōz (nominative plural)
preunōs (nominative plural)
preun (singular vocative)
preunōz (plural vocative)
preunōs (plural vocative)
preuną (accusative singular)
preunanz (accusative plural)
preunas (genitive singular)
priunis (genitive singular)
preunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
preunai (dative singular)
preunamaz (dative plural)
preunō (instrumental singular)
preunamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: prēon

Middle English: pren

English: preen

⇒ English: pirn

Scots: preen

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: Preem

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: priem

Dutch: priem

Afrikaans: priem

Old High German:

Middle High German: pfrieme

German: Pfriem

Old Norse: prjónn

Icelandic: prjónn

Faroese: prónur

⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: pjone

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: pjone, pjona

Danish: pryne

Possibly from earlier *preuhmô, genitive *preuhnaz, from *bréuk-mō, *bréuk-(m)n-os, from Proto-Indo-European *brewk-, related to Bulgarian бръсна (brǎsna, “to shave”), Lithuanian brukti (“to prod”).
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *brewn-, related to Lithuanian briaunà (“edge”), Albanian brez (“belt, girdle”).


lamsaz

lamsaz (nominative singular)
lamsōz (nominative plural)
lamsōs (nominative plural)
lams (singular vocative)
lamsōz (plural vocative)
lamsōs (plural vocative)
lamsą (accusative singular)
lamsanz (accusative plural)
lamsas (genitive singular)
lamsis (genitive singular)
lamsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lamsai (dative singular)
lamsamaz (dative plural)
lamsō (instrumental singular)
lamsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: láss m
Icelandic: lás m
Faroese: lás n
Norwegian Nynorsk: lås m or n
Old Swedish: las m or n
Swedish: lås n
Elfdalian: lą̊s n
Danish: lås c
Norwegian Bokmål: lås m or n (neuter through dialectal Norwegian)

Uncertain. Kroonen rejects comparisons to Latin lamina (“thin sheet of metal”) on semantic grounds.


lukilaz

lukilaz (nominative singular)
lukilōz (nominative plural)
lukilōs (nominative plural)
lukil (singular vocative)
lukilōz (plural vocative)
lukilōs (plural vocative)
lukilą (accusative singular)
lukilanz (accusative plural)
lukilas (genitive singular)
lukilis (genitive singular)
lukilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lukilai (dative singular)
lukilamaz (dative plural)
lukilō (instrumental singular)
lukilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: lykill
Icelandic: lykill m
Faroese: lykil m
Norwegian Nynorsk: lykel m
Old Swedish: lykel
Swedish: (dialectal) lyckel c, likul
Old Danish: lykæl
Danish: (Jutlandic) løgel c, løgle
⇒ Old Norse: nykill (see there for further descendants)

From *lūkaną (“to lock”) + *-ilaz (agent/instrument suffix).


hwannō

hwannō (nominative singular)
hwannôz (nominative plural)
hwannō (singular vocative)
hwannôz (plural vocative)
hwannǭ (accusative singular)
hwannōz (accusative plural)
hwannōz (genitive singular)
hwannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwannōi (dative singular)
hwannōmaz (dative plural)
hwannō (instrumental singular)
hwannōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: hvǫnn
Danish: kvan c, kvanne c
Faroese: hvonn f
Icelandic: hvönn f
Norwegian (Nynorsk): kvann f, kvanne f or m
Swedish: kvanne c, kvann c (in dialects also kvanna f)
→ Greenlandic: kuaneq

→ Proto-Samic:

Lule Sami: faddnu

Northern Sami: faddnu


hahtuz

hahtuz (nominative singular)
hahtiwiz (nominative plural)
hahtu (singular vocative)
hahtiwiz (plural vocative)
hahtų (accusative singular)
hahtunz (accusative plural)
hahtauz (genitive singular)
hahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hahtiwi (dative singular)
hahtumaz (dative plural)
hahtū (instrumental singular)
hahtumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: háttr
Icelandic: háttur m
Faroese: háttur m
Norn: hot
Norwegian Nynorsk: hått m

Unknown; possibly dissimilated from earlier *hwahtuz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóḱ-tu-s, from *kʷeḱ- (“to see, appear”), perhaps cognate with Old Irish cucht (“external appearance; colour”), Tocharian B kektseñe (“body”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *kóḱ-tu-s, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”), whence also *hagaz (“skilled, abled”).


þruhtuz

þruhtuz (nominative singular)
þruhtiwiz (nominative plural)
þruhtu (singular vocative)
þruhtiwiz (plural vocative)
þruhtų (accusative singular)
þruhtunz (accusative plural)
þruhtauz (genitive singular)
þruhtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þruhtiwi (dative singular)
þruhtumaz (dative plural)
þruhtū (instrumental singular)
þruhtumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þroht

⇒ Old English: þrehtiġ

Old Saxon: *thruht, *thrūth (in personal names and placenames)

⇒ Old Saxon: Thrudbertus

⇒ Old Saxon: Thruthburg

Old Norse: þróttr

Icelandic: þróttur

⇒ Icelandic: íþrótt

⇒ Old Swedish: īþrǣt

From Proto-Indo-European *treg- (“firm, fast”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“to be stiff; rigid”).


þullaz

þullaz (nominative singular)
þullōz (nominative plural)
þullōs (nominative plural)
þull (singular vocative)
þullōz (plural vocative)
þullōs (plural vocative)
þullą (accusative singular)
þullanz (accusative plural)
þullas (genitive singular)
þullis (genitive singular)
þullǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þullai (dative singular)
þullamaz (dative plural)
þullō (instrumental singular)
þullamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þoll
Old English: þol, þoll
Middle English: thole
English: thole
→ Irish: dola
Old Frisian: tholl
Old Saxon: *tholl
Middle Low German: dulle, dolle
Low German: Doll, Dull
→ German: Dolle
Old Dutch: *tholl
Middle Dutch: dolle
Dutch: dol
→ Old French: *toll
⇒ Old French: *tollet
Middle French: tollet
 French: tolet (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old Norse: þollr (“fir tree; peg; *thole”)

Icelandic: þollur

Danish: toll

Swedish: tull

Norwegian: toll

Unknown. Comparisons to Ancient Greek τύλος (túlos, “callus; knot; knob; trenail”), τύλη (túlē, “callus; hump; pad, cushion”), Proto-Slavic *tylъ (“nape”) (assuming original “neck”), Lithuanian tulis (“axle nail”) are promising but prone to coincidence. If related, the Germanic could be from *tuh₂-l-nó-s, from an n-stem which like the aforementioned cognates would also contain an l-suffix, from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”); the virtual root might be analyzable as a late PIE *tewl- ~ *twel-.


-jô

gem-decl-noun-table

*-jô (an-stem)

-jô (nominative singular)
-janiz (nominative plural)
-jô (singular vocative)
-janiz (plural vocative)
-janų (accusative singular)
-janunz (accusative plural)
-iniz (genitive singular)
-janǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ini (dative singular)
-jammaz (dative plural)
-inē (instrumental singular)
-jammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-jō
Old English: -a
Old Frisian: -a
Old Saxon: -io
Old Dutch: -o
Old High German: -o, -eo

Old Norse: -i

Old Swedish: -e

Gothic: -𐌾𐌰 (-ja)

-er. Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.


stamniz

stamniz (nominative singular)
stamnīz (nominative plural)
stamni (singular vocative)
stamnīz (plural vocative)
stamnį (accusative singular)
stamninz (accusative plural)
stamnīz (genitive singular)
stamnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stamnī (dative singular)
stamnimaz (dative plural)
stamnī (instrumental singular)
stamnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stamni

Old English: stemn, stefn

desc

Middle English: stem, stemme, stempne, stevin

English: stem

Old Frisian: stevene

Old Saxon: stamn

Middle Low German: stam, stamme

German Low German: Stamm

→ Saterland Frisian: Stam

Old Dutch: *stam

Middle Dutch: stam

Dutch: stam

Afrikaans: stam

→ West Frisian: stam

Old High German: stam

Middle High German: stam

German: Stamm

Luxembourgish: Stamm

desctree

Old Norse: stafn
Icelandic: stafn
Faroese: stavnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: stamn
Old Danish: stafn
Danish: stavn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stavn
Old Swedish: stafn, stamn

From pre-Germanic *sth₂-mn-ís, from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂mn̥ (“that which stands”) (compare *stōmô (“stature”)), deverbal noun from the root *steh₂- (“to stand, stay”) (whence *stāną).


-itją

-itją (nominative singular)
-itjō (nominative plural)
-itją (singular vocative)
-itjō (plural vocative)
-itją (accusative singular)
-itjō (accusative plural)
-itjas (genitive singular)
-itis (genitive singular)
-itjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-itjai (dative singular)
-itjamaz (dative plural)
-itjō (instrumental singular)
-itjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-iti

Old English: -ett, -et (genitive -ettes)

Old Saxon: *-iti

Middle Low German: -te

Old Dutch: *-iti

Middle Dutch: -te

Dutch: ge- -te, -te

Old High German: -izzi

Middle High German: -ze

German: -ze

Suffix denoting the action of verbs ending in *-itjaną, used similarly as Modern English -age, -ation, -isation, -ism.


anabūsniz

anabūsniz (nominative singular)
anabūsnīz (nominative plural)
anabūsni (singular vocative)
anabūsnīz (plural vocative)
anabūsnį (accusative singular)
anabūsninz (accusative plural)
anabūsnīz (genitive singular)
anabūsnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anabūsnī (dative singular)
anabūsnimaz (dative plural)
anabūsnī (instrumental singular)
anabūsnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: ambusan

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌽𐍃 (anabūsns)


wibraz

gem-decl-noun-table

*wibraz (a-stem)

wibraz (nominative singular)
wibrōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
wibr (singular vocative)
wibrōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
wibrą (accusative singular)
wibranz (accusative plural)
wibras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
wibrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wibrai (dative singular)
wibramaz (dative plural)
wibrō (instrumental singular)
wibramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wibr

Old English: wifer

Old Norse: vifr

From Proto-Indo-European *wip-rós, from *weyp- (“to shake, tremble, agitate”).


stōmô

stōmô (nominative singular)
stōmaniz (nominative plural)
stōmô (singular vocative)
stōmaniz (plural vocative)
stōmanų (accusative singular)
stōmanunz (accusative plural)
stōminiz (genitive singular)
stōmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōmini (dative singular)
stōmammaz (dative plural)
stōminē (instrumental singular)
stōmammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse:

Old Swedish: stomme

Swedish: stomme

Old Danish:

Danish: stom(me) (dialect)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌼𐌰 (stōma)

/ˈstɔː.mɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂mn̥ (“that which stands, stature”).


wandilaz

wandilaz (nominative singular)
wandilōz (nominative plural)
wandilōs (nominative plural)
wandil (singular vocative)
wandilōz (plural vocative)
wandilōs (plural vocative)
wandilą (accusative singular)
wandilanz (accusative plural)
wandilas (genitive singular)
wandilis (genitive singular)
wandilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wandilai (dative singular)
wandilamaz (dative plural)
wandilō (instrumental singular)
wandilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Wandil

Old English: Wendle, Wendlas

Middle English: Wandales

Old High German: Wentil

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *Wandilsaiwi

⇒ Old English: Wendelsǣ

⇒ English: Wendle Sea

⇒ Old High German: Wentilsēo

⇒ Old Dutch: *Wendilgēr

Old Norse: Vandill, Vendill

Icelandic: Vandill, Vendill

Swedish: Vendel

→ Latin: Vandalus

→ Catalan: vàndal

→ English: Vandal

From the root of *wandōną (“to wander”) + *-ilaz.


rehtą

rehtą (nominative singular)
rehtō (nominative plural)
rehtą (singular vocative)
rehtō (plural vocative)
rehtą (accusative singular)
rehtō (accusative plural)
rehtas (genitive singular)
rihtis (genitive singular)
rehtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rehtai (dative singular)
rehtamaz (dative plural)
rehtō (instrumental singular)
rehtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *reht
Old English: riht, reht — Mercian, reht, reoht, reiht, ryht
Middle English: right, reȝt, riȝte, riȝt, ryȝt, ryght, righte, riht
English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit
Geordie English: reet
Scots: richt
Yola: reights (plural)
Old Frisian: riucht, riocht
Saterland Frisian: riucht, gjucht
West Frisian: rjocht
Old Saxon: reht
Middle Low German: recht, richt
Low German: recht
Old Dutch: reht
Middle Dutch: recht
Dutch: recht
Berbice Creole Dutch: rekti
Jersey Dutch: rääxt
Negerhollands: recht, rek, ret, tret, regt
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tret (dated)
→ Papiamentu: rècht
→ Saramaccan: leti
Limburgish: rèch
Old High German: reht
Middle High German: rëht
Alemannic German: Rëcht
Central Franconian: rääch, räht, räät (western Ripuarian, parts of western Moselle Franconian), reht, reet, reecht (other parts of Moselle Franconian), räächt (eastern Moselle Franconian)
German: recht, Recht
Hunsrik: richt
Luxembourgish: riets, riicht, Recht (influenced by German)
Vilamovian: racht
Yiddish: רעכט (rekht)

Derived from *rehtaz (“right, straight”). Compare Proto-Celtic *rextus (“rule, law”), which may have influenced this word.


flutą

flutą (nominative singular)
flutō (nominative plural)
flutą (singular vocative)
flutō (plural vocative)
flutą (accusative singular)
flutō (accusative plural)
flutas (genitive singular)
flutis (genitive singular)
flutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flutai (dative singular)
flutamaz (dative plural)
flutō (instrumental singular)
flutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: flot n

(Middle English: flote) (conflated with Old English flota, from *flutô)

(English: float)

(Scots: flote, flot)

Old Frisian:

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Plautdietsch: Floot

Old Dutch: *flot n

Middle Dutch: vlot

Dutch: vlot

Afrikaans: vlot

Old High German: fluʒ m

Middle High German: vluʒ

German: Fluss

→ Saterland Frisian: Flüüs

Luxembourgish: Floss

Vilamovian: fłūs

Old Norse: flot

Icelandic: flot

Faroese: flot

Old Swedish: flut, flot

Swedish: flott

Old Danish: flot

Danish: flåd

From earlier *pludom, from Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to fly; flow; run”).


swerką

swerką (nominative singular)
swerkō (nominative plural)
swerką (singular vocative)
swerkō (plural vocative)
swerką (accusative singular)
swerkō (accusative plural)
swerkas (genitive singular)
swirkis (genitive singular)
swerkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swerkai (dative singular)
swerkamaz (dative plural)
swerkō (instrumental singular)
swerkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesweorc n

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: swark n


rīþaz

rīþaz (nominative singular)
rīþōz (nominative plural)
rīþōs (nominative plural)
rīþ (singular vocative)
rīþōz (plural vocative)
rīþōs (plural vocative)
rīþą (accusative singular)
rīþanz (accusative plural)
rīþas (genitive singular)
rīþis (genitive singular)
rīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīþai (dative singular)
rīþamaz (dative plural)
rīþō (instrumental singular)
rīþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīþ
Old English: rīþ
Middle English: rīth, rīthe
English: rith
Old Frisian: rīth, rīd
Saterland Frisian: Riede
West Frisian: ryd, ride, riid, ried, rie
⇒ Old Frisian: mēderīth, mēderīd
Old Saxon: *rīth
Middle Low German: rîde, rîe, rige, rhyde, rüde
→ German: Riede
Old Dutch: rīth
Middle Dutch: rijt
Dutch: riet, rijt (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”).


halô

gem-decl-noun-table

*halô (an-stem)

halô (nominative singular)
halaniz (nominative plural)
halô (singular vocative)
halaniz (plural vocative)
halanų (accusative singular)
halanunz (accusative plural)
haliniz (genitive singular)
halanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halini (dative singular)
halammaz (dative plural)
halinē (instrumental singular)
halammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hali

Icelandic: hali

Faroese: hali

Norwegian Bokmål: hale

Norwegian Nynorsk: hale

Danish: hale

→ Scots: halin, halen

→ Scots: haalie


haimijaną

haimijō (active first-person indicative singular)
haimijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haimīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haimijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimī (active imperative second-person singular)
haimijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haimijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haimīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haimijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haimijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haimijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haimijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haimijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haimijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haimijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haimijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haimīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haimijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haimijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haimijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haimijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haimijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haimijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haimijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haimidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haimidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haimidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haimidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haimidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haimidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haimidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haimidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimijandz (active participle present)
haimidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haimijan
Old English: hǣman
Old High German: *haimen
Middle High German: heimen

Old Norse: heima

Icelandic: heima


takkô

gem-decl-noun-table

*takkô (an-stem)

takkô (nominative singular)
takkaniz (nominative plural)
takkô (singular vocative)
takkaniz (plural vocative)
takkanų (accusative singular)
takkanunz (accusative plural)
takkiniz (genitive singular)
takkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
takkini (dative singular)
takkammaz (dative plural)
takkinē (instrumental singular)
takkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *takkō

Old Frisian: *takka

Saterland Frisian: Takke

West Frisian: takke

⇒ Old Frisian: takel

West Frisian: takkel, takke

Old Saxon: *takko

Middle Low German: tacke

German Low German: Tacke, Tack

→ Danish: tak

Old Dutch: *takko

Middle Dutch: tacke, tac

Dutch: tak

→ Old Northern French: taque

desctree

→ Middle English: tak, takke, take, tace
English: tack
Scots: taik

→ Anglo-Latin: taccum

Old High German: *zacho; *tacha, *zacha

Middle High German: tacke, zacke

German: Zacke

From Proto-Indo-European *deHgʰ-n-, possibly from a root *deh₃gʰ- (“branch”); split from the same paradigm came Proto-Germanic *tōgô and *tōkô (“branch”).


handuwerką

handuwerką (nominative singular)
handuwerkō (nominative plural)
handuwerką (singular vocative)
handuwerkō (plural vocative)
handuwerką (accusative singular)
handuwerkō (accusative plural)
handuwerkas (genitive singular)
handuwirkis (genitive singular)
handuwerkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
handuwerkai (dative singular)
handuwerkamaz (dative plural)
handuwerkō (instrumental singular)
handuwerkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: handweorc, hondweorc
Middle English: hondwerk, handwerke, hondewerk, andwork, handwarke, handwerk, hand-warke, handewerrc
English: handwork
Scots: handwerk, handwark

Old Frisian: *handwerk, *hondwerk

Saterland Frisian: Hondwierk

West Frisian: handwurk

Old Saxon: *handwerk

Middle Low German: hantwerk

German Low German: Handwark

Dutch Low Saxon: handwark

→ Swedish: hantverk

Old Dutch: *handwerk

Middle Dutch: hantwerc

Dutch: handwerk

Afrikaans: handwerk

Old High German: hantwerc, hantwerch

Middle High German: hantwerc

German: Handwerk

Old Norse: handaverk

Icelandic: handverk

Old Swedish: handaværk


gripiz

gripiz (nominative singular)
gripīz (nominative plural)
gripi (singular vocative)
gripīz (plural vocative)
gripį (accusative singular)
gripinz (accusative plural)
gripīz (genitive singular)
gripjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gripī (dative singular)
gripimaz (dative plural)
gripī (instrumental singular)
gripimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: gripe
Middle English: gripe, grepe, grippe, grype
English: grip
→ Dutch: grip
Scots: grip, grup
Yola: grip

Old Frisian: *grip (in bigrip)

Old Dutch: *gripi

Middle Dutch: grepe

Dutch: greep

Afrikaans: greep

Old High German: grif

Middle High German: grif

German: Griff

→ Polish: gryf

Old French: gris pl, *griffe (?)

French: griffe (or deverbal)

Old Norse: gripr

Icelandic: gripur


gaumō

gaumō (nominative singular)
gaumôz (nominative plural)
gaumō (singular vocative)
gaumôz (plural vocative)
gaumǭ (accusative singular)
gaumōz (accusative plural)
gaumōz (genitive singular)
gaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaumōi (dative singular)
gaumōmaz (dative plural)
gaumō (instrumental singular)
gaumōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaumu

gl

< Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*gaumijā</i>

Old English: ġīeme (< Proto-West Germanic *gaumijā)

Middle English: ȝieme, ȝeme, yeme, yem

Old Frisian: gāme

West Frisian: gammen

Old Saxon: gōma

Middle Low German: gôme, goum

desctree

Old Dutch: gōma
Middle Dutch: gôme
Dutch: goom

Old High German: gouma

Middle High German: goume, goum

German: Gaume

Old Norse: gaum

Icelandic: gaum

Norwegian: gaum

→ Middle English: gome, gom

English: gaum

⇒ English: gormless

Scots: gome, goam


kuniz

kuniz (nominative singular)
kunīz (nominative plural)
kuni (singular vocative)
kunīz (plural vocative)
kunį (accusative singular)
kuninz (accusative plural)
kunīz (genitive singular)
kunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kunī (dative singular)
kunimaz (dative plural)
kunī (instrumental singular)
kunimiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *kuni- (prefix)
Old English: cyne-, cyn-, cine-, cyni- — early
Middle English: kine-, coin-, ken-, kene-, kin-, kym-, kyne-, cune-, cyne- (Early Middle English)
(English: kindom)
(Scots: kinrick)
Old High German: *kuni-, chune-, chuni- (in personal names)

Old Norse: konr

Icelandic: konur; konar

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”).


kaupô

gem-decl-noun-table

*kaupô (an-stem)

kaupô (nominative singular)
kaupaniz (nominative plural)
kaupô (singular vocative)
kaupaniz (plural vocative)
kaupanų (accusative singular)
kaupanunz (accusative plural)
kaupiniz (genitive singular)
kaupanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaupini (dative singular)
kaupammaz (dative plural)
kaupinē (instrumental singular)
kaupammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kaupō
Old English: ċīepa
Old High German: koufo
Middle High German: koufe

/ˈkɑu̯.pɔːː/

Borrowed from Latin caupō (“innkeeper, shopkeeper”), likely a common Mediterranean borrowing separately into Latin and Greek. More at caupō.


madarǭ

madarǭ (nominative singular)
madarōniz (nominative plural)
madarǭ (singular vocative)
madarōniz (plural vocative)
madarōnų (accusative singular)
madarōnunz (accusative plural)
madarōniz (genitive singular)
madarōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
madarōni (dative singular)
madarōmaz (dative plural)
madarōnē (instrumental singular)
madarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *madarā
Old English: mædere, mædre, mæddre
Middle English: mader, madere, madur, madyr, madyre, maddir, madir, mædere
English: madder
Scots: mather, mader, madder, malder, maider (obsolete)
→ Irish: madra, madar
Old Saxon: *madara
Middle Low German: madre; māder m
Old High German: matara, matra, matreia, matere, metere
Middle High German: matere

Old Norse: maðra

Icelandic: maðra

Norwegian: modre

Swedish: madra

→ Proto-Finnic: *matara (see there for further descendants)

/ˈmɑ.ðɑ.rɔ̃ː/

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *modʰro-.


hrōtą

gem-decl-noun-table

*hrōtą (a-stem)

hrōtą (nominative singular)
hrōtō (nominative plural)
hrōtą (singular vocative)
hrōtō (plural vocative)
hrōtą (accusative singular)
hrōtō (accusative plural)
hrōtas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
hrōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōtai (dative singular)
hrōtamaz (dative plural)
hrōtō (instrumental singular)
hrōtamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hrót (“roof”)

Icelandic: hrót

Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍄 (hrōt, “roof”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to cut (wood)? > to craft?”); compare Proto-Slavic *korda (“pile of logs”), and perhaps also Proto-Celtic *kerdā (“craft, skill”) and Ancient Greek κέρδος (kérdos, “profit”). Has also been compared to Old Armenian խրճիթ (xrčitʻ, “hut, cabin”), but J̌ahukyan considers this unlikely. Proto-West Germanic *hrātu (“honeycomb”) may also be related.


hainō

hainō (nominative singular)
hainôz (nominative plural)
hainō (singular vocative)
hainôz (plural vocative)
hainǭ (accusative singular)
hainōz (accusative plural)
hainōz (genitive singular)
hainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hainōi (dative singular)
hainōmaz (dative plural)
hainō (instrumental singular)
hainōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hān

desctree

Middle English: hone, hayn, hoone
English: hone
→ Scots: hone, whoon

Low German: Hän, Heenk, Hant, Hänke (?)

Dutch: heen (?)

Old Norse: hein

Icelandic: hein

Norwegian: hein, hen

Swedish: hein, hen (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃i- (“to sharpen”).


þūmilaz

þūmilaz (nominative singular)
þūmilōz (nominative plural)
þūmilōs (nominative plural)
þūmil (singular vocative)
þūmilōz (plural vocative)
þūmilōs (plural vocative)
þūmilą (accusative singular)
þūmilanz (accusative plural)
þūmilas (genitive singular)
þūmilis (genitive singular)
þūmilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þūmilai (dative singular)
þūmilamaz (dative plural)
þūmilō (instrumental singular)
þūmilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: þȳmel
Middle English: thymbyll, themel, þymel, thymbyl, themyl, thymle, themelle
English: thimble
Scots: thummle, thumble

Old Norse: þumall (← *þūmalaz); *þumill

Icelandic: þumall

Faroese: tummil

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: tommel

Norwegian Bokmål: tommel

Danish: tommel


aflaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*aflaz (a-stem)

aflaz (nominative singular)
aflōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
afl (singular vocative)
aflōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
aflą (accusative singular)
aflanz (accusative plural)
aflas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
aflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aflai (dative singular)
aflamaz (dative plural)
aflō (instrumental singular)
aflamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: afl

Icelandic: afl

Faroese: alvur, alvi

Undetermined; Kroonen suggests a relationship to Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-ap-pé-na-aš /ḫappenas/, “fire pit, oven”, gen. sg.), so that both would be from a Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic l/n-stem *h₂épōl or *h₂épl̥, genitive *h₂pnós (compare the derivation of *aplaz). On the other hand, this Hittite term may instead be related to a widespread Wanderwort from which may have come also Germanic *ufnaz, or alternatively from a root *h₃ep- (“to bake”). Likewise, a substrate origin for *aflaz cannot be ruled out.


agalaitiją

agalaitiją (nominative singular)
agalaitijō (nominative plural)
agalaitiją (singular vocative)
agalaitijō (plural vocative)
agalaitiją (accusative singular)
agalaitijō (accusative plural)
agalaitijas (genitive singular)
agalaitīs (genitive singular)
agalaitijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agalaitijai (dative singular)
agalaitijamaz (dative plural)
agalaitijō (instrumental singular)
agalaitijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *agalaitī

Old High German: agaleizi

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹 (aglaiti)


ahanō

gem-decl-noun-table

*ahanō (ō-stem)

ahanō (nominative singular)
ahanôz (nominative plural)
ahanō (singular vocative)
ahanôz (plural vocative)
ahanǭ (accusative singular)
ahanōz (accusative plural)
ahanōz (genitive singular)
ahanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahanōi (dative singular)
ahanōmaz (dative plural)
ahanō (instrumental singular)
ahanōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: agnu, aegne, egenu

Old High German: agana, agena, agina

Middle High German: agene

German: Agen, Ahne

desctree

Old Norse: ǫgn
Icelandic: ögn
Faroese: øgn
Norwegian Nynorsk: agn, ogn
Norwegian Bokmål: agn
Old Danish: aghn
Danish: avne
→ North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: aagen
Mooring-Sylt:
Mooring: åågene
Sylt: Aagen
Wiedingharde: aagene
Swedish: agn
Elfdalian: aungen
→? Middle English: awne, agune, auene, aune, awene, awun
English: awn; awns
Scots: yawin, yavin, yewn

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ahana)

→ Proto-Finnic: *akana (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂e(ḱ)-on-eh₂-, from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”). See also *ahaz (“ear (of grains)”) and Latin agna (“ear (of grains)”).


aiglaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*aiglaz (a-stem)

aiglaz (nominative singular)
aiglōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
aigl (singular vocative)
aiglōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
aiglą (accusative singular)
aiglanz (accusative plural)
aiglas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
aiglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiglai (dative singular)
aiglamaz (dative plural)
aiglō (instrumental singular)
aiglamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *eigl

Swedish: egel (dialectal), äjel (dialectal)

Unknown. Compare Ancient Greek αἶκλοι (aîkloi, “corners of an arrow”, pl.) and αἰχμή (aikhmḗ, “point of a spear, head of an arrow”). Kroonen maintains a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eyḱ- as the source, but this comes with phonetic problems. Perhaps a European substrate word in common with Old Prussian ayculo (“needle”) and Proto-Slavic *jьgъlà (“needle”).


ainijaz

ainijaz (nominative singular)
ainijōz (nominative plural)
ainijōs (nominative plural)
ainī (singular vocative)
ainijōz (plural vocative)
ainijōs (plural vocative)
ainiją (accusative singular)
ainijanz (accusative plural)
ainijas (genitive singular)
ainīs (genitive singular)
ainijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ainijai (dative singular)
ainijamaz (dative plural)
ainijō (instrumental singular)
ainijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: einir
Icelandic: einir
Faroese: eini
Norwegian Nynorsk: eine, einer
Norwegian Bokmål: einer
Elfdalian: ien, iene
Old Swedish: ēn, ēne
Swedish: en, ene
Danish: ene, ener
Norwegian Bokmål: ener

The details of the derivation and those of the supposed cognates are uncertain, but seemingly related to the beginning element of Latin iūniperus (“juniper”), as well as perhaps to Hittite 𒂊𒅀𒀭 (e-i̯a-an /ei̯an-/, “(a kind of) evergreen tree (yew?)”), in which case they may be from a Proto-Indo-European acrostatic n-stem noun *h₁óy-n- ~ *h₁éy-n-s. The Germanic form points to *h₁oy-n-yo-; also, it probably began as a collective formation.
Compare also *īhwaz.


aisǭ

aisǭ (nominative singular)
aisōniz (nominative plural)
aisǭ (singular vocative)
aisōniz (plural vocative)
aisōnų (accusative singular)
aisōnunz (accusative plural)
aisōniz (genitive singular)
aisōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aisōni (dative singular)
aisōmaz (dative plural)
aisōnē (instrumental singular)
aisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aisā

Old Saxon: *ēsa

Middle Low German: êse

desctree

Old Norse: eisa
Icelandic: eisa
Norwegian Nynorsk: eisa, eise; (dialectal) ese, hese
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eise
Swedish: (dialectal) ajsa
→ Scots: aes, es, aze


aistô

aistô (nominative singular)
aistōnō (nominative plural)
aistô (singular vocative)
aistōnō (plural vocative)
aistô (accusative singular)
aistōnō (accusative plural)
aistiniz (genitive singular)
aistanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aistini (dative singular)
aistammaz (dative plural)
aistinē (instrumental singular)
aistammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: eista
Icelandic: eista
Faroese: eista
Norwegian Nynorsk: eiste

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oyd-sth₂-o-, from the root *h₂eyd- (“to swell”) (see *aitaz, *aitrą) with a suffixed root *-sth₂-, a formation common also to Balto-Slavic: Lithuanian ìnkstas (“testicle, kidney”), Old Church Slavonic исто (isto, “testicle, (pl.) kidneys, guts”). Compare also Albanian eshke, veshkë (“kidney”).


aitaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*aitaz (a-stem)

aitaz (nominative singular)
aitōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
ait (singular vocative)
aitōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
aitą (accusative singular)
aitanz (accusative plural)
aitas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
aitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aitai (dative singular)
aitamaz (dative plural)
aitō (instrumental singular)
aitamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *ēt

Middle Dutch: *êet

Dutch: eet

Old High German: eiz

Middle High German: eiz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óydos, whence also possibly Proto-Slavic *ě̑dъ, *jadъ (“poison, malice”) (Old Church Slavonic ядъ (jadŭ), Czech jed, Polish jad, Russian яд (jad), Serbo-Croatian ȉjed, jȁd), from the root *h₂eyd- (“to swell”). Cognate with Old Armenian այտնում (aytnum, “to swell”) (aorist այտեայ (ayteay)), այտ (ayt, “cheek”), Ancient Greek οἰδέω (oidéō, “to swell”), *οἰδί- (*oidí-, “swollen”), Latin aemidus (“swollen”), Persian استیم (astim, “pus”).

ref

For the Slavic, Derksen prefers a derivation from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ed-</i> (“to eat”) (which Kroonen also notes as a possibility) involving a euphemistic semantic shift “food” > “poison”.


aitilaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*aitilaz (a-stem)

aitilaz (nominative singular)
aitilōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
aitil (singular vocative)
aitilōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
aitilą (accusative singular)
aitilanz (accusative plural)
aitilas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
aitilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aitilai (dative singular)
aitilamaz (dative plural)
aitilō (instrumental singular)
aitilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: eizala f

Middle High German: eizel n

Old Norse: eitill

Faroese: eitil

Icelandic: eitill


aiþį̄

aiþį̄ (nominative singular)
aiþīniz (nominative plural)
aiþį̄ (singular vocative)
aiþīniz (plural vocative)
aiþīnų (accusative singular)
aiþīnunz (accusative plural)
aiþīniz (genitive singular)
aiþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiþīni (dative singular)
aiþīmaz (dative plural)
aiþīnē (instrumental singular)
aiþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiþī

Old High German: *eidī

Middle High German: eide

⇒ Old High German: fuotareidī

Old Norse: eiða

Icelandic: eiða

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 (aiþei)

→ Proto-Finnic: *äitei (see there for further descendants)

1) Nursery word; compare Basque aita (father).
2) From Proto-Indo-European. Compare Proto-Indo-Aryan *āyiH (“mother”), whence Marathi आई (āī, “mother”), Assamese আই (ai, “mother”)

onomatopoeic

Nursery word


dankō

dankō (nominative singular)
dankôz (nominative plural)
dankō (singular vocative)
dankôz (plural vocative)
dankǭ (accusative singular)
dankōz (accusative plural)
dankōz (genitive singular)
dankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dankōi (dative singular)
dankōmaz (dative plural)
dankō (instrumental singular)
dankōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: dǫkk

Icelandic: dökk

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: dokk (“low lying ground, depression”)


anduraz

gem-decl-noun-table

*anduraz (a-stem)

anduraz (nominative singular)
andurōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
andur (singular vocative)
andurōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
andurą (accusative singular)
anduranz (accusative plural)
anduras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
andurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andurai (dative singular)
anduramaz (dative plural)
andurō (instrumental singular)
anduramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ǫndurr

Icelandic: öndur

Norwegian: onder

Elfdalian: andur

→ Proto-Finnic: *antura


angraz

*angraz (a-stem)

angraz (nominative singular)
angrōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
angr (singular vocative)
angrōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
angrą (accusative singular)
angranz (accusative plural)
angras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
angrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angrai (dative singular)
angramaz (dative plural)
angrō (instrumental singular)
angramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: angar

Middle Low German: anger

Old Dutch: *angar

Middle Dutch: anger

Old High German: angar

Middle High German: anger

German: Anger

desctree

Old Norse: angr
Norwegian Nynorsk: anger (dialectal, in compounds)
Swedish: ånger (dialectal, in compounds)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“corner”) in sense "narrow meadow beside waterway".

→ Latin: Angrivarii

*angrawarjaz (“meadow-dweller, a member of the Angrivarii”)


angraz

gem-decl-noun-table

*angraz (a-stem)

Old High German: angar

A North-European word probably from or related to Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥gʷʰ-, variant of *h₂engʷʰ-, see also Latin anguis, Lithuanian angìs.


gunþifanô

gunþifanô (nominative singular)
gunþifananiz (nominative plural)
gunþifanô (singular vocative)
gunþifananiz (plural vocative)
gunþifananų (accusative singular)
gunþifananunz (accusative plural)
gunþifaniniz (genitive singular)
gunþifananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gunþifanini (dative singular)
gunþifanammaz (dative plural)
gunþifaninē (instrumental singular)
gunþifanammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gunþifanō
Old English: gūþfana
Old Saxon: gūthfano
Old High German: gundfano
→ Old French: gonfanon, gonfalon
French: gonfanon
→ Middle Dutch: gonfanoen
Dutch: gonfanon
→ Middle English: gonfanon
English: gonfanon

Old Norse: gunnfani

Icelandic: gunnfáni

/ˈɣun.θi.ˌɸɑ.nɔːː/

From *gunþiz (“battle”) + *fanô (“flag”).


ansaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*ansaz (a-stem)

ansaz (nominative singular)
ansōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
ans (singular vocative)
ansōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
ansą (accusative singular)
ansanz (accusative plural)
ansas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
ansǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ansai (dative singular)
ansamaz (dative plural)
ansō (instrumental singular)
ansamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German:

⇒ Middle High German: ansboum

Old Norse: áss

Faroese: ásur

Norwegian: ås

Old Swedish: ās

Swedish: ås

⇒ Elfdalian: guovą̊s

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐍃 (ans)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ansas (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. Connections to *amsaz (“shoulder”), Latin onus (“load”), and Latin asser (“beam”) are deemed problematic by Kroonen.


anþō

*anþō (ō-stem)

anþō (nominative singular)
anþôz (nominative plural)
anþō (singular vocative)
anþôz (plural vocative)
anþǭ (accusative singular)
anþōz (accusative plural)
anþōz (genitive singular)
anþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anþōi (dative singular)
anþōmaz (dative plural)
anþō (instrumental singular)
anþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ǫnn, ǫnd

Icelandic: önd


apaldraz

*apaldraz (a-stem)

apaldraz (nominative singular)
apaldrōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
apaldr (singular vocative)
apaldrōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
apaldrą (accusative singular)
apaldranz (accusative plural)
apaldras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
apaldrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
apaldrai (dative singular)
apaldramaz (dative plural)
apaldrō (instrumental singular)
apaldramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *apaldr
Old English: apuldur, apulder
Old Saxon: apalder

Old Norse: apaldr
Icelandic: apaldur
Faroese: apaldur
Norwegian: apald, apall, apal
→ Norwegian Bokmål: apal
Old Danish: apæld
Danish: abild
Norwegian Bokmål: abild
Swedish: apel

From *aplaz (“apple, fruit”) + *-draz (tree suffix).


arfô

gem-decl-noun-table

*arfô (an-stem)

arfô (nominative singular)
arfaniz (nominative plural)
arfô (singular vocative)
arfaniz (plural vocative)
arfanų (accusative singular)
arfanunz (accusative plural)
arfiniz (genitive singular)
arfanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arfini (dative singular)
arfammaz (dative plural)
arfinē (instrumental singular)
arfammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arfō
Old English: earfan pl
Old Frisian: *arfa
Saterland Frisian: arf, arve
Old Saxon: *arfo
Middle Low German: *arfe
German Low German: Arf
→? Old Norse: arfi, ᛅᚱᚠᛁ (arfi) — nominative singular, ᛅᚱᚠᛅ (arfa) — dative/accusative/genitive singular, ᛅᚱᚠᛅᛦ (arfaʀ), ᛆᚱᚠᛆᛦ (arfaʀ), ᛅᚱᚠᛅᚱ (arfar) — nominative plural
Icelandic: arfi
Faroese: arvi
Norwegian: arve
Old Swedish: arve
Swedish: arv (dialectal)
Danish: arve
Old Dutch: *arfo
Middle Dutch: *erfe
Dutch: erf


artǭ

artǭ (nominative singular)
artōniz (nominative plural)
artǭ (singular vocative)
artōniz (plural vocative)
artōnų (accusative singular)
artōnunz (accusative plural)
artōniz (genitive singular)
artōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
artōni (dative singular)
artōmaz (dative plural)
artōnē (instrumental singular)
artōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: earte

Old Norse: arta

Swedish: årta

Elfdalian: arta


atiską

gem-decl-noun-table

*atiską (a-stem)

atiską (nominative singular)
atiskō (nominative plural)
atiską (singular vocative)
atiskō (plural vocative)
atiską (accusative singular)
atiskō (accusative plural)
atiskas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
atiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
atiskai (dative singular)
atiskamaz (dative plural)
atiskō (instrumental singular)
atiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *etisk

Middle Dutch: esch

Dutch: es

Old High German: ezzisc

German: Esch

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (atisk)


awadī

awadī (nominative singular)
awadijôz (nominative plural)
awadī (singular vocative)
awadijôz (plural vocative)
awadijǭ (accusative singular)
awadijōz (accusative plural)
awadijōz (genitive singular)
awadijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awadijōi (dative singular)
awadijōmaz (dative plural)
awadijō (instrumental singular)
awadijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: æðr

Icelandic: æður

→ English: eider

→ Dutch: eider

→ German: Eider

→ Swedish: ejder

Faroese: æður

Norwegian: ær (dialectal), æd (dialectal)

Swedish: åda


skapą

skapą (nominative singular)
skapō (nominative plural)
skapą (singular vocative)
skapō (plural vocative)
skapą (accusative singular)
skapō (accusative plural)
skapas (genitive singular)
skapis (genitive singular)
skapǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skapai (dative singular)
skapamaz (dative plural)
skapō (instrumental singular)
skapamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skap
Old English: sceap, ġesceap
Middle English: shap, schape
English: shape
Old Frisian: skep
North Frisian: schååp
Old Saxon: skap
Middle Low German: schap
Low German: Schapp
→ German: Schapp
Plautdietsch: Schaup
→ Old Norse: skáp (late)
Icelandic: skápur
Faroese: skáp
Old Danish: skap, skaap
Danish: skab
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skap
Norwegian Nynorsk: skap, skåp
Old Swedish: skap, skāp
Swedish: skåp
→ Finnish: kaappi
→ Ingrian: kaappi
→ Votic: kaappi
→ Estonian: kapp
→ Latvian: skapis
Old Dutch: *skap
Middle Dutch: schap
Dutch: schap
Old High German: scaf
Middle High German: schaf
Central Franconian: Schaf
Luxembourgish: Schaf
German: Schaff
→ Polish: szafa
→ Belarusian: ша́фа (šáfa)
→ Ukrainian: ша́фа (šáfa)
→ Yiddish: שאַפֿע (shafe)
→ Russian: шкаф (škaf) (see there for further descendants)
→ Bulgarian: шкаф (škaf)
→ Serbo-Croatian: шкаф
Italo-Romance:
→ Italian: scaffa
→ Sicilian: scaffa
→ Maltese: xkaffa

Old Norse: skap

Icelandic: skap

Norwegian Bokmål: skap m or n

From or otherwise related to *skapjaną (“to make, to create”). Compare Latin scabō (“to scrape”).


bardō

bardō (nominative singular)
bardôz (nominative plural)
bardō (singular vocative)
bardôz (plural vocative)
bardǭ (accusative singular)
bardōz (accusative plural)
bardōz (genitive singular)
bardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bardōi (dative singular)
bardōmaz (dative plural)
bardō (instrumental singular)
bardōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bardu

Old High German: barta

Old Norse: barða

Icelandic: barða (archaic)

→? Proto-Slavic: *bordy (“axe”) (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; possibly from *bardaz (“edge, brim; beard”),, from earlier *barzdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰórsdʰ-o-s from *bʰers- (“tip, edge”) + *-dʰh₁eti (compare Sanskrit भृस्ति (bhṛstí, “tip, edge”)). Alternatively perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰórHdʰ-o-s, from *bʰerHdʰ-, from *bʰerH- (“to strike, pierce; to work with sharp tools”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


flunþrijǭ

flunþrijǭ (nominative singular)
flunþrijōniz (nominative plural)
flunþrijǭ (singular vocative)
flunþrijōniz (plural vocative)
flunþrijōnų (accusative singular)
flunþrijōnunz (accusative plural)
flunþrijōniz (genitive singular)
flunþrijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flunþrijōni (dative singular)
flunþrijōmaz (dative plural)
flunþrijōnē (instrumental singular)
flunþrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flunþrijā
Old Saxon: *fluntheria, *flunthera
Middle Low German: flundere, vlunder
German Low German: Flunder, Flunner, Flinder, Flinger, Flonder
→ German: Flunder, Flünder
→ Bavarian: Flunder
→ Czech: flundra
→ Polish: flądra
→ Swabian: Flander
→ Swedish: flunder

Old Norse: flyðra, *flundra, *flyndra

Icelandic: flyðra

Faroese: flundra

Norwegian Nynorsk: flundre, flyndre

Norwegian Bokmål: flyndre

Old Swedish: flundra

Swedish: flundra

Old Danish: flundra, flynder

Danish: flynder

desc

→ Old Northern French: flondre, flundre, floundre

Norman: fliandre

desctree

→ Middle English: flowndre, flowndur, flondyre, flounder, ffloundre, floundre, flundre
English: flounder
Scots: flunner, flunder

From *flunþrą (“something flat”). Compare cognate Late Latin platessa (“flatfish, plaice”).


smeltaz

smeltaz (nominative singular)
smeltōz (nominative plural)
smeltōs (nominative plural)
smelt (singular vocative)
smeltōz (plural vocative)
smeltōs (plural vocative)
smeltą (accusative singular)
smeltanz (accusative plural)
smeltas (genitive singular)
smiltis (genitive singular)
smeltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smeltai (dative singular)
smeltamaz (dative plural)
smeltō (instrumental singular)
smeltamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smelt
Old English: smelt, smylt
Middle English: smelt, smelte, smelth
English: smelt
Scots: smelt
Old Dutch: *smelt
Middle Dutch: *smelt
West Flemish: smelt

Old Norse: *smeltr

Danish: smelt

Swedish: smält

From *smeltaną (“to melt”), possibly due to the fish's soft flesh.


kutą

kutą (nominative singular)
kutō (nominative plural)
kutą (singular vocative)
kutō (plural vocative)
kutą (accusative singular)
kutō (accusative plural)
kutas (genitive singular)
kutis (genitive singular)
kutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kutai (dative singular)
kutamaz (dative plural)
kutō (instrumental singular)
kutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kot

Old English: cot

Middle English: cot, cote

English: cot, cote

Scots: cott, cot

Old Saxon: *kot

Middle Low German: kot, kōt

Low German: Kote

Old Dutch: cot (“little house”), kot

Middle Dutch: kot (“hut, cabin”)

Dutch: kot
Negerhollands: kot, cot
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kot (dated)

Old Norse: kot (“cottage, hut”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: kott
Norwegian Bokmål: kott

desc

→ Old Northern French: cot, cote (“hut, cottage”)

→⇒ Medieval Latin: cotagium

→ Anglo-Norman: cotage

→ Middle English:

English: cottage
→ French: cottage

⇒ Old French: cotin

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gewd- (“to stretch, curve, vault”).
Alternatively, of non-Indo-European origin, but possibly borrowed from Uralic; compare Finnish kota (“hut, house”) and Hungarian ház (“house”), both from Proto-Finno-Ugric/Proto-Uralic *kota. However, compare Dutch and English hut.

der

cote

merged with descendant of Old English cot


witą

witą (nominative singular)
witō (nominative plural)
witą (singular vocative)
witō (plural vocative)
witą (accusative singular)
witō (accusative plural)
witas (genitive singular)
witis (genitive singular)
witǫ̂ (genitive plural)
witai (dative singular)
witamaz (dative plural)
witō (instrumental singular)
witamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wit

Old High German: *wiz

⇒ Old High German: giwiz

Old Norse: vit

Icelandic: vit

Faroese: vit

Norwegian: vit

Old Swedish: vit, vēt

Swedish: vett

Danish: vid

From Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to know”).


strīdaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*strīdaz (a-stem)

strīdaz (nominative singular)
strīdōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
strīd (singular vocative)
strīdōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
strīdą (accusative singular)
strīdanz (accusative plural)
strīdas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
strīdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strīdai (dative singular)
strīdamaz (dative plural)
strīdō (instrumental singular)
strīdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *strīd

Old Frisian: strīd n

West Frisian: striid c

Old Saxon: strīd

→ Old English: strīþ

Old Dutch: *strīt

Middle Dutch: strijt

desctree

Dutch: strijd
Afrikaans: stryd
Negerhollands: stri
→ Aukan: sitee
→ Sranan Tongo: strei
→ Caribbean Javanese: strèi

Old High German: strīt
Middle High German: strīt
German: Streit

Old Norse: stríð
Icelandic: stríð n
Norwegian Nynorsk: strid m
Norwegian Bokmål: strid m
Old Swedish: stridh n
Swedish: strid c
→ Scottish Gaelic: strì f

→ Proto-Finnic: *riita (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *rijtō (see there for further descendants)

Nominal formation from *strīdaną (“to resist”).


walką

walką (nominative singular)
walkō (nominative plural)
walką (singular vocative)
walkō (plural vocative)
walką (accusative singular)
walkō (accusative plural)
walkas (genitive singular)
walkis (genitive singular)
walkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walkai (dative singular)
walkamaz (dative plural)
walkō (instrumental singular)
walkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *walk
Old English: *wealc, ġewealc
Middle English: walk, walc, walke
English: walk
Scots: walk
Old Dutch: *walk
Middle Dutch: walc
Old High German: *walc
Middle High German: walc
German: Walk (obsolete)

Old Norse: valk

Icelandic: volk

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: valk

Norwegian Bokmål: valk

Old Danish: walk

Danish: valk

Swedish: valk

From or related to *walkaną (“to roll”).


dungz

dungz (nominative singular)
dungiz (nominative plural)
dung (singular vocative)
dungiz (plural vocative)
dungų (accusative singular)
dungunz (accusative plural)
dungiz (genitive singular)
dungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dungi (dative singular)
dungumaz (dative plural)
dungē (instrumental singular)
dungumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dung
Old English: dung, dinġ
Middle English: donge, dung, dunge
→ Anglo-Norman: donjun (semantic loan)
Old Saxon: dung
Middle Low German: dunk, dunc
Old High German: tung, tunc
Middle High German: tunc
German: Tunk

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéngʰ-s ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-és, from *dʰengʰ- (“to cover, hide, conceal”) + *-s.


wiþō

wiþō (nominative singular)
wiþôz (nominative plural)
wiþō (singular vocative)
wiþôz (plural vocative)
wiþǭ (accusative singular)
wiþōz (accusative plural)
wiþōz (genitive singular)
wiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþōi (dative singular)
wiþōmaz (dative plural)
wiþō (instrumental singular)
wiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: with

Middle Low German: wēde

Old High German: wid


walą

walą (nominative singular)
walō (nominative plural)
walą (singular vocative)
walō (plural vocative)
walą (accusative singular)
walō (accusative plural)
walas (genitive singular)
walis (genitive singular)
walǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walai (dative singular)
walamaz (dative plural)
walō (instrumental singular)
walamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walu f
Old High German: wala
Middle High German: wale
German: Wahl
→ Luxembourgish: Wal
Luxembourgish: Wiel (with umlaut after the verb)

Old Norse: val

Icelandic: val

Faroese: val

Norwegian Nynorsk: val

Swedish: val

Danish: valg

Norwegian Bokmål: valg

→ Faroese: valg

desc

→ Middle English: wale, wal, wayle, wall

Scots: wale, wail

English: wale

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”), synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *waljaną (“to choose”).


gudahūsą

gudahūsą (nominative singular)
gudahūsō (nominative plural)
gudahūsą (singular vocative)
gudahūsō (plural vocative)
gudahūsą (accusative singular)
gudahūsō (accusative plural)
gudahūsas (genitive singular)
gudahūsis (genitive singular)
gudahūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudahūsai (dative singular)
gudahūsamaz (dative plural)
gudahūsō (instrumental singular)
gudahūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *godahūs

Old English: *godhūs

Middle English: goddes hous

English: God's house; House of God

Old Frisian: godishūs

Old Saxon: *godhūs

Middle Low German: godeshûs

Old Dutch: *godhūs

Middle Dutch: godeshuus

Dutch: godshuis

Old High German: *gothūs

Middle High German: gotshūs

German: Gotteshaus

⇒ Old High German: abgothūs

Middle High German: abgothūs

German: Abgotthaus (archaic)

Old Norse: goðahús, goðhús

Icelandic: goðahús, goðhús

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃 (gudhūs)


raþjǭ

raþjǭ (nominative singular)
raþjōniz (nominative plural)
raþjǭ (singular vocative)
raþjōniz (plural vocative)
raþjōnų (accusative singular)
raþjōnunz (accusative plural)
raþjōniz (genitive singular)
raþjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raþjōni (dative singular)
raþjōmaz (dative plural)
raþjōnē (instrumental singular)
raþjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: rethia

Old Saxon: rethia

desctree

Old Dutch: retha
Middle Dutch: rēde
Dutch: rede

Old High German: redea, reda, redia

Middle High German: rede

German: Rede

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐍉 (raþjō)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁- (“to think, reason”).