launą

launą (nominative singular)
launō (nominative plural)
launą (singular vocative)
launō (plural vocative)
launą (accusative singular)
launō (accusative plural)
launas (genitive singular)
launis (genitive singular)
launǫ̂ (genitive plural)
launai (dative singular)
launamaz (dative plural)
launō (instrumental singular)
launamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laun
Old English: lēan
Middle English: lean, læn, lan, lien
Old Frisian: lān
North Frisian: lean
Saterland Frisian: Loon
West Frisian: lean
Old Saxon: lōn
Middle Low German: lōn
German Low German: Lauhn (Westfälisch)
Old Dutch: *lōn
Middle Dutch: lôon
Dutch: loon
Afrikaans: loon
Limburgish: loean
Old High German: lōn
Middle High German: lōn
German: Lohn m
Luxembourgish: Loun
Pennsylvania German: Loh
Yiddish: לוין (loyn)
→⇒ Medieval Latin: *widerlonum, widerdonum
Old French: gueredun, guerdon, werdon
French: guerdon
→ English: guerdon
Occitan: guierdon
Italian: guidardone, guiderdone
Spanish: galardón
Old Galician-Portuguese: gualardon
Galician: galardón
Portuguese: galardão

Old Norse: laun

Icelandic: laun

Norwegian: læn, læ (dialectal)

Old Swedish: løn

Swedish: lön

Old Danish: løn

Danish: løn

Norwegian Bokmål: lønn

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lønn

→ Faroese: løn

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: løn

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽 (laun)

From Pre-Germanic *lh₂ewnom or *lowh₂nom (with laryngeal metathesis), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to capture, enjoy”). Cognate with Latin lucrum (“profit, foredeal”), Ancient Greek λεία (leía, “booty, spoils”).


taikną

taikną (nominative singular)
taiknō (nominative plural)
taikną (singular vocative)
taiknō (plural vocative)
taikną (accusative singular)
taiknō (accusative plural)
taiknas (genitive singular)
taiknis (genitive singular)
taiknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taiknai (dative singular)
taiknamaz (dative plural)
taiknō (instrumental singular)
taiknamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *taikn
Old English: tācn, tācen, tācon
Middle English: token, tokene, tokin, tokine, tokon, tokne, tocne, toquen, taken, takein, takin, takine (Northern), taken, takein, takin, takine, tacn, tacne, tacnæ, tockne (Early Middle English)
English: token
Scots: taiken
→ Old Norse: tákn
Icelandic: tákn
Old Frisian: tēken
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: teeken
Saterland Frisian: Teeken
West Frisian: teken
Old Saxon: tēkan, teikan, tēken, teiken
Middle Low German: têken, teiken
Low German: Teiken
German Low German: Teken
Plautdietsch: Tieekjen
Old Dutch: tēkan, teikan, teikin, teican
Middle Dutch: têken, teiken
Dutch: teken, teiken (dialectal)
Afrikaans: teken, teiken
Berbice Creole Dutch: tegn
Negerhollands: teken
→ Indonesian: teken
Limburgish: teike
Old High German: zeihhan
Middle High German: zeichen
Alemannic German: Zäiche, Zäie
German: Zeichen
Luxembourgish: Zeechen
Yiddish: צייכן (tseykhn)
→ Friulian: tacolâ, tacon, taconâ

Old Norse: teikn

Icelandic: teikn

Faroese: tekn

Norwegian Nynorsk: teikn, tekn

Elfdalian: tekken

Old Swedish: tēkn

Swedish: tecken

Old Danish: tēkn

Danish: tegn

Norwegian Bokmål: tegn

Gutnish: tekken

Scanian: teğn

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 (taikns) ( < *taikniz, although an a-stem neuter may be attested; see entry) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *taika (see there for further descendants)

From the root of *taikijaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, indicate, point out, declare”).


knībaz

knībaz (nominative singular)
knībōz (nominative plural)
knībōs (nominative plural)
knīb (singular vocative)
knībōz (plural vocative)
knībōs (plural vocative)
knībą (accusative singular)
knībanz (accusative plural)
knības (genitive singular)
knībis (genitive singular)
knībǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knībai (dative singular)
knībamaz (dative plural)
knībō (instrumental singular)
knībamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *knīb
Old English: cnīf (possible reborrowing from Old Norse knífr or Middle Dutch cnīf, cnijf)
Middle English: knyf, knif
Scots: knyfe, knife
English: knife
Sranan Tongo: nefi
Yola: kunnife
→ French: canif
Old Frisian: *knīf
West Frisian: kniif, knyf, knyft
Old Saxon: *knīf
Middle Low German: knîf
German Low German: Knief
Low German: knief, kniiv, knif
Plautdietsch: Kjnief
Old Dutch: *cnīf
Middle Dutch: cnijf
Dutch: knijf (dialectal)
Old High German: *knīb (?)
Middle High German: knîp; knîf (latter West Central German)
German: Kneip (dialectal); Knifte
Luxembourgish: Knäip
→ Vulgar Latin: *cnīfus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)

Old Norse: knífr
Icelandic: knífur, hnífur
Faroese: knívur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: kniv
Norwegian Nynorsk: kniv
Elfdalian: knaiv
Old Swedish: knīver
Swedish: kniv
Danish: kniv
Gutnish: kneiv
→ Old English: cnīf
Middle English: knyf, knif
Scots: knyfe, knife
English: knife
Sranan Tongo: nefi
Yola: kunnife
→ French: canif
→ North Frisian: Knif

→ Proto-Samic: *nijpē
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: nejpie (from *nëjpē)
Ume Sami: nijbbie
Pite Sami: nijjbe
Lule Sami: nijbbe
Northern Sami: niibi
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: nijbe
Skolt Sami: neiʹbb
Akkala Sami: ныййпь (nyjjp’)
Kildin Sami: ныййп (nyjjp)
Ter Sami: nijjbe

A nominal formation, with quasi-Indo-European form *ǵneybʰ-o(n)-, perhaps from an unattested *knībaną, itself related to *knippōną (“to pinch”); see there for more.


herutaz

herutaz (nominative singular)
herutōz (nominative plural)
herutōs (nominative plural)
herut (singular vocative)
herutōz (plural vocative)
herutōs (plural vocative)
herutą (accusative singular)
herutanz (accusative plural)
herutas (genitive singular)
herutis (genitive singular)
herutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
herutai (dative singular)
herutamaz (dative plural)
herutō (instrumental singular)
herutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *herut
Old English: heorot, heorut, heort
Middle English: hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort
English: hart
Scots: hert
Old Frisian: hert
Saterland Frisian: Hart
West Frisian: hart
Old Saxon: hirut, hirot
Middle Low German: herte, harte
⇒ German Low German: Hartbuck
Old Dutch: hirut
Middle Dutch: hert, hēert
Dutch: hert, hart
Afrikaans: hert
Limburgish: hèrtj
Old High German: hiruz, hirz
Middle High German: hirz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hirsch
Mòcheno: hirsch
German: Hirsch
→ Luxembourgish: Hirsch
→ North Frisian: hirsk
→ Plautdietsch: Hersch
→ Saterland Frisian: Hirsk
Luxembourgish: Hierz (archaic)
Yiddish: הירש (hirsh)

Old Norse: hjǫrtr
Icelandic: hjörtur
Faroese: hjørtur
Norwegian: hjort
Old Swedish: hiorter
Swedish: hjort
Danish: hjort
Gutnish: hjort

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”) + *-utaz. Cognate with Lithuanian karvė (“cow”), Russian коро́ва (koróva, “cow, neat”), Latin cervus (“deer, stag”), Welsh carw (“hart, stag”). Alternatively, from a regular development of *ḱérh₂tos, with PIE *-H- > PGmc *-u- in non-initial syllables, cf. Old High German anut (“duck”) < PGmc *anud- < Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂t-. The latter may be likelier as *-utaz is unknown as an affix in PGmc.


baką

baką (nominative singular)
bakō (nominative plural)
baką (singular vocative)
bakō (plural vocative)
baką (accusative singular)
bakō (accusative plural)
bakas (genitive singular)
bakis (genitive singular)
bakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakai (dative singular)
bakamaz (dative plural)
bakō (instrumental singular)
bakamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bak
Old English: bæc, bec — Mercian, Kentish
Middle English: bak, back
English: back
Scots: bak, back, bake
Old Frisian: bek
West Frisian: beck, bek
⇒ West Frisian: bekling
Old Saxon: bak
Middle Low German: bak
⇒ Middle Low German: *huckebak
Low German: Huckeback
→ German: huckepack
Old High German: bah
⇒ Old High German: bahho m
Middle High German: bache
German: Bache
⇒ Old High German: bahha f
Middle High German: bache
German: Bache

Old Norse: bak

Icelandic: bak

Faroese: bak

Norwegian: bak m or n

Old Swedish: baker m

Swedish: bak

Old Danish: bak

Danish: bag

Of uncertain origin. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to vault; arch”), via an extension *bʰóg-o-m (see *-os).


bijǭ

bijǭ (nominative singular)
bijōniz (nominative plural)
bijǭ (singular vocative)
bijōniz (plural vocative)
bijōnų (accusative singular)
binunz (accusative plural)
biniz (genitive singular)
binǫ̂ (genitive plural)
binini (dative singular)
bijummiz (dative plural)
binē (instrumental singular)
binōmiz (instrumental plural)
*bijō (alternative)
*bīwō (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bijā
Old English: bēo, bēom, bīom
Middle English: bee, be, beo, bey
English: bee
Scots: bee, be, beye, bie, bea
Yola: been (plural)
Old Frisian: *bē
West Frisian: bij
Old Saxon: *bīa
Middle Low German: bîe, bê, beie
Low German: Bie, Bee, bigge
Plautdietsch: Bie
Old Dutch: *bīa
Middle Dutch: bië
Dutch: bij
Afrikaans: by
West Flemish: bie
Zealandic: bie, bieë
Old High German: pīa, bīa
Middle High German: bīe
Alemannic German: Bii
Central Franconian: Bei
German: Beie (obsolete)
Luxembourgish: Bei

Proto-West Germanic: *bini (< genitive singular *biniz)
Old Saxon: bini; bina, *bīna
Middle Low German: bīne, bēne, bēn, beine
Old High German: bini; bīna (latter from a merger with *bijō)
Middle High German: bin, bine; bīn
Bavarian: Bein
German: Biene
Hunsrik: Bien
Rhine Franconian: Beene, Bie
Vilamovian: byn
Yiddish: בין (bin)

Old Norse: bý
Icelandic: bý
Norwegian Bokmål: bie
Norwegian Nynorsk: bie
Old Swedish: bī, bȳ
Swedish: bi
Old Danish: bī
Danish: bi
Gutnish: bei
⇒ Faroese: býfluga
⇒ Icelandic: býfluga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰey- (“bee”). Cognate with Latin fūcus (“drone”), Old Irish bech (“bee”), Lithuanian bitė (“bee”).


bellǭ

bellǭ (nominative singular)
bellōniz (nominative plural)
bellǭ (singular vocative)
bellōniz (plural vocative)
bellōnų (accusative singular)
bellōnunz (accusative plural)
bellōniz (genitive singular)
bellōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bellōni (dative singular)
bellōmaz (dative plural)
bellōnē (instrumental singular)
bellōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bellā

Old English: belle, bell
Middle English: belle
Scots: bell
English: bell
→ Fiji Hindi: belo
→ Japanese: ベル (beru)
→ Korean: 벨 (bel)

Old Frisian: *belle

West Frisian: belle, bel

Old Saxon: bella

Middle Low German: belle

German Low German: Belle, Bel

Old Dutch: *bella

Middle Dutch: belle

Dutch: bel

Afrikaans: bel

Limburgish: bèl

Old Norse: bjalla
Icelandic: bjalla
Faroese: bjølla
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjølle (through bjǫllu)
Old Swedish: biælla
Swedish: bjällra (with unexplained -r-)
Danish: bjælde
Norwegian Bokmål: bjelle
Gutnish: bjällå, bjälla

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound”).


blukką

blukką (nominative singular)
blukkō (nominative plural)
blukką (singular vocative)
blukkō (plural vocative)
blukką (accusative singular)
blukkō (accusative plural)
blukkas (genitive singular)
blukkis (genitive singular)
blukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blukkai (dative singular)
blukkamaz (dative plural)
blukkō (instrumental singular)
blukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blokk
Old Frisian: blok
Saterland Frisian: Blok
West Frisian: blok
Old Saxon: blok
Middle Low German: blok
German Low German: Block
→ Danish: blok
→ Faroese: blokkur
→ Norwegian: blokk
→ Swedish: block
Old Dutch: *bloc
Middle Dutch: bloc
Dutch: blok
Afrikaans: blok
Berbice Creole Dutch: bloko
→ Caribbean Javanese: blog
→ Indonesian: blok
→ Papiamentu: blòki, blokki (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: blok, blók
→ Old French: bloc
Middle French: bloc
French: bloc (see there for further descendants)
Walloon: blok
→ Middle English: blok
English: block (see there for further descendants)
Scots: block
Old High German: bloh, bloch (also piloch, biloh, from a merger with an unrelated word)
Middle High German: bloch
German: Block (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *blukną, presumably metathesized from *bulkną, from pre-Germanic *bʰl̥ǵʰ-no-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to balk, beam; to swell”). Cognate with Old Irish blog, Latin fulcrum.

der

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Germanic parent language
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


askaz

askaz (nominative singular)
askōz (nominative plural)
askōs (nominative plural)
ask (singular vocative)
askōz (plural vocative)
askōs (plural vocative)
aską (accusative singular)
askanz (accusative plural)
askas (genitive singular)
askis (genitive singular)
askǫ̂ (genitive plural)
askai (dative singular)
askamaz (dative plural)
askō (instrumental singular)
askamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ask
Old English: æsċ
Middle English: asshe
English: ash
Scots: aish, esh
→ English: æsc (learned)
Old Frisian: ask
West Frisian: esk
Old Saxon: ask
Middle Low German: esk
Plautdietsch: Asch
Old Dutch: *ask
Middle Dutch: esk
Dutch: es
Old High German: asc
Middle High German: asche, esche
Cimbrian: ess
German: Esche
Luxembourgish: Esch
Yiddish: אַשבוים (ashboym)
⇒? German: Essen (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: askr
Icelandic: askur
Faroese: askur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ask
Old Swedish: asker, ᛆᛋᚴᚽᚱ (Runic)
Swedish: ask
→ Finnish: aski
Old Danish: ask
Danish: ask
Norwegian Bokmål: ask
Gutnish: ask, äsk
→ Old East Slavic: а́скъ (áskŭ), ꙗ́скъ (jáskŭ)
Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́щъ (jášč)
⇒ Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́щикъ (jáščik)
Belarusian: я́шчык (jáščyk) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: я́щик (jáščyk)
⇒ Middle Russian: ꙗ́щїк (jáščik)
Russian: я́щик (jáščik)


buskaz

buskaz (nominative singular)
buskōz (nominative plural)
buskōs (nominative plural)
busk (singular vocative)
buskōz (plural vocative)
buskōs (plural vocative)
buską (accusative singular)
buskanz (accusative plural)
buskas (genitive singular)
buskis (genitive singular)
buskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
buskai (dative singular)
buskamaz (dative plural)
buskō (instrumental singular)
buskamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *busk
Old English: bysċ, busċ
Middle English: bush
English: bush
Scots: bus
Old Frisian: bosk
Saterland Frisian: Busk
West Frisian: bosk
Old Saxon: busk
Middle Low German: busk, busch
Low German: Busk, Busch
Old Dutch: *busc
Middle Dutch: bosch
Dutch: bos
Old High German: busk
Middle High German: busch, bosch
German: Busch
→ Latin: boscus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: buskr

Icelandic: búskur, buski

Norwegian Bokmål: busk

Norwegian Nynorsk: busk

Swedish: buske, buska
→ Finnish: puska

Danish: busk

→ Middle English: busk, bosk

Scots: busk

Uncertain. Possibly derived from *būaną (“to dwell, reside”) or its root, Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to swell, grow”) (compare Ancient Greek φῠτόν (phŭtón, “plant”), Russian быльё (bylʹjó), in this case).


hunagą

hunagą (nominative singular)
hunagō (nominative plural)
hunagą (singular vocative)
hunagō (plural vocative)
hunagą (accusative singular)
hunagō (accusative plural)
hunagas (genitive singular)
hunagis (genitive singular)
hunagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunagai (dative singular)
hunagamaz (dative plural)
hunagō (instrumental singular)
hunagamiz (instrumental plural)
*hunangą (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hunag
Old English: huniġ
Middle English: hony
English: honey (see there for further descendants)
Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny
Yola: henee, honi
Old Frisian: hunig, hunich
Saterland Frisian: Huunich
West Frisian: hunich
Old Saxon: huneg, honeg, haneg
Middle Low German: hōnich, honnich, hönich, höneg
German Low German: Hönnig
Plautdietsch: Honnich
Old Dutch: honag, honog
Middle Dutch: honech, honich, heunic
Dutch: honig (archaic)
Old High German: honag, honeg
Middle High German: honec, honic
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Honich
Luxembourgish: Hunneg
Cimbrian: huunig, hone (Luserna)
German: Honig
Rhine Franconian: Honich, Hunich
Frankfurterisch: [hoːniʃ]
Vilamovian: hung
Yiddish: האָניק (honik)

Old Norse: *hunag

desc

Old Swedish: hunagh, honugh, hanigh, hānagh

Old Danish: hunagh, honugh, hunægh, honigh

Middle Danish: hunnig, honnig

Scanian: hanağ

→ Finnish: hunaja

From earlier *hunangą, from pre-Germanic *kn̥h₂onkós, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks (gen. *kn̥h₂n̥kós).


hunangą

hunangą (nominative singular)
hunangō (nominative plural)
hunangą (singular vocative)
hunangō (plural vocative)
hunangą (accusative singular)
hunangō (accusative plural)
hunangas (genitive singular)
hunangis (genitive singular)
hunangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunangai (dative singular)
hunangamaz (dative plural)
hunangō (instrumental singular)
hunangamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hunang

Old Frisian: *huning

North Frisian: hönning, honning

West Frisian: huning

Old Saxon: *huneg, *honeg

Middle Low German: hōnich, hȫnich

Low German: hunnig, hunning, hünnig, hünning, hoanig, hoaning, höänig, höäning, huanig, huaning, hüänig, hüäning

Old Dutch: honog, *honang

Middle Dutch: honinc

Dutch: honing

Old High German: honang

Old Norse: hunang

Icelandic: hunang

Faroese: hunangur, hunang

Norwegian Nynorsk: huning, honing, honning

Swedish: honung

Danish: honning

Norwegian Bokmål: honning

Gutnish: hånnungg

From pre-Germanic *kn̥h₂onkós, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks (gen. *kn̥h₂n̥kós).


daljō

daljō (nominative singular)
daljôz (nominative plural)
daljō (singular vocative)
daljôz (plural vocative)
daljǭ (accusative singular)
daljōz (accusative plural)
daljōz (genitive singular)
daljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daljōi (dative singular)
daljōmaz (dative plural)
daljō (instrumental singular)
daljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dell m or n

Middle English: delle

Scots: dell

English: dell

Old Frisian: *delle

West Frisian: delle, delling, delte (?)

Old Saxon: *dellia

Middle Low German: delle

German Low German: Delle, Dell

Old Dutch: *della

Middle Dutch: delle

Dutch: del

Old High German: *tella

Middle High German: telle

German: Delle (Central/Low German consonantism); Telle (obsolete, dialectal)

Gothic: *𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (*dalja) (unclear derivation and reconstruction; see etymology at inflected and prefixed form 𐌹𐌱𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌽 (ibdaljin) ?)


gallô

gallô (nominative singular)
gallaniz (nominative plural)
gallô (singular vocative)
gallaniz (plural vocative)
gallanų (accusative singular)
gallanunz (accusative plural)
galliniz (genitive singular)
gallanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gallini (dative singular)
gallammaz (dative plural)
gallinē (instrumental singular)
gallammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gallō

Old English: ġealla, galla (“skin lesion”)

Middle English: galle

English: gall

Scots: gall, gaw

Old Saxon: *gallo, *galla f

gl

possibly via Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">galla</i>, ultimately from Germanic

>? Middle Low German: galle f (“swelling, defect”) (possibly via Latin galla, ultimately from Germanic)

→ Norwegian: galder

Old High German: *gallo, *galla f

desc

>? Middle High German: galle f (“swelling”) (possibly via Latin galla, ultimately from Germanic)

German: Galle

Old Norse: galli

Icelandic: galli

Swedish: gall

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-r/n- (compare the r-stem in Norwegian galder (“swelling on a horse's foot”)), cognate with Proto-Celtic *galarom (“pain, illness ~ grief”) and Hittite 𒆗𒆷𒅈 (kal-la-ar /gallar-/, “inauspicious, bad; enormous”) (reflecting *ǵʰ(o)lH-ro-), from a root *ǵʰelH- (“to damage, cause pain; to be bad, evil”) (compare Welsh gâl (“ache”), Lithuanian žalà (“damage, harm”) and Proto-Slavic *zъlъ (“bad, evil”)), though this root is somewhat disputed. However, see also Proto-Germanic *gallǭ (“bile”). Connection if any to Latin galla is uncertain.


dammaz

dammaz (nominative singular)
dammōz (nominative plural)
dammōs (nominative plural)
damm (singular vocative)
dammōz (plural vocative)
dammōs (plural vocative)
dammą (accusative singular)
dammanz (accusative plural)
dammas (genitive singular)
dammis (genitive singular)
dammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dammai (dative singular)
dammamaz (dative plural)
dammō (instrumental singular)
dammamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *damm
Old English: *damm, *dam (in derivatives)
Middle English: damme, dam
Scots: dam
English: dam
Old Frisian: dam, dom
Saterland Frisian: Dom
West Frisian: dam
Old Saxon: *damm, *dam
Middle Low German: dam, damm
Low German: Damm
Plautdietsch: Daum
Old Dutch: *damm, dam (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: dam
Dutch: dam
Old High German: *tamm
Middle High German: tam, tamm
German: Damm, Tham
Hunsrik: Damm
Luxembourgish: Damm

Old Norse: dammr

Icelandic: dammur

Faroese: dammur

Old Danish: dam

Danish: dam

Old Swedish: damber

Swedish: damm

Gutnish: dam

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰm̥bʰ- (“to dig”), if the original meaning was "dyke created by excavating earth," see also Ancient Greek τάφος (táphos, “tomb”), ταφή (taphḗ), θάπτω (tháptō, “bury”). Another theory derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁mn-os, related to *dʰéh₁mn̥ (“that which is set or established; home”), whence Sanskrit धामन् (dhā́man, “abode; statute, law”).


staggijô

staggijô (nominative singular)
staggijaniz (nominative plural)
staggijô (singular vocative)
staggijaniz (plural vocative)
staggijanų (accusative singular)
staggijanunz (accusative plural)
staggijiniz (genitive singular)
staggijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staggijini (dative singular)
staggijammaz (dative plural)
staggijinē (instrumental singular)
staggijammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: stagga, stacga

Middle English: stagge, steg

Scots: staig

English: stag

Old Norse: steggi

Icelandic: steggi

Faroese: steggi


staggijaz

staggijaz (nominative singular)
staggijōz (nominative plural)
staggijōs (nominative plural)
staggī (singular vocative)
staggijōz (plural vocative)
staggijōs (plural vocative)
staggiją (accusative singular)
staggijanz (accusative plural)
staggijas (genitive singular)
staggīs (genitive singular)
staggijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staggijai (dative singular)
staggijamaz (dative plural)
staggijō (instrumental singular)
staggijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: steggr

Icelandic: steggur

→ Middle English: stegge

Scots: steg

English: steg (dialectal)


gaistaz

gaistaz (nominative singular)
gaistōz (nominative plural)
gaistōs (nominative plural)
gaist (singular vocative)
gaistōz (plural vocative)
gaistōs (plural vocative)
gaistą (accusative singular)
gaistanz (accusative plural)
gaistas (genitive singular)
gaistis (genitive singular)
gaistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaistai (dative singular)
gaistamaz (dative plural)
gaistō (instrumental singular)
gaistamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaist
Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast
Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
English: ghost
Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
Yola: gaast
Old Frisian: gāst, gēst
Saterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest
West Frisian: geast
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast
→ Old Danish: gast (or from Low German)
Danish: gast
→ Old Swedish: gaster
Swedish: gast
Old Saxon: gēst, geist
Middle Low German: gêst, geist
Low German: Geist
German Low German: Geest, Geist
Plautdietsch: Jeist
Old Dutch: geist, gēst, *gast
Middle Dutch: gêest
Dutch: geest
Afrikaans: gees
Negerhollands: geest
Old High German: geist, gheist, keist
Middle High German: geist
German: Geist
→ English: geist
→ Danish: gejst
→ Swedish: gejst
→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist
Hunsrik: Geest, Geist
Luxembourgish: Geescht
Yiddish: גײַסט (gayst)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeys- (“to be angry, agitated”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa, “anger”), Lithuanian žei̇̃sti (“to wound”).


diuriþō

diuriþō (nominative singular)
diuriþôz (nominative plural)
diuriþō (singular vocative)
diuriþôz (plural vocative)
diuriþǭ (accusative singular)
diuriþōz (accusative plural)
diuriþōz (genitive singular)
diuriþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
diuriþōi (dative singular)
diuriþōmaz (dative plural)
diuriþō (instrumental singular)
diuriþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *diuriþu
Old English: *dīerþu, *dīerþ
Middle English: derthe, derth, derþ, derþe, dierþe, dyrthe
English: dearth
Scots: dearth, darth, deart, daart
Old Frisian: *diōrithe, *diōrthe
Saterland Frisian: Djuurte
West Frisian: djoerte
Old Saxon: diuritha
Middle Low German: dǖrede, dûrete, dûrte
German Low German: Düürte
Old Dutch: *diuritha
Middle Dutch: dierte, duurte
Dutch: duurte
Afrikaans: duurte
Old High German: tiurida
Middle High German: tiurede, tiurde, tūrde

Old Norse: dýrð

Icelandic: dýrð

Faroese: dýrd

Swedish: dyrd

Old Gutnish: dyrþ

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyrdestein


haljō

haljō (nominative singular)
haljôz (nominative plural)
haljō (singular vocative)
haljôz (plural vocative)
haljǭ (accusative singular)
haljōz (accusative plural)
haljōz (genitive singular)
haljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haljōi (dative singular)
haljōmaz (dative plural)
haljō (instrumental singular)
haljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hallju
Old English: hell, hel
Middle English: helle, hel, hell, hælle (Early Middle English)
English: hell, Hell
Scots: hell, Hell
Old Frisian: helle, hille
North Frisian: helle, hille, hel
Saterland Frisian: Hälle
West Frisian: hel
Old Saxon: hel, hellja, hellia
Middle Low German: helle
German Low German: Helle, Hölle, Hell, Höll
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Helle
Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m
Plautdietsch: Hal
Old Dutch: hella
Middle Dutch: helle
Dutch: hel
Afrikaans: hel
Limburgish: hel
Old High German: hellia, hella
Middle High German: helle
Alemannic German: Hell
Cimbrian: hélla
German: Helle, Hölle
Luxembourgish: Häll
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Hell

Old Norse: hel

Icelandic: hel

Faroese: hel

Norwegian Nynorsk: hel

Old Swedish: hæl

⇒ Swedish: ihjäl, helsike

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (halja)

→ Proto-Finnic: *koljoi (see there for further descendants)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel-yo- or *ḱol-yeh₂-, from *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”), and cognate with *helaną (“to cover”), though note also similar words in Finno-Ugric, including Finnish koljo (“giant”) and Udmurt кыль (kyľ, “evil spirit”), which have been considered as native Uralic words and not borrowings from Germanic.

Old English: hellewīteMiddle English: hellewite

helliwīti

Proto-West Germanic: *halljawītī; Old Saxon

hellewīze

Old High German: helliwīzi, hellawīzi; Middle High German


gīslaz

gīslaz (nominative singular)
gīslōz (nominative plural)
gīslōs (nominative plural)
gīsl (singular vocative)
gīslōz (plural vocative)
gīslōs (plural vocative)
gīslą (accusative singular)
gīslanz (accusative plural)
gīslas (genitive singular)
gīslis (genitive singular)
gīslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gīslai (dative singular)
gīslamaz (dative plural)
gīslō (instrumental singular)
gīslamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gīsl
Old English: ġīsel, ġīsl
Middle English: ȝisel, ȝisle
Old Saxon: gīsal
Middle Low German: gîsel
Low German: Giesel
Old Dutch: *gīsal
Middle Dutch: gisel
Dutch: gijzel
→ West Frisian: gizel
Middle Dutch: giselare
Dutch: gijzelaar
→ West Frisian: gizeler
Old High German: gīsal, (Lombardic) gîsil
Middle High German: gīsel
German: Geisel
→ German Low German: Geisel

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᛁᛊᛚᚨᛉ (*gislaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛊ (asugisalas /ą̄sugīsᵃlas/)

Old Norse: gísl

Icelandic: gísl

Faroese: gísli

Norwegian Nynorsk: gissel, gisl

Norwegian Bokmål: gissel

Old Swedish: gīsl

⇒ Old Swedish: gislan

Swedish: gisslan

Danish: gidsel

Vandalic: *gīsl-

→ Proto-Finnic: *kihla (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Celtic *geistlos (“hostage, pledge”) (compare Old Irish gíall, Welsh gwystl), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (“to desire, wait for”).


bōþlą

bōþlą (nominative singular)
bōþlō (nominative plural)
bōþlą (singular vocative)
bōþlō (plural vocative)
bōþlą (accusative singular)
bōþlō (accusative plural)
bōþlas (genitive singular)
bōþlis (genitive singular)
bōþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōþlai (dative singular)
bōþlamaz (dative plural)
bōþlō (instrumental singular)
bōþlamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōþl
Old English: botl, botel, bold
Middle English: bottle, botle, buttle
English: bottle (“dwelling, building”)
Old Frisian: bōdel, bōld
North Frisian: bol, boel, böl
Saterland Frisian: bûdel, bôdel
West Frisian: boel
Old Saxon: bōdal
Middle Low German: bôdel, bôl
German Low German:
Klevisch-Weselisch: Baul
Westmünsterländisch: Buddel, Büoddel
Old Dutch: *buothal
Middle Dutch: boedel, bodel
Dutch: boedel, boel
Afrikaans: boedel, boel
→ English: boodle

Old Norse: ból
Icelandic: ból
Faroese: ból
Norwegian: bol
Old Swedish: bōl
Swedish: bol
Danish: bol

Possibly from *bōwwjaną (“to settle, inhabit”) + *-þlą (instrumental suffix), or perhaps from *bōþō (“building, dwelling”) + *-(i)lą, or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoh₂u-tlo-m (compare Lithuanian būklà (“presence (of mind), dwelling”)), all possibly from *bʰweh₂- (“to grow, arise, become”).


butmaz

butmaz (nominative singular)
butmōz (nominative plural)
butmōs (nominative plural)
butm (singular vocative)
butmōz (plural vocative)
butmōs (plural vocative)
butmą (accusative singular)
butmanz (accusative plural)
butmas (genitive singular)
butmis (genitive singular)
butmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
butmai (dative singular)
butmamaz (dative plural)
butmō (instrumental singular)
butmamiz (instrumental plural)
*budmaz (alternative)
*budmô (alternative)
*buttmô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *botm, *bodm

desctree

Old English: bodan, botm
Middle English: botme, botom, botome, bothom, bothum, botham, bothme, botym, bottum, butme, boþem
English: bottom, botton (dialectal)
→ Dutch: bottom
→ French: bottom
→ Portuguese: bottom
Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome
Yola: bothom
⇒ Middle English: bum (syncopated)
English: bum
Scots: bum

Old Frisian: bodem, boden

North Frisian: bom

Saterland Frisian: Boudem

West Frisian: beame (archaic), boaiem, boom

Old Saxon: bodom
Middle Low German: bōdeme, bodem, boddeme, boddem, bodden
German Low German: Bodden, Borrn, Baam
Münsterländisch: Buodden
Plautdietsch: Boddem

Old Dutch: *bodom

Middle Dutch: bodem

Dutch: bodem, (obsolete) boom, (obsolete) boôm
Afrikaans: bodem
→ Papiamentu: bòm, boom

Limburgish: boeadem, baom

Old High German: bodam, podam

Middle High German: bodem, boden

German: Boden

Hunsrik: Boddem

Luxembourgish: Buedem

Old Norse: botn

Icelandic: botn

Faroese: botnur

Norwegian Nynorsk: botn

→ Norwegian Bokmål: botn

Norwegian Bokmål: bånn

Old Swedish: butn, botn

Swedish: botten

Old Danish: botn, bon

Danish: bund

Norwegian Bokmål: bunn

Elfdalian: buottn

Gutnish: buttn

Scanian: bónð

→ Proto-Samic: *ponnē:

Western Samic:

Southern Sami: bädnie

Ume Sami: bådˈnee

Pite Sami: påtnie

Northern Sami: bodni

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: ponne

Skolt Sami: påʹnn

Akkala Sami: поннҍ (ponn’)

Kildin Sami: поаннҍ (pånn’)

Ter Sami: ponne

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn, gen. *bʰudʰmnós. According to Kroonen, the -m- had been dissimilated in the genitive already in Proto-Indo-European, giving Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna) and Latin fundus, resulting in a Germanic paradigm of *budm-, *butt-, which then gave rise to other variants.


glaimiz

glaimiz (nominative singular)
glaimīz (nominative plural)
glaimi (singular vocative)
glaimīz (plural vocative)
glaimį (accusative singular)
glaiminz (accusative plural)
glaimīz (genitive singular)
glaimijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glaimī (dative singular)
glaimimaz (dative plural)
glaimī (instrumental singular)
glaimimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glaimi

Old English: glǣm

Middle English: gleme

English: gleam

Scots: glaim

Old Saxon: *glēm

Middle Low German: *glêm

German Low German: Gleem

Old High German: gleim

Middle High German: gleim

German: Gleim

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley- (“to shine”).


stagą

stagą (nominative singular)
stagō (nominative plural)
stagą (singular vocative)
stagō (plural vocative)
stagą (accusative singular)
stagō (accusative plural)
stagas (genitive singular)
stagis (genitive singular)
stagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stagai (dative singular)
stagamaz (dative plural)
stagō (instrumental singular)
stagamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stag

Old English: stæġ

Middle English: steye, stay

English: stay

Scots: sta, stay

→ Old French: estay, estai

Middle French: estai

French: étai

→ Catalan: estai

→ Spanish: estay

→ Portuguese: estay, estai

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: esteo (or either from Latin stilus)

Galician: esteo

Portuguese: esteio

Old Frisian: stag

West Frisian: staach

Old Saxon: stag

Middle Low German: stach

German Low German: Stag

→ German: Stag

→ Polish: sztag

→ Dutch: stag

Old Norse: stag

Icelandic: stag

Norwegian: stag

Swedish: stag

Danish: stag

From *stag- (“to be stiff, prop”), from Proto-Indo-European *stak-, *stek- (“to stand, stell, hold”).


greutą

greutą (nominative singular)
greutō (nominative plural)
greutą (singular vocative)
greutō (plural vocative)
greutą (accusative singular)
greutō (accusative plural)
greutas (genitive singular)
griutis (genitive singular)
greutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
greutai (dative singular)
greutamaz (dative plural)
greutō (instrumental singular)
greutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: grēot

Middle English: griet, grete

English: grit

→ Dutch: grit

Old Saxon: griot

Old Dutch: *griot

Middle Dutch: griet

q

Dutch: griet (“brill”) (possibly, if the name derives from the typical habitat of brills)

Old High German: grioz

Middle High German: griez

Bavarian: Griaß

German: Grieß

→ Dutch: gries, griesmeel

→ Polish: grys

desctree

Old Norse: grjót n
Icelandic: grjót
Faroese: grjót
Norwegian Nynorsk: grjot
Old Bothnian: *griūt n, *griūta f
Old Swedish: grȳt
Swedish: gryt; (dialectal) gryte

→ Proto-Finnic: *riutta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-. Compare Lithuanian grúodas (“frost; frozen street dirt”) and Serbo-Croatian grȕda (“lump”).


farwō

farwō (nominative singular)
farwôz (nominative plural)
farwō (singular vocative)
farwôz (plural vocative)
farwǭ (accusative singular)
farwōz (accusative plural)
farwōz (genitive singular)
farwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farwōi (dative singular)
farwōmaz (dative plural)
farwō (instrumental singular)
farwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faru
Old Frisian: ferwe, verwa
Saterland Frisian: Faawe
West Frisian: farve, ferve
Old Saxon: farwi, farawi, farw
Middle Low German: varwe, verwe
Low German: Faarf, Farf, Farv, Farve, Farw, Farwe
→ Danish: farve
Norwegian Bokmål: farve (riksmål)
→ Estonian: värv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: farge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: farge
→ Old Swedish: færgha
Swedish: färg
→ Finnish: väri
Old Dutch: *farwa
Middle Dutch: varwe, vāerwe, verwe
Dutch: verf
Afrikaans: verf
Negerhollands: verw
→ Papiamentu: fèrfdó
→ Sranan Tongo: ferfi
→ Aukan: felifi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: verfi
→ Saramaccan: féifi
Limburgish: varf
Old High German: farawa, farawī
Middle High German: varwe, farwe, verwe, var, far
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Fàrb
Swabian: Farb
Bavarian: Foam
Cimbrian: bèrbe
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Forreb
Ripuarian: Färv
German: Farbe (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Faarf
Vilamovian: förf
Yiddish: פֿאַרב (farb)
→ Czech: barva (see there for further descendants)
→ Lower Sorbian: barwa
→ Slovene: barva
→ Upper Sorbian: barba
→ Old Polish: barwa
Polish: barwa
→ Belarusian: ба́рва (bárva)
→ Ukrainian: ба́рва (bárva)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 (farwa, dative singular) (a-stem of uncertain gender)

From earlier *fargwō, from *fargwaz (“colorful”) + *-ō.


furhnō

furhnō (nominative singular)
furhnôz (nominative plural)
furhnō (singular vocative)
furhnôz (plural vocative)
furhnǭ (accusative singular)
furhnōz (accusative plural)
furhnōz (genitive singular)
furhnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhnōi (dative singular)
furhnōmaz (dative plural)
furhnō (instrumental singular)
furhnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *forhnu
Old English: forn
Old Saxon: forhna
Middle Low German: vôrne
→ Swedish: färna
Old Dutch: *forna
Middle Dutch: vōorne
Dutch: voorn
Old High German: forhana
Middle High German: forhen, forhel
German: Forelle
→ Danish: forel
→ Dutch: forel
Luxembourgish: Frell

→ Latin: fariō (gen. fariōnis) (?)

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥ḱ-n-éh₂, from *perḱ- (“colored, speckled”). Cognate with Middle Irish erch (“perch, salmon”), Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”).


skiwô

skiwô (nominative singular)
skiwaniz (nominative plural)
skiwô (singular vocative)
skiwaniz (plural vocative)
skiwanų (accusative singular)
skiwanunz (accusative plural)
skiwiniz (genitive singular)
skiwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skiwini (dative singular)
skiwammaz (dative plural)
skiwinē (instrumental singular)
skiwammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skiwō

Old English: sċēo

Middle English: scheu, schew

Old Saxon: scio, skio

Old Norse: *skew, *skiw

→ Middle English: skew, skiw, skyw

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover, bedeck”). Cognate with Old Irish ceó (“sky, heaven”).


skiwją

skiwją (nominative singular)
skiwjō (nominative plural)
skiwją (singular vocative)
skiwjō (plural vocative)
skiwją (accusative singular)
skiwjō (accusative plural)
skiwjas (genitive singular)
skiwis (genitive singular)
skiwjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skiwjai (dative singular)
skiwjamaz (dative plural)
skiwjō (instrumental singular)
skiwjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: ský
Icelandic: ský (“cloud”)
Faroese: skýggj (“cloud”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: sky f (“cloud”)
Old Swedish: skȳ (“cloud, sky”)
Swedish: sky (“sky, heaven”)
Old Danish: sky
Danish: sky (“cloud”)
Norwegian Bokmål: sky m or f (“cloud”)
→ Middle English: sky, skie, ske (“cloud, sky”)
English: sky (“sky, (obsolete) cloud”)
Scots: sky, skie, skey, ske (“sky”)
Yola: skee


kruppaz

kruppaz (nominative singular)
kruppōz (nominative plural)
kruppōs (nominative plural)
krupp (singular vocative)
kruppōz (plural vocative)
kruppōs (plural vocative)
kruppą (accusative singular)
kruppanz (accusative plural)
kruppas (genitive singular)
kruppis (genitive singular)
kruppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kruppai (dative singular)
kruppamaz (dative plural)
kruppō (instrumental singular)
kruppamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krupp, *kropp

Old English: cropp
Middle English: croppe, crop, crope, cropp, croupe, crowpe
English: crop
Scots: crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop

Old Frisian: *krop

Saterland Frisian: Krop

West Frisian: krop

Old Saxon: kropp, krop

Middle Low German: krop

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Krop, Krip

Suerländer-Märkisch: Kropp

Westmünsterländisch: Kropp

Low German: Kropp

Plautdietsch: Kropp

Old Dutch: *kropp, crop

Middle Dutch: crop

Dutch: krop
Afrikaans: krop
Negerhollands: krop

→ Vulgar Latin: *cruppus
Catalan: grop
Italian: gruppo, groppo (see there for further descendants)
Sicilian: gruppu

Old High German: kropf, kroph

Middle High German: kropf, kroph

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Kropp

Luxembourgish: Krapp

German: Kropf

Rhine Franconian: Kropp, Krupp

Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀopʃ]

Vilamovian: kröp

Old Norse: kroppr

Icelandic: kroppur

Faroese: kroppur

Norwegian Bokmål: kropp

Norwegian Nynorsk: kropp

Old Swedish: kropper, krupper
Swedish: kropp

Danish: krop

→ Old French: crope, croupe, crupe
Middle French: croupe
French: croupe (see there for further descendants)
Norman: croupe
→ Middle English: croupe, crop, crope, croppe, croup, crowpe
English: croup, croupe
Middle Scots: crouppe (hapax)

Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to curve, bend, crawl”), from a root Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, wind (into a mass)”), and compared with Persian گروه (goruh, “group”), though the reconstruction appears outdated (as more recent research reconstructs the proto-root as *grewbʰ-, see the entry for *kreupaną linked below), and the existence of a more fundamental root *ger- appears quite uncertain.
Kroonen tentatively considers the word an a-stem nominal formation related to *kruppōną (“to crawl”), itself the iterative to *kreupaną (“to crawl, writhe”), via sense development "to bend down and crawl" > "to bunch oneself into a clump-like shape".

der

(of harvest, fruit, plant, corn) a crop; bunch; cluster; head (of grain)


meltǭ

meltǭ (nominative singular)
meltōniz (nominative plural)
meltǭ (singular vocative)
meltōniz (plural vocative)
meltōnų (accusative singular)
meltōnunz (accusative plural)
meltōniz (genitive singular)
meltōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
meltōni (dative singular)
meltōmaz (dative plural)
meltōnē (instrumental singular)
meltōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *meltā, *miltijā

desctree

Old English: milte
Middle English: milte, milt, multe, mylt, mylte
English: milt
Scots: melt, meilt

Old Frisian: milte

Saterland Frisian: Milte

West Frisian: milt, melt

Old Saxon: *milta

Middle Low German: milte

German Low German: Milt

Old Dutch: *milta
Middle Dutch: milte
Dutch: milt
Afrikaans: milt

Old High German: milza

Old Norse: mjalti

Norwegian: mjelte

Elfdalian: mjälta

Old Swedish: miælte, mælte

Swedish: mjälte

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, grind, crush, weaken”).


miltijaz

miltijaz (nominative singular)
miltijōz (nominative plural)
miltijōs (nominative plural)
miltī (singular vocative)
miltijōz (plural vocative)
miltijōs (plural vocative)
miltiją (accusative singular)
miltijanz (accusative plural)
miltijas (genitive singular)
miltīs (genitive singular)
miltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miltijai (dative singular)
miltijamaz (dative plural)
miltijō (instrumental singular)
miltijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miltī

Old English: milt


supô

supô (nominative singular)
supaniz (nominative plural)
supô (singular vocative)
supaniz (plural vocative)
supanų (accusative singular)
supanunz (accusative plural)
supiniz (genitive singular)
supanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
supini (dative singular)
supammaz (dative plural)
supinē (instrumental singular)
supammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sopa

Middle English: sope, soppe, sop

English: sop

Scots: sope

Old Saxon: *sopo

Middle Low German: sope

q

with influence from Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">supe</i>

→ German: Suppe (with influence from Old French supe) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Norse: soppa

→ Icelandic: súpa

→ Faroese: súpan

→ Norwegian: suppe

→ Swedish: soppa
→ Finnish: soppa

→ Danish: suppe

Old Dutch: *sopo

Middle Dutch: sope, soop

desc

⇒ Dutch: zoopje, zopie (diminutiva tantum)

Afrikaans: sopie

Old Norse: sopi

Icelandic: sopi

Faroese: sopi

Norwegian Nynorsk: sope

Old Swedish: supi, sopi

→ Latin: suppa (also possibly from *suppǭ)

Lombard: süpa

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: zuppa

Sicilian: suppa, zuppa

Old French: supe (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan:

Catalan: sopa

Occitan: sopa

West Iberian

Aragonese: sopa

Asturian: sopa

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: sopa

Portuguese: sopa

Spanish: sopa

→ Basque: zopa

A nominal formation from *sūpaną (“to drink, sip”).


-ilingaz

-ilingaz (nominative singular)
-ilingōz (nominative plural)
-ilingōs (nominative plural)
-iling (singular vocative)
-ilingōz (plural vocative)
-ilingōs (plural vocative)
-ilingą (accusative singular)
-ilinganz (accusative plural)
-ilingas (genitive singular)
-ilingis (genitive singular)
-ilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ilingai (dative singular)
-ilingamaz (dative plural)
-ilingō (instrumental singular)
-ilingamiz (instrumental plural)
*-ulingaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ling
Old English: -ling
Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge
English: -ling
Scots: -ling, -lin
Old Frisian: -ling
Saterland Frisian: -ling
West Frisian: -ling
Old Saxon: -ling
Middle Low German: -linc, -link
German Low German: -ling
Old Dutch: -ling
Middle Dutch: -ling
Dutch: -ling
Old High German: -ling
Middle High German: -linc
German: -ling
→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus
Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn
Middle French: -llan
French: -llan
→ Italian: -llano
→ Spanish: -lán
→ English: -lain
Old Italian: -lingo
Italian: -lengo
Old Occitan: -leng
Catalan: -lenc
Spanish: -lengo

Old Norse: -lingr

Icelandic: -lingur

Faroese: -lingur

Swedish: -ling

Gothic: -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs)

Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force.


stōlaz

stōlaz (nominative singular)
stōlōz (nominative plural)
stōlōs (nominative plural)
stōl (singular vocative)
stōlōz (plural vocative)
stōlōs (plural vocative)
stōlą (accusative singular)
stōlanz (accusative plural)
stōlas (genitive singular)
stōlis (genitive singular)
stōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōlai (dative singular)
stōlamaz (dative plural)
stōlō (instrumental singular)
stōlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stōl
Old English: stōl
Middle English: stool
English: stool
Scots: stuil, stul, stule
Old Frisian: stōl
North Frisian: stuul, stölj, Stuul
Saterland Frisian: Stoul
West Frisian: stoel
Old Saxon: stōl
Middle Low German: stôl
German Low German: Stohl (also Münsterländisch), Stauhl (Paderbornisch), Staul (Sauerländisch)
→ Lower Sorbian: stoł
Plautdietsch: Stool
→ Estonian: tool
→ Votic: stooli
Old Dutch: stuol
Middle Dutch: stoel
Dutch: stoel
Afrikaans: stoel
→ Nǀuu: stulsi
→ Southern Ndebele: ísítúlo
→ Shona: chitúru, chitúro
→ Sotho: setulo
→ Swazi: sítúlo
→ Tsonga: xitulu
→ Xhosa: ísítúlo
→ Zulu: ísítúlo
Jersey Dutch: stûl
Negerhollands: stoel, stul, stuel
Skepi Creole Dutch: stool
→ Aukan: sutuu
→ Fanagalo: stul (possibly via Zulu or from English)
→ Papiamentu: stul, stoeltsje, stoeltji
→ Sranan Tongo: sturu
Limburgish: stool
Old High German: stuol
Middle High German: stuol
German: Stuhl
Hunsrik: Stuhl
Luxembourgish: Stull
Vilamovian: śtül
Yiddish: שטול (shtul)

Old Norse: stóll
Icelandic: stóll
Faroese: stólur
Norn: stol, stul, støl
Norwegian Bokmål: stol
Norwegian Nynorsk: stol
Old Swedish: stōl
Swedish: stol
→ Finnish: tuoli
→ Ingrian: stooli
Danish: stol
Gutnish: stol, stul

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐍃 (stōls)

Crimean Gothic: stul

→ Old East Slavic: стулъ (stulŭ) (via Old Norse or Middle Low German)

Russian: стул (stul), стулъ (stul) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Azerbaijani: stul
→ Even: стул (stul)
→ Kildin Sami: стӯла (stūla)
→ Uzbek: stul

From Proto-Indo-European *stoh₂los (“frame, rack, stand”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Lithuanian stalas (“table”), Russian стол (stol, “table”), Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē, “sile, pillar”), Lithuanian pastoliai (“scaffolding”).


hanhilaz

hanhilaz (nominative singular)
hanhilōz (nominative plural)
hanhilōs (nominative plural)
hanhil (singular vocative)
hanhilōz (plural vocative)
hanhilōs (plural vocative)
hanhilą (accusative singular)
hanhilanz (accusative plural)
hanhilas (genitive singular)
hanhilis (genitive singular)
hanhilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanhilai (dative singular)
hanhilamaz (dative plural)
hanhilō (instrumental singular)
hanhilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄hilō
Old English: hēla, hǣla
Middle English: hele, heele, heyle, heyll, hiele, hile
English: heel
Scots: heel
Yola: heel
Old Frisian: hēla
North Frisian: (Föhr-Amrum) haiel, hael, häile, hajel, hägel
West Frisian: hyl
Old Saxon: *hāhilo, *hēhilo, *hēlo
Middle Low German: *hêle, *hiele
German Low German: Hiel (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Dutch: *hālo, *hēlo m, *hēla f
Middle Dutch: hiele, hiel m or f (perhaps a borrowing from Frisian)
Dutch: hiel m

Old Norse: hæll

Icelandic: hæll

Faroese: hælur

Norwegian: hel, hæl

Old Swedish: hǣl

Swedish: häl

Danish: hæl

Gutnish: hel, heil


rōō

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

rōō (nominative singular)
rōôz (nominative plural)
rōō (singular vocative)
rōôz (plural vocative)
rōǭ (accusative singular)
rōōz (accusative plural)
rōōz (genitive singular)
rōǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōōi (dative singular)
rōōmaz (dative plural)
rōō (instrumental singular)
rōōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rōu
Old English: rōw, rō
Middle English: ro, rou, rowe, roo
English: roo
Scots: ro, ruve
Old Saxon: *rōwa
Middle Low German: rôwe
German Low German:
Altmärkisch, Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Raue
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Rugge, Riu (Sundern), Rūre (Wenden)
Westmünsterländisch: Ruhe
East Westphalian: Riuhe (Lippisch), Rue (Wedemarkisch)
→? Saterland Frisian: Raue
Old Dutch: ruowa
Middle Dutch: rowe, rouwe
Old High German: ruowa
Middle High German: ruowe, rouwe, ruo
German: Ruhe
Alemannic German: Ruew
Hunsrik: Ruh
Luxembourgish: Rou
Yiddish: רו (ru)

Old Norse: ró
Icelandic: ró
Faroese: ró, rógv
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: ro
Norwegian Bokmål: ro
Elfdalian: ruo
Old Swedish: rō
Swedish: ro
Danish: ro

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roh₁-weh₂, from *h₁reh₁- (“quiet, calm”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (rāman, “peace, tranquility”) and Sanskrit रात्रि (rātri, “night”), whence Hindi रात (rāt, “night”).


bastaz

bastaz (nominative singular)
bastōz (nominative plural)
bastōs (nominative plural)
bast (singular vocative)
bastōz (plural vocative)
bastōs (plural vocative)
bastą (accusative singular)
bastanz (accusative plural)
bastas (genitive singular)
bastis (genitive singular)
bastǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bastai (dative singular)
bastamaz (dative plural)
bastō (instrumental singular)
bastamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bast
Old English: bæst
Middle English: bast, baste
English: bast, bass
Scots: bass
Old Saxon: bast
Middle Low German: bast
→ Old Norse: bast
Faroese: bast
Old Swedish: bast
Swedish: bast
Old Danish: bast
Danish: bast
Old Dutch: *bast
Middle Dutch: bast
Dutch: bast
Afrikaans: bas
Old High German: bast
German: Bast

Uncertain; suggested to be an alteration of Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- ~ *bʰasḱ- (“bundle, heap, load”), but this is disputed.


bedą

bedą (nominative singular)
bedō (nominative plural)
bedą (singular vocative)
bedō (plural vocative)
bedą (accusative singular)
bedō (accusative plural)
bedas (genitive singular)
bidis (genitive singular)
bedǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bedai (dative singular)
bedamaz (dative plural)
bedō (instrumental singular)
bedamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bed
Old English: bed
Middle English: bed, bede (through confluence with descendants of Old English ġebed)
English: bead
Scots: bede, beid
Old High German: *bet
Middle High German: bët, bëte
German: Bet

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech, implore”); more at *bedō.


wrakjô

wrakjô (nominative singular)
wrakjaniz (nominative plural)
wrakjô (singular vocative)
wrakjaniz (plural vocative)
wrakjanų (accusative singular)
wrakjanunz (accusative plural)
wrakjiniz (genitive singular)
wrakjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrakjini (dative singular)
wrakjammaz (dative plural)
wrakjinē (instrumental singular)
wrakjammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrakkjō
Old English: wræċċa, wreċċa
Middle English: wrecche
English: wretch
Scots: wratch, wretch, werch, warch
Old Saxon: wrekkio
Old Dutch: *recko
Middle Dutch: recke
Old High German: reccho, *wreccheo, wreccho, hrechjo, wrecko, recko
Middle High German: reche, recke
→ Middle Low German: recke
German: Recke
→ Medieval Latin: garciō (see there for further descendants)

an exile, one who is persecuted or displaced, fugitive


fersnō

fersnō (nominative singular)
fersnôz (nominative plural)
fersnō (singular vocative)
fersnôz (plural vocative)
fersnǭ (accusative singular)
fersnōz (accusative plural)
fersnōz (genitive singular)
fersnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fersnōi (dative singular)
fersnōmaz (dative plural)
fersnō (instrumental singular)
fersnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fersnu

Old English: fiersn

Old Saxon: fersna

Middle Low German: vērsene, vērse

Old Dutch: fersna
Middle Dutch: versene
Dutch: verzen, vaars (dialectal)

Old High German: fersana, fersna

desc

Middle High German: vërsene, vërsen, vërse

Bavarian: Ferschn

German: Ferse

Luxembourgish: Feescht

Vilamovian: faoś

⇒ Cimbrian: vèerzinga, bèerzinga (Mezzaselva)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌽𐌰 (fairzna)

From Proto-Indo-European *tpḗrsneh₂ (“heel”).


bardaz

bardaz (nominative singular)
bardōz (nominative plural)
bardōs (nominative plural)
bard (singular vocative)
bardōz (plural vocative)
bardōs (plural vocative)
bardą (accusative singular)
bardanz (accusative plural)
bardas (genitive singular)
bardis (genitive singular)
bardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bardai (dative singular)
bardamaz (dative plural)
bardō (instrumental singular)
bardamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bard
Old English: beard
Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
English: beard
Scots: berd, berde, beird
Yola: bearde
→ Anglo-Norman: berd
→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)
Old Frisian: *bard, berd
West Frisian: burd
Old Saxon: bard
Middle Low German: bart
German Low German: Baart
Westphalian
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bårt
Vest Recklinghausen: Bart
Westmünsterländisch: Baord, Buord, Burd
Plautdietsch: Boat
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
→ Saterland Frisian: Boart
Old Dutch: *bart
Middle Dutch: bāert
Dutch: baard
Afrikaans: baard
Negerhollands: baard
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bad (archaic)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
→ West Frisian: baard
Limburgish: baerd
Old High German: bart
Middle High German: bart
Alemannic German: Baart
Bavarian: Bårt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Baart
Luxembourgish: Baart
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: biöet, biöt
East Franconian:
German: Bart
→ Norwegian: bart
Rhine Franconian: Bat, Bart
Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt], (older) [b̥ɔːt]
Pennsylvania German: Baart
Yiddish: באָרד (bord)

Old Norse: barð n (< *barðą)
Icelandic: barð
Norwegian Bokmål: bard m
Norwegian Nynorsk: bard, barde
Swedish: bard, bård

Crimean Gothic: bars

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”).
The change from a feminine first declension pattern to a masculine short a-stem is analogous; a more etymologically accurate descendant would be something like "bardō."


skagją

skagją (nominative singular)
skagjō (nominative plural)
skagją (singular vocative)
skagjō (plural vocative)
skagją (accusative singular)
skagjō (accusative plural)
skagjas (genitive singular)
skagis (genitive singular)
skagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skagjai (dative singular)
skagjamaz (dative plural)
skagjō (instrumental singular)
skagjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaggī

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *skaggijā

Old English: sċeacga
Middle English: *schagge
English: shag
Middle Scots: schagg, schage, schaig

Old Norse: skegg
Icelandic: skegg
Faroese: skegg
Norwegian: skjegg
Old Swedish: skæg
Swedish: skägg
Danish: skæg

→ Proto-Samic: *skāvčā (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *skōgô (“brush, thicket”) + *-ją.


bewwą

bewwą (nominative singular)
bewwō (nominative plural)
bewwą (singular vocative)
bewwō (plural vocative)
bewwą (accusative singular)
bewwō (accusative plural)
bewwas (genitive singular)
biwwis (genitive singular)
bewwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bewwai (dative singular)
bewwamaz (dative plural)
bewwō (instrumental singular)
bewwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *beuw
Old English: bēow
Old Frisian: bē
Old Saxon: beo, beu
⇒ Old Saxon: beuwod, bewod
Old High German: *beo
Middle High German: bū, bou (merger with *bū m or n)

Proto-Norse: *ᛒᛁᚷᚹᚨ (*bigwa /*biggwa/)

Old Norse: bygg, biugg — Old East Norse
Icelandic: bygg n
Faroese: bygg n
Norwegian: m
Norwegian Bokmål: bygg
Norwegian Nynorsk: bygg
Old Swedish: biug, biugh
Swedish: bjugg n, bju, bygg, byg, by, bägg
Old Danish: biug n
Danish: byg c
→ Middle English: big, byg, byge
English: bigg, big
Scots: bigg, big

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to become, to grow”).


bardǭ

bardǭ (nominative singular)
bardōniz (nominative plural)
bardǭ (singular vocative)
bardōniz (plural vocative)
bardōnų (accusative singular)
bardōnunz (accusative plural)
bardōniz (genitive singular)
bardōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bardōni (dative singular)
bardōmaz (dative plural)
bardōnē (instrumental singular)
bardōmiz (instrumental plural)
*bardō (alternative)
*barduz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *bardā

Old Saxon: barda

Middle Low German: bārde

Frankish: *barda > *Langabarda (possibly, meaning "long axe")

Old Dutch: barda

Middle Dutch: barde, baerde; bardse; helmbaerde

Dutch: baars; hellebaard

→ Late Latin: Langobardus, Longobardus

Old French: Lombard

Old High German: barta

Middle High German: barte

German: Barte

Old Norse: barða

Icelandic: barða

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰ- or *bʰordʰ-, probably from *bʰer-, *bʰor- (“to protrude; bristle, spike, tip, awn”); compare *baraz for the unextended root.
Sometimes considered a derivative of *bardaz (“beard”), as if meaning “beard-shaped tool”, though the direction could be the reverse. Orel compares Old Norse skegg-ǫx (literally “beard-axe”) for the semantics.


akwisī

akwisī (nominative singular)
akuzijôz (nominative plural)
akwisī (singular vocative)
akuzijôz (plural vocative)
akuzijǭ (accusative singular)
akuzijōz (accusative plural)
akuzijōz (genitive singular)
akuzijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akuzijōi (dative singular)
akuzijōmaz (dative plural)
akuzijō (instrumental singular)
akuzijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *akusi
Old English: æx, æces, acas, eax
Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe, æxæ, æxe
English: axe, ax
Scots: aix
Old Frisian: axa
Saterland Frisian: Äkse
Old Saxon: akus
Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, akes
Low German: Ax, Äx, Ex
Westphalian:
Märkisch: Akes
Plautdietsch: Akjs
Old Dutch: acus
Middle Dutch: ākes, āex
Dutch: aks, akst
Limburgish: aaks
Old High German: ackis, ackus
Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt
German: Axt
Luxembourgish: Aaxt

Old Norse: øx, ǫx
Icelandic: öxi, exi, öx
Faroese: øks
Norwegian Bokmål: øks
Norwegian Nynorsk: øks
Old Swedish: øx, øxa
Swedish: yxa
Old Danish: øx, øxæ
Danish: økse
Elfdalian: öks
Old Gutnish: yxi
Gutnish: yx
Scanian: yğsa

Gothic: 𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌹 (aqizi)

→ Proto-Samic: *ākšōjō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *okъša, *okъšy (see there for further descendants)

From apparent pre-Germanic *h₂egʷésih₂ (“axe”), which along with Ancient Greek ἀξῑ́νη (axī́nē) and Latin ascia is probably a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language. Compare also Akkadian 𒍏𒄩𒍣𒅔 (ḫaṣṣinnum), Aramaic חצינא (ḥăṣṣīnā).

cog

Aramaic חצינא (ḥăṣṣīnā)

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


akraną

akraną (nominative singular)
akranō (nominative plural)
akraną (singular vocative)
akranō (plural vocative)
akraną (accusative singular)
akranō (accusative plural)
akranas (genitive singular)
akranis (genitive singular)
akranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akranai (dative singular)
akranamaz (dative plural)
akranō (instrumental singular)
akranamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *akarn, *akran, *akrun, *akrin
Old English: æcern, æceran, æceren, æcirn
Middle English: acorn
English: acorn
Scots: aicorn
Old Frisian: *akern
Saterland Frisian: Äkkene
West Frisian: aker
Old Saxon: *akeran, *ekerin
Middle Low German: ākeren, ackeren, ēkeren, eckeren
German Low German: Ecker
Low German: eckeren
Old Dutch: *akeran
Middle Dutch: aecker, aker
Dutch: aker
Afrikaans: akker
Old High German: *akeran, *ekerin
Middle High German: ackeran, eckeren, eckern, ecker
German: Ackeran, Ecker
→? Old French: aigrun
Middle French: aigrun, aigrin, egrun
French: aigrin, égrain

Old Norse: akarn
Icelandic: akarn
Faroese: akarn
Norwegian Nynorsk: åkorn
Swedish: akarn
Danish: agern

Gothic: 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 (akran)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógr̥ (“small fruit ~ berry”); compare Proto-Celtic *agrinyos (“~ sloe, small plum, berry”), Latvian ôga, Lithuanian úoga, Proto-Slavic *àgo-da (“fruit, berry”), Tocharian B oko (“fruit”).


strawą

strawą (nominative singular)
strawō (nominative plural)
strawą (singular vocative)
strawō (plural vocative)
strawą (accusative singular)
strawō (accusative plural)
strawas (genitive singular)
strawis (genitive singular)
strawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strawai (dative singular)
strawamaz (dative plural)
strawō (instrumental singular)
strawamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strau
Old English: strēaw
Middle English: straw
English: straw
Scots: strae
Yola: strew, stre
Old Frisian: strē
Saterland Frisian: Sträi
West Frisian: strie
Old Saxon: strō
Middle Low German: strô
German Low German: Stroh
Plautdietsch: Stroo
Old Dutch: strō
Middle Dutch: strô
Dutch: stro
Limburgish: struue
Old High German: strou, strō
Middle High German: strō
German: Stroh
Luxembourgish: Stréi
Vilamovian: śtruf
Yiddish: שטרוי (shtroy)

Old Norse: strá

Icelandic: strá

Faroese: strá

Norwegian: strå

Old Swedish: strā

Swedish: strå

Old Danish: stra

Danish: strå

Gutnish: strä

From Pre-Germanic *strow-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *strew-.


krēǭ

krēǭ (nominative singular)
krēōniz (nominative plural)
krēǭ (singular vocative)
krēōniz (plural vocative)
krēōnų (accusative singular)
krēōnunz (accusative plural)
krēōniz (genitive singular)
krēōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krēōni (dative singular)
krēōmaz (dative plural)
krēōnē (instrumental singular)
krēōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krāā, *krājā
Old English: crāwe, crāuuae — early
Middle English: crowe, crawe, crow, crauw, craw
English: crow
Geordie English: craw
Scots: craw
Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw
Old Frisian: *krā, *krē
West Frisian: krie
Old Saxon: krāia, krāa
Middle Low German: krâ, kreie
Plautdietsch: Krauj
Old Dutch: *crāia
Middle Dutch: crâye
Dutch: kraai
Afrikaans: kraai
Limburgish: krej
Old High German: krāwa, kraja, krāha
Middle High German: krā, krāe, krāwe
Cimbrian: kre
German: Krähe
Hunsrik: Kreh
Luxembourgish: Kréi
Vilamovian: kröw
Yiddish: קראָ (kro)


dēhǭ

dēhǭ (nominative singular)
dēhōniz (nominative plural)
dēhǭ (singular vocative)
dēhōniz (plural vocative)
dēhōnų (accusative singular)
dēhōnunz (accusative plural)
dēhōniz (genitive singular)
dēhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dēhōni (dative singular)
dēhōmaz (dative plural)
dēhōnē (instrumental singular)
dēhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dāhwā, *dagwā, *dahā
Old English: *dāwe
Middle English: dawe
English: daw
⇒ English: jackdaw
Scots: da, daa, daw
Old Saxon: dāha
Old High German: tāha
Middle High German: tāhe
German: Tach, Dache (dialectal)

Perhaps from an onomatopoeic Proto-Indo-European root *dʰek-, *dʰēk- (“a daw, starling, thrush”). Cognate with Old Prussian doacke (“starling”), Latin faccilāre (“the sound or timbre of the thrush”).


uzristiz

uzristiz (nominative singular)
uzristīz (nominative plural)
uzristi (singular vocative)
uzristīz (plural vocative)
uzristį (accusative singular)
uzristinz (accusative plural)
uzristīz (genitive singular)
uzristijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzristī (dative singular)
uzristimaz (dative plural)
uzristī (instrumental singular)
uzristimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣrist

Middle English: arist

English: arist

Old High German: urrist

Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (urrists)

From *uz- + *ristiz, from *rīsaną (“to rise”).


gamaną

gamaną (nominative singular)
gamanō (nominative plural)
gamaną (singular vocative)
gamanō (plural vocative)
gamaną (accusative singular)
gamanō (accusative plural)
gamanas (genitive singular)
gamanis (genitive singular)
gamanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gamanai (dative singular)
gamanamaz (dative plural)
gamanō (instrumental singular)
gamanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaman
Old English: gamen, gomen
Middle English: game, gamen, gemen, gomen, gome, gammen, gaume, gamme, gamin, gomin, gomyn, gomun, gam, geme
English: game (see there for further descendants); (dialectal gam)
Scots: gemme, gem, gyem, game
Yola: gaame, gaume, gaaume
Old Frisian: game, gome
>? West Frisian: gammen
Old Saxon: gaman
⇒ Middle Low German: gamel
German Low German: Gammel
Old Dutch: *gaman
Middle Dutch: game, gāme
⇒ Middle Dutch: gemelijc
Dutch: gemelijk
Old High German: gaman
Middle High German: gamen, gamel, game
German: Gammel (dialectal)

Old Norse: gaman; (gems)
Icelandic: gaman
Faroese: gaman
Norwegian Nynorsk: gaman, gama
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gaman
Old Swedish: gaman, gamman, gammen
Swedish: gamman
Danish: gammen
Norwegian Bokmål: gammen

>? Old Norse: man
Icelandic: man

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽 (gaman)

/ˈɣɑ.mɑ.nɑ̃/

Exact origin uncertain. Perhaps from *ga- + *mann-, but the stress is on the first syllable, whereas the prefix *ga- never bears stress. Alternatively:
* Cognate with Proto-Slavic *gomonъ (“noise”)
* Pokorny compares Middle High German gampen, gumpen (“to jump”) (cf. *gampaz) and Ancient Greek ἀθεμβοῦσα (athemboûsa, “exuberant”), which would point to Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)gʷʰemb-, *(h₂)gʷʰem- (“to hop, jump, frisk”).


barsaz

barsaz (nominative singular)
barsōz (nominative plural)
barsōs (nominative plural)
bars (singular vocative)
barsōz (plural vocative)
barsōs (plural vocative)
barsą (accusative singular)
barsanz (accusative plural)
barsas (genitive singular)
barsis (genitive singular)
barsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barsai (dative singular)
barsamaz (dative plural)
barsō (instrumental singular)
barsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bars
Old English: bærs
Middle English: bars, bas
English: barse, bass
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: Boas
Old Saxon: bars
→ Polabian: borš
Old Dutch: *bars
Middle Dutch: bars, bāers
Dutch: baars
Old High German: bars
Middle High German: bars
German: Barsch

(Old Norse: *borri < *burzô)

(Old Swedish: borre (in compounds))

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰórsos (“pointy, prickly”), from *bʰers- (“top, point”).


nadrǭ

nadrǭ (nominative singular)
nadrōniz (nominative plural)
nadrǭ (singular vocative)
nadrōniz (plural vocative)
nadrōnų (accusative singular)
nadrōnunz (accusative plural)
nadrōniz (genitive singular)
nadrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nadrōni (dative singular)
nadrōmaz (dative plural)
nadrōnē (instrumental singular)
nadrōmiz (instrumental plural)
*nēdrǭ (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nadrā
Old English: nǣdre, nǣddre
Middle English: naddere, addere
Scots: edder
English: adder; nedder (dialectal)
Old Frisian: *nēdre
Saterland Frisian: Neder
West Frisian: njirre
Old Saxon: nādra, nādara
Middle Low German: nâder, nader, nadder
Low German: Adder
German Low German: Adder
→ Saterland Frisian: Adder
Old Dutch: *nadra
Middle Dutch: nadre, nadder, adre, adder
Dutch: adder
Afrikaans: adder
Limburgish: adder
Old High German: nātara, otter
Middle High German: nātere, nāter, otter
German: Natter, Otter
Swedish: natter
Luxembourgish: Adder

Old Norse: naðra
Icelandic: naðra
Swedish: nädra


nadraz

nadraz (nominative singular)
nadrōz (nominative plural)
nadrōs (nominative plural)
nadr (singular vocative)
nadrōz (plural vocative)
nadrōs (plural vocative)
nadrą (accusative singular)
nadranz (accusative plural)
nadras (genitive singular)
nadris (genitive singular)
nadrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nadrai (dative singular)
nadramaz (dative plural)
nadrō (instrumental singular)
nadramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: naðr

Icelandic: naður

Swedish: näder

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌳𐍂𐍃 (nadrs)


būsniz

būsniz (nominative singular)
būsnīz (nominative plural)
būsni (singular vocative)
būsnīz (plural vocative)
būsnį (accusative singular)
būsninz (accusative plural)
būsnīz (genitive singular)
būsnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būsnī (dative singular)
būsnimaz (dative plural)
būsnī (instrumental singular)
būsnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *būsni
Old English: bȳsn, bȳsen
Middle English: bisne, bysen
Scots: bysen, bizen, besyne, bysene
English: bizen
Old Saxon: būsen, būsan (in compounds: e.g. ambūsan)

Old Norse: býsn
Icelandic: býsn n pl
Norwegian Nynorsk: bisn f or n

From earlier *budsniz, from zero-grade of *beudaną (“to offer, bid”) + *-(s)niz.


būraz

būraz (nominative singular)
būrōz (nominative plural)
būrōs (nominative plural)
būr (singular vocative)
būrōz (plural vocative)
būrōs (plural vocative)
būrą (accusative singular)
būranz (accusative plural)
būras (genitive singular)
būris (genitive singular)
būrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būrai (dative singular)
būramaz (dative plural)
būrō (instrumental singular)
būramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *būr

Old English: būr

Middle English: boueer, booer

English: bower

Scots: bour

⇒ Old English: gebūr
→ English: gebur

Old Frisian: būr

⇒ Old Frisian: *gebūr

West Frisian: gebuur

Old Saxon: *būr

Middle Low German: bûr

Low German: Buer

⇒ Polabian: bör

⇒ Old Saxon: gibūr

Old Dutch: *būr

Middle Dutch: buur
Dutch: buur
Afrikaans: buur
Jersey Dutch: buer

Middle Dutch: bure (eastern dialects)

Dutch: boer, bouwer
Afrikaans: boer
→ English: Boer
Jersey Dutch: bûr
→ English: boor
→ Sranan Tongo: buru
→ Caribbean Javanese: bulman, bulmang, buru
→ Dutch: boeroe

⇒ Old Dutch: gibūr

Middle Dutch: gebuur
Dutch: gebuur
West Flemish: gebeur

Old High German: būr
⇒ Middle High German: būre (“neighbor, farmer, peasant”)
Alemannic German: Puur, Buur
Bavarian: Baua
Mòcheno: pauer
Central Franconian: Buur, Boor, Bouer, Bauer
Luxembourgish: Bauer
German: Bauer (“farmer”)
→ English: bauer; bower
→ Polish: bauer
→ Serbo-Croatian: pȁor, па̏ор
Rhine Franconian: Bauer
Pennsylvania German: Bauer
Yiddish: פּויער (poyer)
→ Upper Sorbian: bur


brēdô

brēdô (nominative singular)
brēdaniz (nominative plural)
brēdô (singular vocative)
brēdaniz (plural vocative)
brēdanų (accusative singular)
brēdanunz (accusative plural)
brēdiniz (genitive singular)
brēdanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brēdini (dative singular)
brēdammaz (dative plural)
brēdinē (instrumental singular)
brēdammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣd, brǣde, brād (Old English nouns are strong)

Middle English: brede, brade

Scots: brede

Old Frisian: *brāde, *brēde

Saterland Frisian: Broaden (possibly from Middle Low German)

(West Frisian: gebraden)

Old Saxon: brādo

Middle Low German: brade, brâde; brât

German Low German: Braa

Frankish: *brādō

Old Dutch: *brādo
Middle Dutch: brâde
Afrikaans: braai
→ Dutch: braai
→ English: braai

→ Old French: braon

→ Middle English: brawne

Scots: brawn, bran

English: brawn

Old High German: brāto, prāto; brāt

Middle High German: brāte; brāt

German: Brät, Braten, Bratwurst

→ English: brat, bratwurst

Luxembourgish: Brot

Old Norse: bráð

Icelandic: bráð

Faroese: bráð

Danish: brad

Old Swedish: brāþ

Swedish: bråd (in villebråd)

→ Proto-Finnic: *raato (see there for further descendants)

/ˈbrɛː.ðɔːː/

A nominal formation related to *brēdaną (“to warm, roast”).


wīsadōmaz

wīsadōmaz (nominative singular)
wīsadōmōz (nominative plural)
wīsadōmōs (nominative plural)
wīsadōm (singular vocative)
wīsadōmōz (plural vocative)
wīsadōmōs (plural vocative)
wīsadōmą (accusative singular)
wīsadōmanz (accusative plural)
wīsadōmas (genitive singular)
wīsadōmis (genitive singular)
wīsadōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīsadōmai (dative singular)
wīsadōmamaz (dative plural)
wīsadōmō (instrumental singular)
wīsadōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīsadōm

Old English: wīsdōm

Middle English: wisdom

English: wisdom

Scots: wisdom, wysdome

Old Frisian: wīsdōm

West Frisian: wiisdom, wysdom

Old Saxon: wīsdōm

Middle Low German: *wîsdôm

Low German: Wiesdom

Old Dutch: *wīsduom

Middle Dutch: wijsdom

Dutch: wijsdom

Old High German: wīstuom

Middle High German: wīstuom

German: Weistum

Old Norse: vísdómr

Icelandic: vísdómur

Faroese: vísdómur

Norwegian: visdom

Old Swedish: vīsdōmber

Swedish: visdom

Danish: visdom


maiwaz

maiwaz (nominative singular)
maiwōz (nominative plural)
maiwōs (nominative plural)
maiw (singular vocative)
maiwōz (plural vocative)
maiwōs (plural vocative)
maiwą (accusative singular)
maiwanz (accusative plural)
maiwas (genitive singular)
maiwis (genitive singular)
maiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiwai (dative singular)
maiwamaz (dative plural)
maiwō (instrumental singular)
maiwamiz (instrumental plural)
*maihwaz (alternative)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maiwī (diminutive)
Old English: mǣw, mēu, mēw, mēau, mēaw
Middle English: mewe, mawe, meau, mowe
English: mew (archaic)
Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)
→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve
French: mauve
Old French: moette
French: mouette

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maiwā, *maihwā
Old Frisian: *mēwe
North Frisian: mö (Söl'ring)
West Frisian: meau, miuw
Old Saxon: *mēwa
Middle Low German: mêwe, mêve
German Low German: Meew, Meev, Mööw, Mööv
→ German: Möwe
→ Yiddish: מעווע (meve)
→ Luxembourgish: Méiw
→ Limburgish: mévas
Old Dutch: *mēwa
Middle Dutch: mêwe, mêeuwe
Dutch: meeuw
Afrikaans: meeu
>? Old High German: mēu, mēh (from a transcription originally written in Old English)

Old Norse: már, mór; diminutives: mási, *máki

Icelandic: már, mávur

Faroese: máur, mávur, mási

Norwegian: måke, måse

desc

Swedish: mås, måse, måsa, måk, måke, måka

Danish: måge, moge, måg

→? Middle Dutch: meauca

Dutch: mok

→ West Frisian: mok

Probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin, as no certain cognates exist outside of Germanic, aside from French mauve (“seagull”), which may or may not be ultimately borrowed from the Germanic. Or, of imitative origin.

onomatopoeic

imitative


nakwô

nakwô (nominative singular)
nakwaniz (nominative plural)
nakwô (singular vocative)
nakwaniz (plural vocative)
nakwanų (accusative singular)
nakwanunz (accusative plural)
nakwiniz (genitive singular)
nakwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nakwini (dative singular)
nakwammaz (dative plural)
nakwinē (instrumental singular)
nakwammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nakwō
Old English: naca
Old Frisian: *naka, âke, âk
West Frisian: aek, aak
Old Saxon: nako
German Low German: Âken
Old Dutch: *nako
Middle Dutch: naecke, aecke
Dutch: aak
Old High German: nahho
Middle High German: nache
German: Nachen
Luxembourgish: Naachen

Old Norse: nǫkkvi

Icelandic: nökkvi

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“boat”); a possible explanation of the kʷ is Cowgill's Law.


kebrą

kebrą (nominative singular)
kebrō (nominative plural)
kebrą (singular vocative)
kebrō (plural vocative)
kebrą (accusative singular)
kebrō (accusative plural)
kebras (genitive singular)
kibris (genitive singular)
kebrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kebrai (dative singular)
kebramaz (dative plural)
kebrō (instrumental singular)
kebramiz (instrumental plural)
*kefraz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *kebr

Old Dutch: *kifer; *kifel

→ Old French: *gifle, giffe

Middle French: gifle

French: gifle

Old High German: kifer; *kifel

Middle High German: kiver; kifel

German: Kiefer


raduraz

raduraz (nominative singular)
radurōz (nominative plural)
radurōs (nominative plural)
radur (singular vocative)
radurōz (plural vocative)
radurōs (plural vocative)
radurą (accusative singular)
raduranz (accusative plural)
raduras (genitive singular)
raduris (genitive singular)
radurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
radurai (dative singular)
raduramaz (dative plural)
radurō (instrumental singular)
raduramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *radur

Old English: radur, rador, rodor

Old Saxon: radur, radul

Old Norse: rǫðull

Icelandic: röðull

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂- (“to run”). Cognate with Latin rota (“wheel”).


stapulaz

stapulaz (nominative singular)
stapulōz (nominative plural)
stapulōs (nominative plural)
stapul (singular vocative)
stapulōz (plural vocative)
stapulōs (plural vocative)
stapulą (accusative singular)
stapulanz (accusative plural)
stapulas (genitive singular)
stapulis (genitive singular)
stapulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stapulai (dative singular)
stapulamaz (dative plural)
stapulō (instrumental singular)
stapulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stapul
Old English: stapol, stapel
Middle English: stapel, stapil, stapille, staple, stapul, stable
English: staple
Scots: steeple
Old Frisian: stapul
Saterland Frisian: Stoapel
West Frisian: steapel
Old Saxon: stapol
Middle Low German: stapel
German Low German: Stapel
→ German: Stapel
→ Yiddish: שטאַפּל (shtapl)
Old Dutch: stapul, stapal
Middle Dutch: stāpel
Dutch: stapel
Afrikaans: stapel
Old High German: staffal, stapfal
Middle High German: staffel, stapfel
German: Staffel
→ Late Latin: stapula
Old French: estaple
Anglo-Norman: staple
→ Middle English: staple, stapel, stapil, stapul
English: staple
Scots: stapill, staple, steple
Middle French: estappe
French: étape (see there for further descendants)
→ Italian: stapula

Old Norse: stǫpull

Icelandic: stöpull

Faroese: støpul

Norwegian Nynorsk: stopul

Old Swedish: stapul

Swedish: stapel
→ Finnish: taapeli

Old Danish: stapæl

Danish: stabel, stapel, stavl

Norwegian Bokmål: stabel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stabel

→ Icelandic: stafli

Scanian: stabel

→ Proto-Finnic: *sapilas (see there for further descendants)

Related to *stapiz (“a step”). Note semantic similarities to Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“stem, post”), whence *stabaz (“staff, stick”), though the consonant finals are difficult to reconcile.


stabaz

stabaz (nominative singular)
stabōz (nominative plural)
stabōs (nominative plural)
stab (singular vocative)
stabōz (plural vocative)
stabōs (plural vocative)
stabą (accusative singular)
stabanz (accusative plural)
stabas (genitive singular)
stabis (genitive singular)
stabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stabai (dative singular)
stabamaz (dative plural)
stabō (instrumental singular)
stabamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stab
Old English: stæf
Middle English: staf
Scots: staf, staff
English: staff, stave (from the inflected forms)
Old Frisian: staf, stef
Saterland Frisian: Stäf
West Frisian: stêf
Old Saxon: staf
Middle Low German: staf
German Low German: Staff, Staav (from the inflected forms)
Old Dutch: *staf
Middle Dutch: staf
Dutch: staaf (from the inflected forms)
Dutch: staf
Afrikaans: staf
→ Indonesian: staf
→ Papiamentu: staf
Old High German: stab, stap
Middle High German: stab, stap
German: Stab
→ Czech: štáb
→ Danish: stab
→ Esperanto: stabo
→ Hungarian: stáb
→ Macedonian: штаб (štab)
→ Polish: sztab
→ Russian: штаб (štab)
→ Serbo-Croatian: štab (“headquarters”)
→ Swedish: stab
Luxembourgish: Staf

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᛏᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*stabaʀ), ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ) (accusative plural)

Old Norse: stafr

Icelandic: stafur

Faroese: stavur

Norwegian Bokmål: stav

Old Swedish: staver

Swedish: stav

Old Danish: staf

Danish: stav

Gutnish: stav

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐍃 (stafs) (i-stem)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: stáhpi

From Proto-Indo-European *stóbʰ-o-s (“staff”), from *stebʰ- (“to stand still; to harden”).


airundiją

airundiją (nominative singular)
airundijō (nominative plural)
airundiją (singular vocative)
airundijō (plural vocative)
airundiją (accusative singular)
airundijō (accusative plural)
airundijas (genitive singular)
airundīs (genitive singular)
airundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
airundijai (dative singular)
airundijamaz (dative plural)
airundijō (instrumental singular)
airundijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ārundī
Old English: ǣrende, ǣrænde
Middle English: erende, erand, arend, ernde, arnde
English: errand
Scots: erand, eirand, earand
Yola: erroane, errone
Old Frisian: ērende
Old Saxon: ārundi
Old High German: ārunti
Middle High German: ārant, arant, erande, erende
Bavarian: Erend, Ernd

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᚢᚾᛞᛁᛃᚨ (*arundija /ārundija, arundija/)

Old Norse: eyrendi, erendi, ørendi

Icelandic: eyrendi, erindi

Faroese: ørindi

Norwegian: ærend

Old Swedish: ærande, ærinde, ærende

Swedish: ärende

Danish: ærinde

From a derivative of, or from a compound with an initial element of *airuz (“messenger”).


skattaz

skattaz (nominative singular)
skattōz (nominative plural)
skattōs (nominative plural)
skatt (singular vocative)
skattōz (plural vocative)
skattōs (plural vocative)
skattą (accusative singular)
skattanz (accusative plural)
skattas (genitive singular)
skattis (genitive singular)
skattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skattai (dative singular)
skattamaz (dative plural)
skattō (instrumental singular)
skattamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skatt
Old English: sċeatt, sċeat, sċætt
Middle English: schat, sat, schet, scet
→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta
→ English: sceat
Old Frisian: skett, skat, sket, schet
Saterland Frisian: Skät
West Frisian: skat
Old Saxon: skat, skatt, scat
Middle Low German: schat
Low German: Schatt
German Low German: Schatt
Old Dutch: skat
Middle Dutch: schat
Dutch: schat
Afrikaans: skat
Limburgish: sjat
Old High German: skaz, scaz
Middle High German: schaz, schatz
German: Schatz (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Schatz
→ Old French: escat

Old Norse: skattr

Icelandic: skattur

Faroese: skattur

Norwegian: skatt

Old Swedish: skatter

Swedish: skatt

Danish: skat

→ Middle English: scat, skatte

Scots: scatt, skatt, skait

English: scat

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐍃 (skatts)

→ Old Church Slavonic: скотъ (skotŭ)

→ Russian: скот (skot)

→ Proto-Samic: *skāttē (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; numerous unconvincing proposals have been suggested. Kroonen rejects the traditional derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *skatn-, *skat- (“to jump, skip, splash out”), via which Latin scateō (“pour out, gush forth”) was linked, and leaves the origin open, with quasi-Indo-European form *skh₁dʰ-nó-s, based on a presumed relation to Proto-Germanic *skēdaną (whence Westphalian Low German schåen (“to yield”) < *skéh₁dʰ-e-).


kannǭ

kannǭ (nominative singular)
kannōniz (nominative plural)
kannǭ (singular vocative)
kannōniz (plural vocative)
kannōnų (accusative singular)
kannōnunz (accusative plural)
kannōniz (genitive singular)
kannōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kannōni (dative singular)
kannōmaz (dative plural)
kannōnē (instrumental singular)
kannōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kannā

Old English: canne

Middle English: canne

Scots: can

English: can

→ Scottish Gaelic: cana

Old Frisian: kanne, konne

Saterland Frisian: Kanne

West Frisian: kanne

Old Saxon: kanna

Middle Low German: kanne

German Low German: Kanne, Kann

Old Dutch: *kanna

Middle Dutch: kanne

Dutch: kan

desc

→ Medieval Latin: canna, cana; ⇒ canneta, caneta, cannata

→ Middle French: kanete

desctree

French: canette
→ Catalan: canet
→ English: canette

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: καννίον (kanníon), κανίον (kaníon), κανίν (kanín)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡒࡀࡍࡉࡍࡀ (/qannīnā/)

→ Classical Syriac: ܩܢܝܢܬܐ (/qannīntā/)

→ Arabic: قِنِّينَة (qinnīna)

קאנון / קנון

→ Mishnaic Hebrew: קאנון / קנון

Old High German: channa

Middle High German: kanne

German: Kanne

→ Hungarian: kanna

→ Bulgarian: ка́на (kána)

→ Lower Sorbian: kana

Luxembourgish: Kan

Old Norse: kanna

Icelandic: kanna

Faroese: kanna

Norwegian: kanne

Old Swedish: kanna

Swedish: kanna

→ Finnish: kannu

→ Estonian: kann

Danish: kande

→ Norman: canne; cannette (Jersey)

Probably from a western Proto-Indo-European *gandʰ-, *gan- (“a vessel, vat, tub”), and related to *kanô (“vessel, boat”), as well as Middle Irish gand (“vessel, can”). An alternative etymology derives *kannǭ as possibly from Latin canna (“a reed, cane”).


kakǭ

kakǭ (nominative singular)
kakōniz (nominative plural)
kakǭ (singular vocative)
kakōniz (plural vocative)
kakōnų (accusative singular)
kakōnunz (accusative plural)
kakōniz (genitive singular)
kakōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kakōni (dative singular)
kakōmaz (dative plural)
kakōnē (instrumental singular)
kakōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kakā

Old English: ceace; *cieċil, cyċel, ciċel (< *kakilaz)

Middle English: kichel

Old Saxon: *kaka, *koka

Middle Low German: koke

Low German: koke

Old Dutch: coca

→ Catalan: coca
→ English: coca

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᚲᛟ (*kakō)

desctree

Old Norse: kaka
Icelandic: kaka
Faroese: køka, kaka
Norwegian Nynorsk: kake
Old Swedish: kaka
Swedish: kaka
Old Danish: kakæ
Danish: kage
→ Greenlandic: kaagi
Norwegian Bokmål: kake
Scanian: kâga
Gutnish: kake
→ Middle English: cake, kake, caake, cayk
English: cake (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: kyek
Scots: cake, cyaak, kyaak
Yola: caake, kaake
→ Irish: cáca
→⇒ Welsh: cacen

→ Proto-Samic: *kākkō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kakku (or from earlier Proto-Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. The relationship with Lithuanian gúogas (“skull”) by supposed Proto-Indo-European *gag-, *gōg- (“something round, something lumpy”) is highly doubtful. Compare *kōkô (“cake”).


kebą

kebą (nominative singular)
kebō (nominative plural)
kebą (singular vocative)
kebō (plural vocative)
kebą (accusative singular)
kebō (accusative plural)
kebas (genitive singular)
kibis (genitive singular)
kebǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kebai (dative singular)
kebamaz (dative plural)
kebō (instrumental singular)
kebamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kevan

Middle Low German: keben, keve

Low German: Keve, Keben

Danish: kæbe

Norwegian: kjeve

Apparently from the same Proto-Indo-European root, *ǵep- (“to chew, eat”), as *kebrą and *kaflaz of roughly the same meaning.


nabōgaizaz

nabōgaizaz (nominative singular)
nabōgaizōz (nominative plural)
nabōgaizōs (nominative plural)
nabōgaiz (singular vocative)
nabōgaizōz (plural vocative)
nabōgaizōs (plural vocative)
nabōgaizą (accusative singular)
nabōgaizanz (accusative plural)
nabōgaizas (genitive singular)
nabōgaizis (genitive singular)
nabōgaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabōgaizai (dative singular)
nabōgaizamaz (dative plural)
nabōgaizō (instrumental singular)
nabōgaizamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nabugaiʀ
Old English: nafugār, nafogār, nafegār
Middle English: nauger, auger
English: auger
Old Frisian: navoger
Old Saxon: navugēr, nabugēr
Middle Low German: neveger, eveger, never
Low German: naviger, näviger
Plautdietsch: Auger
Old Dutch: *navugēr
Middle Dutch: nāvegêer, nāveger, nāvegāer, āvegêer
Dutch: avegaar, eveger, egger
Old High German: nabagēr, nabigēr, nabugēr
Middle High German: nabeger, nebeger
German: Näber
Vilamovian: nȧgwer
→ Proto-Slavic: *nebozězъ, *nabozězъ

Proto-Norse: *ᚾᚨᛒᛟᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*nabogaiʀaʀ)

Old Norse: nafarr
Icelandic: nafar
Faroese: navar, navari
Norn: naver
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: navar
Norwegian Nynorsk: navar
Elfdalian: nåvår
Old Swedish: navar
Swedish: navar, naver, navare
Old Danish: nauer
Danish: naver, navr, naur, navre, naure, nav, nave, nager
Gutnish: navare
→ Old French: nafrer, navrer
Middle French: navrer
French: navrer

→ Finnic:

Finnish: napakaira

/ˈnɑ.βɔːˌɣɑi̯.zɑz/

From *nabō (“nave”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


maidaz

maidaz (nominative singular)
maidōz (nominative plural)
maidōs (nominative plural)
maid (singular vocative)
maidōz (plural vocative)
maidōs (plural vocative)
maidą (accusative singular)
maidanz (accusative plural)
maidas (genitive singular)
maidis (genitive singular)
maidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maidai (dative singular)
maidamaz (dative plural)
maidō (instrumental singular)
maidamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: meiðr
Icelandic: meiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mei
Norwegian Bokmål: mei, meie
Elfdalian: mįeð
Swedish: med, mede
Danish: mede


erlaz

erlaz (nominative singular)
erlōz (nominative plural)
erlōs (nominative plural)
erl (singular vocative)
erlōz (plural vocative)
erlōs (plural vocative)
erlą (accusative singular)
erlanz (accusative plural)
erlas (genitive singular)
irlis (genitive singular)
erlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erlai (dative singular)
erlamaz (dative plural)
erlō (instrumental singular)
erlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *erl
Old English: eorl
Middle English: erl, ærl, eerl, eorl, erle, eryl, ȝerle, ȝierl, yerl
English: earl
Scots: yerl, yarl (merged with Old Norse jarl)
Yola: earle
Old Saxon: erl

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ), ᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (irilaʀ)
Old Norse: jarl, ᛁᛅᚱᛚ (iarl) — Old East Norse
Icelandic: jarl
Faroese: jallur
Norwegian Nynorsk: jarl
Old Swedish: iarl, iærl
Swedish: järl
Old Danish: ierl
→ Danish: jarl (reborrowed)
Norwegian Bokmål: jarl
→ English: jarl
→ Finnish: jaarli
→ Swedish: jarl (reborrowed)

>? Latin: Heruli, Eruli

Unknown. Possibly related to *erǭ (“battle”), with agentive suffix *-ilaz, thus meaning ‘one who makes war’.


spēnuz

spēnuz (nominative singular)
spēniwiz (nominative plural)
spēnu (singular vocative)
spēniwiz (plural vocative)
spēnų (accusative singular)
spēnunz (accusative plural)
spēnauz (genitive singular)
spēniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spēniwi (dative singular)
spēnumaz (dative plural)
spēnū (instrumental singular)
spēnumiz (instrumental plural)
*spōnuz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *spānu
Old English: spōn
Middle English: spone, spon, sponne, spoon, spoun, spoune, spun, spune
English: spoon
Geordie English: spuin, speun
Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune
Yola: spone
Old Frisian: *spōn
North Frisian:
Sylt: spuun
Wiedingharde: spoon
Saterland Frisian: Spoune
West Frisian: spoen, spoan
Old Saxon: *spān, *spōn
Middle Low German: spân, spôn
Low German: spoon
German Low German: Spoon
Old Dutch: *spān
Middle Dutch: spâen, spon
Dutch: spaan
→ West Frisian: spaan
Limburgish: spoon
Old High German: spān; spanna (“spoon”)
Middle High German: spān
Alemannic German: Spään
German: Span
Luxembourgish: Spoun

Old Norse: spánn, spónn
Icelandic: spánn, spónn
Faroese: spónur
Norwegian Nynorsk: spon
Old Swedish: spān
Swedish: spån
Danish: spån
Gutnish: span, spån

→? Proto-Finnic: *pëëna (“cleat”)

Finnish: piena

Uncertain. Traditionally compared with Ancient Greek σφήν (sphḗn, “wedge”) and Sanskrit स्फ्य (sphyá, “flat piece of wood used as a ritual sword”), for a tentative Proto-Indo-European *(s)peH- (“to cut off; chip, shaving, log, length of wood”). However, this connection is phonologically impossible, and all of the supposed cognates are themselves of disputed origin.


bakiz

bakiz (nominative singular)
bakīz (nominative plural)
baki (singular vocative)
bakīz (plural vocative)
bakį (accusative singular)
bakinz (accusative plural)
bakīz (genitive singular)
bakjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakī (dative singular)
bakimaz (dative plural)
bakī (instrumental singular)
bakimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baki
Old English: bæċ
Middle English: bæcche, bæche, bache
English: beach, batch
Old Frisian: *beke, *betze
Saterland Frisian: Bäke
West Frisian: beek, (in placenames) beets
Old Saxon: *bak, beki
Middle Low German: bēke, bach
German Low German: Beek
Plautdietsch: Bach
→ German: -beck
Old Dutch: beki
Middle Dutch: bēke
Dutch: beek
Limburgish: baek
Old High German: bah
Middle High German: bach
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pach
Mòcheno: pòch
German: Bach
Luxembourgish: Baach
→ Medieval Latin: bacha
Old French: *bais
French: -bais, -baix (in placenames)

Old Norse: bekkr

Icelandic: bekkur

Norwegian Bokmål: bekk

Norwegian Nynorsk: bekk

Old Swedish: bækker

Swedish: bäck

Danish: bæk

Danish: bæk

→ Old English: bæc, becc (mostly in placenames)

Middle English: bec, becc

Scots: bek, bekk

English: beck

Old French: *bec

Norman: -bec, Bec (in placenames)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰog-i-s, from *bʰog- (“flowing water, brook, stream”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *bagnò (“swamp, bog, marsh”), as well as perhaps Old Irish búal (“water; bathing, healing, cure”).


strandō

strandō (nominative singular)
strandôz (nominative plural)
strandō (singular vocative)
strandôz (plural vocative)
strandǭ (accusative singular)
strandōz (accusative plural)
strandōz (genitive singular)
strandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strandōi (dative singular)
strandōmaz (dative plural)
strandō (instrumental singular)
strandōmiz (instrumental plural)
*stranduz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *strand m

desctree

Old English: strand m
Middle English: stronde, strande, stron, strond, strounde, strone (Late Middle English)
English: strand (obsolete strond)
Scots: strand
Yola: sthroane, sthroan, sthrone, stronde
→ Old French: estrande, estran

Old Frisian: stran

North Frisian:

Föhr: strun

Hallig: ströön

Helgoland: Strun

Mooring: strönj

Saterland Frisian: Strand

West Frisian: strân

Old Saxon: *strand
Middle Low German: strant m or n
German Low German: Strand m
Plautdietsch: Straunt

Old Dutch: *strand

Middle Dutch: strand, strant; strange, strang

Dutch: strand
Afrikaans: strand

→ Picard Old French: estranghe

→ Middle French: estranc, estran

French: estran

Old High German: *strant

Middle High German: strant, strand m

German: Strand
→ Hungarian: strand
→ Romanian: ștrand
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: штранд
Latin script: štrand

Luxembourgish: Strand

Old Norse: strǫnd
Icelandic: strönd
Faroese: strond
Norn: stranjd
Norwegian Nynorsk: strond, strand; (dialectal) strønd
Norwegian Bokmål: strand
Old Swedish: strand
Swedish: strand
Danish: strand
Gutnish: strand

→? Proto-Finnic: *ranta (see there for further descendants)

Possibly a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to broaden, spread out”), and cognate with Old Irish trét (“herd”), Lithuanian trénta (“place, region, direction”). Kroonen however assigns no etymology.


ankijǭ

ankijǭ (nominative singular)
ankijōniz (nominative plural)
ankijǭ (singular vocative)
ankijōniz (plural vocative)
ankijōnų (accusative singular)
ankijōnunz (accusative plural)
ankijōniz (genitive singular)
ankijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankijōni (dative singular)
ankijōmaz (dative plural)
ankijōnē (instrumental singular)
ankijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ankijā

Old High German: anka, anca, enka, enca

Middle High German: anke

German: Anke

gl

second element instead possibly from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*angô</i>

⇒? Swabian: Halsanke (second element instead possibly from Proto-Germanic *angô)

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: ἄντζα f (ántza, “calf (of leg)”)

Old Norse: ekkja (“heel”)

Icelandic: ekkja

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng-ieh₂-, from *h₂eng- (“curve, bend”).

(anatomy) limb or joint (e.g. foot joint, ankle, nape of the neck, etc.)


ankulaz

ankulaz (nominative singular)
ankulōz (nominative plural)
ankulōs (nominative plural)
ankul (singular vocative)
ankulōz (plural vocative)
ankulōs (plural vocative)
ankulą (accusative singular)
ankulanz (accusative plural)
ankulas (genitive singular)
ankulis (genitive singular)
ankulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankulai (dative singular)
ankulamaz (dative plural)
ankulō (instrumental singular)
ankulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ankul, *ankil

Old English: *ancol, *ancel, anclēo, anclēow

Middle English: ankel, ankyll, ancle, ankne, anknee

English: ankle

Scots: ankleth, anklet (fusion of Middle English ancle and lith)

Old Frisian: onkel, anckel, inzil, onklef

North Frisian: onkel

Saterland Frisian: Onkel, Oankel n

West Frisian: ankel

Old Saxon: enkel, ankel

Middle Low German: ankel, enkel, anclef, antcleve, antclau n

German Low German: Enkel

Low German: Enkel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ankel

→ Swedish: ankel

→ Danish: ankel

→ Gutnish: ankel, ankul, ankål

Old Dutch: *enklow, *enkle, *ankel

Middle Dutch: enkel, ankel, inkel, enklauw, enclau, anclief, inclouwe

Dutch: enkel, enklauw

Afrikaans: enkel

Old High German: enkil; ankala f; anchlāo n

Middle High German: enkel

German: Enkel

Old Norse: ǫkkla, ǫkla f, ǫkli m

Icelandic: ökla, ökli, ökkli

Faroese: økil, økul

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“joint; to bend”) + *-ulaz. Particularly close cognate with Sanskrit अङ्गुरि (aṅgúri, “finger, toe, digit”).


laukaz

laukaz (nominative singular)
laukōz (nominative plural)
laukōs (nominative plural)
lauk (singular vocative)
laukōz (plural vocative)
laukōs (plural vocative)
lauką (accusative singular)
laukanz (accusative plural)
laukas (genitive singular)
laukis (genitive singular)
laukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laukai (dative singular)
laukamaz (dative plural)
laukō (instrumental singular)
laukamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lauk
Old English: lēac, *lǣc, lāec, lēc — Anglian
Middle English: lek, leek, leeke, leke, leyke
English: leek
→ Maori: riki
Scots: leke, leik
Old Frisian: *lāk
Saterland Frisian: Look
West Frisian: lak, lok (possibly from Middle Dutch)
Old Saxon: lōk
Middle Low German: lōk
Low German: Look
Plautdietsch: Luak
Old Dutch: *lōk
Middle Dutch: look
Dutch: look
West Flemish: look
Old High German: louh
Middle High German: loch
Alemannic German: Làuich
German: Lauch

Proto-Norse: ᛚᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉ (laukaʀ)
Old Norse: laukr
Icelandic: laukur
Faroese: leykur
Norwegian Nynorsk: lauk
Elfdalian: lok
Old Swedish: lø̄ker
Swedish: lök
Old Danish: lø̄k
Danish: løg
Norwegian Bokmål: løk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: løk
Scanian: løg
Gutnish: lauk

→ Proto-Slavic: *lukъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laukka (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Generally assumed to be a nominal derivative of *lūkaną (“to close”), based on the leaves and scales of a leek or onion plant enclosing its stem, but this is uncertain.


dwemrą

dwemrą (nominative singular)
dwemrō (nominative plural)
dwemrą (singular vocative)
dwemrō (plural vocative)
dwemrą (accusative singular)
dwemrō (accusative plural)
dwemras (genitive singular)
dwimris (genitive singular)
dwemrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dwemrai (dative singular)
dwemramaz (dative plural)
dwemrō (instrumental singular)
dwemramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwemr, *dwimr

desc

Old English: *dweomor, dwimor, dwimer, dwymer

Middle English: dweomer, dwimer

English: dweomer, dwimmer

⇒ Old English: ġedwimor

From *dwemaną (“to smoke; fume”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”).


klawō

klawō (nominative singular)
klawôz (nominative plural)
klawō (singular vocative)
klawôz (plural vocative)
klawǭ (accusative singular)
klawōz (accusative plural)
klawōz (genitive singular)
klawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klawōi (dative singular)
klawōmaz (dative plural)
klawō (instrumental singular)
klawōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klawu

Old English: clawu

Middle English: clawe, claw

Scots: claw, clau

English: claw

Old Frisian: klawe, kle

Saterland Frisian: Klaue

West Frisian: klau, kloer

Old Saxon: klawa

Middle Low German: klowe, kla

Low German: Klau

Old Dutch: klawa

Middle Dutch: klawe, klauwe

Dutch: klauw

Afrikaans: klou

Limburgish: klaw

Old High German: klawa

Middle High German: klawe

German: Klaue

Luxembourgish: Klo

Old Norse: kló

Icelandic: kló

Faroese: klógv

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: klo

Norwegian Nynorsk: klo

Old Swedish: klō

Swedish: klo

Old Danish: klo

Danish: klo

Gutnish: klau

Parallel nominal formation related to *klawjaną; see there for more.


garną

garną (nominative singular)
garnō (nominative plural)
garną (singular vocative)
garnō (plural vocative)
garną (accusative singular)
garnō (accusative plural)
garnas (genitive singular)
garnis (genitive singular)
garnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garnai (dative singular)
garnamaz (dative plural)
garnō (instrumental singular)
garnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *garn
Old English: ġearn
Middle English: yarn, ȝarn, ȝern, ȝerne, jarne, yarne, yeern
English: yarn
Scots: yairn
Middle English: garn, garne (conflated with Old Norse garn)
English: garn (obsolete)
Old Frisian: *jern, *jirn
Saterland Frisian: Jäiden, Jidden
West Frisian: jern
Old Saxon: garn
Middle Low German: garn
German Low German: Gaarn
Old Dutch: *garn
Middle Dutch: gāren
Dutch: garen
Old High German: garn
Middle High German: garn
Cimbrian: gaarn, ghèrn
German: Garn
Luxembourgish: Gar

Old Norse: garn

Icelandic: garn

Faroese: garn

Norwegian: garn

Old Swedish: garn

Swedish: garn

Danish: garn

From *garnō (“gut, intestine”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (“gut, intestine”). Cognate with Latin hernia (“rupture”), Latin hīra (“empty gut”), Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, “string”), Sanskrit हिर (híra, “band, strip”).


snigilaz

snigilaz (nominative singular)
snigilōz (nominative plural)
snigilōs (nominative plural)
snigil (singular vocative)
snigilōz (plural vocative)
snigilōs (plural vocative)
snigilą (accusative singular)
snigilanz (accusative plural)
snigilas (genitive singular)
snigilis (genitive singular)
snigilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snigilai (dative singular)
snigilamaz (dative plural)
snigilō (instrumental singular)
snigilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: snigill
Icelandic: snigill
Faroese: snigil
Norwegian Nynorsk: snigel
Norwegian Bokmål: snile
Old Swedish: snighil
Swedish: snigel
Old Danish: snigel, snæghæl
Danish: snegl
Norwegian Bokmål: snegl, snegle

Gutnish: snegel, snigull

From *sneganą (“to crawl, creeping”) + *-ilaz (agent suffix). Parallel formation with *snagilaz.

af

(North Germanic) snail (alternative form of *snagilaz)