sōkniz

sōkniz (nominative singular)
sōknīz (nominative plural)
sōkni (singular vocative)
sōknīz (plural vocative)
sōknį (accusative singular)
sōkninz (accusative plural)
sōknīz (genitive singular)
sōknijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sōknī (dative singular)
sōknimaz (dative plural)
sōknī (instrumental singular)
sōknimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōkni

desctree

Old English: sōcn, sōcen
Middle English: soken
English: soken
→ Medieval Latin: sōca
Old French: soc
⇒ Old French: socage, soccage, sokage
→ Middle English: sokage
English: socage, soccage
→ Middle English: soke

gl

dissimilated from Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">*sōkni</i> ?

>? Old Saxon: *sōki (dissimilated from Old Saxon *sōkni ?)

Middle Low German: souke, sö̂ke

German Low German: Söke, Söök

desc

Old High German: sōhnī, suohnī, suohhinī, suochinī

⇒ Old High German: ursōhnī, ursuohnī, ursuohhinī

⇒ Old High German: ursuohhinōn, ursuochinōn, ursuohhanōn, ursuochanōn

gl

dissimilated from Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">suohhnī</i> ?

>? Old High German: suohhī, suochī (dissimilated from Old High German suohhnī ?)

merged with descendant of Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">suohha</i>

Middle High German: suoche (merged with descendant of Old High German suohha)

German: Suche

Old Norse: sókn

Icelandic: sókn

Faroese: sókn

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: sokn, sogn

Norwegian Nynorsk: sokn

Old Swedish: sōkn

Swedish: socken

Old Danish: sōkn

Danish: sogn

Elfdalian: sokken

Jamtish: sókn

Gutnish: sokken

Scanian: sóğn

Gothic: 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌽𐍃 (sōkns)

From *sōkijaną (“to seek, look for; to dispute”) + *-niz.

af

investigation; probe; examination; inquiry

dispute; quarrel; contest; struggle; fight


habą

habą (nominative singular)
habō (nominative plural)
habą (singular vocative)
habō (plural vocative)
habą (accusative singular)
habō (accusative plural)
habas (genitive singular)
habis (genitive singular)
habǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habai (dative singular)
habamaz (dative plural)
habō (instrumental singular)
habamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hab

Old English: hæf, heaf

Old Frisian: *haf, hef

North Frisian: haf, haft, heef

Old Saxon: *haf

Middle Low German: haf

German Low German: Haff

desctree

→ German: Haff
→ Dutch: haf
→ Polish: haf

Old Dutch: haf

Old High German: *hab

Middle High German: hap (genitive: habes)

Old Norse: haf

Icelandic: haf

Faroese: hav

Norn: hav

Norwegian: hav

Old Swedish: haf

Swedish: hav

Danish: hav

Gutnish: hav, av

→ Scots: haaf

→ English: haaf

→ Proto-Samic: *āpē (see there for further descendants)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p-
Proto-Germanic *habą
From Proto-Indo-European *kap-ó-m, from *keh₂p- (“to seize; take up; lift”).


habą

Proto-West Germanic: *hab

Old English: *haf, *hæf

desc

⇒? Middle English: haftre (“support beam”)

Old High German: *hab

⇒ Old High German: urhab n or m

Middle High German: urhap

German: Urhab

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *habattjan

>? Old English: hafettan

⇒? Old English: hafetian

gl

⇒? Old English: *hafu (possibly a back-formation from the neuter plural)

⇒ Old English: *āhafu

⇒ Old English: ūpāhafu

Old Norse: *haf

desctree

⇒ Old Norse: upphaf
Icelandic: upphaf
Faroese: upphav
Norwegian Nynorsk: opphav, upphav (until 1938)
Old Danish: ophav
Danish: ophav
Norwegian Bokmål: opphav
Old Swedish: uphof
Swedish: upphov, upphof (until 1906)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to seize; take up; lift”), synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *habjaną (“to have, hold”).


telguz

telguz (nominative singular)
tilgiwiz (nominative plural)
telgu (singular vocative)
tilgiwiz (plural vocative)
telgų (accusative singular)
telgunz (accusative plural)
telgauz (genitive singular)
tilgiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tilgiwi (dative singular)
telgumaz (dative plural)
telgū (instrumental singular)
telgumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *telgu

Old English: telga; telġe

Middle English: *telȝe, *tilȝe, *telwe, *tilwe

English: tillow

Old Frisian: *telch; *telge

Saterland Frisian: Teelge, Tälge

West Frisian: telch

Old Saxon: *telgo

Middle Low German: telge, telch

German Low German: Telg

Old Dutch: telg (in placenames)

desctree

Middle Dutch: telch
Dutch: telg
Afrikaans: telg

Old High German: zelga

Middle High German: zëlge, zëlch

German: Zelge

Old Norse: tjalga; tollurr; tjalgr

Icelandic: tjálgur

Faroese: tollur (“tholepin”)

Norwegian Nynorsk: telg, tjelg; talgegras

→ Proto-Finnic: *telki (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *delh₁gʰ- (“to split; carve; hew”).


duniz

duniz (nominative singular)
dunīz (nominative plural)
duni (singular vocative)
dunīz (plural vocative)
dunį (accusative singular)
duninz (accusative plural)
dunīz (genitive singular)
dunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dunī (dative singular)
dunimaz (dative plural)
dunī (instrumental singular)
dunimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *duni
Old English: dyne, dyn
Middle English: dune, dyne, dene, dine, dyn
Scots: dyn, din
English: dun, din
Old Saxon: *duni
Middle Low German: done, döne, don
Old Dutch: *duni
Middle Dutch: dōne, dōon, duene
Dutch: deun
⇒ Afrikaans: deuntjie
Old High German: tuni, (Central German) *duni
Middle High German: tōn, dōn, dōne, dœne (merged with a borrowing from Latin tonus)
German: Ton

Old Norse: dynr
Icelandic: dynur
Faroese: dynur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: dønn n
Norwegian Nynorsk: døn n, dønn n
Old Swedish: dyn
Swedish: dön n, dån n, don n
Danish: døn n

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰún-is, from *dʰwen- (“to roar; boom; resound”). Cognate with Sanskrit ध्वन् (dhvan, “sound”).


mēdwō

mēdwō (nominative singular)
mēdwôz (nominative plural)
mēdwō (singular vocative)
mēdwôz (plural vocative)
mēdwǭ (accusative singular)
mēdwōz (accusative plural)
mēdwōz (genitive singular)
mēdwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēdwōi (dative singular)
mēdwōmaz (dative plural)
mēdwō (instrumental singular)
mēdwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mādu, *madu
Old English: mǣd, mēd — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: mede, medwe
English: mead, meadow
Scots: meeda
Yola: mead
Old Frisian: mēde, mēd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: miad
Goesharde: mäid
Halligen: meed
Karrharde: meed
Wiedingharde: mäid- (in compounds such as mäidfjin)
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: meede, mehde
Saterland Frisian: Mäid
West Frisian: miede
→ Middle Low German: mede
German Low German: Meed, Mede
⇒ German Low German: Meedje
Old Dutch: *māda
Middle Dutch: mâde
Dutch: made
Old High German: *mata (< *madu)
Middle High German: matte, mate
Alemannic German: Matt
Alsatian: Matt, Matte
German: Matte

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂meh₁- (“to mow”) + *-dwō; see also Proto-Germanic *mēþą (“a mowing”). Cognate with Latin metere (“to cut down; reap; mow”).


bērusjaz

bērusjaz (nominative singular)
bērusjōz (nominative plural)
bērusjōs (nominative plural)
bērusi (singular vocative)
bērusjōz (plural vocative)
bērusjōs (plural vocative)
bērusją (accusative singular)
bērusjanz (accusative plural)
bērusjas (genitive singular)
bērusis (genitive singular)
bērusjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bērusjai (dative singular)
bērusjamaz (dative plural)
bērusjō (instrumental singular)
bērusjamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃 (bērusjōs)

Derived from the feminine *bērusī or *bērusjō (“mother”), originally a perfect participle meaning "she who has borne".


skardą

skardą (nominative singular)
skardō (nominative plural)
skardą (singular vocative)
skardō (plural vocative)
skardą (accusative singular)
skardō (accusative plural)
skardas (genitive singular)
skardis (genitive singular)
skardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skardai (dative singular)
skardamaz (dative plural)
skardō (instrumental singular)
skardamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skard
Old English: sċeard
Middle English: scherd, scheard, scheord, scherde, schord, shard, sherd, sherde
English: shard, sherd
Scots: shaird
Yola: sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde
Old Frisian: skerd
Saterland Frisian: Skeed
West Frisian: schird, skurd
Old Saxon: *skard
Middle Low German: schart
German Low German: Schaarde
Old Dutch: *skard
Middle Dutch: scart, scaert, schaerde, scheerde
Dutch: schaarde
→ West Frisian: skaart
Old High German: scart; *skarti
Middle High German: scharte
German: Scharte
Luxembourgish: Schaart
→ Catalan: esquerda
→ Old French: escharde, escherde
Middle French: eschardre
French: écharde
→ Old Italian: scarda
⇒ Italian: scardare
→ Basque: eskarda

Old Norse: skarð

Icelandic: skarð

Faroese: skarð

Norwegian: skård

Old Swedish: skardh

Danish: skård, skår

→ Middle English: scarth

Nominalized form of *skardaz (“diminished”).


teugą

teugą (nominative singular)
teugō (nominative plural)
teugą (singular vocative)
teugō (plural vocative)
teugą (accusative singular)
teugō (accusative plural)
teugas (genitive singular)
tiugis (genitive singular)
teugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
teugai (dative singular)
teugamaz (dative plural)
teugō (instrumental singular)
teugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *teug, *tiugi

Old English: *tēog, *tēoh; *tēoġe, *tīeġe

(Middle English: toye [also possibly from Dutch])

(English: toy)

⇒ Old English: ġetēog, ġetēoh

⇒ Old English: sulhġetēog, sulhġetēoh

Old Frisian: tiūch, tiōch

North Frisian: tjug

Saterland Frisian: Tjuuch

West Frisian: túch

Old Saxon: *tiug, *tiuh; gitiuh

Middle Low German: tü̂g, tü̂ch; getü̂ch

German Low German: Tüüg

→ Old Norse: tygi
Icelandic: tygi
Danish: tøj
→ Faroese: toy
Norwegian: tøy (Bokmål), tøy (Nynorsk) n
Swedish: tyg

Old Dutch: *tiug; *gitiug

Middle Dutch: tuych; ghetuych

Dutch: tuig; getuig

Afrikaans: tuig

→ Middle English: toye

English: toy

Old High German: ziug; giziug; giziugi

Middle High German: ziug, ziuc; giziuc

German: Zeug

Luxembourgish: Zäich

Yiddish: צײַג (tsayg); Yiddish: געצײַג (getsayg)

(collectively) tools; rigging; equipment; stuff


þiubiþō

þiubiþō (nominative singular)
þiubiþôz (nominative plural)
þiubiþō (singular vocative)
þiubiþôz (plural vocative)
þiubiþǭ (accusative singular)
þiubiþōz (accusative plural)
þiubiþōz (genitive singular)
þiubiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiubiþōi (dative singular)
þiubiþōmaz (dative plural)
þiubiþō (instrumental singular)
þiubiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þiubiþu
Old English: þīefþ, þȳfþ, þīfþ, þēofþ, þēoft
Middle English: thefte, theffte, theft, thifthe, þeefte, þeft, þeofþe, þeuft, þiefþe, þifte, þyefþe
English: theft
Scots: thift, theft
Old Frisian: thiubda, thiuvethe, thiuvede, thiufthe, tiefte
Old Saxon: *thiuvitha
Middle Low German: dü̂vede, dêfte
Old Dutch: *thiuvitha
Middle Dutch: diefte
Dutch: diefte (dialectal)
Afrikaans: diefte
Old High German: *diubida
Middle High German: diubede
German: Diebde

Old Norse: þýfð, þýft

Icelandic: þýfð, þýft

Old Swedish: þyft, þiuft

Swedish: tjuft

/ˈθiu̯.βi.θɔː/

From *þeubaz (“thief”) + *-iþō, and/or *þiubijaną (“to thieve”) + *-iþō.

the state or condition of a thief; thiefdom


lungô

lungô (nominative singular)
lungōnō (nominative plural)
lungô (singular vocative)
lungōnō (plural vocative)
lungô (accusative singular)
lungōnō (accusative plural)
lunginiz (genitive singular)
lunganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lungini (dative singular)
lungammaz (dative plural)
lunginē (instrumental singular)
lungammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lunga f;

Middle Low German: lunge

German Low German: Lunge, Lung

Plautdietsch: Lung

Old Dutch: *lunga

Middle Dutch: lunge

Dutch: long

Afrikaans: long

Old High German: lunga f;

Middle High German: lunge; lungel

Bavarian: Lung

German: Lunge; Lungel

Hunsrik: Lung

Luxembourgish: Long

Old Norse: lunga n

Icelandic: lunga n

Faroese: lunga n

Norn: lunga

Norwegian: lunge f or m

Old Swedish: lunga f

Swedish: lunga c

Danish: lunge c

Gutnish: lungge, lunggå

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-on-, a neuter n-stem nominal formation from *h₁lengʷʰ- (“light in weight; nimble”). Compare Old Armenian լանջք (lanǰkʻ, “breast”).


lunganjō

lunganjō (nominative singular)
lunganjôz (nominative plural)
lunganjō (singular vocative)
lunganjôz (plural vocative)
lunganjǭ (accusative singular)
lunganjōz (accusative plural)
lunganjōz (genitive singular)
lunganjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lunganjōi (dative singular)
lunganjōmaz (dative plural)
lunganjō (instrumental singular)
lunganjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lungen f

Middle English: lunge, longe

Scots: lung, long, loung

English: lung

Old Frisian: lungene, lungen f

Saterland Frisian: Lunge

West Frisian: longe, long

Old Saxon: lungannia

Middle Low German: lungene

Old Dutch: *lunganna

Middle Dutch: lungene, longene

desc

Old High German: lunganna, lungunna, lunginna, lungina, lungun


hrīþō

hrīþō (nominative singular)
hrīþôz (nominative plural)
hrīþō (singular vocative)
hrīþôz (plural vocative)
hrīþǭ (accusative singular)
hrīþōz (accusative plural)
hrīþōz (genitive singular)
hrīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīþōi (dative singular)
hrīþōmaz (dative plural)
hrīþō (instrumental singular)
hrīþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrīþ

Old Norse: hríð

Icelandic: hríð

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreyt- (“to wind; twist; bend”), from *(s)ker- (“to wind; twist; bend”).


hrinþaz

hrinþaz (nominative singular)
hrinþizō (nominative plural)
hrinþaz (singular vocative)
hrinþizō (plural vocative)
hrinþaz (accusative singular)
hrinþizō (accusative plural)
hrinþiziz (genitive singular)
hrinþizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrinþizi (dative singular)
hrinþizumaz (dative plural)
hrinþizē (instrumental singular)
hrinþizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrinþ
Old English: hrīþ (< nom.sg.), hrīþer (< nom.pl.)
Middle English: rother, reother, rither, rether
English: rother
Old Frisian: hrīther, hrēther, hrinder (< nom.pl.)
North Frisian: ridder, redder
Saterland Frisian: Räier
West Frisian: rier
Old Saxon: hrīth, *hrind
Middle Low German: rint
Low German: Rind
Old Dutch: *rint, *rinth
Middle Dutch: rint, rent
Dutch: rind, rend, rund (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hrunþ, from Proto-Germanic *hrunþaz)
West Flemish: rend
Old High German: rind, hrind
Middle High German: rint
Alemannic German: Rind
Central Franconian: Rend, Renk (native in most of Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects), Rond, Rönd (Eifel)
German: Rind
Hunsrik: Rind
Luxembourgish: Rand
Vilamovian: rynd

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s, from the root *ḱer- (“head; horn”).


hrunþaz

hrunþaz (nominative singular)
hrunþizō (nominative plural)
hrunþaz (singular vocative)
hrunþizō (plural vocative)
hrunþaz (accusative singular)
hrunþizō (accusative plural)
hrunþiziz (genitive singular)
hrunþizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrunþizi (dative singular)
hrunþizumaz (dative plural)
hrunþizē (instrumental singular)
hrunþizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrūþ; hrūþer, hrȳþer

Middle English: rither (coalesced with descendant of *hrinþaz); rether, reother, rother, ruther, rodder, rudder

English: rother

Old Frisian: hrēther, reder

North Frisian: redder

Saterland Frisian: Räier

Old Saxon: *hrunth, *hrund

Middle Low German: runt, ront

Old Dutch: *runth

Middle Dutch: runt, ront

Dutch: rund

Afrikaans: rund

Zero-grade variant of *hrinþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“summit; peak; top; head; horn”).

A horned beast, as in a neat or ox (alternative form of *hrinþaz)


furdiz

furdiz (nominative singular)
furdīz (nominative plural)
furdi (singular vocative)
furdīz (plural vocative)
furdį (accusative singular)
furdinz (accusative plural)
furdīz (genitive singular)
furdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furdī (dative singular)
furdimaz (dative plural)
furdī (instrumental singular)
furdimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (*faurds), 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gafaurds)

From pre-Germanic *pr̥tís, a ti-stem formation to a lost strong verb *feraną (“to cross, come to a place”), compare *fēriz.

a crossing, going across, coming to a place


plakjō

plakjō (nominative singular)
plakjôz (nominative plural)
plakjō (singular vocative)
plakjôz (plural vocative)
plakjǭ (accusative singular)
plakjōz (accusative plural)
plakjōz (genitive singular)
plakjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
plakjōi (dative singular)
plakjōmaz (dative plural)
plakjō (instrumental singular)
plakjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *plakkju
Old English: *plæċċ
Middle English: *placche, plecche
⇒? Middle English: pacche
English: patch
>? Middle English: placche (attested in plural as placchis (“splinters, fragments, pieces”))
Old Frisian: *plekk
Saterland Frisian: Pläk
West Frisian: plak, plek (also possibly a borrowing from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *plekkia
Middle Low German: plecke
Old Dutch: *plekka
Middle Dutch: plecke, pleecke, pleke
Dutch: plek
→ Middle English: plecke
English: pleck

Unknown. Perhaps of non-Indo-European substrate origin due to the rarity of Indo-European *b > Germanic *p.


sīką

sīką (nominative singular)
sīkō (nominative plural)
sīką (singular vocative)
sīkō (plural vocative)
sīką (accusative singular)
sīkō (accusative plural)
sīkas (genitive singular)
sīkis (genitive singular)
sīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīkai (dative singular)
sīkamaz (dative plural)
sīkō (instrumental singular)
sīkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīk
Old English: sīċ
Middle English: sych, syk, syke
English: sitch, sike
Scots: sike, syke
Old Saxon: *sīk
Middle Low German: sīk
German Low German: Sieker
⇒ Old High German: gisīch

Old Norse: sík

Icelandic: sík; síki

Norwegian: sik; sike

Swedish: sik

→ Middle English: sike, syke

Scots: syke

English: sike

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *seygʷ-, variant of *seykʷ- (“to pour out; gush; stream; flow; trickle”) (whence *sīhwaną (“to percolate, filter”) and *saiwiz (“sea”)), from *sey- (“to be wet; dribble; run”), but the delabialization would be unexpected.


dreuzaz

dreuzaz (nominative singular)
dreuzōz (nominative plural)
dreuzōs (nominative plural)
dreuz (singular vocative)
dreuzōz (plural vocative)
dreuzōs (plural vocative)
dreuzą (accusative singular)
dreuzanz (accusative plural)
dreuzas (genitive singular)
driuzis (genitive singular)
dreuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dreuzai (dative singular)
dreuzamaz (dative plural)
dreuzō (instrumental singular)
dreuzamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: drēor m

Old Saxon: drōr m (< *drauzaz)

Old High German: trōr m (< *drauzaz)

Middle High German: trōr m or n

Old Norse: dreyri (< *drauzijô m)

Icelandic: dreyri

Nominal formation from *dreusaną (“to fall”), that is, "the liquid that falls" > "blood".


snabulaz

snabulaz (nominative singular)
snabulōz (nominative plural)
snabulōs (nominative plural)
snabul (singular vocative)
snabulōz (plural vocative)
snabulōs (plural vocative)
snabulą (accusative singular)
snabulanz (accusative plural)
snabulas (genitive singular)
snabulis (genitive singular)
snabulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snabulai (dative singular)
snabulamaz (dative plural)
snabulō (instrumental singular)
snabulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: snavel, snawel, snaul

Saterland Frisian: Snoabel

West Frisian: snabel, snaffel

Old Saxon: *snabul, *snavul

desc

Middle Low German: snābel, snāvel, snēvel

German Low German: Snabel

Plautdietsch: Schnowel

Old Dutch: *snavul

Middle Dutch: snavel

Dutch: snavel

Old High German: snabul

Middle High German: snabel

German: Schnabel

→ Norwegian: snabel

→ Swedish: snabel

→ Danish: snabel

Hunsrik: Schnawel, Schnauel

Luxembourgish: Schniewel

Yiddish: שנאָבל (shnobl)

From *snabjaz + *-ulaz (diminutive suffix). Probably from the same ultimate source as *snūtaz (“snout”). Compare also Lithuanian snãpas (“snout”).


kuþō

kuþō (nominative singular)
kuþôz (nominative plural)
kuþō (singular vocative)
kuþôz (plural vocative)
kuþǭ (accusative singular)
kuþōz (accusative plural)
kuþōz (genitive singular)
kuþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuþōi (dative singular)
kuþōmaz (dative plural)
kuþō (instrumental singular)
kuþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: coþu, cōþu, coþe

Middle English: cothe

English: cothe, coath, coathe

Of obscure origin. Compare Low German koghe (“cow disease”), Middle Scots cowdothe (“kind of epidemic”), though this could have been borrowed.


edaraz

edaraz (nominative singular)
edarōz (nominative plural)
edarōs (nominative plural)
edar (singular vocative)
edarōz (plural vocative)
edarōs (plural vocative)
edarą (accusative singular)
edaranz (accusative plural)
edaras (genitive singular)
edaris (genitive singular)
edarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
edarai (dative singular)
edaramaz (dative plural)
edarō (instrumental singular)
edaramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: edor, eodor

Middle English: *eder, ȝeddyr, yedder

English: edder

Scots: edder, yether

Old High German: etar

desctree

Old Norse: jaðarr, jǫðurr
Icelandic: jaðar m
Faroese: jaðar m, jaðari m
Norwegian Nynorsk: jadar m, jar (jâr) m, jare m, Jæren m
Norwegian Bokmål: jare m
Old Swedish: iæþur, iadher
Swedish: jäder c (dialectal)
Old Danish: jæder
Danish: jæder

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *odrъ (“bed”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁odʰ-.


hwaitijaz

hwaitijaz (nominative singular)
hwaitijōz (nominative plural)
hwaitijōs (nominative plural)
hwaitī (singular vocative)
hwaitijōz (plural vocative)
hwaitijōs (plural vocative)
hwaitiją (accusative singular)
hwaitijanz (accusative plural)
hwaitijas (genitive singular)
hwaitīs (genitive singular)
hwaitijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwaitijai (dative singular)
hwaitijamaz (dative plural)
hwaitijō (instrumental singular)
hwaitijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaitī
Old English: hwǣte
Middle English: whete, ȝwete, huete, weete, wete, wheete, whet, whette, wheyte, wheytt, whiett, whyte, quete, quheyt, qwet, qwhete (Northern), hwæte, hweate, hwete, whæte (Early Middle English)
English: wheat
Middle Scots: quhete
Scots: white, wheat, wheyt
Yola: whet
Old Frisian: hwēte, wēt
Saterland Frisian: Weete
West Frisian: weet
Old Saxon: hwēti
Middle Low German: wête, weite
German Low German: Weet, Weite, Weit, Weten
Old Dutch: *wēt, *weit
Middle Dutch: weet, weit
Dutch: weit
Limburgish: weit
Old High German: weizi, hwaizi
Middle High German: weize
Alemannic German: Weisse
Cimbrian: bòotze
German: Weizen
Hunsrik: Weize
Luxembourgish: Weess
Pennsylvania German: Weeze
Vilamovian: waas
Yiddish: ווייץ (veyts)

Old Norse: hveiti
Icelandic: hveiti
Faroese: hveiti
Norwegian Nynorsk: kveite; (dialectal) kveiti, gveite, veite
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kveite (obsolete)
Old Swedish: hvēte
Swedish: vete, vät
Old Danish: hwetæ
Danish: hvede
Norwegian Bokmål: hvete

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 (ƕaiteis)

q

→ Lithuanian: kvietys, kvieši (“wheat”) (likely borrowed from Old Norse or Gothic)


hirzniją

hirzniją (nominative singular)
hirznijō (nominative plural)
hirzniją (singular vocative)
hirznijō (plural vocative)
hirzniją (accusative singular)
hirznijō (accusative plural)
hirznijas (genitive singular)
hirznīs (genitive singular)
hirznijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirznijai (dative singular)
hirznijamaz (dative plural)
hirznijō (instrumental singular)
hirznijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hirʀnī

Old English: hærn
Scots: harn

desctree

< hærnes <abbr title="plural number">pl</abbr>

⇒ Middle English: hernes pl (< hærnes pl)
English: harns
Scots: harns

Old Frisian: *harsen

West Frisian: harsen

Old Saxon: hirni

Middle Low German: hërne, harne

Low German: Harn

Old Dutch: *hirsna

Middle Dutch: hersene pl

desc

Dutch: hersens pl, hersenen pl, hersen pl

Afrikaans: harsings

desctree

Old High German: hirni
Middle High German: hirne, herne
Bavarian: Hirn
Cimbrian: hiarn
German: Hirn, ⇒ Gehirn
Luxembourgish: Hier, ⇒ Gehier

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂s- (“head”).


halluz

halluz (nominative singular)
halliwiz (nominative plural)
hallu (singular vocative)
halliwiz (plural vocative)
hallų (accusative singular)
hallunz (accusative plural)
hallauz (genitive singular)
halliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halliwi (dative singular)
hallumaz (dative plural)
hallū (instrumental singular)
hallumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: heall

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ (halaʀ), ᚺᚨᛚᛁ (hali)

Old Norse: hallr
Icelandic: hallur
(Faroese: halli)
Norn: hallj
Norwegian Nynorsk: hall
Old Swedish: hal
Swedish: hall (dialectal), häll
Danish: hald
Norwegian Bokmål: hall
→ Scots: hall (Shetlandish)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌿𐍃 (hallus)

Crimean Gothic: ael (or from Turkic)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hallus

Finnish: Hallu, Hallusvuori (only in place-names)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to cut; hew”). Compare Old Armenian սալ (sal).


hamô

hamô (nominative singular)
hamaniz (nominative plural)
hamô (singular vocative)
hamaniz (plural vocative)
hamanų (accusative singular)
hamanunz (accusative plural)
haminiz (genitive singular)
hamanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hamini (dative singular)
hamammaz (dative plural)
haminē (instrumental singular)
hamammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hamō
Old English: hama, homa
Middle English: hame, haum
English: hame, heam
Old Frisian: *hama, *homa
North Frisian: hame
Saterland Frisian: Hoom
West Frisian: haam
Old Saxon: *hamo
Middle Low German: hame, ham
Old Dutch: *hamo
Middle Dutch: hame
Dutch: haam, ham
→ Middle English: hame
English: hame
Scots: hame
Old High German: *hamo
Middle High German: hame, ham
German: Hame, Hamen, Ham (dialectal)
→ Hungarian: hám (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *hami, hamr

Icelandic: hamur

Faroese: hamur

Danish: ham

Norwegian Bokmål: ham

Norwegian Nynorsk: ham

Swedish: hamn

Uncertain; possibly from unattested strong verb *hamaną + *-ô, perhaps cognate with Sanskrit शामूल (śāmūla, “woolen shirt”), seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“to cover?”). Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *haamoi.


hamô

Proto-West Germanic: *hamō

Old English:

Middle English:

English: hame (“horse collar”)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: hame, haem (“horse collar”)

Dutch: haam (“horse collar”)

Old High German: *hamo

desc

Middle High German: hame (“fishing rod”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-o-, from *ḱem- (“to restrain; shaft, collar”). Cognate with Sanskrit शम्या (śámyā, “yoke pin, plug, wedge”), Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬨𐬁 (simā, “yoke pin”), Ancient Greek κάμαξ (kámax, “pole, bar, shaft”), Old Armenian սամիք (samikʻ, “facewoods of a yoke”).


jekulaz

jekulaz (nominative singular)
jekulōz (nominative plural)
jekulōs (nominative plural)
jekul (singular vocative)
jekulōz (plural vocative)
jekulōs (plural vocative)
jekulą (accusative singular)
jekulanz (accusative plural)
jekulas (genitive singular)
jekulis (genitive singular)
jekulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jekulai (dative singular)
jekulamaz (dative plural)
jekulō (instrumental singular)
jekulamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jikil, *jekul
Old English: ġiċel, ġieċel, *ġyċel, *ġecol, *ġeocol, *ġicol
Middle English: ikil, ykel, ykle, ychele, ikyl
English: ickle, eckle
Old Frisian: itsil, itzil, etzil
Old Saxon: *jukil
Middle Low German: jȫkel, jekel, jokel, jöckel, jockel, jȫkele, jokele, jöckele, jockele, jukel, guckel m or f (merged with descendant of Old Saxon gikilla f)
Low German: (Dithmarscher) Jäkel
North Frisian: jöckel, jögel
→ West Frisian: jûkel, (Schiermonnikoog) jokel
→ Dutch: jeukel (dialectal)

Old Norse: jǫkull
Icelandic: jökull
→ Danish: jøkel
Norwegian Bokmål: jøkel
→ English: jokul
→ Swedish: jökel
Faroese: jøkul, jøkil
Norwegian Nynorsk: jøkul, jøkle; (dialectal) jukul
Old Swedish: īkil
Swedish: ickel (dialectal)
Old Danish: egle

From *jekô (“piece of ice”) + *-ulaz (“diminutive suffix”).


jekô

jekô (nominative singular)
jekaniz (nominative plural)
jekô (singular vocative)
jekaniz (plural vocative)
jekanų (accusative singular)
jekanunz (accusative plural)
jikiniz (genitive singular)
jekanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jikini (dative singular)
jekammaz (dative plural)
jikinē (instrumental singular)
jekammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jekō
Old High German: *jehho, *jecho
Middle High German: *jech
German: Jäch (dialectal)

Old Norse: jaki
Icelandic: jaki
Norwegian Nynorsk: jake; (dialectal) jaki, jaka

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁yeg-o(n)-, from *h₁eyg- (“ice”).


glēzą

glēzą (nominative singular)
glēzō (nominative plural)
glēzą (singular vocative)
glēzō (plural vocative)
glēzą (accusative singular)
glēzō (accusative plural)
glēzas (genitive singular)
glēzis (genitive singular)
glēzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glēzai (dative singular)
glēzamaz (dative plural)
glēzō (instrumental singular)
glēzamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glēr, *glār

Old English: glǣr m

Old Saxon: glēr, *glār

Middle Low German: glâr, glar

→ Latin: glēsum, glaesum; glessarius (perhaps via Gothic?)


wastmaz

wastmaz (nominative singular)
wastmōz (nominative plural)
wastmōs (nominative plural)
wastm (singular vocative)
wastmōz (plural vocative)
wastmōs (plural vocative)
wastmą (accusative singular)
wastmanz (accusative plural)
wastmas (genitive singular)
wastmis (genitive singular)
wastmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wastmai (dative singular)
wastmamaz (dative plural)
wastmō (instrumental singular)
wastmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæstm, westm

Middle English: wæstm, wastme, wastom

Old Saxon: wastum

From earlier *wahsmaz, from *wahsijaną (“to grow”).


angijō

angijō (nominative singular)
angijôz (nominative plural)
angijō (singular vocative)
angijôz (plural vocative)
angijǭ (accusative singular)
angijōz (accusative plural)
angijōz (genitive singular)
angijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angijōi (dative singular)
angijōmaz (dative plural)
angijō (instrumental singular)
angijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *eng, ing

Middle English: eng, enge, ynge, ing

Scots: eng

English: ing

Old Dutch: *eng

Middle Dutch: eng, enc

Dutch: eng, enk

Old Norse: eng f, engi
Icelandic: eng f, engi n
Faroese: ong f
Norwegian Nynorsk: eng f, enge n
Norwegian Bokmål: eng f
Old Swedish: æng, ænge
Swedish: äng c
Danish: eng c
Norwegian Bokmål: eng m

/ˈɑŋ.ɡi.jɔː/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkos (“a bend; curve; bowl-shape; valley”), from *h₂enk- (“to bend; bow; curve”). Cognate with Latin ancrae (“a gorge; ravine”), Ancient Greek ἄγκος (ánkos, “a bend; hollow; mountain glen; dell; valley”), Sanskrit अङ्कस् (aṅkas, “a bend or curve”).

cog

A low lying meadow in a valley or near a river


snarhǭ

snarhǭ (nominative singular)
snarhōniz (nominative plural)
snarhǭ (singular vocative)
snarhōniz (plural vocative)
snarhōnų (accusative singular)
snarhōnunz (accusative plural)
snarhōniz (genitive singular)
snarhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snarhōni (dative singular)
snarhōmaz (dative plural)
snarhōnē (instrumental singular)
snarhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snarhā

Old English: sneare; snearu

desctree

Middle English: snare, snaare, snarr, snarre
English: snare
Scots: snare

Old Frisian: *snare

Saterland Frisian: Snoare

West Frisian: snaar

Old Saxon: *snarha, *snara; (snari, *sneri < (*snarhijǭ))

Middle Low German: snar, snare; (snere)

German Low German: Snaar

→ Polabian: snör

Old Dutch: snara

Middle Dutch: snare, snaer

Dutch: snaar
Afrikaans: snaar
→ Caribbean Javanese: senar
→ Indonesian: senar

desc

Old High German: snarha, snaraha, snarahha, snaracha

Middle High German: snare

German: Schnarre

Old Norse: snara

Icelandic: snara

Faroese: snara

Norwegian: snare

Old Swedish: snara, snæra

Swedish: snara

Old Danish: snaræ

Danish: snare

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)nerk-, from *(s)ner- (“to wrap; wind; lace; shrink; shrivel”).


mēriþō

mēriþō (nominative singular)
mēriþôz (nominative plural)
mēriþō (singular vocative)
mēriþôz (plural vocative)
mēriþǭ (accusative singular)
mēriþōz (accusative plural)
mēriþōz (genitive singular)
mēriþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēriþōi (dative singular)
mēriþōmaz (dative plural)
mēriþō (instrumental singular)
mēriþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *māriþu
Old English: mǣrþo, mǣrþu, mǣrþ
Middle English: merthe
Old Saxon: māritha, mārtha
Old Dutch: māritha
Old High German: mārida

Old Norse: mærð

Icelandic: mærð

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰 (mēriþa)

fame; popularity; celebrity; renown; reputation


jugunþiz

jugunþiz (nominative singular)
jugunþīz (nominative plural)
jugunþi (singular vocative)
jugunþīz (plural vocative)
jugunþį (accusative singular)
jugunþinz (accusative plural)
jugunþīz (genitive singular)
jugunþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jugunþī (dative singular)
jugunþimaz (dative plural)
jugunþī (instrumental singular)
jugunþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jugunþi
Old English: ġeoguþ
Middle English: youthe
English: youth (obsolete yought)
Middle Scots: ȝouthe, ȝouth, ȝowth, ȝewth, youth
Scots: youth
Old Frisian: jogethe
Saterland Frisian: Juugd
West Frisian: jeugd
Old Saxon: juguth, jugud
Middle Low German: jōged
German Low German: Jöögd
Old Dutch: *juguth, iuginde
Middle Dutch: jōghet, jōgede
Dutch: jeugd
Old High German: jugund
Middle High German: jugent
German: Jugend
Luxembourgish: Jugend
Yiddish: יוגנט (yugnt)

From earlier *juwundiz (possibly influenced in form by *dugunþō), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yú-Hn̥-ti-s, from *h₂yéwHō (“young”).

(West Germanic) the state of being young; youth


hagô

hagô (nominative singular)
haganiz (nominative plural)
hagô (singular vocative)
haganiz (plural vocative)
haganų (accusative singular)
haganunz (accusative plural)
haginiz (genitive singular)
haganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagini (dative singular)
hagammaz (dative plural)
haginē (instrumental singular)
hagammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hagō, *hag
Old English: haga
Middle English: hawe, haȝe, haue, hahe, haw, hawghe
English: haw
Scots: haw
Yola: haeve
Old Frisian: *haga; *hach
Saterland Frisian: Hoage
West Frisian: haach
Old Saxon: hago
Middle Low German: hāge
Old Dutch: *hago
Middle Dutch: hāge, haghe
Dutch: haag
Old High German: hag (< *hag), *hago (perhaps attested as hage)
Middle High German: hac
Alemannic German: Hag, Haag
German: Hag
⇒ Middle High German: hage (merged with hagan)
Luxembourgish: Ho

Old Norse: hagi
Icelandic: hagi
Faroese: hagi
Norwegian: hage, (dialectal) hagi, haga, hågå
→ Danish: hage, hauge
Norwegian Bokmål: hage
Old Swedish: haghi
Swedish: hage
Danish: have
Norwegian Bokmål: have
→ Norman: hague
Jersey Norman: hague

From Proto-Indo-European *kágʰō, perhaps earlier *kágʰn̥ ~ *kagʰéns whence also Proto-West Germanic *hagn.

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hakki

*hakkją (possibly from the original genitive *hakkaz)


kanką

kanką (nominative singular)
kankō (nominative plural)
kanką (singular vocative)
kankō (plural vocative)
kanką (accusative singular)
kankō (accusative plural)
kankas (genitive singular)
kankis (genitive singular)
kankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kankai (dative singular)
kankamaz (dative plural)
kankō (instrumental singular)
kankamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kank

Old English: canc

Middle English: cang, chang

From Proto-Indo-European *gong- (“mockery, derision”).


angulō

angulō (nominative singular)
angulôz (nominative plural)
angulō (singular vocative)
angulôz (plural vocative)
angulǭ (accusative singular)
angulōz (accusative plural)
angulōz (genitive singular)
angulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angulōi (dative singular)
angulōmaz (dative plural)
angulō (instrumental singular)
angulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: angel, angul

Middle English: angel

English: angle

Old Saxon: angul

Middle Low German: angel

Old Dutch: *angul

Middle Dutch: anghel

Dutch: angel; hengel

desctree

Old High German: angul
Middle High German: angel, ange
Central Franconian:
Luxembourgish: Aangel
Hunsrik: Angel
German: Angel

Old Norse: ǫngull

Icelandic: öngull

Norwegian: angel, ongul, ongel

A diminutive of *angô (“hook, angle”), similar to *angulaz (“hook”).


angô

angô (nominative singular)
anganiz (nominative plural)
angô (singular vocative)
anganiz (plural vocative)
anganų (accusative singular)
anganunz (accusative plural)
anginiz (genitive singular)
anganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angini (dative singular)
angammaz (dative plural)
anginē (instrumental singular)
angammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *angō

Old English: anga, onga
>? Middle English: ange (“pain, trouble, grief”) (perhaps merged with Old English ange (“narrow, tight, anxious, vexed”, adj))

Old Saxon: ango

Old Dutch: *ango

Middle Dutch: anghe

Old High German: ango
Middle High German: ange m or f
Alemannic German: Ange
German: (dialectal) Ange
⇒ Swabian: Halsanke

Old Norse: angi (“spine, prickle”)

Faroese: angi

Icelandic: angi

Gothic: *𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰 (*agga)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰 (halsagga)

→ Galician: anga (“handle”)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énk-ō, from *h₂enk- (“curve, bend”).


angô

Old Norse: angi
Icelandic: angi
Danish: ange

Cognate with Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “soul, person”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂én(h₁)ǵʰō or *h₂en(h₁)ǵʰḗn (“breath”), from a suffixed/extended form of the root *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”) as in *ananą.

inh

*h₂én(h₁)ǵʰō


baitō

baitō (nominative singular)
baitôz (nominative plural)
baitō (singular vocative)
baitôz (plural vocative)
baitǭ (accusative singular)
baitōz (accusative plural)
baitōz (genitive singular)
baitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baitōi (dative singular)
baitōmaz (dative plural)
baitō (instrumental singular)
baitōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bāt; (ġebǣte)

Middle English: bat

→ Old French: abeter

→ Galician: abeto

Old High German: beiza; *beiz

Middle High German: beize; beiz

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">beizen</i>

German: Beiße (obsolete); Beize (influenced by beizen)

→ Dutch: beits

→ Danish: bejdse

Luxembourgish: Beez

Old Norse: beita; beit; beiti

Icelandic: beita; beit

(Faroese: beiti)

Norwegian: beita; (beite)

Old Swedish: bēt

Swedish: bet

Old Danish: bēd; bed

Danish: bed

→ Scots: betek; bet (Shetlandic)

desc

→ Middle English: bayte, beite, baite, beit

Scots: bait

English: bait

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split; separate; sunder; cleave”).

der

That which is or can be bitten; food; bait


snuttaz

snuttaz (nominative singular)
snuttōz (nominative plural)
snuttōs (nominative plural)
snutt (singular vocative)
snuttōz (plural vocative)
snuttōs (plural vocative)
snuttą (accusative singular)
snuttanz (accusative plural)
snuttas (genitive singular)
snuttis (genitive singular)
snuttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snuttai (dative singular)
snuttamaz (dative plural)
snuttō (instrumental singular)
snuttamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġesnot, ġesnott

Middle English: snotte, snot

English: snot

Old Frisian: snotta

West Frisian: snotte

Old Saxon: snut

Middle Low German: snute, snotte

Old Dutch: *snut

Middle Dutch: snotte

Dutch: snot

Old High German: snuz, snuzza

Alternative form of *snuttuz: snot, mucus


snuttuz

snuttuz (nominative singular)
snuttiwiz (nominative plural)
snuttu (singular vocative)
snuttiwiz (plural vocative)
snuttų (accusative singular)
snuttunz (accusative plural)
snuttauz (genitive singular)
snuttiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snuttiwi (dative singular)
snuttumaz (dative plural)
snuttū (instrumental singular)
snuttumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snutt, *snott

Old English: *snott; ġesnott, ġesnot

Middle English: snotte, snot

Scots: snot; (snotter, snoter)

English: snot; (snotter)

Old Frisian: snotta

North Frisian: snot

Saterland Frisian: Snotte

West Frisian: snotte

Old Saxon: *snotto; *snotta

Middle Low German: snotte; (snotter)

German Low German: Snött, Snodder

→ Danish: snot

→ Norwegian: snott

q

→ German: Schnodder (standard colloquial word in Northern Germany)

Old Dutch: *snotto

Middle Dutch: snotte

Dutch: snot

Afrikaans: snot

Old High German: *snuz; snuzza

Middle High German: snuz

desc

German: Schnutz, Schnütz, Schnütt, Schnuter, Schnotter (dialectal)

Reflecting pre-Germanic *snutnús, likely back-formed from the accusative plural of an old n-stem *snéuþô (or similar), whence also the form *snuttaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *snew- (“to flow, run; moisture”).


wurþiz

wurþiz (nominative singular)
wurþīz (nominative plural)
wurþi (singular vocative)
wurþīz (plural vocative)
wurþį (accusative singular)
wurþinz (accusative plural)
wurþīz (genitive singular)
wurþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurþī (dative singular)
wurþimaz (dative plural)
wurþī (instrumental singular)
wurþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: wurth

Old Dutch: *wurth, *wuorth (?)

Middle Dutch: woert (or from Frisian?)

Dutch: woerd

Old Saxon: wurth

Middle Low German: wurt

→ German: Wurt

Old Norse: urð

Icelandic: urð

Faroese: urð

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: ur, urd

→ Danish: ur

Norwegian Bokmål: ur

From pre-Germanic *h₂wŕ̥tis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to raise”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄρσις (ársis, “raising”).


þurisaz

þurisaz (nominative singular)
þurisōz (nominative plural)
þurisōs (nominative plural)
þuris (singular vocative)
þurisōz (plural vocative)
þurisōs (plural vocative)
þurisą (accusative singular)
þurisanz (accusative plural)
þurisas (genitive singular)
þurisis (genitive singular)
þurisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurisai (dative singular)
þurisamaz (dative plural)
þurisō (instrumental singular)
þurisamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þuris
Old English: þyrs, ðyrs — edh spelling
Middle English: thurs, thirs, thrisse, thrusse, thurse, thursse, thyrce, þurs
English: thurse
Old Saxon: thuris
Old High German: duris, turs
Middle High German: turse, türse, torse
German: Turse

Old Norse: þurs, þuss
Icelandic: þurs
Faroese: tussur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tuss, tusse
Norwegian Bokmål: tuss, tusse
Swedish: tuss, tusse (dialectal)
Old Danish: tusse, tosse
Danish: tosse
→ Scottish Gaelic: tursa

→ Proto-Finnic: *tursas (see there for further descendants)

Derived from *þurēnan, which is etymologically connected to Vedic Sanskrit तुर (tura, “speedy, quick, strong, powerful, rich”) (from Proto-Indo-European *twerH- (“to hasten, be quick”)).


hagastaldaz

hagastaldaz (nominative singular)
hagastaldōz (nominative plural)
hagastaldōs (nominative plural)
hagastald (singular vocative)
hagastaldōz (plural vocative)
hagastaldōs (plural vocative)
hagastaldą (accusative singular)
hagastaldanz (accusative plural)
hagastaldas (genitive singular)
hagastaldis (genitive singular)
hagastaldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagastaldai (dative singular)
hagastaldamaz (dative plural)
hagastaldō (instrumental singular)
hagastaldamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: hæġsteald, hagulstead, hagosteald

⇒ Old English: Hagustealdesēa

⇒ Old English: Hagustealdeshām

English: Hexham

Middle English: hassel, haselle

Old Saxon: hagalstad

Old High German: hagalstalt, hagastolt

Old Norse: haukstalda


nutjō

nutjō (nominative singular)
nutjôz (nominative plural)
nutjō (singular vocative)
nutjôz (plural vocative)
nutjǭ (accusative singular)
nutjōz (accusative plural)
nutjōz (genitive singular)
nutjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nutjōi (dative singular)
nutjōmaz (dative plural)
nutjō (instrumental singular)
nutjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nuttju

Old English: nytt, nyt

Middle English: nutte

Old Frisian: nette, nett

Old Saxon: *nuttia, *nuttea

Middle Low German: nutte, nut

German Low German: Nütt

Old Dutch: *nutti

Middle Dutch: nut

Dutch: nut

Old High German: nuzzi

Old Norse: nyt

Faroese: nytta

Old Swedish: nyt

Nominal formation related to *nutiz (“useful”).


sultijō

sultijō (nominative singular)
sultijôz (nominative plural)
sultijō (singular vocative)
sultijôz (plural vocative)
sultijǭ (accusative singular)
sultijōz (accusative plural)
sultijōz (genitive singular)
sultijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sultijōi (dative singular)
sultijōmaz (dative plural)
sultijō (instrumental singular)
sultijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sultiju

Old Saxon: *sultia, *sultea

Middle Low German: sulte

German Low German: Sülte, Sült

→ Saterland Frisian: Sülte

→ Swedish: sylta

desctree

Old Dutch: sulta
Middle Dutch: sulte, sult
Dutch: zult

Old High German: sulza

Middle High German: sülze, sulze

German: Sülze, (southern) Sulz

desc

→ Saterland Frisian: Sülte, Sulte, Zülte

Old Norse: *sylt

Norwegian: sylt

Swedish: sylt (possibly from Low German)

Danish: sylt

→ Middle English: silte, cilte, cylte

English: silt

→ Portuguese: silte

A zero-grade derivation from *seh₂l- (“salt”).


stukkaz

stukkaz (nominative singular)
stukkōz (nominative plural)
stukkōs (nominative plural)
stukk (singular vocative)
stukkōz (plural vocative)
stukkōs (plural vocative)
stukką (accusative singular)
stukkanz (accusative plural)
stukkas (genitive singular)
stukkis (genitive singular)
stukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stukkai (dative singular)
stukkamaz (dative plural)
stukkō (instrumental singular)
stukkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stokk
Old English: stocc
Middle English: stokke, stocke, stok
Scots: stok
English: stock
Old Frisian: stokk, stok
Saterland Frisian: Stok
West Frisian: stoak
Old Saxon: stokk
Middle Low German: stok
German Low German: Stock
Old Dutch: *stoc
Middle Dutch: stoc
Dutch: stok
Old High German: stoc
Middle High German: stoc
Central Franconian: Stock
German: Stock
Luxembourgish: Stack
→ Old French: estoc
Middle French: estoc, estot
French: étau; estoc
→ Italian: stocco
→ Portuguese: estoco, estocar
→ Sicilian: stoccu, stuccari

Old Norse: stokkr

Icelandic: stokkur

Faroese: stokkur

Norwegian: stokk

Old Swedish: stokker

Swedish: stock

→ Finnish: tukki (“log”)

→ Inari Sami: tukki (“log”)

→ Karelian: tukki (“log”)

→ Southern Sami: stuehkie

→ Northern Sami: stohkka

Danish: stok

→ Proto-Celtic: *tsŭkk- (via metathesis)

Gaulish: *tsukka

→ Vulgar Latin: *tsucca (see there for further descendants)

Breton: soc’h

Old Irish: tócht

Derived from *stikaną (“to stick, stab”). An alternative theory derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to push; hit”).


speutą

speutą (nominative singular)
speutō (nominative plural)
speutą (singular vocative)
speutō (plural vocative)
speutą (accusative singular)
speutō (accusative plural)
speutas (genitive singular)
spiutis (genitive singular)
speutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
speutai (dative singular)
speutamaz (dative plural)
speutō (instrumental singular)
speutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᛈᛖᚢᛏᚨ (*speuta)

Old West Norse: spjót n; spýta f

Icelandic: spjót; spýta f

Faroese: spjót; spýta f

Norwegian Nynorsk: spjot

Old East Norse: *spiūt

Old Swedish: spiūt

Swedish: spjut

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: spjut

Old Danish: spiūt

Danish: spyd

Norwegian Bokmål: spyd

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: spyd

→ Finnish: peitsi

See Proto-West Germanic *speut for more.

(North Germanic) Alternative form of *speutaz


ainakjǭ

ainakjǭ (nominative singular)
ainakjōniz (nominative plural)
ainakjǭ (singular vocative)
ainakjōniz (plural vocative)
ainakjōnų (accusative singular)
ainakjōnunz (accusative plural)
ainakjōniz (genitive singular)
ainakjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ainakjōni (dative singular)
ainakjōmaz (dative plural)
ainakjōnē (instrumental singular)
ainakjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: ekkja, ęnkja — Old East Norse
Icelandic: ekkja
Faroese: ekkja

Old Danish: ænkia
Danish: enke
Faroese: einkja
Norwegian Bokmål: enke
Norwegian Nynorsk: enke, enkje

Old Swedish: ænkia
Elfdalian: aintja
Swedish: änka

From *ainagaz + *-kjǭ. Compare Old Norse einka (“separate; special; peculiar”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌺𐌻𐍃 (ainakls, “individual; single; lonesome”).


aurijaz

aurijaz (nominative singular)
aurijōz (nominative plural)
aurijōs (nominative plural)
aurī (singular vocative)
aurijōz (plural vocative)
aurijōs (plural vocative)
auriją (accusative singular)
aurijanz (accusative plural)
aurijas (genitive singular)
aurīs (genitive singular)
aurijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aurijai (dative singular)
aurijamaz (dative plural)
aurijō (instrumental singular)
aurijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: eyrir
Icelandic: eyrir
Faroese: oyra
Norwegian Nynorsk: øyre m
Old Swedish: ø̄ri, ø̄re
Swedish: öre
Old Danish: øræ
Danish: øre
Norwegian Bokmål: øre
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: øre
Gutnish: öre
→ Finnish: äyri


bangilaz

bangilaz (nominative singular)
bangilōz (nominative plural)
bangilōs (nominative plural)
bangil (singular vocative)
bangilōz (plural vocative)
bangilōs (plural vocative)
bangilą (accusative singular)
bangilanz (accusative plural)
bangilas (genitive singular)
bangilis (genitive singular)
bangilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bangilai (dative singular)
bangilamaz (dative plural)
bangilō (instrumental singular)
bangilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bangil

gl

>? English: (dialectal) bangle (possibly borrowed or formed anew from bang + -le)

Old Frisian: *bangel, *bengel

Saterland Frisian: Bungel

West Frisian: bongel, bingel

Old Saxon: *bengil

Middle Low German: bengel

Low German: Bengel

→ Danish: bengel

→ Swedish: bängel

Old Dutch: *bengil

Middle Dutch: bengel

Dutch: bengel

Old High German: *bengil

Middle High German: bengel

German: Bengel

Old Norse: bǫngull (< *bangulaz)

From *bangōną (“to bang, pound, beat”) + *-ilaz.


feturaz

feturaz (nominative singular)
feturōz (nominative plural)
feturōs (nominative plural)
fetur (singular vocative)
feturōz (plural vocative)
feturōs (plural vocative)
feturą (accusative singular)
feturanz (accusative plural)
feturas (genitive singular)
feturis (genitive singular)
feturǫ̂ (genitive plural)
feturai (dative singular)
feturamaz (dative plural)
feturō (instrumental singular)
feturamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fetur
Old English: feter f
Middle English: feter
English: fetter
Old Dutch: *feter m, *fetura f
Middle Dutch: vēter m, vētere f
Dutch: veter m
Old High German: fezzera f
Middle High German: fezzer
German: Fesser (obsolete)

Old Norse: fjǫturr

Icelandic: fjötur

Faroese: fjøtur

Old Swedish: fiætur

Swedish: fjätter

Old Danish: fiætær, fiatur

Danish: fjeder

From Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“foot”). Derived under the same logic as Proto-Slavic *pǫto (“fetter”) from Proto-Slavic *pęta (“heel”).


firhwijaz

firhwijaz (nominative singular)
firhwijōz (nominative plural)
firhwijōs (nominative plural)
firhwī (singular vocative)
firhwijōz (plural vocative)
firhwijōs (plural vocative)
firhwiją (accusative singular)
firhwijanz (accusative plural)
firhwijas (genitive singular)
firhwīs (genitive singular)
firhwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firhwijai (dative singular)
firhwijamaz (dative plural)
firhwijō (instrumental singular)
firhwijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *firhwijō
Old English: fīras
Old Saxon: fīrihos
Old High German: firaha
→⇒? Latin: Alaferhviae (< *alafirhwijō)

Old Norse: fírar, firar
Icelandic: fírar, firar

Crimean Gothic: fers


skōgô

Proto-West Germanic: *skagō

Old English: sċeaga
Middle English: schawe, shawe, shaghe, schaghe, schaȝe
English: shaw

Old High German: scahho (< variant *skaggō or *skag-jō)

Old High German: schache

German: Schachen

Old Norse: skógr
Icelandic: skógur
Faroese: skógvur, skógur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skog, skau
Norwegian Nynorsk: skog
Old Swedish: skōgher
Swedish: skog
Old Danish: skogh
Danish: skov
 Old Gutnish: skogr
→ Middle English: scogh, scough
English: scaw (dialectal)

Unknown. The sense development is generally thought to be "something sticking out" > "small collection of trees" > "thicket", and has been tentatively linked to *skehaną (“to spring up, emerge”). Compare also *skagją (“beard”), *skagô (“peninsula, cape”) (the latter whence Old Norse skagi (“low cape, ness”)).


kradulaz

kradulaz (nominative singular)
kradulōz (nominative plural)
kradulōs (nominative plural)
kradul (singular vocative)
kradulōz (plural vocative)
kradulōs (plural vocative)
kradulą (accusative singular)
kradulanz (accusative plural)
kradulas (genitive singular)
kradulis (genitive singular)
kradulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kradulai (dative singular)
kradulamaz (dative plural)
kradulō (instrumental singular)
kradulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kradul
Old English: cradol, cradel
Middle English: cradel, credel
English: cradle
Scots: cradill, credill


winidaz

winidaz (nominative singular)
winidōz (nominative plural)
winidōs (nominative plural)
winid (singular vocative)
winidōz (plural vocative)
winidōs (plural vocative)
winidą (accusative singular)
winidanz (accusative plural)
winidas (genitive singular)
winidis (genitive singular)
winidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
winidai (dative singular)
winidamaz (dative plural)
winidō (instrumental singular)
winidamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Winid

Old English: Wined

Old High German: winid

Middle High German: wint, winde

German: Wende

→ English: Wend

Old Norse: vindr

Icelandic: Vindur

→ Proto-Finnic: *venät

Estonian: vene

⇒ Finnish: Venäjä

Borrowed from Proto-Balto-Slavic, specifically from the 'Vistula Veneti' or 'Baltic Veneti', one of at least three known ancient tribal groupings going by the name *Wenet-. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to love, desire”) and cognate to Proto-Germanic *winiz (“friend”); see also Latin Venetī.


rūnōstabaz

rūnōstabaz (nominative singular)
rūnōstabōz (nominative plural)
rūnōstabōs (nominative plural)
rūnōstab (singular vocative)
rūnōstabōz (plural vocative)
rūnōstabōs (plural vocative)
rūnōstabą (accusative singular)
rūnōstabanz (accusative plural)
rūnōstabas (genitive singular)
rūnōstabis (genitive singular)
rūnōstabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūnōstabai (dative singular)
rūnōstabamaz (dative plural)
rūnōstabō (instrumental singular)
rūnōstabamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rūnustab

Old English: rūnstæf

Middle English: *rounstaf, run-staf (attested in run-staven (plural))

English: runestaff, runestave

Old High German: rūnstab; rūnstafa

Old Norse: rúnastafr

Icelandic: rúnastafur

Faroese: rúnastavur

Swedish: runstav

Danish: runestav

From *rūnō (“secret, mystery, rune”) + *stabaz (“staff, stick; letter of an alphabet”).


mugjō

mugjō (nominative singular)
mugjôz (nominative plural)
mugjō (singular vocative)
mugjôz (plural vocative)
mugjǭ (accusative singular)
mugjōz (accusative plural)
mugjōz (genitive singular)
mugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mugjōi (dative singular)
mugjōmaz (dative plural)
mugjō (instrumental singular)
mugjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *muggju, *muggjā
Old English: myċġ
Middle English: migge, mydge
Scots: mige
English: midge
Old Frisian: *megge, *migge
Saterland Frisian: Määge
West Frisian: mich
Old Saxon: muggia, mugga
Middle Low German: mügge
German Low German: Mügge, Mügg
→ Old Norse: myg
Danish: myg
Swedish: mygga, mygg
Norwegian: mygg
Old Dutch: *mugga
Middle Dutch: mugge
Dutch: mug
Afrikaans: muggie
Old High German: mugga, mukka, mucka
Middle High German: mücke, mügge, mugge, mucke
German: Mücke
Hunsrik: Mick
Luxembourgish: Méck

From *mu- (from earlier *muwī, continuing Proto-Indo-European *muH-íh₂, *muH-iéh₂-s-, the short u a result of Dybo's law) + *-gjō (diminutive suffix). The western Germanic variants underwent a different velarization than *mują, though both are from the same ultimate source.


mują

mują (nominative singular)
mujō (nominative plural)
mują (singular vocative)
mujō (plural vocative)
mują (accusative singular)
mujō (accusative plural)
mujas (genitive singular)
muis (genitive singular)
mujǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mujai (dative singular)
mujamaz (dative plural)
mujō (instrumental singular)
mujamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: mý; myg n (< *muwją?)

Icelandic: mý

Faroese: mý; mýggj

Old Swedish: myg

Swedish: mygg

From Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“fly, mosquito”). Cognate with Latin musca.


ketwą

ketwą (nominative singular)
ketwō (nominative plural)
ketwą (singular vocative)
ketwō (plural vocative)
ketwą (accusative singular)
ketwō (accusative plural)
ketwas (genitive singular)
kitwis (genitive singular)
ketwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ketwai (dative singular)
ketwamaz (dative plural)
ketwō (instrumental singular)
ketwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kjǫt, kjot

Icelandic: kjöt, ket

Faroese: kjøt

Norwegian: kjøt, kjøtt; (dialectal) kjòt, kỳt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kjøtt

Old Swedish: kiøt, kiot, køt

Swedish: kött

Danish: kød

Norwegian Bokmål: kjød

Gutnish: kyt, kytt

→ Middle English: ket

Scots: ket, kett

English: ket

Unknown; connection with *kwetwą and *kutjaną has been suggested.


gasaljô

gem-decl-noun-table

*gasaljô (an-stem)

gasaljô (nominative singular)
gasaljaniz (nominative plural)
gasaljô (singular vocative)
gasaljaniz (plural vocative)
gasaljanų (accusative singular)
gasaljanunz (accusative plural)
gasaliniz (genitive singular)
gasaljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gasalini (dative singular)
gasaljammaz (dative plural)
gasalinē (instrumental singular)
gasaljammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *gisellio

Middle Low German: geselle

German Low German: Geselle, Gesell

→ Swedish: gesäll

→ Finnish: kisälli

Old Dutch: gisello

Middle Dutch: geselle

Dutch: gezel

desctree

Old High German: gisellio, gisello
Middle High German: geselle
Cimbrian: khsell
German: Geselle
Luxembourgish: Gesell

Vandalic: *gasalja (see there for further descendants)


saljô

gem-decl-noun-table

*saljô (an-stem)

saljô (nominative singular)
saljaniz (nominative plural)
saljô (singular vocative)
saljaniz (plural vocative)
saljanų (accusative singular)
saljanunz (accusative plural)
saliniz (genitive singular)
saljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salini (dative singular)
saljammaz (dative plural)
salinē (instrumental singular)
saljammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *salljō

Old Saxon: *sellio

Middle Low German: selle

Old Dutch: *sello

Middle Dutch: selle

Old High German: sello

Middle High German: selle

German: Selle


salją

salją (nominative singular)
saljō (nominative plural)
salją (singular vocative)
saljō (plural vocative)
salją (accusative singular)
saljō (accusative plural)
saljas (genitive singular)
salis (genitive singular)
saljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saljai (dative singular)
saljamaz (dative plural)
saljō (instrumental singular)
saljamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sel n; *siella, sylla m

desctree

Old Norse: sel n
Icelandic: sel
Norwegian: sel
→ Danish: sæl
Norwegian Bokmål: sel
Old Swedish: *sæl (only in compounds, e.g. sælia boþ)


gaidwą

gaidwą (nominative singular)
gaidwō (nominative plural)
gaidwą (singular vocative)
gaidwō (plural vocative)
gaidwą (accusative singular)
gaidwō (accusative plural)
gaidwas (genitive singular)
gaidwis (genitive singular)
gaidwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaidwai (dative singular)
gaidwamaz (dative plural)
gaidwō (instrumental singular)
gaidwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaidu
Old English: gād, gǣd
⇒ Old English: *ǣgǣde
Middle English: ægæde, ægede, egede
Old Frisian: gād
Old Saxon: gēdia, gēdea
⇒ Lombardic: *faragaidu, *farageita
→⇒ Latin: farigaidus
⇒ Old High German: fārigaidus (“without descendants”)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍅 (gaidw)

/ˈɣɑi̯ð.wɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey-, *ǵʰeh₂- (“to gape; yawn”).


uzjǭ

uzjǭ (nominative singular)
uzjōniz (nominative plural)
uzjǭ (singular vocative)
uzjōniz (plural vocative)
uzjōnų (accusative singular)
uzjōnunz (accusative plural)
uzjōniz (genitive singular)
uzjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzjōni (dative singular)
uzjōmaz (dative plural)
uzjōnē (instrumental singular)
uzjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: yrja

Old Swedish: øria


aimaz

aimaz (nominative singular)
aimōz (nominative plural)
aimōs (nominative plural)
aim (singular vocative)
aimōz (plural vocative)
aimōs (plural vocative)
aimą (accusative singular)
aimanz (accusative plural)
aimas (genitive singular)
aimis (genitive singular)
aimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aimai (dative singular)
aimamaz (dative plural)
aimō (instrumental singular)
aimamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: eimr

Danish: em

Faroese: eimur

Icelandic: eimur

Norwegian: eim

Old Swedish: ēmber

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *aimat'ak (see there for further descendants)

Unknown, but presumedly from earlier *Hóymos or *Héymos. If from Proto-Indo-European, the root is to be reconstructed as *h₁ey-, given the seemingly related word *īmą (“soot, dust, dirt”) (also limited to North Germanic). This excludes the more traditional derivation from *h₂ey- (“to burn”) (cf. *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite”), *h₂éyos (“ore”) and Proto-Germanic *aisǭ (“fireplace”)), though Indo-European cognates for *h₁ey- are lacking. However, compare Hittite 𒄿𒉡𒍣 (i-nu-zi, “to heat, make warm”).


frihtiz

frihtiz (nominative singular)
frihtīz (nominative plural)
frihti (singular vocative)
frihtīz (plural vocative)
frihtį (accusative singular)
frihtinz (accusative plural)
frihtīz (genitive singular)
frihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frihtī (dative singular)
frihtimaz (dative plural)
frihtī (instrumental singular)
frihtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: freht, friht

Middle English: freit, freyt, frete

Old Norse: frétt

Icelandic: frétt

Faroese: ófrættir (compound, plural)

Norn: frøtt

Old Swedish: fræt


kuningadōmaz

kuningadōmaz (nominative singular)
kuningadōmōz (nominative plural)
kuningadōmōs (nominative plural)
kuningadōm (singular vocative)
kuningadōmōz (plural vocative)
kuningadōmōs (plural vocative)
kuningadōmą (accusative singular)
kuningadōmanz (accusative plural)
kuningadōmas (genitive singular)
kuningadōmis (genitive singular)
kuningadōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuningadōmai (dative singular)
kuningadōmamaz (dative plural)
kuningadōmō (instrumental singular)
kuningadōmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kuningadōm
Old English: cyningdōm
Middle English: kyngdom, kingdom
Scots: kingdom
English: kingdom
Old Frisian: *keningdōm, *kiningdōm
West Frisian: keuningdom
Old Saxon: kuningdōm
Old Dutch: *kuningduom
Middle Dutch: koninghdom
Dutch: koningdom
Old High German: kuningtuom
Middle High German: künictuom
German: Königtum

Old Norse: konungdómr

Icelandic: konungdómur

Norwegian: kongedømme, kongedøme

Swedish: kungadöme, konungadöme

Danish: kongedømme

Faroese: kongadømi, kongsdømi

Norn: konungdum


leuhmô

leuhmô (nominative singular)
leuhmaniz (nominative plural)
leuhmô (singular vocative)
leuhmaniz (plural vocative)
leuhmanų (accusative singular)
leuhmanunz (accusative plural)
liuhminiz (genitive singular)
leuhmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liuhmini (dative singular)
leuhmammaz (dative plural)
liuhminē (instrumental singular)
leuhmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *leuhmō
Old English: lēoma
Middle English: leme, leem, lem, leom, lewme, lume, lym, lyme, leame, leome, lome (Early Middle English)
English: leam
Scots: leim, leme
Old Saxon: liomo

Old Norse: ljómi

Icelandic: ljómi

Faroese: ljómi

→ Middle Irish: láem

Irish: laom

Scottish Gaelic: laom

⇒ Old Norse: ljóma

Icelandic: ljóma

Faroese: ljóma

From Proto-Indo-European *léwk-mn̥ ~ *luk-mén-s, from *lewk- (“bright”) + *-mn̥.


hrefaz

hrefaz (nominative singular)
hrifizō (nominative plural)
hrefaz (singular vocative)
hrifizō (plural vocative)
hrefaz (accusative singular)
hrifizō (accusative plural)
hrifiziz (genitive singular)
hrifizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrifizi (dative singular)
hrifizumaz (dative plural)
hrifizē (instrumental singular)
hrifizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrif
Old English: hrif
Middle English: *rif
English: riff
Old Frisian: hrif, href
⇒ Old Frisian: inhrif, inhref
Old Saxon: *hrif
Middle Low German: rif, ref
German Low German: Riff
Old Dutch: ref
Middle Dutch: *rif
Dutch: rif
Old High German: href

From Proto-Indo-European *krép-os ~ *krép-es-os, from *krep-. Cognate with Proto-Italic *korpos (“body”).


lapilaz

lapilaz (nominative singular)
lapilōz (nominative plural)
lapilōs (nominative plural)
lapil (singular vocative)
lapilōz (plural vocative)
lapilōs (plural vocative)
lapilą (accusative singular)
lapilanz (accusative plural)
lapilas (genitive singular)
lapilis (genitive singular)
lapilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lapilai (dative singular)
lapilamaz (dative plural)
lapilō (instrumental singular)
lapilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lapil
Old Frisian: lepel, leppel
Saterland Frisian: Lääpel
West Frisian: leppel
Old Saxon: lepil
Middle Low German: lēpel, leppel
Low German: Lepel
Plautdietsch: Läpel
→? Norn: lepel
Old Dutch: *lepil
Middle Dutch: lēpel
Dutch: lepel
Afrikaans: lepel
Berbice Creole Dutch: leple
Jersey Dutch: lêpel
Negerhollands: leepel, leppu
Skepi Creole Dutch: lepel
→ Lokono: lepele
Limburgish: laepel
Limburgish: laepel
Old High German: lepfil, leffil
Middle High German: leffel
Alemannic German: Leffel, Läffel, Löffel
Bavarian: Leffl
Cimbrian: löffl
Mòcheno: leffl
Central Franconian: Läffel, Läfel
Hunsrik: Leffel
Luxembourgish: Läffel
German: Löffel
Rhine Franconian: Leffel, Lewwel
Frankfurterisch: [lev̥l̩]
Pennsylvania German: Leffel
Vilamovian: łefuł
Yiddish: לעפֿל (lefl)

From Proto-Indo-European *leb-, *leh₂b- (“to slurp; lick; smack”), equivalent to *lapaną (“to drink; slurp; lap”) + *-ilaz (agent suffix).


skutą

skutą (nominative singular)
skutō (nominative plural)
skutą (singular vocative)
skutō (plural vocative)
skutą (accusative singular)
skutō (accusative plural)
skutas (genitive singular)
skutis (genitive singular)
skutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skutai (dative singular)
skutamaz (dative plural)
skutō (instrumental singular)
skutamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skot
Old English: sċot
Middle English: shot
Scots: schot, schote, schoit
English: shot
Old Frisian: skot
Saterland Frisian: Skoat
West Frisian: skot
Old Saxon: skot
Middle Low German: schot
German Low German: Schott
Old Dutch: *skot
Middle Dutch: schot, scot
Dutch: schot
Afrikaans: skot
Old High German: scoz
Middle High German: schoz
German: Schoss
Yiddish: שאָס (shos)
→ Old French: escoz, escot
Middle French: escot
French: écot

Old Norse: skot

Icelandic: skot

Faroese: skot

Norwegian Nynorsk: skot, skott

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skott

Old Swedish: skut, skot

Swedish: skott

Danish: skud

Norwegian Bokmål: skudd

→ Scots: scot


skandaz

skandaz (nominative singular)
skandōz (nominative plural)
skandōs (nominative plural)
skand (singular vocative)
skandōz (plural vocative)
skandōs (plural vocative)
skandą (accusative singular)
skandanz (accusative plural)
skandas (genitive singular)
skandis (genitive singular)
skandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skandai (dative singular)
skandamaz (dative plural)
skandō (instrumental singular)
skandamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċand

Middle English: sconde, shond


aidą

aidą (nominative singular)
aidō (nominative plural)
aidą (singular vocative)
aidō (plural vocative)
aidą (accusative singular)
aidō (accusative plural)
aidas (genitive singular)
aidis (genitive singular)
aidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aidai (dative singular)
aidamaz (dative plural)
aidō (instrumental singular)
aidamiz (instrumental plural)


speldą

speldą (nominative singular)
speldō (nominative plural)
speldą (singular vocative)
speldō (plural vocative)
speldą (accusative singular)
speldō (accusative plural)
speldas (genitive singular)
spildis (genitive singular)
speldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
speldai (dative singular)
speldamaz (dative plural)
speldō (instrumental singular)
speldamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: speld; spelt m

desc

Middle English: speld, spelt, spielde, spelde

English: speld, spell

Old Norse: speld, spjald

Icelandic: speld, spjald

Old Danish: spjæld

→ Icelandic: spæll

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to split”).

der

a split or broken piece of wood; splinter; board


spaluz

spaluz (nominative singular)
spaliwiz (nominative plural)
spalu (singular vocative)
spaliwiz (plural vocative)
spalų (accusative singular)
spalunz (accusative plural)
spalauz (genitive singular)
spaliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spaliwi (dative singular)
spalumaz (dative plural)
spalū (instrumental singular)
spalumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spalu

Old English: *spalu

Middle English: spale

Scots: spale, spail

English: spale

Old High German: *spal

Middle High German: spale

German: Spale (dialectal)

Old Norse: spǫlr (acc. spǫlu)

Icelandic: spölur

Swedish: spalu (dialectal)


wurkiją

wurkiją (nominative singular)
wurkijō (nominative plural)
wurkiją (singular vocative)
wurkijō (plural vocative)
wurkiją (accusative singular)
wurkijō (accusative plural)
wurkijas (genitive singular)
wurkīs (genitive singular)
wurkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurkijai (dative singular)
wurkijamaz (dative plural)
wurkijō (instrumental singular)
wurkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wurkī

Old High German: *wurki

⇒ Old High German: āwurki

Middle High German: āwurke, āwürke

desctree

Old Norse: yrki
Faroese: yrki
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: yrke
Norwegian Nynorsk: yrke
Swedish: yrke


līstǭ

līstǭ (nominative singular)
līstōniz (nominative plural)
līstǭ (singular vocative)
līstōniz (plural vocative)
līstōnų (accusative singular)
līstōnunz (accusative plural)
līstōniz (genitive singular)
līstōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līstōni (dative singular)
līstōmaz (dative plural)
līstōnē (instrumental singular)
līstōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līstā

Old English: līste

Middle English: liste, lyste; list (through confluence with Old French form)

Scots: liste, lyst, list

English: list

→ Irish: liosta

Old Frisian: *līste, *lēste

Saterland Frisian: Lieste; Läiste

West Frisian: list

Old Saxon: *līsta

Middle Low German: lîste

Dutch Low Saxon: lieste, liest

German Low German: Liest

→ Old Norse: lísta

Icelandic: lista; listi

Faroese: listi

Norwegian: liste

Swedish: lista; list

Danish: liste; list

Frankish: *līsta

Old Dutch: *līsta

Middle Dutch: lijste, lijst

Dutch: lijst (“frame”)

→ Vulgar Latin: *lista (also possibly from Langobardic)

Old French: liste

Middle French: liste

French: liste

Italian: lista

→ Dutch: lijst (“list”) (likely in part through French)

→ German: Liste

→ Luxembourgish: Lëscht

Spanish: lista

Portuguese: lista

Galician: lista

Old High German: līsta

Middle High German: līste

German: Leiste

Hunsrik: Leist

Luxembourgish: Läischt

From Proto-Indo-European *leyzd- (“edge; seam; band”), from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“track; groove; furrow”) (see also *laistaz); or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *leytstā-, related to Latin lītus (“shore; coast”).


galmaz

galmaz (nominative singular)
galmōz (nominative plural)
galmōs (nominative plural)
galm (singular vocative)
galmōz (plural vocative)
galmōs (plural vocative)
galmą (accusative singular)
galmanz (accusative plural)
galmas (genitive singular)
galmis (genitive singular)
galmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galmai (dative singular)
galmamaz (dative plural)
galmō (instrumental singular)
galmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *galm

Old Frisian: *galm

West Frisian: galm (alternatively borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: galm

Middle Low German: galm

Dutch Low Saxon: galm, naogalm

German Low German: Galm

Old Dutch: *galm

Middle Dutch: galm

Dutch: galm

Old High German: galm

Middle High German: galm

German: Galm

desc

Old Norse: galmr (“sword”, literally “the clear-sounder”)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to call, chant, shout”).


aigô

aigô (nominative singular)
aiganiz (nominative plural)
aigô (singular vocative)
aiganiz (plural vocative)
aiganų (accusative singular)
aiganunz (accusative plural)
aiginiz (genitive singular)
aiganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aigini (dative singular)
aigammaz (dative plural)
aiginē (instrumental singular)
aigammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: āga

Old High German: *eigo, wīneigo

Old Norse: eigi

one who owns or possesses; owner, possessor


aldrą

aldrą (nominative singular)
aldrō (nominative plural)
aldrą (singular vocative)
aldrō (plural vocative)
aldrą (accusative singular)
aldrō (accusative plural)
aldras (genitive singular)
aldris (genitive singular)
aldrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aldrai (dative singular)
aldramaz (dative plural)
aldrō (instrumental singular)
aldramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aldr
Old English: ealdor, aldor, ealder
Middle English: alder
⇒ Old English: ealdorman
Middle English: alderman, aldermon
English: alderman
Old Frisian: alder
Saterland Frisian: Oaler
Old Saxon: aldar
Middle Low German: alder, older, ōlder
German Low German: Oller, Öller
Old Dutch: alder
Middle Dutch: ouder
Dutch: ouder
Old High German: altar
Middle High German: alter
Alemannic German: Altar
Bavarian: Ålter, Oiter
German: Alter, Alda, Alla
→ Luxembourgish: Alter
Yiddish: אַלטער (alter)

Old Norse: aldr m
Icelandic: aldur
Faroese: aldur
Norwegian Bokmål: alder
Norwegian Nynorsk: alder
Old Swedish: alder
Swedish: ålder
Danish: alder

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍂𐍃 (framaldrs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-dʰr-o-m or *h₂el-tr-ó-m, an instrumental formation from *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”).


leuhsą

leuhsą (nominative singular)
leuhsō (nominative plural)
leuhsą (singular vocative)
leuhsō (plural vocative)
leuhsą (accusative singular)
leuhsō (accusative plural)
leuhsas (genitive singular)
liuhsis (genitive singular)
leuhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leuhsai (dative singular)
leuhsamaz (dative plural)
leuhsō (instrumental singular)
leuhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ljós
Icelandic: ljós
Faroese: ljós
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljos; (dialectal) ljøs, ljus, ljys, løs
Jamtish: ljǿs
Elfdalian: liuos
Old Swedish: liūs
Swedish: ljus
Old Danish: liūs
Danish: lys
Norwegian Bokmål: lys
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lys
Scanian: lýs
Gutnish: ljaus

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk-so-m, ultimately from the root *lewk- (“to shine”).


wurhtiz

wurhtiz (nominative singular)
wurhtīz (nominative plural)
wurhti (singular vocative)
wurhtīz (plural vocative)
wurhtį (accusative singular)
wurhtinz (accusative plural)
wurhtīz (genitive singular)
wurhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurhtī (dative singular)
wurhtimaz (dative plural)
wurhtī (instrumental singular)
wurhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wurhti
Old English: wyrht;
Middle English: wrihte, wrihhte
Old Saxon: wurht
Old High German: wurht, wuruht
Middle High German: wurht

Old Norse: *urt

⇒ Old Norse: forurtir f pl

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*waurhts)

From *wurhtaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵtós, from *werǵ-.


sparwaz

sparwaz (nominative singular)
sparwōz (nominative plural)
sparwōs (nominative plural)
sparw (singular vocative)
sparwōz (plural vocative)
sparwōs (plural vocative)
sparwą (accusative singular)
sparwanz (accusative plural)
sparwas (genitive singular)
sparwis (genitive singular)
sparwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sparwai (dative singular)
sparwamaz (dative plural)
sparwō (instrumental singular)
sparwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: spǫrr

Icelandic: spör

Faroese: spurvur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: spurv

Norwegian Nynorsk: sporv

Old Swedish: sparver, spørver

Swedish: sparv

→ Elfdalian: sparv

Old Danish: sparw, sporw, spøruæ

Danish: spurv, spurre, sparre

Gutnish: sparr, spur

Scanian: spørr

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *spḗr (“sparrow, bird”).

inh+

sparwarī

Proto-Germanic: *sparwarjaz; Proto-West Germanic


keluz

keluz (nominative singular)
kiliwiz (nominative plural)
kelu (singular vocative)
kiliwiz (plural vocative)
kelų (accusative singular)
kelunz (accusative plural)
kelauz (genitive singular)
kiliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kiliwi (dative singular)
kelumaz (dative plural)
kelū (instrumental singular)
kelumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kjǫlr

Icelandic: kjölur

Faroese: kjølur

Norwegian: kjøl

Old Swedish: kiol, kiøl

Swedish: köl

→ Finnish: köli

Old Danish: kiøl

Danish: køl

Elfdalian: tjyöl

Gutnish: käl, köl

→ Middle English: kele

Scots: kele, keill

English: keel

→ Middle Dutch: kiel

Dutch: kiel

Afrikaans: kiel

→ Middle Low German: kēl, kil, kiel

German Low German: Kiel

→ German: Kiel

→ Czech: kýl

→ Russian: киль (kilʹ)

→ Slovak: kýl

→ Middle French: quille

French: quille

→ Portuguese: quilha

→ Proto-Samic: *kielës (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to *kelǭ (“throat”). Kluge compares Ancient Greek γαυλός (gaulós, "merchant vessel," originally "milk pail"), which itself has been connected to *keulaz (“ship”).

unk

uncertain

cog

Coordinate term: *skaggiją

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs


hlaiwą

hlaiwą (nominative singular)
hlaiwō (nominative plural)
hlaiwą (singular vocative)
hlaiwō (plural vocative)
hlaiwą (accusative singular)
hlaiwō (accusative plural)
hlaiwas (genitive singular)
hlaiwis (genitive singular)
hlaiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlaiwai (dative singular)
hlaiwamaz (dative plural)
hlaiwō (instrumental singular)
hlaiwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaiw m, *hleu
Old English: hlēow, hlēo
Old Frisian: hlī
Old Saxon: hlēo
Old High German: hlēo, lēo
→ Proto-Slavic: *xlěvъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ (hlaiwa)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅 (hlaiw)

→ Proto-Slavic: *xlě̃vъ (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱloy-wo-m, from *ḱley- (“to lean; slope”).


digulaz

digulaz (nominative singular)
digulōz (nominative plural)
digulōs (nominative plural)
digul (singular vocative)
digulōz (plural vocative)
digulōs (plural vocative)
digulą (accusative singular)
digulanz (accusative plural)
digulas (genitive singular)
digulis (genitive singular)
digulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
digulai (dative singular)
digulamaz (dative plural)
digulō (instrumental singular)
digulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *digul, *digal

Middle Low German: degel

Old Dutch: *digul, *digal

Middle Dutch: degel

Dutch: degel

Old High German: *tigul, tegal, tegel

Middle High German: tigel, tegel

German: Tiegel

→ Polish: tygiel

→ Russian: ти́гель (tígelʹ)

Luxembourgish: Digel

Old Norse: digull (possibly a loan from Low German)

Icelandic: deigla

Norwegian: digel

Swedish: degel

Danish: digel

Uncertain. Compare Latin tegula (“roof-tile; brick”). Alternatively, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form, shape”).


þuldiz

þuldiz (nominative singular)
þuldīz (nominative plural)
þuldi (singular vocative)
þuldīz (plural vocative)
þuldį (accusative singular)
þuldinz (accusative plural)
þuldīz (genitive singular)
þuldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þuldī (dative singular)
þuldimaz (dative plural)
þuldī (instrumental singular)
þuldimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þuldi
Old English: þyld
Middle English: þild, thild
Old Saxon: thuld
Middle Low German: dult
Old High German: dult
Middle High German: dult
German: Dult

Gothic: *𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌳𐍃 (*þulds) (possibly in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *télh₂-ti-s ~ *tl̥h₂-téy-s, abstract substantive of *telh₂- (“to bear; endure”).

inh

the ability to bear; endurance; patience


tawwą

tawwą (nominative singular)
tawwō (nominative plural)
tawwą (singular vocative)
tawwō (plural vocative)
tawwą (accusative singular)
tawwō (accusative plural)
tawwas (genitive singular)
tawwis (genitive singular)
tawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tawwai (dative singular)
tawwamaz (dative plural)
tawwō (instrumental singular)
tawwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *tawa (in webtawa); *tawe; ġetawe; *tōw

Middle English: touw

Scots: touw, tow

English: tow

desc

Old Frisian: tāuwe, tāuw, towe, tau, tou

Saterland Frisian: Tau

West Frisian: tou

Old Saxon: *tō, tou

Middle Low German: touw

→ German: Tau

German Low German: Tau

Old Dutch: *tou

Middle Dutch: touwe

desctree

Dutch: touw
Afrikaans: tou
Berbice Creole Dutch: tau
Jersey Dutch: tāu
Negerhollands: toouw, tou, tau
Skepi Creole Dutch: tau
→ Lokono: tau
→? Sranan Tongo: t'tei
→ Lokono: tetei
→ Aukan: tetei
→ Caribbean Hindustani: tatai
→ Warao: táu, táü, tao

West Flemish: towwe

Old High German: zouwa; gizawa

Middle High German: gezawe, gezouwe

Old Norse: tó

Icelandic: tó

Faroese: tó

Norwegian: to

Old Swedish: tō

Swedish: to (archaic)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to tie to; secure”). Kroonen (2013) prefers to derive it from *deh₁-.


hehlǭ

hehlǭ (nominative singular)
hehlōniz (nominative plural)
hehlǭ (singular vocative)
hehlōniz (plural vocative)
hehlōnų (accusative singular)
hehlōnunz (accusative plural)
hehlōniz (genitive singular)
hehlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hehlōni (dative singular)
hehlōmaz (dative plural)
hehlōnē (instrumental singular)
hehlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hehlā

Old English: heolca

Old Norse: héla

Icelandic: héla

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱé-ḱl(h₁)-eh₂- or *ḱí-ḱel(h₁)-eh₂-, an old reduplicated stem from the root *ḱel(h₁)- (“cold, frozen”). Compare Lithuanian šalnà, šarma (“hoarfrost”), Proto-Slavic *solnà (“hoarfrost”) and especially Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold; hoarfrost”) (unless from *ḱey-).


undurniz

undurniz (nominative singular)
undurnīz (nominative plural)
undurni (singular vocative)
undurnīz (plural vocative)
undurnį (accusative singular)
undurninz (accusative plural)
undurnīz (genitive singular)
undurnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
undurnī (dative singular)
undurnimaz (dative plural)
undurnī (instrumental singular)
undurnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: undern

Middle English: undern, ondern

Scots: undern, undurn, antrum, ontron

English: undern

Old Frisian: undern, unden

North Frisian: unnern, onnern

Old Saxon: undern, undorn

Middle Low German: undern

Old Dutch: *undarn

Middle Dutch: onderen

Dutch: onder

Old High German: untarn, untorn

Middle High German: untern, undern

Old Norse: undurn, undarn, undorn

Icelandic: undorn

Norwegian: undorn

Swedish: undarn

Danish: unden

Gothic: *𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃 (*undaurns) (in 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 (undaurnimats))

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥ter, *h₁enter (“between”).

an intermediate or intervening period; mean time; interim; interval


wapsō

wapsō (nominative singular)
wapsôz (nominative plural)
wapsō (singular vocative)
wapsôz (plural vocative)
wapsǭ (accusative singular)
wapsōz (accusative plural)
wapsōz (genitive singular)
wapsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wapsōi (dative singular)
wapsōmaz (dative plural)
wapsō (instrumental singular)
wapsōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wapsu
Old English: wæps, wæsp, wæfs
Middle English: wasp, wappes, waps, waspe
English: wasp, waps
Sranan Tongo: waswasi (reduplicated)
Scots: wasp, wesp
Old Frisian: *waps
Saterland Frisian: Häspe, Gäspe
West Frisian: waps
Old Saxon: waspa
Middle Low German: wopse
Old Dutch: wapsa (attested in Latin text as uuapces)
Old High German: wafsa
→ Old French: guespe, vespe, wespe, wapce (partially) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaps

Finnish: vaapsahainen

Estonian: vapsik

Karelian: voapsahaine

Livonian: vaps

Veps: bapshaine

→ Proto-Samic: *viepsēs (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wops-éh₂, from *wóps.


wagnisô

wagnisô (nominative singular)
wagnisaniz (nominative plural)
wagnisô (singular vocative)
wagnisaniz (plural vocative)
wagnisanų (accusative singular)
wagnisanunz (accusative plural)
wagnisiniz (genitive singular)
wagnisanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wagnisini (dative singular)
wagnisammaz (dative plural)
wagnisinē (instrumental singular)
wagnisammiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: waganso

Middle High German: wagense, wagese

German: Wagense

Bavarian: Wagensun

Alemannic German: Wägese

Old Norse: *vagsni, vangsni

Norwegian: vangsne, vagnse

Swedish: vangs (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *wogʷʰnis, *wogʷʰmis, probably from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-. Cognate with Old Prussian wagnis (“ploughshare”), Ancient Greek ὀφνίς (ophnís) (Hesychius) and Latin vōmis, vōmer.

Brill Publishers
Hesychius of Alexandria


wigją

wigją (nominative singular)
wigjō (nominative plural)
wigją (singular vocative)
wigjō (plural vocative)
wigją (accusative singular)
wigjō (accusative plural)
wigjas (genitive singular)
wigis (genitive singular)
wigjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wigjai (dative singular)
wigjamaz (dative plural)
wigjō (instrumental singular)
wigjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wigi
Old English: wiċġ, wyċġ
Middle English: *wigge, wig
English: widge
Old Frisian: wigge, widze, wedze
Old Saxon: wiggi, wigg, wig
Old Dutch: wiggi

Old Norse: vigg

Icelandic: vigg n, viggur m

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to carry; move; transport; ride”).


wiljakwemô

gem-decl-noun-table

*wiljakwemô (an-stem)

wiljakwemô (nominative singular)
wiljakwemaniz (nominative plural)
wiljakwemô (singular vocative)
wiljakwemaniz (plural vocative)
wiljakwemanų (accusative singular)
wiljakwemanunz (accusative plural)
wiljakweminiz (genitive singular)
wiljakwemanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiljakwemini (dative singular)
wiljakwemammaz (dative plural)
wiljakweminē (instrumental singular)
wiljakwemammiz (instrumental plural)

From *wiljaną (“to want”) + *kwemaną (“to come”). Literally "desired comer" (or "desired come!").


staþlaz

staþlaz (nominative singular)
staþlōz (nominative plural)
staþlōs (nominative plural)
staþl (singular vocative)
staþlōz (plural vocative)
staþlōs (plural vocative)
staþlą (accusative singular)
staþlanz (accusative plural)
staþlas (genitive singular)
staþlis (genitive singular)
staþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staþlai (dative singular)
staþlamaz (dative plural)
staþlō (instrumental singular)
staþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: staþol

Old Dutch: *stathal

Middle Dutch: stadel

Old High German: stadal

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂tlos, from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Latin obstāculum.


swalwǭ

swalwǭ (nominative singular)
swalwōniz (nominative plural)
swalwǭ (singular vocative)
swalwōniz (plural vocative)
swalwōnų (accusative singular)
swalwōnunz (accusative plural)
swalwōniz (genitive singular)
swalwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swalwōni (dative singular)
swalwōmaz (dative plural)
swalwōnē (instrumental singular)
swalwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swalwā
Old English: swealwe, swealewe
Middle English: swalwe, swalewe, swalowe, swhalow, sualow, swalow, swalue, swolwe, swaluwe, swalew, swalugh
English: swallow
Scots: swalla, swallae
Old Frisian: swale
North Frisian: swaal, swul, swol
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Swoalke, Swoolke
West Frisian: swel
Old Saxon: swala
Middle Low German: swale
Dutch Low Saxon: swaalfe
German Low German: Schwaale
Old Dutch: *swalwa, *swalawa
Middle Dutch: swalwe, swalewe
Dutch: zwaluw, zwalf, zwavel, zwalver, zwalm (dialectal)
Afrikaans: swael
Old High German: swalawa
Middle High German: swalwe
Alemannic German: Schwalme
Swabian: Schwaba
Central Franconian: Schwalleb, Schwallef, Schmallef, Schmollef, Schmorbel, Schmärbel, Schmälwer, Schwalwer, Schwalfter, Schwarbel, Schwawel, Schwaal
Hunsrik: Schwalleb
Luxembourgish: Schmuewel, Schmuebel, Schmuelef
German: Schwalbe
→ Dutch: schwalbe
→ Silesian: šwalbkowate (compounded with native word)
Vilamovian: śwojmła

Old Norse: svala

Icelandic: svala

Faroese: svala

Norwegian: svale

Old Swedish: svala

Swedish: svala

Old Danish: swalæ, swolæ

Danish: svale, sole

Elfdalian: såla

Gutnish: svale

Scanian: svala

→ Proto-Samic: *svālfō

Northern Sami: spálfu

Uncertain. Possibly related to Russian солове́й (solovéj, “nightingale”). Possibly related to Ancient Greek ἀλκυών (alkuṓn, “kingfisher”), in which case the corresponding PGmc reconstruction would be *swalhwǭ.
Kroonen compares *sūliz (“column, pillar”) and *sūljaną (“to insert a wedge-shaped piece into an incision”), explaining that the gannet and swallow were named for their wedge-shaped tails. In this case, the original form *swoHl-weh₂- would have developed into *swalwǭ by Dybo's law.


hrīsą

hrīsą (nominative singular)
hrīsō (nominative plural)
hrīsą (singular vocative)
hrīsō (plural vocative)
hrīsą (accusative singular)
hrīsō (accusative plural)
hrīsas (genitive singular)
hrīsis (genitive singular)
hrīsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīsai (dative singular)
hrīsamaz (dative plural)
hrīsō (instrumental singular)
hrīsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīs

Old English: hrīs

Middle English: ris, rys

Scots: reise, rice

English: rise, rice

Old Frisian: hrīs

Saterland Frisian: Riese, Ries

West Frisian: riis

Old Saxon: hrīs

Middle Low German: rîs

German Low German: Ries

Old Dutch: rīs (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: rijs

Dutch: rijs

Old High German: hrīs, rīs

Middle High German: rīs

German: Reis

Old Norse: hrís

Icelandic: hrís

Faroese: rís

Norwegian Bokmål: ris

Norwegian Nynorsk: ris

Old Swedish: rīs

Swedish: ris

Danish: ris

→ Proto-Samic: *rissē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreys- (“to turn; bend; wind; shake”).


þeuhtēr

þeuhtēr (nominative singular)
þiuhtriz (nominative plural)
þeuhter (singular vocative)
þiuhtriz (plural vocative)
þeuhterų (accusative singular)
þeuhtrunz (accusative plural)
þeuhturz (genitive singular)
þeuhtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiuhtri (dative singular)
þeuhtrumaz (dative plural)
þeuhtrē (instrumental singular)
þeuhtrumiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *thiohter, *diohter

Middle High German: diehter, tiehter

From Proto-Indo-European *tewk-tḗr, derived from the root *tewk- (“seed, offspring”) + *-tḗr by analogy with other familial terms (cf. *fadēr, *mōdēr, *brōþēr, *swestēr, *duhtēr).


wardaz

wardaz (nominative singular)
wardōz (nominative plural)
wardōs (nominative plural)
ward (singular vocative)
wardōz (plural vocative)
wardōs (plural vocative)
wardą (accusative singular)
wardanz (accusative plural)
wardas (genitive singular)
wardis (genitive singular)
wardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardai (dative singular)
wardamaz (dative plural)
wardō (instrumental singular)
wardamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ward
Old English: weard
Middle English: ward
Scots: ward
English: ward
⇒ Old Frisian: warder
Old Saxon: ward
Middle Low German: wart, wārt (in compounds)
Old High German: wart
Middle High German: wart
German: Wart

Old Norse: varðr

q

only in <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃</i> (daurawards)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (*wards) (only in 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (daurawards))

From Proto-Indo-European *wor-tós, *wor-tús, from the root *wer- (“to watch, heed, guard”).


balwą

balwą (nominative singular)
balwō (nominative plural)
balwą (singular vocative)
balwō (plural vocative)
balwą (accusative singular)
balwō (accusative plural)
balwas (genitive singular)
balwis (genitive singular)
balwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balwai (dative singular)
balwamaz (dative plural)
balwō (instrumental singular)
balwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balu
Old English: bealu, balu, bealo
Middle English: bale, balu
English: bale (dated)
Old Saxon: balu, balo
Old High German: balo
Middle High German: bale
⇒ Middle High German: balheit

Old Norse: bǫl

Icelandic: böl

Derived from the adjective *balwaz (“sick, evil”).


þarbō

þarbō (nominative singular)
þarbôz (nominative plural)
þarbō (singular vocative)
þarbôz (plural vocative)
þarbǭ (accusative singular)
þarbōz (accusative plural)
þarbōz (genitive singular)
þarbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þarbōi (dative singular)
þarbōmaz (dative plural)
þarbō (instrumental singular)
þarbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þarbu
Old English: þearf
Middle English: thearf, therf
Old Saxon: tharf
Middle Low German: bedarf
→ German: Bedarf
→ Saterland Frisian: Bedarf
Old High German: darba

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᚱᛒᚢ (*þarbu)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚢᚦᛡᚱᛡᛒᛡ (uþᴀrᴀbᴀ /ūþarᵃβa/, genitive plural)
Old Norse: óþǫrf, úþǫrf (genitive plural óþarfa)
Icelandic: óþörf
Old Swedish: otharf

Old Norse: þǫrf
Icelandic: þörf
Faroese: tørvur m, tarvur m
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: tarv m or n
Norwegian Nynorsk: tarv f; torv f
Old Swedish: þarf
Swedish: tarv n, tarf (pre-1906 spelling)
Old Danish: tharf
Danish: tarv c or n

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰 (þarba)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tarbëh, *tarbis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *torp-éh₂, from *terp- (“to satisfy; to need”). The details of the semantic shift are uncertain. According to Kroonen, Germanic may have preserved an older sense “to use” which has not survived in the other branches.


alinō

alinō (nominative singular)
alinôz (nominative plural)
alinō (singular vocative)
alinôz (plural vocative)
alinǭ (accusative singular)
alinōz (accusative plural)
alinōz (genitive singular)
alinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alinōi (dative singular)
alinōmaz (dative plural)
alinō (instrumental singular)
alinōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *alinu
Old English: eln
Middle English: elne, elle, ellen, eln, ellyn
English: ell
Scots: elne, ellne, eln, el, ell
Old Frisian: elne, ielne
Saterland Frisian: Äälne
West Frisian: jelne, jellen
Old Saxon: elina
Middle Low German: elne
German Low German: Ell
Old Dutch: *elina
Middle Dutch: elle, elne
Dutch: el
Old High German: elina, elena, elna, elle
Middle High German: elline, elne, elle, eln, ellen, ele
Cimbrian: élla
German: Elle
→ Vulgar Latin: *alina (also possibly from Gothic)
Old French: alne
Middle French: aune
French: aune
→ Italian: auna

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛚᛁᚾᚢ (*alinu)

Old Norse: alin, eln, ǫln

Icelandic: alin, öln

Faroese: alin

Norwegian: alen

Elfdalian: aln

Old Swedish: alin, aln

Swedish: aln

Danish: alen

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l-én-eh₂, from *Heh₃l- (“to bow, elbow”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὠλένη (ōlénē), Latin ulna, Welsh elin.


alīnō

alīnō (nominative singular)
alīnôz (nominative plural)
alīnō (singular vocative)
alīnôz (plural vocative)
alīnǭ (accusative singular)
alīnōz (accusative plural)
alīnōz (genitive singular)
alīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alīnōi (dative singular)
alīnōmaz (dative plural)
alīnō (instrumental singular)
alīnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (aleina)

→ Vulgar Latin: *alina

Old French: alne (also possibly from Frankish)

Middle French: aune

French: aune

→ Italian: auna


mauraz

mauraz (nominative singular)
maurōz (nominative plural)
maurōs (nominative plural)
maur (singular vocative)
maurōz (plural vocative)
maurōs (plural vocative)
maurą (accusative singular)
mauranz (accusative plural)
mauras (genitive singular)
mauris (genitive singular)
maurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maurai (dative singular)
mauramaz (dative plural)
maurō (instrumental singular)
mauramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: maurr

Icelandic: maur

Faroese: meyra

Norwegian: maur

Old Swedish: *mør (in mørastakker)

Jamtish: mour

→ Middle English: mowre

From pre-Germanic *mowros, in which *mowr- is believed to be a metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *mor-w- (“ant”). Compare the synonym *miurijǭ.


raubaz

raubaz (nominative singular)
raubōz (nominative plural)
raubōs (nominative plural)
raub (singular vocative)
raubōz (plural vocative)
raubōs (plural vocative)
raubą (accusative singular)
raubanz (accusative plural)
raubas (genitive singular)
raubis (genitive singular)
raubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raubai (dative singular)
raubamaz (dative plural)
raubō (instrumental singular)
raubamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raub
Old English: rēaf
Middle English: reif, reaf, ræf, ref, reve, raf, ræve, rave, reafe
English: reif, reaf, rief
Scots: reif, rief, reiff, refe, ref
Old Frisian: rāf
Saterland Frisian: Roof
West Frisian: rôf
Old Saxon: *rōf
Middle Low German: rôf
German Low German: Roov
→ Old Swedish: rōf
Swedish: rov
Old Dutch: *rōf
Middle Dutch: rôof
Dutch: roof
Afrikaans: roof
Old High German: roub, roup
Middle High German: roub, roup
Alemannic German: Raub
German: Raub
Luxembourgish: Raf
→ Early Medieval Latin: rauba
Italian: roba
Sicilian: robba
Old French: robe, robbe, reube
Middle French: robe
French: robe
→ Dutch: robe
→ German: Robe
→ Czech: róba
→ Romanian: robă f
→ Turkish: rop
Norman: robe
→ Middle English: robe, roobe, rob, robbe
English: robe
→ Irish: róba
→ Scottish Gaelic: ròb
Scots: robe
Old Occitan:
Catalan: roba
Old Galician-Portuguese: roupa
Galician: roupa
Portuguese: roupa
Old Spanish:
Spanish: ropa
→ Chamicuro: ropa

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to peel; tear; strip”), synchronically analyzed as a nominal derivative of *reufaną (“to tear”).


miuzijō

miuzijō (nominative singular)
miuzijôz (nominative plural)
miuzijō (singular vocative)
miuzijôz (plural vocative)
miuzijǭ (accusative singular)
miuzijōz (accusative plural)
miuzijōz (genitive singular)
miuzijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miuzijōi (dative singular)
miuzijōmaz (dative plural)
miuzijō (instrumental singular)
miuzijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miusiju, *miuʀiju

Old English: *mīesiġ, *mȳsiġ

Middle English: misy

English: mizzy

desctree

Old Norse: mýrr
Icelandic: mýri
Faroese: mýri, mýra
Norwegian: myr
→ Danish: myr
Norwegian Bokmål: myr
Old Swedish: mȳr
Swedish: myr
Old Gutnish: myr
→ Middle English: mire, myre
English: mire
Scots: myre, mire

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mews-yeh₂ (“moss, swamp”), equivalent to *meusą + *-jō.


stubbaz

stubbaz (nominative singular)
stubbōz (nominative plural)
stubbōs (nominative plural)
stubb (singular vocative)
stubbōz (plural vocative)
stubbōs (plural vocative)
stubbą (accusative singular)
stubbanz (accusative plural)
stubbas (genitive singular)
stubbis (genitive singular)
stubbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stubbai (dative singular)
stubbamaz (dative plural)
stubbō (instrumental singular)
stubbamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stubb

Old English: stubb; stybb, stebb (< *stubjaz, *stubbijaz?)

Middle English: stubbe

Scots: stub, stob

English: stub

Old Frisian: *steb

⇒ Old Frisian: steblith

Old Norse: stubbr

Icelandic: stubbur

Norn: stubb

Norwegian: stubb

Danish: stub

From an earlier n-stem *stubbô ~ *stubbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-, *(s)tewb⁽ʰ⁾- (“to push; knock; butt”), but the reason for the voiced coda is uncertain. Compare Ancient Greek στύπος (stúpos, “stump”).


stubbô

stubbô (nominative singular)
stubbaniz (nominative plural)
stubbô (singular vocative)
stubbaniz (plural vocative)
stubbanų (accusative singular)
stubbanunz (accusative plural)
stubbiniz (genitive singular)
stubbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stubbini (dative singular)
stubbammaz (dative plural)
stubbinē (instrumental singular)
stubbammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stubbō

Old Frisian: *stebbe (in stebbelith)

Saterland Frisian: Stubbe

West Frisian: stobbe

Old Saxon: *stubbo

Middle Low German: stubbe

desc

German Low German: Stubb, Stubbe, Stubben

→ German: Stubben, Stubbe

Old Dutch: *stubbo

Middle Dutch: stubbe

Dutch: stobbe

Old Norse: stubbi, stobbi

Icelandic: stubbi

Faroese: stubbi

Old Swedish: stubbe, stobbe

Swedish: stubbe

Gutnish: stabbe

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewb- or *(s)tewbʰ- (“to push, knock, butt”), related to the synonymous root *(s)tewp-.


stumpaz

stumpaz (nominative singular)
stumpōz (nominative plural)
stumpōs (nominative plural)
stump (singular vocative)
stumpōz (plural vocative)
stumpōs (plural vocative)
stumpą (accusative singular)
stumpanz (accusative plural)
stumpas (genitive singular)
stumpis (genitive singular)
stumpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stumpai (dative singular)
stumpamaz (dative plural)
stumpō (instrumental singular)
stumpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stump

Old Frisian: *stump

Saterland Frisian: Stump

West Frisian: stomp

Old Saxon: *stump

Middle Low German: stump

German Low German: Stump

→ Middle English: stumpe, stompe

English: stump

Scots: stump, stomp

→ Old Norse: stumpr

Icelandic: stumpur

Norwegian: stump

Old Swedish: stumper, stomper

Swedish: stump

Old Dutch: *stump

Middle Dutch: stomp

Dutch: stomp

Old High German: stumph

Middle High German: stumph, stumpf

German: Stumpf

Luxembourgish: Stomp

Related to *stimbaną (“to stamp, cut off, mutilate”) and *stapjaną (“to step”) and from its same ultimate source.