krukjō

krukjō (nominative singular)
krukjôz (nominative plural)
krukjō (singular vocative)
krukjôz (plural vocative)
krukjǭ (accusative singular)
krukjōz (accusative plural)
krukjōz (genitive singular)
krukjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krukjōi (dative singular)
krukjōmaz (dative plural)
krukjō (instrumental singular)
krukjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krukkju
Old English: cryċċ, criċċ, cryċ
Middle English: crucche, croch, croche, crouch, cruche
English: crutch
Scots: crutch
Old Frisian: *krukk, *krekk, *krek
Saterland Frisian: Krukke, Kruke (possibly from Low German)
West Frisian: kruk (possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: krukka
Middle Low German: krucke, krocke, krücke
German Low German: Krück
Low German: krukke, Krükke, Krück
→ Danish: krykke
→ Old Swedish: krykkia
Swedish: krycka
→ Norwegian: krykke, krykkje
Old Dutch: *krukka
Middle Dutch: crucke, cricke, crocke
Dutch: kruk (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: krucka
Middle High German: krücke
Cimbrian: khrukha
German: Krücke
Lombardic: *krukkja
→ Italian: gruccia
→ Latin: crucia, crucea, cruccia, crucca, croccia
Franco-Provençal: crosse, croche
Italo-Dalmatian
Italian: croccia (Tuscan and central dialects)
Neapolitan: croccia, corcia, crocia
Sicilian: crozza
Piedmontese: cròssa
Old French: crosse
Middle French: crosse
French: crosse
→ Portuguese: crossa
Old Occitan: cròça
Occitan: cròça

From Proto-Indo-European *grewg- (“bend, wrinkle”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to bend, turn”).


bazją

bazją (nominative singular)
bazjō (nominative plural)
bazją (singular vocative)
bazjō (plural vocative)
bazją (accusative singular)
bazjō (accusative plural)
bazjas (genitive singular)
bazis (genitive singular)
bazjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bazjai (dative singular)
bazjamaz (dative plural)
bazjō (instrumental singular)
bazjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baʀi
Old English: berġe, berie, beriġe
Middle English: berye, berȝe, berie, bery, byry, beriye
English: berry
Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry
⇒ Yola: kraanberry
Old Frisian: *berie
Saterland Frisian: Bäie
West Frisian: bei (possibly from Dutch, ultimately from Old French and bāca)
Old Saxon: beri
Middle Low German: bere
German Low German: Beer
Plautdietsch: Bäa
Old Dutch: *beri
Middle Dutch: bere
Dutch: bère, bèr (dialectal)
West Flemish: beier
Old High German: beri
Middle High German: ber
Alemannic German: Berri
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: per
Mòcheno: per
German: Beere
Hunsrik: Beer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Pennsylvania German: Beer
Vilamovian: bjēr

Old Norse: ber
Icelandic: ber
Faroese: ber
Norwegian: bær
Old Swedish: bær
Swedish: bär
Danish: bær

Unknown. Has been compared to Old Irish basc (“red”) ("berry-colored"), based on a purported connection with Proto-West Germanic *basu (“purple, crimson”), as well as to Latin fascis (“bundle”) and its relatives, though Latin bāca (“berry”) is likely not related. Older theories tentatively connected the word to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine, glisten”) or *bʰes- (“to blow, chew, rub”).


basją

basją (nominative singular)
basjō (nominative plural)
basją (singular vocative)
basjō (plural vocative)
basją (accusative singular)
basjō (accusative plural)
basjas (genitive singular)
basis (genitive singular)
basjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
basjai (dative singular)
basjamaz (dative plural)
basjō (instrumental singular)
basjamiz (instrumental plural)
*bazją (alternative)

gl

Proto-West Germanic: *basi n; *basu f (the feminine derived from the neuter plural *basju)

Old English: basu, baso f

Old Dutch: *besi

Middle Dutch: bese, bes, beze, bezie f (a long vowel in certain dialects)

Dutch: bes, bees, bezie (a long vowel in certain dialects)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍃𐌹 (weinabasi)

Uncertain; perhaps from a pre-Indo-European substrate word. Otherwise, outside of Germanic, it may be related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine, glisten”) or to Sanskrit बभस्ति (babhasti, “to chew, eat”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰes-. However, also compare Latin baca (“berry”), or fascis (“bundle”).

cog

berry; a small fruit, of any one of many varieties


brinkaz

brinkaz (nominative singular)
brinkōz (nominative plural)
brinkōs (nominative plural)
brink (singular vocative)
brinkōz (plural vocative)
brinkōs (plural vocative)
brinką (accusative singular)
brinkanz (accusative plural)
brinkas (genitive singular)
brinkis (genitive singular)
brinkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brinkai (dative singular)
brinkamaz (dative plural)
brinkō (instrumental singular)
brinkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *brink

Saterland Frisian: Brink

West Frisian: brink

Old Saxon: *brink

Middle Low German: brink

German Low German: Brink

→ German: Brink

→ Danish: brink

q

→ Middle English: brinke (also from Old Norse *brenka, *brinka; see below)

→ Swedish: brink

Old Dutch: brink

Middle Dutch: brinc

Dutch: brink

Old High German:

⇒ German: Brunkel (dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: *brenka, *brinka, brekka, *brenka
Icelandic: brekka
Faroese: brekka
Norwegian: brekke
Swedish: bräkka, brikka
→ Middle English: brinke, brynke, brenk, brink, brynkke, brynk, brenke, bryncke (also from Middle Low German brink)
English: brink
Scots: brink

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰren- (“project”) . Compare Tocharian B prenke (“island”), Irish braine (“prow”).


sumpaz

sumpaz (nominative singular)
sumpōz (nominative plural)
sumpōs (nominative plural)
sump (singular vocative)
sumpōz (plural vocative)
sumpōs (plural vocative)
sumpą (accusative singular)
sumpanz (accusative plural)
sumpas (genitive singular)
sumpis (genitive singular)
sumpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumpai (dative singular)
sumpamaz (dative plural)
sumpō (instrumental singular)
sumpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sump

Old English: *sump

Middle English: sumpe (possibly, attested 1240)

Old Frisian: *sump

Saterland Frisian: Sump

West Frisian: sompe, somp

Old Saxon: *sump

Middle Low German: sump

German Low German: Sump

Plautdietsch: Somp

→ Norwegian: sump

Old Dutch: *sump

Middle Dutch: sump, somp

Dutch: zomp

→ Middle English: (or from Middle Low German) sompe; swamp (a blend of sompe and swam)

English: sump; swamp (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: *sumpf

Middle High German: sumpf

German: Sumpf
→ Hungarian: zsombék
→ Swedish: sump
→ Finnish: sumppu

→ Czech: žumpa

→ Polish: żąp

Old Norse: soppr

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs

Compare *swammaz (“sponge, fungus”); both along with the variant *swambaz may derive from an earlier n-stem *swambô (nom.sg.) ~ *sumppaz (gen.sg.). It is unclear whether both words are of Indo-European origin or wanderworts.


mihstuz

mihstuz (nominative singular)
mihstiwiz (nominative plural)
mihstu (singular vocative)
mihstiwiz (plural vocative)
mihstų (accusative singular)
mihstunz (accusative plural)
mihstauz (genitive singular)
mihstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mihstiwi (dative singular)
mihstumaz (dative plural)
mihstū (instrumental singular)
mihstumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mihstu
Old Saxon: mist
Middle Low German: mist, mest
German Low German: Mess
Old Dutch: *mist
Middle Dutch: mest
Dutch: mest
Old High German: mist
Middle High German: mist
German: Mist
Luxembourgish: Mëscht

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (maihstus)

Probably from *mihsą (“dung”) + *-þuz, the former related to *mīganą (“to urinate”).


hugiz

hugiz (nominative singular)
hugīz (nominative plural)
hugi (singular vocative)
hugīz (plural vocative)
hugį (accusative singular)
huginz (accusative plural)
hugīz (genitive singular)
hugijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hugī (dative singular)
hugimaz (dative plural)
hugī (instrumental singular)
hugimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hugi
Old English: hyġe, hiġe
Middle English: hige, huȝe, huiȝe, hiȝe, huie, hiȝ, hie
Old Frisian: hei
North Frisian: huwggje
Old Saxon: hugi
Middle Low German: hoge, höge
Low German: Höög
Old Dutch: *hugi
Middle Dutch: hōge, huege
Dutch: heug
→ West Frisian: heuch
Old High German: *hugi
Middle High German: huge, hoge, hüge

Old Norse: hugr
Icelandic: hugur
Faroese: hugur
Norwegian Nynorsk: hug
Old Swedish: hugher, hogher
Swedish: hug c, håg c
Old Danish: hugh
Danish: hu c, (dialectal) hov c

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐍃 (hugs)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱk-í-s ~ *ḱk-éy-s, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”), whence Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“skilled, abled”), Old Irish cécht (“might”), Sanskrit शकत् (śákat, “to be able”), Younger Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬌 (sācaiiaṇti, “to learn, understand”), Younger Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬱𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (saškuštəma, “the best understanding”).
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”), or perhaps Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“flare up, glow”), whence Sanskrit शुच्यति (śúcyati, “to glow, shine; to hurt”) (though the semantics for the latter suggestion are more tenuous).


ernustuz

ernustuz (nominative singular)
ernustiwiz (nominative plural)
ernustu (singular vocative)
ernustiwiz (plural vocative)
ernustų (accusative singular)
ernustunz (accusative plural)
ernustauz (genitive singular)
ernustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ernustiwi (dative singular)
ernustumaz (dative plural)
ernustū (instrumental singular)
ernustumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eornust, eornost, eornest

Middle English: eornest, ernest

Scots: ernist, ernyst

English: earnest

Old Frisian: ernst

Saterland Frisian: Iedenst

West Frisian: earnst

Old Saxon: ernust, ernist

Middle Low German: ērnest, ērnst

German Low German: Eernst

Old Dutch: ernust, ernost

desctree

Middle Dutch: ernst, ernest
Dutch: ernst
Afrikaans: erns
Negerhollands: ernst
Limburgish: èrns

Old High German: ernust
→ Czech: Arnošt
Middle High German: ërnest, ërnst
Alemannic German: Èèrnscht, Ärnscht
German: Ernst
→ English: Ernst, Ernest
Luxembourgish: Eescht

From a derivative of *arniz (“efficient, capable, diligent, sure”); see there for more.

seriousness; earnest; strength; solidity


daigaz

daigaz (nominative singular)
daigōz (nominative plural)
daigōs (nominative plural)
daig (singular vocative)
daigōz (plural vocative)
daigōs (plural vocative)
daigą (accusative singular)
daiganz (accusative plural)
daigas (genitive singular)
daigis (genitive singular)
daigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daigai (dative singular)
daigamaz (dative plural)
daigō (instrumental singular)
daigamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daig

Old English: dāg, dāh

Middle English: dagh, dogh, dow

Scots: daich, dauch

English: dough, duff (dialectal)

Yola: doaugh, dhoaugh

Old Frisian: *dāch

Saterland Frisian: Deech, Dee

West Frisian: daai

Old Saxon: *dēg

Middle Low German: dêch, deech

German Low German: Deeg

Plautdietsch: Dieech

Old Dutch: *deig

Middle Dutch: deech

Dutch: deeg

Afrikaans: deeg

Old High German: teig, teic

Middle High German: teic, teig

Bavarian: Doag

Luxembourgish: Deeg

German: Teig

Yiddish: טייג (teyg)

Old Norse: deig n

Icelandic: deig n

Faroese: deiggj n

Norn: djag n

Norwegian: deig m

Old Swedish: dēgher m

Swedish: deg c

Old Danish: degh

Danish: dej c, dejg c

Gutnish: daig

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍃 (daigs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *taikina
Estonian: taigen
Finnish: taikina
Ingrian: taikina
Karelian:
North Karelian: taikina
South Karelian: taigina
Livonian: ⇒ tāigandõks
Livvi: taigin
Ludian: taigin
Veps: taigin
>? Võro: taignõ
Votic: taitšinõ

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰóyǵʰ-o-s, from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to build, mold, form, knead”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dě̄žà (“dough trough”), Latin fingō (“mold”, verb).


skaggiją

skaggiją (nominative singular)
skaggijō (nominative plural)
skaggiją (singular vocative)
skaggijō (plural vocative)
skaggiją (accusative singular)
skaggijō (accusative plural)
skaggijas (genitive singular)
skaggīs (genitive singular)
skaggijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaggijai (dative singular)
skaggijamaz (dative plural)
skaggijō (instrumental singular)
skaggijamiz (instrumental plural)
*skaggijaz (alternative)
*skagją (alternative)
*skaggô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaggō (< Proto-Germanic *skaggô)

Old English: sċeacga

Middle English: *schagge, *shagge

Scots: schage, schaig, schagg

English: shag

Old Norse: skegg

Icelandic: skegg

Faroese: skegg

Norwegian: skjegg

Old Swedish: skæg

Swedish: skägg

Danish: skæg

From *skag- (“to emerge, stick out”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek-, *(s)keg- (“to jump, skip, move, hurry”) + *-gją, *-gjô, *-gô.


bewwu

bewwu (nominative singular)
bewwū (nominative plural)
bewwu (singular vocative)
bewwū (plural vocative)
bewwu (accusative singular)
bewwū (accusative plural)
bewwauz (genitive singular)
biwwiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
biwwiwi (dative singular)
bewwumaz (dative plural)
bewwū (instrumental singular)
bewwumiz (instrumental plural)

alternative form of *bewwą (“crops; barley”)


bērō

bērō (nominative singular)
bērôz (nominative plural)
bērō (singular vocative)
bērôz (plural vocative)
bērǭ (accusative singular)
bērōz (accusative plural)
bērōz (genitive singular)
bērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bērōi (dative singular)
bērōmaz (dative plural)
bērō (instrumental singular)
bērōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bāru
Old English: bēr, bǣr
Middle English: bere, beere, beer
Scots: bere, beir
English: bier
Old Frisian: bēre
North Frisian: beer, baar
Saterland Frisian: Beere
West Frisian: berje, bier, baar
Old Saxon: bāra
Middle Low German: bāre
German Low German: Bahr
Old Dutch: *bāra
Middle Dutch: bâre
Dutch: baar
Afrikaans: baar
Old High German: bāra
Middle High German: bāre
German: Bahre
→ Italian: bara
⇒ Italian: barella
→ Vulgar Latin: *bera
Old French: bere, biere
Middle French: biere
French: bière
Old Occitan: bera

Old Norse: bár, bára
Danish: båre
Faroese: bára
Icelandic: bára
Norwegian Bokmål: båre, bår
Norwegian Nynorsk: båre
Old Swedish: bār
Swedish: bår
→ Middle English: bare
English: bore
Scots: boar, bore
Norman : barre

that which bears or carries; stretcher, bier


barwijǭ

barwijǭ (nominative singular)
barwijōniz (nominative plural)
barwijǭ (singular vocative)
barwijōniz (plural vocative)
barwijōnų (accusative singular)
barwijōnunz (accusative plural)
barwijōniz (genitive singular)
barwijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barwijōni (dative singular)
barwijōmaz (dative plural)
barwijōnē (instrumental singular)
barwijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *barwijā

Old English: bearwe

Middle English: barowe, barwe, barow

Scots: barow, barrow

English: barrow

→ Zulu: ibhala

Old Frisian: *berwe, *barwe

desc

Saterland Frisian: Berve, Barve, Barfe, Barf

West Frisian: berje

Old Saxon: *berwia, *beria; *barwa (< *barwǭ)

Middle Low German: bāre, bōre, berwe, bȫrwe, bȫrje

German Low German: Barv

Low German: Böre, Bör, Berwe, Berf

→ Swedish: bör

→ Danish: bør

Old Dutch: *beria

Middle Dutch: berie, berrie

Dutch: berrie

→ Old French: barot, baroueste

Middle French: broüette

French: brouette; barou, barrô, barotte (dialectal)

→ Italian: baroccio

→ French: birouchette

Old High German: bera

Middle High German: bere

German: Bere (dialectal)

Old Norse: barar, barir

Icelandic: börur

Faroese: børa

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”).


būą

būą (nominative singular)
būō (nominative plural)
būą (singular vocative)
būō (plural vocative)
būą (accusative singular)
būō (accusative plural)
būas (genitive singular)
būis (genitive singular)
būǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būai (dative singular)
būamaz (dative plural)
būō (instrumental singular)
būamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bū

Middle English: bi, by

Old Saxon: bū

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: bú

Norwegian Nynorsk: bu

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bu

Icelandic: bú

Faroese: bú, búgv

Old East Norse: bó

Danish: bo

Norwegian Bokmål: bo

Old Swedish: bō

Swedish: bo


flatją

flatją (nominative singular)
flatjō (nominative plural)
flatją (singular vocative)
flatjō (plural vocative)
flatją (accusative singular)
flatjō (accusative plural)
flatjas (genitive singular)
flatis (genitive singular)
flatjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flatjai (dative singular)
flatjamaz (dative plural)
flatjō (instrumental singular)
flatjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flatti

Old English: flett, flet

Middle English: flet

Scots: flet

→ English: flat

→ Dutch: flat

English: flet

Old Frisian: flett, flet

Saterland Frisian: Flät

Old Saxon: fletti, flett, flet

Middle Low German: vlette, vlet

Low German: Flet

→ German: Flett

Old Dutch: *fletti

Middle Dutch: vlette, vlet

Dutch: vlet

Old High German: flezzi

Middle High German: vletze, vlez

German: Fletz, Flötz

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛚᚨᛏᛃᚨ (*flatja)

Old Norse: flet

Icelandic: flet, fleti

Faroese: flet f

Norwegian: flet

Old Swedish: flæt, flat

Old Danish: flæt

Danish: fled

→ Proto-Finnic: *lattija (see there for further descendants)


skelduz

skelduz (nominative singular)
skildiwiz (nominative plural)
skeldu (singular vocative)
skildiwiz (plural vocative)
skeldų (accusative singular)
skeldunz (accusative plural)
skeldauz (genitive singular)
skildiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skildiwi (dative singular)
skeldumaz (dative plural)
skeldū (instrumental singular)
skeldumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeldu
Old English: sċield, sċeld — Anglian, Kentish, sċild, sċyld
Middle English: scheld, schild, sheld, shild, shelde
Scots: scheld, scheild
English: shield
Old Frisian: skeld, skild, schild
North Frisian: skilt
Saterland Frisian: Skild, Schild
West Frisian: skyld
Old Saxon: skild, skeld
Middle Low German: schilt
Low German:
German Low German: Schild
Plautdietsch: Schilt
Old Dutch: skilt
Middle Dutch: schilt
Dutch: schild
Afrikaans: skild
Limburgish: sjèldj, sjildj
Old High German: skild, skilt
Middle High German: schilt
Bavarian: Schüd, Schuid, Schüld
German: Schild
→ Esperanto: ŝildo
→ Ido: shildo
Luxembourgish: Schëld
Yiddish: שילד (shild)

Old Norse: skjǫldr
Icelandic: skjöldur
Faroese: skjøldur
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjold m or n; (dialectal) skjøld m or n
Elfdalian: stjöld
Old Swedish: skiolder, skiølder
Swedish: sköld
Old Danish: skiold
Danish: skjold
Norwegian Bokmål: skjold n
Gutnish: skiåld

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skildus)

From pre-Germanic *skelH-tús, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split”). Compare Lithuanian ski̇̀ltis (“slice”).

der

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

Skeldungōz

Scyldings; legendary Danish royal dynasty


lōgą

lōgą (nominative singular)
lōgō (nominative plural)
lōgą (singular vocative)
lōgō (plural vocative)
lōgą (accusative singular)
lōgō (accusative plural)
lōgas (genitive singular)
lōgis (genitive singular)
lōgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lōgai (dative singular)
lōgamaz (dative plural)
lōgō (instrumental singular)
lōgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lōg

Old English: lōh, lōg

Middle English: loȝ, loogh, lough

Old Frisian: lōch

Saterland Frisian: Louch, Loge, Loage

→ Middle Low German: lôg, lôch, loech

German Low German: Loog

Old High German: luog

Middle High German: luoc

German: Lug

Old Norse: lóg

Icelandic: lóg

From Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to be situated, lie”).


legrą

legrą (nominative singular)
legrō (nominative plural)
legrą (singular vocative)
legrō (plural vocative)
legrą (accusative singular)
legrō (accusative plural)
legras (genitive singular)
ligris (genitive singular)
legrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
legrai (dative singular)
legramaz (dative plural)
legrō (instrumental singular)
legramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *legr
Old English: leġer
Middle English: leir, leire, lair, lare
English: lair
Scots: lair, lear, layer, lare
Old Frisian: legor, leger
Saterland Frisian: Leeger
West Frisian: leger
Old Saxon: legar
Middle Low German: lēger, lāger
German Low German: Lager
→ Estonian: leer
Old Dutch: *leger
Middle Dutch: lēger
Dutch: leger
Afrikaans: leër
→ English: leaguer
→ Sranan Tongo: legre
Old High German: legar
Middle High German: leger
German: Lager
→ Czech: lágr
→ Danish: lager
→ Dutch: lager
→ English: laager
→ English: lager
→ Estonian: laager
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: lager
Norwegian Nynorsk: lager
→ Romanian: lagăr
→ Russian: лагерь (lagerʹ)
→ Serbo-Croatian: lȏgor
→ Swedish: lager

Old Norse: legr

Norwegian Nynorsk: læger n, leger n

Old Swedish: lægher

Swedish: läger

→ Finnish: leiri

Danish: lejr c

Norwegian Bokmål: leir m

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: leir m

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌲𐍂𐍃 m (ligrs) (< *legraz m)

A substantivization of *legraz, from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to be situated, lie”).


nebulaz

nebulaz (nominative singular)
nebulōz (nominative plural)
nebulōs (nominative plural)
nebul (singular vocative)
nebulōz (plural vocative)
nebulōs (plural vocative)
nebulą (accusative singular)
nebulanz (accusative plural)
nebulas (genitive singular)
nebulis (genitive singular)
nebulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nebulai (dative singular)
nebulamaz (dative plural)
nebulō (instrumental singular)
nebulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nifol

Old Frisian: neval

Old Saxon: nebal, neval

Middle Low German: nēvel

Low German: neavel

Old Dutch: *neval

Middle Dutch: nēvel
Dutch: nevel
Limburgish: naevel

desc

Old High German: nebul, nibul, nepol, nebel

Middle High German: nebel

German: Nebel

Hunsrik: Newel

Luxembourgish: Niwwel

Vilamovian: naowuł

Yiddish: נעפּל (nepl)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos.


lepô

lepô (nominative singular)
lepaniz (nominative plural)
lepô (singular vocative)
lepaniz (plural vocative)
lepanų (accusative singular)
lepanunz (accusative plural)
lipiniz (genitive singular)
lepanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lipini (dative singular)
lepammaz (dative plural)
lipinē (instrumental singular)
lepammiz (instrumental plural)

gl

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *lippjō (alternatively derived from Proto-West Germanic *lep < Proto-Germanic *lepaz)

Old Norse: *lepi

Norwegian: lepe

>? Norwegian Bokmål: leppe (possibly native, or rather borrowed from Middle Low German)

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: leppe (possibly native, or rather borrowed from Middle Low German)

Old Swedish: læpi, lepe

Swedish: läpe (dialectal)

⇒? Old Swedish: læpper (< *lipn-, *lepn- ?; alternatively from Old Norse *lepr < Proto-Germanic *lepaz)

Swedish: läpp

>? Old Swedish: lippa, lyppa, lippe (< *lipn-, *lepn- ?)

Old Danish: læpæ

Danish: læbe


rēsō

rēsō (nominative singular)
rēsôz (nominative plural)
rēsō (singular vocative)
rēsôz (plural vocative)
rēsǭ (accusative singular)
rēsōz (accusative plural)
rēsōz (genitive singular)
rēsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rēsōi (dative singular)
rēsōmaz (dative plural)
rēsō (instrumental singular)
rēsōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rās m or n
Old English: rǣs m
Middle English: ræse, rese, resse, res
Scots: rese, res, reas, reace
Old Saxon: *rās
Middle Low German: râs n (“strong current”)
Old Dutch: *rās
>? Middle Dutch: ras (“maelstrom, vortex”)
>? Dutch: raes (“estuary”) (obsolete)

Old Norse: rás f
Faroese: rás
French: raz
Icelandic: rás
→ Middle English: ras, race (through merger with Middle English rees, res < Old English rǣs)
English: race
Scots: ras, rase, race
→ Danish: race, ræs
→ Dutch: race
→ Swedish: race, rejs
→ Norwegian: race, res

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁s- (“to flow, rush”). Related to Ancient Greek ἐρωή (erōḗ, “rush, impulse”); see there for more cognates.


rīkijadōmaz

rīkijadōmaz (nominative singular)
rīkijadōmōz (nominative plural)
rīkijadōmōs (nominative plural)
rīkijadōm (singular vocative)
rīkijadōmōz (plural vocative)
rīkijadōmōs (plural vocative)
rīkijadōmą (accusative singular)
rīkijadōmanz (accusative plural)
rīkijadōmas (genitive singular)
rīkijadōmis (genitive singular)
rīkijadōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīkijadōmai (dative singular)
rīkijadōmamaz (dative plural)
rīkijadōmō (instrumental singular)
rīkijadōmamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *rīkijadōm, *rīkīdōm

Old English: rīċedōm

Middle English: richedom

English: richdom

Old Frisian: rīkedōm

Saterland Frisian: Riekdum

West Frisian: rykdom

Old Saxon: rīkidōm, rīkdōm

Middle Low German: rîkedôm

German Low German: Riekdoom

Old Dutch: *rīkdōm, *rīktuom

Middle Dutch: rijcdoem, rijcdom

Dutch: rijkdom

Old High German: rīhhituom, rīhtuom

Middle High German: rīchtuom

German: Reichtum

Luxembourgish: Räichtum

Old Norse: ríkdómr

Icelandic: ríkdómur

Faroese: ríkdómur

Norwegian Nynorsk: rikdom

Old Swedish: rīkedōmber, rīkdōmber

Swedish: rikedom

Danish: rigdom

Norwegian Bokmål: rikdom


hazdaz

hazdaz (nominative singular)
hazdōz (nominative plural)
hazdōs (nominative plural)
hazd (singular vocative)
hazdōz (plural vocative)
hazdōs (plural vocative)
hazdą (accusative singular)
hazdanz (accusative plural)
hazdas (genitive singular)
hazdis (genitive singular)
hazdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hazdai (dative singular)
hazdamaz (dative plural)
hazdō (instrumental singular)
hazdamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: heord, hād (attested in bundenheord, wundenheord, heorþswǣpe (for *heordswǣpe), hādswāpe, etc.)

Old Norse: haddr

Icelandic: haddur

Swedish: hadd

→? Finnish: hahtu, hahtuva

→? Latin: Hasdingi

From Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to card; comb”).


fursaz

fursaz (nominative singular)
fursōz (nominative plural)
fursōs (nominative plural)
furs (singular vocative)
fursōz (plural vocative)
fursōs (plural vocative)
fursą (accusative singular)
fursanz (accusative plural)
fursas (genitive singular)
fursis (genitive singular)
fursǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fursai (dative singular)
fursamaz (dative plural)
fursō (instrumental singular)
fursamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: fors, foss, foss
Icelandic: fors, foss
→ English: foss
Faroese: fossur
Norn: fors
Norwegian: foss, fors
→ Danish: fos, >? fors
Norwegian Bokmål: foss
Old Swedish: fors
Swedish: fors
Middle Danish: fors
>? Danish: fors (influenced by Norwegian)
→ Middle English: fors, force
English: force (in the sense of a waterfall) (Northern England)
→ Middle Low German: vorsch

→ Proto-Finnic: *purha (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *pŕ̥sos, from Proto-Indo-European *pers- (“to spray, splash”).


kurþrą

kurþrą (nominative singular)
kurþrō (nominative plural)
kurþrą (singular vocative)
kurþrō (plural vocative)
kurþrą (accusative singular)
kurþrō (accusative plural)
kurþras (genitive singular)
kurþris (genitive singular)
kurþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kurþrai (dative singular)
kurþramaz (dative plural)
kurþrō (instrumental singular)
kurþramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: corþer

Old High German: *kortar (< *kurdrą)

Middle High German: korter, korder

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂gr̥trom, from *h₂ger- (“to gather”) + *-þrą. Compare Ancient Greek ἀγείρω (ageírō, “to collect, gather”).


gimrī

gimrī (nominative singular)
gimrijôz (nominative plural)
gimrī (singular vocative)
gimrijôz (plural vocative)
gimrijǭ (accusative singular)
gimrijōz (accusative plural)
gimrijōz (genitive singular)
gimrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gimrijōi (dative singular)
gimrijōmaz (dative plural)
gimrijō (instrumental singular)
gimrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: gimbr, gymbr

Icelandic: gimbur

Faroese: gimbur

Swedish: gimmer, gimra

Danish: gimmer, gimmerlam

→ English: gimmer

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰim-, *ǵʰeym- (“winter, snow”). Compare Ancient Greek χίμαιρα (khímaira, “goat”).


midją

midją (nominative singular)
midjō (nominative plural)
midją (singular vocative)
midjō (plural vocative)
midją (accusative singular)
midjō (accusative plural)
midjas (genitive singular)
midis (genitive singular)
midjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjai (dative singular)
midjamaz (dative plural)
midjō (instrumental singular)
midjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: midd

Middle English: mid

English: mid

desctree

Old High German: mitti
Middle High German: mitte
German: Mitte
Yiddish: מיט (mit)

>? Old Norse: mið
Icelandic: mið n
Faroese: mið n
Norwegian Nynorsk: med, méd n
Norwegian Bokmål: med n

Traditionally taken as a derivative of *midjaz (“middle”). In addition to this theory, Kroonen proposes an alternative derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *met-yo-, from a *met- (“to look, aim”) (which he considers separate from the "cut, measure" sense), comparing Lithuanian matýti (“to look, watch”).


spangō

spangō (nominative singular)
spangôz (nominative plural)
spangō (singular vocative)
spangôz (plural vocative)
spangǭ (accusative singular)
spangōz (accusative plural)
spangōz (genitive singular)
spangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spangōi (dative singular)
spangōmaz (dative plural)
spangō (instrumental singular)
spangōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spangu
Old English: spang
Old High German: spanga

Old Norse: spǫng

Icelandic: spöng

Old Swedish: spang

Swedish: spång

Uncertain. Possibly derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)penh₁- (“to spin, braid”).


arhwō

arhwō (nominative singular)
arhwôz (nominative plural)
arhwō (singular vocative)
arhwôz (plural vocative)
arhwǭ (accusative singular)
arhwōz (accusative plural)
arhwōz (genitive singular)
arhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arhwōi (dative singular)
arhwōmaz (dative plural)
arhwō (instrumental singular)
arhwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arhu
Old English: earh, arwe, arewe
Middle English: arwe, arewe, arowe, arow
Scots: arowe, arow
English: arrow

Old Norse: ǫr
Icelandic: ör
Faroese: ørv f, ørvur m
Old Swedish: arf
→ Swedish: Orvar (borrowed from Old West Norse as personal name)

Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐍈𐌰 (*arƕa)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (arƕazna)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érkʷo- (“bow, arrow”). Compare Latin arcus.


aigǭ

aigǭ (nominative singular)
aigōniz (nominative plural)
aigǭ (singular vocative)
aigōniz (plural vocative)
aigōnų (accusative singular)
aigōnunz (accusative plural)
aigōniz (genitive singular)
aigōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aigōni (dative singular)
aigōmaz (dative plural)
aigōnē (instrumental singular)
aigōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: āge

desctree

Old Norse: eiga
Icelandic: eiga
Faroese: eiga
Norwegian Nynorsk: eiga; (dialectal) ega
Elfdalian: iegå
Old Swedish: ǣgha, ēgha
Swedish: äga
Danish: eje
Norwegian Bokmål: eie
Old Gutnish: aiga


aidaz

aidaz (nominative singular)
aidōz (nominative plural)
aidōs (nominative plural)
aid (singular vocative)
aidōz (plural vocative)
aidōs (plural vocative)
aidą (accusative singular)
aidanz (accusative plural)
aidas (genitive singular)
aidis (genitive singular)
aidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aidai (dative singular)
aidamaz (dative plural)
aidō (instrumental singular)
aidamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ād
Middle English: ād

Old Saxon: ēd

Old High German: eit

Middle High German: eit

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn, shine”), apparently continuing an extension *h₂ey-dʰh₁- (“to put to the fire”). Related to Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō, “to ignite, kindle”).


fōriją

fōriją (nominative singular)
fōrijō (nominative plural)
fōriją (singular vocative)
fōrijō (plural vocative)
fōriją (accusative singular)
fōrijō (accusative plural)
fōrijas (genitive singular)
fōrīs (genitive singular)
fōrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōrijai (dative singular)
fōrijamaz (dative plural)
fōrijō (instrumental singular)
fōrijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: fēre

Old High German: gifuori

Old Norse: fœri

Icelandic: færi

Faroese: føri

Old Swedish: fø̄re

Swedish: före

⇒ Old Danish: torfør

Danish: føre

Derived from *fōriz (“suitable”), or directly from *fōrijaną (“to lead”).


raginą

raginą (nominative singular)
raginō (nominative plural)
raginą (singular vocative)
raginō (plural vocative)
raginą (accusative singular)
raginō (accusative plural)
raginas (genitive singular)
raginis (genitive singular)
raginǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raginai (dative singular)
raginamaz (dative plural)
raginō (instrumental singular)
raginamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

desc

Old English: reġen-, reġn- (in compounds and given names)

Old High German: regin- (in given names)

desctree

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨ (*ragina)
Old Norse: regin, (in names) ragn-

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌽 (ragin)

Vandalic: *ragin- (in personal names)

From Pre-Germanic *Hrokéno-, from Proto-Indo-European *Hrok-, possibly further to *Hrek- (“to speak”). Related to Old Church Slavonic рокъ (rokŭ, “time”), Russian рок (rok, “fate”).

the gods, the ruling powers (plural only)


aukô

aukô (nominative singular)
aukaniz (nominative plural)
aukô (singular vocative)
aukaniz (plural vocative)
aukanų (accusative singular)
aukanunz (accusative plural)
aukiniz (genitive singular)
aukanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aukini (dative singular)
aukammaz (dative plural)
aukinē (instrumental singular)
aukammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēaca

q

Middle English: eke, eche (assibilation due to influence from the verb echen, a variant of eken)

English: eke

Scots: eke, eik

Old Frisian: āka

Old Norse: auki

Icelandic: auki

Faroese: eyki

Danish: øge, øg

Swedish: och


batô

batô (nominative singular)
bataniz (nominative plural)
batô (singular vocative)
bataniz (plural vocative)
batanų (accusative singular)
batanunz (accusative plural)
batiniz (genitive singular)
batanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
batini (dative singular)
batammaz (dative plural)
batinē (instrumental singular)
batammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *batō

Old English: *bata

⇒ Old English: *batfull

Middle English: batful, badfull

English: batful

Old Frisian: bata

Saterland Frisian: Baate m; Boate f

West Frisian: bate, baat

Old Saxon: *bato

Middle Low German: bāte

→ Danish: både

Old Dutch: *bato

Middle Dutch: bate

Dutch: baat

Afrikaans: baat

Old High German: *bazzo; *bazza

Middle High German: bazze f

Old Norse: bati

Icelandic: bati

Faroese: bati

Norwegian Bokmål: bate

Norwegian Nynorsk: bate


aferô

aferô (nominative singular)
aferaniz (nominative plural)
aferô (singular vocative)
aferaniz (plural vocative)
aferanų (accusative singular)
aferanunz (accusative plural)
afiriniz (genitive singular)
aferanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
afirini (dative singular)
aferammaz (dative plural)
afirinē (instrumental singular)
aferammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eafora, eafera

Old Saxon: avaro

Old Dutch: *avaro

Middle Dutch: aver (only in the expression van aver te avere (“from heir to heir; from generation to generation”))

Dutch: aver (only in the expression van aver te aver (“from heir to heir; from generation to generation”) or its variant van aver tot aver and indirectly in folk-etymologically altered van haver tot gort kennen)

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰 (afara)

/ˈɑ.ɸe.rɔːː/

Possibly a substantivization of *aferą (“after, following”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.


brimą

brimą (nominative singular)
brimō (nominative plural)
brimą (singular vocative)
brimō (plural vocative)
brimą (accusative singular)
brimō (accusative plural)
brimas (genitive singular)
brimis (genitive singular)
brimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brimai (dative singular)
brimamaz (dative plural)
brimō (instrumental singular)
brimamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brim

Middle English: brim

English: brim

Old Norse: brim

Icelandic: brim

Faroese: brim

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“edge, point, spike”), related to Old Norse barmr, Old English brant (“steep”), Latvian bruôds (“roof ridge”).


sīmô

sīmô (nominative singular)
sīmaniz (nominative plural)
sīmô (singular vocative)
sīmaniz (plural vocative)
sīmanų (accusative singular)
sīmanunz (accusative plural)
sīminiz (genitive singular)
sīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīmini (dative singular)
sīmammaz (dative plural)
sīminē (instrumental singular)
sīmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sīmō
Old English: sīma
Old Frisian: sīma, sīm
North Frisian: seem
Old Saxon: sīmo

Old Norse: síma

Icelandic: síma

Old Swedish: sīme

Swedish: simme

→ Proto-Finnic: *siima (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂imṓ, from *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἱμάς (himás, “leather strap, well-rope”), and possibly Sanskrit सीमन् (sīmán, “border, frontier, margin”).


fundiz

fundiz (nominative singular)
fundīz (nominative plural)
fundi (singular vocative)
fundīz (plural vocative)
fundį (accusative singular)
fundinz (accusative plural)
fundīz (genitive singular)
fundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fundī (dative singular)
fundimaz (dative plural)
fundī (instrumental singular)
fundimiz (instrumental plural)
*fundaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fundi
Old Frisian: fynd

Old Norse: fundr, fyndr
Icelandic: fundur
Faroese: fundur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: funn
Norwegian Nynorsk: funn
Old Swedish: funder m, fund f or n
Swedish: fynd n
Old Danish: fynd
Danish: fund c or n (common gender now obsolete)

A zero-grade oxytone noun derived from *finþaną (“to find”).


brukiz

brukiz (nominative singular)
brukīz (nominative plural)
bruki (singular vocative)
brukīz (plural vocative)
brukį (accusative singular)
brukinz (accusative plural)
brukīz (genitive singular)
brukjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brukī (dative singular)
brukimaz (dative plural)
brukī (instrumental singular)
brukimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bruki
Old English: bryċe, briċe
Middle English: breche
English: breach
Scots: breach, breiche, bretch, breack
Old Frisian: breke, bretse, breze
Saterland Frisian: Breek
Old Saxon: bruki
Middle Low German: bröke, broke
German Low German: Bröök, Brook
→ Swedish: bråk
→ Danish: brøk
Old Dutch: *bruki
Middle Dutch: brueke, brōke
Dutch: breuk
Afrikaans: breuk
Negerhollands: breek
→ Indonesian: patahan (“fault”) (semantic loan)
→ Indonesian: pecahan (“fraction”) (semantic loan)
→ Papiamentu: breuk
Old High German: bruh
Middle High German: bruch
German: Bruch
→ Saterland Frisian: Bruch
Hunsrik: Bruch
Luxembourgish: Broch
Vilamovian: brüch
Yiddish: בראָך (brokh)

Derived from *brekaną (“to break”) + *-iz.


fangiz

fangiz (nominative singular)
fangīz (nominative plural)
fangi (singular vocative)
fangīz (plural vocative)
fangį (accusative singular)
fanginz (accusative plural)
fangīz (genitive singular)
fangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fangī (dative singular)
fangimaz (dative plural)
fangī (instrumental singular)
fangimiz (instrumental plural)
*fanhiz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *fangi
Old English: feng, fang
Middle English: feng, fenge
Old Frisian: fang, feng, fong
Saterland Frisian: Fang, Fangst
Old Saxon: *fang (in anafang)
Middle Low German: vank
Old Dutch: *fang
Middle Dutch: vanc
Dutch: vang
Old High German: *fang (in sweizfang)
Middle High German: vanc
German: Fang

Old Norse: fengr

Icelandic: fengur

Faroese: fongur

Derived from *fanhaną (“to take, seize”).


walakuzjǭ

walakuzjǭ (nominative singular)
walakuzjōniz (nominative plural)
walakuzjǭ (singular vocative)
walakuzjōniz (plural vocative)
walakuzjōnų (accusative singular)
walakuzjōnunz (accusative plural)
walakuzjōniz (genitive singular)
walakuzjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walakuzjōni (dative singular)
walakuzjōmaz (dative plural)
walakuzjōnē (instrumental singular)
walakuzjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *walakuʀjā

Old English: wælcyrġe, uualcyrġe, wælcyrġe, wælcyriġe, walcrigge, walcyrġe — Early Old English, wælcerie, wælcyrie, wælkyrie
Middle English: walkirie, walkyrie

Old Norse: valkyrja
Icelandic: valkyrja
Faroese: valkyrja
Norwegian Nynorsk: valkyrja, valkyrje, valkyrju
Norwegian Bokmål: valkyrje
→ Swedish: valkyria (learned)
→ Danish: valkyrie (learned)
→ Catalan: valquíria
→ English: valkyrie
→ French: valkyrie
→ Low German: walköre
→ German: Walküre
→ Dutch: Walkure
→ Hungarian: valkűr
→ Russian: валькирия (valʹkirija)
→ Spanish: valquiria

From *walaz (“(battle) wound”) + *keusaną (“choose, decide”) + *-jǭ (“-er”, feminine agent noun suffix).

af

valkyrie, literally "chooser of the slain"


hailiþō

hailiþō (nominative singular)
hailiþôz (nominative plural)
hailiþō (singular vocative)
hailiþôz (plural vocative)
hailiþǭ (accusative singular)
hailiþōz (accusative plural)
hailiþōz (genitive singular)
hailiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hailiþōi (dative singular)
hailiþōmaz (dative plural)
hailiþō (instrumental singular)
hailiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hailiþu
Old English: hǣlþ
Middle English: helthe, elþ, elþe, healethe, heleth, helth, helþe, hilþe, helte (Late Middle English)
English: health
Scots: helth, halth
Old High German: heilida

Old Norse: *heild

Icelandic: heild

Faroese: heild


trumaz

trumaz (nominative singular)
trumōz (nominative plural)
trumōs (nominative plural)
trum (singular vocative)
trumōz (plural vocative)
trumōs (plural vocative)
trumą (accusative singular)
trumanz (accusative plural)
trumas (genitive singular)
trumis (genitive singular)
trumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trumai (dative singular)
trumamaz (dative plural)
trumō (instrumental singular)
trumamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *trum, wyrttrum, wyrttruma (< *trumô)

Continues Proto-Indo-European *drumos, from *deru-, *drew- (“tree”). Compare Sanskrit द्रुम (druma, “tree”), Ancient Greek δρυμός (drumós, “copse, thicket”), Old Armenian տրամ (tram, “solid, firm”).


falǭ

falǭ (nominative singular)
falōniz (nominative plural)
falǭ (singular vocative)
falōniz (plural vocative)
falōnų (accusative singular)
falōnunz (accusative plural)
falōniz (genitive singular)
falōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falōni (dative singular)
falōmaz (dative plural)
falōnē (instrumental singular)
falōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Swedish: fala

Swedish: fala

From Proto-Indo-European *polh₂-, from *pelh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic полѥ (polje).


tēwō

tēwō (nominative singular)
tēwôz (nominative plural)
tēwō (singular vocative)
tēwôz (plural vocative)
tēwǭ (accusative singular)
tēwōz (accusative plural)
tēwōz (genitive singular)
tēwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tēwōi (dative singular)
tēwōmaz (dative plural)
tēwō (instrumental singular)
tēwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: zāwa

Gothic: 𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰 (tēwa)

From earlier *tēgwō, from Proto-Indo-European *dēḱ-wéh₂, from *deḱ- (“to fit”).


urbą

urbą (nominative singular)
urbō (nominative plural)
urbą (singular vocative)
urbō (plural vocative)
urbą (accusative singular)
urbō (accusative plural)
urbas (genitive singular)
urbis (genitive singular)
urbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
urbai (dative singular)
urbamaz (dative plural)
urbō (instrumental singular)
urbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: orf

Old Swedish: orf, urf

From Pre-Germanic *h₃r̥bʰom, from the zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.


deuhtrą

deuhtrą (nominative singular)
deuhtrō (nominative plural)
deuhtrą (singular vocative)
deuhtrō (plural vocative)
deuhtrą (accusative singular)
deuhtrō (accusative plural)
deuhtras (genitive singular)
diuhtris (genitive singular)
deuhtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
deuhtrai (dative singular)
deuhtramaz (dative plural)
deuhtrō (instrumental singular)
deuhtramiz (instrumental plural)

Middle High German: diehter, tiehter

From Pre-Germanic *dʰewgh₂trom, full grade formation from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr.


unhtwǭ

unhtwǭ (nominative singular)
unhtwōniz (nominative plural)
unhtwǭ (singular vocative)
unhtwōniz (plural vocative)
unhtwōnų (accusative singular)
unhtwōnunz (accusative plural)
unhtwōniz (genitive singular)
unhtwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unhtwōni (dative singular)
unhtwōmaz (dative plural)
unhtwōnē (instrumental singular)
unhtwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ūht (< *unhtwaz), ūhta (< *unhtwô)

Middle English: *uht (found in compound uhtsang, uhtsong); Middle English: uhhtenn, uȝten, ughten, oughten (< Old English ūhtan, oblique form)

Old Saxon: ūhta

Middle Low German: uchte

German Low German: Uchte, Ucht

→ German: Uchte (“midnight mass”) (regional)

Old Dutch: *ūhto

Middle Dutch: uchte, ochte (various forms are attested, including nuchte through rebracketing, uchten/ochten from the case forms, and rarely uchtent/ochtent from the previous by analogy with avont (“evening”))

desctree

Dutch: ochtend, nuchtend, nuchtent, ochtent, ogtend, ogtent (obsolete)
Afrikaans: oggend
Jersey Dutch: óxtent

Old High German: uohta (irregular); *ūhta

Middle High German: uohte, ūhte (both rare)

German: Ucht, Aucht (both only in placenames and compounds)

Old Norse: ótta, óttask

Icelandic: ótta, óttast

Faroese: óttast

Norwegian Nynorsk: otta, ottast

Old Swedish: ōtta, ōta

Swedish: otte, otta

Danish: otte

Norwegian Bokmål: otte

Gothic: 𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉 (ūhtwō)

/ˈũːx.twɔ̃ː/

From Pre-Germanic *n̥kʷ-tw-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts (“night”). Compare Sanskrit अक्तु (aktú, “dark, night”).


suhturwijô

suhturwijô (nominative singular)
suhturwijaniz (nominative plural)
suhturwijô (singular vocative)
suhturwijaniz (plural vocative)
suhturwijanų (accusative singular)
suhturwijanunz (accusative plural)
suhturwijiniz (genitive singular)
suhturwijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suhturwijini (dative singular)
suhturwijammaz (dative plural)
suhturwijinē (instrumental singular)
suhturwijammiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: suhtriga, suhtria, suhterga

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *suḱ-ter-, from *sweḱ-. Compare Armenian ուստր (ustr, “son”).


turþiz

turþiz (nominative singular)
turþīz (nominative plural)
turþi (singular vocative)
turþīz (plural vocative)
turþį (accusative singular)
turþinz (accusative plural)
turþīz (genitive singular)
turþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turþī (dative singular)
turþimaz (dative plural)
turþī (instrumental singular)
turþimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃 (*taurþs) (in 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃 (gataurþs))

From Proto-Indo-European *dŕ̥tis, equivalent to *teraną + *-þiz. Cognate with Ancient Greek δάρσις (dársis, “separation, tearing”), Sanskrit दृति (dṛ́ti, “skin, bag”) (< masculine), Russian дерть (dertʹ, “cleared land”).

cog

(East Germanic) destruction, a tearing down


tumþiz

tumþiz (nominative singular)
tumþīz (nominative plural)
tumþi (singular vocative)
tumþīz (plural vocative)
tumþį (accusative singular)
tumþinz (accusative plural)
tumþīz (genitive singular)
tumþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tumþī (dative singular)
tumþimaz (dative plural)
tumþī (instrumental singular)
tumþimiz (instrumental plural)
*tumþō (alternative)

Old Saxon: tumft; mistumft

Old Dutch: tunft; gitunft

Old High German: zumft

Middle High German: zumft, zunft

German: Zunft

Proto-Norse: *ᛏᚢᛗᚠᛏᚢ (*tumftu) (< *tumþō)

desc

Old Norse: *tóft, tomt, topt, tupt, tuft

Icelandic: topt, tuft

Faroese: toft

Norwegian Nynorsk: tuft, tomt; (dialectal) toft

Norwegian Bokmål: tomt, tuft

Old Swedish: topt, toft, tompt

Swedish: tomt

Scanian: tøvt

Danish: toft

→ Old English: toft

Middle English: toft

English: toft

From Pre-Germanic *dḿ̥tis, equivalent to *temaną (“to befit”) + *-þiz.


fuldō

fuldō (nominative singular)
fuldôz (nominative plural)
fuldō (singular vocative)
fuldôz (plural vocative)
fuldǭ (accusative singular)
fuldōz (accusative plural)
fuldōz (genitive singular)
fuldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuldōi (dative singular)
fuldōmaz (dative plural)
fuldō (instrumental singular)
fuldōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: foldu, folde (< *fuldǭ),

Middle English: folde, fold

English: fold

Scots: fold

Old Saxon: folda

(Middle Low German: velt)

Old High German: *fulta (in placenames: Fuldaha)

Old Norse: fold

Icelandic: fold

Faroese: fold

Norwegian: fold, foll

From Pre-Germanic *pl̥th₂éh₂, feminine form of the adjective "flat", from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”). In view of the Indo-Iranian cognates (Sanskrit पृथिवी (pṛthivī), Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī)), Kroonen suggests it was used with the word for "land" in a sacral context.

cog

Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī)


lingwą

lingwą (nominative singular)
lingwō (nominative plural)
lingwą (singular vocative)
lingwō (plural vocative)
lingwą (accusative singular)
lingwō (accusative plural)
lingwas (genitive singular)
lingwis (genitive singular)
lingwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lingwai (dative singular)
lingwamaz (dative plural)
lingwō (instrumental singular)
lingwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: lyng

Icelandic: lyng

Faroese: lyngur

Norwegian Bokmål: lyng

Norwegian Nynorsk: lyng

Old Swedish: liung

Swedish: ljung

Old Danish: liung

Danish: lyng

Gutnish: ljung

→ Middle English: lyng

English: ling

Scots: lyng, ling

/ˈliŋʷ.ɡʷɑ̃/

Perhaps from Pre-Proto-Germanic *lengʷʰom, from Proto-Indo-European *lengʷʰ-. Compare Proto-Slavic *lǫgъ (“meadow”) from Proto-Balto-Slavic *lanˀgas. The original meaning may have been *“unused land”; Kroonen compares the semantic development of *haiþī (“heath”). The same semantic pairing exists in modern Irish fraoch.


wulþuz

wulþuz (nominative singular)
wulþiwiz (nominative plural)
wulþu (singular vocative)
wulþiwiz (plural vocative)
wulþų (accusative singular)
wulþunz (accusative plural)
wulþauz (genitive singular)
wulþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulþiwi (dative singular)
wulþumaz (dative plural)
wulþū (instrumental singular)
wulþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚢᛚᚦᚢᛉ (*wulþuʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: Ullr
Icelandic: Ullur
Norwegian Nynorsk: Ull
Norwegian Bokmål: Ull
→ Latin: Ollerus

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (owlþuþewaʀ)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃 (wulþus)

Vandalic: *wulþ

From Pre-Germanic *wl̥tus, from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”) + *-tus. Cognate with Latin vultus, voltus.


wajjuz

wajjuz (nominative singular)
wajjiwiz (nominative plural)
wajju (singular vocative)
wajjiwiz (plural vocative)
wajjų (accusative singular)
wajjunz (accusative plural)
wajjauz (genitive singular)
wajjiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wajjiwi (dative singular)
wajjumaz (dative plural)
wajjū (instrumental singular)
wajjumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *waiju

Old English: wǣġ

Old Norse: veggr
Icelandic: veggur
Faroese: veggur
Norwegian Bokmål: vegg
Norwegian Nynorsk: vegg
Elfdalian: wegg
Old Swedish: væg, vægger
Swedish: vägg, vägge (dialectal)
Old Danish: wæg
Danish: væg, vægge, vegg
Scanian: vægg
Gutnish: vägg
→ Scots: wig, veggel, wugrum

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (*waddjus)

From pre-Germanic *wh̥₁yús, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to twist”).


tuhtiz

tuhtiz (nominative singular)
tuhtīz (nominative plural)
tuhti (singular vocative)
tuhtīz (plural vocative)
tuhtį (accusative singular)
tuhtinz (accusative plural)
tuhtīz (genitive singular)
tuhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tuhtī (dative singular)
tuhtimaz (dative plural)
tuhtī (instrumental singular)
tuhtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tuhti
Old English: tyht; tohte
Middle English: tuht, tiȝt, tyht
>? Scots: ticht (noun)
⇒ Middle English: tuhtle
>? Scots: tichle, tuckle
Old Frisian: tuchte, tucht, tochte, tocht
Saterland Frisian: Tucht
West Frisian: tocht
Old Saxon: tuht
Middle Low German: tucht
German Low German: Tucht, Tocht
→ Old Norse: tykt
Icelandic: tykt
Danish: tugt
Norwegian: tukt
Old Swedish: tukt, tokt
Swedish: tukt
Old Dutch: tuht
Middle Dutch: toch, tucht
Dutch: tocht, tucht
Afrikaans: tug
→ Danish: togt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tokt
Old High German: zuht
Middle High German: zuht
German: Zucht

desc

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*tauhts), 𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (ustauhts)

From *teuhaną (“to lead, pull”) + *-þiz (“abstract nominal suffix”).


arwaz

arwaz (nominative singular)
arwizō (nominative plural)
arwaz (singular vocative)
arwizō (plural vocative)
arwaz (accusative singular)
arwizō (accusative plural)
arwiziz (genitive singular)
arwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arwizi (dative singular)
arwizumaz (dative plural)
arwizē (instrumental singular)
arwizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *narwo; *narwa

Middle Low German: narwe, nare

Old Dutch: *narwo; *narwa

Middle Dutch: *narwe, nerwe

Dutch: nerf

Old High German: narwo; narwa, narawa

Middle High German: narwe, nare, nar

German: Narbe

→ Luxembourgish: Narb

Luxembourgish: Naarf (obsolete)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᚹᛁᛉ (*arwiʀ)

Old Norse: ǫrr, ǫr, ørr, ør, ęr, *ęrr

Icelandic: ör

Faroese: arr, err, ør

Danish: ar

Old Swedish: ær, ar

Swedish: ärr

Scots: aur

→ Proto-Finnic: *arpi

An old s-stem continuing Proto-Indo-European *Hérus (“scar, wound”); compare Sanskrit अरुस् (arus, “wound”). Probably cognate to Proto-Germanic *reufaną.


saidaz

saidaz (nominative singular)
saidōz (nominative plural)
saidōs (nominative plural)
said (singular vocative)
saidōz (plural vocative)
saidōs (plural vocative)
saidą (accusative singular)
saidanz (accusative plural)
saidas (genitive singular)
saidis (genitive singular)
saidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saidai (dative singular)
saidamaz (dative plural)
saidō (instrumental singular)
saidamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: seiðr
Icelandic: seiður
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: seid (learned)
→ Swedish: sejd (learned)
→ Danish: sejd (learned)
Norwegian Bokmål: seid
→ Proto-Samic: *siejtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *soytós, from *seyt-. Compare also Etymology 2 below.


saidaz

*saiþaz (alternative)
saidaz (nominative singular)
saidōz (nominative plural)
saidōs (nominative plural)
said (singular vocative)
saidōz (plural vocative)
saidōs (plural vocative)
saidą (accusative singular)
saidanz (accusative plural)
saidas (genitive singular)
saidis (genitive singular)
saidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saidai (dative singular)
saidamaz (dative plural)
saidō (instrumental singular)
saidamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *said m

Old English: sāda

Old High German: seita m, seid, seit n
Middle High German: seite
German: Saite

Old Norse: seiðr (“band”)

Either directly from Proto-Indo-European *soh₂itos ~ *sh₂oytos, cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *sáiˀtas m (“tie; net”) and Latin saeta f (“bristle, mane”), or reformed as an a-stem from *saidô (an-stem from the same root). Ultimately from the root *sh₂ey- (“to tie together, link”).

cog

alternative form of *saidô (“band, cord; snare”)


sterǭ

sterǭ (nominative singular)
sterōniz (nominative plural)
sterǭ (singular vocative)
sterōniz (plural vocative)
sterōnų (accusative singular)
sterōnunz (accusative plural)
sterōniz (genitive singular)
sterōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sterōni (dative singular)
sterōmaz (dative plural)
sterōnē (instrumental singular)
sterōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍉 (stairō)

From Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“infertile”).


felgō

felgō (nominative singular)
felgôz (nominative plural)
felgō (singular vocative)
felgôz (plural vocative)
felgǭ (accusative singular)
felgōz (accusative plural)
felgōz (genitive singular)
felgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
felgōi (dative singular)
felgōmaz (dative plural)
felgō (instrumental singular)
felgōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: felg, fielg; felġe (< *felgǭ)

Middle English: felȝe, felwe, fely

Scots: fely

English: felly, felloe

Old Frisian: *felg; *felge

Saterland Frisian: Feelge

West Frisian: felling

Old Saxon: felga

Middle Low German: velge

→ Danish: fælg, fælge

→ Icelandic: felga

→ Faroese: felga

→ Swedish: fälg (possibly from German Felge; see below)

Old Dutch: *felga

Middle Dutch: velge

Dutch: velg

⇒ Afrikaans: velling

Old High German: felga

Middle High German: vëlge

desctree

German: Felge
→ Polish: felga
→ Serbo-Croatian: felga

Luxembourgish: Felg

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pelǵʰ- (“wheel rim”), cognate with Russian по́лоз (póloz, “skid, runner”), Slovene plâz (“plow sole, strip”). Alternatively, it could be connected with Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to go, proceed”).


stallaz

stallaz (nominative singular)
stallōz (nominative plural)
stallōs (nominative plural)
stall (singular vocative)
stallōz (plural vocative)
stallōs (plural vocative)
stallą (accusative singular)
stallanz (accusative plural)
stallas (genitive singular)
stallis (genitive singular)
stallǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stallai (dative singular)
stallamaz (dative plural)
stallō (instrumental singular)
stallamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stall
Old English: steall, stall, stæll
Middle English: stal
English: stall
Scots: stal, staw
Old Frisian: stall, stal
Saterland Frisian: Staal
West Frisian: stâl
Old Saxon: *stall
Middle Low German: stal
German Low German: Stall
Old Dutch: *stal
Middle Dutch: stal
Dutch: stal
Afrikaans: stal
Limburgish: stal
Old High German: stal
Middle High German: stal
German: Stall
Hunsrik: Stall
Luxembourgish: Stall
Mòcheno: stòll
→ Medieval Latin: stallum, staullum, stallus, stalla (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: stallr

Icelandic: stallur

Faroese: stallur

Norwegian: stall

Old Swedish: stalder

Swedish: stall

Danish: stald

→? Finnish: talla (“sole, runner”)

→? Proto-Finnic: *taloi, *talas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-dʰló-, from *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).


stuþs

stuþs (nominative singular)
stuþiz (nominative plural)
stuþ (singular vocative)
stuþiz (plural vocative)
stuþų (accusative singular)
stuþunz (accusative plural)
studiz (genitive singular)
studǫ̂ (genitive plural)
studi (dative singular)
studumaz (dative plural)
studē (instrumental singular)
studumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stuþ
Old English: studu, stuþu
Middle English: stude
English: stud
Scots: stuit
Old High German: *stud
Middle High German: stud
Alemannic German: Stud
German: (obsolete) Stud, Studt

Old Norse: stoð, stuð

Icelandic: stoð

Old Swedish: stuþ, stoþ, stydh (late)

Swedish: stöd

Likely from Pre-Germanic *stút-s, root noun from Proto-Indo-European *stut- (“prop, support”), which may be an extension of a root *stew- (“firm”). Compare Latvian stute (“prop, support”).


sturkiz

sturkiz (nominative singular)
sturkīz (nominative plural)
sturki (singular vocative)
sturkīz (plural vocative)
sturkį (accusative singular)
sturkinz (accusative plural)
sturkīz (genitive singular)
sturkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturkī (dative singular)
sturkimaz (dative plural)
sturkī (instrumental singular)
sturkimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: styrkr
Icelandic: styrkur
Faroese: styrkur
Norwegian Bokmål: styrke
Norwegian Nynorsk: styrke
Old Swedish: styrker m, styrk f
Swedish: styrka
Danish: styrke

From pre-Germanic *str̥gis, an i-stem created from the strong verb *sterkaną (“to stiffen”).


knōdiz

knōdiz (nominative singular)
knōdīz (nominative plural)
knōdi (singular vocative)
knōdīz (plural vocative)
knōdį (accusative singular)
knōdinz (accusative plural)
knōdīz (genitive singular)
knōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knōdī (dative singular)
knōdimaz (dative plural)
knōdī (instrumental singular)
knōdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: knuot

Gothic: 𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 (knōþs)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵnoh₁tís, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₁-, variant of *ǵenh₁-.


mairiją

mairiją (nominative singular)
mairijō (nominative plural)
mairiją (singular vocative)
mairijō (plural vocative)
mairiją (accusative singular)
mairijō (accusative plural)
mairijas (genitive singular)
mairīs (genitive singular)
mairijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mairijai (dative singular)
mairijamaz (dative plural)
mairijō (instrumental singular)
mairijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mairī

Old English: mǣre
Middle English: mere
English: mere
⇒ Yola: pulmere

Old Dutch: *mēri

Middle Dutch: mere, meer

Dutch: meren

Old Norse: *mæri, landamæri

Icelandic: landamæri

Old Swedish: landamǣre

Swedish: landamäre

Old Danish: landemæræ

From pre-Germanic *moyryom, from Proto-Indo-European *moyro-, from *mey- (“to build”). Cognate with Latin mūrus (“wall”), pōmērium (“bounds, limits”), Sanskrit मिनोति (minóti, “to fix, build”).


swultiz

swultiz (nominative singular)
swultīz (nominative plural)
swulti (singular vocative)
swultīz (plural vocative)
swultį (accusative singular)
swultinz (accusative plural)
swultīz (genitive singular)
swultijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swultī (dative singular)
swultimaz (dative plural)
swultī (instrumental singular)
swultimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swylt

desctree

Old Norse: sultr
Icelandic: sultur
Faroese: svultur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svolt; (dialectal) svolte, svult, sult, sylt
Danish: sult
Norwegian Bokmål: sult
Gutnish: sult


arbaz

arbaz (nominative singular)
arbōz (nominative plural)
arbōs (nominative plural)
arb (singular vocative)
arbōz (plural vocative)
arbōs (plural vocative)
arbą (accusative singular)
arbanz (accusative plural)
arbas (genitive singular)
arbis (genitive singular)
arbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbai (dative singular)
arbamaz (dative plural)
arbō (instrumental singular)
arbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: arfr

PIE word
 *h₃órbʰos
From Pre-Germanic *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.
The inherited meaning "orphan" likely gave way to "worker", probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning "servant, slave". In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną.


dulþiz

dulþiz (nominative singular)
dulþīz (nominative plural)
dulþi (singular vocative)
dulþīz (plural vocative)
dulþį (accusative singular)
dulþinz (accusative plural)
dulþīz (genitive singular)
dulþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dulþī (dative singular)
dulþimaz (dative plural)
dulþī (instrumental singular)
dulþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dulþi

Old High German: tuld

Middle High German: tult, dult

German: Dult

Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃 (dulþs)

Uncertain. Possibly from *dwelaną + *-þiz, an early ti-stem based on the root's original meaning of "to lose one's senses".


kumbraz

kumbraz (nominative singular)
kumbrōz (nominative plural)
kumbrōs (nominative plural)
kumbr (singular vocative)
kumbrōz (plural vocative)
kumbrōs (plural vocative)
kumbrą (accusative singular)
kumbranz (accusative plural)
kumbras (genitive singular)
kumbris (genitive singular)
kumbrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumbrai (dative singular)
kumbramaz (dative plural)
kumbrō (instrumental singular)
kumbramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kummer

Middle Dutch: commer, comber

Dutch: kommer

Afrikaans: kommer

Middle High German: kumber, kummer

German: Kummer

Luxembourgish: Kommer

From Pre-Germanic *gm̥ros, from Proto-Indo-European *gem- (“to press together, grasp”). Cognate with Ancient Greek γέμω (gémō, “to be full”). An uncertain reconstruction; note that many etymologists view the given descendants as being derived from Latin or a Celtic language (see the etymology at German Kummer).


kubô

kubô (nominative singular)
kubaniz (nominative plural)
kubô (singular vocative)
kubaniz (plural vocative)
kubanų (accusative singular)
kubanunz (accusative plural)
kubiniz (genitive singular)
kubanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kubini (dative singular)
kubammaz (dative plural)
kubinē (instrumental singular)
kubammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kobō

Old English: cofa

Middle English: cove

English: cove

Scots: cove

Old Frisian: *kova

Saterland Frisian: Koowe

West Frisian: kouwe, kou

Old Saxon: *kovo

Middle Low German: kōve, kōven

(German Low German: Kübbe, Kübb ?; cf. Old High German kubisi)

Old Dutch: *kovo

Middle Dutch: kove

Dutch: koof

Old High German: *kobo

Middle High German: kobe

German: Koben

Old Norse: kofi

Icelandic: kofi

Faroese: kovi

Norwegian: kove

Old Swedish: kovi

Swedish: kova, kove (dialectal), kuvi (dialectal)

Danish: kove

Uncertain, apparently with a pre-form *gubʰ-on-. Close to Ancient Greek γῡ́πη (gū́pē, “den, hole”), possibly sharing a substrate origin, but Kroonen finds it hard to reconcile the vowels, and expresses skepticism at other theories linking the Germanic to Avestan 𐬔𐬎𐬟𐬭𐬀 (gufra, “deep, hidden”) (< *gup-ro-) and Proto-Slavic *župa (“cavity, hole”) (< *gewp-eh₂) for semantic reasons.


warhą

warhą (nominative singular)
warhō (nominative plural)
warhą (singular vocative)
warhō (plural vocative)
warhą (accusative singular)
warhō (accusative plural)
warhas (genitive singular)
warhis (genitive singular)
warhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warhai (dative singular)
warhamaz (dative plural)
warhō (instrumental singular)
warhamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: warah

Middle High German: warch

German: Warch

Old Norse: var

Icelandic: var

Norwegian: var

Old Swedish: var

Swedish: var

From Pre-Germanic *wórkom, o-grade derivation from Proto-Indo-European *werk- (“to cry”). Compare Lithuanian verkti (“to cry”).


drabaz

drabaz (nominative singular)
drabizō (nominative plural)
drabaz (singular vocative)
drabizō (plural vocative)
drabaz (accusative singular)
drabizō (accusative plural)
drabiziz (genitive singular)
drabizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drabizi (dative singular)
drabizumaz (dative plural)
drabizē (instrumental singular)
drabizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dræf

Middle English: draf

English: draff

Old Dutch: draf

Middle Dutch: draf

Dutch: draf

Old High German: *trab, trebir (pl.)

Middle High German: treber

German: Treber

Old Norse: draf

Icelandic: draf

Faroese: drav

Old Swedish: draf

Swedish: drav

→ Proto-Finnic: *rapa (see there for further descendants)

An s-stem possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrobʰ-, o-grade of *dʰrebʰ- (“thickened sediment”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *droba (“sediment”) and possibly related to Ancient Greek τρέφω (tréphō, “to thicken, curdle”); see the Greek for more theories on the origin of the root.
Given the lack of certain cognates, M. Philippa suspects non-IE substrate origin.


draugaz

draugaz (nominative singular)
draugōz (nominative plural)
draugōs (nominative plural)
draug (singular vocative)
draugōz (plural vocative)
draugōs (plural vocative)
draugą (accusative singular)
drauganz (accusative plural)
draugas (genitive singular)
draugis (genitive singular)
draugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draugai (dative singular)
draugamaz (dative plural)
draugō (instrumental singular)
draugamiz (instrumental plural)

descendants tree

Old Norse: draugr
Faroese: dreygur
Icelandic: draugur
Norn: (unattested) drog
Scots: drow, trow (effected by troll (troll))
English: drow
Norwegian: draug, drøg, drog, drauv, drøv, drov
Old Danish: drog
Old Swedish: *drøger, *drauger
Swedish: drög, dröger, draugr (dialectal, archaic)
→ Danish: drauge, dravge (learned)
→ English: draugr, draug (learned)
→ English: Draugr
→ Swedish: draug (learned)

→? Proto-Finnic: *raukka (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *rāvkë (see there for further descendants)

Derived from *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”).

(North Germanic) based on cognates: phantom (mirage), ghost, revenant and thereof; potentially demon, troll, ghoul etc


ailą

ailą (nominative singular)
ailō (nominative plural)
ailą (singular vocative)
ailō (plural vocative)
ailą (accusative singular)
ailō (accusative plural)
ailas (genitive singular)
ailis (genitive singular)
ailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ailai (dative singular)
ailamaz (dative plural)
ailō (instrumental singular)
ailamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ail
Old English: āl

→ Proto-Finnic: *ailas (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *aidlą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-lom, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn”).


aidiją

aidiją (nominative singular)
aidijō (nominative plural)
aidiją (singular vocative)
aidijō (plural vocative)
aidiją (accusative singular)
aidijō (accusative plural)
aidijas (genitive singular)
aidīs (genitive singular)
aidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aidijai (dative singular)
aidijamaz (dative plural)
aidijō (instrumental singular)
aidijamiz (instrumental plural)
*aidą (alternative)

Old Norse: eið, eiði
Icelandic: eið, eiði
Faroese: eið, eiði
Norn: ed
Norwegian Nynorsk: eid, eide
Norwegian Bokmål: eid
Old Swedish: ēþ
Swedish: ed
→ English: eid, (dialectal)

→ Proto-Samic: *ājδē

Northern Sami: áidi

Southern Sami: aejrie

Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”). Kroonen suggests nominalization of a possible gerundive *aidijaz (“passable”), from a Pre-Germanic *h₁oytyos.


niþą

niþą (nominative singular)
niþō (nominative plural)
niþą (singular vocative)
niþō (plural vocative)
niþą (accusative singular)
niþō (accusative plural)
niþas (genitive singular)
niþis (genitive singular)
niþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niþai (dative singular)
niþamaz (dative plural)
niþō (instrumental singular)
niþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: niþ

From Pre-Germanic *ní-to-, a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ní (“down”).


klibą

klibą (nominative singular)
klibō (nominative plural)
klibą (singular vocative)
klibō (plural vocative)
klibą (accusative singular)
klibō (accusative plural)
klibas (genitive singular)
klibis (genitive singular)
klibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klibai (dative singular)
klibamaz (dative plural)
klibō (instrumental singular)
klibamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klib

Old English: clif

Middle English: clyf, clif

English: cliff

Scots: clyft, clift

Old Frisian: *klif

Saterland Frisian: Klif

West Frisian: klif

Old Saxon: klif, *klib

desc

Middle Low German: klif, klēf, kleif, klēv, klēb, kleff, klē

→ German: Kliff n

⇒? Middle Low German: klippe f

German Low German: Klipp

→ Middle High German: klippe, kliffe f

German: Klippe

→ Danish: klippe

Old Dutch: *klif

Middle Dutch: klif, klef

Dutch: klif

Old High German: kleb, klep, klif

→ Lombard: cepp, scepp

Old Norse: klif

Icelandic: klif

Faroese: kliv

A zero-grade derivation of *klībaną (“to stick”).


garnō

garnō (nominative singular)
garnôz (nominative plural)
garnō (singular vocative)
garnôz (plural vocative)
garnǭ (accusative singular)
garnōz (accusative plural)
garnōz (genitive singular)
garnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garnōi (dative singular)
garnōmaz (dative plural)
garnō (instrumental singular)
garnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: gǫrn
Faroese: gørn
Icelandic: görn

From pre-Germanic *ǵʰorneh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰerH- (“intestines”) or *ǵʰern-. Probably cognate with Latin hernia, Lithuanian žarna and Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, “guts, string made of gut”).


melhmô

melhmô (nominative singular)
melhmaniz (nominative plural)
melhmô (singular vocative)
melhmaniz (plural vocative)
melhmanų (accusative singular)
melhmanunz (accusative plural)
milhminiz (genitive singular)
melhmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
milhmini (dative singular)
melhmammaz (dative plural)
milhminē (instrumental singular)
melhmammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌼𐌰 (milhma)

From Pre-Germanic *mélḱmō, derived from a lost verb *melhaną, from Proto-Indo-European *melḱ- (“to cloud, overcast”).


speru

speru (nominative singular)
sperū (nominative plural)
speru (singular vocative)
sperū (plural vocative)
speru (accusative singular)
sperū (accusative plural)
sperauz (genitive singular)
spiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spiriwi (dative singular)
sperumaz (dative plural)
sperū (instrumental singular)
sperumiz (instrumental plural)
*sperru (alternative)
*sparu (alternative)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *speru, *spiri, *spari

Old English: spere

Middle English: spere

Scots: spere, speir

English: spear

Old Frisian: spere, spiri, sper

Saterland Frisian: Speer

West Frisian: spear

Old Saxon: sper

Middle Low German: sper

Low German: Speer

Old Dutch: *speru, *sper

Middle Dutch: spēre, sper

Dutch: speer

Afrikaans: speer

Old High German: sper

Middle High German: sper

German: Speer

Luxembourgish: Speer

Old Norse: spjǫr, spjǫrr, spǫrr, sparr

Icelandic: spjör, sparr

From Pre-Germanic *sperHu-, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“spear; a kind of tree”). Cognate with Latin sparus (“hunting spear”), Albanian shpardh (“Italian oak”).


þurstuz

þurstuz (nominative singular)
þurstiwiz (nominative plural)
þurstu (singular vocative)
þurstiwiz (plural vocative)
þurstų (accusative singular)
þurstunz (accusative plural)
þurstauz (genitive singular)
þurstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurstiwi (dative singular)
þurstumaz (dative plural)
þurstū (instrumental singular)
þurstumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þurstu
Old English: þurst, þyrst
Middle English: þurst, thurst, thorst, thirst
English: thirst
Scots: thrist
Old Frisian: thorst
Saterland Frisian: Toarst
West Frisian: toarst
Old Saxon: thurst
Middle Low German: dorst
German Low German: Dörst, Döst
Plautdietsch: Darscht
Old Dutch: thurst
Middle Dutch: dorst
Dutch: dorst
Afrikaans: dors
Negerhollands: dorst, dos, durst
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dos (archaic)
Old High German: thurst, durst
Middle High German: durst
Central Franconian: Dursch
Cimbrian: duarst
East Central German: Durscht (Erzgebirgisch)
German: Durst
Luxembourgish: Duuscht
Yiddish: דאָרשט (dorsht)

Old Norse: þorsti
Icelandic: þorsti
Faroese: tosti
Norwegian:
Bokmål: tørst, tørste
Nynorsk: torste, tørste
Swedish: törst
Danish: tørst

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹 (þaurstei)

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”). Exact cognate to Proto-Celtic *tartus.


hurdiz

hurdiz (nominative singular)
hurdīz (nominative plural)
hurdi (singular vocative)
hurdīz (plural vocative)
hurdį (accusative singular)
hurdinz (accusative plural)
hurdīz (genitive singular)
hurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurdī (dative singular)
hurdimaz (dative plural)
hurdī (instrumental singular)
hurdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hurdi
Old English: *hyrd
Middle English: hurde
Old Saxon: hurth
Middle Low German: hōrde, hōrt
Old Dutch: *hurd
Middle Dutch: hurde, huerde, horde
Dutch: horde, hor
Old High German: hurt, hurd
Middle High German: hurt
German: Hürde
→ Old French: hort, hourd, hourt, hurde
Middle French: hourd
French: hourd
→ Middle English: hord, whourde
⇒ English: hoarding
→ Medieval Latin: hurdicium, hurdicia
Old French: hordëiz, hourdeis, hurdis
Middle French: hourdis, hourdy
French: hourdis, hourdi
→ Middle English: hurdeiz, hurdis, hurdice

Old Norse: hurð

Icelandic: hurð

Faroese: hurð

Norwegian Nynorsk: hurd

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (haurds)

From Pre-Germanic *kr̥h₂tis, from Proto-Indo-European *kreh₂- (“wickerwork”). Cognate with Latin crātis (“wickerwork frame”), Old Prussian corto (“fence”).


fimbulaz

fimbulaz (nominative singular)
fimbulōz (nominative plural)
fimbulōs (nominative plural)
fimbul (singular vocative)
fimbulōz (plural vocative)
fimbulōs (plural vocative)
fimbulą (accusative singular)
fimbulanz (accusative plural)
fimbulas (genitive singular)
fimbulis (genitive singular)
fimbulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fimbulai (dative singular)
fimbulamaz (dative plural)
fimbulō (instrumental singular)
fimbulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fimbul, *fimbil

Old English: fīfel

Old Norse: fífl, fífl-; fambi, fimbul-

Icelandic: fífl, fífl-; fambi, fimbul-

Faroese: fivil

desc

Old Swedish: fifl; fimber-, fimbul-, fimel-, fimer-, fimmel-, fimmer-, fimur-

Swedish: fimbul-, fimmel-, fimmer-

From Proto-Indo-European *pamp-, *bamb- (“to inflate, swell”), a root of apparently sound-symbolic origin, referring to the inflated size of giants. Cognate with Lithuanian pamplỹs (“ball-shaped lump”), Latvian pàmpt, pempt, pumpt (“to swell”).


-ją

-ją (nominative singular)
-jō (nominative plural)
-ją (singular vocative)
-jō (plural vocative)
-ją (accusative singular)
-jō (accusative plural)
-jas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
-jǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-jai (dative singular)
-jamaz (dative plural)
-jō (instrumental singular)
-jamiz (instrumental plural)
-iją (nominative singular)
-ijō (nominative plural)
-iją (singular vocative)
-ijō (plural vocative)
-iją (accusative singular)
-ijō (accusative plural)
-ijas (genitive singular)
-īs (genitive singular)
-ijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ijai (dative singular)
-ijamaz (dative plural)
-ijō (instrumental singular)
-ijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: -i

Gothic: -𐌹 (-i)

Related to the adjectival suffixes *-jaz, *-ijaz. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *-ьje, Latin -ium, Ancient Greek -ιον (-ion).

Forms neuter collective nouns from other nouns, often accompanied with the collective prefix *ga-.


aspō

aspō (nominative singular)
aspôz (nominative plural)
aspō (singular vocative)
aspôz (plural vocative)
aspǭ (accusative singular)
aspōz (accusative plural)
aspōz (genitive singular)
aspǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aspōi (dative singular)
aspōmaz (dative plural)
aspō (instrumental singular)
aspōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aspu
Old English: æspe, æsp, æps
Middle English: aspe; aspen
English: asp; aspen
Old Saxon: *aspa
Middle Low German: aspe, espe, hespe
Low German: Äsp
Old Dutch: *aspa, *espa
Middle Dutch: espe
Dutch: esp
Old High German: aspa
Middle High German: aspe
German: Espe

Old Norse: ǫsp
Icelandic: ösp
Faroese: øsp
Norwegian Nynorsk: osp; (dialectal) øsp
Norwegian Bokmål: osp
Swedish: asp
Danish: asp
Norwegian Bokmål: asp

q

metathesized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*šapa</i>?

→? Proto-Finnic: *haapa (metathesized from *šapa?) (see there for further descendants)

From an apparent Proto-Indo-European *Hosp- (“aspen, poplar”), though the distribution is limited to northern languages spoken in regions where the tree inhabits. Indo-European cognates include Welsh aethnen, Latvian apse, Lithuanian ēpušė (dialectal ãpušė), Old Prussian abse and Proto-Slavic *opsa (along with its suffixed variants *osìna and Southern *esìka), all meaning “aspen”.


aldǭ

aldǭ (nominative singular)
aldōniz (nominative plural)
aldǭ (singular vocative)
aldōniz (plural vocative)
aldōnų (accusative singular)
aldōnunz (accusative plural)
aldōniz (genitive singular)
aldōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aldōni (dative singular)
aldōmaz (dative plural)
aldōnē (instrumental singular)
aldōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aldā

desc

⇒ Old English: ealdoþ, aldaht, aldot (“trough”)

Bavarian: Alden (“furrow”)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: alda

Icelandic: alda

Faroese: alda

Old Norse: olda (dialectal)

Swedish: ålle, ålla (dialectal)

Old Danish: aalde, olde

→ Proto-Finnic: *alto (“wave”) (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *aldas (“trough”) (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *Holdʰō(n), variant formation of Proto-Indo-European *Holdʰu- (“trough, (dugout) canoe”). See also Old English ealdoþ (“trough”), Proto-Slavic *oldi (“boat”).

der

(North Germanic) trough, hollow (of a tree)


sīlō

sīlō (nominative singular)
sīlôz (nominative plural)
sīlō (singular vocative)
sīlôz (plural vocative)
sīlǭ (accusative singular)
sīlōz (accusative plural)
sīlōz (genitive singular)
sīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīlōi (dative singular)
sīlōmaz (dative plural)
sīlō (instrumental singular)
sīlōmiz (instrumental plural)


þegnaz

þegnaz (nominative singular)
þegnōz (nominative plural)
þegnōs (nominative plural)
þegn (singular vocative)
þegnōz (plural vocative)
þegnōs (plural vocative)
þegną (accusative singular)
þegnanz (accusative plural)
þegnas (genitive singular)
þignis (genitive singular)
þegnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þegnai (dative singular)
þegnamaz (dative plural)
þegnō (instrumental singular)
þegnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þegn
Old English: þeġn, þæġn, þēn
Middle English: theyn, dain, thain, thayn, thein, þen, þein, þeyn, ðæin, þægen, þægn, þegen, þegn, þeȝn, þeign (Early Middle English)
English: thane
Scots: thane
→ Irish: taen
→ Medieval Latin: thainus
Old Saxon: thegan
Middle Low German: degen, dēgen
Old Dutch: *thegen (in derivatives and compounds)
Middle Dutch: dēgen
Dutch: degen
⇒ Old Dutch: thegenlīko (adverb)
Old High German: dëgan
Middle High German: dëgen
German: Degen

Old Norse: þegn
Icelandic: þegn
Old Swedish: þæghn, þiæghn
Swedish: tegn, tägn

Often compared with Ancient Greek τέκνον (téknon, “child”). Kroonen instead sees a derivation from *þigjaną (“to request, beg”).


hlaidrijō

hlaidrijō (nominative singular)
hlaidrijôz (nominative plural)
hlaidrijō (singular vocative)
hlaidrijôz (plural vocative)
hlaidrijǭ (accusative singular)
hlaidrijōz (accusative plural)
hlaidrijōz (genitive singular)
hlaidrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlaidrijōi (dative singular)
hlaidrijōmaz (dative plural)
hlaidrijō (instrumental singular)
hlaidrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaidriju
Old English: hlǣder, hlæder, hlædder
Middle English: laddre, ladder, laddere, laddir, ladre, ledder, leddre, leddyr, lheddre, læddræ, læddre, leaddre (Early Middle English)
English: ladder
Bislama: lada
Pijin: lada
Scots: ledder
Old Frisian: hladder, hledder, hleder, hlērde
North Frisian: ladder, lääder
Saterland Frisian: Laadere, Laddere
West Frisian: ljedder, leider, ljerre
Old Saxon: hlēderi
Middle Low German: leddere, ledder, lēdere, lēder, leider, ladder
German Low German: Ledder
Plautdietsch: Lada
→ Norwegian Bokmål: leider
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: leider
Old Dutch: *lēdara
Middle Dutch: ledere, leedre, ledder, laddere, ladere
Dutch: ladder, leer
Afrikaans: ladder; leer
Limburgish: lejjer, leier
Old High German: hleitra, hleitara, leitra, leitara
Middle High German: leiter
Bavarian: Later, Loater
German: Leiter
Hungarian: létra
Serbo-Croatian: lótre, lójtre
Hunsrik: Leeter
Luxembourgish: Leeder
Yiddish: לייטער (leyter)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Middle Irish clithar (“hedge”), Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder”), and related to Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra, “booth, tent”, literally “that which leans”). Compare also Latin clathri (“trellis”).


nidwō

nidwō (nominative singular)
nidwôz (nominative plural)
nidwō (singular vocative)
nidwôz (plural vocative)
nidwǭ (accusative singular)
nidwōz (accusative plural)
nidwōz (genitive singular)
nidwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nidwōi (dative singular)
nidwōmaz (dative plural)
nidwō (instrumental singular)
nidwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: nið
Icelandic: nið
Old Danish: næthæ
Danish: næ

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌰 (nidwa)

From Pre-Germanic *nitwéh₂, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ní (“down”) + *-þwō.


wīhsą

wīhsą (nominative singular)
wīhsō (nominative plural)
wīhsą (singular vocative)
wīhsō (plural vocative)
wīhsą (accusative singular)
wīhsō (accusative plural)
wīhsas (genitive singular)
wīhsis (genitive singular)
wīhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīhsai (dative singular)
wīhsamaz (dative plural)
wīhsō (instrumental singular)
wīhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīhs
Old English: *wīx n
Middle English: wīx
Old Frisian: *wīx f
Old Saxon: *wīhs f
Old Dutch: *wīhs n
Old High German: *wīhs m

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *wéyḱ-os ~ *wéyḱ-es-, from *weyḱ-.


nabō

nabō (nominative singular)
nabôz (nominative plural)
nabō (singular vocative)
nabôz (plural vocative)
nabǭ (accusative singular)
nabōz (accusative plural)
nabōz (genitive singular)
nabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabōi (dative singular)
nabōmaz (dative plural)
nabō (instrumental singular)
nabōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nabu
Old English: nafu
Middle English: nave, nawe, naf, naff, naffe (Northern)
English: nave
Scots: naff
Old Frisian: *nave
West Frisian: nauwe
Old Saxon: nava
Middle Low German: nāve
Old Dutch: *nava
Middle Dutch: nāve
Dutch: naaf
Afrikaans: naaf
Old High German: naba
Middle High German: nabe
German: Nabe
Luxembourgish: Nuef

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ (naboʀ, genitive singular)

desctree

Old Norse: nǫf
Icelandic: nöf
Norwegian Nynorsk: nav
Norwegian Bokmål: nav
Danish: nav
Old Swedish: naf
Swedish: nav

→? Proto-Finnic: *napa (or from Baltic)

From Pre-Germanic *h₃nobʰeh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nebʰ- (“nave, hub”). Cognate with Latvian naba (“navel”).


hulmaz

hulmaz (nominative singular)
hulmōz (nominative plural)
hulmōs (nominative plural)
hulm (singular vocative)
hulmōz (plural vocative)
hulmōs (plural vocative)
hulmą (accusative singular)
hulmanz (accusative plural)
hulmas (genitive singular)
hulmis (genitive singular)
hulmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulmai (dative singular)
hulmamaz (dative plural)
hulmō (instrumental singular)
hulmamiz (instrumental plural)
*hulmô (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *holm
Old English: holm (meaning influenced by Old Norse holmr)
Middle English: holm, holme
English: holm
Scots: holm, hulm, houm
Old Saxon: holm
Middle Low German: holm
Low German: Holm
→ German: Holm
Old Dutch: holm
Middle Dutch: holm
Dutch: holm

Old Norse: holmr

Icelandic: hólmur

Faroese: hólmur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: holm, holme; (dialectal) hølm, hølme, hómi, hùlme

Old Swedish: holmber, hulmber; holme

Swedish: holme

Old Danish: hulm

Danish: holm

→ Proto-Slavic: *xъlmъ (from an unknown Germanic language)

From Pre-Germanic *kl̥Hmos, likely from an original mn-stem; from Proto-Indo-European *kelH-. Cognate with Latin columen (“summit, peak”).


heuhmô

heuhmô (nominative singular)
heuhmaniz (nominative plural)
heuhmô (singular vocative)
heuhmaniz (plural vocative)
heuhmanų (accusative singular)
heuhmanunz (accusative plural)
hiuhminiz (genitive singular)
heuhmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiuhmini (dative singular)
heuhmammaz (dative plural)
hiuhminē (instrumental singular)
heuhmammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌼𐌰 (hiuhma)

From Pre-Germanic *kéwkmō, *kéwkmon-, from Proto-Indo-European *kewk- (“to elevate; height”).


herzną

herzną (nominative singular)
herznō (nominative plural)
herzną (singular vocative)
herznō (plural vocative)
herzną (accusative singular)
herznō (accusative plural)
herznas (genitive singular)
hirznis (genitive singular)
herznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
herznai (dative singular)
herznamaz (dative plural)
herznō (instrumental singular)
herznamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hjarn

Icelandic: hjarn

Norwegian: hjårn

→ Proto-Samic: *kearnē (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *ḱersnó-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-. Indo-European cognates include Proto-Slavic *sernъ.

(North Germanic) frozen snow, snow crust

herzuz

> Old Norse *hjǫrr > dialectal Norwegian jorr


aþna-

aþnaz (nominative singular)
aþnōz (nominative plural)
aþnōs (nominative plural)
aþn (singular vocative)
aþnōz (plural vocative)
aþnōs (plural vocative)
aþną (accusative singular)
aþnanz (accusative plural)
aþnas (genitive singular)
aþnis (genitive singular)
aþnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþnai (dative singular)
aþnamaz (dative plural)
aþnō (instrumental singular)
aþnamiz (instrumental plural)
aþną (nominative singular)
aþnō (nominative plural)
aþną (singular vocative)
aþnō (plural vocative)
aþną (accusative singular)
aþnō (accusative plural)
aþnas (genitive singular)
aþnis (genitive singular)
aþnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþnai (dative singular)
aþnamaz (dative plural)
aþnō (instrumental singular)
aþnamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌼 (aþnam)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂étnos (“that which goes; sun; year”), *h₂et-. Cognate with Sanskrit अत्न (atna, “the sun”), Latin annus (“year”).


hurhwą

hurhwą (nominative singular)
hurhwō (nominative plural)
hurhwą (singular vocative)
hurhwō (plural vocative)
hurhwą (accusative singular)
hurhwō (accusative plural)
hurhwas (genitive singular)
hurhwis (genitive singular)
hurhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurhwai (dative singular)
hurhwamaz (dative plural)
hurhwō (instrumental singular)
hurhwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *horhu

Old English: horh, horg, horu

Middle English: hore

Old Frisian: hore

Old Saxon: horo, horu

Middle Low German: hōre, hōr, hāre, hār

desctree

Old Dutch: horo
Middle Dutch: hōre
Dutch: hore

Old High German: horo

Middle High German: hore, hor

German: Hor

Old Norse: horr

Icelandic: hor

Possibly from a Pre-Germanic *kr̥k-wo-, which Kroonen suggests might be connected with Middle Irish corcach (“moor”), for a Proto-Indo-European *kork-.


smukkaz

smukkaz (nominative singular)
smukkōz (nominative plural)
smukkōs (nominative plural)
smukk (singular vocative)
smukkōz (plural vocative)
smukkōs (plural vocative)
smukką (accusative singular)
smukkanz (accusative plural)
smukkas (genitive singular)
smukkis (genitive singular)
smukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smukkai (dative singular)
smukkamaz (dative plural)
smukkō (instrumental singular)
smukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smoc, smocc

Middle English: smoc

English: smock

Old Norse: smokkr
>? Icelandic: smokkur

Derived from either *smukkōną (“to creep, slink, slip”) or from the same zero-grade root representing Pre-Germanic *smuknós, either way from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk- (“to slip, slide”).


ailidaz

ailidaz (nominative singular)
ailidōz (nominative plural)
ailidōs (nominative plural)
ailid (singular vocative)
ailidōz (plural vocative)
ailidōs (plural vocative)
ailidą (accusative singular)
ailidanz (accusative plural)
ailidas (genitive singular)
ailidis (genitive singular)
ailidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ailidai (dative singular)
ailidamaz (dative plural)
ailidō (instrumental singular)
ailidamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ailid
Old English: ǣled
Middle English: ēld
→ Proto-Brythonic:
Breton: oaled
Cornish: oles
Welsh: aelwyd
Old Frisian:
North Frisian: ial, iilj, Jöl
Old Saxon: ēld

Old Norse: eldr, eildr
Icelandic: eldur
Faroese: eldur
Norwegian Nynorsk: eld
Elfdalian: jäld
Old Swedish: elder
Swedish: eld
Old Danish: eld
Danish: ild
Norwegian Bokmål: ild
Scanian: élð, ílð
Gutnish: eld, ild

Substantive past participle of *ailijaną (“to kindle”).


asunz

asunz (nominative singular)
asniz (nominative plural)
asų (singular vocative)
asniz (plural vocative)
asnų (accusative singular)
asnunz (accusative plural)
asniz (genitive singular)
asnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
asni (dative singular)
asnumaz (dative plural)
asnē (instrumental singular)
asnumiz (instrumental plural)
*asniz (alternative)
*asnijaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *asnī

Old English: esne

Middle English: esne

→ English: esne

Old Saxon: *asni

Middle Low German: asne, asnen

Old High German: asni

Gothic: 𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 (asneis)

From Proto-Indo-European *os(e)n- (“summer, harvest-time, harvest”).


fanô

fanô (nominative singular)
fananiz (nominative plural)
fanô (singular vocative)
fananiz (plural vocative)
fananų (accusative singular)
fananunz (accusative plural)
faniniz (genitive singular)
fananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fanini (dative singular)
fanammaz (dative plural)
faninē (instrumental singular)
fanammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fanō

Old English: fana; fanu, fane

Middle English: fane, vane

Scots: fane, faan, thane, phane

English: fane, vane

Old Frisian: fana, fona

Saterland Frisian: Foane, Foone

West Frisian: fane

Old Saxon: fano, phano

Middle Low German: vāne

German Low German: Fahn

Low German: Fane

desctree

Old Dutch: *fano
Middle Dutch: vāne
Dutch: vaan

→ Latin: fanōnem (accusative)

→ Italian: fanone

→ Old French: fanon, feinion

French: fanon, fanion

→ Middle English: fanon, fanoun

English: fanon

Old High German: fano
Middle High German: vane, van
Alemannic German: Faane
Cimbrian: baane
German: Fahne
→ Silesian: fana
Hunsrik: Faan
Yiddish: פֿאָן (fon)

Old Norse: fani, fáni

Icelandic: fáni

Faroese: fáni

Norwegian Bokmål: fane

Norwegian Nynorsk: fane

Old Swedish: fana

Swedish: fana

Danish: fane

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰 (fana)

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“something woven; weave; tissue; fabric; cloth”). Cognate with Latin pannus (“cloth, rag”).


fleugǭ

fleugǭ (nominative singular)
fleugōniz (nominative plural)
fleugǭ (singular vocative)
fleugōniz (plural vocative)
fleugōnų (accusative singular)
fleugōnunz (accusative plural)
fleugōniz (genitive singular)
fleugōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fleugōni (dative singular)
fleugōmaz (dative plural)
fleugōnē (instrumental singular)
fleugōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flēoge, flēge, flīeġe
Middle English: flye, fflye, fleȝe, flei, fleie, fley, fleye, flie, fliȝe, vliȝe, vlye
English: fly
Scots: flee, fle, flei

Old Frisian: *fliāge

Saterland Frisian: Fljooge

Old Saxon: flioga, fliega

Middle Low German: vlēge

German Low German: Fleeg

Plautdietsch: Fläj

Old Dutch: fliega

Middle Dutch: vlieghe

Dutch: vlieg
Afrikaans: vlieg
Negerhollands: vliegi, fligi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fligi (dated)

Limburgish: vleeg

Old High German: flioga, fliuga (< *fliugijǭ)
Middle High German: vliege, fliuge
Alemannic German: Flüüge
Bavarian: Fluig
Cimbrian: blòiga
German: Fliege, Fleug
Luxembourgish: Fléi
Vilamovian: fłig
Yiddish: פֿליג (flig)

Old Norse: *fljúga

Faroese: fljúga

Norwegian: fliuga, fljuge

/ˈɸleu̯.ɣɔ̃ː/

Nominal formation from *fleuganą (“to fly”).


flugǭ

flugǭ (nominative singular)
flugōniz (nominative plural)
flugǭ (singular vocative)
flugōniz (plural vocative)
flugōnų (accusative singular)
flugōnunz (accusative plural)
flugōniz (genitive singular)
flugōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flugōni (dative singular)
flugōmaz (dative plural)
flugōnē (instrumental singular)
flugōmiz (instrumental plural)
*fleugǭ (alternative)

Old Norse: fluga
Icelandic: fluga
Faroese: fluga
Norwegian Nynorsk: fluga, fluge, flugu
Elfdalian: flugu, flugå
Old Swedish: flugha
Swedish: fluga
Old Danish: flughæ
Danish: flue
Norwegian Bokmål: flue
Gutnish: fluge, flugå

From *fleuganą, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly”).


remaz

remaz (nominative singular)
rimizō (nominative plural)
remaz (singular vocative)
rimizō (plural vocative)
remaz (accusative singular)
rimizō (accusative plural)
rimiziz (genitive singular)
rimizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rimizi (dative singular)
rimizumaz (dative plural)
rimizē (instrumental singular)
rimizumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌹𐍃 (rimis)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁rem-os, *h₁rem-es-, an s-stem from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rem- (“to be quiet, calm”). Related to Sanskrit रमते (rámate, “to calm down”), रामयति (rāmáyati, “to bring to rest”), Lithuanian ri̇̀mti (“to calm down”).


kudją

kudją (nominative singular)
kudjō (nominative plural)
kudją (singular vocative)
kudjō (plural vocative)
kudją (accusative singular)
kudjō (accusative plural)
kudjas (genitive singular)
kudis (genitive singular)
kudjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kudjai (dative singular)
kudjamaz (dative plural)
kudjō (instrumental singular)
kudjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kedde, ked

Old Saxon: *kuddi

Middle Low German: kudde, küdde

Old Dutch: *kuddi

Middle Dutch: cudde, kudde

Dutch: kudde

Old High German: kutti, chutti

Middle High German: kütte

German: Kütte, Kitte, Kette

Kroonen reconstructs the Pre-Germanic form *gʷh₃udʰh₁yom, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₃u- (“cow”), *gʷeh₃- (“to graze, pasture; to keep”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”), with the meaning "set of cows". Kroonen notes, however, that the meaning of the root from the first part meant it might not have been necessarily restricted to cows. See *awidiją for a similar formation.


sarwą

sarwą (nominative singular)
sarwō (nominative plural)
sarwą (singular vocative)
sarwō (plural vocative)
sarwą (accusative singular)
sarwō (accusative plural)
sarwas (genitive singular)
sarwis (genitive singular)
sarwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sarwai (dative singular)
sarwamaz (dative plural)
sarwō (instrumental singular)
sarwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saru
Old English: searu, searo
Old Saxon: saru
Old High German: saro

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 pl (sarwa)

Likely from Pre-Germanic *sor-wo-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to tie together; to watch over, protect, guard”).


þrumą

þrumą (nominative singular)
þrumō (nominative plural)
þrumą (singular vocative)
þrumō (plural vocative)
þrumą (accusative singular)
þrumō (accusative plural)
þrumas (genitive singular)
þrumis (genitive singular)
þrumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrumai (dative singular)
þrumamaz (dative plural)
þrumō (instrumental singular)
þrumamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *þrum (in tunge-þrum "sublinguae; a ligament of the tongue")

Middle English: throm

desc

English: thrum (“end of the warp threads; a tuft or tassel”)

Old Saxon: thrumi

Middle Dutch: drom, drum

Dutch: drom, dreum

Old High German: trum, drum; demil (“beam”)

Middle High German: trum, drum; treme, trempel (“supporting pillar”), trame, drame (“beam”)

German: Trumm (“large block, lump”), Trümmer (“debris”); Tremel (“trunk”)

Old Norse: þrǫmr (“edge, border, brim”)

Norwegian: tröm, trumm, tram

Swedish: tröm, trumm, trom (“trunk, block of wood”)

Of uncertain origin. R. Meringer compares Ancient Greek τέρμα (térma, “end, boundary, goal”), Latin terminus (“boundary, term”), both from Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥ (“boundary”)), which, if correct, invokes an older sense of "stone or piece (used to mark a boundary)".


gridiz

gridiz (nominative singular)
gridīz (nominative plural)
gridi (singular vocative)
gridīz (plural vocative)
gridį (accusative singular)
gridinz (accusative plural)
gridīz (genitive singular)
gridjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gridī (dative singular)
gridimaz (dative plural)
gridī (instrumental singular)
gridimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *grit, gritmāli

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍃 (griþs)

Derived from *grīdaną (“to step, spread the legs wide”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreydʰ-, see also Lithuanian gri̇̀dyti (“to go, to wander”), Old Irish in·greinn, do·greinn (“to persecute”).


farmaz

farmaz (nominative singular)
farmōz (nominative plural)
farmōs (nominative plural)
farm (singular vocative)
farmōz (plural vocative)
farmōs (plural vocative)
farmą (accusative singular)
farmanz (accusative plural)
farmas (genitive singular)
farmis (genitive singular)
farmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farmai (dative singular)
farmamaz (dative plural)
farmō (instrumental singular)
farmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *farm

Old English: fearm

Old Saxon: farm

Old High German: farm

Middle High German: varm

German: Farm

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: farmr

Icelandic: farmur

Faroese: farmur

Norwegian Bokmål: farm

Norwegian Nynorsk: farm

Old Swedish: farmber

Old Danish: farm

From Proto-Indo-European *pórmos, from *per- (“to cross over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pormъ (e.g. Russian паро́м (paróm, “small boat, ferry”)), Lithuanian paramà (“support, assistance”).


spihtaz

spihtaz (nominative singular)
spihtōz (nominative plural)
spihtōs (nominative plural)
spiht (singular vocative)
spihtōz (plural vocative)
spihtōs (plural vocative)
spihtą (accusative singular)
spihtanz (accusative plural)
spihtas (genitive singular)
spihtis (genitive singular)
spihtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spihtai (dative singular)
spihtamaz (dative plural)
spihtō (instrumental singular)
spihtamiz (instrumental plural)
*spehtaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spiht, *speht
Old English: *spiht, *speoht
Middle English: speght (late)
English: speight, specht, spekt, spight
Middle Scots: specht
Old Frisian: *spiāht
West Frisian: spjocht, spjucht
Saterland Frisian: Spächt
North Frisian: specht, spjucht
Old Saxon: speht
Middle Low German: specht
Dutch Low Saxon: specht, spechte
Plautdietsch: Specht
→ English: speight, specht, spekt, spight
Old Dutch: *speht
Middle Dutch: specht
Dutch: specht
Old High German: speht
Middle High German: spëht, specht, speiht
German: Specht
Luxembourgish: Spiecht
→ Old French: espec, espoit, espois
Middle French: espec, especq
French: épeiche
→ Middle English: spek, spec, speke
⇒ Middle English: wod spek

Old Norse: spettr, spætr

Norwegian: spetta

Swedish: spett

Danish: spætte

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- (“woodpecker; magpie”).


baugaz

baugaz (nominative singular)
baugōz (nominative plural)
baugōs (nominative plural)
baug (singular vocative)
baugōz (plural vocative)
baugōs (plural vocative)
baugą (accusative singular)
bauganz (accusative plural)
baugas (genitive singular)
baugis (genitive singular)
baugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baugai (dative singular)
baugamaz (dative plural)
baugō (instrumental singular)
baugamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baug
Old English: bēag, bēah
Middle English: beh, beghe, bie, by
Scots: bee, bei, beye
English: bee
Old Frisian: bāg, bāch
Old Saxon: *bōg, *bāg, *bōh
Middle Low German: bōch, būch
→ Late Latin: baga
Old French: bage
→ Middle English: bage, bagge, badge, bagy; bageard
Scots: bagie, badgie, bawgy
English: badge; badger
→ Medieval Latin: bagea, bagia
Old Dutch: bōg
⇒ Middle Dutch: bogel, buegel
Dutch: beugel
→ Vulgar Latin: *baucus
Old Occitan: bauc
Old French: bo, bou
⇒ Norman: bouaille
→ Anglo-Norman: boie
Old High German: baug, boug, paug, pauc, pouc
Middle High German: bouc
German: Baug, Bauk
Yiddish: בייגל (beygl)
→ English: bagel
Lombardic: *baug m, *bauga f
→ Medieval Latin: bauca
Italian: boga, bova
→ French: bogue

Old Norse: baugr
Icelandic: baugur
Old Gutnish: baugr
Old Swedish: baugr, bauger
Swedish: (dialectal) baug, bäug, bau

→ Galician: boga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰowgʰ-o-s, from *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”).