skinþą

skinþą (nominative singular)
skinþō (nominative plural)
skinþą (singular vocative)
skinþō (plural vocative)
skinþą (accusative singular)
skinþō (accusative plural)
skinþas (genitive singular)
skinþis (genitive singular)
skinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skinþai (dative singular)
skinþamaz (dative plural)
skinþō (instrumental singular)
skinþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *skind

Middle Dutch: *schind (attested by verb schinden)

Dutch: schinde (dialectal; and possibly from German)

Old High German: scind

Middle High German: schint

German: Schinde (dialectal)

Old Norse: skinn

Icelandic: skinn

Faroese: skinn

Norwegian Bokmål: skinn

Norwegian Nynorsk: skinn

Old Swedish: skin

Swedish: skinn

Danish: skind

→ Old English: scinn

i

Middle English: skyn, scin, skin, skinne (reinforced by Old Norse during Middle English period)

English: skin

Scots: skin

→ Old Frisian: skene

→ Middle Low German: schin

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kenH- (“skin, rind; to peel”). Cognate with Lithuanian skìnti (“to pluck, pick”), Latvian šķĩt (“to pluck leaves”).


bōkstabaz

bōkstabaz (nominative singular)
bōkstabōz (nominative plural)
bōkstabōs (nominative plural)
bōkstab (singular vocative)
bōkstabōz (plural vocative)
bōkstabōs (plural vocative)
bōkstabą (accusative singular)
bōkstabanz (accusative plural)
bōkstabas (genitive singular)
bōkstabis (genitive singular)
bōkstabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkstabai (dative singular)
bōkstabamaz (dative plural)
bōkstabō (instrumental singular)
bōkstabamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōkstab; *bōkstabō

Old English: bōcstæf

Middle English: bocstaff, bookstave

English: bookstaff, bookstave

Old Frisian: *bōkstaf, *bōkstef

North Frisian:

Amrum Frisian: buksteew

Föhr Frisian: buksteew

Halligen Frisian: böökstaawe

Karrharde Frisian: bouksteew

Northern Goesharde Frisian: boukstää

Sylt Frisian: Boksteev

Wiedingharde Frisian: bukstääw

Saterland Frisian: Boukstäf

Old Saxon: bōkstaf; bōkstabo

Middle Low German: bôkstaf; *bôkstāve

German Low German: Bookstaav

Plautdietsch: Buakstow

Old Dutch: buokstaf, buochstaf; *buokstavo

Middle Dutch: boecstaf; boecstave, boecstaef

Dutch: boekstaaf

Afrikaans: boekstaaf

Old High German: buohstab; *buohstabo

Middle High German: buochstap; buochstabe

German: Buchstab; Buchstabe

→ Saterland Frisian: Buukstoave

Hunsrik: Buchstaab

Luxembourgish: Buschtaf

Vilamovian: büchśtaow, büśtow

Yiddish: בוכשטאַב (bukhshtab)

Old Norse: bókstafr

Icelandic: bókstafur

Faroese: bókstavur

Norwegian Bokmål: bokstav

Norwegian Nynorsk: bokstav

Old Swedish: bōkstaver

Swedish: bokstav

Danish: bogstav

Gutnish: bokstav

From *bōks (“book”) + *stabaz (“staff, stick”).


rattaz

rattaz (nominative singular)
rattōz (nominative plural)
rattōs (nominative plural)
ratt (singular vocative)
rattōz (plural vocative)
rattōs (plural vocative)
rattą (accusative singular)
rattanz (accusative plural)
rattas (genitive singular)
rattis (genitive singular)
rattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rattai (dative singular)
rattamaz (dative plural)
rattō (instrumental singular)
rattamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ratt; *ratō

desctree

Old English: rætt
Middle English: ratte, rotte, rat
English: rat
Scots: ratt, rat

Old Frisian: *rat

North Frisian: root

West Frisian: rôt

Old Dutch: *rato, *roto

Middle Dutch: ratte
Dutch: rat, rot (Northern Dutch, dialectal)
Afrikaans: rot
Jersey Dutch: rot
Negerhollands: rotto, roto
→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)
→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)
→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)
Limburgish: rat

Old High German: rato
Middle High German: ratte, rate
German: Ratte
Luxembourgish: Rat

→ Old French: rat
Middle French: rat
French: rat
Norman: rat

→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus
Asturian: ratu
Catalan: rata
Galician: rato
Italian: ratto
Old French: rat, rate
Middle French: rat
French: rat
Portuguese: rato
Spanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón
Translingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus

The origin of this word (and the related *rattō) is uncertain. It may derive from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”) (whence e.g. Latin rōdō and probably also, but more indirectly, Latin rādō), but this is disputed, and Klein says that such a connection does not exist. In view of Welsh rhathu (“to scrape; to chafe”) (via Proto-Brythonic *rėθid and earlier *ratteti from Proto-Celtic *rasdeti (“to scrape; to scratch”), cognate with Latin rādō (“to scrape”)), an ancient Celtic derivative noun like *rattos could conceivably be the source. The word may also go back to an unknown substrate language.
Kroonen notes that consonant variation is high in descendant languages, especially in the High German dialects (Middle High German rate, radde, ratte, ratze). Older etymological sources explained the Germanic words as borrowings from Romance, but it is now accepted that this is not the case; Kroonen even asserts that the Romance (and Celtic) words must be borrowed from Germanic. He considers it plausible, however—especially considering dialectal Ratz/Ratze (“polecat”)—that the Germanic word originally referred to a different animal. The rat itself may have been unknown in Europe at a Proto-Germanic date.


balkô

balkô (nominative singular)
balkaniz (nominative plural)
balkô (singular vocative)
balkaniz (plural vocative)
balkanų (accusative singular)
balkanunz (accusative plural)
balkiniz (genitive singular)
balkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balkini (dative singular)
balkammaz (dative plural)
balkinē (instrumental singular)
balkammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balkō, *balk
Old English: bælca, bealca
Old Frisian: balka
Saterland Frisian: Boolke
West Frisian: balke
Old Saxon: balko
Middle Low German: balke
Plautdietsch: Baulkjen
→ Estonian: palk
Old Dutch: *balco
Middle Dutch: balke
Dutch: balk
Afrikaans: balk
Negerhollands: balk
→ Caribbean Javanese: baleg, balok
→ Javanese: ꦧꦭꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (balok)
→ Indonesian: balok
→ Malay: balak
> Indonesian: balak (inherited)
→ Papiamentu: balki (from the diminutive)
→ Saramaccan: báíki
→ Sranan Tongo: barki, balk
→ Caribbean Hindustani: barki
Limburgish: balk
Old High German: balko, balcho, palcho, balco
Middle High German: balke
German: Balken
→ Kashubian: balka
→ Slovincian: balka
→ Old Polish: balka, balk
Polish: belka, bałk, belk, bełk, bełka (Middle Polish), balk, balka, bałek, bałka, belek (obsolete)
Silesian: bŏlka, balek, balk, belek, bŏlek
Lombardic: palk
→ Italian: palco
→ Medieval Latin: balcō [c. 1040, Goscelin] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bǫlkr (< *balkuz)

Icelandic: bálkur

Faroese: bólkur

Norwegian Bokmål: bolk

Norwegian Nynorsk: bolk

Old Swedish: balker, bolker

Swedish: balk

→ Finnish: palkki

Danish: balk

→ Old English: balca, bealca, bælca
Middle English: balke, bauke
English: balk
Scots: bauk
Yola: balke

Old Norse: bjalki (< *belkô)

Icelandic: bjálki

Faroese: bjálki

Norwegian Bokmål: bjelke

Norwegian Nynorsk: bjelke

Old Swedish: biælke

Swedish: bjälke

Danish: bjælke

>? Old Norse: *bjalk (< *belkō)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ- (“beam, plank”). However, in light of Winter's law as applied to Balto-Slavic cognates such as Proto-Slavic *bolzìna (“beam, board”) and Lithuanian balžíenas (“cross-beam”), Kroonen prefers to derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ-on-, from *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”), and notes relation to Proto-Germanic *balgiz (“bag”) in spite of the divergent semantics.


fruskaz

fruskaz (nominative singular)
fruskōz (nominative plural)
fruskōs (nominative plural)
frusk (singular vocative)
fruskōz (plural vocative)
fruskōs (plural vocative)
fruską (accusative singular)
fruskanz (accusative plural)
fruskas (genitive singular)
fruskis (genitive singular)
fruskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fruskai (dative singular)
fruskamaz (dative plural)
fruskō (instrumental singular)
fruskamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frosk
Old English: frosc, frox, forsc
Middle English: frosk, frosch
English: frosk, frosh
Old Frisian: *frosk
West Frisian: froask
Old Saxon: *frosk, *forsk
Middle Low German: vorsch
German Low German: Fuorsk (Münsterland); Frötske (Krummhörn, Ostfriesland)
Old Dutch: *frosk, *forsk
Middle Dutch: vorsch
Dutch: vors
Limburgish: vrósj
Old High German: frosk, frosc
Middle High German: vrosch
Bavarian: Frosch, Fruasch
Cimbrian: vross, bross, vrosch
Central Franconian: Frösch, Fräsch
Hunsrik: Frosch
Luxembourgish: Fräsch
German: Frosch
Rhine Franconian: Frosch, Fresch
Frankfurterisch: [fʀoʃ]
Pennsylvania German: Frosch

Old Norse: froskr
Icelandic: froskur
Faroese: froskur
Norwegian: frosk
→ Middle English: frosk
English: frosk

From pre-Proto-Germanic *prugʰskos, from Proto-Indo-European *prugʰ-ḱó-s, from *prewgʰ- (“to leap”) + *-ḱós (animal suffix), possibly extended from *prew- (“to jump”). Cognate with Proto-West Germanic *froggō (“frog”), Old Norse frauðr (“frog”); see *froggō for more.


nurþrą

nurþrą (nominative singular)
nurþrō (nominative plural)
nurþrą (singular vocative)
nurþrō (plural vocative)
nurþrą (accusative singular)
nurþrō (accusative plural)
nurþras (genitive singular)
nurþris (genitive singular)
nurþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nurþrai (dative singular)
nurþramaz (dative plural)
nurþrō (instrumental singular)
nurþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
Old English: *norþ
Middle English: north
English: north
Scots: north
Yola: nordh, noardth
Old Frisian: north m
Saterland Frisian: Noude, Nudde m or n
Old Saxon: north m or n
Middle Low German: nort, nōrt
German Low German: Noord
Old Dutch: *north
Middle Dutch: nort, noort n
Old High German: nordar n, nord n or m

Old Norse: norðr
Icelandic: norður
Faroese: norður
Norn: nord
Norwegian Nynorsk: nord, norder-
Old Swedish: nor
Swedish: norr, nord (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
Danish: nord
Norwegian Bokmål: nord
Gutnish: nådar, nårdar

→ Proto-Samic: *nuorttē (see there for further descendants)


surgō

surgō (nominative singular)
surgôz (nominative plural)
surgō (singular vocative)
surgôz (plural vocative)
surgǭ (accusative singular)
surgōz (accusative plural)
surgōz (genitive singular)
surgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
surgōi (dative singular)
surgōmaz (dative plural)
surgō (instrumental singular)
surgōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sorgu, *sworgu
Old English: sorg, sorh
Middle English: sorȝe, sorwe, sorow
English: sorrow
Scots: sorow
Old Frisian: sorge
Saterland Frisian: Suurge, Sourge
West Frisian: soarch
Old Saxon: sorga
Middle Low German: sorge
Low German: Sorge, Soarge, Suarge, Suare, Sōerje (all Westphalian)
Plautdietsch: Sorj
Old Dutch: sorga
Middle Dutch: sorge, zorge, soorge
Dutch: zorg
Afrikaans: sorg
Negerhollands: sorg
Sranan Tongo: sorgu
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sorgu
→ Indonesian: rawat (semantic loan)
Old High German: sworga, sorga
Middle High German: sorge
German: Sorge
Luxembourgish: Suerg
Yiddish: זאָרג (zorg)

Old Norse: sorg
Icelandic: sorg
Faroese: sorg
Norwegian Nynorsk: sorg
Norwegian Bokmål: sorg
Old Swedish: sorgh
Swedish: sorg
Danish: sorg

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰 (saurga)

→ Proto-Finnic: *surku (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *swurgō, from Proto-Indo-European *swergʰ- (“to watch over, worry; be ill, suffer”). Cognate with Lithuanian sir̃gti (“to be ill, be sick”), Polish srogi (“stern, severe, harsh”), Old Irish serg (“sickness, disease”).


rukkaz

rukkaz (nominative singular)
rukkōz (nominative plural)
rukkōs (nominative plural)
rukk (singular vocative)
rukkōz (plural vocative)
rukkōs (plural vocative)
rukką (accusative singular)
rukkanz (accusative plural)
rukkas (genitive singular)
rukkis (genitive singular)
rukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rukkai (dative singular)
rukkamaz (dative plural)
rukkō (instrumental singular)
rukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *(h)rokk

Old English: rocc, roc

Middle English: roc

Old Frisian: rokk

Saterland Frisian: Rok

West Frisian: rôk, rok

Old Saxon: *hrokk, *hrok, *rokk, rok

Middle Low German: rock

Low German: Rock

German Low German: Rock

Plautdietsch: Rock

Old Dutch: *rokk, *rok

Middle Dutch: roc

Dutch: rok

Afrikaans: rok

→ Indonesian: rok

→ Medieval Latin: hrocus, roccus, rocus

→ Old French: froc, rochet, roquet

French: froc, rochet

→ English: frock, rochet, rocket (dialectal)

→ French: frac

→ Dutch: frak (dialectal)

→ German: Frack

→ Swedish: frack

→ Danish: frakke

→ Faroese: frakki

→ Spanish: roquete

→ Portuguese: roquete

→ Italian: rocchetto, roccetto

desc

Old High German: hroch, rocch, roch, roc

Middle High German: roc

German: Rock

Luxembourgish: Rack

Old Norse: rokkr

Icelandic: rokkur

Faroese: rokkur

Old Swedish: rokker

Swedish: rock

Danish: rok

→ Proto-Finnic: *rukka (see there for further descendants)

See *hrukkaz, which Kroonen considers the correct reconstruction, in light of forms such as Medieval Latin hrocus (whence modern terms like English frock).


raukiz

raukiz (nominative singular)
raukīz (nominative plural)
rauki (singular vocative)
raukīz (plural vocative)
raukį (accusative singular)
raukinz (accusative plural)
raukīz (genitive singular)
raukijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raukī (dative singular)
raukimaz (dative plural)
raukī (instrumental singular)
raukimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rauki
Old English: rēc, rīec, rēċ, rīeċ (possibly a loan from Old Norse)
Middle English: rek, reke, reche, rich, reech
Scots: reek, reke, reik
English: reek
Old Frisian: rēk
North Frisian: reck, rieck
West Frisian: reek, riik
Old Saxon: rōk
Middle Low German: rôk
German Low German: Rook
Low German: Röök
→ Saterland Frisian: Rook
Old Dutch: *rōc
Middle Dutch: rôoc
Dutch: rook
Afrikaans: rook
→ Middle English: roke (also possibly through Old Norse *rauk)
Scots: rok, roke, roik, rouk
English: roke
Old High German: rouh
Middle High German: rouch
German: Rauch
Luxembourgish: Raach
Vilamovian: raojch
Yiddish: רויך (roykh)

Old Norse: reykr
Icelandic: reykur m
Faroese: roykur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: røyk m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: røyk m
Jamtish: røyk
Elfdalian: räk
Old Swedish: rø̄ker m
Swedish: rök c or m
Old Danish: rø̄k m
Scanian: rǿg
Danish: røg c
Norwegian Bokmål: røk m
Old Gutnish: *roykr
Gutnish: råik
→ English: reek

An i-stem nominal formation from *reukaną (“to smoke”).


skillingaz

skillingaz (nominative singular)
skillingōz (nominative plural)
skillingōs (nominative plural)
skilling (singular vocative)
skillingōz (plural vocative)
skillingōs (plural vocative)
skillingą (accusative singular)
skillinganz (accusative plural)
skillingas (genitive singular)
skillingis (genitive singular)
skillingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skillingai (dative singular)
skillingamaz (dative plural)
skillingō (instrumental singular)
skillingamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċilling

Middle English: shilling

Scots: schilling

English: shilling

Old Frisian: skilling

Old Saxon: skilling

Middle Low German: schillink

Old Dutch: *skilling

Middle Dutch: schillinc

Dutch: schelling
Afrikaans: skelling
Berbice Creole Dutch: skelingi

Old High German: skilling

Middle High German: schillinc

German: Schilling

→ English: schilling (former currency of Austria)

Old Norse: skillingr

Icelandic: skildingur

Faroese: skillingur

Old Swedish: skillinger

Swedish: skilling

Danish: skilling

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skilling

Norwegian Nynorsk: skilling

→ Old Irish: scilling

Irish: scilling

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (skilliggs)


sturjô

gem-decl-noun-table

*sturjô (an-stem)

sturjô (nominative singular)
sturjaniz (nominative plural)
sturjô (singular vocative)
sturjaniz (plural vocative)
sturjanų (accusative singular)
sturjanunz (accusative plural)
sturiniz (genitive singular)
sturjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturini (dative singular)
sturjammaz (dative plural)
sturinē (instrumental singular)
sturjammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sturjō
Old English: styria, styriġa, styrġa, styra, stiriġa, stiria
Middle English: store, stor
Scots: stur, sture, stuir
Old Frisian: *sturia, *steria, *storia
Saterland Frisian: Stör
West Frisian: steur
Old Saxon: sturio
Middle Low German: stȫre
German Low German: Stöör
Old Dutch: sturo
Middle Dutch: stōre, stuere
Dutch: steur
Afrikaans: steur
Limburgish: stjeur
Old High German: sturio, sturo
Middle High German: stür(e), stör(e), stor(e)
German: Stör
→ Medieval Latin: sturio, sturgio (943, Italy) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: styrja

Icelandic: styrja

Faroese: styrja

Norwegian Bokmål: stør

Norwegian Nynorsk: stør

Old Swedish: styria

Swedish: stör, störfisk

Old Danish: styriæ

Danish: stør

Elfdalian: stor

Gutnish: styr

Possibly from a non-IE substrate doublet *asetr-, *str-. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥Hyón-. Possible cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *eśetras (“sturgeon”), Late Latin hapax fariō (= ſariō (“salmon trout”)).


gallǭ

gallǭ (nominative singular)
gallōniz (nominative plural)
gallǭ (singular vocative)
gallōniz (plural vocative)
gallōnų (accusative singular)
gallōnunz (accusative plural)
gallōniz (genitive singular)
gallōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gallōni (dative singular)
gallōmaz (dative plural)
gallōnē (instrumental singular)
gallōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gallā

Old English: galla, ġealla

English: gall

Old Frisian: *galle

Saterland Frisian: Galle

West Frisian: galle

Old Saxon: galla

Middle Low German: galle

German Low German: Galle, Gall

Low German: galle

Old Dutch: galla
Middle Dutch: galle
Dutch: gal
Afrikaans: gal
Berbice Creole Dutch: gali
Negerhollands: gal
→ Papiamentu: hal, gal
Limburgish: gal

Old High German: galla

Middle High German: galle

Cimbrian: galla

German: Galle

Luxembourgish: Gal

Yiddish: גאַל (gal)

Old Norse: gall (< *gallą)

Icelandic: gall

Faroese: gall

Norwegian Bokmål: galle

Norwegian Nynorsk: galle

Old Swedish: galle

Swedish: galle, galla

Old Danish: gallæ

Danish: galde

→? Latin: galla (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”). Related to Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “gall, bile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”).


sunþrą

sunþrą (nominative singular)
sunþrō (nominative plural)
sunþrą (singular vocative)
sunþrō (plural vocative)
sunþrą (accusative singular)
sunþrō (accusative plural)
sunþras (genitive singular)
sunþris (genitive singular)
sunþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunþrai (dative singular)
sunþramaz (dative plural)
sunþrō (instrumental singular)
sunþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sunþr

Old English: sūþ

Middle English: south

English: south

Old Frisian: sūth

Saterland Frisian: Suude

West Frisian: súd

Old Saxon: sūth

Low German: süüd

→ German: Süd

Old Dutch: *sūth

Middle Dutch: suid

desctree

Dutch: zuid
Afrikaans: suid
Negerhollands: sud, seit, syd
→ Papiamentu: sùit

Old High German: sunt

Old Norse: suðr, sunnr
Icelandic: suður
Faroese: suður
Norn: sud
Norwegian Nynorsk: sud, sør
Norwegian Bokmål: sør
Old Swedish: sudher
Swedish: söder, syd (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
Danish: syd
Norwegian Bokmål: syd
Gutnish: sudar, sudur


taglą

taglą (nominative singular)
taglō (nominative plural)
taglą (singular vocative)
taglō (plural vocative)
taglą (accusative singular)
taglō (accusative plural)
taglas (genitive singular)
taglis (genitive singular)
taglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taglai (dative singular)
taglamaz (dative plural)
taglō (instrumental singular)
taglamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tagl
Old English: tæġl, tæġel
Middle English: teil, tayl, tail
English: tail
Scots: tail, tale
Old Frisian: *teil
Saterland Frisian: Tail
West Frisian: teil
Old Saxon: *tagal
Middle Low German: tagel
Low German: Tagel (“club, whip”)
Old Dutch: *tagal, *tegil, *teil (in toponyms)
Middle Dutch: tale, tael, *teil
Dutch: teil, taal (rare)
⇒ oogtaal (“eyelash”)
West Flemish: teil
Old High German: zagal, zagel, zagil
Middle High German: zagel, zail, zeil
German: Zagel (“tail, whip, penis”) (dialectal)

Old Norse: tagl

Icelandic: tagl

Faroese: tagl

Norwegian: tagl

Old Swedish: taghl

Swedish: tagel

Danish: tavl (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl)

From Proto-Indo-European *doḱ- (“hair of the tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to tear, shred, fray”). Cognate with Old Irish dúal (“strand or lock of hair”), Sanskrit दशा (daśā, “fringe”), as well as perhaps Serbo-Croatian dlȁka (“a single hair”).
In addition to the above theory, Kroonen suggests an alternative derivation as a diminutive of the root underlying either Proto-Germanic *tahjaną (“to tear”) or *takkô (“branch, spike”).


austrą

austrą (nominative singular)
austrō (nominative plural)
austrą (singular vocative)
austrō (plural vocative)
austrą (accusative singular)
austrō (accusative plural)
austras (genitive singular)
austris (genitive singular)
austrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
austrai (dative singular)
austramaz (dative plural)
austrō (instrumental singular)
austramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *austr
Old English: ēast m, ēaste f
Middle English: est
English: east
→ Cornish: est
Scots: eist, aist
Old Frisian: âsta n, âst
Saterland Frisian: Aaste m or n
West Frisian: east n
Old Saxon: *ōst
Middle Low German: ōst, ōste, oist n or f
Low German: Oost
Old Dutch: *ōst
Middle Dutch: oost
Dutch: oost
Afrikaans: oos
⇒ Dutch: oosten
⇒ Afrikaans: ooste
Old High German: *ōst ?, ōstara, ōstra f
Middle High German: ōst m
German: Ost m
Hunsrik: Oste m

Old Norse:

Latin script: austr

Runic script: ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱ (austr)
Icelandic: austur
Faroese: eystur
Norwegian Nynorsk: aust, auster; (dialectal) aust’u, aust’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: aust
Old Swedish: ø̄ster
Swedish: öster
Old Danish: øst
Danish: øster, øst
Norwegian Bokmål: øst
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: øst

Vandalic: *austa- (early), *ōsta- (late)


pusô

pusô (nominative singular)
pusaniz (nominative plural)
pusô (singular vocative)
pusaniz (plural vocative)
pusanų (accusative singular)
pusanunz (accusative plural)
pusiniz (genitive singular)
pusanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pusini (dative singular)
pusammaz (dative plural)
pusinē (instrumental singular)
pusammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: pusa

⇒ Old English: purs (merger of pusa and burse)

Middle English: purs, purse

English: purse (not a direct descendant, but from burse, but the initial p- is due to interference from pusa)

Old High German: pfosa

Old Norse: posi

Icelandic: posi

Faroese: posi

Norn: pos

Norwegian: pose

Old Swedish: posi, pusi

Swedish: påse

→ Finnish: pussi

Old Danish: posæ

Danish: pose

Gutnish: puse, pus', pusa, pusi

Uncertain; has been compared to *pukô and onomatopoeic Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to swell, inflate”).


keudō

keudō (nominative singular)
keudôz (nominative plural)
keudō (singular vocative)
keudôz (plural vocative)
keudǭ (accusative singular)
keudōz (accusative plural)
keudōz (genitive singular)
keudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
keudōi (dative singular)
keudōmaz (dative plural)
keudō (instrumental singular)
keudōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *keudu

Old English: ċēod; ċēoda

English: (possibly the first element of) kidney

Old High German: kiot, chiot

⇒ Old High German: tresokiot, trisokiot

From Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”).


hōfą

hōfą (nominative singular)
hōfō (nominative plural)
hōfą (singular vocative)
hōfō (plural vocative)
hōfą (accusative singular)
hōfō (accusative plural)
hōfas (genitive singular)
hōfis (genitive singular)
hōfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōfai (dative singular)
hōfamaz (dative plural)
hōfō (instrumental singular)
hōfamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōf

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *bihōf
Old English: behōf
Middle English: bihove, behove
English: behoof
Scots: behufe, behuif
Old Frisian: bihōf
Saterland Frisian: Bihouf
West Frisian: behoef
Old Saxon: *bihōf
Middle Low German: behôf
German Low German: Behöf
⇒ German Low German: behövig
→ Danish: behov
→ Swedish: behov
Old Dutch: *bihuof
Middle Dutch: behoef
Dutch: behoef
Old High German: *bihuof
Middle High German: behuof
German: Behuf

Old Norse: hóf
Icelandic: hóf
Norwegian Nynorsk: hóv, hóv (alternative spelling)
Swedish: hov (dialectal)


beuzą

beuzą (nominative singular)
beuzō (nominative plural)
beuzą (singular vocative)
beuzō (plural vocative)
beuzą (accusative singular)
beuzō (accusative plural)
beuzas (genitive singular)
biuzis (genitive singular)
beuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
beuzai (dative singular)
beuzamaz (dative plural)
beuzō (instrumental singular)
beuzamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *beuʀ
Old English: bēor
Middle English: bere, beere
English: beer (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bere, beir, beer
Old Frisian: biār
Saterland Frisian: Bjoor
West Frisian: bier
Old Saxon: bior
Middle Low German: bêr
German Low German: Beer
Mecklenburgisch: Bier
Plautdietsch: Bea
Old Dutch: *bior, *bier
Middle Dutch: bier
Dutch: bier (see there for further descendants)
Afrikaans: bier
Limburgish: beer
→ Middle French: biere (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: bior
Middle High German: bier
Alemannic German: Bier, Biär, Pier
Bavarian: Bia, Bäia
Cimbrian: bir
Mòcheno: piar
Central Franconian: Bier, Beer
Luxembourgish: Béier
East Central German:
Vilamovian: biyr
German: Bier (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Bier
Yiddish: ביר (bir)

Old Norse: bjórr

Icelandic: bjór

Faroese: bjór

Norwegian: bjor

→ Middle Irish: beóir
Irish: beoir

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰews- (“dross, sediment; brewer's yeast”). If so, cognate with Swedish buska (“freshly brewed beer, new beer”), Middle Dutch and Middle Low German bûsen (“to feast, booze, drink heavily”), Middle High German būs (“a swelling”), and indirectly (via bowse, ultimately from Middle Dutch) booze. Non-Germanic cognates may include Albanian mbush (“to fill, stuff”).
Alternatively reconstructed by Kroonen as *beurą, a dissimilation of earlier *breurą, derived from *brewwaną (“to brew”). In a parenthetical side remark, Hyllested speculatively suggests an origin in Oghur *pora (“a grey kvas-like drink”).


blēstuz

blēstuz (nominative singular)
blēstiwiz (nominative plural)
blēstu (singular vocative)
blēstiwiz (plural vocative)
blēstų (accusative singular)
blēstunz (accusative plural)
blēstauz (genitive singular)
blēstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blēstiwi (dative singular)
blēstumaz (dative plural)
blēstū (instrumental singular)
blēstumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blāstu
Old English: blǣst
Middle English: blast, blaste, blæst, blest
English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist
Scots: blast
Old Frisian: *blāst
West Frisian: blast m or f
Old Dutch: *blāst
Middle Dutch: *blast
Dutch: (dialectal) blast m
Old High German: blāst, plāst
Middle High German: blāst
German: Blast

Old Norse: blástr
Icelandic: blástur
Faroese: blástur
Norwegian Nynorsk: blåster, blåst
→ Norwegian Bokmål: blåst
Old Swedish: blāster, blǣster
Swedish: blåst (in southern dialects bläst, bläjst, blest)
Old Danish: blæst
Danish: blæst
Norwegian Bokmål: blest
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: blest
Norn: blåster

From *blēsaną (“to blow”) + *-þuz (“result noun suffix”), with quasi-Indo-European form *bʰleh₁-s-tu-s.


rattō

rattō (nominative singular)
rattôz (nominative plural)
rattō (singular vocative)
rattôz (plural vocative)
rattǭ (accusative singular)
rattōz (accusative plural)
rattōz (genitive singular)
rattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rattōi (dative singular)
rattōmaz (dative plural)
rattō (instrumental singular)
rattōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rattu

Old Frisian: *ratte

Saterland Frisian: Rotte

West Frisian: rôt

Old Saxon: ratta

Middle Low German: ratte, rotte

German Low German: Rötte, Rött, Rott

Low German: ratte

Plautdietsch: Raut

→ Icelandic: rotta

→ Faroese: rotta

→ Norn: rotta

→ Norwegian: rotte

→ Old Swedish: rotta

Swedish: råtta

→ Finnish: rotta

→ Danish: rotte

→ Elfdalian: rotta

→ Gutnish: råtte, råttå

→ Estonian: rott

Old Dutch: *ratta, *rotta

Middle Dutch: ratte, rotte

Dutch: rat, rot

Afrikaans: rot

Limburgish: rat

Old High German: ratta; ratza

Middle High German: ratze

German: Ratze, Ratz (dialectal)

Yiddish: ראַץ (rats)

Uncertain; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to gnaw”). See *rattaz for more.


aikwernô

aikwernô (nominative singular)
aikwernaniz (nominative plural)
aikwernô (singular vocative)
aikwernaniz (plural vocative)
aikwernanų (accusative singular)
aikwernanunz (accusative plural)
aikwirniniz (genitive singular)
aikwernanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aikwirnini (dative singular)
aikwernammaz (dative plural)
aikwirninē (instrumental singular)
aikwernammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aikwernō
Old English: ācweorna, āqueorna, āquorna, ācurna, ācuaerna
Middle English: acquerne, aquerne, ocquerne, okerne, aquierne
>? English: con, conn (“squirrel”) (dialectal) (compare Old Norse íkorni)
>? Scots: con (“squirrel”) (compare Old Norse íkorni)
Old Frisian: *ēkworna, *ēkhorna
Saterland Frisian: *Eker, *Eeker
>? Saterland Frisian: Katteker, Kateeker (compare German Eichkater)
West Frisian: iikhoarn
⇒ West Frisian: iikhoarntsje
Old Saxon: *ēkhorno
Middle Low German: êkhōrn, êkhōrne, eikhōrne, êkhorn, êkōrn, eikōrn, êkōrne, echhorne
⇒ Dutch Low Saxon: Eekhoorntje
German Low German: Eekhoorn, Ekkern
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Aik, Aikern
Sauerländisch: Ēksken, Aikerte
⇒ German Low German: Eekhoorntje
Old Dutch: *ēcorno
Middle Dutch: êencōren
Dutch: eekhoorn
Old High German: eihhorno, eihhurno
Middle High German: eichurne
Alemannic German: Eichhore, Eichhörnli
German: Eichhorn
⇒ German: Eichhörnchen
⇒ Hunsrik: Eichhernche

Old Norse: íkorni
Icelandic: íkorni
Faroese: íkorni
Norwegian: ikorn, ekorn; (dialectal) ikorre
→ Danish: ekorn, ikorn
Norwegian Bokmål: ekorn, ikorn
Jamtish: íkuðn
Elfdalian: aikuonn
Old Swedish: ēkorne, īkorne
Swedish: ekorre, (dialectal) ikorn
Old Danish: īkærnæ
Danish: egern
Norwegian Bokmål: egern
Gutnish: eikånn
Scanian: igarne

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“squirrel”). The first component may be Proto-Germanic *aiks (“oak”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ-, or from the root of Old English ācol (“trembling, fearful”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyg- (“move quickly, stir, tremble”), cognate with Ancient Greek αἰγίς (aigís); or, after Seebold 1982, it may be from a PIE form *(w)oy-wr̥- (cf. Russian ве́верица (véverica, “squirrel”), Latin viverra (“ferret”), Proto-Celtic *wiweros (“squirrel”), etc.), with *w > *k regular between a resonant and *u by the law he proposes in place of Cowgill's law.


aizō

aizō (nominative singular)
aizôz (nominative plural)
aizō (singular vocative)
aizôz (plural vocative)
aizǭ (accusative singular)
aizōz (accusative plural)
aizōz (genitive singular)
aizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aizōi (dative singular)
aizōmaz (dative plural)
aizō (instrumental singular)
aizōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aiʀu
Old English: ār, āre
Middle English: ore, oore, or, ȝore, aore, are, ære (Early Middle English), ar, are (Northern)
Old Frisian: ēre, ēr
Saterland Frisian: Eere
West Frisian: eare
Old Saxon: ēra
Middle Low German: ēre
→ Old Norse: æra
Danish: ære
Icelandic: æra
Faroese: æra
Norwegian Nynorsk: ære
Norwegian Bokmål: ære
Swedish: ära
Old Dutch: ēra
Middle Dutch: êre
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Negerhollands: eer
Limburgish: ieër
Old High German: ēra
Middle High German: ēre
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Eher
Luxembourgish: Éier
German: Ehre
Rhine Franconian: Ehr, Ihr
Vilamovian: ere

Old Norse: eir

Icelandic: eir

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oys-éh₂, from *h₂eys- (“to respect”).


balgiz

balgiz (nominative singular)
balgīz (nominative plural)
balgi (singular vocative)
balgīz (plural vocative)
balgį (accusative singular)
balginz (accusative plural)
balgīz (genitive singular)
balgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balgī (dative singular)
balgimaz (dative plural)
balgī (instrumental singular)
balgimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *balgi
Old English: bielġ, belġ, bæliġ, beliġ, bylg, byliġ, bælġ
Middle English: bely, beli, baly, balyw, belgh, belwe, belu
English: belly, ballow, bellows
Scots: belly, bally
Yola: bellee, belooze
Middle English: bely, beli, baly, balyw, belgh, belwe, belu
English: belly, ballow, bellows
Scots: belly, bally
Yola: bellee, belooze
Old Frisian: balg
Saterland Frisian: Balch
West Frisian: bealch, balge
Old Saxon: balg
Middle Low German: balch
German Low German: Balg
Plautdietsch: Baulch
Old Dutch: *balg
Middle Dutch: balch
Dutch: balg
→ French: blague, blaque (obsolete)
→ Italian: blaga, → blague
→ Polish: blaga
Old High German: balg
Middle High German: balc
German: Balg

Old Norse: belgr
Icelandic: belgur
Faroese: bjølgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: belg; (dialectal) bæg’e, balg
Old Swedish: bælgher, ᛒᛅᛚᚵᚼᚽᚱ
Swedish: bälg
Danish: bælg
Norwegian Bokmål: belg
Gutnish: bälg, bölg
→ Scots: belya, beli, bella, belja, belli

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌲𐍃 (balgs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *palgëh, *palko (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


straumaz

straumaz (nominative singular)
straumōz (nominative plural)
straumōs (nominative plural)
straum (singular vocative)
straumōz (plural vocative)
straumōs (plural vocative)
straumą (accusative singular)
straumanz (accusative plural)
straumas (genitive singular)
straumis (genitive singular)
straumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
straumai (dative singular)
straumamaz (dative plural)
straumō (instrumental singular)
straumamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *straum
Old English: strēam
Middle English: strem, streem
Scots: strem, streme, streym, stream
English: stream
Old Frisian: strām
North Frisian: strum
Saterland Frisian: Stroom
West Frisian: stream
Old Saxon: strōm
Middle Low German: strōm
German Low German: Stroom
Low German: Stroom
Old Dutch: *strōm
Middle Dutch: strôom
Dutch: stroom
Afrikaans: stroom
Limburgish: stroum
Old High German: stroum, strōm
Middle High German: stroum, strām, strōm, strūm (partially merged with strām (“streak”) < *strēmaz)
German: Strom
→ German Low German: Strom
→ Silesian: sztrům (“electrical current”)
Luxembourgish: Stroum
Yiddish: שטראָם (shtrom)

Old Norse: straumr
Icelandic: straumur
Faroese: streymur
Norwegian Nynorsk: straum
Norwegian: (dialectal) strom (cf. flom < flaumr), strøym, strem
Old Swedish: strømber
Swedish: ström
Danish: strøm
Norwegian Bokmål: strøm

→ Finnish: rauma, Rauma

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: rávdnji

From Proto-Indo-European *srow-mo-s, which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma, “stream, flow”), Lithuanian srovė (“current, stream, flow”).


igilaz

igilaz (nominative singular)
igilōz (nominative plural)
igilōs (nominative plural)
igil (singular vocative)
igilōz (plural vocative)
igilōs (plural vocative)
igilą (accusative singular)
igilanz (accusative plural)
igilas (genitive singular)
igilis (genitive singular)
igilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
igilai (dative singular)
igilamaz (dative plural)
igilō (instrumental singular)
igilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *igil
Old English: iġil, iġl, īl
Middle English: ile
Old Frisian: igel
West Frisian: ychel
Old Saxon: igil
Old Dutch: *igil
Middle Dutch: igel, ēgel
Dutch: egel
Old High German: igil
Middle High German: igil
German: Igel
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [iʒ̥l̩]
Vilamovian: ejggl

Old Norse: ígull (sea urchin)

Icelandic: ígull

Faroese: igul-

Norwegian Bokmål: igle

Norwegian Nynorsk: igle

Old Swedish: *īghul, īghulkutter

Swedish: igel, igelkott

Old Danish: *īghæl

Danish: igle

Elfdalian: igel

Gutnish: igle

Scanian: ýl, íğel

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰis (“hedgehog”), with a diminutive suffix.


strikô

strikô (nominative singular)
strikaniz (nominative plural)
strikô (singular vocative)
strikaniz (plural vocative)
strikanų (accusative singular)
strikanunz (accusative plural)
strikiniz (genitive singular)
strikanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strikini (dative singular)
strikammaz (dative plural)
strikinē (instrumental singular)
strikammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: strica

English: streak


frawjaz

frawjaz (nominative singular)
frawjōz (nominative plural)
frawjōs (nominative plural)
frawi (singular vocative)
frawjōz (plural vocative)
frawjōs (plural vocative)
frawją (accusative singular)
frawjanz (accusative plural)
frawjas (genitive singular)
frawis (genitive singular)
frawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frawjai (dative singular)
frawjamaz (dative plural)
frawjō (instrumental singular)
frawjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: Freyr

Icelandic: Freyr

Swedish: Frej, Frö-


frawjǭ

frawjǭ (nominative singular)
frawjōniz (nominative plural)
frawjǭ (singular vocative)
frawjōniz (plural vocative)
frawjōnų (accusative singular)
frawjōnunz (accusative plural)
frawjōniz (genitive singular)
frawjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frawjōni (dative singular)
frawjōmaz (dative plural)
frawjōnē (instrumental singular)
frawjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frauwjā
Old English: frōwe
>? Old English: frēo
Old Frisian: frowe, frouwe
West Frisian: frou
Old Saxon: frūa
Middle Low German: vrûwe, vrouwe
German Low German: Froo
Plautdietsch: Fru, Frü
→ Finnish: rouva
→ Old Norse: frú, frúa, frúva
Icelandic: frú
Faroese: frúgv, frú
Norwegian: fru, frue
Swedish: fru, fruga
Danish: frue, fru
Old Dutch: frouwa
Middle Dutch: vrouwe
Dutch: vrouwe (“lady”), vrouw (“woman”)
Afrikaans: vrou
→ English: vrou
Negerhollands: vro, vrou, frou, fru, vrow
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fru (dated)
→ Aukan: folow
→ English: vrouw
→ Sranan Tongo: frow
→ Indonesian: perawan (“virgin”)
Limburgish: vrów
West Flemish: vrouwe
Zealandic: vrouwe
→ English: frow
Old High German: frouwa
Middle High German: vrouwe, vrowe, frouwe, frowe, vrou, frou, vro, fro (before proper names), vrowe
Alemannic German: Frau
Alsatian: Fràui, Fràù, Frài, Froi, Fròi, Fraù, Frœy, Fráw, Frá
Walser: frou
Bavarian: Frau
Cimbrian: brau
Central Franconian: Fraa
Hunsrik: Fraa
Luxembourgish: Fra
East Central German: Fraa
Silesian East Central German: Froo
German: Frau, Fr. (abbreviation), Fraue (archaic), Fraw, Frawe (obsolete)
Unserdeutsch: Frau
→ English: frau
→ Russian: фра́у (fráu)
Rhine Franconian: Fraa
Pennsylvania German: Fraa
Palatine German: Fraa
Vilamovian: fraoj
Yiddish: פֿרוי (froy)

Old Norse: freyja
Icelandic: freyja
Old Swedish: -prea

/ˈɸrɑw.jɔ̃ː/

lady, wife of a lord (woman of high standing)


frawjô

gem-decl-noun-table

*frawjô (an-stem)

frawjô (nominative singular)
frawjaniz (nominative plural)
frawjô (singular vocative)
frawjaniz (plural vocative)
frawjanų (accusative singular)
frawjanunz (accusative plural)
frawiniz (genitive singular)
frawjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frawini (dative singular)
frawjammaz (dative plural)
frawinē (instrumental singular)
frawjammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frauwjō
Old English: frēa, frēo
Old Frisian: *frā (in placenames)
Old Saxon: frao, frōio, frōho, frāho, frō
Old Dutch: *frō
Old High German: frō, frōjo, frouwo

Old Norse: Freyr
Icelandic: Freyr
→ Swedish: Frej (learned)
→ Danish: Frej (learned)
Faroese: Froyur
Norwegian: Frøy
Old Swedish: *Frø̄
Swedish: Frö
Old Danish: Frø̄
Old Danish: Frø

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 (frauja)

→ Galician: Forxás, Froxán (or either from Suevic)

Vandalic: *frauja- (early), froia, froja m

/ˈɸrɑu̯.jɔːː/

From the unattested Proto-Germanic *frawiz or *frawaz and the suffix *-jô, the stem being of debated origin: Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *proHwo-, a derivation from *per(H)- (“to go forward; in front”). Potential cognates include Latin prōvincia (“territory, dominion, office, duty, province”), Russian пра́вый (právyj, “right”), Polish prawo (“law”). However, Kroonen notes phonetic difficulties with this derivation. For an alternative he proposes a link to *fraiwą (“seed”) involving metathesis, and that the sense of sowing or fertility may even be preserved in the mythological associations of Old Norse Freyja.


westrą

westrą (nominative singular)
westrō (nominative plural)
westrą (singular vocative)
westrō (plural vocative)
westrą (accusative singular)
westrō (accusative plural)
westras (genitive singular)
wistris (genitive singular)
westrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
westrai (dative singular)
westramaz (dative plural)
westrō (instrumental singular)
westramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *westr
Old English: *west
Middle English: west
English: west
Scots: wast
Old Frisian: west n
West Frisian: west
Old Saxon: *west
Middle Low German: west
Old Dutch: west
Middle Dutch: west
Dutch: west
Afrikaans: wes
⇒ Dutch: westen
⇒ Afrikaans: weste
Old High German: *west
Middle High German: west m
German: West m

Old Norse: vestr
Icelandic: vestur
Faroese: vestur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: vest
Norwegian Nynorsk: vest
Old Swedish: væster, væst
Swedish: väster, väst
Old Danish: væster, væst
Danish: vest, vester


kukkaz

kukkaz (nominative singular)
kukkōz (nominative plural)
kukkōs (nominative plural)
kukk (singular vocative)
kukkōz (plural vocative)
kukkōs (plural vocative)
kukką (accusative singular)
kukkanz (accusative plural)
kukkas (genitive singular)
kukkis (genitive singular)
kukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kukkai (dative singular)
kukkamaz (dative plural)
kukkō (instrumental singular)
kukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kokk
Old English: cocc, coc
Middle English: cok, cock, cocke, coke, cokke, cooke, koc, kok
English: cock
Scots: cock, cok
Yola: cuck
Old Dutch: *cocc
Middle Dutch: cocke
Dutch: kok
→ Late Latin: coccus
Old French: coc (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: kokkr

Icelandic: kokkur

Middle Norwegian: kúkr

Norwegian Nynorsk: kuk, kukk

Norwegian Bokmål: kuk, kukk

Danish: kok

→ Northern Sami: kuk

Swedish: kuk

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kuk, kukk

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kuk, kukk

→ Proto-Finnic: *kukkoi (see there for further descendants)

Likely from original n-stem *keukô ~ *kukkaz. Ultimately of imitative origin, similar to Sanskrit कुक्कुट (kukkuṭa, “rooster”), Proto-Slavic *kokošь (“hen”). Some sources believe the Germanic forms to be borrowed from Late Latin coccus rather than the other way around.

onomatopoeic

imitative origin

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


hanjō

hanjō (nominative singular)
hanjôz (nominative plural)
hanjō (singular vocative)
hanjôz (plural vocative)
hanjǭ (accusative singular)
hanjōz (accusative plural)
hanjōz (genitive singular)
hanjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanjōi (dative singular)
hanjōmaz (dative plural)
hanjō (instrumental singular)
hanjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hannju
Old English: henn, hænn
Middle English: hen, henne, hene, han, en, heene
English: hen
Scots: hen
Yola: hen, hin
Old Frisian: henn
Saterland Frisian: Hanne
West Frisian: hin
Old Saxon: *hennia, *hennea
Middle Low German: henne, hinne
German Low German: Heen
Old Dutch: *henna
Middle Dutch: henne
Dutch: hen
Afrikaans: hen
Jersey Dutch: hän
Limburgish: hèn
Old High German: henna
Middle High German: henne
Cimbrian: hénna, henn (Luserna)
German: Henne

Crimean Gothic: hano

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”).


hanô

hanô (nominative singular)
hananiz (nominative plural)
hanô (singular vocative)
hananiz (plural vocative)
hananų (accusative singular)
hananunz (accusative plural)
haniniz (genitive singular)
hananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanini (dative singular)
hanammaz (dative plural)
haninē (instrumental singular)
hanammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hanō
Old English: hana
Middle English: *hane (attested in hane-crau)
Old Frisian: hona, hana
North Frisian: hon, höön
Saterland Frisian: Hone
West Frisian: hoanne
Old Saxon: hano
Middle Low German: hāne
German Low German: Hahn
Old Dutch: *hano
Middle Dutch: hāne
Dutch: haan
Old High German: hano
Middle High German: hane, han
Alemannic German: Haane
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Haan
Cimbrian: haano, hå (Luserna)
German: Hahn
Luxembourgish: Hunn
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haahne
Yiddish: האָן (hon)
→ Old French: hanon
⇒ Old French: haneton
Middle French: hanneton
French: hanneton (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hani
Icelandic: hani
Faroese: hani
Norwegian: hane
Old Swedish: hani
Swedish: hane
Danish: hane

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 (hana)

Crimean Gothic: ano

→ Proto-Finnic: *kana (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”), possibly through earlier *hanā as evidenced by Proto-Finnic *kana. Cognate with Latin canō, cantō.


hōną

hōną (nominative singular)
hōnō (nominative plural)
hōną (singular vocative)
hōnō (plural vocative)
hōną (accusative singular)
hōnō (accusative plural)
hōnas (genitive singular)
hōnis (genitive singular)
hōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōnai (dative singular)
hōnamaz (dative plural)
hōnō (instrumental singular)
hōnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōn
Old Saxon: hōn
Middle Low German: hōn
Low German: Hohn
Old Dutch: *hōn, *huon
Middle Dutch: hoen
Dutch: hoen, hoender
Afrikaans: hoender
Negerhollands: hoener, hundu, hunder, hun
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hundu (dated)
Old High German: huon
Middle High German: huon
Alemannic German: Hue
Central Franconian: Hohn, Huhn (southern Moselle Franconian), Honn (Aachen)
Cimbrian: huun
German: Huhn
Luxembourgish: Hong
Yiddish: הון (hun)

Vṛddhi-derivative of *hanô (“cock, rooster”).


hōnijǭ

hōnijǭ (nominative singular)
hōnijōniz (nominative plural)
hōnijǭ (singular vocative)
hōnijōniz (plural vocative)
hōnijōnų (accusative singular)
hōnijōnunz (accusative plural)
hōnijōniz (genitive singular)
hōnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōnijōni (dative singular)
hōnijōmaz (dative plural)
hōnijōnē (instrumental singular)
hōnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hœna

Icelandic: hæna

Faroese: høna

Norwegian: høne

Old Swedish: hø̄na

Swedish: höna

Danish: høne

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”). Related to *hanô (“rooster”), *hanjō (“hen”).


uzlagą

uzlagą (nominative singular)
uzlagō (nominative plural)
uzlagą (singular vocative)
uzlagō (plural vocative)
uzlagą (accusative singular)
uzlagō (accusative plural)
uzlagas (genitive singular)
uzlagis (genitive singular)
uzlagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzlagai (dative singular)
uzlagamaz (dative plural)
uzlagō (instrumental singular)
uzlagamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀlag, *oʀlag

Old English: orlæġ, orleġ; orleġe

→ English: orlay

Old Frisian: orloch

North Frisian: oarloge

West Frisian: oarloch

Old Saxon: urlagi, *orlag; *orlagi, *orleg

desc

Middle Low German: orloge, orlage, orlege

Low German: Orlog

Old Dutch: *orlog

Middle Dutch: orloge, oorlog

Dutch: oorlog

Afrikaans: oorlog

Old High German: urlag, urlac

⇒ Old High German: urlaga

Middle High German: urlage

desctree

Old Norse: ørlǫg
Icelandic: örlög; örlygi
>? Norwegian: orlog
Swedish: örlig
>? Danish: orlog

From *uz- (“out”) + *lagą (“situation, law”).


kulą

kulą (nominative singular)
kulō (nominative plural)
kulą (singular vocative)
kulō (plural vocative)
kulą (accusative singular)
kulō (accusative plural)
kulas (genitive singular)
kulis (genitive singular)
kulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kulai (dative singular)
kulamaz (dative plural)
kulō (instrumental singular)
kulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kol
Old English: col
Middle English: col, cole
English: coal
Scots: col, coll
Old Frisian: kole
Saterland Frisian: Cole, Koole
West Frisian: koal
Old Saxon: *kol
Middle Low German: kole
German Low German: Kahl, Kaal
Plautdietsch: Kol
Old Dutch: *kol
Middle Dutch: kole
Dutch: kool
Afrikaans: kool
Jersey Dutch: kôl
Negerhollands: kool
→ Caribbean Hindustani: koro
→ Chinese: 高麗 /高丽, 高麗菜／高丽菜 (via Min Nan)
→ Indonesian: kol
→ Mahican: gónan
→ Papiamentu: kolo
→ Sranan Tongo: kolo
Limburgish: koeal
Old High German: kol
Middle High German: kol
Cimbrian: kholl
German: Kohle
Luxembourgish: Kuel
Yiddish: קויל (koyl)

Old Norse: kol, kul
Icelandic: kol
Faroese: kol
Norwegian Nynorsk: kol
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kol
Jamtish: kuł
Old Swedish: kol, kul
Swedish: kol
Danish: kul
Norwegian Bokmål: kull

From Pre-Germanic *ǵulHom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵwl̥H-o-m, from *ǵwelH- (“to burn, shine”). Related to Old Irish gúal (“charcoal, coal”), Sanskrit ज्वलति (jválati, “to burn”), Lithuanian žvìlti (“to shine”).


hōrǭ

hōrǭ (nominative singular)
hōrōniz (nominative plural)
hōrǭ (singular vocative)
hōrōniz (plural vocative)
hōrōnų (accusative singular)
hōrōnunz (accusative plural)
hōrōniz (genitive singular)
hōrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōrōni (dative singular)
hōrōmaz (dative plural)
hōrōnē (instrumental singular)
hōrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōre
Middle English: hore, hoor, hoore, hor, houre, hure
English: whore
Scots: hure, hoor
→ Welsh: hŵr

Old Frisian: *hōre

West Frisian: huorre, hoer

Old Saxon: *hōra

Middle Low German: hôre

German Low German: Hoor

Old Dutch: *huora (gehuorda)

Middle Dutch: hoere
Dutch: hoer
Afrikaans: hoer
Negerhollands: hoer, hoerer, hurer, hu, huer
→ Virgin Islands Creole: huur (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: huru
Limburgish: hoor

Old High German: huora

Middle High German: huore

Cimbrian: hurra

German: Hure, H*re (censored)
→ Lower Sorbian: hura

Luxembourgish: Houer

Pennsylvania German: Hur

Yiddish: הור (hur)

Old Norse: hóra
Icelandic: hóra
Faroese: hora
Norwegian Bokmål: hore
Norwegian Nynorsk: hora
Old Swedish: hōra
Swedish: hora
Danish: hore
Elfdalian: uora
→ Estonian: hoor
→ Finnish: hoora, huora

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ros (“loved”), from *keh₂-.


hōraz

hōraz (nominative singular)
hōrōz (nominative plural)
hōrōs (nominative plural)
hōr (singular vocative)
hōrōz (plural vocative)
hōrōs (plural vocative)
hōrą (accusative singular)
hōranz (accusative plural)
hōras (genitive singular)
hōris (genitive singular)
hōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōrai (dative singular)
hōramaz (dative plural)
hōrō (instrumental singular)
hōramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hórr

Icelandic: hór

Gothic: 𐌷𐍉𐍂𐍃 (hōrs)

→ Albanian: horr, horrë

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ros (“loved”), from *keh₂-. Cognate with Latin cārus, Latvian kārs.


hōrą

hōrą (nominative singular)
hōrō (nominative plural)
hōrą (singular vocative)
hōrō (plural vocative)
hōrą (accusative singular)
hōrō (accusative plural)
hōras (genitive singular)
hōris (genitive singular)
hōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōrai (dative singular)
hōramaz (dative plural)
hōrō (instrumental singular)
hōramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōr

Old Frisian: hōr

Old Saxon: *hōr

Middle Low German: hôre

Old Dutch: *hōr, *huor

Middle Dutch: hoer

Old High German: huor

Middle High German: huor

German: Hur

Old Norse: hór

Icelandic: hór

Faroese: hor

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: hor

Norwegian Nynorsk: hor

Old Swedish: hōr

Swedish: hor

Danish: hor

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐍉𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 (hōrinōn)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂ros (“loved”), from *keh₂-. Cognate with Latin cārus, Latvian kārs.


drahtuz

drahtuz (nominative singular)
drahtiwiz (nominative plural)
drahtu (singular vocative)
drahtiwiz (plural vocative)
drahtų (accusative singular)
drahtunz (accusative plural)
drahtauz (genitive singular)
drahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drahtiwi (dative singular)
drahtumaz (dative plural)
drahtū (instrumental singular)
drahtumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dræht, *dreaht

Middle English: draȝt, draght, draught

English: draught, draft

Scots: draucht

Old Saxon: *draht, *drehti

Middle Low German: dracht

Low German: Dracht

→ Swedish: drakt, dräkt (merged with inherited word)

→ Danish: dragt

→ Icelandic: dragt

→ Faroese: drakt

Old Dutch: *draht

Middle Dutch: dracht, drecht

Dutch: dracht

Old High German: *traht, (Central German) *draht

Middle High German: traht; draht

German: Tracht

Luxembourgish: Druecht, (younger) Truecht

Old Norse: dráttr

Icelandic: dráttur

Faroese: dráttur

Old Swedish: dræt; drækt, drægt (analogical form, cf. Swedish täkt (“taking”) and taga (“to take”))

Swedish: drätt; dräkt (merged with Middle Low German loan)

Old Danish: dræt

Danish: dræt; drægt (analogical or perhaps influenced by Middle Low German)


brahtaz

brahtaz (nominative singular)
brahtōz (nominative plural)
brahtōs (nominative plural)
braht (singular vocative)
brahtōz (plural vocative)
brahtōs (plural vocative)
brahtą (accusative singular)
brahtanz (accusative plural)
brahtas (genitive singular)
brahtis (genitive singular)
brahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brahtai (dative singular)
brahtamaz (dative plural)
brahtō (instrumental singular)
brahtamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: braht

Middle Low German: bracht, brecht

Old High German: braht, praht

Middle High German: braht, praht

German: Pracht

Luxembourgish: Pruecht

Vilamovian: praocht

→ Dutch: pracht

→ Danish: pragt

A nominal formation related to *brekaną (“to break”).

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


puttaz

puttaz (nominative singular)
puttōz (nominative plural)
puttōs (nominative plural)
putt (singular vocative)
puttōz (plural vocative)
puttōs (plural vocative)
puttą (accusative singular)
puttanz (accusative plural)
puttas (genitive singular)
puttis (genitive singular)
puttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
puttai (dative singular)
puttamaz (dative plural)
puttō (instrumental singular)
puttamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pott

Old English: pott

Middle English: pott, potte, pot

Scots: pott

English: pot

→ Chichewa: poto

Old Frisian: pott, pot

Saterland Frisian: Pot

West Frisian: pôt

Old Saxon: *pott

Middle Low German: pott, pot

German Low German: Pott

Low German: pot

→ Middle High German: pot

German: Pott

Old Dutch: pot (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: pot

Dutch: pot

Afrikaans: pot

→ Vulgar Latin: *pottus, *pottum

Old French: pot

Middle French: pot

French: pot

→ Portuguese: pote

→ Occitan: pot

→ Catalan: pot

→ Spanish: pote

→ Galician: pote, pota

Old Norse: pottr

Icelandic: pottur

Faroese: pottur

Norwegian: pot, potte

Old Swedish: potta, putta

Swedish: pott, potta

Danish: pot, potte

Of uncertain origin. Orel considers the word as borrowed from Latin buttis (“barrel”). An older theory by Petersson derives the word from Pre-Germanic *butnós or *budnós (“a kind of vessel, swelled-out shape”), from Proto-Indo-European *bewd- (“to swell”), possibly cognate to Proto-Slavic *bъdьňa (“tub, cask”) (if not a borrowing from Germanic); compare also Old Armenian պոյտն (poytn, “pot, earthen pot”).


bōniz

bōniz (nominative singular)
bōnīz (nominative plural)
bōni (singular vocative)
bōnīz (plural vocative)
bōnį (accusative singular)
bōninz (accusative plural)
bōnīz (genitive singular)
bōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōnī (dative singular)
bōnimaz (dative plural)
bōnī (instrumental singular)
bōnimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōni
Old English: bēn
Middle English: ben, bene
English: ben, bene
⇒ English: bee
⇒ Scots: been-hook, been-plough

Old Norse: bǿn, bón, bœn
Icelandic: bón, bæn
Faroese: bøn
Norwegian Nynorsk: bøn, bønn
Norwegian Bokmål: bønn
Old Swedish: bø̄n, ᛒᚯᚿ
Swedish: bön
Danish: bøn
→ Middle English: boon, bone
English: boon
Scots: boon

Either from *bōjaną + *-niz, or inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-ni-s, of the same root, from *bʰeh₂- (“to say, speak”) + *-nis. Cognate with Old Armenian բան (ban, “word, speech”), Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound, tone”).


þrastuz

þrastuz (nominative singular)
þrastiwiz (nominative plural)
þrastu (singular vocative)
þrastiwiz (plural vocative)
þrastų (accusative singular)
þrastunz (accusative plural)
þrastauz (genitive singular)
þrastiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrastiwi (dative singular)
þrastumaz (dative plural)
þrastū (instrumental singular)
þrastumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: þrǫstr

Icelandic: þröstur

Faroese: trøstur

Norwegian: trost, trast

Swedish: trast

Danish: trost

→ Proto-Samic: *(t)rāstēs (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *trosdos (“thrush (bird)”). See Proto-West Germanic *þroskā (“thrush”), *þrostlā (“thrush”). Related to Latin turdus (whence distantly Armenian տորդիկ (tordik)), Lithuanian strãzdas (“thrush”), Middle Irish truid, Welsh drdwy (“starling”), Old Church Slavonic дрозгъ (drozgŭ), Russian дрозд (drozd).


wihtą

wihtą (nominative singular)
wihtō (nominative plural)
wihtą (singular vocative)
wihtō (plural vocative)
wihtą (accusative singular)
wihtō (accusative plural)
wihtas (genitive singular)
wihtis (genitive singular)
wihtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wihtai (dative singular)
wihtamaz (dative plural)
wihtō (instrumental singular)
wihtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wiht
Middle English: wight, wiȝt
English: wight, whit
Scots: wicht, wycht

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Wucht

Old Saxon:

Dutch Low Saxon: wicht

Old Dutch: *wiht

Middle Dutch: wicht, wecht

Dutch: wicht
Afrikaans: wig
Jersey Dutch: wäxt

Old High German: wiht

Middle High German: wiht

German: Wicht

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄 (waiht)

Most likely from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-ti- (“entity, thing”), and cognate with Old Church Slavonic вещь (veštĭ, “thing”).
In addition to the above theory, Kroonen also compares *weganą (“to carry, to move”) (cognate with Proto-Celtic *wextā (“time, course, run”)).


wihtiz

wihtiz (nominative singular)
wihtīz (nominative plural)
wihti (singular vocative)
wihtīz (plural vocative)
wihtį (accusative singular)
wihtinz (accusative plural)
wihtīz (genitive singular)
wihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wihtī (dative singular)
wihtimaz (dative plural)
wihtī (instrumental singular)
wihtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wihti
Old English: wiht
Middle English: wight, wiȝt
English: wight, whit
Scots: wicht, wycht
Old Frisian: *wet (in compounds)
Saterland Frisian: nit
Old Saxon: wiht
Middle Low German: wicht, wucht
German Low German: Wicht
Dutch Low Saxon: wicht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wicht
Sauerländisch: Weyht
Westmünsterländisch: Wicht
Old Dutch: wiht
Middle Dutch: wicht
Dutch: wicht
Afrikaans: wig
Old High German: wiht
Middle High German: wicht
German: Wicht

desc

Old Norse: véttr, vétr, vættr, vætr, vítr

Icelandic: vættur

Faroese: vættur, veittur

Norwegian: vette, vætte, vett, vitt

Old Swedish: vætter, vǣter

Swedish: vätte

Danish: vætte

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (waihts)

From Proto-Indo-European *wekti- (“object, thing”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *veťь.


wihtiz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wihti
Old English: wihte
Old English: wiht
Middle English: weght, weghte, weighte, weihte, weit, wighte
English: weight
Scots: wecht, weicht
Yola: waaight
Old Frisian: wicht, wichte
North Frisian: wecht
Saterland Frisian: Wächte
Old Saxon: *wiht, *wihti
Middle Low German: wicht, wichte
Low German: Wicht, Wucht
→ German: Wucht
Plautdietsch: Wicht
→ Danish: vægt
Norwegian: vekt
→ German: Wicht
→ Swedish: vikt
Old Dutch: *wiht
Middle Dutch: wicht, wichte
Dutch: wicht
Old High German: *wihti
Middle High German: wiht

Old Norse: vætt, vétt

→ Middle English: waght

Scots: wacht


brunjǭ

brunjǭ (nominative singular)
brunjōniz (nominative plural)
brunjǭ (singular vocative)
brunjōniz (plural vocative)
brunjōnų (accusative singular)
brunjōnunz (accusative plural)
brunjōniz (genitive singular)
brunjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunjōni (dative singular)
brunjōmaz (dative plural)
brunjōnē (instrumental singular)
brunjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brunnjā
Old English: byrne
Middle English: burne
English: byrnie/brinie
Old Saxon: brunnia
Old High German: brunnja, brunna
German: Brünne
→ Early Medieval Latin: brunia
Old French: bronie
French: broigne

Old Norse: brynja, ᛒᚱᚢᚾᛁᛅ (brunia)
Icelandic: brynja
Faroese: brynja
Norwegian Nynorsk: brynja, brynju, brynje
Old Swedish: brynia, brønia
Swedish: brynja
Danish: brynje
Norwegian Bokmål: brynje
→ Middle English: brinie
English: byrnie, brinie
Scots: byrnie

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉 (brunjō)
→? Proto-Slavic: *brъňa (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *brunnyos, from earlier *brusnyos (“breast; hill”).


swēgraz

swēgraz (nominative singular)
swēgrōz (nominative plural)
swēgrōs (nominative plural)
swēgr (singular vocative)
swēgrōz (plural vocative)
swēgrōs (plural vocative)
swēgrą (accusative singular)
swēgranz (accusative plural)
swēgras (genitive singular)
swēgris (genitive singular)
swēgrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swēgrai (dative singular)
swēgramaz (dative plural)
swēgrō (instrumental singular)
swēgramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swāgr

Old Frisian: swāger, swēger

Saterland Frisian: Swoager

West Frisian: sweager

Old Saxon: *swāgar

Middle Low German: swâger

German Low German: Swager

Plautdietsch: Schwoaga

→ Danish: svoger

→ Swedish: svåger

→ Gutnish: svåga, svågar, svagur

→ Norn: svager

Old Dutch: *swāger

Middle Dutch: swager
Dutch: zwager
Afrikaans: swaer
Berbice Creole Dutch: swagri
Negerhollands: swaeger
→ Papiamentu: swa, sua
→ Dutch: swa
→ Sranan Tongo: swagri
→ Aukan: swagi
→ Caribbean Javanese: swagri
→ Saramaccan: suwági
Limburgish: zwaoger

Old High German: swāgur, suāgur

Middle High German: swāger

German: Schwager

→ Czech: švagr

→ Polish: szwagier

Hunsrik: Schwoher

Luxembourgish: Schwoer

Yiddish: שוואָגער (shvoger)

From Proto-Indo-European *swēḱurós (“brother-in-law”).

a male person that came into a family through marriage


apô

apô (nominative singular)
apaniz (nominative plural)
apô (singular vocative)
apaniz (plural vocative)
apanų (accusative singular)
apanunz (accusative plural)
apiniz (genitive singular)
apanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
apini (dative singular)
apammaz (dative plural)
apinē (instrumental singular)
apammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *apō
Old English: apa
Middle English: ape, eape, aape
English: ape
Scots: ape, aip
Old Frisian: *apa
North Frisian: aab (Föhr-Amrum), ååwe (Mooring)
Saterland Frisian: Oape
West Frisian: aap
Old Saxon: apo
Middle Low German: āpe
Low German: Ape
German Low German: Aap
Plautdietsch: Op
Old Dutch: *apo
Middle Dutch: āpe
Dutch: aap
Afrikaans: aap
Old High German: affo
Middle High German: affe
Alemannic German: Aff
Central Franconian: Aff, Aap (Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Aff
Luxembourgish: Af
East Central German: Aff
German: Affe
Rhine Franconian: Aff
Pennsylvania German: Aff
Yiddish: אַפֿע (afe)
→ Proto-Slavic: *opъ
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *opica (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: api m
Icelandic: api m
Faroese: apa f
Norwegian Nynorsk: apa f or m, ape
Norwegian Bokmål: ape f or m
Old Swedish: apa f
Swedish: apa c
Danish: abe c
Gutnish: ape, apå

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep- (“water”), compare Proto-Celtic *abū (“river”), if the word originally referred to a "water sprite". Compare Proto-Celtic *abankos (“water creature”), from whence Welsh afanc and Breton avank (“beaver”), Middle Irish abacc (“dwarf”).
Recently, however, it is more common to assume an ancient loanword instead, ultimately probably from an unidentified non-Indo-European language of regions in Africa or Asia where monkeys are native. The same wanderwort may be reflected in Hebrew קוֹף (qōf), Akkadian uqūpu, Egyptian gfj, Middle Persian [script needed] (kpyk' /kabīg/), Sanskrit कपि (kapí), all meaning “monkey, ape”, and Ancient Greek κῆπος (kêpos, “long-tailed monkey”). As Kroonen notes, the lack of an initial velar consonant in Germanic implies that the foreign word entered at a very early pre-Germanic stage, such that it was borrowed with an initial laryngeal, either *h₂eb- or h₃eb-.

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


gatą

gatą (nominative singular)
gatō (nominative plural)
gatą (singular vocative)
gatō (plural vocative)
gatą (accusative singular)
gatō (accusative plural)
gatas (genitive singular)
gatis (genitive singular)
gatǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gatai (dative singular)
gatamaz (dative plural)
gatō (instrumental singular)
gatamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gat
Old English: gat, gæt, ġeat
Middle English: ȝeat, ȝat, ȝate, ȝet, gat, gate
English: gate; yate (dialectal)
→ Irish: geata
→ Scottish Gaelic: geata
→ Dutch: gate
→ Fiji Hindi: geet
→ German: Gate
Scots: ȝet, ȝett, yet, yett
Old Frisian: gat, jet
Saterland Frisian: Gat
West Frisian: gat
Old Saxon: gat
Middle Low German: gat
Low German: gat, Gatt
→ Danish: gat
→ German: Gatt
→ Swedish: gatt
Old Dutch: *gat
Middle Dutch: gat
Dutch: gat
Afrikaans: gat

Old Norse: gat

Icelandic: gat

Faroese: gat

Swedish: gat

Kroonen derives the word from Pre-Germanic *gʰodom, itself from *getaną (“to find a way; to get”), and rejects connections to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰed- (“to defecate”) (whence Sanskrit हदति (hádati, “idem”)).


gatwǭ

gatwǭ (nominative singular)
gatwōniz (nominative plural)
gatwǭ (singular vocative)
gatwōniz (plural vocative)
gatwōnų (accusative singular)
gatwōnunz (accusative plural)
gatwōniz (genitive singular)
gatwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gatwōni (dative singular)
gatwōmaz (dative plural)
gatwōnē (instrumental singular)
gatwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gatwā

Old Frisian: *jate, *jat

West Frisian: jat

Old Saxon: *gata

Middle Low German: gāte

Old Dutch: gata

gl

merged with Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">gat</i> (“gate, opening”)

Middle Dutch: gate, gat (“passageway”) (merged with Middle Dutch gat (“gate, opening”))

desc

>? Dutch: (Flemish) gat (“bystreet, alley, alleyway”)

desctree

Old High German: gazza
Middle High German: gazze
Central Franconian: Jass, Jaas (western Ripuarian), Gass (eastern Moselle Franconian), Gaß (western Moselle Franconian)
Bavarian: Gåssn
German: Gasse
Luxembourgish: Gaass
Yiddish: גאַס (gas)
→ Middle Low German: gatze, gadtze, gasse
Plautdietsch: Gauss
→ Middle Dutch: gasse
Dutch: gas
→ Slovene: gȃsa

Old Norse: gata
Icelandic: gata
Faroese: gøta
Norwegian Nynorsk: gate, gote, gotu; (dialectal) gutu, goto, gatu, gato
Old Swedish: gata
Swedish: gata
→ Finnish: katu
Old Danish: gatæ
Danish: gade
Norwegian Bokmål: gate
→ Middle English: gate
Scots: gate
English: gait, gate
→ Lithuanian: gatvė

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍅𐍉 (gatwō)

From Pre-Germanic *gʰodweh₂, from the same root as *getaną (“to find a way, get”).


kūlǭ

kūlǭ (nominative singular)
kūlōniz (nominative plural)
kūlǭ (singular vocative)
kūlōniz (plural vocative)
kūlōnų (accusative singular)
kūlōnunz (accusative plural)
kūlōniz (genitive singular)
kūlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūlōni (dative singular)
kūlōmaz (dative plural)
kūlōnē (instrumental singular)
kūlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kūlā

Old Saxon: *kūla

Middle Low German: kûle

German Low German: Kuhle, Kuhl

→ German: Kuhle

→ Danish: kule (“hole”)

→ Swedish: kula (“hole”)

Old Dutch: *kūla, cūla (attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: cule, cuul, cuyl

Dutch: kuil

Afrikaans: kuil

Old High German: *kūla

Middle High German: kūle

German: Kaule

Luxembourgish: Kaul

Old Norse: kúla

Icelandic: kúla

Faroese: kúla

Old Swedish: kūla

Swedish: kula (“bump”)

Danish: kule (“bump”)

From Proto-Indo-European *gewlo-, from the root *gew-, *gēw- (“to bend, curve, arch, buckle”) + *-los . Doublet of *keulaz, *keluz, and *kūliz.


musą

musą (nominative singular)
musō (nominative plural)
musą (singular vocative)
musō (plural vocative)
musą (accusative singular)
musō (accusative plural)
musas (genitive singular)
musis (genitive singular)
musǫ̂ (genitive plural)
musai (dative singular)
musamaz (dative plural)
musō (instrumental singular)
musamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mos
Old English: mos
Middle English: mos, mosse
Scots: mos
English: moss
Old Frisian: *mos
Saterland Frisian: Moas
West Frisian: moas
Old Saxon: mos
Middle Low German: mos
German Low German: Moss
Old Dutch: *mos
Middle Dutch: mos
Dutch: mos
→ Old French: mosse, mousseron (< *mosu)
French: mousse, mousseron
→ English: mousse, mushroom
Old High German: mos
Middle High German: mos
German: Moos
Hunsrik: Moos
Luxembourgish: Moos

Old Norse: *mos; mosi m (< *musô)

Icelandic: mosi

Faroese: mosi

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: mose; (dialectal) mosi, mosa

Old Swedish: mosi m, mosa (oblique cases); mos n

Swedish: mosse, mossa

Danish: mose

Norwegian Bokmål: mose

From Proto-Indo-European *mews-. Cognates include Latin muscus, Proto-Slavic *mъxъ. See there for more cognates.


klaiþą

klaiþą (nominative singular)
klaiþō (nominative plural)
klaiþą (singular vocative)
klaiþō (plural vocative)
klaiþą (accusative singular)
klaiþō (accusative plural)
klaiþas (genitive singular)
klaiþis (genitive singular)
klaiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klaiþai (dative singular)
klaiþamaz (dative plural)
klaiþō (instrumental singular)
klaiþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: clāþ, (clǣþ)

Middle English: clath, cloth

Scots: clath, claith

English: cloth

Old Frisian: klāth, klēth

North Frisian: klaid

Saterland Frisian: Klood

West Frisian: klaad

→ Old Norse: klæði

Icelandic: klæði

Faroese: klæði

Norwegian Nynorsk: klæde, klede

Old Swedish: klæþi

Swedish: kläde

Old Danish: klæthæ

Danish: klæde

Norwegian Bokmål: klede, klær

Old Saxon: *klēth

Middle Low German: klēt

German Low German: Kleed

Old Dutch: *klēt, *kleit

Middle Dutch: cleet

Dutch: kleed (also kleren from an older plural)

→ West Frisian: kleed

Old High German: *kleid, chleit

Middle High German: kleit

Bavarian: Kladl

German: Kleid

Luxembourgish: Kleed

Yiddish: קלייד (kleyd)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *gleyt-, an extension of the root *gley- (“to cling to, stick to, adhere”); however, the semantics are not particularly strong, as Kroonen notes, who leaves the origin open.


skagriz

skagriz (nominative singular)
skagrīz (nominative plural)
skagri (singular vocative)
skagrīz (plural vocative)
skagrį (accusative singular)
skagrinz (accusative plural)
skagrīz (genitive singular)
skagrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skagrī (dative singular)
skagrimaz (dative plural)
skagrī (instrumental singular)
skagrimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċeacga m

English: shag

Old Dutch: *skag

Dutch: scheg f

Old Norse: skęgg n

Faroese: skegg

Icelandic: skegg

Swedish: skägg

Danish: skjeg


leuskô

leuskô (nominative singular)
leuskaniz (nominative plural)
leuskô (singular vocative)
leuskaniz (plural vocative)
leuskanų (accusative singular)
leuskanunz (accusative plural)
liuskiniz (genitive singular)
leuskanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liuskini (dative singular)
leuskammaz (dative plural)
liuskinē (instrumental singular)
leuskammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leuskō
Old English: lēosċa
Old Frisian: *liāska
North Frisian: jaoske (Halligen)
Saterland Frisian: Ljaaske f
West Frisian: ljisk m or f
Old Saxon: *liosko
Middle Low German: lēsche, leische
German Low German: Leeske, Leesk
Old Dutch: *liosko
Middle Dutch: liesche, liesse f
Dutch: lies
Afrikaans: lies

Old Norse: ljóski

Elfdalian: liuoska

Faroese: ljóski

Icelandic: ljóski

Old Swedish: liuske

Swedish: ljumske (with inexplicable -m-)

Danish: lyske

→ Middle English: leske

English: lesk, lisk

From a root suffixed with *-kô, a suffix used for body parts; compare Proto-Germanic *kelkô (“jaw-bone”), *mankô (“mane”). Both *leuhsaz (“light”) and *lahwaz (“thigh”) have been suggested for the root.


maiskaz

maiskaz (nominative singular)
maiskōz (nominative plural)
maiskōs (nominative plural)
maisk (singular vocative)
maiskōz (plural vocative)
maiskōs (plural vocative)
maiską (accusative singular)
maiskanz (accusative plural)
maiskas (genitive singular)
maiskis (genitive singular)
maiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiskai (dative singular)
maiskamaz (dative plural)
maiskō (instrumental singular)
maiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maisk, *mask

desc

Old English: mǣsc-, māsc-, māx-, māscwyrt

Middle English: maske, masche, *mashe (found in misse-mashe)

Scots: mask, musk

English: mash, mishmash

Old Frisian: *māsk, *mask

North Frisian: mask

Saterland Frisian: Mask; Miskmask

Old Saxon: *mēsk, *mask

Middle Low German: masch, mêsch, mêschewert, meisch

German Low German: Mask

→ Danish: mask, miskmask

→ Swedish: mäsk, mask (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *mēsk, *mask

Middle Dutch: *masch

>? Dutch: mas (possibly borrowed from Low German)

Old High German: *meisk

Middle High German: meisch

German: Maisch m, Maische f

From earlier *maihskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *moiḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂-, from *meyḱ- (“mix”).


muskiz

muskiz (nominative singular)
muskīz (nominative plural)
muski (singular vocative)
muskīz (plural vocative)
muskį (accusative singular)
muskinz (accusative plural)
muskīz (genitive singular)
muskijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
muskī (dative singular)
muskimaz (dative plural)
muskī (instrumental singular)
muskimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *muski, *musk

Middle Dutch: mosch, mosse

Old Norse: *muskr

Norwegian: musk

Danish: musk

From *muskaz (“moisture”), from Proto-Indo-European *mews-, *mūs- (“moist, damp; swamp, moss, mildew”).


naskiz

naskiz (nominative singular)
naskīz (nominative plural)
naski (singular vocative)
naskīz (plural vocative)
naskį (accusative singular)
naskinz (accusative plural)
naskīz (genitive singular)
naskijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naskī (dative singular)
naskimaz (dative plural)
naskī (instrumental singular)
naskimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: næsc

→ Proto-Finnic: *nahka


skadwaz

skadwaz (nominative singular)
skadwōz (nominative plural)
skadwōs (nominative plural)
skadw (singular vocative)
skadwōz (plural vocative)
skadwōs (plural vocative)
skadwą (accusative singular)
skadwanz (accusative plural)
skadwas (genitive singular)
skadwis (genitive singular)
skadwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skadwai (dative singular)
skadwamaz (dative plural)
skadwō (instrumental singular)
skadwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skadu
Old English: sċeadu
Middle English: schadwe, schadewe, schadowe, schade
English: shadow, shade, shed
Scots: scaddow, schaddow, shadow, shade, schad
Old Frisian: *skade
Saterland Frisian: Skade, Skaad
West Frisian: skaad, skâd
Old Saxon: skado
Middle Low German: schaduwe, schadewe, schāde, schēde
Low German:
German Low German: Schade, Scharre, Scharr
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Schiae
Westmünsterländisch: Schatten
Plautdietsch: Schauten
Old Dutch: scado
Middle Dutch: schāde, schāduwe
Dutch: schaduw; (archaic) schad; (archaic) schade/schaai
Afrikaans: skadu, skaduwee
Old High German: skato, scato m; skata, scata f
Middle High German: schate, schade, schete, schatwe, schetewe m
German: Schatten
Luxembourgish: Schiet
Yiddish: שאָטן (shotn)

Old Norse: *skadda, *skǫddu (gen.)

Icelandic: skodda, skoddi

Faroese: skadda, skødda, skaddi

Norwegian: skodde; skadda, skodda (dialectal)

Jamtish: skǫdde

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skadus) (reanalysed as u-stem)

→ Proto-Finnic: *katvëh

Finnish: katve

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱh₃-tús, from *(s)ḱeh₃- (“dark”). Cognate with Old Irish scáth (“shadow”), Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos, “darkness”).


skarną

skarną (nominative singular)
skarnō (nominative plural)
skarną (singular vocative)
skarnō (plural vocative)
skarną (accusative singular)
skarnō (accusative plural)
skarnas (genitive singular)
skarnis (genitive singular)
skarnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skarnai (dative singular)
skarnamaz (dative plural)
skarnō (instrumental singular)
skarnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċearn

Middle English: scharn

Scots: scharn, schairn

English: sharn

Old Frisian: skern

West Frisian: skerne, skarne

North Frisian: skärn, skern

Old Saxon: *skarn

Middle Low German: scharn

Low German: Scharn

⇒ Old Saxon: skerning, skerling

Middle Low German: schērlinc

Old Dutch: *skarn

Middle Dutch: scharn

Dutch: scharn

⇒ Old Dutch: *scerninc, *scarninc

Middle Dutch: scerlinc, scarlinc

Dutch: scheerling

Old High German: scarno m

desc

⇒ Old High German: scerning, scerlinc, scerilinc

Middle High German: scherlinc, schirlinc

German: Schierling

Old Norse: skarn

Icelandic: skarn

Faroese: skarn

Norwegian: skarn

Old Swedish: skarn

Swedish: skarn

→ English: skarn

→ German: Skarn

Old Danish: skarn

Danish: skarn

From Proto-Indo-European *sóḱr̥ (“dung, excrement”). Cognate with Latin cerda ("dung, feces"; in compounds: mūscerda, sūcerda, etc.), Ancient Greek σκῶρ (skôr, “excrement, feces”).


skaubaz

skaubaz (nominative singular)
skaubōz (nominative plural)
skaubōs (nominative plural)
skaub (singular vocative)
skaubōz (plural vocative)
skaubōs (plural vocative)
skaubą (accusative singular)
skaubanz (accusative plural)
skaubas (genitive singular)
skaubis (genitive singular)
skaubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaubai (dative singular)
skaubamaz (dative plural)
skaubō (instrumental singular)
skaubamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaub m
Old English: sċēaf
Middle English: scheef
English: sheaf
Scots: schefe, scheif
Old Frisian: *skāf
Saterland Frisian: Schoof, Schoowe
West Frisian: skeaf
Old Saxon: skōf
Middle Low German: schôf
Low German: Schoof
→ German: Schof
Old Dutch: *skōf
Middle Dutch: scoef, schoof
Dutch: schoof
Afrikaans: skoof
Old High German: skoub, scoub
Middle High German: schoup
German: Schaub

Old Norse: skauf n

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewp- (“tuft, cluster, hair on the head”), similar to *skuftą (“bundle”).


skinō

skinō (nominative singular)
skinôz (nominative plural)
skinō (singular vocative)
skinôz (plural vocative)
skinǭ (accusative singular)
skinōz (accusative plural)
skinōz (genitive singular)
skinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skinōi (dative singular)
skinōmaz (dative plural)
skinō (instrumental singular)
skinōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skinu
Old English: sċinu
Middle English: schyne, schen, schin, schine, schyn, schynne, scine, shine, shyn, shzine
English: shin
Scots: shin, schin
Old Frisian: *skine
Saterland Frisian: Skiene
West Frisian: skine
Old Saxon: skina
Middle Low German: schēne
German Low German: Scheen, Schien
→ Danish: skinne
→ Norwegian: skinne, skina
→ Swedish: skena
Old Dutch: *skina
Middle Dutch: schene
Dutch: scheen
Afrikaans: skeen
Old High German: skina, scina, scena
Middle High German: schine, schin
Alemannic German: Schine
German: Schiene
→ Hungarian: sín
→ Macedonian: шина (šina)
→ Polish: szyna
→ Romanian: șină
→ Russian: шина (šina)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шина
Latin script: šina
Luxembourgish: Schinn
Lombardic: *skinko
→ Italian: stinco
 (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰 (*skina)

→ Vulgar Latin: *skina (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

→ Old French: eschine, enchine, echine, chine
Middle French: eschine
French: échine
→ Middle English: chyne
English: chine

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split”).


skuftą

skuftą (nominative singular)
skuftō (nominative plural)
skuftą (singular vocative)
skuftō (plural vocative)
skuftą (accusative singular)
skuftō (accusative plural)
skuftas (genitive singular)
skuftis (genitive singular)
skuftǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skuftai (dative singular)
skuftamaz (dative plural)
skuftō (instrumental singular)
skuftamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skuft

Old High German: skuft

Old Norse: skopt

Icelandic: skott

Norwegian: skoft

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍆𐍄 (skuft)

From Pre-Germanic *skup-to-s, of uncertain further origin. Pfeifer derives the term from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewp- (“tuft, cluster, hair on the head”), related to Middle High German schopf (“tuft, headhair, forehead”), Proto-Slavic *čubъ (“forelock, crest”) (itself of dubious relation to Proto-Slavic *čupъ (“kink, crook”)), and perhaps Albanian çup (“without tail, maimed”). Compare to *skaubą and Proto-Indo-European *skub-, *skup-, *skupn- (“to curve, bow, vault”). Kroonen is skeptical of the connection to Slavic, and leaves the origin open.

cog

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Brill Publishers
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


knīfą

knīfą (nominative singular)
knīfō (nominative plural)
knīfą (singular vocative)
knīfō (plural vocative)
knīfą (accusative singular)
knīfō (accusative plural)
knīfas (genitive singular)
knīfis (genitive singular)
knīfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knīfai (dative singular)
knīfamaz (dative plural)
knīfō (instrumental singular)
knīfamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *knīf

Saterland Frisian: kniif

Old Saxon: *knīf

Middle Low German: knīf

Old Dutch: *knīf

Middle Dutch: cnijf

Dutch: knijf

German: Kneif (dialectal)

Old Norse: knífr m

Norwegian: kniv

Swedish: kniv

Danish: kniv

→ Old English: cnīf

English: knife


kūliz

kūliz (nominative singular)
kūlīz (nominative plural)
kūli (singular vocative)
kūlīz (plural vocative)
kūlį (accusative singular)
kūlinz (accusative plural)
kūlīz (genitive singular)
kūlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūlī (dative singular)
kūlimaz (dative plural)
kūlī (instrumental singular)
kūlimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: cylle (“leather bottle, bag”)

Old Norse: kýll

Icelandic: kýll

From Proto-Indo-European *gewl- (“vessel; ball”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; curve; arch; vault”). Doublet of *kūlǭ, *keulaz, and *keluz.


keulaz

keulaz (nominative singular)
keulōz (nominative plural)
keulōs (nominative plural)
keul (singular vocative)
keulōz (plural vocative)
keulōs (plural vocative)
keulą (accusative singular)
keulanz (accusative plural)
keulas (genitive singular)
kiulis (genitive singular)
keulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
keulai (dative singular)
keulamaz (dative plural)
keulō (instrumental singular)
keulamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *keul
Old English: ċēol
>? Middle English: chiel, kele, keel (“small shipping vessel, lighter”) (possibly borrowed from Middle Dutch; displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)
Old Frisian: *kiāl, *tziāl
West Frisian: tjalk, tsjalk
→ Dutch: tjalk
Old Saxon: kiol
Middle Low German: kêl, kîl
German Low German: Kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)
Old Dutch: *kiol
Middle Dutch: kiel
Dutch: kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)
Old High German: kiol, chiol
Middle High German: kiel
German: Kiel (obsolete, displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old Norse: kjóll
Icelandic: kjóll

→ Proto-Finnic: *këula

Finnish: keula

From Proto-Indo-European *gewlos (“vessel; bowl”), from *gew- (“to bend; bow; vault; arch; curve; buckle”). Possibly related to *keluz, *kūliz, and *kūlǭ. However, see Ancient Greek γαυλός (gaulós).


instraz

instraz (nominative singular)
instrōz (nominative plural)
instrōs (nominative plural)
instr (singular vocative)
instrōz (plural vocative)
instrōs (plural vocative)
instrą (accusative singular)
instranz (accusative plural)
instras (genitive singular)
instris (genitive singular)
instrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
instrai (dative singular)
instramaz (dative plural)
instrō (instrumental singular)
instramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *instar

Middle Low German: inster, inser

Low German: inser

Old Dutch: *instar

Middle Dutch: inster

Old Norse: ístr

Old Swedish: īster

Swedish: ister

Danish: ister

→ Proto-Finnic: *icra

Finnish: ihra

Karelian: isra

Veps: izr


nasō

nasō (nominative singular)
nasôz (nominative plural)
nasō (singular vocative)
nasôz (plural vocative)
nasǭ (accusative singular)
nasōz (accusative plural)
nasōz (genitive singular)
nasǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nasōi (dative singular)
nasōmaz (dative plural)
nasō (instrumental singular)
nasōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nasu
Old English: nasu, naso
Middle English: nase, nasse, nease
Old Frisian: *nase
North Frisian: naas
Old Dutch: *nasa
Middle Dutch: nase
Old High German: nasa
Middle High German: nase
Alemannic German: Nase, Naase (Basel, Aargau, Lucerne, Zug, Schwyz, Uri)
Swabian: Nas
Bavarian: Nosn
Central Franconian: Nas, Noas, Nos (western Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Naas
Luxembourgish: Nues
East Franconian: Nous
German: Nase
Rhine Franconian: Noos
Pennsylvania German: Naas
Vilamovian: nōs, nōz
Yiddish: נאָז (noz)

Old Norse: nǫs
Icelandic: nös f
Faroese: nøs f
Norwegian Nynorsk: nos f, nase m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: nos m or f, nase m
Norwegian: (dialectal) nøs, nåss f; nåså, næsa, nasa m; nasa, nase f
Norwegian Bokmål: nese m or f
Old Swedish: nos f, næsa f
Swedish: nos c, näsa c
Old Danish: næsæ f
Danish: næse c
Gutnish: nos f

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”). Compare Latin nāsus.
May, in Proto-Germanic, have been a plurale tantum, whose nominative ending *-ō goes back to the Proto-Indo-European thematic nominative dual ending *-oh₁, while the other cases displayed consonant-stem plural endings -ǭ, -miz, -unz. This presupposes a Proto-Germanic consonant stem *nas- (“nostril”).
Griepentrog prefers to reconstruct, following Rasmussen, the original Proto-Indo-European paradigm as an acrostratic paradigm with rare ablaut a ~ ā: nom. sg. *Hnā́s-s, acc. sg. *Hnā́s-m̥, gen. sg. *Hnás-s (> *Hnás-os), dat. sg. *Hnás-ey, nom. du. *Hnā́s-h₁, nom. pl. *Hnā́s-es, acc. pl. *Hnás-m̥s.
Griepentrog also considers the zero-grade form *nus- instead of **uns- regular, adducing parallels. Forms in *nus- may be additionally analogically influenced by a Proto-Indo-European verb *news- (“to sniff”).


strampaz

strampaz (nominative singular)
strampōz (nominative plural)
strampōs (nominative plural)
stramp (singular vocative)
strampōz (plural vocative)
strampōs (plural vocative)
strampą (accusative singular)
strampanz (accusative plural)
strampas (genitive singular)
strampis (genitive singular)
strampǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strampai (dative singular)
strampamaz (dative plural)
strampō (instrumental singular)
strampamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stramp

Middle Low German: *stramp, *strempel

Low German: strempel

Old Dutch: *stramp

Dutch: stramp f, strampe f


strumpaz

strumpaz (nominative singular)
strumpōz (nominative plural)
strumpōs (nominative plural)
strump (singular vocative)
strumpōz (plural vocative)
strumpōs (plural vocative)
strumpą (accusative singular)
strumpanz (accusative plural)
strumpas (genitive singular)
strumpis (genitive singular)
strumpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strumpai (dative singular)
strumpamaz (dative plural)
strumpō (instrumental singular)
strumpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *strump

⇒ Old Frisian: strump-halt

Old Saxon: *strump

Middle Low German: strump

Low German: strumpel

→ Dutch: stromp

→ Norwegian Bokmål: strømpe

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: strump, strømpe

→ Swedish: strumpa

→ Danish: strumpe, strømpe

Old Dutch:

⇒ Middle Dutch: strompen

Dutch: strompen; ⇒ strompelen

Old High German: *strumpf

Middle High German: strumpf

German: Strumpf

Hunsrik: Strump

Luxembourgish: Strëmp

Old Norse: *stroppr

Norwegian: stropp (dialectal)

According to Pfeiffer, from a Proto-Indo-European *stremb-, *stremp- (“stump, short”), from a nasal labial extension of *sterh₁- (“to be stiff”); compare Proto-Germanic *staraz (“stiff”), as well as Latvian strumps (“short”), which appears to be particularly close in formation. However, the laryngeal reconstruction is problematic. Compare also Middle Low German stram and German stramm (“tight, taught; upright, erect”).


neurô

neurô (nominative singular)
neuraniz (nominative plural)
neurô (singular vocative)
neuraniz (plural vocative)
neuranų (accusative singular)
neuranunz (accusative plural)
niuriniz (genitive singular)
neuranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niurini (dative singular)
neurammaz (dative plural)
niurinē (instrumental singular)
neurammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *neurō

desctree

Old English: *nēora, *nīora
Middle English: nēre, neere
Scots: neer, nere, neir
⇒ Middle English: kidenēre, kidnēre
English: kidney

Old Frisian: *niura, *niūra; *niūre

Saterland Frisian: Njúre

West Frisian: nier

Old Saxon: *nioro

Middle Low German: nêre

German Low German: Niere, Nier, Neer

Plautdietsch: Nia

Old Dutch: *nioro

Middle Dutch: niere f

Dutch: nier
Afrikaans: nier
Negerhollands: nier
→ Papiamentu: nir, nier

Old High German: nioro
Middle High German: niere
German: Niere f
→ Luxembourgish: Nier
Hunsrik: Nier
Luxembourgish: Néier (archaic, but see Éierchen)
Yiddish: ניר (nir)

Old Norse: nýra
Icelandic: nýra
Faroese: nýra
Norn: nyr
Norwegian: nyre
Old Swedish: niūre
Swedish: njure
Old Danish: nyræ, niuræ
Danish: nyre
Elfdalian: niųora, niųore
⇒ Old Gutnish: vig-niauri

From Proto-Indo-European *négʷʰrō. Cognate with Latin nefrōnēs (Praeneste), nebrundinēs (Lanuvium), Ancient Greek νεφρός (nephrós).


helmô

helmô (nominative singular)
helmaniz (nominative plural)
helmô (singular vocative)
helmaniz (plural vocative)
helmanų (accusative singular)
helmanunz (accusative plural)
hilminiz (genitive singular)
helmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hilmini (dative singular)
helmammaz (dative plural)
hilminē (instrumental singular)
helmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *helmō
Old English: helma
Middle English: halm
English: helm
Old Saxon: *helma
Middle Low German: helm; holm (-o- from -a-? or from a zero-grade?)
→ German: Holm
Old Dutch: *helma
Middle Dutch: helm
Dutch: helm
Old High German: halme
Middle High German: halme, halm, helm
German: Helm (dialectal)

desc

⇒ Old Norse: hjalmvǫlr, hjalmurvǫlr, hjalmarvǫlr, hjalmunvǫlr

Usually thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *ḱél-mō, earlier *ḱél-mn̥, from the root *ḱel- (“to cover”); equivalent to *helaną + *-mô. Cognate with Sanskrit शर्मन् (śárman, “shelter, protection”). However, the semantic connection is weak.
An alternative theory by Kroonen links *halmaz and *helmaz (“haulm, straw, stalk, cane”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱélh₂-m(on)-, assuming the original meaning of *helmô was closer to “cane” and referred just to the shaft of a handle implement.
Note the presence of *(s)- in the related synonyms.

cog

handle, especially for steering a boat: helm, tiller


skalmiz

skalmiz (nominative singular)
skalmīz (nominative plural)
skalmi (singular vocative)
skalmīz (plural vocative)
skalmį (accusative singular)
skalminz (accusative plural)
skalmīz (genitive singular)
skalmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalmī (dative singular)
skalmimaz (dative plural)
skalmī (instrumental singular)
skalmimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skǫlm


skalmō

skalmō (nominative singular)
skalmôz (nominative plural)
skalmō (singular vocative)
skalmôz (plural vocative)
skalmǭ (accusative singular)
skalmōz (accusative plural)
skalmōz (genitive singular)
skalmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalmōi (dative singular)
skalmōmaz (dative plural)
skalmō (instrumental singular)
skalmōmiz (instrumental plural)

Saterland Frisian: schalm

Old Saxon: *skalm

Low German: schalm

Old Dutch: *skalm

Middle Dutch: scalm

Dutch: schalm

Old Norse: skalm, skǫlm

Icelandic: skálm

Faroese: skálm, skølm

Norwegian: skolm, skjelm

Swedish: skalm

Danish: skalm

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱel- (“to cover”).


skal-

Old English: sċeallan (only attested in the plural)

Old Frisian: skal

→ Proto-Samic: *kuolë (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut, divide”) or *(s)kel- (“to cover”) (see Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós, “sheath, scabbard”), source of Latin coleus (“testicles”)).


skūrō

skūrō (nominative singular)
skūrôz (nominative plural)
skūrō (singular vocative)
skūrôz (plural vocative)
skūrǭ (accusative singular)
skūrōz (accusative plural)
skūrōz (genitive singular)
skūrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skūrōi (dative singular)
skūrōmaz (dative plural)
skūrō (instrumental singular)
skūrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skūru

q

if not a spurious gender change of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*skūr</i>

Old English: sċūr f (if not a spurious gender change of *skūr)

desctree

Middle English: schour, schoure, schowre, schoure, shour, shoure, shower, showre, scur, shur (Early Middle English)
English: shower
Scots: shour, shouer, shoor, shooer

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍂𐌰 (skūra)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuuro (see there for further descendants)

→? Finnish: kuura

Of disputed origin:
* From a Proto-Indo-European root variously reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱēwer- (“north; north wind; cold wind; rain shower”) or Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱyeh₂w- (“north; north wind; cold wind; rain shower”), in the latter case in the ablaut form *(s)ḱyh̥₂u-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sě̀verъ (“north”), Lithuanian šiaurỹs (“north wind”) and Lithuanian šiáurė (“north”). This theory is tentatively supported by Orel, but rejected by Kroonen, apparently due to the rather tenuous semantics.
* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew- (“to stir up, excite”); or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”).
* According to Kroonen, from an earlier *skewur, from Proto-Indo-European *skéh₃-ur, the ur-stem of *(s)ḱeh₃- (“shade, shadow”) (which Kroonen reconstructs as *skeh₁-).


skūrō

Proto-West Germanic: *skūru

Old Frisian: skūre

West Frisian: skuorre

Old Saxon: skūr

desc

Middle Low German: schūr, schure, schüre

Low German: Schüür

→ Estonian: kuur

→? Old Norse: *skúrr

Icelandic: skúr

Norwegian Nynorsk: skur

→ Old High German: scūr (probably; perhaps native)

Middle High German: schūr

German: Schauer (dialectal)

Old Dutch: skūra

Middle Dutch: scūre

Dutch: schuur

Afrikaans: skuur

Old High German: skiura, skūra

Middle High German: schiure, schūre

German: Scheuer

Transylvanian Saxon: Schyre, Schure

→ Romanian: șură

→ Italian: scuro

→ Old French: escure

q

mixed with the word which is now German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Scheune</i>, or this represents a different oblique stem

Salian Frankish: *screunu (mixed with the word which is now German Scheune, or this represents a different oblique stem)

→ Medieval Latin: screona, screuna

desc

→ Old French: escriene, escraingne, escrienne, escrainge, ecrene, escreigne

Middle French: escriegne, escraigne, escrangne, escregne, escrene, escrenne, ecreigne, ecraigne

q

French: écrenne, écraigne (obsolete, a sort of underground, insulated peasant house, covered with manure)

Related to an earlier *sku(w)enjō- (whence modern German Scheune (“barn”)), from *sku(w)en-, possibly from the dative form *sku(w)eni, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skuH-ro-, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), related to Sanskrit स्कुनाति (skunāti, “he covers, protects”). Alternatively, the pre-form *sku(w)enjō- is considered by Kroonen to stem from the same root as the "shower" sense of Etymology 1.


skalō

skalō (nominative singular)
skalôz (nominative plural)
skalō (singular vocative)
skalôz (plural vocative)
skalǭ (accusative singular)
skalōz (accusative plural)
skalōz (genitive singular)
skalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalōi (dative singular)
skalōmaz (dative plural)
skalō (instrumental singular)
skalōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skalu
Old English: sċealu (“husk”)
Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)
English: shale
Old Dutch:
Middle Dutch: scale
Dutch: schaal
Old High German: scala
Middle High German: schāle
Bavarian: Schoin
German: Schale
→ Serbo-Croatian: šolja
Yiddish: שאָל (shol)
→ Old French: escale, eschale
French: écale
→ Middle English: scale
English: scale
Yola: skaulès (plural)

Old Norse: skál (“bowl, cup”)

Danish: skal (“shell; rind; skull”)

From Proto-Indo-European *skolH-eh₂, from *(s)kelH- (“to split, part, divide”). Synchronically analyzed as an ō-stem nominal from *skiljaną (“to cut, separate”).


karilaz

karilaz (nominative singular)
karilōz (nominative plural)
karilōs (nominative plural)
karil (singular vocative)
karilōz (plural vocative)
karilōs (plural vocative)
karilą (accusative singular)
karilanz (accusative plural)
karilas (genitive singular)
karilis (genitive singular)
karilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
karilai (dative singular)
karilamaz (dative plural)
karilō (instrumental singular)
karilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *karil, *karul, *karl
Old English: ċeorl, ċiorl
Middle English: cherl, cheorl, chorl, churl
English: churl
Scots: churl
Yola: chourle
Old Frisian: tzerl, tzirl
North Frisian: keerl
West Frisian: tsjirl, tsjerl
Old Saxon: *keril
Middle Low German: kerl, kerle
Dutch Low Saxon: (Gronings, Achterhoeks) keerl, (Twents, Achterhoeks) kearl
German Low German: Kerel, Keerl
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Kǟrl
Suerländer-Märkisch: Kærl, Kæl, Kêrl
Westmünsterländisch: Käärl, Kerl, Kiärl
→ German: Kerl
→ Saterland Frisian: Käärel
Old Dutch: *keril, *karal, karl
Middle Dutch: carel, caerl, kerl, kerel
Dutch: kerel
Afrikaans: kêrel
Jersey Dutch: kääd'l
→ Saterland Frisian: kerel, kërel, kërdel
→ West Frisian: keardel, kearel
Limburgish: kaerel
Old High German: *keril, karal, karl
Middle High German: karl, karle, kërl, kërle
→ Old Polish: karzeł
Polish: karzeł
⇒ Old High German: Karl (given name)
German: Karl, Carl
→ English: Karl, Carl (see there for further descendants)
→ Latin: Carolus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Slavic: *korľь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (*karilaʀ)

Old Norse: karl, kall
Icelandic: karl
Faroese: kallur
Norwegian: kall, kar
→ Danish: kar
Norwegian Bokmål: kar
Jamtish: kall, karr (< *karaz)
Elfdalian: kall
Old Swedish: karilʀ
Swedish: karl
Danish: karl, kal
Norwegian Bokmål: kall
⇒ Old Norse: Karl (given name)
Icelandic: Karl, Carl
Faroese: Karl
Norwegian: Karl, Carl
Old Swedish: Karl
Swedish: Karl, Carl
Old Danish: Karl
Danish: Karl, Carl
→ Greenlandic: Karl, Kaarali, Kaarale
⇒ Old Norse: Karli, Karle, Kalli (diminutive)
Icelandic: Karli
Norwegian: Karle, Kalle, Calle
Old Swedish: Karle, Kalle
Swedish: Karli, Karle, Carli, Carlie, Karly, Kalle, Calle
→ Estonian: Kalle
Old Danish: Karli
Danish: Karli, Karly, Kalle, Calle
→ Greenlandic: Kaali
→ Finnish: Karli, Karle, Kaarle, Kalle, Kale, Kali, Kalla, Kallu
→ Estonian: Kalle
→ Swedish: Kaarle
→ Sami: Gállá, Kálle
→ English: Karl, Carl
→ Cebuano: Karl, Carl
→ Finnish: Karl
→ Sami: Kárral
→ Middle English: carl
Scots: carl, cairl, karl
English: carl

→ Finnish: karilas

→ Proto-Samic: *kāllēs (see there for further descendants)

A diminutive of *karaz (but a Proto-Indo-European l-stem according to Kroonen 2013). Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to become old, to grow”) and related to Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn), Sanskrit जरन्त (jaranta), Old Armenian ծեր (cer), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬙- (azarəṣ̌ant-), Tocharian A kwär-, Tocharian B kwär-, Hittite [script needed] (karu).


sinþaz

sinþaz (nominative singular)
sinþōz (nominative plural)
sinþōs (nominative plural)
sinþ (singular vocative)
sinþōz (plural vocative)
sinþōs (plural vocative)
sinþą (accusative singular)
sinþanz (accusative plural)
sinþas (genitive singular)
sinþis (genitive singular)
sinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sinþai (dative singular)
sinþamaz (dative plural)
sinþō (instrumental singular)
sinþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sinþ, *sį̄þ (North Sea Germanic)
Old English: sīþ
Middle English: sith
English: sith
Old Frisian: sīth
Old Saxon: sīth
Old High German: sind, sint

Old Norse: sinn n, sinni

Icelandic: sinn n, sinni

Faroese: sinn

Old Swedish: sin

Swedish: (någon-)sin, sinom

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (sinþs)

Vandalic: *sinda- (in personal names)

From Pre-Germanic *séntos, from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to head for, go”). By synchronic analysis, a nominal formation from *sinnaną (“to feel, consider”).

der

time (as in first time, many times), instance


harugaz

harugaz (nominative singular)
harugōz (nominative plural)
harugōs (nominative plural)
harug (singular vocative)
harugōz (plural vocative)
harugōs (plural vocative)
harugą (accusative singular)
haruganz (accusative plural)
harugas (genitive singular)
harugis (genitive singular)
harugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harugai (dative singular)
harugamaz (dative plural)
harugō (instrumental singular)
harugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harug

Old English: hearg; hearga

gl

byform of Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">halwe</i>

Middle English: harogh (byform of Middle English halwe)

desc

Middle English: Harwe, Harrough (various placenames)

English: Harrow (in place names)

Old Saxon: harug

Old High German: harug, haruc, haruch

→ Latin: haraho (Ripuarian Laws)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫrgr
Icelandic: hörgur m
Faroese: hørgur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: horg m
Norwegian Bokmål: horg m
Old Swedish: hargher m
Swedish: harg c, horg c, horv c
Danish: harg c, hørg c

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂k- (“fenced or enclosed area”), from *ḱerh₂-, from which also *hurną (“horn”). Cognate with Latin carcer (“fence; prison”), Irish carn (“heap of stones”).