hringaz

hringaz (nominative singular)
hringōz (nominative plural)
hringōs (nominative plural)
hring (singular vocative)
hringōz (plural vocative)
hringōs (plural vocative)
hringą (accusative singular)
hringanz (accusative plural)
hringas (genitive singular)
hringis (genitive singular)
hringǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hringai (dative singular)
hringamaz (dative plural)
hringō (instrumental singular)
hringamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hring
Old English: hring, hrincg, hrinċġ, ring, ᚱᛁᚾᚷ (rinġ) — Wheatley Hill Finger Ring
Middle English: ryng, rynge, ring
English: ring
Scots: rhing, ring
Yola: rhing, ring
→ Medieval Latin: ringa, renga (Anglo-Latin)
Old Frisian: hring
North Frisian: Ring, Rink
Saterland Frisian: Ring
West Frisian: ring
Old Saxon: hring
Middle Low German: rink
Low German: Ring, rinc, rink
German Low German: Ring
Plautdietsch: Rinkj
Old Dutch: rinc
Middle Dutch: rinc
Dutch: ring
Afrikaans: ring
Negerhollands: rink, riṅ
→? Aukan: linga
→ Indonesian: ring
→ Papiamentu: renchi, ringtsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: rink
Old High German: ring, hring
Middle High German: rinc, ring
German: Ring
Luxembourgish: Rank
Yiddish: רינג (ring)
→ Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc (see there for further descendants)
→ Old French: renge, range (“sword-belt”)
Middle French: renge
→ Middle English: renge, raunge

Old Norse: hringr
Icelandic: hringur
Faroese: ringur
Norn: ring
Norwegian Nynorsk: ring
Elfdalian: ringg
Old Swedish: ringer
Swedish: ring
Old Danish: ring
Danish: ring
Norwegian Bokmål: ring
Gutnish: ringg

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (*hriggs)

→ Italian: aringo, arringo

Italian: aringa, arringa

→ Old French: harangue

French: harangue

→ English: harangue

→ Occitan: arengua

→ Spanish: arenga

→ Portuguese: arenga

→ Latin: harenga

→ Medieval Latin: arengum

→ Italian: arengo

Crimean Gothic: ringo

→ Proto-Finnic: *rëngas (< *hrengaz) (see there for further descendants)

From an earlier *hrengaz (compare the Proto-Finnic loanword *rëngas), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ- (“ring, circle”), and cognate with Proto-Slavic *krǫgъ (“circle”). The root, which features both a plain stop and a voiced aspirate and thus violates traditional Proto-Indo-European phonotactics, was probably formed in the post-IE phase, and appears to be an extended nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


hringaz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hring
Old English: hring
Middle English: *ring
English: ring

Of uncertain origin. Orel tentatively connects the word to the "ring, circle" of Etymology 1, i.e. "the noise that clashing rings make". Other theories derive the word from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreg-, *(s)kArg-, *(s)kArk- (“to caw, crow, croak, pipe, shout”), and compare Lithuanian krañkti (“to caw, cough, croak”). Alternatively, an intra-Germanic onomatopoeic formation.


hasô

hesô (nominative singular)
hesaniz (nominative plural)
hesô (singular vocative)
hesaniz (plural vocative)
hesanų (accusative singular)
haznunz (accusative plural)
haznaz (genitive singular)
haznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hazini (dative singular)
hazummaz (dative plural)
haznē (instrumental singular)
hazummiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hasō ~ *haʀ-
Old English: hara
Middle English: hare
English: hare
Scots: hare, hair
Old Frisian: hasa, hase
North Frisian:
Sylt: Haas
Saterland Frisian: Hoaze, Hoase
West Frisian: hazze
Old Saxon: haso
Middle Low German: hāse
German Low German: Haas, Hoos
Plautdietsch: Hos
Old Dutch: *haso
Middle Dutch: hāse
Dutch: haas
Afrikaans: haas
Jersey Dutch: hâśe (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haas
Old High German: haso
Middle High German: hase
Alemannic German: Haase
Bavarian: Hås
Cimbrian: haazo, has (Luserna)
Mòcheno: hos
Central Franconian: Has, Hoas
Luxembourgish: Hues
German: Hase, Haase
→ French: hase
→ Silesian: hazŏk
Vilamovian: hoza
Yiddish: האָז (hoz)

Old Norse: hjasi

Icelandic: hjasi

Norwegian Nynorsk: jase

Old Norse: *hjeri

Icelandic: héri

Old Norse: heri, hari — Old East Norse
Icelandic: héri
Norwegian Bokmål: hare
Norwegian Nynorsk: hare
Elfdalian: eri
Old Swedish: hari
Swedish: hare
Danish: hare
→ Faroese: hara f
→ Middle English: here, ere

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s- (“hare”). Compare with Welsh ceinach (“hare”), English hare, Latin cascus (“old”), Old Prussian sasins (“hare”), Pashto سوی (soe, “hare”), Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare”). Note also Welsh cannu (“to whiten”).


librō

librō (nominative singular)
librôz (nominative plural)
librō (singular vocative)
librôz (plural vocative)
librǭ (accusative singular)
librōz (accusative plural)
librōz (genitive singular)
librǫ̂ (genitive plural)
librōi (dative singular)
librōmaz (dative plural)
librō (instrumental singular)
librōmiz (instrumental plural)
*libarō (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *libru
Old English: lifer
Middle English: lyvere, lyver, livere
English: liver
Scots: liver
Old Frisian: livere
Saterland Frisian: Líeuwer
West Frisian: lever
Old Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)
Middle Low German: levere, lēver
German Low German: Lever
Plautdietsch: Läwa
Old Dutch: *levara
Middle Dutch: lēvere
Dutch: lever
Afrikaans: lewer
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefre
Negerhollands: leber
→ Aukan: lebii
→ Indonesian: lever
→ Saramaccan: lebèn
→ Sranan Tongo: lefre
→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer
Old High German: lebara
Middle High German: lebere, leber
German: Leber
Central Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver
Hunsrik: Lewer
Luxembourgish: Liewer
Vilamovian: łaower
Yiddish: לעבער (leber)

Old Norse: lifr

Icelandic: lifur

Faroese: livur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: lever

Norwegian Nynorsk: lever

Old Swedish: liver

Swedish: lever

Old Danish: liuær

Danish: lever

Gutnish: livar, livår, livur

Disputed:
* Sometimes considered an irregular corruption of the Proto-Indo-European word for “liver”, approximately *(H)yékʷ-r̥ (of which there are varying interpretations; see there for details). Compare especially Old Armenian լեարդ (leard, “liver”) and Old Prussian lagno, which similarly appear to have sporadic initial l, though in the latter case it may be a scribal error for *jagno. A parallel thematicization to *ikʷ-r-éh₂ would be seen in Proto-Balto-Slavic *ikrā́ˀ (“fish egg, roe; calf”).
However, this is difficult on phonetic grounds, especially as the source of the presumed un-etymological *l- is not explained. An alternative reconstruction *l̥yékʷr̥ has been proposed but not met with wide acceptance.
* Likely from a different r/n-stem *léypr̥ or r-stem *léypōr (“sticky/fatty one ?”) which thematicized in pre-Germanic to *lip-r-éh₂ (and perhaps in Hellenic to *lipər-os, whence Ancient Greek λῐπᾰρός (lĭpărós, “fatty, greasy, oily, shiny”)), from the root *leyp- (“to smudge, stick; sticky or slippery substance”) (itself possibly an extension of earlier *(s)ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”)). Compare Sanskrit रिप्र (riprá, “dirt, impurity”), Proto-Germanic *lībą (“body; life”).
* Despite attempts to connect Hittite 𒇷𒂊𒅆 (le-e-ši /leš(š)i ~ liš(š)i/, “liver”) for a different reconstruction entirely, these have been unconvincing.
Kroonen notes the unusual umlaut of Old Swedish lyr and Elfdalian lyr, which could be from an old locative *libureni.


saiwalō

saiwalō (nominative singular)
saiwalôz (nominative plural)
saiwalō (singular vocative)
saiwalôz (plural vocative)
saiwalǭ (accusative singular)
saiwalōz (accusative plural)
saiwalōz (genitive singular)
saiwalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saiwalōi (dative singular)
saiwalōmaz (dative plural)
saiwalō (instrumental singular)
saiwalōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saiwalu
Old English: sāwol, sāwel, sāwal, sāul, sawl, sōwhul, sawul
Middle English: soule
English: soul (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saul
→ Old Norse: sála, sál
Icelandic: sál
Faroese: sál
Norwegian Nynorsk: sål
Old Gutnish: selu
Old Frisian: sēla
North Frisian: siel, sial
Saterland Frisian: Seele
West Frisian: siel
Old Saxon: sēola
Middle Low German: sêle
Low German: Seel, Siel, Seele, Siele, Sele
German Low German: Seel
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Siäle, Säile, Saile, Sǟle
Westmünsterländisch: Seele, Sääle
Plautdietsch: Seel
→ Old Norse:
Norwegian: sjel
Old Swedish: siæl, sial
Swedish: själ
Danish: sjæl
Old Dutch: sēla
Middle Dutch: siele
Dutch: ziel
Afrikaans: siel
Limburgish: zeel
Old High German: sēla
Middle High German: sēle
Alemannic German: Seel
Central Franconian: Siel
German: Seele
Luxembourgish: Séil
Vilamovian: zejł

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰 (saiwala)

Uncertain with several theories:
* from *saiwiz (“sea, ocean”) + *-alō, in connection to the pagan Germanic belief in sacred lakes inhabited by the dead and the unborn, compare the Sami borrowing from Germanic, *Sāvjë, a realm of the dead believed to be under special double-bottomed lakes,
* from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂i-wl̥ ~ *sh₂i-wéns, possibly cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *séiˀlāˀ (“strength, force; soul”), Latin saevus (“fierce”), Proto-Celtic *saitlom (“life, age”), Latin saeculum (“generation, lifetime”), perhaps either from *seh₂y- (“to bind”) or homonym *seh₂y- (“rage, fury”), making it possibly again related to *saiwiz (“sea, ocean”) (the connection to the Balto-Slavic is tentatively favored by Kroonen),
* borrowed from a substrate,
* or from *s(w)ai (“self”), from Proto-Indo-European *swoy- (“idem”), + *walō (“choice, will”), from Proto-Indo-European *wolh₁-eh₂, from *welh₁- (“to choose, want”).


haimaz

haimaz (nominative singular)
haimōz (nominative plural)
haimōs (nominative plural)
haim (singular vocative)
haimōz (plural vocative)
haimōs (plural vocative)
haimą (accusative singular)
haimanz (accusative plural)
haimas (genitive singular)
haimis (genitive singular)
haimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haimai (dative singular)
haimamaz (dative plural)
haimō (instrumental singular)
haimamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haim
Old English: hām
Middle English: hom, hoom, home, hoome, whom, om, am, hame (Northern), ham (Early Middle English)
English: home, -ham (partially)
Geordie English: hyem
Scots: hame
Yola: hime, hyme, haime
Old Frisian: hām, hēm
North Frisian: hamm
Saterland Frisian: Heem
West Frisian: hiem
Old Saxon: hēm
Middle Low German: hēm, heim
German Low German: Heem, Heim
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Haim
East Westphalian: Håime (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)
Plautdietsch: Heim
Old Dutch: hēm
Middle Dutch: hêem, heim
Dutch: heem, heim (possibly from German), -em, -hem, -gem (in placenames)
Afrikaans: heim
Limburgish: heim
Old High German: heim, haim
Middle High German: heim
Alemannic German: Haa, Hai, Ham, Häi
Italian Walser: haim, heim, hemmu, hei
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hòam, huam (Tredici Comuni, Luserna), hame (Sappada, Sauris)
Mòcheno: hoa'm
Udinese: hame, hama
German: Heim
Luxembourgish: Heem
Yiddish: היים (heym)
→ Old French: ham (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: heimr, haimr — Old Gutnish, hæimr
Icelandic: heimur m, heim n
Faroese: heimur m, heim n
Norn: hem
Norwegian Nynorsk: heim m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: heim m
Elfdalian: iem
Old Swedish: hēmber m, hēm n
Swedish: hem n
Finnish: hima
Old Danish: hēm, hiem
Danish: hjem n
Norwegian Bokmål: hjem n
Old Gutnish: haimr
Gutnish: haim

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 (haims)

→⇒ Latin: Boiohaemum

French: Bohème

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóymos (“village, home”), either from o-grade form of *ḱey- (“to be lying down, to settle”) + *-mos (action/result noun forming suffix) (this derivation is preferred by Kroonen), or from *tḱóymos (“settlement, dwelling”), from o-grade form of *tḱey- (“to settle, dwell”) + *-mos (action/result noun forming suffix). If the second proposal is correct, cognate of Sanskrit क्षेम (kṣéma, “basis, foundation; residing, resting, abiding at ease”), Lithuanian kaimas (“village, countryside”) (though this could be a borrowing).


hūdiz

hūdiz (nominative singular)
hūdīz (nominative plural)
hūdi (singular vocative)
hūdīz (plural vocative)
hūdį (accusative singular)
hūdinz (accusative plural)
hūdīz (genitive singular)
hūdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūdī (dative singular)
hūdimaz (dative plural)
hūdī (instrumental singular)
hūdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hūdi
Old English: hȳd
Middle English: hyde, hyd, hide, hid, hude, huyde, huide (Southern, Southwestern)
English: hide
Scots: hide, hyde
Old Frisian: hūd, hēd, hēde
North Frisian: heed
Saterland Frisian: Häid
West Frisian: hûd
Old Saxon: hūd
Middle Low German: hūt
Low German: Huud, Huut
Old Dutch: hūd
Middle Dutch: huut
Dutch: huid
Afrikaans: huid
Old High German: hūt
Middle High German: hūt
Alemannic German: Hutt
Walser: Huut
Cimbrian: haut
Central Franconian: Hock, Hout (Moselle Franconian), Huut (western Ripuarian), Huck (Kölsch)
Hunsrik: Haut, haut
German: Haut
Luxembourgish: Haut
Yiddish: הויט (hoyt)

Old Norse: húð
Icelandic: húð
Faroese: húð
Norwegian: hud
Old Swedish: hūþ
Swedish: hud
Danish: hud

→? Proto-Finnic: *huudëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéwHtis (“bedecking, hide, skin”), and cognate with Latin cutis (“skin”). The root is probably further derived from *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”).


naglaz

naglaz (nominative singular)
naglōz (nominative plural)
naglōs (nominative plural)
nagl (singular vocative)
naglōz (plural vocative)
naglōs (plural vocative)
naglą (accusative singular)
naglanz (accusative plural)
naglas (genitive singular)
naglis (genitive singular)
naglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naglai (dative singular)
naglamaz (dative plural)
naglō (instrumental singular)
naglamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nagl, *nagli
Old English: næġl, næġel, neġl, neġel
Middle English: nayl, nail, nayle, nayll, neil, neyl, naylle, næȝl, næil (Early Middle English)
English: nail
Scots: nail, nale
Yola: niel
Old Frisian: neil, nīl
North Frisian:
Sylt: Nail
Saterland Frisian: Nail
West Frisian: neil
Old Saxon: nagal, *negil
Middle Low German: nāgel, nēgel
Low German: Någel, Noagel, Naogel, Nogel
German Low German: Nagel
Plautdietsch: Noagel
Old Dutch: *nagal
Middle Dutch: nāgel
Dutch: nagel
Afrikaans: nael
Berbice Creole Dutch: nanggli
→ Caribbean Hindustani: nakkhun
→ Sranan Tongo: nangra
→ Aukan: nangaa
Limburgish: nagel
Old High German: nagal, negil
Middle High German: nagel, nail, nāl, negel, neil
Bavarian: Någl
Cimbrian: naaghel
Mòcheno: nagel
Central Franconian: Nohl, Nähl, Näl, Nääl, Nahl, Nagel
Hunsrik: Naaghel
Luxembourgish: Nol
German: Nagel
→ Russian: нагель (nagelʹ)
→ French: nagelle
Alemannic German: Nagel
Yiddish: נאָגל (nogl), נאגיל (nogil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

Old Norse: nagl m (pl. negl), nagli m, negla f, nygla f

Icelandic: nögl f, nagli m

Faroese: naglur m, negl f, nøgl f

Norwegian Nynorsk: nagl m, nygla f, nugla f, naggel m

Old Swedish: naghl m

Swedish: nagel c

Danish: negl c

Norwegian Bokmål: negl m

Elfdalian: nagel m

Gutnish: nagel m, nagul m

→ Kildin Sami: на̄ввьл (nāvv’l)

Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍃 (*nagls)

→ Proto-Finnic: *nakla (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʰs (“nail”).


fingraz

fingraz (nominative singular)
fingrōz (nominative plural)
fingrōs (nominative plural)
fingr (singular vocative)
fingrōz (plural vocative)
fingrōs (plural vocative)
fingrą (accusative singular)
fingranz (accusative plural)
fingras (genitive singular)
fingris (genitive singular)
fingrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fingrai (dative singular)
fingramaz (dative plural)
fingrō (instrumental singular)
fingramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fingr
Old English: finger
Middle English: fynger, ffynger, finger, fiyngir, fyngir, fyngre, fyngur, fyngyr, vinger
English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga
Scots: finger
Yola: vinger
Old Frisian: finger
Saterland Frisian: Finger
West Frisian: finger
Old Saxon: fingar
Middle Low German: vinger
Low German: Finger
Plautdietsch: Finja
Old Dutch: fingar
Middle Dutch: vinger
Dutch: vinger
Afrikaans: vinger
Berbice Creole Dutch: finggri
Negerhollands: vinger, fiṅgu, finger
→? Aukan: finga
→? Caribbean Hindustani: ungri
→? Sranan Tongo: finga
→ Saramaccan: fingá
Limburgish: vinger, vènger
Old High German: fingar
Middle High German: vinger
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Fengr
Bavarian: Finga
Cimbrian: vingar, bingar (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Finger
Luxembourgish: Fanger
German: Finger
Vilamovian: fyngier
Yiddish: פֿינגער (finger)

Old Norse: fingr

Icelandic: fingur

Faroese: fingur

Norwegian: finger

Old Swedish: finger

Swedish: finger

Old Danish: fingær

Danish: finger

Gutnish: finggar, finggur

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs)

Probably from a putative Proto-Indo-European *penkʷ-ró-s, related to Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe (“five”) (Proto-Germanic *fimf).


kussaz

kussaz (nominative singular)
kussōz (nominative plural)
kussōs (nominative plural)
kuss (singular vocative)
kussōz (plural vocative)
kussōs (plural vocative)
kussą (accusative singular)
kussanz (accusative plural)
kussas (genitive singular)
kussis (genitive singular)
kussǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kussai (dative singular)
kussamaz (dative plural)
kussō (instrumental singular)
kussamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *koss
Old English: coss, cos, *cus
Middle English: cos, cus, kis, kys, kysse, kesse
English: kiss
Scots: kis
Yola: kesse
Old Frisian: koss, kos
Old Saxon: kus, kuss, koss, kos
Middle Low German: kus, kuss
Plautdietsch: Kuss
Old Dutch: *cus, *cos
Middle Dutch: kos, kus
Dutch: kus, (dialectal) kos
Afrikaans: kus
Berbice Creole Dutch: kosi
Negerhollands: kus
Old High German: kus, kos
Middle High German: kus, kos
Cimbrian: khüss (vowel influenced by verb)
German: Kuss
Hunsrik: Kuss
Luxembourgish: Kuss

Old Norse: koss
Icelandic: koss
Faroese: kossur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kyss; (dialectal) kjøss, kjuss
Old Swedish: kus, kos
Swedish: kyss
Old Danish:
Danish: kys

From Proto-Indo-European *kw(e)s- (“to kiss”), which appears to be onomatopoeic. Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (ku̯aššzi ~ ku̯aššanzi, “idem”), Ancient Greek κυνέω (kunéō, “idem”).


laugō

laugō (nominative singular)
laugôz (nominative plural)
laugō (singular vocative)
laugôz (plural vocative)
laugǭ (accusative singular)
laugōz (accusative plural)
laugōz (genitive singular)
laugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laugōi (dative singular)
laugōmaz (dative plural)
laugō (instrumental singular)
laugōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laugu

Old English: lēaġ

Middle English: leihe, leȝe, liȝe

English: lye

Scots: lee

Old Frisian: *lāge, *lāch

Saterland Frisian: Loge, Looie

West Frisian: leach

Old Saxon: *lōga

Middle Low German: lôge

German Low German: Loge, Loog, Loje

Old Dutch: *lōga

Middle Dutch: lôge

Dutch: loog

Afrikaans: loog

Old High German: louga

Middle High German: louge

German: Lauge

→ Bulgarian: луга (luga)

→ Czech: louh

→ Hungarian: lúg

→ Macedonian: лу́га (lúga)

→ Polish: ług

→ Serbo-Croatian: лу̑г / lȗg

→ Slovak: lúh

→ Slovene: lug

→ Ukrainian: луг (luh)

desctree

Old Norse: laug
Icelandic: laug
Faroese: leyg
Norwegian Nynorsk: laug
→ Norwegian Bokmål: laug
Old Swedish: løgh
Swedish: lög
Old Danish: løgh
Danish: løv, lø, løj, lørdag, Løgum (placename)

desc

Proto-Samic: *lāvkō, *lāvkōtēk (“to bathe”)

Northern Sami: lávgu

Southern Sami: laavkoe

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash”), perhaps via pre-Germanic *lowh₃-k-éh₂.


hurną

hurną (nominative singular)
hurnō (nominative plural)
hurną (singular vocative)
hurnō (plural vocative)
hurną (accusative singular)
hurnō (accusative plural)
hurnas (genitive singular)
hurnis (genitive singular)
hurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurnai (dative singular)
hurnamaz (dative plural)
hurnō (instrumental singular)
hurnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *horn
Old English: horn
Middle English: horn, horne, orn
English: horn
Scots: horn
Yola: hoorn
Old Frisian: horn
North Frisian: horn
Saterland Frisian: Houden, (Strukelje) Hudden
West Frisian: hoarn
Old Saxon: horn
Middle Low German: horen, hōrn
Dutch Low Saxon: horn
German Low German: Hoorn
Plautdietsch: Huarn
Old Dutch: *horn (attested in plural horni)
Middle Dutch: horn, horen
Dutch: hoorn, horen
Afrikaans: horing
Berbice Creole Dutch: hurun, hurunu, hornu
Negerhollands: horn
Old High German: horn
Middle High German: horn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Horn
Luxembourgish: Har
Cimbrian: hòrn
German: Horn
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [hɔɐ̯n]
Yiddish: האָרן (horn)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ (horna) (attested on the Gallehus horns)

Old Norse: horn
Icelandic: horn
Faroese: horn
Norn: honnj
Norwegian Nynorsk: horn, (dialectal) hønn, henn, haurn
Old Swedish: horn
Swedish: horn
Danish: horn
Norwegian Bokmål: horn

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-nó-m, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”). Cognate with Latin cornū, Sanskrit शृङ्ग (ṡṛṅga, “horn”), Old Church Slavonic сръна (srŭna, “roedeer”), Hittite [script needed] (surna, “horn”).


-ārijaz

-ārijaz (nominative singular)
-ārijōz (nominative plural)
-ārijōs (nominative plural)
-ārī (singular vocative)
-ārijōz (plural vocative)
-ārijōs (plural vocative)
-āriją (accusative singular)
-ārijanz (accusative plural)
-ārijas (genitive singular)
-ārīs (genitive singular)
-ārijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ārijai (dative singular)
-ārijamaz (dative plural)
-ārijō (instrumental singular)
-ārijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ārī
Old English: -ere, -re
Middle English: -ere, -ar, -are, -er
English: -er
Middle Scots: -ar, -ir
Scots: -er
Old Frisian: -ere
Saterland Frisian: -er
West Frisian: -er
Old Saxon: -āri
Middle Low German: -ære, -ēre, -ere
Low German: -er
Old Dutch: *-āri, -ere
Middle Dutch: -ere
Dutch: -er, -aar
Afrikaans: -er
Limburgish: -er
Old High German: -āri, -ari, -eri
Middle High German: -ære, -er
Alemannic German: -er
Bavarian: -er
Cimbrian: -ar
German: -er
Luxembourgish: -er
Yiddish: ־ער (-er)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ari
Icelandic: -ari
Faroese: -ari
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ar; (dialectal) -ari, -are, -ær
Old Swedish: -are, -ari
Swedish: -are
Old Danish: -eræ
Danish: -er
Norwegian Bokmål: -er
→ Estonian: -r
→ Finnish: -ari, -uri

Gothic: -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-āreis)
→ Proto-Slavic: *-ařь (see there for further descendants)

Usually held to be a borrowing from Latin -ārius; at the very least, it was probably influenced and reinforced by it.
However, Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which was then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.


jeulō

nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *jehwlą


brūdiz

brūdiz (nominative singular)
brūdīz (nominative plural)
brūdi (singular vocative)
brūdīz (plural vocative)
brūdį (accusative singular)
brūdinz (accusative plural)
brūdīz (genitive singular)
brūdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūdī (dative singular)
brūdimaz (dative plural)
brūdī (instrumental singular)
brūdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brūdi
Old English: brȳd
Middle English: bride, brid, bryd, bryde, brud, brude (Southern, West Midlands)
English: bride
Scots: bride
Yola: breede
Old Frisian: brēd, breid
Saterland Frisian: Bräid
West Frisian: breid
Old Saxon: brūd
Middle Low German: brûde, brût
German Low German: Bruut
Old Dutch: *brūd
Middle Dutch: bruut
Dutch: bruid
Afrikaans: bruid
Negerhollands: bruid
→ Papiamentu: brùit, breit, breid
Old High German: brūt, prut
Middle High German: brūt
Alemannic German: Bruut
Central Franconian: Brock, Brout, Bruut, Bruck
Hunsrik: praut
German: Braut
Luxembourgish: Braut
→ Friulian: brût
→ Old French: bruy
French: bru
→ Old French: bru, brut
French: bru

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: brúðr
Icelandic: brúður
Faroese: brúður
Norwegian Nynorsk: brud, brur
Norwegian Bokmål: brud
Jamtish: brúðr
Old Swedish: brūþ, ᛒᚱᚢᚦ
Swedish: brud
Danish: brud
Old Gutnish: bruþ (accusative singular)
Gutnish: braud, bräud

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍃 (brūþs)

→ Latin: bruta, brutes

→ Proto-Samic: *(p)ruvdës (see there for further descendants)

Unknown, apparently from a pre-Germanic *bʰruH- with no known cognates outside Germanic. Perhaps a borrowing from a substrate word *brūd(i). Kroonen notes the similar suffix in *magaþs/*magaþiz (“girl”), another word of unknown, probable substrate origin.

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language
Nicoline van der Sijs
de:Brian D. Joseph
de:Ludwig Rübekeil


brūdigumô

brūdigumô (nominative singular)
brūdigumaniz (nominative plural)
brūdigumô (singular vocative)
brūdigumaniz (plural vocative)
brūdigumanų (accusative singular)
brūdigumanunz (accusative plural)
brūdiguminiz (genitive singular)
brūdigumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūdigumini (dative singular)
brūdigumammaz (dative plural)
brūdiguminē (instrumental singular)
brūdigumammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brūdigumō
Old English: brydguma
Middle English: bridegome, bredgome, bridegoome, bridgom, bridgume, brudgume, brydegome, bryd-gome, brydgrome
English: bridegroom
Scots: bridegreem
Yola: breedegroom
Old Frisian: brēdgoma, breidgoma
Saterland Frisian: Brüüdicham
West Frisian: breugeman
Old Saxon: brūdigumo, brūdigomo
Middle Low German: brûdegam, brȫdegam
German Low German: Brödigam, Brögam, Brüdigam, Brügam
Plautdietsch: Briegaum
Old Dutch: brūdigomo
Middle Dutch: brudegōme
Dutch: bruidegom
Old High German: brūtigomo
Middle High German: brûtegoum, briutegome
German: Bräutigam

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: brúðgumi
Danish: brudgom
Faroese: brúðgummi, brúðgummur, brúðgommur, brúðgómur
Gutnish: bräudgumme, bräugumme
Icelandic: brúðgumi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: brudgom
Norwegian Nynorsk: brudgom
Old Swedish: brūþgumi
Swedish: brudgum


jestuz

jestuz (nominative singular)
jistiwiz (nominative plural)
jestu (singular vocative)
jistiwiz (plural vocative)
jestų (accusative singular)
jestunz (accusative plural)
jestauz (genitive singular)
jistiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jistiwi (dative singular)
jestumaz (dative plural)
jestū (instrumental singular)
jestumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jestu
Old English: ġiest, ġist, ġyst
Middle English: yeest
Scots: yest
English: yeast
Old Frisian: *gest, *jest
Saterland Frisian: Gääst, Jääst
West Frisian: gêst, gist
Old Saxon: *gest
Middle Low German: gest
German Low German: Geste, Gest, Gist
→ German: Gest (northern Germany)
Old Dutch: *gest, *gist
Middle Dutch: gest, gist
Dutch: gist
Afrikaans: gis
Limburgish: ges
Old High German: *jest, *gest
Middle High German: jest, gest
Alemannic German: Jëst
German: Gischt, Jast, Jäst

Old Norse: jǫstr
Icelandic: jöstur
Norwegian Nynorsk: jester, jest
Norwegian Bokmål: jest
Old Swedish: iæster
Swedish: jäst

fermentation; byproducts or agents of fermentation; yeast


hailaz

hailaz (nominative singular)
hailizō (nominative plural)
hailaz (singular vocative)
hailizō (plural vocative)
hailaz (accusative singular)
hailizō (accusative plural)
hailiziz (genitive singular)
hailizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hailizi (dative singular)
hailizumaz (dative plural)
hailizē (instrumental singular)
hailizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hail
Old English: hǣl
Old Saxon: hēl
Middle Low German: heil
Old Dutch: *heil
Middle Dutch: heil
Dutch: heil
Afrikaans: heil
Old High German: heil
Middle High German: heil
German: Heil

Old Norse: heill

Icelandic: heill

Probably of similar derivation to the above. Per Matasovic, potentially related to Proto-Brythonic *koɨl (“omen, augury”) (whence Welsh coel (“belief, trust”)), Latin caelum (“sky”), though Kroonen rejects relations to the Italo-Celtic forms.


selhaz

selhaz (nominative singular)
selhōz (nominative plural)
selhōs (nominative plural)
selh (singular vocative)
selhōz (plural vocative)
selhōs (plural vocative)
selhą (accusative singular)
selhanz (accusative plural)
selhas (genitive singular)
selhis (genitive singular)
selhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
selhai (dative singular)
selhamaz (dative plural)
selhō (instrumental singular)
selhamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *selh
Old English: seolh
Middle English: *selh, sele
Early Scots: selich
Scots: selch, selkie, silkie
English: seal
Old Frisian: *selch
North Frisian: selich
Old Saxon: *selh, *selah
Middle Low German: sēl, sale
Plautdietsch: Säajel
⇒ Low German: saalhund
Old Dutch: *selh
Middle Dutch: sēel, sāel, sēle
Old High German: selah
Middle High German: sëleh
German: Seel (obsolete)
⇒ German: Seelhund ⇒ Seehund

Old Norse: selr

Icelandic: selur

Faroese: selur

Norwegian: sel

Old Swedish: siæl, sæl

Swedish: säl

Danish: sæl

Gutnish: själ

Unknown. Likely either from pre-Proto-Finnic *šülkeš (later Proto-Finnic *hülgeh; compare Finnish hylje, Estonian hüljes) or from a related substrate source. Derivation from Proto-Indo-European *selk- (“to pull”), while possible, is ad hoc.


gutô

gutô (nominative singular)
gutaniz (nominative plural)
gutô (singular vocative)
gutaniz (plural vocative)
gutanų (accusative singular)
gutanunz (accusative plural)
gutiniz (genitive singular)
gutanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gutini (dative singular)
gutammaz (dative plural)
gutinē (instrumental singular)
gutammiz (instrumental plural)

Pliny the Elder
Ptolemy
Pytheas of Massalia
Strabo
Tacitus

Proto-West Germanic: *gotō

Old English: Gota, Guta

Middle English: Gothes, Gotes (pl.)

English: Goth (influenced by Latin Gothus)

→ Irish: Gotach

Middle High German: goten (pl.)

German: Gote (borrowed from English?)

→ Latin: Gotones, Gothones (Tacitus)

Old Norse: goti
Icelandic: Goti
Faroese: goti
Norwegian Nynorsk: gote
Old Swedish: guti (pl. gutar, gotar)
Swedish: gute, got (in Gotland)
Danish: guter pl, gote, goter
Norwegian Bokmål: goter
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: gotar
Old Gutnish: gutar pl
→ Finnish: gootti

Gothic: *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰 (*guta) (in 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (gutþiuda)), ᚷᚢᛏᚨᚾᛁ (gutanī, gen.pl.)

→ Ancient Greek: *Γοῦθθος (*Goûththos) (as gen. pl. Γούθθων), Γύθωες (Gúthōes) (Ptolemy), Γότθος (Gótthos)

→ Chinese: 哥特人 (gētèrén)

→ Latin: gotus, gothus

Catalan: got

Middle French: Got

French: Goth

Portuguese: godo

Spanish: godo

→ Parthian: Gut

→ Russian: гот (got)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Gȍt, Го̏т

→ Ancient Greek: Γούτωνες (Goútōnes) (Strabo)

q

→ Latin: Gutones (Pliny the Elder, recording the account of Pytheas of Massalia)

Perhaps from *geutaną (“to pour”). Compare Proto-Germanic *gautaz and Proto-Germanic *eutaz, related also to Gutnish, Gotland.


swihô

swihô (nominative singular)
swihaniz (nominative plural)
swihô (singular vocative)
swihaniz (plural vocative)
swihanų (accusative singular)
swihanunz (accusative plural)
swihiniz (genitive singular)
swihanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swihini (dative singular)
swihammaz (dative plural)
swihinē (instrumental singular)
swihammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: Swēon pl

Old Norse: *svíi (plural svíar)

Icelandic: Svíi

Faroese: svíi, svii

Old Swedish: swēar, swīar pl

Swedish: svear pl

→ Old East Slavic: свѣи pl (svěi)

Russian: свей m (svej)

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰 (*swaiha), *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*swaihans)

→ Latin: Suehans pl [6th c., Jordanes]

→ Latin: Suiōnēs pl

Contested but likely from *swé (“one's own, self”) with the literal meaning "our tribe" or "our people"; compare *swēbaz (“Suebi”), said to have the same meaning.


swēbaz

swēbaz (nominative singular)
swēbōz (nominative plural)
swēbōs (nominative plural)
swēb (singular vocative)
swēbōz (plural vocative)
swēbōs (plural vocative)
swēbą (accusative singular)
swēbanz (accusative plural)
swēbas (genitive singular)
swēbis (genitive singular)
swēbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swēbai (dative singular)
swēbamaz (dative plural)
swēbō (instrumental singular)
swēbamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swāb
Old English: Swǣfas pl, Swǣfe
Old Dutch: Swāf (given name)
⇒ Old Dutch: *Swāvīn (given name)
Old High German: swāb, swāp, suāb, suāp
Middle High German: swāp, swābe
German: Schwabe
→ Dutch: Zwaab
→ Romanian: șvab

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*swabaʀ /swābaɹ̝̊/)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ /Swābaharjaɹ̝̊/)

Old Norse: Sváfarr

Old Norse: *sváfr

⇒ Old Norse: Sváfa

⇒ Old Norse: Sváfaland

→ Latin: Suēbus (plural Suēbī), Suēvus (plural Suēvī), Suēbia, Suābia

Catalan: sueu, Suèvia

Galician: suevos; Suevos, Suegos (place names)

→ Ancient Greek: Σούηβος (Soúēbos)

→ German: Sueben

→ English: Suebi, Suevi, Swabia

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“oneself”, reflexive pronoun) with an uncertain second component, sometimes taken to be *bʰuH- despite formal difficulties. Compared to Proto-Slavic *svobodà (“freedom”), Latvian atsvabināt (“to free”). In Germanic, compare especially *sibjō (“kinship; friendship”) and Old Norse Sif (name of a goddess), plausibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *sebʰyo, the dative form of the pronoun. Note also the ethnonym *swihô (“Swede”), which like *swēbaz retains the *w. However, all connections are problematic in one way or another.

der

someone of the Suebi (a Swabian, but this has a modern meaning)


durz

durz (nominative singular)
duriz (nominative plural)
dur (singular vocative)
duriz (plural vocative)
durų (accusative singular)
durunz (accusative plural)
duriz (genitive singular)
durǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duri (dative singular)
durumaz (dative plural)
durē (instrumental singular)
durumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dur
Old English: duru, doru
Middle English: dore, doire, dure, dur, dirre
English: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Scots: dure, dur
Yola: dher
Old Frisian: dure, dore
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: dör
Mooring, Sylt: döör
Saterland Frisian: Doore
West Frisian: doar
Old Saxon: duru
Middle Low German: dȫr, dȫre
Low German: Dör
German Low German: Door, Döör
Hamburgisch: Dör
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Dööre, Döör
Plautdietsch: Däa
Old Dutch: duri, dura
Middle Dutch: dōre
Dutch: deur
Limburgish: däör
West Flemish: deure
Zealandic: deur, deure
Old High German: turi
Middle High German: tür, tur, ture, dur, dor
Alemannic German: Tüür, Tiire (Uri), Dire
Bavarian: Dia, Tia
Cimbrian: tür
Mòcheno: tir
Central Franconian: Dür
Hunsrik: Deer
Luxembourgish: Dier
East Central German: Thüar (Egerländisch)
Upper Saxon German: Düre
German: Tür, Türe
Rhine Franconian: Deer, Diir
Pennsylvania German: Dier
Yiddish: טיר (tir)

Old Norse: dyrr pl
Icelandic: dyr pl
Faroese: dyr pl
Norn: dør
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: dør
Norwegian Nynorsk: dør
Jamtish: dẃr
Elfdalian: dörer
Old Swedish: dyr
Swedish: dörr
Scanian: dør
Danish: dør
Gutnish: dur, duri

Likely back-formed from *dʰur-ih₁, an old neuter dual form, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-.


lūs

lūs (nominative singular)
lūsiz (nominative plural)
lūs (singular vocative)
lūsiz (plural vocative)
lūsų (accusative singular)
lūsunz (accusative plural)
lūsiz (genitive singular)
lūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lūsi (dative singular)
lūsumaz (dative plural)
lūsē (instrumental singular)
lūsumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lūs
Old English: lūs
Middle English: lous, lows, lowse
Scots: louse, loose
English: louse
Old Frisian: *lūs
Saterland Frisian: Lúus
West Frisian: lûs
Old Saxon: *lūs
Middle Low German: lūs
Low German: Luus
Plautdietsch: Lus
Old Dutch: *lūs
Middle Dutch: luus, luys
Dutch: luis
Afrikaans: luis
Old High German: lūs
Middle High German: lūs
Cimbrian: laus
German: Laus
Hunsrik: Laus
Luxembourgish: Laus
Vilamovian: łaojs
Yiddish: לויז (loyz)

Old Norse: lús

Icelandic: lús

Faroese: lús

Norn: lus

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: lus

Norwegian Nynorsk: lus

Old Swedish: lūs

Swedish: lus

Danish: lus

Gutnish: läus

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“louse”).


þistilaz

þistilaz (nominative singular)
þistilōz (nominative plural)
þistilōs (nominative plural)
þistil (singular vocative)
þistilōz (plural vocative)
þistilōs (plural vocative)
þistilą (accusative singular)
þistilanz (accusative plural)
þistilas (genitive singular)
þistilis (genitive singular)
þistilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þistilai (dative singular)
þistilamaz (dative plural)
þistilō (instrumental singular)
þistilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þistil
Old English: þistel
Middle English: thistel, þistel, thystyl, þistil, thestel, thystylle, thystyll, þestel, thistill, þystel, þissle, thystul
English: thistle
Scots: thrissel
Old Frisian: *thistel
Saterland Frisian: Tíesel
West Frisian: tister
Old Saxon: thistil, thīstil
Middle Low German: distel, dîstel
German Low German: Diestel, Dießel, Diesel
Old Dutch: *thistil
Middle Dutch: distel
Dutch: distel
Afrikaans: distel
Old High German: distil, distila
Middle High German: distel
German: Distel
Luxembourgish: Dëschtel
Vilamovian: döstuł
Pennsylvania German: Dischdel

Old Norse: þistill

Icelandic: þistill

Faroese: tistil

Norwegian: tistel

Old Swedish: þistil

Swedish: tistel

Old Danish: thistæl

Danish: tidsel

Gutnish: tissle

Scanian: tizle

Usually considered to derive from pre-Germanic *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”), though with superficial mechanical reasoning, with dubious though formally possibly succedent zero-grade *-sd- (“sitting”), having acquired the Germanic suffix *-ilaz. Compare *mistilaz for the formation.
Alternatively, Orel considers the word to be formed from Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- (“to cut, fashion”) + *-elo- (the latter whence *-ilaz).


agjō

agjō (nominative singular)
agjôz (nominative plural)
agjō (singular vocative)
agjôz (plural vocative)
agjǭ (accusative singular)
agjōz (accusative plural)
agjōz (genitive singular)
agjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agjōi (dative singular)
agjōmaz (dative plural)
agjō (instrumental singular)
agjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aggju
Old English: eċġ
Middle English: egge
English: edge
Scots: ege, egge
Old Frisian: egg, eg, egge
Saterland Frisian: Ägge
West Frisian: igge
Old Saxon: eggia
Middle Low German: egge, egke, ecke
German Low German: Eck
Plautdietsch: Agj, Akj
Old Dutch: *egga
Middle Dutch: egge
Dutch: egge, eg
Old High German: egga, ecka
Middle High German: egge, ecke
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Eck
Luxembourgish: Eck
East Central German:
Vilamovian: ekk
German: Ecke
Rhine Franconian: Eck
Yiddish: עק (ek)

Old Norse: egg
Icelandic: egg
Faroese: egg
Norwegian Nynorsk: egg
Dalian: egg
Old Swedish: eg
Swedish: egg
Danish: æg
Norwegian Bokmål: egg

→ Proto-Samic: *āvjō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *akja (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱ-ih₂ ~ h₂ḱ-yéh₂-s, from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


tūną

tūną (nominative singular)
tūnō (nominative plural)
tūną (singular vocative)
tūnō (plural vocative)
tūną (accusative singular)
tūnō (accusative plural)
tūnas (genitive singular)
tūnis (genitive singular)
tūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tūnai (dative singular)
tūnamaz (dative plural)
tūnō (instrumental singular)
tūnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tūn m (“fence”)
Old English: tūn (“enclosed land, town”)
Middle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune
English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)
→ Chichewa: tawuni
→ Hawaiian: kaona
→ Jersey Dutch: tāun
→ Pennsylvania German: Taun
→ Japanese: タウン (taun)
Geordie English: toon
Middle Scots: toun, town, tone
Scots: toun, toon
Yola: teoune, teoun
Old Frisian: tūn (“fence, enclosure”)
Saterland Frisian: Tuun
West Frisian: tún
Old Saxon: tūn (“fence”)
Middle Low German: tûn
Low German: Tuun
Old Dutch: tūn (“fence”)
Middle Dutch: tuun
Dutch: tuin
Afrikaans: tuin
Berbice Creole Dutch: tun
Skepi Creole Dutch: tun
Limburgish: toen
West Flemish: tuun
Zealandic: tuun
Old High German: zūn (“fence, enclosure”)
Middle High German: zūn, zoun
Alemannic German: Zuun
Central Franconian: Zong, Zung, Zuu, Zoun, Zaun
Luxembourgish: Zonk
German: Zaun
Vilamovian: caojn
→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (“fence, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: tún n (“field, enclosure”)
Icelandic: tún
Faroese: tún
Norwegian Nynorsk: tun, Tune; (dialectal) ton
Swedish: tun, -tuna, Tuna
Danish: tun, Tune
Norwegian Bokmål: tun, Tune

Borrowed from (Pre-)Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”) before Grimm's law changed *d to *t.


slēpaz

slēpaz (nominative singular)
slēpōz (nominative plural)
slēpōs (nominative plural)
slēp (singular vocative)
slēpōz (plural vocative)
slēpōs (plural vocative)
slēpą (accusative singular)
slēpanz (accusative plural)
slēpas (genitive singular)
slēpis (genitive singular)
slēpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slēpai (dative singular)
slēpamaz (dative plural)
slēpō (instrumental singular)
slēpamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slāp
Old English: slǣp
Middle English: slepe
English: sleep
Scots: slepe, sleip
Old Frisian: slēp
Saterland Frisian: Släip
West Frisian: sliep
Old Saxon: slāp
Middle Low German: slâp
Low German: Slaap, Slap, Schlop (dative: Schlope; Westphalian: Sauerländisch, Paderbornisch)
German Low German: Slaap
Old Dutch: *slāp
Middle Dutch: slâep
Dutch: slaap
Afrikaans: slaap
Old High German: slāf
Middle High German: slāf
German: Schlaf
Hunsrik: Schlof
Luxembourgish: Schlof
Pennsylvania German: Schlof
Vilamovian: śłöf
Yiddish: שלאָף (shlof)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐍃 (slēps)


þūmô

þūmô (nominative singular)
þūmaniz (nominative plural)
þūmô (singular vocative)
þūmaniz (plural vocative)
þūmanų (accusative singular)
þūmanunz (accusative plural)
þūminiz (genitive singular)
þūmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þūmini (dative singular)
þūmammaz (dative plural)
þūminē (instrumental singular)
þūmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þūmō
Old English: þūma, *ᚦᚢᛗᚪ (*þuma)
Middle English: thombe
English: thumb
Scots: thoum
Yola: thoome, thoume
Old Frisian: thūma
North Frisian: tome, töme
Saterland Frisian: Tume
West Frisian: tomme, tûme
Old Saxon: thūmo
Middle Low German: dûme
German Low German: Dumen, Dume, Duum
Plautdietsch: Dumen
Old Dutch: *thūmo
Middle Dutch: dume
Dutch: duim, (archaic) dom
Afrikaans: duim
Negerhollands: tompi
→ Aukan: doin
→ Caribbean Hindustani: doi
→ Caribbean Javanese: dim
→ Indonesian: dim
→ Papiamentu: dùim, duim
→ Russian: дюйм (djujm)
Limburgish: doem, doemb
Old High German: dūmo
Middle High German: dūme, doume, tūme
Cimbrian: daumo
German: Daumen
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Daume
Luxembourgish: Daum
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Daume

Old Norse: *þumi

⇒ Old Gutnish: ᚦᚢᛘᛒᛚᛁᚾᚵᛁ

Icelandic: þumi

Faroese: tummi

Norn: tum

Old Swedish: þumi
Swedish: tumme, tum

Danish: tomme

→ Icelandic: tomma

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tomme

Old Gutnish:

Gutnish: tumme

→? Proto-Finnic: *tuumën (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *tu(h₂)m-ō, from *tum- (“to swell”), thus "big swollen finger" > "thumb". Cognate with Sanskrit तुम्र (túmra, “strong, big”), Latin tumor (“swelling, tumor”), Lithuanian tumė́ti (“to coagulate”), Welsh twf (“strength”).


weraz

weraz (nominative singular)
werōz (nominative plural)
werōs (nominative plural)
wer (singular vocative)
werōz (plural vocative)
werōs (plural vocative)
werą (accusative singular)
weranz (accusative plural)
weras (genitive singular)
wiris (genitive singular)
werǫ̂ (genitive plural)
werai (dative singular)
weramaz (dative plural)
werō (instrumental singular)
weramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wer
Old English: wer
Middle English: wer
English: wer
Old Frisian: wer
Old Saxon: wer
Middle Low German: wēre
Old Dutch: *wer
Middle Dutch: weer
Old High German: wer
Middle High German: wer, were
German: Wer (archaic or obsolete)

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛖᚱᚨᛉ (weraʀ)

Old Norse: verr
Icelandic: ver
Faroese: ver-
Old Swedish: vær-
Swedish: vär-

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂 (wair)

From Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós (“man, hero”), with pretonic shortening before a resonant. Compare Latin vir, Sanskrit वीर (vīrá), Irish fear, Welsh gŵr and Lithuanian vyras.


haubudą

haubudą (nominative singular)
haubudō (nominative plural)
haubudą (singular vocative)
haubudō (plural vocative)
haubudą (accusative singular)
haubudō (accusative plural)
haubudas (genitive singular)
haubudis (genitive singular)
haubudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haubudai (dative singular)
haubudamaz (dative plural)
haubudō (instrumental singular)
haubudamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haubud

desctree

Old English: hēafod
Middle English: heed
English: head, heed, hed (obsolete), 'ead (UK, eye dialect)
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi
Geordie English: heed
Scots: heid
Yola: heade, haade, hade

Old Frisian: hāved, hāud, hāfd, hād

North Frisian: hood (Föhr-Amrum), Haur (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: Haud

West Frisian: haad

Old Norse: haufuð

Icelandic: haufuð

desc

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: (dialectal) hauv, haue, haud

Crimean Gothic: hoef

Proto-West Germanic: *haubid (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ)

Crimean Gothic: hoef

Old English: *hafud (in hafudland (“headland”)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫfuð
Icelandic: höfuð
Faroese: høvd, høvur
Norn: heved
Norwegian: hovud; (dialectal) huvud, hugud, hue, haud
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hue
Jamtish: huvu
Elfdalian: ovuð
Old Swedish: hovuþ, huwuþ, hoffuidh, hwffuit
Swedish: huvud
Old Danish: hofuþ, houæth
Scanian: huweð
Danish: hoved, hode
Norwegian Bokmål: hode, hoved-
Old Gutnish: hafuþ
Gutnish: häud, håvud
English: Howth

/ˈxɑu̯.βu.ðɑ̃/

From earlier *hafud, from Proto-Indo-European *káput. Cognate with Latin caput.
The original form in Germanic was *habudą, which has been retained in most North Germanic dialects, whereas some North Germanic dialects along with the West Germanic languages and Gothic have forms that go back to *haubudą or *haubidą. The diphthong may be due to metathesis, if one reconstructs the original paradigm nominative *hafuþ ~ genitive *habweþaz.
The same root but with an alternate ending also appears in Germanic: *habulô (e.g. Old English hafola (“head”)). The presence of initial *-a- in both *habudą and *habulô remains unexplained.


aldiz

aldiz (nominative singular)
aldīz (nominative plural)
aldi (singular vocative)
aldīz (plural vocative)
aldį (accusative singular)
aldinz (accusative plural)
aldīz (genitive singular)
aldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aldī (dative singular)
aldimaz (dative plural)
aldī (instrumental singular)
aldimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ǫld

Icelandic: öld

Faroese: øld

Danish: old (archaic)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (alds)


aldiz

Proto-West Germanic: *aldī

desc

Old English: (plural) ielde, ilde, ylde, (Anglian) ælde, elde

Old Saxon: aldi, eldi

⇒ Old Saxon: eldibarn

Lombardic: *aldi

→ Late Latin: aldius

Italian: aldio

Proto-Norse:

desctree

Old Norse: ǫld
Icelandic: öld f
Faroese: øld f
Danish: old c (archaic)

From *alaną + *-þiz, of the same origin as the "age" sense of Etymology 1.


sahsą

sahsą (nominative singular)
sahsō (nominative plural)
sahsą (singular vocative)
sahsō (plural vocative)
sahsą (accusative singular)
sahsō (accusative plural)
sahsas (genitive singular)
sahsis (genitive singular)
sahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sahsai (dative singular)
sahsamaz (dative plural)
sahsō (instrumental singular)
sahsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sahs
Old English: seax, sex — West Saxon, syx, sex
Middle English: sax, sexe, sex, sæx, seax
English: sax; zax
Scots: saks; sax (verb) (through confluence with Norse form)
→ English: seax (learned)
Old Frisian: sax
North Frisian: sax
Saterland Frisian: Soaks
Old Saxon: sahs
Middle Low German: sax, sachs, sass
Low German: Sass, Sachs, Sax
Old Dutch: sas
Middle Dutch: sas
Dutch: zas (archaic)
Old High German: sahs
Middle High German: sahs
German: Sachs

Old Norse: sax

Icelandic: sax

Faroese: saksur

Norwegian: saks

Old Swedish: sax f

Swedish: sax (probably originally the plural form)
→ Finnish: sakset pl, saksi sg

Danish: saks (dial. saus)

Scanian: sağs

→ Scots: sax, saks, saxie, saksi

From Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”).


widuwǭ

widuwǭ (nominative singular)
widuwōniz (nominative plural)
widuwǭ (singular vocative)
widuwōniz (plural vocative)
widuwōnų (accusative singular)
widuwōnunz (accusative plural)
widuwōniz (genitive singular)
widuwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
widuwōni (dative singular)
widuwōmaz (dative plural)
widuwōnē (instrumental singular)
widuwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *widuwā
Old English: widuwe, widua — Northumbrian, wuduwe — West Saxon, widewe, wyduwe, weoduwe, weodewe, wydewe
Middle English: widwe
English: widow
Scots: weedae, wedow, widdow
Old Frisian: widwe, wedwe
Saterland Frisian: Wiede- (in Wiedewieuw, Wiedekäärel)
West Frisian: widdo
Old Saxon: widuwa, widowa
Middle Low German: wedewe, weduwe, wedue
Plautdietsch: Wät- (in Wätfru)
Old Dutch: widowa
Middle Dutch: weduwe, wedewe
Dutch: weduwe, (archaic) weeuw
Afrikaans: weduwee
Negerhollands: weduwe
→ Caribbean Hindustani: widhwá
Old High German: wituwa, witawa
Middle High German: witewe
Cimbrian: bittaba
German: Witwe
Luxembourgish: Wit- (in Witfra, Witmann)
Vilamovian: wytwa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐍉 (widuwō)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂ (“widow”).


wurdą

wurdą (nominative singular)
wurdō (nominative plural)
wurdą (singular vocative)
wurdō (plural vocative)
wurdą (accusative singular)
wurdō (accusative plural)
wurdas (genitive singular)
wurdis (genitive singular)
wurdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurdai (dative singular)
wurdamaz (dative plural)
wurdō (instrumental singular)
wurdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *word
Old English: word
Middle English: word, wurd, weord
Scots: wird, wourd
English: word
Old Frisian: word, werd, wird
North Frisian:
Föhr: wurd
Helgoland: Wür
Mooring: uurd
Saterland Frisian: Woud, Wud (Strukelje)
West Frisian: wurd
Old Saxon: word
Middle Low German: wort
Low German: Word, Woort
German Low German: Woord
Old Dutch: wort
Middle Dutch: wort
Dutch: woord
Limburgish: waord, waordj
Old High German: wort
Middle High German: wort
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Wort
Italian Walser: wort, wourd, wuart, wòrt, wört
Swabian: Wort
Bavarian: Wort, Wurt
Cimbrian: bóart, bort (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: bourt
Udinese: boart, bort, bört
Central Franconian: Woot, Wort (Moselle Franconian; some dialects of Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Wort
German: Wort
Luxembourgish: Wuert
Vilamovian: wiüt
Yiddish: וואָרט (vort)

Old Norse: orð
Icelandic: orð
Faroese: orð
Norwegian Nynorsk: ord
Norwegian Bokmål: ord
Elfdalian: uord
Old Swedish: orþ, ordh
Swedish: ord
Old Danish: orth
Danish: ord
Scanian: orð
Old Gutnish: orþ
Gutnish: ård

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (waurd)

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰh₁om (“word”).


wurmiz

wurmiz (nominative singular)
wurmīz (nominative plural)
wurmi (singular vocative)
wurmīz (plural vocative)
wurmį (accusative singular)
wurminz (accusative plural)
wurmīz (genitive singular)
wurmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurmī (dative singular)
wurmimaz (dative plural)
wurmī (instrumental singular)
wurmimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wurmi
Old English: wyrm, weorm, wurm
Middle English: worm, werm, wirm, wurm, wyrm, wyrme, wrim, worme
English: worm
Scots: worm, wirm
→ English: wyrm
Old Frisian: worm, werm, wirm
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: wörem
Saterland Frisian: Wurm, Wúurm
West Frisian: wjirm
Old Saxon: wurm
Middle Low German: worm
Low German:
German Low German: Worm
Plautdietsch: Worm
Old Dutch: wurm
Middle Dutch: worm, wurm
Dutch: worm, wurm
Afrikaans: wurm
Berbice Creole Dutch: worum
Negerhollands: worm, wurum
Limburgish: worm
Old High German: wurm
Middle High German: wurm
Alemannic German: Wüüre
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bórm, burm
Mòcheno: burm
Hunsrik: Worrem
German: Wurm
Luxembourgish: Wuerm
Vilamovian: wüm
Yiddish: וואָרעם (vorem)
→ Old French: gourme, gorme
French: gourme
→ Spanish: gurma

Old Norse: ormr
Icelandic: ormur
Faroese: ormur
Norn: orm (“vermin; shoal of fish”)
Norwegian: orm
Elfdalian: uorm
Old Swedish: ormber
Swedish: orm
Danish: orm
Gutnish: årm, årrm

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐍃 (waurms)

→ Proto-Samic: *urmē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”). Cognate with Latin vermis, Ancient Greek ῥόμος (rhómos), Lithuanian var̃mas (“bug, fly”), Old Prussian wormyan (“red”), Old East Slavic *вьрмиѥ (*vĭrmije) (whence Ukrainian вермяний (vermjanyj, “red”)). The meaning red developed from a colour that one gains by a scale insect.


wullō

wullō (nominative singular)
wullôz (nominative plural)
wullō (singular vocative)
wullôz (plural vocative)
wullǭ (accusative singular)
wullōz (accusative plural)
wullōz (genitive singular)
wullǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wullōi (dative singular)
wullōmaz (dative plural)
wullō (instrumental singular)
wullōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wullu
Old English: wull
Middle English: wulle, woule, wolle
Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo
English: wool
Old Frisian: wulle, wolle, ulle, ul
Saterland Frisian: Wulle
West Frisian: wolle, wol
Old Saxon: wulla
Middle Low German: wulle
German Low German: Wulle, Wull
Low German: Wulle
Old Dutch: *wulla, *wolla
Middle Dutch: wolle
Dutch: wol
Afrikaans: wol
→ Indonesian: wol
Old High German: wolla
Middle High German: wolle
Cimbrian: bòlla
German: Wolle
Hunsrik: Woll
Luxembourgish: Woll
Pennsylvania German: Woll
Vilamovian: wuuł
Yiddish: וואָל (vol)

Old Norse: ull

Icelandic: ull

Faroese: ull

Norwegian Bokmål: ull

Norwegian Nynorsk: ull

Old Swedish: ul, ull

Swedish: ull

Danish: uld

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰 (wulla)

→ Proto-Samic: *ullō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wl̥h₁néh₂, a suffix-accented form of *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (“wool”).


rīkiją

rīkiją (nominative singular)
rīkijō (nominative plural)
rīkiją (singular vocative)
rīkijō (plural vocative)
rīkiją (accusative singular)
rīkijō (accusative plural)
rīkijas (genitive singular)
rīkīs (genitive singular)
rīkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīkijai (dative singular)
rīkijamaz (dative plural)
rīkijō (instrumental singular)
rīkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīkī
Old English: rīce
Middle English: riche, ryche, rik, rike, ryk (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)
Old Frisian: rīke
Saterland Frisian: Riek
West Frisian: ryk
Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîch, ricke, rijke, rîk, rîke
Low German: riek
Plautdietsch: Rikj
Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk
Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: riche
Bavarian: Reich
German: Reich
→ English: Reich
→ Polish: Reich
→ Russian: рейх (rejx)
Luxembourgish: Räich
→ Polish: rzesza
→ Czech: říše
→ Slovak: ríša

Old Norse: ríki
Icelandic: ríki
Faroese: ríki
Norwegian Nynorsk: rike
Norwegian Bokmål: rike
Old Swedish: rīke
Swedish: rike
Danish: rige
→ Middle English: rike
English: rike
Scots: rik

Gothic: 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 (reiki)

→ Estonian: riik (borrowing) (from (Old) Swedish or (Middle) Low German)

From Proto-Celtic *rīgyom, whence also Old Irish ríge.


karō

karō (nominative singular)
karôz (nominative plural)
karō (singular vocative)
karôz (plural vocative)
karǭ (accusative singular)
karōz (accusative plural)
karōz (genitive singular)
karǫ̂ (genitive plural)
karōi (dative singular)
karōmaz (dative plural)
karō (instrumental singular)
karōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *karu
Old English: caru, ċearu
Middle English: care
Scots: care, cair
English: care
Old Frisian: kara
Old Saxon: kara
Old Dutch: *cara
Middle Dutch: cāre
Dutch: kaar
Old High German: chara, kara
Middle High German: kar
⇒ Middle High German: karvrītac (“Good Friday”)
Cimbrian: Kalbraitag
German: Karfreitag
Luxembourgish: Karfreideg
⇒ Cimbrian: kartag

Old Norse: kǫr

Icelandic: kör

Norwegian: kor

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵh̥₂reh₂ or *ǵeh₂réh₂, *ǵoh₂réh₂ with pretonic shortening, according to Kroonen, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“voice, exclamation”). Cognate with Latin garriō (“to prate, chatter”), Ancient Greek γῆρυς (gêrus, “voice, call, sound”).


karō

Old High German: *kara, *chara

⇒ Old High German: ubarkara, ubarchara

⇒ Old Norse: *kara

desc

⇒ Icelandic: kar n (“dirt, filth, waste litter”)

Norwegian: kara, karra (“to scrape, sweep”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to scrape”).


rūmōniz

rūmōniz (nominative singular)
rūmōnīz (nominative plural)
rūmōni (singular vocative)
rūmōnīz (plural vocative)
rūmōnį (accusative singular)
rūmōninz (accusative plural)
rūmōnīz (genitive singular)
rūmōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūmōnī (dative singular)
rūmōnimaz (dative plural)
rūmōnī (instrumental singular)
rūmōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐍃 (rūmōns)

Back-formed from the plural *Rūmōnīz, from Latin Rōmānī, itself the plural of Rōmānus.
At the time of borrowing, *ō was still pronounced as a more open vowel ā, probably /ɒː/. Since Proto-Germanic did not possess a long *ō at that time, the closest vowel to the Latin ō was Proto-Germanic *ū. Therefore, the word was probably borrowed from Latin as *Rūmānīz. At that time, Proto-Germanic had not yet completed the full shift from ā to ō, since the shift affected this loanword as well when it did occur, changing *Rūmānīz to *Rūmōnīz. This provides evidence that the shift occurred around or shortly after the first contact between Romans and Germanic tribes, which cannot have been later than the Battle of Noreia in 112 BCE.

Near-synonym: *walhaz


warjaz

warjaz (nominative singular)
warjōz (nominative plural)
warjōs (nominative plural)
wari (singular vocative)
warjōz (plural vocative)
warjōs (plural vocative)
warją (accusative singular)
warjanz (accusative plural)
warjas (genitive singular)
waris (genitive singular)
warjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warjai (dative singular)
warjamaz (dative plural)
warjō (instrumental singular)
warjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-wari
Old English: -ware, -waras, -waran, -waru
Middle English: -ware, -wæren, -wærre (Laȝamon), -waress (Ormulum)
⇒ Early Modern English: endware
>? Middle English: -ere
English: -er
Middle Scots: -ar, -ir
Scots: -er
Old Frisian: -ere
Saterland Frisian: -er
West Frisian: -er
Old Saxon: *-āri
Middle Low German: -ære, -er
German Low German: -er
→ Old Norse: -ari
Faroese: -ari
Old Swedish: -are
Swedish: -are
Old Dutch: *-āri
Middle Dutch: -ere
Dutch: -er
Old High German: -āri, -eri, -wari
Middle High German: -āre, -ære, -er
German: -er

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*warjaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛚᚨᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (ladawarijaʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (bidawarijaʀ)

ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawarijaʀ)

Old Norse: Steinarr

Old Norse: -verr, -verjar, -verir, (in given names) -arr

Icelandic: -verji

Faroese: -verji

Norwegian Nynorsk: -ver, -vær (lomvær, vikvær, skjåkvær, øyvær), ⇒ -væring (lofotværing, ofotværing, senjaværing, saltværing, altaværing, ranværing)

→ Latin: -variī (in ancient Germanic tribal names)

Derived from *warjaną (“to hinder, defend”).


mainą

mainą (nominative singular)
mainō (nominative plural)
mainą (singular vocative)
mainō (plural vocative)
mainą (accusative singular)
mainō (accusative plural)
mainas (genitive singular)
mainis (genitive singular)
mainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mainai (dative singular)
mainamaz (dative plural)
mainō (instrumental singular)
mainamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mān; mānāþ (compounded with *aiþaz); mānswerian

Middle English: man, mon; manað, mon-oð; mansweren

English: manswear

Scots: mansweir

Old Frisian: mēn; *mēnēth (compounded with *aiþaz)

Saterland Frisian: Meeneed

West Frisian: meineed

Old Saxon: mēn; mēnēth (compounded with *aiþaz)

Middle Low German: mênêde, meinnêt

German Low German: Meeneed

Old Dutch: *mēn, *mein; *mēnēth (compounded with *aiþaz)

Middle Dutch: mên, mein; meynede, meeneet

Dutch: meineed

Old High German: mein; meineid (compounded with *aiþaz)

Middle High German: mein; meineit

German: Meineid

desctree

Old Norse: mein
Icelandic: mein
Faroese: mein
Norwegian Nynorsk: mein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mein
Old Swedish: mēn
Swedish: men
Danish: men
Norwegian Bokmål: men

→ Proto-Samic: *mājnē (see there for further descendants)

From the same ultimate source as *mainijaną (“to think, mean”), evolved from an earlier sense of "false oath."


wēdiz

wēdiz (nominative singular)
wēdīz (nominative plural)
wēdi (singular vocative)
wēdīz (plural vocative)
wēdį (accusative singular)
wēdinz (accusative plural)
wēdīz (genitive singular)
wēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēdī (dative singular)
wēdimaz (dative plural)
wēdī (instrumental singular)
wēdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wādi

Old English: wǣd

Middle English: wede

English: weed, weeds

Scots: weed, weid

Old Frisian: wēd, wēde; gewēd

Saterland Frisian: Wääd

⇒ Old Frisian: wēden

Saterland Frisian: Wäiden

desc

Old Saxon: *wād; wādi, wēdi n; giwādi, giwēdi n

Middle Low German: wât; gewâde

Old Dutch: *wāt; giwādi n

Middle Dutch: gewade, gewaet, *watte

Dutch: gewaad, watten

Afrikaans: gewaad, watte

→ West Frisian: waad, gewaad

Old High German: wāt; giwāt f; giwāti n

Middle High German: wāt; gewāt

German: Wat, Watte

desctree

Old Norse: váð
Icelandic: voð
Faroese: váð
Old Swedish: vāþ
Swedish: våd
→ English: wad
⇒ Old Norse: váðmál, vaðmál (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *vaat'ëk (< NW *wādiz)

Finnish: vaate

Ingrian: vaate

Presumedly the vṛddhi gerundive of *wedaną (“to join, bind, tie”), via an unattested adjective *wēdiz (“bound, joined, tied, sewn together”).


wadą

wadą (nominative singular)
wadō (nominative plural)
wadą (singular vocative)
wadō (plural vocative)
wadą (accusative singular)
wadō (accusative plural)
wadas (genitive singular)
wadis (genitive singular)
wadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadai (dative singular)
wadamaz (dative plural)
wadō (instrumental singular)
wadamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæd, wæþ

Scots: wath

English: wath

Old Frisian: *wed

West Frisian: waad, wâd

Old Saxon: *wad

Middle Low German: wat

→ German: Watt

Frankish: *wad

Old Dutch: wad (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: wat

Dutch: wad

q

possibly confused with <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">vadum</i>

→ Vulgar Latin: *uadam (possibly confused with vadum)

Old French: gué

Middle French: gué

French: gué

Occitan: ga, guá

Catalan: gual

Italian: guado

desctree

Old High German: wat
Middle High German: *wat, *wate (perhaps)
German: Wate f (dialectal; may also be deverbal)

Old Norse: vað

Icelandic: vað

Faroese: vað

Norwegian: vad

Old Swedish: vaþ

Swedish: vad

Danish: vad

→ Middle English: wath, wathe, weth (mostly in placenames, in part)

Scots: wath

English: wath

From Proto-Indo-European *wadʰom, *wh₂dʰóm, from *weh₂dʰ-. Cognate with Latin vadum (“ford”).


wēniz

wēniz (nominative singular)
wēnīz (nominative plural)
wēni (singular vocative)
wēnīz (plural vocative)
wēnį (accusative singular)
wēninz (accusative plural)
wēnīz (genitive singular)
wēnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēnī (dative singular)
wēnimaz (dative plural)
wēnī (instrumental singular)
wēnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāni
Old English: wēn
Middle English: wene, wen
English: ween
Scots: wen, wene
Old Frisian: wēn
Old Saxon: wān
Old Dutch: wān
Middle Dutch: wâen
Dutch: waan
Afrikaans: waan
Limburgish: waan
Old High German: wān
Middle High German: wān
German: Wahn
Luxembourgish: Woun

Old Norse: ván, vǫ́n, vón, ón
Icelandic: von
Faroese: vón
Norwegian: von
Old Swedish: vān
Swedish: vån
Old Danish: wān
→ Middle English: iwon, wane, wone
English: wone

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐍃 (wēns)

Likely nominalized from the adjective, though Kroonen and Orel consider the noun to be the original form.


wībą

wībą (nominative singular)
wībō (nominative plural)
wībą (singular vocative)
wībō (plural vocative)
wībą (accusative singular)
wībō (accusative plural)
wības (genitive singular)
wībis (genitive singular)
wībǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wībai (dative singular)
wībamaz (dative plural)
wībō (instrumental singular)
wībamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīb
Old English: wīf
Middle English: wif, wyf
English: wife
Sranan Tongo: wefi
→ Japanese: ワイフ (waifu)
→ English: waifu
Scots: wife
Old Frisian: wīf
North Frisian: wüf
Saterland Frisian: Wieuw
West Frisian: wiif, wyf
Old Saxon: wīf
Middle Low German: wîf
German Low German: Wiev
Low German: Wief
Old Dutch: wīf
Middle Dutch: wijf
Dutch: wijf
Afrikaans: wyf
Sranan Tongo: wefi
Old High German: wīb
Middle High German: wīp; (northwestern) wīf
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: wib
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baip, baibe (Luserna)
Mòcheno: baib
Udinese: baip, baib
Central Franconian: Wiev, Wivv, Weiv
German: Weib
Yiddish: ווײַב (vayb)

Old Norse: víf
Icelandic: víf
Faroese: vív
Norwegian Nynorsk: viv
Norwegian Bokmål: viv m or n
Old Swedish: vīf
Swedish: viv, vif (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: viv

Unknown, with a number of disputed suggestions. One suggestion connects Tocharian A/B kip/kwīpe (“genitals, female pudenda”) (perhaps also Albanian cipë (“sense of shame, membrane”)), for a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *gʰwíbʰ- (“pudenda”).
Another suggestion connects Old English wǣfan (“wrap, clothe”), Old Norse vífa (“wrap, veil”) for a suggested original motive of "married woman wearing a scarf", though with no certain further cognates outside of Germanic.
Yet another suggestion connects Old High German weibon (“move to and fro”), Old Norse veifa (“swing, throw”), for a motive of "one who is moving busily; housekeeper, maidservant" (cf. German Weibel (“manservant, usher”)).


wagnaz

wagnaz (nominative singular)
wagnōz (nominative plural)
wagnōs (nominative plural)
wagn (singular vocative)
wagnōz (plural vocative)
wagnōs (plural vocative)
wagną (accusative singular)
wagnanz (accusative plural)
wagnas (genitive singular)
wagnis (genitive singular)
wagnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wagnai (dative singular)
wagnamaz (dative plural)
wagnō (instrumental singular)
wagnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wagn
Old English: wæġn, wæġen, wǣn
Middle English: wayn, wain, wein, weyne, weine, wayne, wayen, wene, wen, waȝȝn, waynne, wane
English: wain
Scots: wain, wayn, wane
Old Frisian: wain, wein
North Frisian: wajen
Saterland Frisian: Woain
West Frisian: wein
Old Saxon: wagan
Middle Low German: wagen
Low German: Wagen
Old Dutch: *wagan
Middle Dutch: wagen
Dutch: wagen
Afrikaans: wa
Jersey Dutch: wâxe
→ Lokono: wagen
→ Sranan Tongo: wagi
→ Aukan: wagi
→ Dutch: waggie
→ Caribbean Javanese: wagé
→ Saramaccan: wági
Limburgish: wage
Old High German: wagan
Middle High German: wagen
German: Wagen
Central Franconian: Woon
Hunsrik: Waan
Luxembourgish: Won
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baago
Yiddish: וואָגן (vogn)

Old Norse: vagn

Faroese: vagnur

Icelandic: vagn

Norwegian: vogn

Old Swedish: vaghn
Swedish: vagn
→ Finnish: vaunu

Danish: vogn
→ Faroese: vognur

Crimean Gothic: waghen

→? Proto-Finnic: *vatnas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wóǵʰnos, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to transport”).


wahsą

wahsą (nominative singular)
wahsō (nominative plural)
wahsą (singular vocative)
wahsō (plural vocative)
wahsą (accusative singular)
wahsō (accusative plural)
wahsas (genitive singular)
wahsis (genitive singular)
wahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahsai (dative singular)
wahsamaz (dative plural)
wahsō (instrumental singular)
wahsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: weax, wæx, wex
Middle English: wax, vax, vex, waxe, waxs, wex, wexe, wexs
English: wax
Scots: wax

Old Frisian: wax

Saterland Frisian: Woaks

West Frisian: waaks, waachs

Old Saxon: wahs

Middle Low German: was

German Low German: Wass

Old Dutch: wahs

Middle Dutch: was

Dutch: was

Afrikaans: was

Old High German: wahs
Middle High German: wahs
Cimbrian: baks
German: Wachs
→ Russian: вакса (vaksa)
→ Armenian: վաքս (vakʻs), վակս (vaks)
→ Persian: واکس (vâks)
Luxembourgish: Wuess
Yiddish: וואַקס (vaks)

Old Norse: vax

Icelandic: vax

Faroese: vaks

Norwegian: voks

Old Swedish: vax

Swedish: vax

Old Danish: wax, wox

Danish: voks

Elfdalian: waks

Gutnish: vax

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaha (see there for further descendants)

Of somewhat disputed origin. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *wáśkan (“wax”), from Proto-Indo-European *woḱso (“idem”), which was originally reconstructed by Pokorny as *wokso, *wos-ko-. However, others have compared the terms with Latin velum (“sailcloth”) and Dutch wiek (“windmill sail”), from *weg- (“to weave”) (though the semantic link appears tenuous). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic terms could instead be from a pre-Indo-European substrate.


arô

arô (nominative singular)
arniz (nominative plural)
arô (singular vocative)
arniz (plural vocative)
arnų (accusative singular)
arnunz (accusative plural)
arniz (genitive singular)
arnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arni (dative singular)
arnumaz (dative plural)
arnē (instrumental singular)
arnumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arō, *arn
Old English: earn
Middle English: ern, arn, aryn, eerne, eren, erne, eron, ærn, earn (Early Middle English)
English: erne
Scots: earn, ern, erne
Old Frisian: *ern
North Frisian: earn, iarn
West Frisian: earn
Old Saxon: aro, *arn, *aran
Middle Low German: ārn, arne, arnt, arndt, aren, ārent
Low German: Aar, Arend
Old Dutch: *aro, *aran
Middle Dutch: āer, āren
Dutch: aar, arend
Old High German: aro, arn, arin
Middle High German: are, ar
German: Aar (poetic)

Old Norse: ari, ǫrn
Icelandic: örn
Faroese: ørn
Norwegian Nynorsk: ørn
Elfdalian: örn
Old Swedish: ørn
Swedish: örn
Old Danish: ørn
Danish: ørn
Norwegian Bokmål: ørn
Scanian: ǫrn
Gutnish: ann, örn

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌰 (ara)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“eagle”).


blōmô

blōmô (nominative singular)
blōmaniz (nominative plural)
blōmô (singular vocative)
blōmaniz (plural vocative)
blōmanų (accusative singular)
blōmanunz (accusative plural)
blōminiz (genitive singular)
blōmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōmini (dative singular)
blōmammaz (dative plural)
blōminē (instrumental singular)
blōmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōmō
Old English: blōma
Middle English: blome
English: bloom
Old Frisian: blōma; *blōme f
Saterland Frisian: Bloume
West Frisian: blom, blomme
Old Saxon: blōmo; *blōma f
Middle Low German: blōme
Dutch Low Saxon: bloom, bloeme
German Low German: Bloom
Plautdietsch: Bloom
Old Dutch: bluoma
Middle Dutch: bloeme, blume, blome, bloem, bloom, blomme, blom
Dutch: bloem, blom, blomme (dialectal)
Afrikaans: bloem, blom
Negerhollands: bloem
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bluminstji (dated, from a diminutive form)
→ Sranan Tongo: blon (flour)
→ Aukan: bolon
→ Kari'na: polimin
→ Saramaccan: boón
→ Sranan Tongo: bromki (flower)
Aukan: boomiki
→ Kari'na: poromiki
Limburgish: bloom
West Flemish: blomme
Zealandic: blomme
Old High German: bluomo, bluoma
Middle High German: bluome, blōme, pluome
Bavarian: Blama, Bleame, Bleaml, Bloama, Bluma
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Blumm
Kölsch: Bloom
Luxembourgish: Blumm
German: Blume
German Low German: Bloom
Plautdietsch: Bloom
Rhine Franconian: Blum, Blumm
Frankfurterisch: [plum]
Pennsylvania German: Blumm
Yiddish: בלום (blum)

Old Norse: blóm, blómi
Icelandic: blóm, blómi
Faroese: blóma, blómi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: blom, blome
Norwegian Nynorsk: blom, blome
Old Swedish: blōme, blōma, ᛒᛚᚮᛘᚽ (Runic)
Swedish: blomma
Old Danish: blomæ
Danish: blomme
Norwegian Bokmål: blomme
→ Middle English: blome, blom (“flower”)
English: bloom
Scots: blume, blum, bluim, bleem, blome

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰 (blōma)

Vandalic: *bluma

desc

→? Proto-Samic: *luomēn (“cloudberry”) (via Proto-Norse; see there for further descendants)

/ˈblɔː.mɔːː/

From *blōaną (“to bloom”) + *-mô (“-ness”).


malhō

malhō (nominative singular)
malhôz (nominative plural)
malhō (singular vocative)
malhôz (plural vocative)
malhǭ (accusative singular)
malhōz (accusative plural)
malhōz (genitive singular)
malhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
malhōi (dative singular)
malhōmaz (dative plural)
malhō (instrumental singular)
malhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *malhu
Old Saxon: malaha
Middle Low German: māle, maele, meile
Old Dutch: *mala
Middle Dutch: male, mael, maele
Dutch: maal, malie
Old High German: malaha, malha
Middle High German: malhe
→ Medieval Latin: mala [abt. 920, France] (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *molko- (“leather pouch”) and connected with Ancient Greek μολγός (molgós, “leather bag”). However, Kroonen notes a formal mismatch between the Germanic and Hellenic terms, and suggests that both terms were borrowed from Thracian, or otherwise from some prehistoric Wanderwort.


īsarną

īsarną (nominative singular)
īsarnō (nominative plural)
īsarną (singular vocative)
īsarnō (plural vocative)
īsarną (accusative singular)
īsarnō (accusative plural)
īsarnas (genitive singular)
īsarnis (genitive singular)
īsarnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īsarnai (dative singular)
īsarnamaz (dative plural)
īsarnō (instrumental singular)
īsarnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *īsarn
Old English: īsern, īren, īsen
Middle English: iren, eren, irne, iron, isen
English: iron
→ Marshallese: aen
Scots: airn, ern, irne
Yola: eeren
Old Frisian: īsern
North Frisian: jaarn
Saterland Frisian: Iersen
West Frisian: izer
Old Saxon: īsarn
Middle Low German: îsen, îsern, îseren
German Low German: Iesen
⇒ German Low German: Iesder
Low German: Isen
Plautdietsch: Iesa
Old Dutch: *īsarn
Middle Dutch: iser
Dutch: ijzer
Afrikaans: yster
Berbice Creole Dutch: isiri
Jersey Dutch: äize
Negerhollands: iser, izu
Skepi Creole Dutch: isir
→ Aukan: insii
→ Sranan Tongo: isri
→ Caribbean Hindustani: isri
→ Caribbean Javanese: isri
Limburgish: iezer
West Flemish: yzer
Old High German: īsarn
Middle High German: īsern, īser, īsen
Alemannic German: Iise
Vorarlbergerisch: Iisa, Oasa
Bavarian: Eisn
Cimbrian: aizarn
Mòcheno: aisn
Central Franconian: Ieser, Iese, Eise
Hunsrik: Eise
Luxembourgish: Eisen
German: Eisen, Eiser
Vilamovian: ȧjza
Yiddish: אײַזן (ayzn)

Old Norse: járn, ísarn, jarn, éarn
Icelandic: ísarn, járn
Faroese: jarn
Norwegian Nynorsk: jarn
Jamtish: járn
Elfdalian: ienn
Old Swedish: iærn, iarn
Swedish: järn
Old Danish: jarn, iærn, iarn
Danish: jern, jærn
Norwegian Bokmål: jern
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jern (partially from dialects with j-umlaut)
Scanian: jærn
Gutnish: jan

Gothic: 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn)

Borrowed from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”).


arsaz

arsaz (nominative singular)
arsōz (nominative plural)
arsōs (nominative plural)
ars (singular vocative)
arsōz (plural vocative)
arsōs (plural vocative)
arsą (accusative singular)
arsanz (accusative plural)
arsas (genitive singular)
arsis (genitive singular)
arsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arsai (dative singular)
arsamaz (dative plural)
arsō (instrumental singular)
arsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ars
Old English: ears, ærs
Middle English: ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars
English: arse, ass
Scots: ers, airse
Old Frisian: ers
Saterland Frisian: Iers, Äirs
West Frisian: ears
Old Saxon: ars
Middle Low German: ars
Dutch Low Saxon: ars, ors
German Low German: Aars
⇒ by rebracketing:
Dutch Low Saxon: nors, mors
German Low German: Maars, Moors, Narsch, Närsch, Närs
Plautdietsch: Noasch
Old Dutch: *ars
Middle Dutch: āers
Dutch: aars
Afrikaans: aars
Old High German: ars
Middle High German: ars
Bavarian: Oasch
Cimbrian: aars
German: Arsch
Hunsrik: Aarsch
Luxembourgish: Aasch
Pennsylvania German: Aarsch

Old Norse: ars, rass
Icelandic: ars
Faroese: arsur
Old Swedish: ars
⇒ Swedish: arsel, arsle

⇒ Old Norse: rass, ars (via metathesis)
Icelandic: rass
Faroese: rassur
Norwegian Bokmål: rass
Norwegian Nynorsk: rass

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁órs-o-s (“rear-end”). Compare Ancient Greek ὄρρος (órrhos), Hittite 𒅈𒊏𒀸 (ar-ra-aš /arraš/), Old Irish err, and Middle Armenian ոռ (oṙ).


askǭ

askǭ (nominative singular)
askōniz (nominative plural)
askǭ (singular vocative)
askōniz (plural vocative)
askōnų (accusative singular)
askōnunz (accusative plural)
askōniz (genitive singular)
askōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
askōni (dative singular)
askōmaz (dative plural)
askōnē (instrumental singular)
askōmiz (instrumental plural)
*azgǭ (alternative East Germanic)

Proto-West Germanic: *askā
Old English: æsce, asċe, axe, acse, ahse, axse, æxe
Middle English: asshe, axe, aske, ash, assche, aysshe, asche, aisshe, asske, acxe, ass, esche, esk, eshe
English: ash
Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis
Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)
Old Frisian: *aske, *eske
Saterland Frisian: Ääske
West Frisian: jiske
Old Saxon: aska
Middle Low German: asche
German Low German: Asch
Plautdietsch: Ausch
Old Dutch: asca
Middle Dutch: asche
Dutch: as, asch (obsolete), asse
Afrikaans: as
Berbice Creole Dutch: asi
Negerhollands: haschěsis, hassesje, assche, ašiši, hašiši, haši, babaši, aschies, assisje, az
Old High German: asca, aska
Middle High German: asche
Alemannic German: Äsche
Cimbrian: èssa
German: Asche
Luxembourgish: Äsch
Vilamovian: oś
Yiddish: אַש (ash)

Old Norse: aska
Icelandic: aska
Faroese: øska
Norwegian:
Bokmål: aske
Nynorsk: oske, oska
Old Swedish: aska
Swedish: aska
Old Danish: askæ
Danish: aske

Gothic: 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ahku, *aho (see there for further descendants)

Usually connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₂e(H)s- (“to dry, burn”), with an uncertain suffix; compare Old Armenian աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”). In view of the voiced cluster in Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō), Kroonen suggests a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ed- (“to dry”) + *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), the first element of which is based on Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒋾 (ḫa-a-ti /ḫāti/) and Ancient Greek ἄζω (ázō), both “to dry up”. Compare also Old Polish ozd, Czech ozditi (“to dry malt”), which could point to a root *h₂esd- or compound *h₂(H)s-d-.


bankiz

bankiz (nominative singular)
bankīz (nominative plural)
banki (singular vocative)
bankīz (plural vocative)
bankį (accusative singular)
bankinz (accusative plural)
bankīz (genitive singular)
bankijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bankī (dative singular)
bankimaz (dative plural)
bankī (instrumental singular)
bankimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *banki
Old English: benċ, bænc
Middle English: benk, bench, bynk, benche, banch, binch, binche
English: bench (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bink, benk
→ Middle Irish: beinnse
Irish: binse
Old Frisian: bank, benk
Saterland Frisian: Boank, Bank
West Frisian: bank
Old Saxon: bank
Middle Low German: bank
Old Dutch: *banc
Middle Dutch: banc
Dutch: bank (see there for further descendants)
Afrikaans: bank
Limburgish: bank
Old High German: bank
Middle High German: banc, bank
Bavarian: Bånk
German: Bank
→ Danish: bank
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bank
Luxembourgish: Bänk
Pennsylvania German: Bank
→ Old French: banc
French: banc (see there for further descendants)
Norman: banc
→ Middle English: bank, banke
English: bank (see there for further descendants)
→ Galician: banco
→ Spanish: banco (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Italian: banco, banca
Italian: banco, banca (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Italian: banchetto (see there for further descendants)
→ Byzantine Greek: πάγκος (pánkos)
Greek: πάγκος (págkos)
→ Middle French: banque (see there for further descendants)
→ German: Bank (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: bancus, banca
Lombardic: panch
→ Italian: panca

Proto-Norse:

Old West Norse: bekkr
Icelandic: bekkur
Faroese: bekkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bekk

Old East Norse: *bænkʀ

Norn: benk

Jamtish: benk

Old Swedish: bænker

Swedish: bänk

→ Finnish: penkki

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: benk

Old Danish: bænk

Danish: bænk

Norwegian Bokmål: benk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to bend, curve, arch”). Cognate with Lithuanian bangà (“wave, billow, swell”).


baukną

baukną (nominative singular)
bauknō (nominative plural)
baukną (singular vocative)
bauknō (plural vocative)
baukną (accusative singular)
bauknō (accusative plural)
bauknas (genitive singular)
bauknis (genitive singular)
bauknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bauknai (dative singular)
bauknamaz (dative plural)
bauknō (instrumental singular)
bauknamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baukn
Old English: bēacn, bēacen, bīecen, bēcen, bēcon, bēcun — Anglian
Middle English: beken, beeken, beekne, bekene, bekne, bekyn, biken
English: beacon
Scots: beikin, bekin
Old Frisian: bāken, bēken
North Frisian: biike, baake, beken
Saterland Frisian: Baake, Boake
West Frisian: beaken
→ Middle Dutch: baken, bakin, beke, beken
→ Swedish: (Bohuslän) båken
Dutch: baken, baak
→ Middle Low German: bāke (possibly, or from southern Eastphalian, which is a Low German dialect, see below)
Low German: Bāke
→ Danish: baake, (spelling since 1948) båke
→ Danish: bakke
Norwegian: bakke
Swedish: backe
→ German: Bake
→ Norwegian: båk, båke
→ Swedish: (doublet of Old Norse descendant) bak, båk, båke
→ Old Norse: bákn, báken
Danish: bavn, bagn
Faroese: bákn
Icelandic: bákn
Swedish: (doublet of Middle Low German borrow) bak, båk, båke
Old Saxon: bōkan
Middle Low German: bâken, bâke (from southern Eastphalian, or a conflation of grammatical paradigms with the borrowing from Old Frisian, see above)
Dutch Low Saxon: boake (“(Easter) fire sign”)
Old Dutch: *bōcan
Middle Dutch: bokin, boken, boekin, boeken, boekijn
Old High German: bouhhan, bouchan, pouhhan, pouchan
Middle High German: bouchen
Alemannic German: Pauchen, Böchen
Swabian: Bauchen
→ Old French: boue, buie
Middle French: bouee, boue
French: bouée
→ Catalan: boia
→ Middle Dutch: boye, boeye
Dutch: boei
→ Danish: bøje
→ Icelandic: bauja
→ Middle English: buoy, boye
English: buoy
→ German: Boje
→ Polish: boja
→ Galician: boia
→ Spanish: boya

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to glow, light, shine”).


baunō

baunō (nominative singular)
baunôz (nominative plural)
baunō (singular vocative)
baunôz (plural vocative)
baunǭ (accusative singular)
baunōz (accusative plural)
baunōz (genitive singular)
baunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baunōi (dative singular)
baunōmaz (dative plural)
baunō (instrumental singular)
baunōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baunu
Old English: bēan, bīen
Middle English: bene, beane, beene, beyn, ben, bean
English: bean
Scots: bein, bene
Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)
Old Frisian: bāne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: buan
Saterland Frisian: Boone
West Frisian: bean, beane, beanne
Old Saxon: bōna
Middle Low German: bône
German Low German: Bohn
Plautdietsch: Boon
Old Dutch: *bōna
Middle Dutch: bône
Dutch: boon
Afrikaans: boon
→ Xhosa: imbotyi (from the diminutive)
Berbice Creole Dutch: bono
Negerhollands: bontśi, boontje, boonschi (from the diminutive)
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bontsi (archaic)
→ Caribbean Javanese: bontyis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Indonesian: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Petjo: bontjies, boontjies
→ Javanese: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Papiamentu: bonchi, boontsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: bonki (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bongki
Limburgish: boean
Old High German: bōna
Middle High German: bōne, pōn
Alemannic German: Bone
Central Franconian: Bunn
Hunsrik: Bohn
Luxembourgish: Boun
East Central German: Bunn
German: Bohne
Rhine Franconian: Bohn
Frankfurterisch: [b̥õːn]
Pennsylvania German: Bohn, Buhn

Old Norse: baun
Icelandic: baun
Norwegian Nynorsk: baune, bauna; (dialectal) bogna (aun > ogn)
Old Swedish: bø̄n, bø̄na
Swedish: böna (added -a under Middle Low German influence)
Danish: bønne (added -e under Middle Low German influence)
Norwegian Bokmål: bønne
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bønne
→ Faroese: bøn, bøna
→ Middle Irish: pónair (from the plural baunir)
Irish: pónaire
Manx: poanrey
Scottish Gaelic: pònair

Unknown; often cited as from earlier *babnō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰabʰ- (“bean”), however this is disputed.


gardaz

gardaz (nominative singular)
gardōz (nominative plural)
gardōs (nominative plural)
gard (singular vocative)
gardōz (plural vocative)
gardōs (plural vocative)
gardą (accusative singular)
gardanz (accusative plural)
gardas (genitive singular)
gardis (genitive singular)
gardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gardai (dative singular)
gardamaz (dative plural)
gardō (instrumental singular)
gardamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gard
Old English: ġeard
Middle English: yerd, yerde, ȝerd, ȝeerd, yeerd, ȝeard, yard, yarde, yorde, ȝarde, yherde, ȝorde, ȝeorde
English: yard
Scots: yerd, yaird, yird
Old Frisian:
North Frisian: Guart, guard
Old Saxon: gard
Middle Low German: gart
Old Dutch: gard
Middle Dutch: gāert
Dutch: gaard (merged with *gardô)
Old High German: gart
Middle High German: gart
→ Vulgar Latin: *gardus
Old French: jart, gart, wart
Middle French: gard, gart
⇒ Medieval Latin: hortus gardīnus (“enclosed garden”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: garðr
Icelandic: garður
Faroese: garður
Norn: gart
Norwegian: gard; (dialectal) gard’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gard
Jamtish: gaoł
Old Swedish: garþer, ᚵᛆᚱᚦᚽᚱ
Swedish: gård, gål
Old Danish: garth
Danish: gård
Norwegian Bokmål: gård
→ Middle English: garth
English: garth
Scots: garthe (obsolete)
→ Middle Irish: garrda
Irish: garraí
Scottish Gaelic: gàrradh
→ Middle Welsh: garð
Welsh: gardd

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards)

→ Proto-Samic: *kārtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos, from *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose, encircle”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *gardas (“enclosure”), Albanian gardh (“hedge, fence”), Sanskrit गृह (gṛhá, “house”).


baumaz

baumaz (nominative singular)
baumōz (nominative plural)
baumōs (nominative plural)
baum (singular vocative)
baumōz (plural vocative)
baumōs (plural vocative)
baumą (accusative singular)
baumanz (accusative plural)
baumas (genitive singular)
baumis (genitive singular)
baumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baumai (dative singular)
baumamaz (dative plural)
baumō (instrumental singular)
baumamiz (instrumental plural)


bladą

bladą (nominative singular)
bladō (nominative plural)
bladą (singular vocative)
bladō (plural vocative)
bladą (accusative singular)
bladō (accusative plural)
bladas (genitive singular)
bladis (genitive singular)
bladǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bladai (dative singular)
bladamaz (dative plural)
bladō (instrumental singular)
bladamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blad
Old English: blæd
Middle English: blad, blaad, bladd, blade, blayd, blayde (Late Middle English)
English: blade; blad
Scots: blade, blaid, bled
Old Frisian: bled
North Frisian:
Föhr: bleed
Hallig: blää
Saterland Frisian: Blääd
West Frisian: bled
Old Saxon: blad
Middle Low German: blat
Low German: Blatt
Plautdietsch: Blaut
Old Dutch: *blat
Middle Dutch: blat
Dutch: blad
Afrikaans: blad (“page”), blaar (“leaf”)
Limburgish: blaad
Old High German: blat
Middle High German: blat
Alemannic German: Blatt
Central Franconian: Blatt
Hunsrik: Blaat
Luxembourgish: Blat
East Central German:
Vilamovian: błot
German: Blatt
Rhine Franconian: Blaat, Blatt
Pennsylvania German: Blatt
Yiddish: בלאַט (blat)

Old Norse: blað
Icelandic: blað
Faroese: blað
Norwegian: blad
Old Swedish: blaþ, ᛒᛚᛆᚦ (Runic)
Swedish: blad
Danish: blad

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-tó-m, from *bʰleh₃- (“bloom, flower”); compare Tocharian A pält (“leaf, blade”). Synchronically analyzed as a nominal derivative of *blōaną (“to bloom”).

blade (flat surface of a tool or weapon)


draumaz

draumaz (nominative singular)
draumōz (nominative plural)
draumōs (nominative plural)
draum (singular vocative)
draumōz (plural vocative)
draumōs (plural vocative)
draumą (accusative singular)
draumanz (accusative plural)
draumas (genitive singular)
draumis (genitive singular)
draumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draumai (dative singular)
draumamaz (dative plural)
draumō (instrumental singular)
draumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *draum
Old English: drēam, drīm, drēm, *drīem, drām
Middle English: drem, dreme, dreem, dreeme, dream, dræm (Early Middle English)
English: dream
Scots: dreme
Old Frisian: drām
North Frisian: drom
Saterland Frisian: Droom
West Frisian: dream
Old Saxon: drōm
Middle Low German: drôm
Low German: Droom
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dräum(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Lippisch: Draum
Sauerländisch: Dräom, Draum, Dreyem, Droum, Drōem
Westmünsterländisch: Droom
Plautdietsch: Droom
Old Dutch: drōm, droum
Middle Dutch: drôom
Dutch: droom
Afrikaans: droom
Berbice Creole Dutch: drum
Jersey Dutch: drôm
Negerhollands: droom
Limburgish: droum
Old High German: troum
Middle High German: troum
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Draam
German: Traum
→ Hunsrik: Draum
Luxembourgish: Dram
Yiddish: טרוים (troym)

Old Norse: draumr
Icelandic: draumur
Faroese: dreymur
Norwegian Nynorsk: draum
Old Swedish: drømber
Swedish: dröm
Elfdalian: dröm
Old Danish: drøm
Danish: drøm
Norwegian Bokmål: drøm
Gutnish: dråim

From earlier *draugmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰmos, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, injure, damage”).


walþuz

walþuz (nominative singular)
walþiwiz (nominative plural)
walþu (singular vocative)
walþiwiz (plural vocative)
walþų (accusative singular)
walþunz (accusative plural)
walþauz (genitive singular)
walþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walþiwi (dative singular)
walþumaz (dative plural)
walþū (instrumental singular)
walþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walþu
Old English: weald, wald
Middle English: wold, wald, walde, weld, welde, wolde, woolde, wæld (Early Middle English)
English: wold, weald, wald
Scots: wald
Old Frisian: wald
Saterland Frisian: Woold
West Frisian: wâld
Old Saxon: wald
Middle Low German: wôlt, wôld
Dutch Low Saxon: woold, woud
German Low German: Woolt, Woold, Wold
Plautdietsch: Woolt
Old Dutch: walt
Middle Dutch: wout
Dutch: woud
Afrikaans: woud
Limburgish: waadj
Old High German: wald
Middle High German: walt
Alemannic German: Wald
Swabian: Wald
Bavarian: Woid, Woold
Cimbrian: balt
Mòcheno: bòlt
Central Franconian: Wald (widely obsolete)
Hunsrik: Wald
Luxembourgish: Wal
German: Wald
Rhine Franconian: Wald, Wall
Frankfurterisch: [valt]
Yiddish: וואַלד (vald)
→ Old French: gaut (“forest, woods”)
⇒ Old French: gaudine
→ Piedmontese: vaoda, vaode
→ Galician: Galdo (place name, from Gualdo)

Old Norse: vǫllr
Icelandic: völlur
Faroese: vøllur
Norn: vällj, vaddl
Norwegian Nynorsk: voll; (dialectal) vøll, vodd’e
Old Swedish: valder
Swedish: vall
Old Danish: wold, wall
Danish: vold, val
Norwegian Bokmål: voll

Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *wel-, in which case it would be cognate with Hittite 𒌑𒂊𒂖𒇻𒍑 (wellu-š, “pasture, meadow”). Another possibility is from Proto-Indo-European *wólH-tu-s, from a root *welH- (“hair, hairlike object”); compare Proto-Celtic *woltos (“hair (of the head)”) and Proto-Balto-Slavic *wolˀtis (“ear of grain”) (whence Lithuanian váltis (“oat awn”)), as well as possibly Ancient Greek λᾰ́σῐος (lắsĭos, “hairy”)), though the semantic gap is wide.


sēdiz

sēdiz (nominative singular)
sēdīz (nominative plural)
sēdi (singular vocative)
sēdīz (plural vocative)
sēdį (accusative singular)
sēdinz (accusative plural)
sēdīz (genitive singular)
sēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sēdī (dative singular)
sēdimaz (dative plural)
sēdī (instrumental singular)
sēdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sādi
Old High German: sāt
Middle High German: sāt
German: Saat

Proto-West Germanic: *sād
Old English: sǣd, sēd — Anglian
Middle English: seed
English: seed
Scots: seed, seid, sid
Yola: zeade
Old Frisian: sēd
Saterland Frisian: Säid
West Frisian: sied
Old Saxon: sād
Middle Low German: sât
German Low German: Saad
Plautdietsch: Sot
Old Dutch: *sād
Middle Dutch: sâet
Dutch: zaad
Afrikaans: saad
Limburgish: zaod
⇒ Zealandic: zaedje

Old Norse: sáð; sæði
Icelandic: sáð
Faroese: sáð
Norwegian: sæd
Old Swedish: sǣþ
Swedish: säd
Old Danish:
Danish: sæd
Gutnish: sid

Gothic: *𐍃𐌴𐌸𐍃 (*sēþs) (in 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌴𐌸𐍃 (manasēþs))

→ Proto-Finnic: *hëëta (see there for further descendants)

From *sēaną + *-þiz, corresponding to a Proto-Indo-European *seh₁tis, from *seh₁- (“to sow”).


grasą

grasą (nominative singular)
grasō (nominative plural)
grasą (singular vocative)
grasō (plural vocative)
grasą (accusative singular)
grasō (accusative plural)
grasas (genitive singular)
grasis (genitive singular)
grasǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grasai (dative singular)
grasamaz (dative plural)
grasō (instrumental singular)
grasamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gras
Old English: græs, gærs
Middle English: gras, grasse, gresse, gres, gers, grece, græs, grace, gars, grys, grisse, grese
English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas
Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs
Old Frisian: gers, gres
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: gäärs
Sylt: Gērs
Saterland Frisian: Gäärs
West Frisian: gers, gjers (Wood), jers
Old Saxon: gras
Middle Low German: gras
Dutch Low Saxon: gras
German Low German: Gras
Plautdietsch: Grauss
Old Dutch: *gras
Middle Dutch: gras, gars, gers
Dutch: gras
Afrikaans: gras
Berbice Creole Dutch: grasa
Jersey Dutch: x'rās, grās
Negerhollands: graas, gras
→ Sranan Tongo: grasi
→ Saramaccan: gaási
Limburgish: graas
West Flemish: ges, gas
Zealandic: gos
Old High German: gras
Middle High German: gras
Alemannic German: Gras
Italian Walser: gras, gros
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: gras, grass
Mòcheno: gros
Udinese: gròs, gros, groos
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Graas
Luxembourgish: Gras
East Central German:
Vilamovian: gros
East Franconian:
German: Gras
Rhine Franconian: Gras
Frankfurterisch: [kʀɑːs], (older) [kʀɔːs]
Pennsylvania German: Graas
Yiddish: גראָז (groz)

Old Norse: gras
Icelandic: gras
Faroese: gras
Norwegian:
Bokmål: gress, gras (< *grasja-)
Norwegian Nynorsk: gras
Old Swedish: græs, gras (hapax legomena)
Swedish: gräs (< *grasja-)
Danish: græs (< *grasja-)
Elfdalian: gras
Gutnish: gras

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃 (gras)

→ Proto-Samic: *(k)rāsē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rasi (see there for further descendants)

A secondary zero-grade s-stem from the root of *grōaną and *grōniz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow, become green”). It cannot be directly from *gʰr̥h₁-s-, where the syllabic sonorant would result in *gurs-.


hōfaz

hōfaz (nominative singular)
hōfōz (nominative plural)
hōfōs (nominative plural)
hōf (singular vocative)
hōfōz (plural vocative)
hōfōs (plural vocative)
hōfą (accusative singular)
hōfanz (accusative plural)
hōfas (genitive singular)
hōfis (genitive singular)
hōfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōfai (dative singular)
hōfamaz (dative plural)
hōfō (instrumental singular)
hōfamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōf

Middle English: hof, hoof, hufe

Scots: hufe, huif

English: hoof

Old Frisian: hōf

Saterland Frisian: Houf, Houch

West Frisian: hoef

Old Saxon: hōf

Middle Low German: hōf, höf

Old Dutch: *huof

Middle Dutch: hoef

Dutch: hoef

Afrikaans: hoef

Old High German: huof

Middle High German: huof

German: Huf

Luxembourgish: Houf

Vilamovian: hüf

desctree

Old Norse: hófr
Icelandic: hófur
Faroese: hógvur, hóvur
Norwegian: hov m or f
Old Swedish: hōv, hōf, hōver
Swedish: hov c (formerly m)
Danish: hov c
Scanian: how m

From Pre-Germanic *kōpós, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱoph₂ós. Cognate with Sanskrit शफ (śaphá), Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬟𐬀 (safa).


nēþlō

Proto-West Germanic: *nāþlu
Old English: nǣdl
Middle English: nedle
English: needle
Scots: nedil, neidil
Old Frisian: nēdle, nēlde
Saterland Frisian: Näddele
West Frisian: niddel, nuddel, nille, nulle
Old Saxon: nāthla
Middle Low German: nâdel, nâtele, nâtel, nâtle, nâlde (not found in most areas, rare elsewhere)
Low German: Nodel, Nadel (likely to be loaned from or influenced by German)
Plautdietsch: Notel
Old Dutch: nālda
Middle Dutch: naelde
Dutch: naald
Afrikaans: naald
Old High German: nādala, nālda
Middle High German: nādele, nālde
German: Nadel
Luxembourgish: Nol (< nālde)
Yiddish: נאָדל (nodl); נודיל (nudil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

Old Norse: nál

Icelandic: nál

Faroese: nál

Norwegian: nål

Elfdalian: ną̊l

Old Swedish: nāl

Swedish: nål

Old Danish: naal

Danish: nål

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐌸𐌻𐌰 (nēþla)

→ Proto-Samic: *nālō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *nëkla (see there for further descendants)

From *nēþlą + *-ō, Proto-Indo-European *(s)néh₁-tlo-m, from *(s)neh₁- (“to sew”) + *-tlom. Equivalent to *nēaną (“to sew”) + *-þrą + *-ō.


mēlą

mēlą (nominative singular)
mēlō (nominative plural)
mēlą (singular vocative)
mēlō (plural vocative)
mēlą (accusative singular)
mēlō (accusative plural)
mēlas (genitive singular)
mēlis (genitive singular)
mēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēlai (dative singular)
mēlamaz (dative plural)
mēlō (instrumental singular)
mēlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *māl
Old English: mǣl, mēl — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: mel, mele, melle, mal, male, meyle (chiefly Northern), mæl, mæle, meal (Early Middle English)
English: meal
Scots: meal
Yola: meale, mele
→ Irish: béile
Old Frisian: mēl
Saterland Frisian: Moal, Mäil
West Frisian: miel
Old Saxon: māl
Middle Low German: mâl
Low German: Maal
German Low German: Mahl
Old Dutch: *māl
Middle Dutch: mâel
Dutch: maal
Afrikaans: maal
Berbice Creole Dutch: mali
Negerhollands: mal
Limburgish: maol
Old High German: māl
Middle High German: māl
Bavarian: Moi
Cimbrian: mal
Mòcheno: mol
German: Mahl, Mal, mal
Hunsrik: Mol
Luxembourgish: Mol
Yiddish: מאָל (mol)

Old Norse: mál

Danish: mål

Faroese: mál

Icelandic: mál

Norwegian Bokmål: mål

Norwegian Nynorsk: mål

Swedish: mål

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌻 (mēl), 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌰 (mēla)

From Proto-Indo-European *meHlom; in regards to the further root, Kroonen etymologically sifts out the senses, which appear to have been conflated in descendants, as follows:
* For the "point in time, meal" sense, from the same origin as either the "measurement" or "spot" senses below.
* For the "spot, mark" sense, from the root *melh₂- (“dark”), whence also Ancient Greek μέλᾱς (mélās, “dark”), Lithuanian mė́las (“blue”).
* For the "measurement" sense, from *meh₁- (“to measure”).
Compare also Latin semel (“once”).


maþô

maþô (nominative singular)
maþaniz (nominative plural)
maþô (singular vocative)
maþaniz (plural vocative)
maþanų (accusative singular)
muttunz (accusative plural)
muttaz (genitive singular)
muttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
madini (dative singular)
madummaz (dative plural)
muttē (instrumental singular)
madummiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maþō (“worm”)
Old English: maþa
Middle English: mathe
Scots: mathe, maith, maithe, meath, meith
English: mad, made
Old Saxon: matho
Middle Low German: made
Old Dutch: *matho
Middle Dutch: māde
Dutch: made
Old High German: mado
Middle High German: made
German: Made
Luxembourgish: Mued

Proto-West Germanic: *moþþā (“moth”)
Old English: moþþe
Middle English: mothe
English: moth
Scots: moch
Old Saxon: *motta
Middle Low German: motte
Low German: Mutten, Motten
→ German: Motte
Old Dutch: *moththa
Middle Dutch: motte
Dutch: mot
Negerhollands: mot
→ Papiamentu: mot (dated)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰 (maþa, “maggot”)

From Proto-Indo-European *mat-ḗn ~ *mat-nés, from *mat- (“insect, worm, maggot”), possibly borrowed from a substrate language. Compare Proto-Slavic *motyľь (“butterfly”), Sanskrit मत्कुण (matkuṇa, “bug”). Possibly also related to Proto-Finnic *mato (“worm”) (akin to Proto-Samic *muocē), in which case it would be a borrowing in either direction (although seeing as the Finnic term has a convincing Indo-Iranian etymology, a borrowing from Finnic into Germanic appears more likely).