skaþô

skaþô (nominative singular)
skaþaniz (nominative plural)
skaþô (singular vocative)
skaþaniz (plural vocative)
skaþanų (accusative singular)
skaþanunz (accusative plural)
skaþiniz (genitive singular)
skaþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaþini (dative singular)
skaþammaz (dative plural)
skaþinē (instrumental singular)
skaþammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaþō
Old English: scaþa, sċeaþa
Middle English: scaþe, scathe, schaþe, schathe
Old Frisian: skatha, sketha
Saterland Frisian: Skoade
West Frisian: skea
Old Saxon: skatho
Middle Low German: scade, schade, schāde
German Low German: Schaa
Old Dutch: scatho
Middle Dutch: schāde
Dutch: schade
Afrikaans: skade
Limburgish: sjaaj
Old High German: scado
Middle High German: schade
Central Franconian: Schade
German: Schaden
Hunsrik: Schaade
Luxembourgish: Schued
Yiddish: שאָד (shod)
→ Czech: škoda
→ Old Polish: szkoda
Polish: szkoda
→ Old East Slavic: шкода (škoda)
Belarusian: шко́да (škóda)
Russian: шко́да (škóda)
Ukrainian: шко́да (škóda)
→ Serbo-Croatian: škȍda, шко̏да
→ Slovak: škoda

Old Norse: skaði
Icelandic: skaði
Faroese: skaði
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skade
Norwegian Nynorsk: skade
Old Swedish: skaþi
Swedish: skada, skade
Old Danish: skathi
Danish: skade
→ Middle English: scathe, skathe
English: scath, scathe
Scots: scath, scaith, skaith, schath, schaith

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁tH- (“to damage, harm”), and cognate with Ancient Greek ἀσκηθής (askēthḗs, “intact, safe, sound”, literally “without damage”), Old Irish scíth (“weary, tired”), as well as perhaps Old Armenian ցաւ (cʻaw, “pain, suffering”).


sulhs

sulhs (nominative singular)
sulhiz (nominative plural)
sulh (singular vocative)
sulhiz (plural vocative)
sulhų (accusative singular)
sulhunz (accusative plural)
sulhiz (genitive singular)
sulhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sulhi (dative singular)
sulhumaz (dative plural)
sulhē (instrumental singular)
sulhumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sulh

Old English: sulh, suluh

Middle English: suluh, solowe, sogh

Scots: souch, seuch

English: sullow

Old Saxon: sulh

From Proto-Indo-European *selk- (“to pull”). Cognate with Latin sulcus (“furrow, ploughing”), Ancient Greek ἕλκω (hélkō, “to drag, pull”).

that which is ploughed or furrowed; furrow


wanhō

wanhō (nominative singular)
wanhôz (nominative plural)
wanhō (singular vocative)
wanhôz (plural vocative)
wanhǭ (accusative singular)
wanhōz (accusative plural)
wanhōz (genitive singular)
wanhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wanhōi (dative singular)
wanhōmaz (dative plural)
wanhō (instrumental singular)
wanhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wōh, *wōg

⇒ Old English: wōgian

Middle English: woȝen, wowen

English: woo

Scots: wow

Old Saxon: wāh (< *wanhą)

Old Norse: vá

Icelandic: vá

From Proto-Indo-European *wonk- (“crooked, bent”), from Proto-Indo-European *wā- (“to bend, slant, incline, twist, turn”). Cognate with Sanskrit वङ्क (vaṅka, “curve, bend”).

der

a bend, turn, corner, angle, curve, incline


ferhuz

ferhuz (nominative singular)
ferhiwiz (nominative plural)
ferhu (singular vocative)
ferhiwiz (plural vocative)
ferhų (accusative singular)
ferhunz (accusative plural)
ferhauz (genitive singular)
ferhiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ferhiwi (dative singular)
ferhumaz (dative plural)
ferhū (instrumental singular)
ferhumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ferh
Old English: feorh, feorg
Middle English: fere, vore
Old Frisian: ferch
Old Saxon: ferh, ferah
Old High German: ferah
Middle High German: vërch
German: Ferch (obsolete)

Old Norse: fjǫrr (< *ferhwaz)

Icelandic: fjör

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌿𐍃 (fairƕus)

From Proto-Indo-European *pérkus (“oak”), from the root *perkʷ- (“oak”).
The semantic development from “(oak) tree” to “life; the universe”, assuming they are indeed related, is somewhat puzzling, but may be paralleled in part by such abstractions as Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē, “wood”, later “substance”), Latin māteria (“timber; material, source, essence”) and Old Armenian տարր (tarr, “elementary substance”, from *dru- (“wood, tree”)); the sense “body” (compare Punjabi ਕਾਠ (kāṭh, “timber; body, physique”)) would be intermediate and abstractify to “life”. However, the explanation may be more spiritual; as Kroonen describes, “the oak-tree symbolized vitality in Germanic mythology.” Note also the concept of the world tree, pervasive in Eurasian mythology, which to the Indo-Europeans was a large oak at the center of the world, and perhaps the axis around which the Earth or heavens spun (axis mundi).

noncog

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*dru-</i> (“wood, tree”)

(originally and in North Germanic) tree; oak tree?

life, being, existence
(East Germanic) the world


ferhwą

ferhwą (nominative singular)
ferhwō (nominative plural)
ferhwą (singular vocative)
ferhwō (plural vocative)
ferhwą (accusative singular)
ferhwō (accusative plural)
ferhwas (genitive singular)
ferhwis (genitive singular)
ferhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ferhwai (dative singular)
ferhwamaz (dative plural)
ferhwō (instrumental singular)
ferhwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fjǫr

Icelandic: fjör

Faroese: fjør

Probably derived from Proto-Germanic *ferhuz (“body; life; oak-tree”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“oak”), as oak trees symbolized life and vitality in Germanic mythology.
Old Norse fjǫrg (“gods”), from Proto-Germanic *fergō, could originally be the plural of this neuter (“vital forces”?), with analogical vocalism instead of the expected *furgō (with delabialization in this context).


pōlaz

pōlaz (nominative singular)
pōlōz (nominative plural)
pōlōs (nominative plural)
pōl (singular vocative)
pōlōz (plural vocative)
pōlōs (plural vocative)
pōlą (accusative singular)
pōlanz (accusative plural)
pōlas (genitive singular)
pōlis (genitive singular)
pōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pōlai (dative singular)
pōlamaz (dative plural)
pōlō (instrumental singular)
pōlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pōl

Old English: pōl

Middle English: pol, pole, pool

English: pool

Scots: pule, puil, peel

Old Frisian: pōl

Saterland Frisian: Pol, Poul

West Frisian: poel

Old Saxon: *pōl

Middle Low German: pôl, pûl

German Low German: Pool, Pohl, Puhl

→ Norwegian: pøl

→ Swedish: pöl

→ Danish: pøl

Old Dutch: puol

Middle Dutch: poel

Dutch: poel

Afrikaans: poel

Old High German: pfuol, phuol

Middle High German: phuol

German: Pfuhl

Hunsrik: Puhl

Luxembourgish: Pull

⇒ Old Norse: *pœla (< *pōlijǭ)

Norwegian: pøla (dialectal)

From presumed pre-Germanic *bōlos, from virtual Proto-Indo-European *bel-, *bal- (“bog, marsh”), which may be a European substrate term borrowed into multiple Indo-European branches. Potential cognates include Proto-Slavic *bolto (“swamp”), Modern Greek βάλτος (váltos, “swamp, bog”), Romanian baltă (“swamp, puddle”), Albanian baltë (“mud, swamp”), as well as Proto-Slavic *bala, *balъka (“pool; ravine”), Lithuanian balà (“bog; marsh; swamp; pool”), Latvian bala (“a muddy, treeless depression”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


pullaz

pullaz (nominative singular)
pullōz (nominative plural)
pullōs (nominative plural)
pull (singular vocative)
pullōz (plural vocative)
pullōs (plural vocative)
pullą (accusative singular)
pullanz (accusative plural)
pullas (genitive singular)
pullis (genitive singular)
pullǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pullai (dative singular)
pullamaz (dative plural)
pullō (instrumental singular)
pullamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pull

Old English: pull; (pyll < *pullijaz)

Middle English: pul, pyll, pill

English: pill

Old Saxon: *pull, *poll

Middle Low German: poll

Old Norse: pollr

Icelandic: pollur

Faroese: pollur

→ Scots: poll, pow

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pull

Old Breton: Pul-Bili (place name)

Middle Breton: pul, poul, poull

Breton: poull

Old Cornish: pol

Middle Cornish: pol

Cornish: poll

Middle Welsh: pwll

Welsh: pwll

→ Middle Irish: poll

Irish: poll

Manx: poyll

Scottish Gaelic: poll

From Proto-Indo-European *bl̥nos (“bog, marsh”). Cognate with Lithuanian balà (“bog; marsh; swamp; pool”), Latvian bala (“a muddly, treeless depression”), Russian боло́то (bolóto, “swamp; bog; marsh”).


laihną

laihną (nominative singular)
laihnō (nominative plural)
laihną (singular vocative)
laihnō (plural vocative)
laihną (accusative singular)
laihnō (accusative plural)
laihnas (genitive singular)
laihnis (genitive singular)
laihnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laihnai (dative singular)
laihnamaz (dative plural)
laihnō (instrumental singular)
laihnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laihn

Old English: lǣn

Middle English: læn, leane

Scots: len

Old Frisian: lēn

North Frisian: leen

West Frisian: lien

Old Saxon: lēhan

desc

Middle Low German: lehen, lên, leen, lehn, lein

→ Old Norse: lén

Danish: len

Swedish: län

→ Finnish: lääni

Norwegian: len

Old Dutch: *lēn

Middle Dutch: leen

Dutch: leen

Afrikaans: leen

Old High German: lēhan

Middle High German: lēhen

German: Lehen

→ Russian: лен (len)

→ Old Czech: léno

→ Polish: lenno

Old Norse: lán

Icelandic: lán

Faroese: lán

Norwegian: lån

Old Swedish: lān

Swedish: lån

Old Danish: lān

Danish: lån

→ Middle English: lane, lone

Scots: lane, lain

English: loan

→ Scots: loan

→ Proto-Finnic: *laihna (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *laihwnam, from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave, leave over”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬑𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵 (raēxənah), Sanskrit रेक्णस् (rékṇas, “property, inheritance”).


landį̄

landį̄ (nominative singular)
landīniz (nominative plural)
landį̄ (singular vocative)
landīniz (plural vocative)
landīnų (accusative singular)
landīnunz (accusative plural)
landīniz (genitive singular)
landīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landīni (dative singular)
landīmaz (dative plural)
landīnē (instrumental singular)
landīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *landī, *landīn

desc

Old English: lænden, lenden, lænde, lende (in compounds); lendenu (plural)

desctree

Middle English: lende, leend, leende, lynde
English: lend
Scots: lend, leynd

Old Frisian: lenden, lenderna (plural)

Saterland Frisian: Leende

Old Saxon: lendin (plural)

Middle Low German: lende

German Low German: Lenne, Lenn

Old Dutch: lendin (plural)

Middle Dutch: lende; lenden (plural)

Dutch: lende

Old High German: lentī, lentīn

Middle High German: lente, lende

German: Lende

Luxembourgish: Lenn

Old Norse: lend (< *landijō?); lendir, lendar (plural)

Icelandic: lend

Norwegian: lend

Old Swedish: lænd

Swedish: länd

Danish: lænd

→ Proto-Finnic: *landëh (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *landwį̄, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“waist, kidney”). Cognate with Russian ля́двея (ljádveja, “thigh, haunch”).


mōtą

mōtą (nominative singular)
mōtō (nominative plural)
mōtą (singular vocative)
mōtō (plural vocative)
mōtą (accusative singular)
mōtō (accusative plural)
mōtas (genitive singular)
mōtis (genitive singular)
mōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōtai (dative singular)
mōtamaz (dative plural)
mōtō (instrumental singular)
mōtamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mōt, ġemōt

Middle English: mōt, ȝemōt

English: moot

Scots: mut, mote

Old Saxon: mōt, muot

Middle Low German: mote, mute

Low German: Mote

Old Dutch: *muot

Middle Dutch: moet

Old High German: *muoz, *muozi

Middle High German: muoz

desctree

Old Norse: mót
Icelandic: mót
Faroese: mót
Norwegian: mot, møte
Old Swedish: mōt; mø̄te (< *mōtiją)
Swedish: möte; emot, mot
Danish: møde; imod, mod
→ Scottish Gaelic: mòd

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamōtjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to encounter, come”). Cognate with Old Armenian մատչիմ (matčʻim, “to approach”).


drēnuz

drēnuz (nominative singular)
drēniwiz (nominative plural)
drēnu (singular vocative)
drēniwiz (plural vocative)
drēnų (accusative singular)
drēnunz (accusative plural)
drēnauz (genitive singular)
drēniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drēniwi (dative singular)
drēnumaz (dative plural)
drēnū (instrumental singular)
drēnumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drānu
Old English: drān, drǣn
Middle English: drane, drone
English: drone
Scots: dron
Old Frisian: *drāne
Saterland Frisian: Droane (alternatively from Middle Low German)
Old Saxon: drān
Middle Low German: drâne, dorne, drône
Low German: Drahn
→ Danish: drone
→ German: Drohne
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: drone
Norwegian Nynorsk: drone
Old Dutch: *drān, *drano, *darno
Middle Dutch: darne, dorne, drone
Dutch: dar
Limburgish: dreen
Old High German: treno, trāno

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrēn- (“bee, hornet, drone”). Cognate with Lithuanian tranas (“drone”), Serbo-Croatian trut (“drone”), Czech trubec (“drone”).


rakō

rakō (nominative singular)
rakôz (nominative plural)
rakō (singular vocative)
rakôz (plural vocative)
rakǭ (accusative singular)
rakōz (accusative plural)
rakōz (genitive singular)
rakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rakōi (dative singular)
rakōmaz (dative plural)
rakō (instrumental singular)
rakōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: racu

Middle English: rake; raike, rayke (through confluence with Old Norse reik)

Scots: rak, rack, raik

English: rake, rack (path, track, furrow)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”), probably equivalent in exact formation to the "argument" sense of Etymology 2.


rakō

Old English: racu; reahtiġan

Middle English: rake

English: rake

Old Saxon: raka

Old High German: rahha, racha

Middle High German: rache

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᚲᚢ (*raku)

Old Norse: rǫk

Icelandic: rök

qualifier

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌺- (*rak-) (uncertain lemma; possibly attested in given names)

A nominalization of *rakaz (“straight, direct”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”).


rakō

Old English: racu; (raca; ræce)

Middle English: rake

Scots: rak

English: rake

Old Saxon: raka, reka (possibly through interference with *rekô)

Middle Low German: rāke

German Low German: Raak

Low German: raak

Old Dutch: *raka

Middle Dutch: rāke

Dutch: rake, raak; > rakelen; > rakel

Old Norse: raka; reka (possibly through interference with *rekô)

Icelandic: raka; reka

Swedish: raka, räka (dialectal)

Danish: rage

Related to *rekaną (“to rake”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”).

a device used for straightening; rake (implement)


rakintǭ

rakintǭ (nominative singular)
rakintōniz (nominative plural)
rakintǭ (singular vocative)
rakintōniz (plural vocative)
rakintōnų (accusative singular)
rakintōnunz (accusative plural)
rakintōniz (genitive singular)
rakintōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rakintōni (dative singular)
rakintōmaz (dative plural)
rakintōnē (instrumental singular)
rakintōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *rakintā, *rakuntā, *rakantā

desctree

Old English: racente, racete
Middle English: rakente, racand, rakand, rakynt, rekand, rekanth, rekenth, recawnt (conflated with Old Norse rekendr, rekendi)
English: rackan, racon, rackin, racken, reckan, recon, reckin, reckon

Old Saxon: *rekinta

Middle Low German: rekente

desc

Old High German: rahhenza, rachenza, rahhinza

→ Old Saxon: rakinza

→ Old Dutch: rakinza, *rakiza (attested in Latin texts as rakinzun)

>? Middle Dutch: raecse, raecks, reecs (“chain”)

Dutch: raaks, reeks

Old Norse: rekendr f (plural); rekendi n

Icelandic: rekendur; rekendi, rekindi

→ Proto-Slavic: *retędzь

From Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“to bind”).


weruz

weruz (nominative singular)
wiriwiz (nominative plural)
weru (singular vocative)
wiriwiz (plural vocative)
werų (accusative singular)
werunz (accusative plural)
werauz (genitive singular)
wiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiriwi (dative singular)
werumaz (dative plural)
werū (instrumental singular)
werumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *weru; *werulu

⇒ Old English: weler, weolor, welur (< *werulō)

Old Frisian: were

North Frisian: ware, were

Old Norse: vǫrr

Icelandic: vör

Faroese: vørr

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌻𐍉 (wairilō) (< *werulō)

From Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“high, raised area, tuber, lump, blister”). Compare Latin varus (“pimple”).


hnakkô

hnakkô (nominative singular)
hnakkaniz (nominative plural)
hnakkô (singular vocative)
hnakkaniz (plural vocative)
hnakkanų (accusative singular)
hnakkanunz (accusative plural)
hnakkiniz (genitive singular)
hnakkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnakkini (dative singular)
hnakkammaz (dative plural)
hnakkinē (instrumental singular)
hnakkammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnakkō, *hnekkō
Old English: *hnæcca, hnecca
Middle English: nekke, nake, nec, necke, nek, neke, nhicke, nykke (Kent)
English: neck
Scots: neck
Old Frisian: hnekka, nekke
North Frisian: neek, neeke, Nak
Saterland Frisian: Näcke, Näkke
West Frisian: nekke
Old Saxon: *hnakko, *hnekko
Middle Low German: nacke, nëcke
German Low German: Nacke, Nack
Low German: nakke
Plautdietsch: Jenekj (?)
Old Dutch: *nakko, nekko
Middle Dutch: nacke, nac, necke, nack, neck, nick
Dutch: nek
Afrikaans: nek
Limburgish: nak
Old High German: *hnahho, hnach-, hnacch-, hnac, nach, nac, nak
Middle High German: knac, nacke, nac
German: Nacken
Vilamovian: naoka
Yiddish: נאַקן (nakn)

Old Norse: hnakki
Icelandic: hnakki
Faroese: nakki
Norwegian: nakke
Old Swedish: nakke
Swedish: nacke
Old Danish: nakkæ
Danish: nakke

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *knog-, *kneg- (“back of the head, nape, neck”), from *ken- (“to press, pinch, buckle, kink”).
Kroonen reconstructs an etymon Proto-Indo-European *knékō, which he connects with Tocharian A kñuk (“neck”). German Hunke (“hillock”) might retain a trace of the original genitive. Compare Proto-Celtic *knukkos (“protuberance; hill”), which Kroonen suggests is borrowed from Germanic.
Compare also the suffix *-kô, found in names of several other body parts.


anþiją

anþiją (nominative singular)
anþijō (nominative plural)
anþiją (singular vocative)
anþijō (plural vocative)
anþiją (accusative singular)
anþijō (accusative plural)
anþijas (genitive singular)
anþīs (genitive singular)
anþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anþijai (dative singular)
anþijamaz (dative plural)
anþijō (instrumental singular)
anþijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old High German: andi, endi

Middle High German: ende, einde

Cimbrian: énne

desctree

Old Norse: enni
Icelandic: enni
Faroese: enni
Norwegian: enne
Elfdalian: enne
Old Swedish: ænne
Swedish: änne (dialectal, archaic)

→? Proto-Finnic: *oncca (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“forehead”). Related to Lithuanian añtis (“bosom”), Latin antiae (“forelocks”), Old Irish étan (“forehead”). Compare *andijaz (“end”) and *umbi (“around”).


aiwaz

aiwaz (nominative singular)
aiwōz (nominative plural)
aiwōs (nominative plural)
aiw (singular vocative)
aiwōz (plural vocative)
aiwōs (plural vocative)
aiwą (accusative singular)
aiwanz (accusative plural)
aiwas (genitive singular)
aiwis (genitive singular)
aiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiwai (dative singular)
aiwamaz (dative plural)
aiwō (instrumental singular)
aiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiw, *aiwu
⇒ Old English: āwa, ā (adverb)
Middle English: ō, ā
Old Frisian: ēwa; ēwe, ē
West Frisian: iuw
⇒ Old Frisian: ā (adverb)
Old Saxon: ēo, io, ēu, ē (also adverb)
Middle Low German: ê, ee, eje, ewe
German Low German: Ehe
Old Dutch: ēwa
Middle Dutch: êwe, êeu
Dutch: eeuw
Afrikaans: eeu
Limburgish: ieuw
⇒ Old Dutch: io (adverb)
Middle Dutch: ie
Old High German: ēwa, ēo, ēa
Middle High German: ēwe, ē
Alemannic German: Ee, E-e
German: Ehe
⇒ Old High German: io (adverb)
Middle High German: ie
German: je

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᛉ (*aiwaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*aiwalaibaʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: æ, ei, ey
Icelandic: æ
Old Swedish: ē, ǣ
Swedish: ä, e, e-
→ Middle English: aye, ai, agg
English: aye

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (aiws); 𐌰𐌹𐍅 (aiw)

→? Proto-Finnic: *aika (“time”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu ~ *h₂yéws, reformed as a thematic (a-stem) noun. See the West Germanic descendant *aiw for more on the "law" sense.


elhaz

elhaz (nominative singular)
elhōz (nominative plural)
elhōs (nominative plural)
elh (singular vocative)
elhōz (plural vocative)
elhōs (plural vocative)
elhą (accusative singular)
elhanz (accusative plural)
elhas (genitive singular)
elhis (genitive singular)
elhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
elhai (dative singular)
elhamaz (dative plural)
elhō (instrumental singular)
elhamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eolh, elch, elh, eolc, eolch; ēola
Middle English: elk, elke
English: elk
→ German: Elk (obsolete)
→ Korean: 엘크 (elkeu)
→ Malayalam: എൽക്ക് (elkkŭ)
→ Welsh: elc

Old Saxon: *elho

Middle Low German: elk

>? German Low German: Elk (or from English)

>? Middle Low German: elen, elent

(→ German: Elen)

Old Dutch: *elho, elo

>? Middle Dutch: elen, elent

(Dutch: eland)

desc

Old High German: elahho, eliho, elcho, elo

Middle High German: elch, elhe

desctree

German: Elch, Elk (obsolete)
→ Luxembourgish: Elch

→ English: Elhaz (learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱis, *h₁ólḱis (“elk”), from *h₁el- (“deer”). Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit ऋश्य (ṛ́śya, “antelope”), Lithuanian elnias (“deer, stag, hart”), Russian оле́нь (olénʹ, “deer”), Russian лось (losʹ, “elk”), Ancient Greek ἔλαφος (élaphos, “deer”), Old Armenian եղն (ełn, “hind”).


algiz

algiz (nominative singular)
algīz (nominative plural)
algi (singular vocative)
algīz (plural vocative)
algį (accusative singular)
alginz (accusative plural)
algīz (genitive singular)
algijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
algī (dative singular)
algimaz (dative plural)
algī (instrumental singular)
algimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: elgr m
Icelandic: elgur
Faroese: elgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: elg; (dialectal) alg
Old Swedish: ælgher
Swedish: älg
Danish: elg, ⇒ elsdyr
Norwegian Bokmål: elg

→? Ancient Greek: ἄλκη f (álkē)
Greek: άλκη (álki)

→? Latin: alcēs f, alcē, alx (Medieval Latin)
Galician: alce
Italian: alce
Portuguese: alce
Spanish: alce
→ English: alce

→ Latin: Alcis

→ English: Alcis (learned)

→ English: Algiz (learned)

Alcis (in the plural), a pair of divine brothers allegedly worshipped by the Naharvali according to Tacitus.


sturmaz

sturmaz (nominative singular)
sturmōz (nominative plural)
sturmōs (nominative plural)
sturm (singular vocative)
sturmōz (plural vocative)
sturmōs (plural vocative)
sturmą (accusative singular)
sturmanz (accusative plural)
sturmas (genitive singular)
sturmis (genitive singular)
sturmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturmai (dative singular)
sturmamaz (dative plural)
sturmō (instrumental singular)
sturmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sturm
Old English: storm, stearm
Middle English: storm
English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm
Scots: storm
Yola: stharm, starm
Old Frisian: *storm
Saterland Frisian: Stoarm
West Frisian: stoarm
Old Saxon: storm
Middle Low German: storm
German Low German: Storm
→ Polish: sztorm
Old Dutch: *sturm
Middle Dutch: storm
Dutch: storm
Afrikaans: storm
Negerhollands: storm
→ Papiamentu: storm
Old High German: sturm
Middle High German: sturm
German: Sturm
Yiddish: שטורעם (shturem)
→ Polish: szturm
→ Russian: штурм (šturm)
Luxembourgish: Stuerm
Hunsrik: Storrem
Lombardic: *sturm
→ Italian: stormo
→ Vulgar Latin: *estornus, *estorma
Old French: estor, estour, estur, estorme, estorn
Middle French: estor, estour
→ Middle English: stour, store, stor
English: stour
Scots: sture, stour
Occitan: estorn

Old Norse: stormr
Icelandic: stormur
Faroese: stormur
Norwegian: storm (Bokmål), storm (Nynorsk)
Old Swedish: stormber
Swedish: storm
Danish: storm

From Pre-Germanic *stur-mo-s, a mo-stem nominal formed from *staurijaną (“to destroy, disturb”), for which see Proto-West Germanic *staurijan (“idem”).


þankaz

þankaz (nominative singular)
þankōz (nominative plural)
þankōs (nominative plural)
þank (singular vocative)
þankōz (plural vocative)
þankōs (plural vocative)
þanką (accusative singular)
þankanz (accusative plural)
þankas (genitive singular)
þankis (genitive singular)
þankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þankai (dative singular)
þankamaz (dative plural)
þankō (instrumental singular)
þankamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þanc, þonc

Middle English: thank, thonk

Scots: thank, thanks

English: thank, thanks

Old Frisian: thank, thonk

Saterland Frisian: Tonk

West Frisian: tanck, tank

Old Saxon: thanc, thank

Middle Low German: dank, danke

Low German: Dank

Old Dutch: *thanc, thank

Middle Dutch: danc

Dutch: dank

Afrikaans: dank

⇒ Afrikaans: dankie

Old High German: danc

Middle High German: danc

German: Dank

Yiddish: דאַנק (dank)

→ Old Czech: diek

Czech: dík

→ Old Polish: dzięka (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þǫkk (from *þankō)

Icelandic: þökk

Faroese: tøkk

Norwegian: takk

Elfdalian: tokk

Old Swedish: þak

Swedish: tack

Danish: tak

→ Faroese: takk

→ Icelandic: takk

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 (þagks)

Vandalic: *þank-

From Proto-Indo-European *tóng-o-s, from *teng- (“to think, feel, perceive, know”).


sturkaz

sturkaz (nominative singular)
sturkōz (nominative plural)
sturkōs (nominative plural)
sturk (singular vocative)
sturkōz (plural vocative)
sturkōs (plural vocative)
sturką (accusative singular)
sturkanz (accusative plural)
sturkas (genitive singular)
sturkis (genitive singular)
sturkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturkai (dative singular)
sturkamaz (dative plural)
sturkō (instrumental singular)
sturkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stork
Old English: storc
Middle English: stork
Scots: stork
English: stork
Old Frisian: *stork
Saterland Frisian: Stoark
Old Saxon: *stork
Middle Low German: stork
German Low German: Störk, Stoork, Stürk
Old Dutch: *stork
Middle Dutch: storke, storc, sturc
Dutch: stork
Old High German: storah, storh, *stork (irregular -h- possibly generalized from svarabhakti form)
Middle High German: storch, storc
German: Storch, (obsolete) Stork
→ Hunsrik: Storrich
→ Luxembourgish: Storch
Luxembourgish: (dated) Stuerk
→ Latvian: stārķis
→ Lithuanian: starkus

Old Norse: storkr
Icelandic: storkur
Faroese: storkur
Norwegian Bokmål: stork
Norwegian Nynorsk: stork
Old Swedish: storker
Swedish: stork
Old Danish: stork
Danish: stork

According to Witczak (1991), from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥ǵos (“stork”), cognate to Sanskrit सृजय (sṛjaya, “wading bird”), Ancient Greek πελαργός (pelargós, “stork”), and Dacian *βärzæ (whence Romanian barză (“stork”), dialectal Bulgarian барзъ (barz).)
Alternately, from Proto-Indo-European *str̥gos, from *(s)terg-, *(s)terǵ- (“a type of bird”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter- (“stiff”). Cognate with Old East Slavic стьркъ (stĭrkŭ, “stork, crane”), Russian стерх (sterx, “Siberian crane”), Ancient Greek τόργος (tórgos, “vulture”), Albanian sterkjok (“stork”) and possibly Old Armenian տառեղն (taṙełn, “stork”).


anhulō

anhulō (nominative singular)
anhulôz (nominative plural)
anhulō (singular vocative)
anhulôz (plural vocative)
anhulǭ (accusative singular)
anhulōz (accusative plural)
anhulōz (genitive singular)
anhulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anhulōi (dative singular)
anhulōmaz (dative plural)
anhulō (instrumental singular)
anhulōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *anhulu, *ą̄hulu, *ą̄hlu

Old English: *ōl

⇒ Old English: ōlþwong

Old Norse: ál, ǫ́l

Icelandic: ól

Faroese: ól

Old Swedish: ōl, øl, öl

Danish: øl

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to turn, bend, flex, curve”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀγκύλη (ankúlē, “leather belt”), Lithuanian ánka (“sling, loop”).


gundaz

gundaz (nominative singular)
gundōz (nominative plural)
gundōs (nominative plural)
gund (singular vocative)
gundōz (plural vocative)
gundōs (plural vocative)
gundą (accusative singular)
gundanz (accusative plural)
gundas (genitive singular)
gundis (genitive singular)
gundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gundai (dative singular)
gundamaz (dative plural)
gundō (instrumental singular)
gundamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gund

Old English: gund

Middle English: gunde, gounde, gownde

English: gound

Old Saxon: gund

Old High German: gund, kund, gunt, cunt

Old Norse: *gundr

Norwegian: gund (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌳 n (gund) (< *gundą)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰendʰ- (“sore, ulcer, abscess, boil”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κανθύλη (kanthúlē, “swelling”). See also Middle Persian gwnd (/gund/).


aitrą

aitrą (nominative singular)
aitrō (nominative plural)
aitrą (singular vocative)
aitrō (plural vocative)
aitrą (accusative singular)
aitrō (accusative plural)
aitras (genitive singular)
aitris (genitive singular)
aitrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aitrai (dative singular)
aitramaz (dative plural)
aitrō (instrumental singular)
aitramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aitr
Old English: ātor, āttor, ǣtor, ǣttor
Middle English: atter, attere, attir, attre, atture, attyr, attyre, atterr (Ormulum)
English: atter
Scots: atter, etter
Old Frisian: āter, ater, ātter, atter
Saterland Frisian: Atter
West Frisian: etter
Old Saxon: ēttor, ēttar; eitir
Middle Low German: etter
German Low German: Etter, Atter
Old Dutch: *ētar, *ēttar; eitir
Middle Dutch: etter, atter
Dutch: etter, atter
Old High German: eitar, eittar
Middle High German: eiter
German: Eiter
Luxembourgish: Eeter

Old Norse: eitr
Elfdalian: ietter (“venom; pus”)
Icelandic: eitur
Faroese: eitur
Norwegian Nynorsk: eiter, eitr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eiter
Old Swedish: ēter
Swedish: etter
⇒ Old Swedish: ēterkoppa
Swedish: etterkopp
Old Danish: ētær
Danish: edder
Norwegian Bokmål: edder
⇒ Old Danish: etærkop, ederkoppæ
Danish: edderkop
Norwegian Bokmål: edderkopp
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: edderkopp

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyd-ro-m, from *h₂eyd- (“to swell; swelling, tumour, abscess”). Cognate with Ancient Greek οἶδος (oîdos, “tumour, swelling”) and the first element *οἰδῐ́- (*oidĭ́-) of the name Οἰδῐ́πους (Oidĭ́pous, “Oedipus”, literally “swollen-footed”), as well as with Old Church Slavonic ꙗдра (jadra, “bosom, embrace”, pl.).


þwangiz

þwangiz (nominative singular)
þwangīz (nominative plural)
þwangi (singular vocative)
þwangīz (plural vocative)
þwangį (accusative singular)
þwanginz (accusative plural)
þwangīz (genitive singular)
þwangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwangī (dative singular)
þwangimaz (dative plural)
þwangī (instrumental singular)
þwangimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þwangi, *þwang m (strong a-stem)
Old English: þwang, þwong, þwæng, þweng
Middle English: thong, thwong, thwang
English: thong
Scots: thwang, thwayng, thang
Yola: fong
Old Frisian: thwong, thwang
Saterland Frisian: Twoang
West Frisian: twang
Old Saxon: *thwang
Middle Low German: dwanc, dwank
German Low German: Dwang
Old Dutch: *thwang
Middle Dutch: dwanc
Dutch: dwang
Afrikaans: dwang
Negerhollands: twang
→ Indonesian: paksaan (semantic loan)
Old High German: dwang (“bit, bridle, rein, restraint”)
Middle High German: twanc
German: Zwang

Old Norse: þvengr

Icelandic: þvengur

Faroese: tvongur

Norwegian: tveng (dialectal)

From earlier *þwanguz, from *þwinhaną (“to press”).


hōlą

hōlą (nominative singular)
hōlō (nominative plural)
hōlą (singular vocative)
hōlō (plural vocative)
hōlą (accusative singular)
hōlō (accusative plural)
hōlas (genitive singular)
hōlis (genitive singular)
hōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōlai (dative singular)
hōlamaz (dative plural)
hōlō (instrumental singular)
hōlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōl

Old English: hōl

Old Norse: hól

Icelandic: hól

Faroese: hól

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁l-, *keh₁l- (“to beguile, deceive”).
Cognate with Latin calvor (“deceive, plot against”), calumnia (“false accusation, deceit, defamation”), Russian хвала́ (xvalá, “praise, laud”), Ancient Greek κηλέω (kēléō, “to charm, bewitch, beguile, appease”).


skēpą

skēpą (nominative singular)
skēpō (nominative plural)
skēpą (singular vocative)
skēpō (plural vocative)
skēpą (accusative singular)
skēpō (accusative plural)
skēpas (genitive singular)
skēpis (genitive singular)
skēpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skēpai (dative singular)
skēpamaz (dative plural)
skēpō (instrumental singular)
skēpamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skāp
Old English: sċēap, *sċǣp, sċēp, scīp
Middle English: schep, scheep, schepe, sheep, shepe, ssep (Kent, Southern)
English: sheep (see there for further descendants)
Scots: sheep
Yola: zheep, sheep
Old Frisian: skēp
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: schep, schap
Goesharde: schäip
Helgoland: skēap
Mooring: schäip
Sylt: Sjip
Wiedingharde: sees
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: schaip
Saterland Frisian: Skäip, Schäip
Wangerooge Frisian: schaip
Wursten Frisian: schepp, scheep
West Frisian: skiep
Hindeloopen: skeep
Schiermonnikoog: schiep
Old Saxon: skāp, scāp
Middle Low German: schâp
Low German: Schap
German Low German: Schaap
Hamburgisch: Schaap
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Schåp
Sauerländisch: Schōp
Westmünsterländisch: Schaop
Plautdietsch: Schop
Old Dutch: scāp
Middle Dutch: schâep
Dutch: schaap
Afrikaans: skaap
Berbice Creole Dutch: skapu
Jersey Dutch: sxâp
Negerhollands: skaap, skap
→ Lokono: sjikapoe, shikápo
→ Sranan Tongo: skapu
→ Saramaccan: sikáfu, sikápu
→ Warao: sikabo
Old High German: scāf
Middle High German: schāf
Alemannic German: Schooff
Swabian: Schoaf
Bavarian: Schåf
Carinthian: Hap
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Schåf
German: Schaf
→ Alemannic German: Schaf
Hunsrik: Schof
Luxembourgish: Schof
Rhine Franconian: Schoof
Palatine German: Schoof
Pennsylvania German: Schof
Vilamovian: siöf
Yiddish: שאָף (shof)

Unknown. May be a wanderword from West Asia: compare Persian چپش (čapeš, “yearling goat”), Proto-Scythian *capi (whence Ossetian цӕу (cæw, “goat”); probably also loaned into Albanian as cap, cjap (“he-goat”) and Slavic as *capъ (“he-goat”)) and Proto-Turkic *čepiš (“yearling goat”).
Other proposals include:
* An old European substrate word
* Derived from the root of *skabaną (“to scratch, scrape, shave, shear”), with *b > *p via Kluge's law; this may be evidenced by Old High German scāpāri, scāppāri (“sheepskin”) which points to a Proto-Germanic form with *b
* Mallory & Adams assume a relation to Old English hēċen (“kid”) (see Proto-West Germanic *hōkīn) and propose Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱégos (“goat, sheep”), comparing several Indo-Iranian cognates such as Sanskrit छगल (chagala), छाग (chā́ga, “goat”) (whence Marathi सागा (sāgā, “flock of sheep”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sčágas.


leuþą

leuþą (nominative singular)
leuþō (nominative plural)
leuþą (singular vocative)
leuþō (plural vocative)
leuþą (accusative singular)
leuþō (accusative plural)
leuþas (genitive singular)
liuþis (genitive singular)
leuþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leuþai (dative singular)
leuþamaz (dative plural)
leuþō (instrumental singular)
leuþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leuþ
Old English: lēoþ
Middle English: leoþ, leod, lede
Scots: leed, lede
English: leed (dialectal); lidden (dialectal, archaic)
Old Frisian: *liāth
Saterland Frisian: Läid
West Frisian: liet
Old Saxon: lioth
Middle Low German: *lēt, *liet
German Low German: Leed, Lied
Old Dutch: *lioth
Middle Dutch: liet, lijt
Dutch: lied
Afrikaans: lied
Negerhollands: liederen (from the plural)
Old High German: liod
Middle High German: liet
German: Lied
→ English: lied
→ Finnish: lied
→ French: lied
→ Romanian: lied
Hunsrik: Lied
Luxembourgish: Lidd
Vilamovian: łid
Yiddish: ליד (lid)

Old Norse: ljóð
Icelandic: ljóð n
Faroese: ljóð n

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (liuþ)

Unclear. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *lew-t-, an extension of a tentative root *lew- (“to sing, praise”), whence also Latin laus (“praise”).


skurtijǭ

skurtijǭ (nominative singular)
skurtijōniz (nominative plural)
skurtijǭ (singular vocative)
skurtijōniz (plural vocative)
skurtijōnų (accusative singular)
skurtijōnunz (accusative plural)
skurtijōniz (genitive singular)
skurtijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skurtijōni (dative singular)
skurtijōmaz (dative plural)
skurtijōnē (instrumental singular)
skurtijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skurtijā
Old English: sċyrte
Middle English: sherte
English: shirt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: schirt, shurt
Yola: shoorth, skoorth
Old Frisian: *skerte, *skorte; *skertel
North Frisian: Sjürt (Sylt)
West Frisian: skerte
Saterland Frisian: Schoarte
⇒ Old Frisian: skerteldōk
West Frisian: skerteldoek, skeldoek
Old Saxon: *skurtia
Middle Low German: schorte, schörte
Low German: Schörte
→ German: Schürze (or backformation from the plural of Schurz)
→ Old Danish:
Danish: skørt
Norwegian Bokmål: skjørt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjørt
→ Old Swedish: skørt, skyrt
Swedish: skört
Old Dutch: *scurta
Middle Dutch: schorte
Dutch: schort
Negerhollands: skorte
→ Papiamentu: skòrt, schortsje, skortje

Old Norse: skyrta
Icelandic: skyrta
Faroese: skjúrta
Norwegian Nynorsk: skyrta, skjorte (possibly from Swedish); (dialectal) skjørte, skjurte
Old Swedish: skiurta, skiorta
Swedish: skjorta
Danish: skjorte
Norwegian Bokmål: skjorte
→ Middle English: skyrte, skyrt, skirt, skirte, skyrtt, skyrthe, scyrt, scyrtte, skyrtte
English: skirt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: skirt
→ Welsh: sgert
→ Middle Irish: scirta
Irish: sciorta


gangaz

gangaz (nominative singular)
gangōz (nominative plural)
gangōs (nominative plural)
gang (singular vocative)
gangōz (plural vocative)
gangōs (plural vocative)
gangą (accusative singular)
ganganz (accusative plural)
gangas (genitive singular)
gangis (genitive singular)
gangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gangai (dative singular)
gangamaz (dative plural)
gangō (instrumental singular)
gangamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gang
Old English: gang, gancg, gong, ġeong, ġiong — with initial /j/ after palatalised past forms of gangan
Middle English: gong, gang, gonge, goonge
English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)
Scots: gang, gaung, ging
Northeastern: dyang, gyang
Old Frisian: gang, gong, gung
North Frisian: gong
Saterland Frisian: Goang
West Frisian: gong
Old Saxon: gang
Middle Low German: ganc, gank
German Low German: Gang
Old Dutch: gang (only attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: ganc
Dutch: gang
Old High German: gang
Middle High German: ganc
Bavarian: Gång
German: Gang
Polish: ganek
Yiddish: גאַניק (ganik) (probably borrowed from Polish)
Luxembourgish: Gang, Gank
→ Middle French: gangue
French: gangue
→ English: gangue

Old Norse: gangr

Icelandic: gangur

Faroese: gangur

Norwegian Bokmål: gang

Norwegian Nynorsk: gang, gong

Old Swedish: ganger

Swedish: gång

Danish: gang

→ Proto-Finnic: *kangas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰongʰ-o-s, from *ǵʰengʰ- (“to stride, step”). Synchronically analyzable as a nominal formation from *ganganą (“to go, walk”).


harnaz

harnaz (nominative singular)
harnōz (nominative plural)
harnōs (nominative plural)
harn (singular vocative)
harnōz (plural vocative)
harnōs (plural vocative)
harną (accusative singular)
harnanz (accusative plural)
harnas (genitive singular)
harnis (genitive singular)
harnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harnai (dative singular)
harnamaz (dative plural)
harnō (instrumental singular)
harnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harn

Old High German: harn, haran

Middle High German: harn, harm

German: Harn

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-mn-os (“caustic liquid, alkali, urine”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱer- (“manure, dung, filth”). Cognate with Lithuanian šarmas (“lye, alkali, leach”).


mōdaz

mōdaz (nominative singular)
mōdōz (nominative plural)
mōdōs (nominative plural)
mōd (singular vocative)
mōdōz (plural vocative)
mōdōs (plural vocative)
mōdą (accusative singular)
mōdanz (accusative plural)
mōdas (genitive singular)
mōdis (genitive singular)
mōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōdai (dative singular)
mōdamaz (dative plural)
mōdō (instrumental singular)
mōdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōd
Old English: mōd
Middle English: mod, mode, mood
English: mood
Scots: mude, muid
Old Frisian: mōd
Saterland Frisian: Moud
West Frisian: moed
Old Saxon: mōd
Middle Low German: môt, moit, mout, mût
Low German:
German Low German: Mood, Mōt, Mūt
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: te Moode
Westmünsterländisch: Mood
East Westphalian: Meot (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)
Plautdietsch: Moot
Old Dutch: muot
Middle Dutch: moet
Dutch: moed
Afrikaans: moed
Old High German: muot
Middle High German: muot
German: Muth, Mut
Luxembourgish: Mutt
Yiddish: מוט (mut)

Old Norse: móðr
Icelandic: móður
Faroese: móður
Norn: mud, mød, mø
Norwegian Nynorsk: mot n
Old Swedish: mōþ n
Swedish: mod n
Danish: mod n
Norwegian Bokmål: mod n
Gutnish: mod n

East Germanic:

Gothic: 𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mōþs)

Vandalic: *muths

Appears to derive from a Proto-Indo-European *mō-tó-s, a lengthened grade nominal formation from a root *meh₁- (“to endeavor; will, temper”), which may be a semantic extension of *meh₁- in the usual "to measure" sense. Perhaps cognate with Latin mōs (“will, humor, wont, inclination, mood”), Proto-Slavic *sъmě̀ti (“to dare, venture, make bold”).


mōdrijǭ

mōdrijǭ (nominative singular)
mōdrijōniz (nominative plural)
mōdrijǭ (singular vocative)
mōdrijōniz (plural vocative)
mōdrijōnų (accusative singular)
mōdrijōnunz (accusative plural)
mōdrijōniz (genitive singular)
mōdrijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōdrijōni (dative singular)
mōdrijōmaz (dative plural)
mōdrijōnē (instrumental singular)
mōdrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōdrijā

Old English: mōdrie, mōdriġe

Middle English: moddrie

Old Frisian: mōdrie

North Frisian: medder

Old Saxon: *mōdria, *mōdira

desc

Middle Low German: möddere, meddere, mödder, medder

Old Dutch: *muodria, *muodira

Middle Dutch: moeddere, moddere, modder

Old High German: muotera

From *mōdrijaz (“of a mother, maternal”, adj), and/or *méh₂treh₂ (“mother's sister”), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr.
Cognate with Cornish modrep (“maternal aunt”), Welsh modryb (“maternal aunt”), Ancient Greek μήτριος (mḗtrios, “motherly, maternal”), Albanian motër (“sister”).


mōmǭ

mōmǭ (nominative singular)
mōmōniz (nominative plural)
mōmǭ (singular vocative)
mōmōniz (plural vocative)
mōmōnų (accusative singular)
mōmōnunz (accusative plural)
mōmōniz (genitive singular)
mōmōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōmōni (dative singular)
mōmōmaz (dative plural)
mōmōnē (instrumental singular)
mōmōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōmā
Old English: *mōme
Middle English: mome, mone
English: mama, mammy, mom, mommy, mum, mummy
Scots: mam, mamie
Old Frisian: *mōme
>? Saterland Frisian: Mäme
>? West Frisian: mem, mâm, memme, mâme
Old Saxon: *mōma, moma
Middle Low German: môme, mône, mȫme
German Low German: Mohm, Möhm (regional)
Old Dutch: *muoma
Middle Dutch: moeme, mone, moene, moyne; memme, mamme
Dutch: moene (dialectal); mem, mam
Limburgish: meun
Old High German: muoma
Middle High German: muome; mamme, memme
Alemannic German:
Mòcheno: moa'm
Central Franconian: Möhn, Mehn, Mihn, Mihm
Luxembourgish: Mimm
German: Muhme; Mamme
Yiddish: מומע (mume)

Old Norse: *móma, móna

Icelandic: móna (dialectal)

Elfdalian: muna

Swedish: muna (in liusmuna)

→ Scots: minnie

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₂-meh₂-, reduplication of a base *méh₂- (“mama, mother”). Cognate with Latin mamma (“mother, mama, nurse”), Lithuanian mãma, momà (“mother”), Latvian mãma (“mother”), Old Irish muimme (“foster mother”), Irish mam (“mother”).


langiþō

langiþō (nominative singular)
langiþôz (nominative plural)
langiþō (singular vocative)
langiþôz (plural vocative)
langiþǭ (accusative singular)
langiþōz (accusative plural)
langiþōz (genitive singular)
langiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
langiþōi (dative singular)
langiþōmaz (dative plural)
langiþō (instrumental singular)
langiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *langiþu
Old English: lengþu, lengþ, lengoþu, lengþo
Middle English: lengthe, leinþ, lencþe, length, lengþe, lenkthe, lenkþe, lenth, lenthe, lenþe, leynþe, lenght, lenghte, lenghthe, lenȝte, lenȝth (especially Northern), lencth, lenketh, lenkethe, lenkith (Late Middle English, Northern), lengðe (Early Middle English)
English: length
Scots: lenth, lainth
Old Frisian: lengithe, lengethe
Saterland Frisian: Loangte
West Frisian: lingte, langte
Old Saxon: *lengitha
Middle Low German: lengede, lengde
German Low German: Längde, Längd, Längte, Längt
Old Dutch: *lengitha
Middle Dutch: lengede, lingede, lencde
Dutch: lengte
Old High German: *lengida
Middle High German: lengede
German: Längde
Luxembourgish: Längt
⇒ Old High German: gilengida

Old Norse: lengd

Icelandic: lengd

Faroese: longd

Norwegian Nynorsk: lengd

Old Swedish: længd

Swedish: längd

Danish: længde
Norwegian Bokmål: lengde
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lengde

/ˈlɑŋ.ɡi.θɔː/


dustą

dustą (nominative singular)
dustō (nominative plural)
dustą (singular vocative)
dustō (plural vocative)
dustą (accusative singular)
dustō (accusative plural)
dustas (genitive singular)
dustis (genitive singular)
dustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dustai (dative singular)
dustamaz (dative plural)
dustō (instrumental singular)
dustamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dust
Middle English: dust, doust
English: dust
Scots: dust, dist

Old Frisian: dust

Old Saxon: dust

Middle Low German: dust

→ German: Dust

Old Dutch: *dust

Middle Dutch: dust, dost

Old Norse: dust
Icelandic: dust
Faroese: dust
Norwegian: dust
Swedish: dust
Danish: dyst

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Latin fūmus (“smoke, steam”).


dunstą

dunstą (nominative singular)
dunstō (nominative plural)
dunstą (singular vocative)
dunstō (plural vocative)
dunstą (accusative singular)
dunstō (accusative plural)
dunstas (genitive singular)
dunstis (genitive singular)
dunstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dunstai (dative singular)
dunstamaz (dative plural)
dunstō (instrumental singular)
dunstamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dūst
Middle English: dust, doust
English: dust
Scots: dust, dist

Old Frisian: dūst

Saterland Frisian: Duist

Old Saxon: *dunst, *dūst

Middle Low German: donst, dûst

Low German:

German Low German: Dunst, Duust

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dunst

Suerländer-Märkisch: Dûst

Westmünsterländisch: Donst, Doonst, Doost, Dunst

Plautdietsch: Donst

→ Swedish: dunst

Old Dutch: *dunst, *dūst

Middle Dutch: dunst, donst, doest, (possibly borrowed) duust

Dutch: dons, duist

Old High German: tunist, dunist, dunst

Middle High German: tunst, dunst

German: Dunst

Hunsrik: Dunst

Luxembourgish: Donst

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥und̥st]

Per Kroonen, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuns-to-, from a nasal-infix zero-grade of *dʰwes- (“dust, spirit”), and cognate with Tocharian B tänts- (“to scatter”), Sanskrit ध्वंसति (dhváṁsati, “he falls to dust”).


kweþuz

kweþuz (nominative singular)
kwiþiwiz (nominative plural)
kweþu (singular vocative)
kwiþiwiz (plural vocative)
kweþų (accusative singular)
kweþunz (accusative plural)
kweþauz (genitive singular)
kwiþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwiþiwi (dative singular)
kweþumaz (dative plural)
kweþū (instrumental singular)
kweþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwiþ, cwiþa; (cwedele)

Middle English: *kid, *kit (in compound: kidenere, kidnere)

Scots: kyte

English: kite, kidney

Old Saxon: *kweth

Middle Low German: quede

Old High German: quiti (quoden?)

⇒ Old High German: chwadilla, kwedilla, quedilla

Middle High German: kutel

German: Kuttel, Quaddel

desctree

Old Norse: kviðr
Icelandic: kviður
Faroese: kviður, kvið
Old Swedish: qviþer
Swedish: kved
Old Danish: kwith

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (qiþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷet-, *gūt- (“swelling, rounding; stomach, gut”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷu-, *gū- (“to bend, curve, bow, camber, vault, distend”).


duntiz

duntiz (nominative singular)
duntīz (nominative plural)
dunti (singular vocative)
duntīz (plural vocative)
duntį (accusative singular)
duntinz (accusative plural)
duntīz (genitive singular)
duntijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duntī (dative singular)
duntimaz (dative plural)
duntī (instrumental singular)
duntimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dunti

Old English: dynt

Middle English: dünt, dent, dint

Scots: dunt, dont, dynt, dint, dent

English: dunt, dint, dent

desc

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *duntislagi (“a blow which leaves a bruise, punch”)

Old Saxon: *duntslag

Middle Low German: duntslach, dunslach

Old Dutch: *duntslag

Middle Dutch: dontslach, donsslach, dunslach

Old Norse: dyntr, dyttr

Icelandic: dyntur, dynta, dyttur

Swedish: dunt (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰen- (“to strike, hit”), synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *duntijaną (“to fall, drop”). Cognate with Albanian gdhend (“to plane”).


saumaz

saumaz (nominative singular)
saumōz (nominative plural)
saumōs (nominative plural)
saum (singular vocative)
saumōz (plural vocative)
saumōs (plural vocative)
saumą (accusative singular)
saumanz (accusative plural)
saumas (genitive singular)
saumis (genitive singular)
saumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saumai (dative singular)
saumamaz (dative plural)
saumō (instrumental singular)
saumamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saum
Old English: sēam
Middle English: seem, ceem, ceme, sem, seme, seyme
English: seam
Scots: seam
Old Frisian: sām
Saterland Frisian: Soom
West Frisian: seam
Old Saxon: sōm
Middle Low German: sôm
Low German: Soom
Plautdietsch: Soom
Old Dutch: *soum
Middle Dutch: sôom
Dutch: zoom
Afrikaans: soom
Old High German: soum
Middle High German: soum
German: Saum
Luxembourgish: Sam

Old Norse: saumr

Icelandic: saumur

Faroese: seymur

Norwegian Nynorsk: saum

Old Swedish: sø̄mber

Swedish: söm

Danish: søm

Norwegian Bokmål: søm

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: sávdnji

→? Finnish: sauma

From Proto-Indo-European *syowH-mo-s (“band”), from Proto-Indo-European *syewh₁- (“to sew”). Particularly similar cognate with Sanskrit स्यूमन् (syū́man, “band, thong, bridle”), Ancient Greek ῠ̔μήν (hŭmḗn, “film, membrane, sinew”), the latter two which stem from a pre-form *syuHmen.


denaraz

denaraz (nominative singular)
denarōz (nominative plural)
denarōs (nominative plural)
denar (singular vocative)
denarōz (plural vocative)
denarōs (plural vocative)
denarą (accusative singular)
denaranz (accusative plural)
denaras (genitive singular)
denaris (genitive singular)
denarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
denarai (dative singular)
denaramaz (dative plural)
denarō (instrumental singular)
denaramiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: tenar; tenra

Middle High German: tëner; tënre

Thematicized form of Proto-Indo-European *dʰénr̥ (“flat of the hand, palm”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θέναρ (thénar, “palm of the hand; sole of the foot”). See *dʰénwr̥ for this and related reconstructions.


wambō

wambō (nominative singular)
wambôz (nominative plural)
wambō (singular vocative)
wambôz (plural vocative)
wambǭ (accusative singular)
wambōz (accusative plural)
wambōz (genitive singular)
wambǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wambōi (dative singular)
wambōmaz (dative plural)
wambō (instrumental singular)
wambōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wambu
Old English: wamb, womb
Middle English: wombe, wambe, womb, wame, woombe, wome, uombe, wompe, wamb
English: womb
Geordie English: wyem
Scots: wame, wam
Old Frisian: wamme, womme
Old Saxon: wamba
Middle Low German: wamme
German Low German: Wamme
Old Dutch: wamba
Middle Dutch: wamme, wam
Dutch: wam
Old High German: wamba
Middle High German: wambe, wampe, wamme
German: Wamme, Wampe
→ Saterland Frisian: Wampe
Bavarian: Wampn
Frankish: *wamba
→ Medieval Latin: wambāsium, wambōsium
Old French: wambais, gambais; wambison, gambison, gambeison
→ Middle English: gambeson, gambison
English: gambeson, gambison
→ Middle Low German: wambois, wambōs, wambūs, wambes, wammes, wams
→ Middle Dutch: wambaes, wambeis, wambois, wambuus, wammes
Dutch: wambuis, wammes
→ Middle High German: wambeis
German: Wams
→ Saterland Frisian: Wams
→ Medieval Latin: gambesōnem
→ Occitan: gambais
→ Old Spanish: gambax
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: canbas

Old Norse: vǫmb
Icelandic: vömb
Faroese: vomb
Norwegian Bokmål: vom
Norwegian Nynorsk: vom
Jamtish: vamb
Elfdalian: uomb
Old Swedish: vāmb
Swedish: våm
Old Danish: wāmb
Scanian: vám
Danish: vom
Gutnish: vamb

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (wamba)

Disputed; two competing hypotheses are:
* From Proto-Indo-European *wamp- (“membrane (of bowels), intestines, womb”) and cognate with Old Welsh gumbelauc (“womb”), Breton gwamm (“woman, wife”), Sanskrit वपा (vapā́, “the skin or membrane lining the intestines or parts of the viscera, the caul or omentum”).
* From a root *gʷʰembʰ- (“womb”) whence also Sanskrit गभ (gabhá, “vagina”). (See also *wībą (“woman, wife”).)
The latter etymology assumes that Germanic *w is the expected outcome of PIE *gʷʰ, but this is debated; see *warmaz for discussion.


stertaz

stertaz (nominative singular)
stertōz (nominative plural)
stertōs (nominative plural)
stert (singular vocative)
stertōz (plural vocative)
stertōs (plural vocative)
stertą (accusative singular)
stertanz (accusative plural)
stertas (genitive singular)
stirtis (genitive singular)
stertǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stertai (dative singular)
stertamaz (dative plural)
stertō (instrumental singular)
stertamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stert

Old English: steort

desc

Middle English: steort, stert, stirt, stort, start

Scots: start, stairt

English: start

Old Frisian: stert, stirt

North Frisian: stert

Saterland Frisian: Stäit, Stit (Strukelje)

West Frisian: sturt

Old Saxon: *stert

Middle Low German: stert, start

Low German: Stert, Steert, Staart, Steerd

Old Dutch: stert (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: stert, staert, steert

Dutch: staart

Afrikaans: stert

desctree

Old High German: sterz
Middle High German: stërz
Central Franconian: Statz, Stätz, Stääz
Luxembourgish: Stäerz
German: Sterz
→ Italian: sterzo

Old Norse: stertr

Icelandic: stertur

Faroese: stertur

Norwegian Bokmål: stjert

Norwegian Nynorsk: stjert

Old Swedish: stiærter, stærter

Swedish: stjärt

Danish: stjært

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)terd-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter- (“to be stiff”).


hurnungaz

Proto-West Germanic: *hornung, *horning

Old English: hornung

⇒ Old English: hornungsunu

Old Frisian: horning

Old Saxon: hornung, horning

Middle Low German: hornink, hōrninc

Old Dutch: *hornung, *horning

Middle Dutch: horninc

→ Medieval Latin: ornungus, ornongus

Old High German: hornung

desc

>? Middle High German: hornunc (“February”)

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: hornung

Mòcheno: hourneng

German: Hornung

Pennsylvania German: Hanning

Old Norse: hornungr; (horna< *hurnō)

Icelandic: hornungur

From Proto-Indo-European *kurn- (“bastard”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κύρνος (kúrnos, “bastard”), Sanskrit कुण्ड (kuṇḍa, “adulterine, bastard”).


waþwô

waþwô (nominative singular)
waþwaniz (nominative plural)
waþwô (singular vocative)
waþwaniz (plural vocative)
waþwanų (accusative singular)
waþwanunz (accusative plural)
waþwiniz (genitive singular)
waþwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waþwini (dative singular)
waþwammaz (dative plural)
waþwinē (instrumental singular)
waþwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: watho

Middle Low German: wāde

German Low German: Waad

Old Dutch: *watho

Middle Dutch: wade, waede, waeye

Dutch: wade, waai

Afrikaans: waai

Old High German: wado

Middle High German: wade

German: Wade

Luxembourgish: Wued

desctree

Old Norse: vǫðvi
Icelandic: vöðvi
Faroese: vøddi
Norwegian Nynorsk: vodve; (dialectal) vovde, vodd, vørve, vauve, vodje, modve
Old Swedish: vaþve
Swedish: vad

Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *uH-two- from a root Proto-Indo-European *weH-, from which Sanskrit ऊरु (ūrú-, “calf”) could also be derived. Probably not related to Latin vatius (“bent outward”) and Latin vatāx (“having a deformity of the feet”), as the connection between “calf” and “bend” is weak.


swarō

swarō (nominative singular)
swarôz (nominative plural)
swarō (singular vocative)
swarôz (plural vocative)
swarǭ (accusative singular)
swarōz (accusative plural)
swarōz (genitive singular)
swarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swarōi (dative singular)
swarōmaz (dative plural)
swarō (instrumental singular)
swarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swaru

Middle English: sware

Scots: swere, swear

English: swear

Old Frisian: *swer, *ser (in derivatives)

(Old Saxon: swōr)

(Old High German: *swuor; swōrō (in derivatives))

(Middle High German: swuor m)

(German: Schwur)

desctree

Old Norse: svar
Icelandic: svar
Faroese: svar
Norwegian Bokmål: svar
Norwegian Nynorsk: svar
Swedish: svar
Danish: svar

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to say, speak, talk, swear, curse”), synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *swarjaną (“to swear”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *svarъ (e.g. Old Church Slavonic сваръ (svarŭ, “quarrel”)), Russian ссо́ра (ssóra, “quarrel, dispute”).

cog

a solemn statement or affirmation; oath; vow


andaswarō

andaswarō (nominative singular)
andaswarôz (nominative plural)
andaswarō (singular vocative)
andaswarôz (plural vocative)
andaswarǭ (accusative singular)
andaswarōz (accusative plural)
andaswarōz (genitive singular)
andaswarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andaswarōi (dative singular)
andaswarōmaz (dative plural)
andaswarō (instrumental singular)
andaswarōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *andaswaru
Old English: andswaru, andsware
Middle English: andsware, answere, answar, answer
Scots: answere, answer
English: answer
Old Frisian: ondswer, ondsere, ondser
Old Saxon: andswar, andswōr, antswōr

Old Norse: andsvar, annsvar

Icelandic: andsvar, ans

Faroese: andsvar

Norwegian: ansvar

Old Swedish: andsvar

Swedish: ansvar

Danish: ansvar


andawurdiją

andawurdiją (nominative singular)
andawurdijō (nominative plural)
andawurdiją (singular vocative)
andawurdijō (plural vocative)
andawurdiją (accusative singular)
andawurdijō (accusative plural)
andawurdijas (genitive singular)
andawurdīs (genitive singular)
andawurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andawurdijai (dative singular)
andawurdijamaz (dative plural)
andawurdijō (instrumental singular)
andawurdijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *andawurdī
Old English: andwyrde
Old Frisian: ondwarde, antwerde, ontwert, ondert, onder
Saterland Frisian: Oantwoud
West Frisian: andwird, antwurd, antwird, andert
Old Saxon: andwurdi, andwordi
Middle Low German: antworde, antwōrde, antword
German Low German: Antwoord
Plautdietsch: Auntwuat
Old Dutch: *antwurdi, andwarde
Middle Dutch: antworde, antwoorde, antwerde
Dutch: antwoord
Afrikaans: antwoord
Negerhollands: antwoord, anturt
→ Sranan Tongo: antwortu
→ Caribbean Javanese: antwor
Limburgish: antjwaord, antjwaordj
Old High German: antwurti, antwurtī
Middle High German: antwürte
German: Antwort
Luxembourgish: Äntwert
Yiddish: ענטפֿער (entfer)

Old Norse: andyrði

Icelandic: andyrði

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹 (andawaurdi)

From *anda- (“against”) + *wurdiją (“speech, conversation”), the latter a derivative of *wurdą (“word; speech”).


warkiz

warkiz (nominative singular)
warkīz (nominative plural)
warki (singular vocative)
warkīz (plural vocative)
warkį (accusative singular)
warkinz (accusative plural)
warkīz (genitive singular)
warkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warkī (dative singular)
warkimaz (dative plural)
warkī (instrumental singular)
warkimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *warki
Old English: wærc, werc, weorc, wræc, wærċ
Middle English: werk, warch
Scots: wark, wrak
English: wark
Old Saxon: werk n (“pain”) (conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *werk)

Old Norse: verkr

Icelandic: verkur

Faroese: verkur

Norwegian: verk

Old Swedish: værker

Swedish: värk

Danish: værk

From Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to suffer”); likely cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás (“foe, enemy”), Lithuanian var̃gti (“to live in poverty, suffer hardship”).


smiþaz

smiþaz (nominative singular)
smiþōz (nominative plural)
smiþōs (nominative plural)
smiþ (singular vocative)
smiþōz (plural vocative)
smiþōs (plural vocative)
smiþą (accusative singular)
smiþanz (accusative plural)
smiþas (genitive singular)
smiþis (genitive singular)
smiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smiþai (dative singular)
smiþamaz (dative plural)
smiþō (instrumental singular)
smiþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smiþ
Old English: smiþ
Middle English: smyth
English: smith
Scots: smith, smyth
Old Frisian: smith, smeth, smid
Saterland Frisian: Smid
West Frisian: smid
Old Saxon: smith
Middle Low German: smit, smet, smede
German Low German: Smitt, Smidd, Smedd
Plautdietsch: Schmett
Old Dutch: *smith
Middle Dutch: smit
Dutch: smid
Afrikaans: smid
Negerhollands: smid
→ Munsee: shumát
→ Papiamentu: smet, smid
→ Sranan Tongo: smeti, smitti
→ Saramaccan: simítima
→ Unami: shëmìt, shmìt
Limburgish: smeid, smieëd
Old High German: smid
Middle High German: smit
Alemannic German: Schmid
Italian Walser: schméd, schmét, schmid, schmìd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: smit, smitt (Luserna)
Mòcheno: schmi'
Udinese: schmidt, schmit, sghmiid
German: Schmied
Hunsrik: Schmitt
Luxembourgish: Schmadd
Vilamovian: śmejt
Yiddish: שמיד (shmid)

Old Norse: smiðr
Icelandic: smiður
Faroese: smiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: smed
Norwegian Bokmål: smed
Elfdalian: smið
Old Swedish: smiþer
Swedish: smed
Old Danish:
Danish: smed

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (*smiþa) (< *smiþô)

Likely related to *smītaną, *smit(t)ōną (“to strike; to smudge”), but the origin is uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *smey- (“to smear, spread”) + *-t-, if the root is cognate with Ancient Greek σμάω (smáō, “to smear, wipe”), but this comes with formal difficulties and the similarity may well be coincidental. For the semantics, Orel compares Proto-Slavic *kaliti (“to temper (of metals)”) versus *kalъ (“dirt”)—though their connection is also disputed—and assumes an intermediate meaning “to dip [metal] into liquid”. Per Kroonen, the suffix may be an agentive tu-stem (see Proto-Indo-European *-tus and Proto-Germanic *-þuz), but no further etymology is given.


tuppaz

tuppaz (nominative singular)
tuppōz (nominative plural)
tuppōs (nominative plural)
tupp (singular vocative)
tuppōz (plural vocative)
tuppōs (plural vocative)
tuppą (accusative singular)
tuppanz (accusative plural)
tuppas (genitive singular)
tuppis (genitive singular)
tuppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tuppai (dative singular)
tuppamaz (dative plural)
tuppō (instrumental singular)
tuppamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *topp
Old English: top, topp; toppa
Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop
English: top
→ French: top
→ German: Top
→ Vietnamese: tốp
Scots: tap
Old Frisian: topp, top
North Frisian: top, tap, tup
Saterland Frisian: Top
West Frisian: top; toppe
Old Saxon: *top
Middle Low German: top
Low German: Topp
→ German: Topp
Old Dutch: *topp, *top
Middle Dutch: top, topp
Dutch: top
Old High German: zoph
Middle Low German: zopf
Cimbrian: sòpf
German: Zopf
Hunsrik: Zopp
Luxembourgish: Zapp
Vilamovian: cöp
Yiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)
→ Italian: zuffa
→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: toppr

Icelandic: toppur

Faroese: toppur

Norwegian: topp

Old Swedish: topper, tupper

Swedish: topp
→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)

Old Danish:

Danish: top

Secondary formation from *tebô ~ *tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”), whence Old High German zepfo, zapfo (“plug, peg, broom”), Old English tæppa (“strip of cloth”), Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”), of unknown origin.
Sometimes reconstructed from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”), whence Old High German zumpfo (“penis”), Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”), Persian دُنْب (donb, “tail”). This can be related to the above by the addition of an n-infix. Alternatively, it can be explained as metathesis of the nasal from the pre-Germanic weak stem *dbʰ-nó- to *dm̥bʰ-ó- and subsequent contamination between the two stems to *dm̥bʰ-nó-, whence early Proto-Germanic *tumppaz, later *tumpaz.
Pystynen (2024) proposes borrowing from Proto-Finnic *tup'as, in which case *tuppaz would be more original than the e- and a-grade variants cited above.


brigdilaz

brigdilaz (nominative singular)
brigdilōz (nominative plural)
brigdilōs (nominative plural)
brigdil (singular vocative)
brigdilōz (plural vocative)
brigdilōs (plural vocative)
brigdilą (accusative singular)
brigdilanz (accusative plural)
brigdilas (genitive singular)
brigdilis (genitive singular)
brigdilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brigdilai (dative singular)
brigdilamaz (dative plural)
brigdilō (instrumental singular)
brigdilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brigdil, *brīdil
Old English: brīdel, briġdel
Middle English: bridel, bridell, bridil, bridill, bridle, brydel, brydul, brydyl, brydyll, brydylle
English: bridle
Scots: bridle
Old Frisian: brīdel
Old Saxon: briddil, *brīdil, *brigdil
Middle Low German: breidel
Low German: Breidel
Old Dutch: *brīdil
Middle Dutch: breydel, breidel
Dutch: breidel
Afrikaans: breidel
Old High German: brittil, priddil, prittil, *brīdil
Middle High German: brîdel, brittel, britel
Cimbrian: brittel
German: Breidel; Britel, Brittel
→ Old French: bride; bretel
Middle French: bride; bretelle
French: bride; bretelle
→ Dutch: bretel
→ Occitan: brida
→ Portuguese: brida
→ Spanish: brida
→ Italian: predella
→ Italian: briglia
→ Old French: bridel

From *bregdaną (“to tug, move, swing”) + *-ilaz.


badwō

badwō (nominative singular)
badwôz (nominative plural)
badwō (singular vocative)
badwôz (plural vocative)
badwǭ (accusative singular)
badwōz (accusative plural)
badwōz (genitive singular)
badwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
badwōi (dative singular)
badwōmaz (dative plural)
badwō (instrumental singular)
badwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *badu
Old English: badu, beado, beadu
⇒ Old English: *beaduhōc
⇒ Middle English: *bedhok, bedocke
English: beadhook, beedhook, bidhook
Old Saxon: badu (in compounds and personal names)
Old High German: badu, batu, pato (in personal names)

Old Norse: bǫð

Icelandic: böð (poetic)

Norwegian Nynorsk: bad

Swedish: böd; bad; (dialectal) ba, badd

Old Danish: bad

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*badus)
→ Latin: Badwila, Baduarius

gl

→⇒? Latin: battuō (alternatively, possibly from a Celtic source)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂-
Proto-Germanic *badwō
From Pre-Germanic *bʰodʰweh₂ (“battle”), from *bʰedʰh₂- (“to stab, dig”). Cognate with Old Irish Bodb (name of a battle goddess in the form of a crow).


furkaz

furkaz (nominative singular)
furkōz (nominative plural)
furkōs (nominative plural)
furk (singular vocative)
furkōz (plural vocative)
furkōs (plural vocative)
furką (accusative singular)
furkanz (accusative plural)
furkas (genitive singular)
furkis (genitive singular)
furkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furkai (dative singular)
furkamaz (dative plural)
furkō (instrumental singular)
furkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furk, *fork

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *furkul, *forkul

Old English: forclas (plural)

Old Saxon: ferkal, fercal

Old Norse: forkr

Icelandic: forkur

Faroese: forkutur (with adjectival suffix)

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: fork; (dialectal) førk

Swedish: fork (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *perg- (“board, beam, post”). Cognate with Lithuanian pérgas (“boat made from a tree-hollow, dugout, canoe”), Russian поро́г (poróg, “threshold, doorstep, sill”), Latin pergula (“veranda, balcony, projection”).


fifaldǭ

fifaldǭ (nominative singular)
fifaldōniz (nominative plural)
fifaldǭ (singular vocative)
fifaldōniz (plural vocative)
fifaldōnų (accusative singular)
fifaldōnunz (accusative plural)
fifaldōniz (genitive singular)
fifaldōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fifaldōni (dative singular)
fifaldōmaz (dative plural)
fifaldōnē (instrumental singular)
fifaldōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *fifaldā, *fifaldrā

Old English: fifalde, fifealde

Old Saxon: fīfoldara, fivildra, vivildra

Old Dutch: *fifaltra, *fīfaltra

Middle Dutch: vivaltere, vivalter, viveltere, vyvalter

Dutch: vijfwouter, wiewouter

Old High German: fifaltra, pifoltra, fīfaltra; zwifaltra

Middle High German: vīvalter, vīveltre; *zwīvalter

German: Feifalter, Pfeiffalter; Zweifalter; Falter

⇒ Yiddish: פֿלאַטערל (flaterl)

Old Norse: fífrildi

Icelandic: fiðrildi

Faroese: fiðrildi, firvaldur

Norwegian Bokmål: fivreld, fryvil

Norwegian Nynorsk: fivreld, fivrelde, fevældre, fivel, fyrveld, fivrild, fibrelde, forelde

Old Swedish: fiädhal

Swedish: fjäril

Gutnish: fjädavall, fjädurhalldi, fjädaralld

Dalian: fjörald, fjäråld

Western: fjöril

Elfdalian: fyörolder

Eastern: fjärålder, fjäråll, fjöråll, fyrålld

Gutnish: fjödarvald, fjädarvall, fjedurhaldi

Helsingian: fel, fyller, fjöder, flöijel

/ˈɸi.ɸɑl.dɔ̃ː/

From Proto-Indo-European *pa(l)-pal- (“fluttering; butterfly”), a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *pal- (“to touch, tap, pat”). Cognate with Latin pāpiliō (“butterfly”), Lithuanian papelučkà (“moth, owlling”), Old Mazanderani پاپلی (pāp(e)lē, “butterfly”).


flainaz

flainaz (nominative singular)
flainōz (nominative plural)
flainōs (nominative plural)
flain (singular vocative)
flainōz (plural vocative)
flainōs (plural vocative)
flainą (accusative singular)
flainanz (accusative plural)
flainas (genitive singular)
flainis (genitive singular)
flainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flainai (dative singular)
flainamaz (dative plural)
flainō (instrumental singular)
flainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flain

Old English: flān; flā

Middle English: flan, flon, floon; fla, flo

English: flone; flo

Scots: flane, flain

Old Norse: fleinn

Icelandic: fleinn

Norwegian Bokmål: flein

From Proto-Indo-European *pleyn- (“metal arrow, spear-head, hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to split, divide”). Cognate with Lithuanian pliẽnas (“steel”).


hildiz

hildiz (nominative singular)
hildīz (nominative plural)
hildi (singular vocative)
hildīz (plural vocative)
hildį (accusative singular)
hildinz (accusative plural)
hildīz (genitive singular)
hildijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hildī (dative singular)
hildimaz (dative plural)
hildī (instrumental singular)
hildimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hildi
Old English: hild
Old Saxon: hild, hildi
Old High German: hilt, hild, hilta, hiltia
→⇒ Latin: Baudihillia, Boudihillia (theonym) (a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-Celtic *boudi (“victory”))

Old Norse: hildr, Hildr

Icelandic: hildur, Hildur

→ Norwegian: Hildur

→ Swedish: Hildur

Faroese: Hildur

desc

Gothic: *𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌳𐍃 (*hilds), *𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹- (*hildi-) (in personal names)

Vandalic: *hildi- (in personal names)

Likely from Pre-Germanic *kelh₂tís, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to hit, strike”). Cognate with Latin clādēs (“destruction”), Ancient Greek κόλος (kólos, “hornless”), Lithuanian kálti (“to strike, forge”), Russian колоть (kolotʹ, “to prick”).


lagą

lagą (nominative singular)
lagō (nominative plural)
lagą (singular vocative)
lagō (plural vocative)
lagą (accusative singular)
lagō (accusative plural)
lagas (genitive singular)
lagis (genitive singular)
lagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lagai (dative singular)
lagamaz (dative plural)
lagō (instrumental singular)
lagamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lag
Old English: *læġ
Middle English: lai, lay, lagh
English: lay
Scots: lay
⇒ Old English: ġelæġ
⇒ Old English: oferlæġ
⇒ Old Frisian: laga
North Frisian: lag, log
Old Saxon: *lag
Middle Low German: lag, lach, lōch, lov
Old Dutch: lag
Middle Dutch: lach
Dutch: lag

Old Norse: lag n; lǫg n pl
Icelandic: lag n; lög n pl
Faroese: lag
Norwegian Nynorsk: lag n; log f
Old Swedish: lagh
Swedish: lag n, lag c or f
→ Finnish: laki
Old Danish: lagh, logh
Danish: lag n, lav c, lov
Norwegian Bokmål: lag n, lov m
→ Faroese: lóg f
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lov f or m
→ Old English: lagu
→ Middle English: lawe, laȝe, lagh
English: law (“score, share of expense, legal charge”)
Scots: lauch, lawch
Old West Norse:
Icelandic: lög n pl
Faroese: løg-
Norwegian Nynorsk: log f; (dialectal) løg f
Old East Norse:
Old Swedish: lagh f
Swedish: lag c
→ Finnish: laki
Old Danish: lagh, logh, ᛚᚮᚼ n pl or f
Danish: lov c
Norwegian Bokmål: lov
→ Faroese: lóg f
→ Norwegian: lov f or m (partially through Bokmål)
→ Old English: lagu f
Middle English: lawe, laȝe, laugh, laue
English: law
Scots: law

→ Proto-Finnic: *lako (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”). Synchronically analyzable as a nominal formation from *ligjaną (“to lie, rest on”).

a settled amount (cost, price, payment, etc.)


skirmiz

skirmiz (nominative singular)
skirmīz (nominative plural)
skirmi (singular vocative)
skirmīz (plural vocative)
skirmį (accusative singular)
skirminz (accusative plural)
skirmīz (genitive singular)
skirmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skirmī (dative singular)
skirmimaz (dative plural)
skirmī (instrumental singular)
skirmimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skirmi
Old Saxon: *skirm, *skerm
Middle Low German: scherm, scharm
German Low German: Schirm
→ Danish: skærm
→ Icelandic: skermur
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjerm
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjerm
→ Swedish: skärm
Old Dutch: skirm
Middle Dutch: scherm
Dutch: scherm
Afrikaans: skerm
Old High German: scirm, skirm, scerm, skerm
Middle High German: schirm, scherm
German: Schirm
→? Finnish: sermi
→ Russian: ширма (širma)
Hunsrik: Scherrem
Yiddish: שירעם (shirem)
→ Old French: escran, escren, escrein (see there for further descendants)
→⇒ Italian: schermo

A nominal derivative of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).


heruz

heruz (nominative singular)
hiriwiz (nominative plural)
heru (singular vocative)
hiriwiz (plural vocative)
herų (accusative singular)
herunz (accusative plural)
herauz (genitive singular)
hiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiriwi (dative singular)
herumaz (dative plural)
herū (instrumental singular)
herumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *heru
Old English: heoru
Old Saxon: *heru (in compounds)
⇒ Old Saxon: heruband
⇒ Old Saxon: herudrōrag (adjective)
⇒ Old Saxon: herugrimm, herugrim (adjective)
⇒ Old Saxon: herusēl
⇒ Old Saxon: heruthrumm, heruthrum

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛖᚱᚢᛉ (*heruʀ)

desc

ᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ (hᴀeruwulafiʀ /Hearuwulᵃfīʀ/)

Old Norse: hjǫrr

Icelandic: hjör

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (hairus)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱérus or *ḱérh₂us (“pointed stick, arrow, spear, sword”) from the root *ḱerh₂- (“head; horn”), cognate with Sanskrit शरु (śáru, “missile, dart, arrow”), or from *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


nōaz

nōaz (nominative singular)
nōōz (nominative plural)
nōōs (nominative plural)
nō (singular vocative)
nōōz (plural vocative)
nōōs (plural vocative)
nōą (accusative singular)
nōanz (accusative plural)
nōas (genitive singular)
nōis (genitive singular)
nōǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nōai (dative singular)
nōamaz (dative plural)
nōō (instrumental singular)
nōamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nō
Old English: *nō, *nōw
⇒ Old English: nōwend

Old Norse: nór, nói

Icelandic: nór

Norwegian: nu, no (dialectal)

Swedish: no (dialectal)

⇒ Old Norse: Nóatún

Icelandic: Nóatún

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“sea-boat, ship”). Cognate with Latin nāvis (“ship”), Old Irish nau (“ship”).


naustą

naustą (nominative singular)
naustō (nominative plural)
naustą (singular vocative)
naustō (plural vocative)
naustą (accusative singular)
naustō (accusative plural)
naustas (genitive singular)
naustis (genitive singular)
naustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naustai (dative singular)
naustamaz (dative plural)
naustō (instrumental singular)
naustamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *naust(r)
Old English: næster
Old Frisian: nōst
North Frisian: nost
Old Saxon: *nōst, *nōsto
Middle Low German: nôste
>? Old High German: nuosk
Middle High German: nuosch

Old Norse: naust
Icelandic: naust
Faroese: neyst
Norwegian: naust; (dialectal) naustr, nøst
→ Danish: naust, nøst
Norwegian Bokmål: naust, nøst
→ Scots: noust, nowst, newst, noost, noast

From Proto-Indo-European *neh₂u- (“sea-boat, ship”) + *sth₂om, from *steh₂- (“to stand”). More at *nōaz.


nōtō

nōtō (nominative singular)
nōtôz (nominative plural)
nōtō (singular vocative)
nōtôz (plural vocative)
nōtǭ (accusative singular)
nōtōz (accusative plural)
nōtōz (genitive singular)
nōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nōtōi (dative singular)
nōtōmaz (dative plural)
nōtō (instrumental singular)
nōtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: nót
Icelandic: nót
Faroese: nót
Norwegian Nynorsk: nót, nót (alternative spelling of etymology 1 and 2)
Norwegian Bokmål: not
Old Swedish: nōt
Swedish: not
Danish: not

→ Proto-Finnic: *nootta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *nōttē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *nōd- (“knot, net”). Cognate with Latin nōdus (“node, knot, tie, band”).


ōsaz

ōsaz (nominative singular)
ōsōz (nominative plural)
ōsōs (nominative plural)
ōs (singular vocative)
ōsōz (plural vocative)
ōsōs (plural vocative)
ōsą (accusative singular)
ōsanz (accusative plural)
ōsas (genitive singular)
ōsis (genitive singular)
ōsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ōsai (dative singular)
ōsamaz (dative plural)
ōsō (instrumental singular)
ōsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ōr, ōra
Middle English: or (early, hapax)

Old Norse: óss

Icelandic: ós

Faroese: ósi (changed to weak declension)

Norwegian: os

Old Swedish: ōs

Swedish: os

Danish: os

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”) (apparently reformed as a thematic noun *h₃eh₁ésos). Cognate with Latin ōs (“mouth”), Lithuanian úostas (“port, harbour, haven”), Russian уста́ (ustá, “mouth, lips”), Sanskrit आस् (ā́s, “mouth”).


barwaz

barwaz (nominative singular)
barwōz (nominative plural)
barwōs (nominative plural)
barw (singular vocative)
barwōz (plural vocative)
barwōs (plural vocative)
barwą (accusative singular)
barwanz (accusative plural)
barwas (genitive singular)
barwis (genitive singular)
barwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barwai (dative singular)
barwamaz (dative plural)
barwō (instrumental singular)
barwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baru

desctree

Old English: bearu, bearo
Middle English: berwe, barwe, berewe, barewe, barou
Middle English: ber, bere, beare, byar, biare, byare, bir (in placenames only) (merged with descendant of Old English bǣr (“pasture”))

Old Saxon: *baro; bere (< *baruz?)

Old High German: baro

Old Norse: bǫrr (“a kind of tree”)

Icelandic: bör

This word only has cognates in Slavic. Kroonen states that the reconstructed proto-form would reflect *bʰorwos, and states that it is a Germanic-Slavic isogloss. See Proto-Slavic *borъ (“pine tree”). Orr considers the possibility that it is a loan, in particular the ŭ-declension being copied. In this case the Germanic meaning would be more derived, with a shift from the Slavic sense “pine grove” to “forest (in general)" for which compare Proto-Slavic *dǫbrava (“oak grove; forest in general”).


balluz

balluz (nominative singular)
balliwiz (nominative plural)
ballu (singular vocative)
balliwiz (plural vocative)
ballų (accusative singular)
ballunz (accusative plural)
ballauz (genitive singular)
balliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balliwi (dative singular)
ballumaz (dative plural)
ballū (instrumental singular)
ballumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ballu

desctree

Old English: *beall
Middle English: bal, ball, balle
English: ball
Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball
Yola: ball

Old Frisian: *bal

Saterland Frisian: Baal

West Frisian: bal

Old Saxon: ball, bal

Middle Low German: bal

German Low German: Ball

Plautdietsch: Baul

Frankish: *ball, *bal

Old Dutch: *bal

Middle Dutch: bal
Dutch: bal
Afrikaans: bal
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bál
→ Caribbean Javanese: bal
→ Indonesian: bal
→ Papiamentu: bala, balchi
→ Saramaccan: balí
→ Sranan Tongo: bal
→ Sundanese: bal
Limburgish: bal
West Flemish: bol

→? Medieval Latin: balla, palla, bala f

>? Italian: palla

>? Lombard: balla

Old French: balle

Middle French: balle
French: balle
→ Portuguese: bala
→ Shona: bala

→? Italian: balla

Old French: bale

→ Middle Dutch: bale

Dutch: baal

→ Middle English: bale
English: bale

Occitan: bala

⇒ Italian: pallone, balone, ballone (northern)
→ Middle French: ballon (via northern variants)
French: ballon (see there for further descendants)
→ English: balloon (see there for further descendants)
→ Hijazi Arabic: بَلّونة (ballōna)

Portuguese: bala

Sicilian: baḍḍa

Spanish: bala

Venetan: bala

⇒ Venetan: balin

→ Cimbrian: baliin

Old High German: bal

Middle High German: bal, ball

Central Franconian: Bal, Ball

German: Ball

Luxembourgish: Ball

Old Norse: bǫllr
Icelandic: böllur
Faroese: bøllur (“lump, clump; something rolled up”)
Norwegian Bokmål: ball
Norwegian Nynorsk: ball
Old Swedish: balder, baller
Swedish: boll
Old Danish: ball, boll, bold
Danish: bold; balde, balle (“ball of hand or foot, buttock”)

→ Proto-Finnic:

Finnish: pallo

Ingrian: pallo

→ Proto-Samic: *pāllō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-n- (“round thing, bubble”), from *bʰel- (“to blow, inflate, swell”). Cognate with Latin follis (“windbag, balloon”).
According to Kroonen, this was originally an n-stem (as preserved in Old High German ballo, German Ballen), and the North Germanic *balluz is an early back-formation from the old accusative plural **balluns.


finkiz

finkiz (nominative singular)
finkīz (nominative plural)
finki (singular vocative)
finkīz (plural vocative)
finkį (accusative singular)
finkinz (accusative plural)
finkīz (genitive singular)
finkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
finkī (dative singular)
finkimaz (dative plural)
finkī (instrumental singular)
finkimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: finc, finċ

Middle English: fink; fynche, fynch, finch

English: finch

Scots: phink, finch

Old Frisian: *fink

Saterland Frisian: Fink

West Frisian: fink

Old Saxon: *fink

Middle Low German: vink

Low German: Fink

→ Danish: finke

→ Norwegian Bokmål: finke

→ Swedish: fink

Old Dutch: *fink

Middle Dutch: vink

Dutch: vink

Old High German: finc, fink

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ping- (“small bird, sparrow”).


finkô

finkô (nominative singular)
finkaniz (nominative plural)
finkô (singular vocative)
finkaniz (plural vocative)
finkanų (accusative singular)
finkanunz (accusative plural)
finkiniz (genitive singular)
finkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
finkini (dative singular)
finkammaz (dative plural)
finkinē (instrumental singular)
finkammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: finko

Middle Low German: vinke, (vink)

German Low German: Fink

→ Danish: finke

→ Icelandic: finka

→ Swedish: fink

Old Dutch: finko

Middle Dutch: vinke, (vink)

Dutch: vink
Afrikaans: vink

Limburgish: vink

desctree

Old High German: finco
Middle High German: vinke
Bavarian: Pienke
Cimbrian: finko
→ Gheg Albanian: benk
→ Tosk Albanian: beng
German: Fink
→ Estonian: vint
Pennsylvania German: Fink


geldą

geldą (nominative singular)
geldō (nominative plural)
geldą (singular vocative)
geldō (plural vocative)
geldą (accusative singular)
geldō (accusative plural)
geldas (genitive singular)
gildis (genitive singular)
geldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
geldai (dative singular)
geldamaz (dative plural)
geldō (instrumental singular)
geldamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *geld
Old English: ġield, ġild, ġyld, ġeld
Middle English: ȝeld
English: yield
Scots: ȝeld, ȝeild
→ Medieval Latin: geldum, gildum
Old Frisian: ield, geld, jeld
North Frisian: jild
Saterland Frisian: Jield, Jäild
West Frisian: jild
Old Saxon: geld
Middle Low German: gelt
German Low German: Geld
Plautdietsch: Jelt
Old Dutch: geld
Middle Dutch: gelt, ghelt, gheld
Dutch: geld, gelt (obsolete)
Afrikaans: geld
→ Sotho: tjhelete
→ Venda: tshelede
Jersey Dutch: xjäält, xält
Negerhollands: geld, gelt
Skepi Creole Dutch: galti
Limburgish: gèldj
Old High German: kelt, gelt
Middle High German: gelt
German: Geld
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Geld
Central Franconian: Jeld
Hunsrik: Geld
Bavarian: Goid
Cimbrian: gèlt
Alemannic German: Gäld
Luxembourgish: Geld
Vilamovian: giełd
Yiddish: געלט (gelt)
→ English: gelt

Old Norse: gjald

Icelandic: gjald

Faroese: gjald

Norwegian: gjeld

Old Swedish: giæld, giald, giæl, gæld
Swedish: gäld c

Old Danish: giald

Danish: gæld

Old Gutnish: gield

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳 (gild)

A nominal formation related to *geldaną (“to pay”).

that which is paid out; reward, gift, money


firstiz

firstiz (nominative singular)
firstīz (nominative plural)
firsti (singular vocative)
firstīz (plural vocative)
firstį (accusative singular)
firstinz (accusative plural)
firstīz (genitive singular)
firstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firstī (dative singular)
firstimaz (dative plural)
firstī (instrumental singular)
firstimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *firsti
Old English: first, fierst, fyrst
Middle English: first, virst
Scots: first
Old Saxon: first
Middle Low German: verst
Low German: verst
Old Dutch: *first
Middle Dutch: verste
Dutch: verste (obsolete)
Old High German: first
Middle High German: virst, vierst, vërst, virste
Cimbrian: biarst
German: First
Luxembourgish: Fiischt
→ Old French: feste
French: faîte

From Proto-Indo-European *perst-, *porst- (“post, finger, peak”). Cognate with Latin postis (“post, doorpost”), Lithuanian pirštas (“finger, toe, pin, cam”), Russian перст (perst, “finger, digit”), Ancient Greek παρστάς (parstás), παστάς (pastás, “portico, porch, inner chamber, bower”).


hrugnaz

hrugnaz (nominative singular)
hrugnōz (nominative plural)
hrugnōs (nominative plural)
hrugn (singular vocative)
hrugnōz (plural vocative)
hrugnōs (plural vocative)
hrugną (accusative singular)
hrugnanz (accusative plural)
hrugnas (genitive singular)
hrugnis (genitive singular)
hrugnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrugnai (dative singular)
hrugnamaz (dative plural)
hrugnō (instrumental singular)
hrugnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hrogn

Middle English: rowne, rawne, rowe

Scots: rawn, raun

English: roan, roe

Old Saxon: *hrogan

Middle Low German: rōgen, rōgel

German Low German: Rögen

Old Dutch: *rogan

Middle Dutch: rōge, roch, roghe

Dutch: roge

Old High German: *hrogan, rogan, rogin

Middle High German: rogen

German: Rogen

Old Norse: hrogn

Icelandic: hrogn

Faroese: rogn

Norwegian: rogn

Old Swedish: rughn, romn

Swedish: rom

Danish: rogn, ravn

→? Middle French: *rogue

French: rogue (alternatively from Dutch)

From Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“frogspawn”). Cognate with Lithuanian kurkulaĩ (“frogspawn”), Proto-Slavic *krękъ (“spawn”).


aflą

aflą (nominative singular)
aflō (nominative plural)
aflą (singular vocative)
aflō (plural vocative)
aflą (accusative singular)
aflō (accusative plural)
aflas (genitive singular)
aflis (genitive singular)
aflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aflai (dative singular)
aflamaz (dative plural)
aflō (instrumental singular)
aflamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *afl
Old English: afol, abal
Middle English: afel
Old Frisian: evel
Old Saxon: aval
Old High German: *abal, *afal (in derivatives)
Middle High German: afel

Old Norse: afl; afli; (efla)

Icelandic: afl; afli; (efla)

Faroese: alv

Norwegian: avl (dialectal)

Old Swedish: afl

Swedish: avel

Danish: avl

From Pre-Germanic *h₃éplom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep- (“to work”).


hrōkaz

hrōkaz (nominative singular)
hrōkōz (nominative plural)
hrōkōs (nominative plural)
hrōk (singular vocative)
hrōkōz (plural vocative)
hrōkōs (plural vocative)
hrōką (accusative singular)
hrōkanz (accusative plural)
hrōkas (genitive singular)
hrōkis (genitive singular)
hrōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōkai (dative singular)
hrōkamaz (dative plural)
hrōkō (instrumental singular)
hrōkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōk
Old English: hrōc
Middle English: roc, roke, rook
Scots: ruke, ruik
English: rook
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: Rouk
West Frisian: roek
Old Saxon: hrōk
Middle Low German: rôk, rôke
German Low German: Rook
Low German: rok
Old Dutch: *ruok
Middle Dutch: roec
Dutch: roek
Old High German: hruoh, ruoh; hruoho, ruoho
Middle High German: ruoch
German: Ruch
→ Vulgar Latin: *frocum (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hrókr

Icelandic: hrókur

Faroese: rókur

Norwegian: rok

Old Swedish: roker, roka

Swedish: råka

Danish: råge

Burgundian: hrōks (in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *kreg-, *krek-, *kerk- (“to crow, croak”), from Proto-Indo-European *ker-, *kor- (“to crow”).


mūlō

mūlō (nominative singular)
mūlôz (nominative plural)
mūlō (singular vocative)
mūlôz (plural vocative)
mūlǭ (accusative singular)
mūlōz (accusative plural)
mūlōz (genitive singular)
mūlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūlōi (dative singular)
mūlōmaz (dative plural)
mūlō (instrumental singular)
mūlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *mūle

Saterland Frisian: Muule

Old Saxon: *mūla

Middle Low German: mûle

Old Dutch: *mūla

Middle Dutch: mule

Dutch: muil

Old High German: mūla

Middle High German: mūle

Central Franconian: Muul f (etymology 1)

Gothic: *𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌰 (*mūla) (in 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurmūljan, “to muzzle”))


mūlô

mūlô (nominative singular)
mūlaniz (nominative plural)
mūlô (singular vocative)
mūlaniz (plural vocative)
mūlanų (accusative singular)
mūlanunz (accusative plural)
mūliniz (genitive singular)
mūlanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūlini (dative singular)
mūlammaz (dative plural)
mūlinē (instrumental singular)
mūlammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: mūla

West Frisian: mûle

Old Norse: múli

Icelandic: múli

Faroese: múli

Norwegian: mule

Old Swedish: mūle

Swedish: mule

Danish: mule


mūlą

mūlą (nominative singular)
mūlō (nominative plural)
mūlą (singular vocative)
mūlō (plural vocative)
mūlą (accusative singular)
mūlō (accusative plural)
mūlas (genitive singular)
mūlis (genitive singular)
mūlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūlai (dative singular)
mūlamaz (dative plural)
mūlō (instrumental singular)
mūlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *mūl

Middle Low German: mûl

German Low German: Muul

Old Dutch: *mūl

Middle Dutch: muul

Dutch: muil

Afrikaans: muil

Old High German: *mūl

Middle High German: mūl

Alemannic German: Muul

German: Maul

Central Franconian: Muul n (etymology 2)

Luxembourgish: Maul

Yiddish: מויל (moyl)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *muH-lo-s (“lips, muzzle”), from a root *mew- (“to chew”) with no certain cognates outside of Germanic. Has been compared with Ancient Greek μύλλον (múllon, “lip”), though the origin of the double λ is uncertain.


kōkô

kōkô (nominative singular)
kōkaniz (nominative plural)
kōkô (singular vocative)
kōkaniz (plural vocative)
kōkanų (accusative singular)
kōkanunz (accusative plural)
kōkiniz (genitive singular)
kōkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kōkini (dative singular)
kōkammaz (dative plural)
kōkinē (instrumental singular)
kōkammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cōca

Old Frisian: *kōka

Saterland Frisian: Kouke

West Frisian: koeke

Old Saxon: *kōko, *koko

desctree

Middle Low German: kôke, kûke
German Low German: Kook, Kauken
⇒ German Low German: Kookje (diminutive)
→ Estonian: kook
→ Latvian: kūka

Old Dutch: *kuoko

Middle Dutch: coeke
Dutch: koek
Afrikaans: koek
→ Sotho: kuku
Berbice Creole Dutch: kuku
Jersey Dutch: kuk
→ Sranan Tongo: kuku
→ Lokono: kuku
→ Aukan: kuku
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kuku
→ Caribbean Javanese: kuku
→ Kwinti: kúku
→ Saramaccan: kúku
⇒ Dutch: koekje, koekie (colloquial) (diminutive)
→ English: cookie (see there for further descendants)
Negerhollands: koeki, kuki, kukkie
Limburgish: kook
→ Bourguignon: couque
→ French: couque
French: cocagne
→? English: Cockaigne
→ Picard: couque

Old High German: kuohho, kuocho, chuohho
Middle High German: kuoche
Alemannic German: Chueche
Bavarian: Kuacha, Kuachn
Central Franconian:
Eiflerisch: Kooche
Hunsrik: Kughe
Luxembourgish: Kuch
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Kugn
Meißnisch: Kuchn
Osterländisch: Guchn
Vilamovian: kücha
East Franconian:
Lower East Franconian: Kuache, Kuachn
Southern East Franconian: Kuacha
Upper East Franconian: Kuchn, Kougn
German: Kuchen
→ English: kuchen
→ Esperanto: kuko
Ido: kuko
→ Japanese: クーヘン (kūhen)
→ Kashubian: kùch
→ Portuguese: cuca, cuque
→ Spanish: kuchen
Rhine Franconian: Kuche
Frankfurterisch: [kʰuxə]
Lorraine Franconian: Küeche
→ French: quiche
→ Danish: quiche
→ Dutch: quiche
→ English: quiche
→ Japanese: キッシュ (kisshu)
→ Korean: 키슈 (kisyu)
→ Esperanto: kiŝo
→ German: Quiche
→ Greek: κις (kis)
→ Polish: quiche, kisz
→ Portuguese: quiche
→ Russian: киш (kiš)
→ Spanish: quiche
→ Swedish: quiche
→ Thai: กิช (gìch)
Pennsylvania German: Kuche
Yiddish: קוכן (kukhn)

Old Norse: *kóki

Norwegian: kok (dialectal)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *gag- ~ *gōg- (“round, ball-shaped object; lump; clump”), but this reconstruction is obsolete in view of modern laryngeal theory as well as semantically gratuitous. Proto-Indo-European *geh₂g- or similar is possible, with the zero grade seen in the synonym *kakǭ, but external cognates are unknown. Possibly a sound-symbolic invention.


faką

faką (nominative singular)
fakō (nominative plural)
faką (singular vocative)
fakō (plural vocative)
faką (accusative singular)
fakō (accusative plural)
fakas (genitive singular)
fakis (genitive singular)
fakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fakai (dative singular)
fakamaz (dative plural)
fakō (instrumental singular)
fakamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fak
Old English: fæc, fec
Middle English: fæc, fec
English: fack
Scots: faik, feck, fauk
Old Frisian: fak, fek
Saterland Frisian: Fäk
West Frisian: fek
Old Saxon: fac, fak
Middle Low German: vak
German Low German: Fack
→ Danish: fag
→ Icelandic: fag
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: fag
Norwegian Nynorsk: fag
→ Swedish: fack
Old Dutch: *fak
Middle Dutch: vac
Dutch: vak
Afrikaans: vak
→ Indonesian: vak
Old High German: fah
Middle High German: vach
German: Fach
→ English: Fach
→ Esperanto: fako
→ Kashubian: fach
→ Luxembourgish: Fach
→ Polish: fach
Yiddish: פֿאַך (fakh)

Via pre-Germanic *ph₂ǵóm, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to fit, fasten, fix”). Cognate with Sanskrit पाजस् (pā́jas, “surface, side”), Latin pāgus (“division, district”) and pangō (“fasten, fix”, verb). The root is otherwise absent from Germanic, but see *fastuz.

cog

An enclosed or defined space; division; compartment; department


writą

writą (nominative singular)
writō (nominative plural)
writą (singular vocative)
writō (plural vocative)
writą (accusative singular)
writō (accusative plural)
writas (genitive singular)
writis (genitive singular)
writǫ̂ (genitive plural)
writai (dative singular)
writamaz (dative plural)
writō (instrumental singular)
writamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: writ, ġewrit

Middle English: writ, ȝewrit, iwrit

Scots: writ

English: writ

Old Norse: vrit, rit

Icelandic: rit

Nominal formation from *wrītaną (“to write”).


writiz

writiz (nominative singular)
writīz (nominative plural)
writi (singular vocative)
writīz (plural vocative)
writį (accusative singular)
writinz (accusative plural)
writīz (genitive singular)
writjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
writī (dative singular)
writimaz (dative plural)
writī (instrumental singular)
writimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: riz

Middle High German: riʒ

German: Riss

Hunsrik: Riss

Luxembourgish: Rass

Yiddish: ריס (ris)

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍃 (writs)

An i-stem nominal formation from *wrītaną (“to write”).


hanhaz

hanhaz (nominative singular)
hanhōz (nominative plural)
hanhōs (nominative plural)
hanh (singular vocative)
hanhōz (plural vocative)
hanhōs (plural vocative)
hanhą (accusative singular)
hanhanz (accusative plural)
hanhas (genitive singular)
hanhis (genitive singular)
hanhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanhai (dative singular)
hanhamaz (dative plural)
hanhō (instrumental singular)
hanhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄h
Old English: hōh, hō, hōg
Middle English: hough, ho, hoche, hogh, hoȝ, hokke, hoo, houȝ, houe, howe, howghe, howh
English: hough, hoff, hock
Scots: hoch, houch
⇒ Yola: houghany

Old Norse: há

Icelandic: há

From Proto-Indo-European *kenk-, *kemǝk- (“joint, legbone”). Cognate with Lithuanian kìnka (“haunch”), Sanskrit कङ्काल (kaṅkāla, “skeleton”).


haiþī

haiþī (nominative singular)
haiþijôz (nominative plural)
haiþī (singular vocative)
haiþijôz (plural vocative)
haiþijǭ (accusative singular)
haiþijōz (accusative plural)
haiþijōz (genitive singular)
haiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haiþijōi (dative singular)
haiþijōmaz (dative plural)
haiþijō (instrumental singular)
haiþijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haiþi
Old English: hǣþ, *hāþ
Middle English: heeth, heth, hethe, hath, hathe, hoth, hothe
English: heath, heather
Scots: haithe (in compounds)
Old Frisian: *hēthe
North Frisian: hiiđ
Saterland Frisian: Heede
West Frisian: heide
Old Saxon: hētha
Middle Low German: heide
German Low German: Heide, Heid
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Häide m, Haide f (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: Håi'n (Ravensberger)
Old Dutch: *heitha
Middle Dutch: heide
Dutch: heide, hei
Afrikaans: heide
Old High German: heida
Middle High German: heide
German: Heide
Luxembourgish: Heed

Old Norse: heiðr f

Icelandic: heiður, heiði

Faroese: heiði

Norwegian Nynorsk: hei, heid

Norwegian Bokmål: hei

Old Swedish: hēþ

Swedish: hed

Old Danish: heth

Danish: hede

Norwegian Bokmål: hede

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹 (haiþi)

From Proto-Indo-European *kay-t-os (“forest, wasteland, pasture”), from *kayt- (“forest, pasture”), with the most certain cognates being in Celtic languages (with Kroonen speculating a borrowing from one branch into the other). Cognate with Proto-Brythonic *koɨd (“forest”) (Old Welsh coit); outside of Celtic, compare Latin bū-cētum (“pastureland”, literally “cow-pasture”), Albanian kath (“type of wheat”), kasht (“straw”). Whether *kayt- is related to *keyt- (“to shine”) is unclear.


rīmą

rīmą (nominative singular)
rīmō (nominative plural)
rīmą (singular vocative)
rīmō (plural vocative)
rīmą (accusative singular)
rīmō (accusative plural)
rīmas (genitive singular)
rīmis (genitive singular)
rīmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīmai (dative singular)
rīmamaz (dative plural)
rīmō (instrumental singular)
rīmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīm
Old English: rīm n
Middle English: rime, ryme
Scots: rime, ryme
English: rime, (rhyme)
Old Frisian: rīm m
Saterland Frisian: Riem
West Frisian: rym
Old Saxon: rīm m
Middle Low German: rîm, rime m
German Low German: Riem
Frankish: *rīm
Old Dutch: *rīm
→ Old Occitan: rim m
→ Old French: rime f (alternatively, derived from the verb Old French rimer (“to recount, rhyme”) < Frankish *rīman (“to arrange in a series”))
Middle French: rime
French: rime
→ Old Occitan: rima
→ Italian: rima
→ Middle English: rime, ryme
English: rhyme
Scots: rime, rhyme
→ Middle Dutch: rime, rijm
Dutch: rijm
Old High German: rīm m
Middle High German: rīm
German: Reim
Luxembourgish: Reim

Old Norse: rím

Icelandic: rím

Faroese: rím

Norwegian: rim

Swedish: rim

Danish: rim

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to customise, regulate, order, count, add”).


abniją

abniją (nominative singular)
abnijō (nominative plural)
abniją (singular vocative)
abnijō (plural vocative)
abniją (accusative singular)
abnijō (accusative plural)
abnijas (genitive singular)
abnīs (genitive singular)
abnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abnijai (dative singular)
abnijamaz (dative plural)
abnijō (instrumental singular)
abnijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *abnī

Old English: *efne

⇒ Old English: andefne (+ and-)

desctree

Old Norse: efni
Icelandic: efni
Faroese: evni
Norn: even
Norwegian: emne; (dialectal) evne, ebne
→ Danish: emne
Norwegian Bokmål: emne
Old Swedish: æfni
Swedish: ämne
Danish: evne
Norwegian Bokmål: evne
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: evne
Gutnish: ämne
→ Middle English: efne, efene, evene, even
Scots: evyne, evyn, evin

→? Proto-Finnic: *ainëh

Finnish: aine

Karelian: aineh