hirdijaz

hirdijaz (nominative singular)
hirdijōz (nominative plural)
hirdijōs (nominative plural)
hirdī (singular vocative)
hirdijōz (plural vocative)
hirdijōs (plural vocative)
hirdiją (accusative singular)
hirdijanz (accusative plural)
hirdijas (genitive singular)
hirdīs (genitive singular)
hirdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirdijai (dative singular)
hirdijamaz (dative plural)
hirdijō (instrumental singular)
hirdijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hirdī
Old English: hierde, hyrde, hiorde, hirde, heorde
Middle English: herde
English: herd
Scots: herd, hird
Old Frisian: *herde, *hirde
East Frisian: höid
Old Saxon: hirdi, herdi
Middle Low German: herde, hirde
German Low German: Heier
Plautdietsch: Hoad
Old Dutch: *hirdi
Middle Dutch: herde
Dutch: herde
Old High German: hirti, hirt
Middle High German: hirte, hirt
Cimbrian: hiart
German: Hirte, Hirt (both are roughly equally common)
Luxembourgish: Hiert

Old Norse: hirðir
Icelandic: hirðir
Faroese: hirði
Old Swedish: hirþi
Swedish: herde
Old Danish: hierde, hirde, hiørde, hjurde
Danish: hyrde
Norwegian Bokmål: hyrde m
Norwegian Nynorsk: hyrdar m

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (hairdeis)


īsą

īsą (nominative singular)
īsō (nominative plural)
īsą (singular vocative)
īsō (plural vocative)
īsą (accusative singular)
īsō (accusative plural)
īsas (genitive singular)
īsis (genitive singular)
īsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īsai (dative singular)
īsamaz (dative plural)
īsō (instrumental singular)
īsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *īs
Old English: īs, ys, ᛁᛋ (is) — Near Fakenham plaque
Middle English: is, ise, yes, yce, yys, ys, ijs, yse, ysz, hyse, hyys, ice, isse, ysse, yis
English: ice (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ice
Old Frisian: īs
North Frisian: Iis, Is, is
Saterland Frisian: Ies
West Frisian: iis
Old Saxon: īs
Middle Low German: îs
Low German:
German Low German: Ies
Plautdietsch: Iess
Old Dutch: *īs
Middle Dutch: ijs
Dutch: ijs
Afrikaans: ys
Petjo: es
→ Caribbean Javanese: ès
→ Indonesian: es
→ Papiamentu: eis
→ Sranan Tongo: èisi, hèisi
→ Aukan: eisi
→ Saramaccan: eísí
Limburgish: ies
Old High German: īs
Middle High German: īs
Alemannic German: Iis, Is, Isch
Alsatian: Iis; Eis (northern)
Italian Walser: isch, éisch
Bavarian: ais
Cimbrian: ais
Mòcheno: ais
Central Franconian: Eis, Ies
Hunsrik: Eis
Luxembourgish: Äis
Transylvanian Saxon: Ais
German: Eis
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurt: [ais]
Pennsylvania German: Eis
Vilamovian: ajs
Yiddish: אײַז (ayz)

Old Norse: íss (< *īsaz)
Icelandic: ís
Faroese: ísur
Norwegian Bokmål: is
Elfdalian: ais
Old Swedish: īs
Swedish: is
Danish: is
Gutnish: eis, h'eis

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyH-so-, from *h₁eyH- (“ice”).


watōr

watōr (nominative singular)
watnō (nominative plural)
watōr (singular vocative)
watnō (plural vocative)
watōr (accusative singular)
watnō (accusative plural)
watiniz (genitive singular)
watnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
watini (dative singular)
watnamaz (dative plural)
watinē (instrumental singular)
watnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *watar
Old English: wæter
Middle English: water, watere, watir, waterre
English: water (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: watter, wetter
Scots: watter
Yola: waudher, wadher
Old Frisian: weter, water, wetir
North Frisian: weeter, woar, waer, waar
Föhr-Amrum: weeder
Mooring: wååder
Saterland Frisian: Woater
West Frisian: wetter
Old Saxon: watar
Middle Low German: wāter
Dutch Low Saxon: water (Drents, Twents)
Low German: Water
Plautdietsch: Wota
Old Dutch: watar, watir, uuatar, uuatir
Middle Dutch: wāter
Dutch: water
Afrikaans: water
Javindo: water
Negerhollands: watu, water, water, waeter
Petjo: watter
Skepi Creole Dutch: water
→? Sranan Tongo: watra
→ Aukan: wataa
→ Saramaccan: wáta
Limburgish: water
West Flemish: woater
Old High German: wazzar, wazar, wazzer, waszer
Middle High German: waȥȥer
Alemannic German: Wasser, Wâser
Alsatian: Wasser, Wâsser, Wàser
Italian Walser: wasser, wàsser
Bavarian: Wåsser, Wossa
Cimbrian: bassar, bazzar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Gottscheerish: boßər, bàsser
Mòcheno: bòsser
Udinese: bosser, bosar, bòsser
Central Franconian: Wasser, Waßer
Hunsrik: Wasser
Luxembourgish: Waasser
Transylvanian Saxon: Wåsser, Wosser (Sibiu), Wauesser (Brașov)
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Woasser, Wosser, Wasser
Upper Saxon German: Wassor
German: Wasser
Unserdeutsch: Wasser
Rhine Franconian: Wasser
Hessian: Wassä
Pennsylvania German: Wasser
Vilamovian: wosser, woser
Yiddish: וואַסער (vaser)

Old Norse: vatn
Icelandic: vatn
Faroese: vatn
Norn: vatn
Norwegian Nynorsk: vatn, vats-, vass- (e.g. in vassbasert)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: vatn, vass-
Elfdalian: wattn
Old Swedish: vatn, vatu-
Swedish: vatten, vattu- (e.g. in Vattumannen)
Old Danish: watn, wan, wand
Danish: vand
Norwegian Bokmål: vann
Scanian: vann
Gutnish: vattn

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō)

From Proto-Indo-European *wédōr ~ *wednés, leveled collective of *wódr̥ ~ *udéns (“water”).


lakō

lakō (nominative singular)
lakôz (nominative plural)
lakō (singular vocative)
lakôz (plural vocative)
lakǭ (accusative singular)
lakōz (accusative plural)
lakōz (genitive singular)
lakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lakōi (dative singular)
lakōmaz (dative plural)
lakō (instrumental singular)
lakōmiz (instrumental plural)

From *lekaną (“to leak, drain”), from Proto-Indo-European *leg- (“to leak”).

perhaps merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *lagu

Proto-West Germanic: *lakuOld English: lacuMiddle English: lakeScots: lakeEnglish: lake→? Old French: lacMiddle French: lacFrench: lacOld Frisian: *lake >? Saterland Frisian: LogeOld Saxon: lacaMiddle Low German: lākeGerman Low German: Lake

Laak→ German: LakeOld Dutch: *lakaMiddle Dutch: lākeDutch: laakOld High German: lacha

lahhaMiddle High German: lacheGerman: Lache

LackeLuxembourgish: Laach→ Vulgar Latin: *laccaItalian: lacca>? Old Occitan: lac

latz

pit, trench, pitfall; knot, noose, snare, trap; merged with descendant of Latin laqueus ()

seep; water aggregation, puddle, pool; lake


dēdiz

dēdiz (nominative singular)
dēdīz (nominative plural)
dēdi (singular vocative)
dēdīz (plural vocative)
dēdį (accusative singular)
dēdinz (accusative plural)
dēdīz (genitive singular)
dēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dēdī (dative singular)
dēdimaz (dative plural)
dēdī (instrumental singular)
dēdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dādi
Old English: dǣd, dēd
Middle English: dede
English: deed
Scots: dede, ded, deid
Old Frisian: dēd, dēde
Saterland Frisian: Däid
West Frisian: died
Old Saxon: dād
Middle Low German: dât, dâde
German Low German: Daad
Low German: Daat, Dad
→ Saterland Frisian: Doat
Old Dutch: dāt, *dād
Middle Dutch: dat, daet, *daed, dade
Dutch: daad
Afrikaans: daad
Old High German: tāt
Middle High German: tāt, dāt, tæte
German: Tat
Luxembourgish: Dot

Old Norse: dáð
Icelandic: dáð
Faroese: dáð
Norwegian Nynorsk: dåd f or m
Jamtish: dáð
Elfdalian: dåð
Old Swedish: dāþ
Swedish: dåd n
Old Danish: dāth
Danish: dåd
Norwegian Bokmål: dåd
Scanian: dáð
Gutnish: dad

Gothic: *𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃 (*dēþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁tis (“putting, placement”) (through an intermediate form *dʰētís with oxytonic stress), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do, to put”). Corresponds to *dōną + *-þiz.


liudiz

liudiz (nominative singular)
liudīz (nominative plural)
liudi (singular vocative)
liudīz (plural vocative)
liudį (accusative singular)
liudinz (accusative plural)
liudīz (genitive singular)
liudijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liudī (dative singular)
liudimaz (dative plural)
liudī (instrumental singular)
liudimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *liudi

Old English: lēod

⇒ Old English: lēode, lēoda m

Middle English: lede, leed, leod, leode

English: lede (obsolete)

Middle Scots: leid

Old Frisian: liōd, liūde, liōde m

Saterland Frisian: ljode

Saterland Frisian: Ljuude

West Frisian: lie, lju, ljuwe

Old Saxon: liud, liudi m

Middle Low German: lüde, luede, luide

Low German: lüüd, lüüt

desc

German Low German: Lühde pl, Lühd pl, Lüüde pl, Lüüd pl, Lüü pl

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Luie pl

desctree

Old Dutch: liut
Middle Dutch: liede
Dutch: lieden

→ Medieval Latin: leodēs, leudēs

→ French: leude

→ English: leud

Old High German: liut m or f or n, liuti m pl

Middle High German: liut

Alemannic German: Lüüte

desc

Central Franconian: Löck, Lück (Kölsch, northernmost Ripuarian), Lüü (western Ripuarian), Lie (Siegerland), Leit (other Moselle Franconian)

German: Leute pl

Hunsrik: Leit

Luxembourgish: Leit

Vilamovian: łaojt

Yiddish: לײַט (layt)

desctree

Old Norse: lýðr m, ljóðr
Icelandic: ljóður, lýður
Faroese: -lýður (in borgarlýður, kirkjulýður, undirlýður), lýð- (in lýðveldi)
Norn: lø
Norwegian Nynorsk: lyd
Old Swedish: lyþir m pl
Old Gutnish: lyþir m pl
Gutnish: löid
→ Middle English: lith, lyth
Scots: lythe
English: lith

desc

Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 (*liuþs), *𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*liudeis)

→ Latin: leodes (in the Lex Visigothorum), leudes (possibly)

→ English: leud

→ French: leude

→ Proto-Finnic: *liuta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰis (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow (up)”). Doublet of *lūdiz.


armaz

armaz (nominative singular)
armōz (nominative plural)
armōs (nominative plural)
arm (singular vocative)
armōz (plural vocative)
armōs (plural vocative)
armą (accusative singular)
armanz (accusative plural)
armas (genitive singular)
armis (genitive singular)
armǫ̂ (genitive plural)
armai (dative singular)
armamaz (dative plural)
armō (instrumental singular)
armamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arm
Old English: earm, arm — Anglian
Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: airm
Yola: arrm
Old Frisian: erm
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: iarem
Halligen: eerm
Heligoland: iaarem
Mooring: ärm
Saterland Frisian: Íerm, Äirm (Strukelje)
West Frisian: earm
Old Saxon: arm
Middle Low German: arm
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Arm
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Ārm
Lippisch: Arm
Sauerländisch: Ārm, Ārem, Oarm
Westmünsterländisch: Arm
Plautdietsch: Oam, Oarm
Old Dutch: arm
Middle Dutch: arm
Dutch: arm
Afrikaans: arm
Javindo: arrem
Negerhollands: arm, erm
Limburgish: erm
Old High German: arm, aram, arma
Middle High German: arm, arn
Alemannic German: Aare, Arm, Are, Arme
Bavarian: Oarm
Cimbrian: arm
Central Franconian: Ärm, Arm, Orm (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Aarem
German: Arm
Luxembourgish: Aarm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Aarm
Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)

Old Norse: armr
Icelandic: armur
Faroese: armur
Norwegian Nynorsk: arm; (dialectal) arm’e
Old Swedish: armber
Swedish: arm
Danish: arm
Norwegian Bokmål: arm
Gutnish: arm, harm

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érmos, *h₂ŕ̥mos, from the root *h₂er- (“to fit”).
Cognate with Lithuanian ìrmėdė (“gout”), Old Prussian irmo (“arm”), Ancient Greek ἁρμός (harmós), Latin armus, Proto-Slavic *òrmo (“shoulder”), Sanskrit ईर्म (īrmá, “arm”).


ahwō

ahwō (nominative singular)
ahwôz (nominative plural)
ahwō (singular vocative)
ahwôz (plural vocative)
ahwǭ (accusative singular)
ahwōz (accusative plural)
ahwōz (genitive singular)
ahwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahwōi (dative singular)
ahwōmaz (dative plural)
ahwō (instrumental singular)
ahwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ahu
Old English: ēa, ǣ, *ēo
Middle English: ee, æ, ea, eaa (Early Middle English), *eo
English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo
⇒ Old English: edēa (with prefix ed-)
Middle English: eddy
English: eddy
Old Frisian: ā, ē
North Frisian: ia
Saterland Frisian: Äi
West Frisian: ie
Old Saxon: aha, ā
Middle Low German: ahe, â
>? German Low German: Ehe (archaic)
Old Dutch: ā
Middle Dutch: â
Dutch: a, Aa
Old High German: aha
Middle High German: ahe
German: Ach, Ache (obsolete or dialectal, chiefly in toponyms)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚺᚹᚢ (*ahwu), *ᚨᚺᚹᚨ- (*ahwa-)

desctree

Old Norse: á, ǫ́
Icelandic: á
Faroese: á
Norwegian Nynorsk: å
Old Swedish: ā
Swedish: å
Old Danish: ā
Danish: å
Norwegian Bokmål: å
→ Middle English: aa

Gothic: 𐌰𐍈𐌰 (aƕa)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂ (“water”).


awjō

awjō (nominative singular)
awjôz (nominative plural)
awjō (singular vocative)
awjôz (plural vocative)
awjǭ (accusative singular)
awjōz (accusative plural)
awjōz (genitive singular)
awjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awjōi (dative singular)
awjōmaz (dative plural)
awjō (instrumental singular)
awjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *auwju
Old English: īeġ, ēġ, īġ
Middle English: ei, i, ie
English: ey
Old Frisian: ā
Saterland Frisian: Äi
Old Saxon: ōia
Middle Low German: ouwe, ou, ow, ō (in compounds)
Low German: Oie
Old Dutch: ōi, *owe
Middle Dutch: ooy, ouwe
Dutch: Ooij
⇒ ooibos, landouw
Old High German: ouwa
Middle High German: ouwe
German: Au, Aue
Luxembourgish: A

Old Norse: ey, ᚢ (u) — runic
Icelandic: ey f, eyja f
Faroese: oyggj f, oy f
Norwegian Nynorsk: øy
Norwegian Bokmål: øy
Old Swedish: ø̄
Swedish: ö c
Danish: ø c
→ English: oe
Gutnish: oy
→ Old Irish: í f
Irish: í f
⇒ Old Norse: -ey (indicating island names)
→ English: -ey, -ay (in place names)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂
Proto-Germanic *awjō
From earlier *agwjō, originally a substantive adjective related to *ahwō (“water; stream, river”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂ (“water”).


faimaz

faimaz (nominative singular)
faimōz (nominative plural)
faimōs (nominative plural)
faim (singular vocative)
faimōz (plural vocative)
faimōs (plural vocative)
faimą (accusative singular)
faimanz (accusative plural)
faimas (genitive singular)
faimis (genitive singular)
faimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faimai (dative singular)
faimamaz (dative plural)
faimō (instrumental singular)
faimamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faim
Old English: fām n, fǣm
Middle English: fom, fam, fome, foom, foome
English: foam
→ Faroese: fómur
Scots: fame, faim, faem
→ Faroese: fám
Old High German: feim
Middle High German: veim
Alemannic German: Feim, Fäum
Bavarian: Foam
Cimbrian: vòam, bòam (Mezzaselva)
German: Feim
East Franconian: Faam
>? Middle High German: fūm, vūm
German: Faum

Old Norse: *feimr; *feim; *feimi

Norwegian: feim n; feime m (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)poHy-m-os, from *(s)poH(y)- (“foam”). Cognate with Latin spūma (“foam”), Latin pūmex (“pumice”), Sanskrit फेन (phéna, “foam”).


aiz

aiz (nominative singular)
aiz (singular vocative)
aiz (accusative singular)
aiziz (genitive singular)
aizi (dative singular)
aizē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiʀ
Old English: ār
Middle English: ore (merged with ōra)
English: ore
Scots: ure, uir
Old Frisian: *ār, ēr
Saterland Frisian: Oare, Orre
Old Saxon: ēr
Middle Low German: ēr
Old Dutch: *ēr
Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Old High German: ēr
Middle High German: er
Alemannic German: Eer
⇒ Alemannic German: eerig
⇒ Old High German: ērīn
Middle High German: ērīn
German: ehern

Old Norse: eir

Icelandic: eir

desc

⇒ Faroese: eirdómur, eirgingin, eirgrønur, eiring

Norwegian: eir, irr

Old Swedish: ēr

Swedish: ärg

Danish: er, ir

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌶 (aiz)


ausô

ausô (nominative singular)
ausōnō (nominative plural)
ausô (singular vocative)
ausōnō (plural vocative)
ausô (accusative singular)
ausōnō (accusative plural)
ausiniz (genitive singular)
ausanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ausini (dative singular)
ausammaz (dative plural)
ausinē (instrumental singular)
ausammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auʀā
Old English: ēare
Middle English: ere, eare, eere, eyr, ȝhere, here, ire, yere
English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia
Scots: ear
Old Frisian: āre
North Frisian:
Föhr: uar
Hallig, Mooring: uur
Helgoland: Uaar
Saterland Frisian: Oor
West Frisian: ear
Old Saxon: ōra
Middle Low German: ôre
Low German: Ohr
Dutch Low Saxon: oor
German Low German: Or, Ur
Plautdietsch: Oa, Ua
Old Dutch: ōra
Middle Dutch: ôre
Dutch: oor
Afrikaans: oor
Jersey Dutch: ôr
Negerhollands: oor, hoor, ho
Limburgish: oear
Old High German: ōra
Middle High German: ore
Alemannic German: Oor
Bavarian: Oar
Central Franconian: Uhr, Ohr
Hunsrik: Oher
Luxembourgish: Ouer
German: Ohr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Ohr
Vilamovian: ür
Yiddish: אויער (oyer)

Old Norse: eyra
Icelandic: eyra
Faroese: oyra
Norwegian Nynorsk: øyra, øyre, øra, øre
Jamtish: ǿre
Elfdalian: ära
Old Swedish: ø̄ra
Swedish: öra, ör (dialectal)
Old Danish: ø̄ræ
Danish: øre
Norwegian Bokmål: øre
Scanian: ǿra
Old Gutnish: oyra
Gutnish: åire

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 (ausō)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws (“ear”).


awiz

awiz (nominative singular)
awīz (nominative plural)
awi (singular vocative)
awīz (plural vocative)
awį (accusative singular)
awinz (accusative plural)
awīz (genitive singular)
awjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awī (dative singular)
awimaz (dative plural)
awī (instrumental singular)
awimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *awi
Old English: eowu
Middle English: ewe, awe, eu, ouwe, yeue, yowe
English: ewe
Scots: yowe, yhow
Yola: yowe
Old Frisian: ei, ey
Saterland Frisian: oye, Oue
West Frisian: ei
Old Saxon: ewi, ewwi
Middle Low German: ewe
Low German: Eev, Öwwe
German Low German: Öi, Ei
Old Dutch: *ōi, *ouwi, *ouw
Middle Dutch: ou, ooi
Dutch: ooi
Afrikaans: ooi
Old High German: awi, au, ou, ouwi
Middle High German: ouwe
Alemannic German: Au
Cimbrian: öbe
German: Aue

Old Norse: ær
Icelandic: ær
Faroese: ær
Norwegian Nynorsk: ærsaud, ærsau
Danish: ålam (Thy dialect)


brugjǭ

brugjǭ (nominative singular)
brugjōniz (nominative plural)
brugjǭ (singular vocative)
brugjōniz (plural vocative)
brugjōnų (accusative singular)
brugjōnunz (accusative plural)
brugjōniz (genitive singular)
brugjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brugjōni (dative singular)
brugjōmaz (dative plural)
brugjōnē (instrumental singular)
brugjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bruggju
Old English: bryċġ
Middle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge
English: bridge
Geordie English: brig
Scots: brig
Yola: burge
Old Frisian: brigge, bregge
North Frisian: brag, Bröch (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Brääch
West Frisian: brêge
Old Saxon: bruggia
Middle Low German: brugge
Dutch Low Saxon: brugge (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Twents, Veluws), brogge (Drents, Stellingwerfs, Veluws), brog (Drents, Gronings, Veluws)
German Low German: Brugge, Brügg(e), Brüch
Plautdietsch: Brigj
Old Dutch: brugga
Middle Dutch: brugge
Dutch: brug, Brugge
Afrikaans: brug
→ Papiamentu: brùg
Limburgish: brögk
Old High German: brugga, brucka
Middle High German: brucke, brücke, brügge, brugge
Alemannic German: Brugg
Bavarian: Bruck, Brugg
Central Franconian: Bröck, Breck (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Brick
Luxembourgish: Bréck
East Central German: Brick
German: Brücke
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Brick
Vilamovian: bryk
Yiddish: בריק (brik)

Old Norse: bryggja
Icelandic: bryggja
Faroese: bryggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: brygge, bryggje, brygga, bryggja
Norwegian Bokmål: brygge
Old Swedish: bryggia, ᛒᚱᛦᚵᚵᛁᛆ
Swedish: brygga
Danish: brygge
→ Middle English: brig, brigg, bryg, bregg
Scots: brig, brigg, breeg
→ English: brig, brigg

Of uncertain origin.
Kroonen takes the word from the genitive of a pre-Germanic formation *brug-, from an earlier *bru(w)ī with velarization of the *-w- to a *-g-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰruH-íh₂-, itself an ih₂-stem nominal formation from the root of *h₃bʰrúHs (“eyebrow”), owing to the similar shapes of bridges and brows.
The North Germanic forms, represented by Old Norse bryggja, stem from the original genitive of *h₃bʰruH-íh₂-, *h₃bʰruH-iéh₂-s. This latter formation became *brujjōz in Proto-Germanic, via Dybo's Law and Holtzmann's law.
An alternate theory by Matasovic derives the root from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰerh₁w-, from a root *bʰrewh₁- (“wooden flooring, decking, bridge”), comparing Gaulish brīuā. Whether a relation exists between *bʰrewh₁- and *h₃bʰrúHs is unclear.

Brill Publishers
Dybo's Law
Holtzmann's law


ansuz

ansuz (nominative singular)
ansiwiz (nominative plural)
ansu (singular vocative)
ansiwiz (plural vocative)
ansų (accusative singular)
ansunz (accusative plural)
ansauz (genitive singular)
ansiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ansiwi (dative singular)
ansumaz (dative plural)
ansū (instrumental singular)
ansumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ansu
Old English: ōs, *ās
Old High German: ans
Old Saxon: ās, ōs

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛊᚢᛉ (*asuʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛉ (asugisalaʀ)

Old Norse: áss
Icelandic: ás m
→ Swedish: as c
→ Finnish: aasa
→ Danish: as c
Faroese: ásur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: ås m
Norwegian Bokmål: ås m
→ Swedish: ås c (learned)

Gothic: *𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐍃 (*ansus)

→ Latin: Ansis (from the plural)

Vandalic: *ans-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂émsus, from *h₂ems- (“to engender, beget”). Compare Hittite 𒈗𒍑 (ḫa-aš-šu-uš /ḫaššuš/, “king”), Avestan 𐬀𐬵𐬎 (ahu, “lord”), 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎 (aŋhu, “lord; life, existence”), Sanskrit असु (ásu, “spirit, life-force, life”), असुर (ásura, “godlike, powerful”).


anstiz

anstiz (nominative singular)
anstīz (nominative plural)
ansti (singular vocative)
anstīz (plural vocative)
anstį (accusative singular)
anstinz (accusative plural)
anstīz (genitive singular)
anstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anstī (dative singular)
anstimaz (dative plural)
anstī (instrumental singular)
anstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ansti
Old English: ǣst, ēst
Middle English: este
English: est
Old Frisian: ēst, enst
Old Saxon: anst
Old Dutch: anst
Middle Dutch: jonst, onst, onste
Old High German: anst
Middle High German: anst

Old Norse: ást, ǫ́st
Icelandic: ást
Faroese: ást
Norwegian Nynorsk: åst
Norwegian Bokmål: åst
Danish: ast
→ Swedish: ast

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts)

From *unnaną (“to grant, bestow”) + *-þiz, with intrusive *-s- after nasals.


undiz

undiz (nominative singular)
undīz (nominative plural)
undi (singular vocative)
undīz (plural vocative)
undį (accusative singular)
undinz (accusative plural)
undīz (genitive singular)
undijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
undī (dative singular)
undimaz (dative plural)
undī (instrumental singular)
undimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *unsti
⇒ Old Frisian: gunst
North Frisian: gunst, ginst
Old Saxon: unst
→ Swedish: ynnest
→ Danish: yndest
⇒ Old Dutch: *gunst
Middle Dutch: gonst, gunst
Dutch: gunst
Afrikaans: guns
Old High German: unst
Middle High German: unst
⇒ Middle High German: gunst
German: Gunst
Luxembourgish: Gonscht


aplaz

aplaz (nominative singular)
aplōz (nominative plural)
aplōs (nominative plural)
apl (singular vocative)
aplōz (plural vocative)
aplōs (plural vocative)
aplą (accusative singular)
aplanz (accusative plural)
aplas (genitive singular)
aplis (genitive singular)
aplǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aplai (dative singular)
aplamaz (dative plural)
aplō (instrumental singular)
aplamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *applu, *apl
Old English: æppel, apl, appel, æppyl
Middle English: appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel, æppel, æpple, eappel (Early Middle English)
English: apple (see there for further descendants)
Scots: aipple
Old Frisian: appel
North Frisian:
Föhr, Hallig: aapel
Helgoland: Oapel
Mooring: ååpel
Saterland Frisian: Appel, Apel
West Frisian: apel
Old Saxon: appel, appul, apl
Middle Low German: appel
German Low German: Appel
→ German: Appel (colloquial, regional)
Plautdietsch: Aupel
Old Dutch: *appel, ephela (pl.), apheles (gen.sg.)
Middle Dutch: appel, āpel
Dutch: appel (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: appel
Old High German: apful, aphul, apfol, afful, *appul — central
Middle High German: apfel, epfel, öpfel, appel
Alemannic German: Öpfel, Apfel
Alsatian: Àpfel, Epfel
Italian Walser: effél, epfel, epfil, öpfil
Swabian: Ebfl
Bavarian: Åpfe
Cimbrian: oupfal, öpfel, öpfl
Mòcheno: epfl
Udinese: eipfele, epfl
Central Franconian: Appel
Hunsrik: Eppel
Luxembourgish: Apel
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Abbel, Appel
Vilamovian: epuł
German: Apfel
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Àbbel, Ebbel, Abbel
Pennsylvania German: Abbel, Appel
Yiddish: עפּל (epl)

Crimean Gothic: apel

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl (“apple, apple tree”).


apaliją

apaliją (nominative singular)
apalijō (nominative plural)
apaliją (singular vocative)
apalijō (plural vocative)
apaliją (accusative singular)
apalijō (accusative plural)
apalijas (genitive singular)
apalīs (genitive singular)
apalijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
apalijai (dative singular)
apalijamaz (dative plural)
apalijō (instrumental singular)
apalijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: epli
Icelandic: epli
Faroese: epli (“apple, potato”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: eple
Elfdalian: eppel
Old Swedish: æple
Swedish: äpple
Old Danish: æplæ
Danish: æble
Norwegian Bokmål: eple
Scanian: æble
Gutnish: äpple
→ Greenlandic: iipili

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, *abel-, *h₂ébl̥ (“apple, apple-tree”).

fruit (having some qualities in common with apples)


stundō

stundō (nominative singular)
stundôz (nominative plural)
stundō (singular vocative)
stundôz (plural vocative)
stundǭ (accusative singular)
stundōz (accusative plural)
stundōz (genitive singular)
stundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stundōi (dative singular)
stundōmaz (dative plural)
stundō (instrumental singular)
stundōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stundu

Old English: stund

Middle English: stound, stounde, stond

English: stound

Scots: stound, stownd

Old Frisian: stunde

North Frisian: stuwn

Saterland Frisian: Stuunde, Stúunde (rare)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: stuuns (adverb)

West Frisian: stûne m or f

Old Saxon: stunda

Middle Low German: stunde

German Low German: Stunn, Stünne, Stünn

Low German: Stünn

Old Dutch: stunda
Middle Dutch: stonde, stont
Dutch: stond
Afrikaans: stonde

Old High German: stunta, stunt
Middle High German: stunde, stunt
Alemannic German: Schtund, Stund (Alsatian)
Bavarian: Stund
Hunsrik: Stunn
German: Stunde
→ Kashubian: sztënia
→ Lower Sorbian: štunda
→ Yiddish: שטונדע (shtunde)
→ Latvian: stunda
→ Slovincian: sztënja
Yiddish: שטונד (shtund)

Old Norse: stund

Icelandic: stund

Faroese: stund

Norwegian Bokmål: stund

Norwegian Nynorsk: stund

Old Swedish: stund

Swedish: stund

→ Finnish: tunti

Danish: stund

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (*stunda)

→ Vulgar Latin: *stunda (alternatively from Old Low Frankish)

Old French: estondee, ètondée

Catalan: estona

Corsican: stonda

Italian: stonda

Sardinian: istunda, stunda

A nominal zero-grade derivative of *standaną (“to stand”).


fōr

fōr (nominative singular)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōr (accusative singular)
funiz (genitive singular)
funi (dative singular)
funē (instrumental singular)
fōr (nominative singular)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōr (accusative singular)
fuiniz (genitive singular)
fuini (dative singular)
fuinē (instrumental singular)
fōr (nominative singular)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōr (accusative singular)
funiniz (genitive singular)
funini (dative singular)
funinē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *fuir
Old English: fȳr
Middle English: fyr, fier, vir, fer, fur
English: fire
→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)
Sranan Tongo: faya
Scots: fyre, feier
Yola: vire, vier
Old Frisian: fiūr, fiōr
Saterland Frisian: Fjúur
West Frisian: fjoer
Old Saxon: fiur
Middle Low German: vǖr
German Low German: Füür, Füer, Für
Plautdietsch: Fia
Old Dutch: fuïr
Middle Dutch: vuur
Dutch: vuur, vier (Southern)
Afrikaans: vuur
Javindo: vier
Jersey Dutch: vuer, vîr
Negerhollands: vuur, fi, vier
Skepi Creole Dutch: fir
Limburgish: vuur
West Flemish: vier
Zealandic: vier
Old High German: fuïr (early), fiur
Middle High German: viur, viwer, viuwer
Alemannic German: Füür
Alsatian: Fiir
Swabian: Feier, Fuiet, Fuur, Feiar
Walser: fir
Bavarian: Faia, Feia
Cimbrian: vôar, bôar, vaür
Mòcheno: vaier
Central Franconian: Füür, Feier, Fouer
Hunsrik: Feier, fayer
German: Feuer
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Feier
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Faia
Pennsylvania German: Feier
Luxembourgish: Feier
Vilamovian: faojer
Yiddish: פֿײַער (fayer)

Old Norse: fúrr, fýr, fýrir, funi

Icelandic: fúrr, fúr, fýr, fýri, funi

Faroese: fýrur

Norn: foni

Norwegian Bokmål: fyr

Norwegian Nynorsk: fyr

Swedish: fyr

Old Danish: für

Danish: fyr

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐌽 (fōn)
→ Portuguese: fona

From Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥ ~ *ph₂wéns (“fire”).


sinnaz

sinnaz (nominative singular)
sinnōz (nominative plural)
sinnōs (nominative plural)
sinn (singular vocative)
sinnōz (plural vocative)
sinnōs (plural vocative)
sinną (accusative singular)
sinnanz (accusative plural)
sinnas (genitive singular)
sinnis (genitive singular)
sinnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sinnai (dative singular)
sinnamaz (dative plural)
sinnō (instrumental singular)
sinnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sinn
Old Frisian: sinn, sin
Saterland Frisian: Sin
West Frisian: sin
Old Saxon: *sinn
Middle Low German: sin
German Low German: Sinn
→ Danish: sind
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sinn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sinn
→ Old Swedish: sin
Swedish: sinne
Old Dutch: sin
Middle Dutch: sin
Dutch: zin
Afrikaans: sin
Negerhollands: sin
Limburgish: zin
Old High German: sin
Middle High German: sin
German: Sinn
Luxembourgish: Sënn
Yiddish: זין (zin)
→ Latin: *sennus, *sinnus (see there for further descendants)

Reflecting pre-Germanic *sentnós, from the root of *sinnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to perceive, think, feel”).


razdō

razdō (nominative singular)
razdôz (nominative plural)
razdō (singular vocative)
razdôz (plural vocative)
razdǭ (accusative singular)
razdōz (accusative plural)
razdōz (genitive singular)
razdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
razdōi (dative singular)
razdōmaz (dative plural)
razdō (instrumental singular)
razdōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raʀdu
Old English: reord
Middle English: reorde, rearde, rorde, rerd
Scots: rerde, rerd, reird
English: reard
⇒ Old English: reordian (“to speak”)
Middle English: rerden
Old High German: rarta

Old Norse: rǫdd, radd-

Icelandic: rödd, radd-

Faroese: rødd

→ Scots: rede (“sound; noise; din”)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 (razda)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hres- (“to shout, speak”), extended as *Hros-dʰh₁-eh₂-. Compare Sanskrit रसना (rasanā, “tongue”), रसति (rásati, “to call out, scream, roar”).


tungǭ

tungǭ (nominative singular)
tungōniz (nominative plural)
tungǭ (singular vocative)
tungōniz (plural vocative)
tungōnų (accusative singular)
tungōnunz (accusative plural)
tungōniz (genitive singular)
tungōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tungōni (dative singular)
tungōmaz (dative plural)
tungōnē (instrumental singular)
tungōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tungā
Old English: tunge
Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
English: tongue, tounge (misspelling, otherwise obsolete), tung (eye dialect, otherwise obsolete), tong, tonge, toong, toongue, toung, toungue, tunge (obsolete)
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang
Scots: tung, tongue, tong
Old Frisian: tunge
North Frisian: tonge, tunge
Saterland Frisian: Tunge
West Frisian: tonge
Old Saxon: tunga, tunge
Middle Low German: tunge
German Low German: Tunge
Plautdietsch: Tung
Old Dutch: tunga
Middle Dutch: tonge, tonghe
Dutch: tong
Afrikaans: tong
Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
→ Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
→? Sranan Tongo: tongo
→ Aukan: tongo
→ Kwinti: tongo
→ Saramaccan: tongò
Limburgish: tóng
Old High German: zunga
Middle High German: zunge
Alemannic German: Zunge
Central Franconian: Zong
Cimbrian: zung
German: Zunge
Luxembourgish: Zong
Vilamovian: cung
Yiddish: צונג (tsung)

Old Norse: tunga
Icelandic: tunga
Faroese: tunga
Norn: tunga
Elfdalian: tungga
Norwegian: tunge
Old Swedish: tunga
Swedish: tunga
Old Danish: tungæ
Danish: tunge
Gutnish: tungge, tunggå, tungga

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō)

N-stem variant of Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue”). Cognate with Latin lingua (“idem”) and Sanskrit जिह्वा (jihvā́, “idem”).


wegaz

wegaz (nominative singular)
wegōz (nominative plural)
wegōs (nominative plural)
weg (singular vocative)
wegōz (plural vocative)
wegōs (plural vocative)
wegą (accusative singular)
weganz (accusative plural)
wegas (genitive singular)
wigis (genitive singular)
wegǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wegai (dative singular)
wegamaz (dative plural)
wegō (instrumental singular)
wegamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *weg
Old English: weġ
Middle English: wæi, wei, wai, wey, way
Scots: wey
English: way
Old Frisian: wei
North Frisian: wey
Saterland Frisian: Wai
West Frisian: wei
Old Saxon: weg
Middle Low German: wech
Dutch Low Saxon: weg
German Low German: Weg
Plautdietsch: Wajch
Old Dutch: weg
Middle Dutch: wech
Dutch: weg
Afrikaans: weg
Limburgish: waeg
Old High German: weg, wec
Middle High German: wec
Alemannic German: Wäg
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bèg, bege (Luserna)
Mòcheno: be
Central Franconian: Wääch
Luxembourgish: Wee (from dative and plural)
Hunsrik: Wegh
German: Weg
Pennsylvania German: Weg
Yiddish: וועג (veg)

Old Norse: vegr
Icelandic: vegur m
Faroese: vegur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: veg m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: veg m
Old Swedish: vægher
Swedish: väg c
Danish: vej c
Norwegian Bokmål: vei m

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (wigs)

A nominal derivative from *weganą (“to move, carry”).


breustą

breustą (nominative singular)
breustō (nominative plural)
breustą (singular vocative)
breustō (plural vocative)
breustą (accusative singular)
breustō (accusative plural)
breustas (genitive singular)
briustis (genitive singular)
breustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
breustai (dative singular)
breustamaz (dative plural)
breustō (instrumental singular)
breustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *breust
Old English: brēost
Middle English: brest, breste, breost, breist, brost, brust, brist, breast, bryest
English: brest, breast
Scots: brest, breist, breest
Old Frisian: briāst, brast
Old Saxon: breost, briost, brust

Old Norse: brjóst

Icelandic: brjóst

Faroese: bróst

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: bryst

Old Swedish: bryst

Swedish: bröst

Danish: bryst

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“breast; to swell”), which appears to be separate from *bʰrews- in the "break, burst" sense. Related to *brusts (“breast, chest”) as well as to the verb *brustijaną (“to sprout”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *brusū (“belly; breast”), Proto-Slavic *břȗxo (“belly”), as well as perhaps Proto-Slavic *brъstь (“bud”), Albanian brushtull (“ivy”) (< Proto-Albanian *brustula).


brusts

brusts (nominative singular)
brustiz (nominative plural)
brust (singular vocative)
brustiz (plural vocative)
brustų (accusative singular)
brustunz (accusative plural)
brustiz (genitive singular)
brustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brusti (dative singular)
brustumaz (dative plural)
brustē (instrumental singular)
brustumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brust
Old Frisian: brust, burst, borst
North Frisian: borst
Saterland Frisian: Brust
West Frisian: boarst
Old Saxon: brust
Middle Low German: brust, bruste, borst
German Low German: Borst, Bost
Plautdietsch: Brost
Old Dutch: *brust
Middle Dutch: borst
Dutch: borst
Old High German: brust
Middle High German: brust
German: Brust
Hunsrik: Brust
Luxembourgish: Broscht
Vilamovian: brust
Yiddish: ברוסט (brust)

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (brusts)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrus-sth₂-o, related to and in mostly complementary distribution with *breustą (“breast, chest”); see there for more.


stamnijō

stamnijō (nominative singular)
stamnijôz (nominative plural)
stamnijō (singular vocative)
stamnijôz (plural vocative)
stamnijǭ (accusative singular)
stamnijōz (accusative plural)
stamnijōz (genitive singular)
stamnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stamnijōi (dative singular)
stamnijōmaz (dative plural)
stamnijō (instrumental singular)
stamnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: stemn

Middle English: stemne, stempne

English: stempne (obsolete, dialectal)

Old Frisian: stemme

North Frisian: stemm

West Frisian: stim

Old Saxon: stemna

desc

Middle Low German: stemne, stempne, stemme

German Low German: Stemme, Stimme, Stemm, Stimm

Plautdietsch: Stemm

→ Icelandic: stemna

→ Norwegian: stemme

→ Swedish: stämma

→ Danish: stemme

Old Dutch: *stemma

Middle Dutch: stemme

Dutch: stem

Afrikaans: stem

Old High German: stemma, stemna

From Pre-Germanic *stom(m)n-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *stemn- (“mouth, muzzle”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth, muzzle”).


stebnō

stebnō (nominative singular)
stebnôz (nominative plural)
stebnō (singular vocative)
stebnôz (plural vocative)
stebnǭ (accusative singular)
stebnōz (accusative plural)
stebnōz (genitive singular)
stebnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stebnōi (dative singular)
stebnōmaz (dative plural)
stebnō (instrumental singular)
stebnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stebnu, *stemnu
Old English: stefn, stemn
Middle English: steven, stemne, stempne
English: steven, stevvon, stempne
Scots: stevin, stewyn
Old Frisian: stifne, stemme
Saterland Frisian: Stämme
West Frisian: stim
Old Saxon: *stefna, stemna
Middle Low German: stēvene, stempne, stemne, stimne, stemme, stimme
German Low German: Stemm, Stimm
Old Dutch: *stevna, stemma, stimna
Middle Dutch: stevene, stemme
Dutch: stem
Limburgish: stöm
Old High German: stimna
Middle High German: stimme
German: Stimme
Luxembourgish: Stëmm

Old Norse: stefna f

Icelandic: stefna f

Faroese: stevna f

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: stemne f, stemne f or n

Norwegian Bokmål: stevne n

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌽𐌰 (stibna)

From Pre-Germanic *stemm-n-eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *stemn- (“mouth, muzzle”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth, muzzle”); see there for more cognates.


burgz

burgz (nominative singular)
burgiz (nominative plural)
burg (singular vocative)
burgiz (plural vocative)
burgų (accusative singular)
burgunz (accusative plural)
burgiz (genitive singular)
burgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burgi (dative singular)
burgumaz (dative plural)
burgē (instrumental singular)
burgumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *burg
Old English: burg, burh
Middle English: burgh
Scots: burch, burgh
English: borough, -borough, Brough, boro, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury
→ English: burh (learned)
Old Frisian: burch, boarch
Saterland Frisian: Buurich
West Frisian: -boarg (in compounds)
Old Saxon: burg
Middle Low German: borch
German Low German: Börg, Borg
Old Dutch: burg
Middle Dutch: borch, burch
Dutch: burg, burcht
Afrikaans: burg
Limburgish: bórg, börch
Old High German: burg
Middle High German: burc
German: Burg
Luxembourgish: Buerg
→ Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)
→? Albanian: burg
→ Old French: borc, burc
Middle French: bourg
French: bourg

Old Norse: borg
Icelandic: borg
Faroese: borg
Norwegian Nynorsk: borg; (dialectal) børg
Elfdalian: borg
Old Swedish: borgh
Swedish: borg
Danish: borg
Norwegian Bokmål: borg
Old Gutnish: burg, borg

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs)

Either:
* from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰs (“something high up and fortified”)
* or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”).
Both theories are formally and semantically reasonable. For a semantic parallel, compare Latin arx, which goes through the meanings of *burgz and of *bergaz (“stronghold, refuge, summit”); perhaps both Indo-European roots conflated and contributed to the proto-Germanic term's development.


fōts

fōts (nominative singular)
fōtiz (nominative plural)
fōt (singular vocative)
fōtiz (plural vocative)
fōtų (accusative singular)
fōtunz (accusative plural)
fōtiz (genitive singular)
fōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōti (dative singular)
fōtumaz (dative plural)
fōtē (instrumental singular)
fōtumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fōt
Old English: fōt
Middle English: fot, fod, foȝt, foit, foot, foote, fote, fout, fut, vot
English: foot (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute
Yola: voote
Old Frisian: fōt
North Frisian: fötj, fut, Fut
Saterland Frisian: Fout
West Frisian: foet
Old Saxon: fōt
Middle Low German: vôt
Low German:
German Low German: Voot
Hamburgisch: Foot
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Féut m
Ravensbergisch: Feot
Westmünsterländisch: Foot
Märkisch: Faut
Plautdietsch: Foot
Old Dutch: fuot
Middle Dutch: voet
Dutch: voet
Limburgish: voot
Old High German: fuoz
Middle High German: fuoz, vuoz
Alemannic German: Fuas
Bavarian: Fuaß
Cimbrian: vuus, buus, vuaz
Gottscheerish: vúəs
Mòcheno: vuas
Central Franconian: Foß, Fuß
Hunsrik: Fus
Kölsch: Fooß
Luxembourgish: Fouss
German: Fuß
Rhine Franconian: Fuss, Fuß
Frankfurterisch: Fuß – [fuːs], (older) [fois]
Pennsylvania German: Fuuss
Swabian: Fuaß
Vilamovian: füs
Yiddish: פֿוס (fus)

Old Norse: fótr
Icelandic: fótur
Faroese: fótur
Norn: fod
Norwegian Nynorsk: fot; (dialectal) fót’e
Jamtish: fót
Elfdalian: fuot
Old Swedish: fōter, ᚠᚮᛏᚽᚱ
Swedish: fot
Old Danish: fot
Danish: fod
Norwegian Bokmål: fot
Gutnish: fot

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 (fōtus)

From Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (“foot”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πούς (poús), Latin pēs, Lithuanian pėda and Sanskrit पद् (pád).


nahts

nahts (nominative singular)
nahtiz (nominative plural)
naht (singular vocative)
nahtiz (plural vocative)
nahtų (accusative singular)
nahtunz (accusative plural)
nahtiz (genitive singular)
nahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nahti (dative singular)
nahtumaz (dative plural)
nahtē (instrumental singular)
nahtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *naht
Old English: niht, næht — Anglian, neaht, nieht, neht, nyht (some forms continue inflected *nahti)
Middle English: nyght, naht, night, nighte, niȝt, niht, nyghte, nyȝt, nyȝte, nyhte
English: night
Geordie English: neet
Scots: nicht, neicht
Yola: neeght, nieght, nyeght
Old Frisian: nacht
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: naacht
Mooring: nåcht
Saterland Frisian: Noacht
West Frisian: nacht
Old Saxon: naht
Middle Low German: nacht
Low German: Nacht
Dutch Low Saxon: nacht
German Low German: Nacht
Hamburgisch: Natt
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Nacht f
Paderbornisch: Nacht f
Ravensbergisch: Nacht
Sauerländisch: Nacht
Westmünsterländisch: Nacht, Nach
Plautdietsch: Nacht
Old Dutch: naht
Middle Dutch: nacht
Dutch: nacht
Afrikaans: nag
Negerhollands: nacht, nagt
Limburgish: nach
West Flemish: nacht
Old High German: naht
Middle High German: naht
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Nàcht
Swabian: Nachd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: nacht
Mòcheno: nòcht
German: Nacht
Pennsylvania German: Nacht
Hunsrik: Nacht, naacht
Luxembourgish: Nuecht, Nuet
Vilamovian: nocht, naocht
Yiddish: נאַכט (nakht)

Old Norse: nátt, nǫ́tt, nótt — later form
Icelandic: nátt, nótt
Faroese: nátt
Norwegian Nynorsk: natt, nått, nott; (dialectal) nótt, nætt, nat
Elfdalian: ną̊t
Old Swedish: nāt
Swedish: natt
Old Danish: nāt
Danish: nat
Norwegian Bokmål: natt
Scanian: nøtt
Gutnish: nat

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts)

From Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (“night”).


bōks

bōks (nominative singular)
bōkiz (nominative plural)
bōk (singular vocative)
bōkiz (plural vocative)
bōkų (accusative singular)
bōkunz (accusative plural)
bōkiz (genitive singular)
bōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōki (dative singular)
bōkumaz (dative plural)
bōkē (instrumental singular)
bōkumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōk
Old English: bōc
Middle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke
English: book (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: buik, beuk
Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
Yola: buke
Old Frisian: bōk
North Frisian:
Föhr: buk
Helgoland: Buk
Mooring: bök
Sylt: Bok
Saterland Frisian: Bouk
West Frisian: boek
Old Saxon: bōk
Middle Low German: bôk, buk
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: book
German Low German: Book
Plautdietsch: Buak
Old Dutch: buoc
Middle Dutch: boec
Dutch: boek (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: book
→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)
French: bouquin
Old High German: buoh, puoh
Middle High German: buoch
Alemannic German: Buech, Büäch
Alsatian: Bööch, Büech
Swabian: Buach
Bavarian: Buach
Münsterländisch: Büak
Central Franconian: Booch, Buch
Hunsrik: Buch
Kölsch: Booch
Luxembourgish: Buch
East Franconian: Bouch
German: Buch
Rhine Franconian: Buch, Busch
Pennsylvania German: Buch
Vilamovian: büch
Yiddish: בוך (bukh)

Old Norse: bók
Icelandic: bók f
Faroese: bók f
Norwegian Nynorsk: bok f
Norwegian Bokmål: bok m or f
Elfdalian: buok f
Old Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)
Swedish: bok
→ Finnish: pyökki
Old Danish: bok
Danish: bog c
Gutnish: bok

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.?
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-der.?
Proto-Germanic *bōks
Uncertain. Often linked to *bōkō (“beech”), though beechbark-writing, unlike birchbark-writing, is not known, nor is it likely that bookfells were made from beeches at the time. Connected by some to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”), ascribing to the word the meaning of “letter”, in the sense of merely one or few symbols; in older times, letters would have served as (allotted) ownership symbols, which would then have been generalized to any work with writing upon it. In case “letter” was indeed the original sense, compare also the semantics of Latvian burts (“letter, mark”), Lithuanian bùrtis (“sign”) and bùrtas (“lot”) with Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“carving in a tree”); thus beech trunks could have been the wood carved in, rather than the bark. According to Kroonen, “it is generally assumed that the first scriptures consisted of wooden tablets.”

noncog

letter, written message, inscriptions carved into a flat object pressed together, “book”

(originally and in North Germanic) beech


mēnōþs

mēnōþs (nominative singular)
mēnōþiz (nominative plural)
mēnōþ (singular vocative)
mēnōþiz (plural vocative)
mēnōþų (accusative singular)
mēnōþunz (accusative plural)
mēnōþiz (genitive singular)
mēnōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēnōþi (dative singular)
mēnōþumaz (dative plural)
mēnōþē (instrumental singular)
mēnōþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mānōþ
Old English: mōnaþ, mōnað — edh spelling
Middle English: moneth, month, monþ, moneþ, monæþ
English: month
Scots: moneth
Old Frisian: mōnath
North Frisian: muunt
Saterland Frisian: Mound
West Frisian: moanne
Old Saxon: mānuth
Middle Low German: mānet, mānt
Low German: Maand (Northern Germany), Maond (Westphalia)
Plautdietsch: Moonat
Old Dutch: *mānoth
Middle Dutch: mānet, maent
Dutch: maand
Afrikaans: maand
Jersey Dutch: mânt, mônt, mönt
Negerhollands: maent, maand
Old High German: mānōd
Middle High German: mānōt
Cimbrian: maanont
German: Monat
→ Yiddish: מאָנאַט (monat)
Luxembourgish: Mount

Old Norse: mánaðr, mánuðr
Icelandic: mánuður
Faroese: mánaður
Norwegian Nynorsk: månad
Elfdalian: månað
Old Swedish: mānaþer
Swedish: månad
Old Danish: maanædh
Danish: måned
Norwegian Bokmål: måned
Old Gutnish: manaþr
Gutnish: måne, mån', mane, mana

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mēnōþs)

/ˈmɛː.nɔːθs/

From pre-Germanic *meh₁n-ot-s, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“month, moon”), related to *mēnô.


wītwōdz

wītwōdz (nominative singular)
wītwōdiz (nominative plural)
wītwōd (singular vocative)
wītwōdiz (plural vocative)
wītwōdų (accusative singular)
wītwōdunz (accusative plural)
wītwōdiz (genitive singular)
wītwōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wītwōdi (dative singular)
wītwōdumaz (dative plural)
wītwōdē (instrumental singular)
wītwōdumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌸𐍃 (weitwōþs)

From pre-Germanic *wéydwō(t)s, substantivization of *weydwṓ(t)s, a perfect participle from *weyd- (“to see, know”). Cognate with Ancient Greek εἰδώς (eidṓs), genitive εἰδότος (eidótos), the masculine active perfect participle to οἶδᾰ (oîdă, “to know”).


magaþs

magaþs (nominative singular)
magaþiz (nominative plural)
magaþ (singular vocative)
magaþiz (plural vocative)
magaþų (accusative singular)
magaþunz (accusative plural)
magaþiz (genitive singular)
magaþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magaþi (dative singular)
magaþumaz (dative plural)
magaþē (instrumental singular)
magaþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *magaþ
Old English: mæġeþ, mæġþ
Middle English: mæið, meið, maið, maȝþ
English: maid
Scots: maid
Old Frisian: megith, megeth, mageth
Saterland Frisian: Moagd
West Frisian: maegd; (> meide, meidzje)
Old Saxon: magath
Middle Low German: māget, mait, meit, meyt
German Low German: Maid
Old Dutch: magith
Middle Dutch: māget, meit
Dutch: maagd, meid
Old High German: magad
Middle High German: maget, magt, mait
German: Magd, Maid
Luxembourgish: Mod
Yiddish: מויד (moyd), מאַד (mad)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌸𐍃 (magaþs)

From pre-Germanic *magʰ-ot-i-, a feminine derivative of *maguz (“boy”).


rīks

rīks (nominative singular)
rīkiz (nominative plural)
rīk (singular vocative)
rīkiz (plural vocative)
rīkų (accusative singular)
rīkunz (accusative plural)
rīkiz (genitive singular)
rīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīki (dative singular)
rīkumaz (dative plural)
rīkē (instrumental singular)
rīkumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-rīk

Old English: -rīċ

Old High German: -rih

Middle High German: -rich

German: -rich

Old Norse: -ríkr

Gothic: 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (reiks)

Vandalic: *rīx; *-rīks (early), *-rīk (late)

An early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs.


agaz

agaz (nominative singular)
agizō (nominative plural)
agaz (singular vocative)
agizō (plural vocative)
agaz (accusative singular)
agizō (accusative plural)
agiziz (genitive singular)
agizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agizi (dative singular)
agizumaz (dative plural)
agizē (instrumental singular)
agizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *agi m
Old English: eġe, æġe, eiġe
Middle English: eye, eie, eȝe, eȝȝe, eyȝe, eiȝe
English: ey (obsolete)

Old Norse: agi
Icelandic: agi
Faroese: agi
Norwegian Nynorsk: age, aga, agje, ågå
Norwegian Bokmål: age
Old Swedish: aghi
Swedish: aga (from oblique case; pl. agor)
Danish: ave
→ Middle English: awe, age, aghe, aȝe, ahe, au, aue, aw
English: awe
Scots: awe, aw

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis)

Vandalic: *agiz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos, from *h₂egʰ- (“to be upset, afraid”).


-ô

gem-decl-noun-table

*-ô (an-stem)

-ô (nominative singular)
-aniz (nominative plural)
-ô (singular vocative)
-aniz (plural vocative)
-anų (accusative singular)
-anunz (accusative plural)
-iniz (genitive singular)
-anǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ini (dative singular)
-ammaz (dative plural)
-inē (instrumental singular)
-ammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ō
Old English: -a
Middle English: -e (fossilised)
Old Frisian: -a
Old Saxon: -o
Middle Low German: -e
Old Dutch: -o
Middle Dutch: -e
Old High German: -o
Middle High German: -e
German: -e (fossilised)

q

Old Norse: -i (merged with *-jô in nominative singular)

Icelandic: -i

Old Swedish: -e

Gothic: -𐌰 (-a)

From Proto-Indo-European *-ō. Proto-Germanic masculine n-stems continue Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic n-stems, meaning the vowel grade in the root, the suffix, and the ending alternated throughout the paradigm. Stem ablaut was not preserved in any later Germanic language, but it is indirectly tangible through such pairs as English corn and German Kern (“seed”). Suffix ablaut is clearly visible in the paradigm below, by way of the *ô ~ *a ~ *i alternation.

-er. Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.


-iþō

-iþō (nominative singular)
-iþôz (nominative plural)
-iþō (singular vocative)
-iþôz (plural vocative)
-iþǭ (accusative singular)
-iþōz (accusative plural)
-iþōz (genitive singular)
-iþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-iþōi (dative singular)
-iþōmaz (dative plural)
-iþō (instrumental singular)
-iþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-iþu
Old English: -þ, -þu, -þo, -t, -to
Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (following fricatives)
English: -th, -t
Scots: -th, -t
Old Frisian: -ithe, -te
Saterland Frisian: -te
West Frisian: -te
Old Saxon: -itha
Middle Low German: -ede, -de, -te
Low German: -de, -te
→ German: -te
Old Dutch: -itha
Middle Dutch: -ede, -de, -te
Dutch: -te, -de
Old High German: -ida
Middle High German: -ede
German: -de (rare, not productive)
Luxembourgish: -t

Old Norse: -ð, -d, -t
Icelandic: -ð, -d, -t
Faroese: -d
Swedish: -d
Danish: -de
Norwegian: -de, -d

Gothic: -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa), -𐌹𐌳𐌰 (-ida)

From Proto-Indo-European *-iteh₂ (“-th”), *-teh₂.

-ness, -th. Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns.


līką

līką (nominative singular)
līkō (nominative plural)
līką (singular vocative)
līkō (plural vocative)
līką (accusative singular)
līkō (accusative plural)
līkas (genitive singular)
līkis (genitive singular)
līkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līkai (dative singular)
līkamaz (dative plural)
līkō (instrumental singular)
līkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līk
Old English: līċ
Middle English: like, lich
Scots: lyke
English: lich
Old Frisian: līk
Saterland Frisian: Lieke
West Frisian: lyk
Old Saxon: līk
Middle Low German: lîk, lîch
German Low German: Liek
Plautdietsch: Leich, Leiche
→ Latvian: līķis
Old Dutch: *līk
Middle Dutch: lijc
Dutch: lijk
Afrikaans: lyk
Old High German: līh
Middle High German: leich
Central Franconian: Lich
Bavarian: Leich
German: Leiche
Luxembourgish: Läich

Old Norse: lík

Icelandic: lík

Faroese: lík

Norn: lik

Norwegian: lik

Old Swedish: līk

Swedish: lik

Old Danish: līk

Danish: lig

Scanian: læj

Gutnish: leik

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺 (leik)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“image, likeness; similar, like”), with semantic shift "similar" > "having a similar shape" > "likeness" > "body". Cognate with Lithuanian lýgus (“equal, level, flat, even, like”).


līką

English: leech

Dutch: lijk

Middle Low German: līk

desc

Middle High German: geleich (“joint, link”)

Old Norse: lík

Danish: lig

Probably Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”), and cognate with Latin ligō (“to bind”). Kroonen, in addition to the above theory, offers an alternative suggestion that the word is a semantic extension of the "body" sense above, with semantic association "to connect" > "to compare" > "to be alike".


wangiją

wangiją (nominative singular)
wangijō (nominative plural)
wangiją (singular vocative)
wangijō (plural vocative)
wangiją (accusative singular)
wangijō (accusative plural)
wangijas (genitive singular)
wangīs (genitive singular)
wangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wangijai (dative singular)
wangijamaz (dative plural)
wangijō (instrumental singular)
wangijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wænge, wenge, ġewenge; wangere, wongere

Middle English: wangere, wongere

English: wanger, wonger

Old Saxon: *wengi; *wengari

Middle Low German: wenger (?)

Old Dutch: *wengi; *wengari; *ōrwengari

Middle Dutch: oirwengele, oorwenghere

Old High German: wangāri

Middle High German: wanger

German: Wanger

Old Norse: vengi

Icelandic: vengi

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 m (waggareis) or 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌹 n (waggari) (the attested form is ambiguous)

From Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bow, be bent”). Related to *wangô (“cheek”).


laguz

laguz (nominative singular)
lagiwiz (nominative plural)
lagu (singular vocative)
lagiwiz (plural vocative)
lagų (accusative singular)
lagunz (accusative plural)
lagauz (genitive singular)
lagiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lagiwi (dative singular)
lagumaz (dative plural)
lagū (instrumental singular)
lagumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lagu
Old English: lagu, lago
Middle English: laȝe, lawe, laie, leye
English: lay
Old Frisian: *lage
>? Saterland Frisian: Loge f (“brine”) (possibly merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *laku)
Old Saxon: lagu

Old Norse: lǫgr

Icelandic: lögur

Faroese: løgur

Norwegian Nynorsk: log

Norwegian Bokmål: låg

Old Swedish: lagher

Swedish: lag

Old Danish: low, lou

→ Scots: lyog

desc

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*lagus /laaz/) (uncertain interpretation of Latin transliteration)

From Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pond”). Cognate with Latin lacus (“hollow, pond”), Old Irish loch (“lake, pond”), Ancient Greek λάκκος (lákkos, “waterhole, pond, pit”).


aiks

aiks (nominative singular)
aikiz (nominative plural)
aik (singular vocative)
aikiz (plural vocative)
aikų (accusative singular)
aikunz (accusative plural)
aikiz (genitive singular)
aikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiki (dative singular)
aikumaz (dative plural)
aikē (instrumental singular)
aikumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aik
Old English: āc, ǣċ, aac
Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik
Old Frisian: ēk
North Frisian: ik
Saterland Frisian: Eeke
West Frisian: iik
Old Saxon: ēk
Middle Low German: êke, êk
Low German: Eek
Plautdietsch: Ieekj
Old Dutch: *eik, *ēk
Middle Dutch: eike, êke
Dutch: eik, eek
Afrikaans: eik
Old High German: eih
Middle High German: eich
Bavarian: Oach
Cimbrian: aicha
Central Franconian: Ääch, Eech, Eich
Hunsrik: Eich
Luxembourgish: Eech
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: aach
East Franconian:
German: Eiche
Rhine Franconian: Ääch, Eech
Frankfurterisch: Aasch [aːʃ]

Old Norse: eik
Icelandic: eik f
Faroese: eik f
Norwegian Nynorsk: eik f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eik m or f
Old Swedish: ēk
Swedish: ek c
Danish: eg c
Norwegian Bokmål: ek m
Gutnish: aik

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)ājkkë (see there for further descendants)

May be from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyǵs (“oak”), if related to the first component *αἴξ (*aíx) of Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps), from a root *h₂eyǵ- whence also Lithuanian áižuols, Latvian uôzuōls, Albanian enjë (< Proto-Albanian *aignjā) and possibly Latin aesculus (if earlier *aig-sculus). However all of the supposed Indo-European cognates are of unclear origin, and according to Kroonen this fact along with the root-noun inflection may be indicative of a non-Indo-European substrate origin; compare also Basque ezkur (“acorn”).


dawwaz

dawwaz (nominative singular)
dawwōz (nominative plural)
dawwōs (nominative plural)
daww (singular vocative)
dawwōz (plural vocative)
dawwōs (plural vocative)
dawwą (accusative singular)
dawwanz (accusative plural)
dawwas (genitive singular)
dawwis (genitive singular)
dawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dawwai (dative singular)
dawwamaz (dative plural)
dawwō (instrumental singular)
dawwamiz (instrumental plural)

Alternative form of *dawwą (“moisture, dew”)


feþrō

feþrō (nominative singular)
feþrôz (nominative plural)
feþrō (singular vocative)
feþrôz (plural vocative)
feþrǭ (accusative singular)
feþrōz (accusative plural)
feþrōz (genitive singular)
feþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
feþrōi (dative singular)
feþrōmaz (dative plural)
feþrō (instrumental singular)
feþrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *feþru
Old English: feþer
Middle English: feþer, fether, fethere, fedder, veþer
English: feather
Scots: fedder
Yola: vethers (plural)
Old Frisian: fethere
Saterland Frisian: Feeder
West Frisian: fear
Old Saxon: fethara
Middle Low German: vēdere, vēder
German Low German: Feer
Low German: Fedder
Old Dutch: fethera
Middle Dutch: vedere
Dutch: veder, veer
Afrikaans: veer
Old High German: fedara
Middle High German: vëdere, vëder
Cimbrian: vèdara, bèdara (Mezzaselva)
German: Feder
Luxembourgish: Fieder
Vilamovian: faoder
Yiddish: פֿעדער (feder)
→ Italian: federa (“pillowcase”)
→ Venetan: fhédera
→ Cimbrian: fòdara

Old Norse: fjǫðr
Icelandic: fjöður (“feather, fin”)
Faroese: fjøður
Norwegian Nynorsk: fjør, fjøder
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fjør
Old Swedish: fiæþer
Swedish: fjäder
Old Danish: fiæthær
Danish: fjeder, fjer
Norwegian Bokmål: fjær
Gutnish: fjädar, fjedur

From Pre-Germanic *péth₂reh₂, extended from the nominative stem of the Proto-Indo-European heteroclitic noun *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-, from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Compare Latin penna from Proto-Italic *petnā, which is a similar extension but from the oblique stem.


dawwą

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

dawwą (nominative singular)
dawwō (nominative plural)
dawwą (singular vocative)
dawwō (plural vocative)
dawwą (accusative singular)
dawwō (accusative plural)
dawwas (genitive singular)
dawwis (genitive singular)
dawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dawwai (dative singular)
dawwamaz (dative plural)
dawwō (instrumental singular)
dawwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dauw n
Old English: dēaw m or n
Middle English: dew, deau, deaw, deew, deu, dewe, dewȝ, dieuȝ, dæw (Ormulum)
English: dew
Scots: dew, deow, dyow
Yola: dhew
Old Frisian: dāw n
North Frisian: dauw
Saterland Frisian: Dau
West Frisian: dau
Old Saxon: *dau
Middle Low German: dow, douwe, dawe, dau
Low German: Dau
Plautdietsch: Deiw
Old Dutch: *dau, *dou
Middle Dutch: dau
Dutch: dauw
Afrikaans: dou
Berbice Creole Dutch: dau
Negerhollands: douw, dou
→ Papiamentu: dauw (dated)
Sranan Tongo: dow
Old High German: tou n or m
Middle High German: tou, tau
German: Tau
Hunsrik: Daa
Luxembourgish: Da
Yiddish: טוי (toy)

Old Norse: dǫgg f
Danish: dug
Faroese: døgg
Icelandic: dögg
Norwegian Bokmål: dugg, dogg
Norwegian Nynorsk: dogg
Swedish: dagg

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, haze”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰuHmás (“mist; smoke”), Lithuanian dúlis (“mist”).


þeudō

þeudō (nominative singular)
þeudôz (nominative plural)
þeudō (singular vocative)
þeudôz (plural vocative)
þeudǭ (accusative singular)
þeudōz (accusative plural)
þeudōz (genitive singular)
þeudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeudōi (dative singular)
þeudōmaz (dative plural)
þeudō (instrumental singular)
þeudōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeudu
Old English: þēod, þīod, ðēod, ðīod, ðēad, ðīed
Middle English: thede, þeode, þeod, þede, theode, thed
Scots: thede, theid
Old Frisian: thiād
Old Saxon: thīod, thioda
Middle Low German: dêt, deit
Old Dutch: thiat
Middle Dutch: diet
Dutch: diet
Old High German: diota, diot
Middle High German: diet
German: Diet

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛖᚢᛞᚢ (*þeudu)

Old Norse: þjóð
Icelandic: þjóð
Faroese: tjóð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjod
Old Swedish: þiōþ
Swedish: tjod
Old Danish: thjuth
Danish: Thy (place name)
Old Gutnish: þiauþ
Gutnish: tjaud

→ Proto-Samic: *tievtō (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda)

Vandalic: *þeuðo/*þeuðō

From Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“tribe”).


kunþiją

kunþiją (nominative singular)
kunþijō (nominative plural)
kunþiją (singular vocative)
kunþijō (plural vocative)
kunþiją (accusative singular)
kunþijō (accusative plural)
kunþijas (genitive singular)
kunþīs (genitive singular)
kunþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kunþijai (dative singular)
kunþijamaz (dative plural)
kunþijō (instrumental singular)
kunþijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kynni

Icelandic: kynni

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 (kunþi)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).


fuhǭ

fuhǭ (nominative singular)
fuhōniz (nominative plural)
fuhǭ (singular vocative)
fuhōniz (plural vocative)
fuhōnų (accusative singular)
fuhōnunz (accusative plural)
fuhōniz (genitive singular)
fuhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuhōni (dative singular)
fuhōmaz (dative plural)
fuhōnē (instrumental singular)
fuhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fuhā, *fuggā
Old English: fogge
Old Saxon: foha
Middle Low German: vō
Old High German: foha
Middle High German: vohe
German: Fähe, Fehe
→ Lower Sorbian: beja

Old Norse: fóa, fúa

Icelandic: fóa, fúa

Norn: fúa

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 (fauhō)

Related to *fuhsaz. The variation *h ~ *gg is due to the original n-stem inflection pattern before the application of Kluge's law.


fuhsaz

fuhsaz (nominative singular)
fuhsōz (nominative plural)
fuhsōs (nominative plural)
fuhs (singular vocative)
fuhsōz (plural vocative)
fuhsōs (plural vocative)
fuhsą (accusative singular)
fuhsanz (accusative plural)
fuhsas (genitive singular)
fuhsis (genitive singular)
fuhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuhsai (dative singular)
fuhsamaz (dative plural)
fuhsō (instrumental singular)
fuhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fuhs
Old English: fox
Middle English: fox, vox, wox
English: fox
Scots: fox
Yola: voxe, vox
Old Frisian: *foks
North Frisian: foos
Saterland Frisian: Foaks
West Frisian: foks
Old Saxon: fohs, fuhs
Middle Low German: vos, vōs
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: vos
German Low German: Voß, Voss
Westphalian:
East Westphalian:
Lippisch: Voss, Foss
Paderbornisch: Voß
South Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Voß
Westmünsterländisch: Foss
Plautdietsch: Foss
→ Icelandic: fox
→ Danish: fos
Old Dutch: fus, vus
Middle Dutch: vos
Dutch: vos
Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj
Old High German: fuhs
Middle High German: vuhs
Alemannic German: Fuchs, Fugs
Walser: fuks, fuksch, fòcks, vucks
Bavarian: Fuchs
Cimbrian: vuks, buks
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Fuss, Fuhs, (southern) Fuchs
Hunsrik: Fuchs
Luxembourgish: Fuuss
East Central German:
Vilamovian: füks
East Franconian:
German: Fuchs
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Fux
Swabian: Fuchs
Yiddish: פֿוקס (fuks)

From Proto-Indo-European *púḱsos (“the tailed one”). Cognate with Sanskrit पुच्छ (púccha, “tail, rod”), Avestan 𐬞𐬎𐬯𐬀 (pusa).


dawwō

dawwō (nominative singular)
dawwôz (nominative plural)
dawwō (singular vocative)
dawwôz (plural vocative)
dawwǭ (accusative singular)
dawwōz (accusative plural)
dawwōz (genitive singular)
dawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dawwōi (dative singular)
dawwōmaz (dative plural)
dawwō (instrumental singular)
dawwōmiz (instrumental plural)


sumaraz

sumaraz (nominative singular)
sumarōz (nominative plural)
sumarōs (nominative plural)
sumar (singular vocative)
sumarōz (plural vocative)
sumarōs (plural vocative)
sumarą (accusative singular)
sumaranz (accusative plural)
sumaras (genitive singular)
sumaris (genitive singular)
sumarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumarai (dative singular)
sumaramaz (dative plural)
sumarō (instrumental singular)
sumaramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sumar
Old English: sumor, sumer, sumur
Middle English: sumer, somer
English: summer
Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer
Yola: zimmer, zummer
Old Frisian: sumur, sumer
Saterland Frisian: Suumer
West Frisian: simmer
Old Saxon: sumar
Middle Low German: somer, sommer
Low German:
German Low German: Summer, Sommer, Sömmer
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: Sumer
Sauerländisch: Suemer, Sūmer, Summer, Sommer
Westmünsterländisch: Sommer
Plautdietsch: Somma
Old Dutch: *sumar
Middle Dutch: sōmer
Dutch: zomer
Afrikaans: somer
Limburgish: zómmer
West Flemish: zommer
Old High German: sumar
Middle High German: sumer
German: Sommer
Hunsrik: Sommer
Luxembourgish: Summer
Mòcheno: summer
Silesian East Central German: Summer
Vilamovian: zumer
Yiddish: זומער (zumer)

Old Norse: sumar, sumarr m, somar n, somarr m
Icelandic: sumar
Faroese: summar
Norn: sommer
Norwegian Nynorsk: sumar
Jamtish: somarr, samarr
Elfdalian: såmår
Old Swedish: somar, sumar
Swedish: sommar
Old Danish: somær, sumær
Danish: sommer
Norwegian Bokmål: sommer
Scanian: sǫmmar
Gutnish: summar

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-, (cf. Old Armenian ամառն (amaṙn, “summer”)), an oblique r-stem based on *s(e)m-eh₂- (“summer, year”) (cf. Tocharian A ṣme, ṣmāye, Sanskrit समा (sámā, “season, year”), thematicized differently in Proto-Celtic *samos, Old Armenian ամ (am, “year”)).


harbistaz

harbistaz (nominative singular)
harbistōz (nominative plural)
harbistōs (nominative plural)
harbist (singular vocative)
harbistōz (plural vocative)
harbistōs (plural vocative)
harbistą (accusative singular)
harbistanz (accusative plural)
harbistas (genitive singular)
harbistis (genitive singular)
harbistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harbistai (dative singular)
harbistamaz (dative plural)
harbistō (instrumental singular)
harbistamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harbist
Old English: hærfest
Middle English: hervest, harvest, ervest, herfest
English: harvest
Scots: hairst, harvest
Yola: hearesth, harrest
Old Frisian: herfst
Saterland Frisian: Häärst
West Frisian: hjerst
North Frisian: Hārefst (Sylt), harewst (Föhr-Amrum)
Old Saxon: herƀist
Middle Low German: hervest
Low German: Harvst
Plautdietsch: Hoafst
Old Dutch: *hervist (attested in compound: hervistmānoth)
Middle Dutch: hervest, herfst
Dutch: herfst
Afrikaans: herfs
Limburgish: herfs, harves
Old High German: herbist
Middle High German: herbest, herbst
Alemannic German: Herpscht
Walser: harpscht, herbscht, hérbscht
Bavarian: herbast, herbischt, hörbist
Cimbrian: herbest, hèrbest, herbust
Mòcheno: herbest
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Herrebst
Luxembourgish: Hierscht
German: Herbst
Vilamovian: hiewyst
Yiddish: האַרבסט (harbst)

Old Norse: haustr, haust (< *harbustaz)
Icelandic: haust
Faroese: heyst
Norwegian Nynorsk: haust; (dialectal) (h)yst
Old Swedish: høster
Swedish: höst
Danish: høst
Norwegian Bokmål: høst

From *harbaz or *harbijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *kerp- (“to pluck”).


jērą

jērą (nominative singular)
jērō (nominative plural)
jērą (singular vocative)
jērō (plural vocative)
jērą (accusative singular)
jērō (accusative plural)
jēras (genitive singular)
jēris (genitive singular)
jērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jērai (dative singular)
jēramaz (dative plural)
jērō (instrumental singular)
jēramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jār
Old English: ġēar, ġǣr, ġēr — Anglian
Middle English: yeer, here, yere, ȝere
English: year
Jamaican Creole: ier
Tok Pisin: yia
→ Chuukese: ier
→ Japanese: イヤー (iyā)
→ Volapük: yel
Scots: year
Old Frisian: jēr, jār, iēr
North Frisian: juar, iir (Mooring), Jaar (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Jíer
West Frisian: jier
Old Saxon: jār, gēr
Middle Low German: jâr, jaer
German Low German: Jåhr, Jahr, Johr
Plautdietsch: Joa
Old Dutch: jār
Middle Dutch: jâer
Dutch: jaar
Afrikaans: jaar
Berbice Creole Dutch: jari
Jersey Dutch: jâr
Negerhollands: jaer, jaar, yer
Sranan Tongo: yari
Aukan: yali
Saramaccan: jáa
→ Caribbean Javanese: yari
Limburgish: jaor
West Flemish: joar
Zealandic: jaer, jaor
Old High German: jār
Middle High German: jār
Alemannic German: Jòòr, Jààr
Bavarian: Jåhr, Joar, Joa
Cimbrian: jaar, djar (Luserna)
Mòcheno: jor
Central Franconian: Johr
Hunsrik: Joher
Luxembourgish: Joer
German: Jahr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Johr, Yaahr
Swabian: Joar, Johr
Sathmar Swabian: Johr
Vilamovian: jür
Yiddish: יאָר (yor)

Proto-Norse: *ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (*jara), ᛃ (j) — abbreviation
Old Norse: ár n
Icelandic: ár
Faroese: ár
Norwegian Nynorsk: år
Russenorsk: aart
Norwegian Bokmål: år
Elfdalian: år
Old Swedish: ār
Swedish: år
Old Danish: aar
Danish: år

Gothic: 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr)

From Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ (“year; harvest season”).


meluks

meluks (nominative singular)
melukiz (nominative plural)
meluk (singular vocative)
melukiz (plural vocative)
melukų (accusative singular)
melukunz (accusative plural)
melukiz (genitive singular)
melukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
meluki (dative singular)
melukumaz (dative plural)
melukē (instrumental singular)
melukumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *meluk
Old English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc
Middle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)
English: milk
Scots: milk, melk, mylk
Yola: mulk
Old Frisian: melok (all descendants are merged with molken < *mulknō)
North Frisian: molke
Saterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk
West Frisian: molke
Old Saxon: miluk
Middle Low German: melik, melk
Dutch Low Saxon: melk
German Low German: Melk
Plautdietsch: Malkj
Old Dutch: miluc
Middle Dutch: melc
Dutch: melk
Afrikaans: melk
Berbice Creole Dutch: meleke
Jersey Dutch: määlk
Negerhollands: melk
→ Aukan: meliki
→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki
→ Munsee: mălák
→ Saramaccan: meíki
→ Sranan Tongo: merki
→ Kari'na: meliki
→ Tok Pisin: melek
Limburgish: mèlk
Old High German: miluh
Middle High German: milich, milch
Alemannic German: Möuch, Melch
Swabian: Milk
Walser: milch, meljch, mélläch
Bavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich
Cimbrian: milch, milach
Hianzisch: Müli
Mòcheno: milch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Millich
Luxembourgish: Mëllech
German: Milch
→ Tok Pisin: milis
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Millich
Vilamovian: myłich
Yiddish: מילך (milkh)

Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk, miolk — Old East Norse
Icelandic: mjólk
Faroese: mjólk
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk
Elfdalian: mjok
Old Swedish: miolk, miølk
Swedish: mjölk
Old Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk
Danish: mælk
Norwegian Bokmål: melk
Scanian: milk, mjælk
Gutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)

→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”). Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).
The presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.
Possible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:
* According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.
* According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.
* According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).
* According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.

der

Alfred Bammesberger
Brill Publishers
Oswald Szemerényi


skipą

skipą (nominative singular)
skipō (nominative plural)
skipą (singular vocative)
skipō (plural vocative)
skipą (accusative singular)
skipō (accusative plural)
skipas (genitive singular)
skipis (genitive singular)
skipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skipai (dative singular)
skipamaz (dative plural)
skipō (instrumental singular)
skipamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skip
Old English: sċip, sċyp
Middle English: schip, schup
Scots: ship, schip
English: ship
→ Esperanto: ŝipo
Old Frisian: skip
North Frisian: schap (Mooring), Skep (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Skip, Schip
West Frisian: skip
Old Saxon: skip
Middle Low German: schip, schep
Low German: Schipp
German Low German: Schipp, Schip
Plautdietsch: Schepp
Old Dutch: *skip, scip
Middle Dutch: schip, schep
Dutch: schip
Afrikaans: skip
Limburgish: sjeep
Old High German: skif, skef
Middle High German: schif, schef
Bavarian: Schiff, Scheff
Central Franconian: Scheff, Schoff, Schöff (parts of Eifel, southwestern Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Schiff
Luxembourgish: Schëff
German: Schiff
Yiddish: שיף (shif)
→ Old Italian: schifo
Italian: schifo
⇒ English: skeevy
⇒ English: skeeve
→ Middle French: esquif
French: esquif
→ Middle English: skif
English: skiff
→ Russian: скиф (skif)

Old Norse: skip
Icelandic: skip
Faroese: skip
Norwegian Nynorsk: skip
Old Swedish: skip
Swedish: skepp
Old Danish: skip
Danish: skib
Norwegian Bokmål: skip
Scanian: śevv
→ Irish: scib
→ Scottish Gaelic: sgioba

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 (skip)

Uncertain etymology.
One theory derives it from Proto-Indo-European *skēi-b-, *ski-b-, which would be an extension of *skey- (“to cut”). Compare Lithuanian skiẽbti (“to rip up”), Latvian škibît (“to cut, lop”). A relation to Proto-Germanic *skapjaną (“to create, shape”) has been considered related as well, but the phonetics pose difficulties. The original meaning inherited from Proto-Indo-European was likely “hollowed tree”, and all daughter languages agree in the meaning “ship”, thus the specified meaning “ship” is assumed for Proto-Germanic; however the Old High German word also had the meaning “hollow object” and described various vessels and containers, so the Proto-Germanic word could also have been used in a more generic fashion. Moreover, one meaning does not have to exclude the other by rule. Compare the development of Old Norse skeið (“sheath; spoon; ship”), also from an extension of *skey-; cf. also unrelated Latin vās (“hollow object”), source of French vaisseau (“vessel”).
Kroonen instead claims that this word would rather be a loanword from Latin scyphus (“drinking vessel”).

m+

(possibly) any hollow or concave manmade object


skōhaz

skōhaz (nominative singular)
skōhōz (nominative plural)
skōhōs (nominative plural)
skōh (singular vocative)
skōhōz (plural vocative)
skōhōs (plural vocative)
skōhą (accusative singular)
skōhanz (accusative plural)
skōhas (genitive singular)
skōhis (genitive singular)
skōhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skōhai (dative singular)
skōhamaz (dative plural)
skōhō (instrumental singular)
skōhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skōh
Old English: sċōh
Middle English: sho, shoo
Scots: shae
English: shoe
Old Frisian: skōch, skō
Saterland Frisian: Skou, Schou
West Frisian: skoech
Old Saxon: skōh
Middle Low German: schō
German Low German: Schoh
Old Dutch: *scuoh, *scuo
Middle Dutch: scoech, scoe
Dutch: schoen
Afrikaans: skoen
Limburgish: sjoon
Old High German: skuoh, scūoh, skūo
Middle High German: schuoch, schuo
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Schüe
Swabian: Schuah
Central Franconian: Schohn, Schuh, Schoh (Moselle Franconian)
German: Schuh
Luxembourgish: Schong
Yiddish: שוך (shukh)

Old Norse: skór
Icelandic: skór
Faroese: skógvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sko; (dialectal) skór'e, skór
Old Swedish: skō(r)
Swedish: sko
Danish: sko
Norwegian Bokmål: sko

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌷𐍃 (skōhs)

Uncertain. Perhaps derived from *skehaną (“to move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move quickly, jump”). A derivation from an alleged Proto-Indo-European verb *skewk-, supposedly from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”) (compare Proto-Germanic *skiwô (“cloud cover; cloud; sky”)), proposed in older literature, is dubious and not mentioned in Kroonen.


stainaz

stainaz (nominative singular)
stainōz (nominative plural)
stainōs (nominative plural)
stain (singular vocative)
stainōz (plural vocative)
stainōs (plural vocative)
stainą (accusative singular)
stainanz (accusative plural)
stainas (genitive singular)
stainis (genitive singular)
stainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stainai (dative singular)
stainamaz (dative plural)
stainō (instrumental singular)
stainamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stain
Old English: stān
Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
English: stone (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: styen
Scots: stane
Yola: sthoan
→ Anglo-Norman: ston
Old Frisian: stēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: stian
Goesharde: stiin
Halligen: stian
Heligoland: Stean
Mooring: stiinj
Sylt: Stiin
Wiedingharde: stiin
Saterland Frisian: Steen
West Frisian: stien
Old Saxon: stēn
Middle Low German: stên, stein
Low German: Steen, Stein
German Low German: Steen, Sten
Hamburgisch: Steen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stëin
Lippisch: Steun
Sauerländisch: Stäin, Stoin, Stǟn, Stain, Steyn
Westmünsterländisch: Steen
Plautdietsch: Steen
Old Dutch: stēn
Middle Dutch: stêen
Dutch: steen
Afrikaans: steen
→ Sotho: setene
→ Southern Ndebele: isitina
→ Zulu: isitini
Fanagalo: stin
Berbice Creole Dutch: ten
Negerhollands: steen, stin, sten
→ Virgin Islands Creole: sten (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: stene, stenna
→ Papiamentu: stenchi (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: stein
Old High German: stein
Middle High German: stein
Alemannic German: Steei
Swabian: Schdoi, Schdoa
Bavarian: Staa, Stan, Stoa, Stoan, Stuan
Central Franconian: Stään, Steen, Stein
Hunsrik: Steen, xtayn
Transylvanian Saxon: Stien
German: Stein
Luxembourgish: Steen
Vilamovian: śtan
Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)

Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ)
Old Norse: steinn, ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾ (stᴀin), ᛋᛏᛅᛁᚾ (stain), ᛋᛏᛁᚾ (stin), stæinn — Old East Norse
Icelandic: steinn
Faroese: steinur
Norn: stenn, sten
Norwegian Nynorsk: stein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stein
Jamtish: stein
Elfdalian: stien
Old Swedish: stēn
Swedish: sten
Old Danish: stēn
Scanian: stén
Danish: sten
Norwegian Bokmål: sten
Old Gutnish: stain
Gutnish: stain
→ Middle English: steinen, steynen
English: stain

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains)

From Pre-Germanic *stoyh₂nos, o-grade from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”). Compare Proto-Slavic *stěna (“cliff, rock”) and Ancient Greek στῖον (stîon, “pebble”).


hwehwlą

hwehwlą (nominative singular)
hweulō (nominative plural)
hwehwlą (singular vocative)
hweulō (plural vocative)
hwehwlą (accusative singular)
hweulō (accusative plural)
hwehwlas (genitive singular)
hwihwlis (genitive singular)
hweulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwehwlai (dative singular)
hweulamaz (dative plural)
hwehwlō (instrumental singular)
hweulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwehwl

desc

Old English: hweogl, hweogol, hweohl, hweowl, hweowol (from singular), hwēol (from plural *hweulō)

Middle English: whel, whele, qweel

English: wheel

Scots: wheel

Old Frisian: hwēl (in compounds), fiāl, tziāl

North Frisian: weyel, weel

Saterland Frisian: Wäil, Jool

West Frisian: fjil, tsjil, tsjel

Old Saxon: hwiol

Middle Low German: wêl, wiel

German Low German: Weel

Old Dutch: *wiol

desctree

Middle Dutch: wiel, weel
Dutch: wiel
Afrikaans: wiel
Negerhollands: wiel, wil
→ Caribbean Javanese: wil
→ Papiamentu: wil
→ Sranan Tongo: wiri
Limburgish: weel
→ Old Frisian: wēl
West Frisian: wiele

Old High German: *wihil

>? Middle High German: *wihel (possibly extinct as simplex)

q

>? German: Wiel, Wiele (“whirl, vortex”, 15th c., may be from Low German, but uncertain)

desc

⇒ Old High German: wihilstein; *wihilasca

German: wihelstein; *wihelesche

German: Wielstein; Wielesche

Old Norse: hvél (from singular), hjól (from plural *hweulō)

Icelandic: hjól, hvel

Faroese: hjól, hvæl

Norwegian Bokmål: hjul

Norwegian Nynorsk: hjul, kvel

Norn: hurl

Old Swedish: hiūl, hiughl

Swedish: hjul

Danish: hjul

Elfdalian: juol

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlom (“wheel”). The plural *hweulō is from the Proto-Indo-European collective *kʷekʷléh₂ (“wheels”), and the neuter gender was likely back-formed from that.


blōþą

blōþą (nominative singular)
blōdō (nominative plural)
blōþą (singular vocative)
blōdō (plural vocative)
blōþą (accusative singular)
blōdō (accusative plural)
blōþas (genitive singular)
blōþis (genitive singular)
blōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōþai (dative singular)
blōdamaz (dative plural)
blōþō (instrumental singular)
blōdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōd, *blōþ
Old English: blōd
Middle English: blood
Scots: bluid
English: blood
Old Frisian: blōd
North Frisian:
Sylt: Blör
Saterland Frisian: Bloud
West Frisian: bloed
Old Saxon: blōd
Middle Low German: blôt
German Low German: Blood, Bloot
Old Dutch: bluot
Middle Dutch: bloet
Dutch: bloed
Afrikaans: bloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: blutu
Javindo: bloet
Skepi Creole Dutch: blut
→? Sranan Tongo: brudu
→ Aukan: buulu
→ Saramaccan: buúu
Limburgish: blood
Old High German: bluot, blod, bluat, blud, bluet, bluod, bluoth, blut, bluth, pload, ploat, plot, plout, pluat, pluod, pluot, pluoth
Middle High German: bluot
Alemannic German: Bluet
Alsatian: Blüet
Swabian: Bluat
Bavarian: Bluad, Bluat
Cimbrian: pluat
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Blot
Hunsrik: Blud
Luxembourgish: Blutt
East Central German: Blutt (Oberlausitz; Silesian)
Vilamovian: błüt
East Franconian:
German: Blut
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Blut
Yiddish: בלוט (blut)

Old Norse: blóð
Icelandic: blóð
Faroese: blóð
Norwegian: blod
Old Swedish: blōþ, blodh
Swedish: blod
Old Danish: bloth
Danish: blod

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 (blōþ)

Crimean Gothic: plut

Of uncertain origin; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-tó-m, a neuter collective noun from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom”) (whence *blōaną (“to bloom, flower”)), morphing into the sense of "blooming red, blushing" > "liquid blood". In addition to the above theory, Kroonen also suggests a derivation from *blēaną (“to blow”), with a sense of "blowing or gushing out". Either way, possibly a taboo-avoidance euphemism.


gulþą

gulþą (nominative singular)
guldō (nominative plural)
gulþą (singular vocative)
guldō (plural vocative)
gulþą (accusative singular)
guldō (accusative plural)
gulþas (genitive singular)
gulþis (genitive singular)
guldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gulþai (dative singular)
guldamaz (dative plural)
gulþō (instrumental singular)
guldamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *golþ
Old English: gold
Middle English: gold
English: gold
Scots: gowd, goold
Old Frisian: gold, goud
Saterland Frisian: Gould
West Frisian: goud
Old Saxon: gold
Middle Low German: golt
German Low German: Gold
Plautdietsch: Golt
Old Dutch: golt, gold
Middle Dutch: gout
Dutch: goud
Afrikaans: goud
Berbice Creole Dutch: gautu
Negerhollands: gaut, goud, gout
Skepi Creole Dutch: gaut
→ Sranan Tongo: gowtu
→ Caribbean Javanese: gautu
→ Saramaccan: góútu
→ Trió: koutu
Limburgish: góldj
Old High German: gold
Middle High German: golt
Alemannic German: Gold
Bavarian: Goid, Golt
Cimbrian: gold, golt (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: golt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Gold
Luxembourgish: Gold
East Central German:
Vilamovian: gułd
East Franconian:
German: Gold
Rhine Franconian: Gold
Frankfurterisch: [g̥olt]
Pennsylvania German: Gold
Yiddish: גאָלד (gold)

Old Norse: gull, goll
Icelandic: gull n
Faroese: gull n
Norwegian Nynorsk: gull n
Old Swedish: gull n
Swedish: gull, guld n
Old Danish:
Danish: guld n
Norwegian Bokmål: gull n
→ Greenlandic: kuulti
Gutnish: gull n

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸 (gulþ)

Crimean Gothic: goltz

→ Proto-Finnic: *kulta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *kollē (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰĺ̥h₃-to-m (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow; gleam; to shine”). Compare Proto-Slavic *zolto, Proto-Baltic *želtas, whence Latvian zelts. Disputed relation to *geldaną (“to pay”).


tahrą

tahrą (nominative singular)
tagrō (nominative plural)
tahrą (singular vocative)
tagrō (plural vocative)
tahrą (accusative singular)
tagrō (accusative plural)
tahras (genitive singular)
tahris (genitive singular)
tagrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tahrai (dative singular)
tagramaz (dative plural)
tahrō (instrumental singular)
tagramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tahr
Old English: tēar, tæhher, tǣr, teagor
Middle English: teer, teere, ter, tere, tær, tear (Early Middle English), tyer, tyear, tyar (Kent)
English: tear
Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir
Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir
Old Frisian: tār
Old High German: zahar, zahhar
Middle High German: zahar, zeher
Central Middle High German: zār ⇒ zære pl
German: Zähre sg
→ Italian: zacchera
→ Middle Low German: zâhē, zaahe

Old Norse: tár
Icelandic: tár
Faroese: tár
Norwegian Bokmål: tåre
Norwegian Nynorsk: tåre
Old Swedish: tār
Swedish: tår
Danish: tåre (“tear”), tår (“drop of liquid”)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂 (tagr)


glasą

glasą (nominative singular)
glazō (nominative plural)
glasą (singular vocative)
glazō (plural vocative)
glasą (accusative singular)
glazō (accusative plural)
glasas (genitive singular)
glasis (genitive singular)
glazǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glasai (dative singular)
glazamaz (dative plural)
glasō (instrumental singular)
glazamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glas, *glaʀ
Old English: glæs
Middle English: glas, glace, glasce, glass, glasse
English: glass (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gless, glass
Old Frisian: gles
Saterland Frisian: Glääs
West Frisian: glês
Old Saxon: glas
Middle Low German: glas
German Low German: Glas
Plautdietsch: Glauss
→ Old Norse: *glas
Faroese: glas
Norwegian Bokmål: glass
Norwegian Nynorsk: glas
Old Swedish: glas
Swedish: glas
Old Danish: glas
Danish: glas
→ Icelandic: glas

→ Finnish: lasi (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Old Norse: glaskeri
Old Dutch: glas
Middle Dutch: glas
Dutch: glas
Afrikaans: glas
Berbice Creole Dutch: glasi
Negerhollands: glas
→ Caribbean Hindustani: gilás
→ Caribbean Javanese: gelas
→ Indonesian: gelas
→ Japanese: ガラス (garasu)
→ Papiamentu: glas
→ Sranan Tongo: grasi
→ Kari'na: kalasi (or directly)
Limburgish: glaas
Old High German: glas, clas; clases (“amber”)
Middle High German: glas
Alemannic German: Glas, Glaas
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: glas
Mòcheno: glos
Central Franconian: Jlas
Hunsrik: Glaas
German: Glas
Luxembourgish: Glas
Pennsylvania German: Glaas
Vilamovian: głoos
Yiddish: גלאָז (gloz)

Old Norse: gler (< levelled *glazą)
Icelandic: gler
Faroese: gler
Old Swedish: glar
Old Danish: gler, glar, glaar
Danish: glar
Norwegian Bokmål: glar

gl

alternatively, from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*glēzą</i>

→? Latin: glaesum, glēsum (alternatively, from Proto-Germanic *glēzą)

Traditionally derived by Pokorny from an s-extension of Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-, *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”). Kroonen prefers to derive the term from an s-stem of *glōaną (“to glow”), which is likely ultimately from the same root.


luftuz

luftuz (nominative singular)
luftiwiz (nominative plural)
luftu (singular vocative)
luftiwiz (plural vocative)
luftų (accusative singular)
luftunz (accusative plural)
luftauz (genitive singular)
luftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luftiwi (dative singular)
luftumaz (dative plural)
luftū (instrumental singular)
luftumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *luftu, *lufti
Old English: lyft (< *lufti)
Middle English: luft, lift
English: lift
Scots: luft, lift
Old Frisian: luft, lufte, *loft
Saterland Frisian: Luft
West Frisian: loft
Old Saxon: luft
Middle Low German: lucht
Low German: lucht, luft, Luft
East Frisian Low Saxon: Loft
Plautdietsch:
Volhynian: Lift
→ Saterland Frisian: Lucht
→ Faroese: luft, luktur (“smell”)
→ Norwegian: luft, lukt (“smell”)
→ Swedish: luft, lukt (“smell”)
→ Danish: luft, lugt (“smell”)
Old Dutch: *luft
Middle Dutch: lucht, locht
Dutch: lucht
→ West Frisian: lucht
Old High German: luft; luht (northern)
Middle High German: luft; lucht
German: Luft
→ English: luft
→ Czech: luft
→ Luxembourgish: Loft
→ Kashubian: lëft
→ Polish: luft
→ Silesian: luft
Central Franconian: Luft, Loft, Loff (originally south-eastern); Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht (northern and western, now only for “space”)
Hunsrik: Luft
Luxembourgish: Luucht, Lut
East Central German:
Lusatian: Luffd
Vilamovian: łöft
Pennsylvania German: Luft
Yiddish: לופֿט (luft)

Old Norse: lopt n, loft (< *luftą)
Icelandic: loft
Faroese: loft
Norwegian: loft
Swedish: loft
Danish: loft, luft
→ Old English: loft
Middle English: lofte
Scots: loft, laft
English: loft
→ Irish: lochta, lafta, lofta, lota, lochda (obsolete)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (luftus)

According to Kroonen, from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-tu-s, from *lewbʰ- (“to peel, break off, damage”) (whence also *laubą (“leaf”)); this may be linked to Russian луб (lub, “bast”), Old Prussian lubbo (“bast, plank”) and therefore have an original meaning of "roof (fashioned from peeled bark)". The Indo-European root has been taken as an extension of a root *lew- (“to cut away, remove, prune”).

roof of the earth, firmament; heavens, sky


bagmaz

bagmaz (nominative singular)
bagmōz (nominative plural)
bagmōs (nominative plural)
bagm (singular vocative)
bagmōz (plural vocative)
bagmōs (plural vocative)
bagmą (accusative singular)
bagmanz (accusative plural)
bagmas (genitive singular)
bagmis (genitive singular)
bagmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bagmai (dative singular)
bagmamaz (dative plural)
bagmō (instrumental singular)
bagmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baum
Old English: bēam, bēom
Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam
Yola: baam
Old Frisian: bām, baem (Late Old Frisian)
North Frisian:
Most dialects: buum
Heligoland: Booam
Sylt: Boom
Saterland Frisian: Boom
West Frisian: beam
Old Saxon: bōm
Middle Low German: bôm
German Low German: Boom
Plautdietsch: Boom
→ Danish: bom
→ Finnish: puomi
→ Gutnish: bom
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bom
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bom
→ Swedish: bom
Old Dutch: bōm
Middle Dutch: bôom
Dutch: boom
Afrikaans: boom
Berbice Creole Dutch: bom
Jersey Dutch: bôm
Negerhollands: bom, boom
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bom (archaic)
Polish: bom, bum
Skepi Creole Dutch: bom, boom
Sranan Tongo: bon
Aukan: bon
→ English: boom
→ Indonesian: bom (“tree, pole”), bum
Limburgish: boum
Old High German: boum, poum, paum
Middle High German: boum, boun, bōm, bōn, bām, poum, pām
Alemannic German: Baaum, Bum, Baim, Baum, Boum
Swabian: Boum, Boom
Walser: böim, baum, bem
Bavarian: Bam, paam, pame
Cimbrian: póom, puam, pome
Mòcheno: pa'm
Central Franconian: Boom, Baum, Boum, Baam
Hunsrik: Baam
Luxembourgish: Bam
Transylvanian Saxon: bum
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Baam
Upper Saxon German: Boom, Baam
Vilamovian: baojm, boum
East Franconian: Baam, Bääm
German: Baum
Rhine Franconian: Baam
Pennsylvania German: Baam
Palatine German: Baam
Yiddish: בוים (boym)

Old Norse: baðmr
Icelandic: baðmur
Old Swedish: bagn

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 (bagms)

Traditionally derived from an earlier *bawwmaz (with assimilation of *-ww- > *-ggw- via Verschärfung), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, swell, be”), and thus of similar formation to Ancient Greek φῠτόν (phŭtón, “plant, tree”). However, Kroonen notes that this derivation is flawed, because the original meaning of the root was most likely "beam" and not "tree", rendering a derivation from *bʰuH- semantically strange, and prefers to derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₂ǵʰ-mo-s (“branch”), which is related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”) (whence Proto-Germanic *bōguz (“upper arm, shoulder”)).


mahtiz

mahtiz (nominative singular)
mahtīz (nominative plural)
mahti (singular vocative)
mahtīz (plural vocative)
mahtį (accusative singular)
mahtinz (accusative plural)
mahtīz (genitive singular)
mahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mahtī (dative singular)
mahtimaz (dative plural)
mahtī (instrumental singular)
mahtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mahti, *mahtu
Old English: meaht, meht, mieht, miht
Middle English: miht, might
Scots: micht
English: might
Yola: mought
Old Frisian: mecht, macht
North Frisian: macht
Saterland Frisian: Macht
West Frisian: macht
Old Saxon: maht
Middle Low German: macht
German Low German: Macht
Dutch Low Saxon: macht
Plautdietsch: Macht
→ Norwegian: makt
→ Swedish: makt
→ Danish: magt
→ Gutnish: mäkt
Old Dutch: *maht
Middle Dutch: macht
Dutch: macht
Afrikaans: mag
Limburgish: mach
Old High German: maht
Middle High German: maht, macht
German: Macht
Luxembourgish: Muecht
Yiddish: מאַכט (makht)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: máttr

Icelandic: máttur

Faroese: máttur

Norwegian Nynorsk: mått

→ Scots: maucht

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (mahts)

→ Finnish: mahti

From *maganą + *-þiz, corresponding to Proto-Indo-European *mógʰtis < *megʰ-.


þurpą

þurpą (nominative singular)
þurpō (nominative plural)
þurpą (singular vocative)
þurpō (plural vocative)
þurpą (accusative singular)
þurpō (accusative plural)
þurpas (genitive singular)
þurpis (genitive singular)
þurpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurpai (dative singular)
þurpamaz (dative plural)
þurpō (instrumental singular)
þurpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þorp
Old English: þorp, þrop
Middle English: thorp
English: thorp
Old Frisian: thorp, therp
North Frisian: torp, terp, Tarp
East Frisian: terp
Saterland Frisian: Täärp
West Frisian: terp
→ Dutch: terp
Old Saxon: thorp
Middle Low German: dorp
German Low German:
Low Prussian: Dörp, Dorp, Derp
Westphalian:
Münsterland: Duorp
Paderborn: Doärp
Sauerland: Duarp
Plautdietsch: Darp
→ German: -trop
→ West Frisian: doarp
Old Dutch: thorp
Middle Dutch: dorp
Dutch: dorp
Afrikaans: dorp
→ Fanagalo: dorop
→ Sotho: toropo
→ Tswana: toropo
→ Venda: ḓorobo
→ Xhosa: idolophu
→ Zulu: idolobha
Negerhollands: dorp
→ English: dorp
→ Papiamentu: dorp
→ Sranan Tongo: dorpu
Limburgish: dörp
→ Middle Scots: dorp, drop
Scots: dorp
Old High German: thorph, thorf, dorf; thorp (Central German)
Middle High German: dorf, dorp (northern Central German; receding)
Alemannic German: Dorf
Central Franconian: Dörp, Dorp, Dorf
German: Dorf
Luxembourgish: Duerf
Mòcheno: dorf
Vilamovian: diüf
Yiddish: דאָרף (dorf)
→ Vulgar Latin: *tropus, *troppus
Medieval Latin: troppus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þorp
Icelandic: þorp
Faroese: torpur
Norwegian Bokmål: torp
Norwegian Nynorsk: torp
Old Swedish: þorp
Swedish: torp
Danish: torp
→ Old Northern French: torp

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀 (þaurp)

From Proto-Indo-European *trab-, *treb- (“room, dwelling, settlement”). Cognate with Latin trabs (“beam, rafter, roof, vessel”), Lithuanian trobà (“farmhouse”), Welsh tref (“town, home”), Albanian trevë (“country, region, village”).


bebruz

bebruz (nominative singular)
bibriwiz (nominative plural)
bebru (singular vocative)
bibriwiz (plural vocative)
bebrų (accusative singular)
bebrunz (accusative plural)
bebrauz (genitive singular)
bibriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bibriwi (dative singular)
bebrumaz (dative plural)
bebrū (instrumental singular)
bebrumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bebru
Old English: befer, beofor, byfor, bebr, bebir, beber, befor, beofer, beuer
Middle English: bever, beauver, beever, befer, beofer, beuver, bevere, bevre, bevyr, bevyre, bewer, byvre
English: beaver
Scots: bever, baiver
→ Irish: béabhar
Old Frisian: *bever
North Frisian: biiber (or from German?)
West Frisian: bever
Old Saxon: biƀar, biƀor
Middle Low German: bēver
Low German: Bever
Plautdietsch: Bieba (or from German?)
→ Faroese: bævur
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: bever
Norwegian Nynorsk: bever
→ Old Swedish: bæver
Swedish: bäver
→ Old Danish: biauær
Danish: bæver
→ Icelandic: bifur
→ Elfdalian: bäver
→ Gutnish: bävar
Old Dutch: *bevar
Middle Dutch: bēver
Dutch: bever
Afrikaans: bewer
Limburgish: baever
Old High German: bibar, bibur
Middle High German: biber
German: Biber
→ Luxembourgish: Biber
Hunsrik: Biver
Yiddish: ביבער (biber)
→ Old French: bievre (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bjórr
Icelandic: bjór
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjor
Elfdalian: biuor
Old Swedish: biūr
Swedish: bjur (obsolete)
Old Danish: biūr, bifær
Danish: byr (obsolete)


swīną

swīną (nominative singular)
swīnō (nominative plural)
swīną (singular vocative)
swīnō (plural vocative)
swīną (accusative singular)
swīnō (accusative plural)
swīnas (genitive singular)
swīnis (genitive singular)
swīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swīnai (dative singular)
swīnamaz (dative plural)
swīnō (instrumental singular)
swīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swīn
Old English: swīn, swȳn
Middle English: swyn, sqwyne, suin, swein, sweyne, swin, swine, swiyn, swyne, swynne, zuin
English: swine
Scots: swine
Old Frisian: swīn
North Frisian: swin
Saterland Frisian: Swien
West Frisian: swyn
Old Saxon: swīn
Middle Low German: swīn
German Low German: Swien, Schwiin
Plautdietsch: Schwien
Old Dutch: *swīn
Middle Dutch: swijn
Dutch: zwijn
Afrikaans: swyn
Limburgish: zwien
Old High German: swīn
Middle High German: swīn
Alemannic German:
Walser: Schwii
Central Franconian: Schwein
Hunsrik: Schwein
Luxembourgish: Schwäin
German: Schwein
Vilamovian: śwajn

Old Norse: svín
Icelandic: svín
Faroese: svín
Norn: svin
Norwegian Nynorsk: svin; (dialectal) svingn
Jamtish: svýn
Old Swedish: svīn
Swedish: svin
Danish: svin
Norwegian Bokmål: svin

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 (swein)

→ Proto-Samic: *svijnē (see there for further descendants)

From an adjectival neuter form *swiHnom of Proto-Indo-European *suH- (“pig”) (compare Latin suīnus, Proto-Slavic *svinьja, Latvian sivēns). Synchronically analyzable as a derivative of *sūz (“sow”).