stakkaz

stakkaz (nominative singular)
stakkōz (nominative plural)
stakkōs (nominative plural)
stakk (singular vocative)
stakkōz (plural vocative)
stakkōs (plural vocative)
stakką (accusative singular)
stakkanz (accusative plural)
stakkas (genitive singular)
stakkis (genitive singular)
stakkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stakkai (dative singular)
stakkamaz (dative plural)
stakkō (instrumental singular)
stakkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: stakkr

Danish: stak

Elfdalian: stakk

Faroese: stakkur

Old Swedish: stakker

Swedish: stack

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: stakk

→ Middle English: stak

English: stack

Scots: stack

→ Proto-Finnic: *takka (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *sakna (see there for further descendants)

Per Kroonen, with *-kk- via Kluge's law from earlier *stogʰ-nós, from Proto-Indo-European *stogʰ-, cognate with Proto-Slavic *stogъ (“stack”); the original *-gʰn- may be the source of *-kn- in Proto-Finnic *sakna (“sauna”) if this was borrowed from pre-Proto-Germanic. Ancient Greek στόχος (stókhos, “brick pillar”) would also likely be cognate but is not mentioned. Traditionally since Pokorny from PIE *(s)teg- (“beam, stake”) and cognate instead with Latin tignum (“tree trunk, beam, log”). See also *stangō (“bar, rod, stake”).


fnasą

fnasą (nominative singular)
fnasō (nominative plural)
fnasą (singular vocative)
fnasō (plural vocative)
fnasą (accusative singular)
fnasō (accusative plural)
fnasas (genitive singular)
fnasis (genitive singular)
fnasǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fnasai (dative singular)
fnasamaz (dative plural)
fnasō (instrumental singular)
fnasamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fnæs

Old Norse: *fnas

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: fnas

Norwegian Nynorsk: fnas


laimaz

laimaz (nominative singular)
laimōz (nominative plural)
laimōs (nominative plural)
laim (singular vocative)
laimōz (plural vocative)
laimōs (plural vocative)
laimą (accusative singular)
laimanz (accusative plural)
laimas (genitive singular)
laimis (genitive singular)
laimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laimai (dative singular)
laimamaz (dative plural)
laimō (instrumental singular)
laimamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lām

Middle English: lam, lame, lome

English: loam

Scots: lame, laim

Old Frisian: *lēm

Saterland Frisian: Leem

West Frisian: liem

Old Saxon: *lēm

Middle Low German: lêm, leim, lehm

German Low German: Lehm

Old Dutch: leim

Middle Dutch: leem

Dutch: leem

desctree

from the variant <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*laimô</i>

Old High German: leimo (from the variant *laimô)
Middle High German: leim, lēm
Bavarian: Lahm, Loam
German: Lehm (merged with Middle Low German)
Hunsrik: Lehm
Luxembourgish: Leem
Yiddish: ליים (leym)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“to smear”). Related to *līmaz (“glue”).


langį̄

langį̄ (nominative singular)
langīniz (nominative plural)
langį̄ (singular vocative)
langīniz (plural vocative)
langīnų (accusative singular)
langīnunz (accusative plural)
langīniz (genitive singular)
langīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
langīni (dative singular)
langīmaz (dative plural)
langīnē (instrumental singular)
langīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *langī
Old English: lenġu
Middle English: lēnge, lengh, længe
Old Frisian: lentze
Old High German: lengī
Middle High German: lenge
Alemannic German: Längi
Alsatian: Länga
Swabian: Läng
Bavarian: Läng, Leng
Central Franconian: Läng, Leng
Hunsrik: Leng
German: Länge
Rhine Franconian: Läng, Leng
Palatine German: Läng
Pennsylvania German: Leng
Vilamovian: łeń
Yiddish: לענג (leng)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌴𐌹 (laggei)


lamiþō

lamiþō (nominative singular)
lamiþôz (nominative plural)
lamiþō (singular vocative)
lamiþôz (plural vocative)
lamiþǭ (accusative singular)
lamiþōz (accusative plural)
lamiþōz (genitive singular)
lamiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lamiþōi (dative singular)
lamiþōmaz (dative plural)
lamiþō (instrumental singular)
lamiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lamiþu
Old Frisian: lemithe, lamethe, lemethe
Old Saxon: *lemitha
Middle Low German: lemede
Old Dutch: *lemitha
Middle Dutch: lemde, leemde
Old High German: *lemida
Middle High German: lemede, lemde

Old Norse: lemd


landasiduz

landasiduz (nominative singular)
landasidiwiz (nominative plural)
landasidu (singular vocative)
landasidiwiz (plural vocative)
landasidų (accusative singular)
landasidunz (accusative plural)
landasidauz (genitive singular)
landasidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landasidiwi (dative singular)
landasidumaz (dative plural)
landasidū (instrumental singular)
landasidumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *landasidu

Old English: landsidu

Old Saxon: landsidu

Middle Low German: lantsede

Old High German: *lantsitu

Middle High German: lantsite

German: Landessitte (genitive compound)

Old Norse: landsiðr

Icelandic: landsiður, landssiður

From *landą (“land”) + *siduz (“culture”).


landaskuldiz

landaskuldiz (nominative singular)
landaskuldīz (nominative plural)
landaskuldi (singular vocative)
landaskuldīz (plural vocative)
landaskuldį (accusative singular)
landaskuldinz (accusative plural)
landaskuldīz (genitive singular)
landaskuldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landaskuldī (dative singular)
landaskuldimaz (dative plural)
landaskuldī (instrumental singular)
landaskuldimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *landaskuldi

Old Saxon: landsculd

Old High German: *lantskult

Middle High German: lantschult

Old Norse: landskuld

Icelandic: landskuld


landaskapiz

landaskapiz (nominative singular)
landaskapīz (nominative plural)
landaskapi (singular vocative)
landaskapīz (plural vocative)
landaskapį (accusative singular)
landaskapinz (accusative plural)
landaskapīz (genitive singular)
landaskapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landaskapī (dative singular)
landaskapimaz (dative plural)
landaskapī (instrumental singular)
landaskapimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *landaskapi
Old English: landscipe, landsċeap
Middle English: *landschippe, *landschapp
English: landscape (influenced by Dutch landschap), landskip, lantschip (obsolete)
Scots: landskip, landskipe
Old Frisian: *landskipe
West Frisian: lânskip
Old Saxon: landskepi
Middle Low German: lantschap, lantschop
Low German: landschop
Old Dutch: *landskepi, *landskapi
Middle Dutch: landscap, lantscap
Dutch: landschap
Old High German: lantskaf
Middle High German: lantschaft
German: Landschaft

Old Norse: landskapr

Icelandic: landskapur

Swedish: landskap


landabūwô

landabūwô (nominative singular)
landabūwaniz (nominative plural)
landabūwô (singular vocative)
landabūwaniz (plural vocative)
landabūwanų (accusative singular)
landabūwanunz (accusative plural)
landabūwiniz (genitive singular)
landabūwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landabūwini (dative singular)
landabūwammaz (dative plural)
landabūwinē (instrumental singular)
landabūwammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *landabūwō

Old High German: lantbūo, lantbūwo

Old Norse: landbúi

Icelandic: landbúi

From *landą (“land”) + *būwô (“dweller”).


landakaupaz

landakaupaz (nominative singular)
landakaupōz (nominative plural)
landakaupōs (nominative plural)
landakaup (singular vocative)
landakaupōz (plural vocative)
landakaupōs (plural vocative)
landakaupą (accusative singular)
landakaupanz (accusative plural)
landakaupas (genitive singular)
landakaupis (genitive singular)
landakaupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landakaupai (dative singular)
landakaupamaz (dative plural)
landakaupō (instrumental singular)
landakaupamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *landakaup

Old English: landcēap

Middle English: landchep, lancept

Old Frisian: landkāp, londkāp

Old Saxon: *landkōp

Middle Low German: lantkōp

Old Norse: landkaup n

Icelandic: landkaup n

From *landą (“land”) + *kaupaz (“purchase”).


landô

landô (nominative singular)
landaniz (nominative plural)
landô (singular vocative)
landaniz (plural vocative)
landanų (accusative singular)
landanunz (accusative plural)
landiniz (genitive singular)
landanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landini (dative singular)
landammaz (dative plural)
landinē (instrumental singular)
landammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *landō

Old English: ġelanda, gelonda

Old Dutch: gilendo

Middle Dutch: gelante

Old High German: gilanto

Old Norse: landi

Icelandic: landi


harbistamēnōþs

harbistamēnōþs (nominative singular)
harbistamēnōþiz (nominative plural)
harbistamēnōþ (singular vocative)
harbistamēnōþiz (plural vocative)
harbistamēnōþų (accusative singular)
harbistamēnōþunz (accusative plural)
harbistamēnōþiz (genitive singular)
harbistamēnōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harbistamēnōþi (dative singular)
harbistamēnōþumaz (dative plural)
harbistamēnōþē (instrumental singular)
harbistamēnōþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harbistamānōþ
Old English: hærfestmōnaþ
Old Dutch: hervistmānōth (“November”)
Old High German: herbistmānod (“September, November”)
Middle High German: herbestmānōt, herbestmānet
German: Herbstmonat (“September, October, November”)

Old Norse: haustmánuðr

Icelandic: haustmánuðr

From *harbistaz (“harvest”) + *mēnōþs (“month”).

compound

a month of the Germanic calendar, corresponds roughly to September.


wīnagardaz

wīnagardaz (nominative singular)
wīnagardōz (nominative plural)
wīnagardōs (nominative plural)
wīnagard (singular vocative)
wīnagardōz (plural vocative)
wīnagardōs (plural vocative)
wīnagardą (accusative singular)
wīnagardanz (accusative plural)
wīnagardas (genitive singular)
wīnagardis (genitive singular)
wīnagardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnagardai (dative singular)
wīnagardamaz (dative plural)
wīnagardō (instrumental singular)
wīnagardamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīnagard
Old English: wīnġeard
Middle English: vyneȝerd, vyneyerd, vineyarde, vineȝard, vynȝerde, vineȝerd, vyneȝeerd, vyneȝerde, vyneȝard, vyne-ȝarde, vynȝerd, wynȝard, viyn ȝerd, wineyerd, vineyard, vyneȝorde, winȝeard, win ȝard, winyard, winiærd
English: vineyard
Scots: vinyaird
Old Saxon: wīngardo
Middle Low German: wīngarde
Old Dutch: wīngardo
Middle Dutch: wijngaert, wijngaert, wijngart, wijngaerd
Dutch: wijngaard
Old High German: wīngardo
Middle High German: wīngarte
German: Weingarten, Wingert (regional)

Old Norse: víngarðr

Icelandic: víngarður

Danish: vingård

Norwegian: vingård

Old Swedish: vingardher

Swedish: vingård

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (weinagards)

→ Proto-Slavic: *vinogordъ (calque) (see there for further descendants)

From *wīną (“wine”) + *gardaz (“enclosure”).


wīnahūsą

wīnahūsą (nominative singular)
wīnahūsō (nominative plural)
wīnahūsą (singular vocative)
wīnahūsō (plural vocative)
wīnahūsą (accusative singular)
wīnahūsō (accusative plural)
wīnahūsas (genitive singular)
wīnahūsis (genitive singular)
wīnahūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnahūsai (dative singular)
wīnahūsamaz (dative plural)
wīnahūsō (instrumental singular)
wīnahūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīnhūs

Old Saxon: *wīnhūs

Middle Low German: wīnhūs

Old High German: wīnhūs

Middle High German: wīnhūs

German: Weinhaus

Old Norse: vínhús

Icelandic: vínhús

a place where wine is stored, wine house.


wīnafatą

wīnafatą (nominative singular)
wīnafatō (nominative plural)
wīnafatą (singular vocative)
wīnafatō (plural vocative)
wīnafatą (accusative singular)
wīnafatō (accusative plural)
wīnafatas (genitive singular)
wīnafatis (genitive singular)
wīnafatǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnafatai (dative singular)
wīnafatamaz (dative plural)
wīnafatō (instrumental singular)
wīnafatamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīnfæt

Old Saxon: *wīnfat

Middle Low German: wīnfat

Old High German: wīnfaz

Middle High German: wīnvaz

German: Weinfass

Old Norse: vínfat

Icelandic: vínfat

a vessel for containing wine; wine-cask, wine-jug


wīnatrewą

wīnatrewą (nominative singular)
wīnatrewō (nominative plural)
wīnatrewą (singular vocative)
wīnatrewō (plural vocative)
wīnatrewą (accusative singular)
wīnatrewō (accusative plural)
wīnatrewas (genitive singular)
wīnatriwis (genitive singular)
wīnatrewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnatrewai (dative singular)
wīnatrewamaz (dative plural)
wīnatrewō (instrumental singular)
wīnatrewamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīnatreu

Old English: wīntrēow
Middle English: vyne-tre, wintre, wyn-tre (sometimes remodelled after vine (“grapevine”))
English: winetree, vinetree

Old Norse: víntré

Icelandic: víntré

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (weinatriu)


wiþibainą

wiþibainą (nominative singular)
wiþibainō (nominative plural)
wiþibainą (singular vocative)
wiþibainō (plural vocative)
wiþibainą (accusative singular)
wiþibainō (accusative plural)
wiþibainas (genitive singular)
wiþibainis (genitive singular)
wiþibainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþibainai (dative singular)
wiþibainamaz (dative plural)
wiþibainō (instrumental singular)
wiþibainamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiþobān, widobān

Old Frisian: widubēn, wīdebên

Old Saxon: *withabēn

Middle Low German: wedebēn

Old Norse: viðbeina

Icelandic: viðbein

From *wiþiz (“rope, thong”) + *bainą (“bone”).


midjadagaz

midjadagaz (nominative singular)
midjadagōz (nominative plural)
midjadagōs (nominative plural)
midjadag (singular vocative)
midjadagōz (plural vocative)
midjadagōs (plural vocative)
midjadagą (accusative singular)
midjadaganz (accusative plural)
midjadagas (genitive singular)
midjadagis (genitive singular)
midjadagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjadagai (dative singular)
midjadagamaz (dative plural)
midjadagō (instrumental singular)
midjadagamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: middæġ
Middle English: midday
English: midday

Old Frisian: middei

North Frisian: middey

Saterland Frisian: middej

Old Saxon: *middidag

Middle Low German: middach

Old Dutch: middondag

Middle Dutch: middach

Dutch: middag

Afrikaans: middag

Old High German: mittitag

Middle High German: mittentac

German: Mittag

Luxembourgish: Mëtteg

Old Norse: miðdegi

Icelandic: miðdegi

Faroese: middagur

Danish: middag

Norwegian: middag

Swedish: middag

From *midjaz (“middle”) + *dagaz (“day”).


midjanahts

midjanahts (nominative singular)
midjanahtiz (nominative plural)
midjanaht (singular vocative)
midjanahtiz (plural vocative)
midjanahtų (accusative singular)
midjanahtunz (accusative plural)
midjanahtiz (genitive singular)
midjanahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjanahti (dative singular)
midjanahtumaz (dative plural)
midjanahtē (instrumental singular)
midjanahtumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: midniht, middeniht, middeneaht, midderneaht, middelniht
Middle English: midnight, mydnyght
English: midnight

Old Frisian: *middnacht

Saterland Frisian: Midnoacht

Old Saxon: *middinaht

Middle Low German: middernacht

Old Dutch: *middnaht

Middle Dutch: *middernacht

Dutch: middernacht

Old High German: mittinaht

Middle High German: mitternaht

German: Mitternacht

Old Norse: miðnætti

Icelandic: miðnætti

Faroese: midnátt

Danish: midnat

Norwegian: midnatt

Swedish: midnatt

From *midjaz (“middle”) + *nahts (“night”).


fallaz

fallaz (nominative singular)
fallōz (nominative plural)
fallōs (nominative plural)
fall (singular vocative)
fallōz (plural vocative)
fallōs (plural vocative)
fallą (accusative singular)
fallanz (accusative plural)
fallas (genitive singular)
fallis (genitive singular)
fallǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fallai (dative singular)
fallamaz (dative plural)
fallō (instrumental singular)
fallamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fall
Old English: feall
Middle English: falle
English: fall
Old Frisian: fal
North Frisian: fal
Saterland Frisian: Fal, Faal
West Frisian: fal
Old Saxon: fal
Middle Low German: val
German Low German: Fall
Old Dutch: *fal
Middle Dutch: val
Dutch: val
Old High German: fal
Middle High German: val
German: Fall

Old Norse: fall n

Icelandic: fall n

Faroese: fall n

Norwegian Bokmål: fall n

Norwegian Nynorsk: fall n

Swedish: fall n

Danish: fald n


wunskaz

wunskaz (nominative singular)
wunskōz (nominative plural)
wunskōs (nominative plural)
wunsk (singular vocative)
wunskōz (plural vocative)
wunskōs (plural vocative)
wunską (accusative singular)
wunskanz (accusative plural)
wunskas (genitive singular)
wunskis (genitive singular)
wunskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wunskai (dative singular)
wunskamaz (dative plural)
wunskō (instrumental singular)
wunskamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wunsk
Old English: wūsc
Old Saxon: *wunsk
Middle Low German: wunsch
Old Dutch: *wunsk
Middle Dutch: wonsch wensch
Dutch: wens
Old High German: wunsk
Middle High German: wunsch
German: Wunsch

Old Norse: ósk f
Icelandic: ósk f

A nominal formation from Proto-Indo-European *wnh₁-ske- (“to desire”), an sk-present from *wenh₁- (“to wish, love”).


mikilį̄

mikilį̄ (nominative singular)
mikilīniz (nominative plural)
mikilį̄ (singular vocative)
mikilīniz (plural vocative)
mikilīnų (accusative singular)
mikilīnunz (accusative plural)
mikilīniz (genitive singular)
mikilīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mikilīni (dative singular)
mikilīmaz (dative plural)
mikilīnē (instrumental singular)
mikilīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: miċelu

Old Saxon: mikili

Old Dutch: mikili

Old High German: mihhilī

Middle High German: michele

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 (mikilei)


wīhiþō

wīhiþō (nominative singular)
wīhiþôz (nominative plural)
wīhiþō (singular vocative)
wīhiþôz (plural vocative)
wīhiþǭ (accusative singular)
wīhiþōz (accusative plural)
wīhiþōz (genitive singular)
wīhiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīhiþōi (dative singular)
wīhiþōmaz (dative plural)
wīhiþō (instrumental singular)
wīhiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: wīthe

Old Saxon: wīhitha

Old High German: wīhida

Middle High German: wīhede

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌹𐌸𐌰 (weihiþa)


wīhą

wīhą (nominative singular)
wīhō (nominative plural)
wīhą (singular vocative)
wīhō (plural vocative)
wīhą (accusative singular)
wīhō (accusative plural)
wīhas (genitive singular)
wīhis (genitive singular)
wīhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīhai (dative singular)
wīhamaz (dative plural)
wīhō (instrumental singular)
wīhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīh
Old English: wēoh, wīh
Old Saxon: wīh m
Middle Low German: wīe, wige
Old High German: wīh m

Old Norse: vé
Icelandic: vé
Norwegian Nynorsk: ve
Norwegian Bokmål: ve
Old Swedish: vī (only in place-names)
Swedish: vi
Old Danish: wī (only in place-names)
Danish: vi
Old Gutnish: wí
⇒ Old Norse: Óðinsvé
Icelandic: Óðinsvé
Danish: Odense
→ English: Odense

Substantivization of *wīhaz (“holy, sacred”).


halbiþō

halbiþō (nominative singular)
halbiþôz (nominative plural)
halbiþō (singular vocative)
halbiþôz (plural vocative)
halbiþǭ (accusative singular)
halbiþōz (accusative plural)
halbiþōz (genitive singular)
halbiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halbiþōi (dative singular)
halbiþōmaz (dative plural)
halbiþō (instrumental singular)
halbiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *halbiþu
Old Frisian: helfte
North Frisian: helt
West Frisian: helte
Old Saxon: *helvida, *helfta
Middle Low German: helfte
German Low German: Hälfte, Hälft
Low German: Helfte, Helft, Hälft
Old Dutch: *helvida
Middle Dutch: helft, helfde
Dutch: helft
Afrikaans: helfte
Old High German: *helbida, *helfta
Middle High German: helfte
German: Hälfte

Old Norse: helft, helfð

Icelandic: helft

Faroese: helvt

Norwegian Nynorsk: helvt

Swedish: hälft

Danish: hælvt

, *halbǭ


halbō

halbō (nominative singular)
halbôz (nominative plural)
halbō (singular vocative)
halbôz (plural vocative)
halbǭ (accusative singular)
halbōz (accusative plural)
halbōz (genitive singular)
halbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halbōi (dative singular)
halbōmaz (dative plural)
halbō (instrumental singular)
halbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *halbu

Old English: healf

Middle English: half

English: half

Old Saxon: halba, halva

Middle Low German: halve

Old Dutch: halva

Middle Dutch: halve

Old High German: halba, halb

Middle High German: halbe

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌹 (halbai) (dative singular)

, *halbǭ


halbǭ

halbǭ (nominative singular)
halbōniz (nominative plural)
halbǭ (singular vocative)
halbōniz (plural vocative)
halbōnų (accusative singular)
halbōnunz (accusative plural)
halbōniz (genitive singular)
halbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halbōni (dative singular)
halbōmaz (dative plural)
halbōnē (instrumental singular)
halbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *halbā

Old Frisian: halve

Old Saxon: halva, halba (either an ō-stem or ōn stem)

Middle Low German: halve

Old High German: halba

Middle High German: halbe

Old Norse: halfa

Icelandic: hálfa, álfa

, *halbō


handugį̄

handugį̄ (nominative singular)
handugīniz (nominative plural)
handugį̄ (singular vocative)
handugīniz (plural vocative)
handugīnų (accusative singular)
handugīnunz (accusative plural)
handugīniz (genitive singular)
handugīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
handugīni (dative singular)
handugīmaz (dative plural)
handugīnē (instrumental singular)
handugīmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old High German: hantagī, hantigī (“sharpness, strictness, torture”)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌴𐌹 (handugei, “wisdom”)


hlaupą

hlaupą (nominative singular)
hlaupō (nominative plural)
hlaupą (singular vocative)
hlaupō (plural vocative)
hlaupą (accusative singular)
hlaupō (accusative plural)
hlaupas (genitive singular)
hlaupis (genitive singular)
hlaupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlaupai (dative singular)
hlaupamaz (dative plural)
hlaupō (instrumental singular)
hlaupamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaup

Old English: hlēap n, hlīep f

Middle English: lēp

English: leap

Old Frisian: hlêp m

Old Saxon: *hlôpa f

Middle Low German: lōp, loep, loip, loop

Old Dutch: *loup

Middle Dutch: loop

desctree

Dutch: loop
Afrikaans: loop
→ Indonesian: lop
→ Lokono: loporo
→ Papiamentu: lop

Old High German: hlouf, louf, loufa f

Middle High German: louf

German: Lauf

Hunsrik: Laaf

Luxembourgish: Laf

Old Norse: hlaup

Icelandic: hlaup

Substantivization of *hlaupaną (“to jump, leap”).


lēwą

lēwą (nominative singular)
lēwō (nominative plural)
lēwą (singular vocative)
lēwō (plural vocative)
lēwą (accusative singular)
lēwō (accusative plural)
lēwas (genitive singular)
lēwis (genitive singular)
lēwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēwai (dative singular)
lēwamaz (dative plural)
lēwō (instrumental singular)
lēwamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐍅 (lēw)

From Proto-Indo-European *leh₁w- (“to let [go]”).


þuliz

þuliz (nominative singular)
þulīz (nominative plural)
þuli (singular vocative)
þulīz (plural vocative)
þulį (accusative singular)
þulinz (accusative plural)
þulīz (genitive singular)
þuljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þulī (dative singular)
þulimaz (dative plural)
þulī (instrumental singular)
þulimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þuli
Old English: þyle
→ English: thyle (learned)

Old Norse: þulr

Icelandic: þulur

→ Swedish: tul (learned)


dwaliþō

dwaliþō (nominative singular)
dwaliþôz (nominative plural)
dwaliþō (singular vocative)
dwaliþôz (plural vocative)
dwaliþǭ (accusative singular)
dwaliþōz (accusative plural)
dwaliþōz (genitive singular)
dwaliþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dwaliþōi (dative singular)
dwaliþōmaz (dative plural)
dwaliþō (instrumental singular)
dwaliþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwalliþu
Old English: dwild

Gothic: 𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌰 (dwaliþa)

From *dwalaz (“foolish, misled”) + *-iþō.


swēriþō

swēriþō (nominative singular)
swēriþôz (nominative plural)
swēriþō (singular vocative)
swēriþôz (plural vocative)
swēriþǭ (accusative singular)
swēriþōz (accusative plural)
swēriþōz (genitive singular)
swēriþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swēriþōi (dative singular)
swēriþōmaz (dative plural)
swēriþō (instrumental singular)
swēriþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: swārida

Middle High German: swærde

German: Schwerde (archaic)

Dutch: zwaarte

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌰 (swēriþa)


swērį̄

swērį̄ (nominative singular)
swērīniz (nominative plural)
swērį̄ (singular vocative)
swērīniz (plural vocative)
swērīnų (accusative singular)
swērīnunz (accusative plural)
swērīniz (genitive singular)
swērīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swērīni (dative singular)
swērīmaz (dative plural)
swērīnē (instrumental singular)
swērīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swārī
Old High German: swārī
Middle High German: swære
German: Schwere

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹 (*swērei)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹 (unswērei)


wīhô

wīhô (nominative singular)
wīhaniz (nominative plural)
wīhô (singular vocative)
wīhaniz (plural vocative)
wīhanų (accusative singular)
wīhanunz (accusative plural)
wīhiniz (genitive singular)
wīhanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīhini (dative singular)
wīhammaz (dative plural)
wīhinē (instrumental singular)
wīhammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: véi

⇒ Old Norse: Véi, Vé (“brother of Odin”)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰 (weiha)


wīgamann-

wīgamann- (nominative singular)
wīgamanniz (nominative plural)
wīgamann (singular vocative)
wīgamanniz (plural vocative)
wīgamannų (accusative singular)
wīgamannunz (accusative plural)
wīgamanniz (genitive singular)
wīgamannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīgamanni (dative singular)
wīgamannumaz (dative plural)
wīgamannē (instrumental singular)
wīgamannumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīgamann
Old English: wīgmann
Old Saxon: wīgman
Old High German: wīgman
Middle High German: wīcman

Old Norse: vígmaðr

Icelandic: vígmaður


liutį̄

liutį̄ (nominative singular)
liutīniz (nominative plural)
liutį̄ (singular vocative)
liutīniz (plural vocative)
liutīnų (accusative singular)
liutīnunz (accusative plural)
liutīniz (genitive singular)
liutīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liutīni (dative singular)
liutīmaz (dative plural)
liutīnē (instrumental singular)
liutīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: lýti

Icelandic: lýti

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌴𐌹 (liutei)


lunaz

lunaz (nominative singular)
lunōz (nominative plural)
lunōs (nominative plural)
lun (singular vocative)
lunōz (plural vocative)
lunōs (plural vocative)
luną (accusative singular)
lunanz (accusative plural)
lunas (genitive singular)
lunis (genitive singular)
lunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lunai (dative singular)
lunamaz (dative plural)
lunō (instrumental singular)
lunamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐌽𐍃 (luns)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lunas

Finnish: lunnas (“ransom”)

From Proto-Indo-European *luHnós, with a long vowel contraction in a pre-stressed position, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to cut off, separate, free”).


lunaz

lunaz (nominative singular)
lunizō (nominative plural)
lunaz (singular vocative)
lunizō (plural vocative)
lunaz (accusative singular)
lunizō (accusative plural)
luniziz (genitive singular)
lunizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lunizi (dative singular)
lunizumaz (dative plural)
lunizē (instrumental singular)
lunizumiz (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *lnH-, zero-grade of *lénHos (“axletree, linchpin”).


wagǭ

wagǭ (nominative singular)
wagōniz (nominative plural)
wagǭ (singular vocative)
wagōniz (plural vocative)
wagōnų (accusative singular)
wagōnunz (accusative plural)
wagōniz (genitive singular)
wagōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wagōni (dative singular)
wagōmaz (dative plural)
wagōnē (instrumental singular)
wagōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wagā
Old Saxon: waga
Middle Low German: wege
Old High German: waga
Middle High German: wage
German: Wage (archaic)

Old Norse: vagga

Icelandic: vagga

Swedish: vagga


wēgō

wēgō (nominative singular)
wēgôz (nominative plural)
wēgō (singular vocative)
wēgôz (plural vocative)
wēgǭ (accusative singular)
wēgōz (accusative plural)
wēgōz (genitive singular)
wēgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēgōi (dative singular)
wēgōmaz (dative plural)
wēgō (instrumental singular)
wēgōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāgu
Old English: wǣġ
Middle English: wei, weie
English: wey
Old Saxon: wāga
Middle Low German: wâge
Old Dutch: wāga
Middle Dutch: wâge
Dutch: waag
Old High German: wāga
Middle High German: wāge
German: Waage
Luxembourgish: Wo
Yiddish: וואָג (vog)
→ Czech: váhy, váha
→ Old Polish: waga
Polish: waga, wága (Kielce, Przemyśl)
→ Kashubian: wôga
→ Russian: ва́га (vága)
→ Slovincian: wogha
→ Ukrainian: ва́га (váha)
→ Belarusian: ва́гі (váhi)
Silesian: wŏga
→ Serbo-Croatian: vaga
→ Macedonian: ва́га (vága)
→ Slovak: váhy, váha
→ Slovene: vaga

Old Norse: vág

Icelandic: vog

Norwegian Nynorsk: våg

Russenorsk: våga

Old Danish: vagh

Danish: våg

Old Swedish: vāgh

Swedish: våg

→ Finnish: vaaka

→ Proto-Samic: *viekō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *väkä (see there for further descendants)


wardamann-

wardamann- (nominative singular)
wardamanniz (nominative plural)
wardamann (singular vocative)
wardamanniz (plural vocative)
wardamannų (accusative singular)
wardamannunz (accusative plural)
wardamanniz (genitive singular)
wardamannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardamanni (dative singular)
wardamannumaz (dative plural)
wardamannē (instrumental singular)
wardamannumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wardamann
Old English: weardmann
Middle English: wardman
English: wardsman
Old Saxon: *wardman
Middle Low German: wardeman
Old High German: wartman
Middle High German: wartman
German: Wartmann (archaic)

Old Norse: varðmaðr

Icelandic: varðmaður

From *wardaz (“guard”) + *mann- (“man”).


wardahūsą

wardahūsą (nominative singular)
wardahūsō (nominative plural)
wardahūsą (singular vocative)
wardahūsō (plural vocative)
wardahūsą (accusative singular)
wardahūsō (accusative plural)
wardahūsas (genitive singular)
wardahūsis (genitive singular)
wardahūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardahūsai (dative singular)
wardahūsamaz (dative plural)
wardahūsō (instrumental singular)
wardahūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wardahūs
Old Saxon: *wardhūs
Middle Low German: wardehūs
Old High German: warthūs
Middle High German: warthūs
German: Warthaus (archaic)

Old Norse: varðhús

Icelandic: varðhús

From *wardaz (“guard”) + *hūsą (“house”).


balþį̄

balþį̄ (nominative singular)
balþīniz (nominative plural)
balþį̄ (singular vocative)
balþīniz (plural vocative)
balþīnų (accusative singular)
balþīnunz (accusative plural)
balþīniz (genitive singular)
balþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balþīni (dative singular)
balþīmaz (dative plural)
balþīnē (instrumental singular)
balþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *balþī
Old English: bieldu, bieldo, byldu, beldo, bældo
Middle English: bēld, bēlde
Old High German: baldī, beldī
Middle High German: belde
(German: in Bälde)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹 (balþei)


wērō

wērō (nominative singular)
wērôz (nominative plural)
wērō (singular vocative)
wērôz (plural vocative)
wērǭ (accusative singular)
wērōz (accusative plural)
wērōz (genitive singular)
wērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wērōi (dative singular)
wērōmaz (dative plural)
wērō (instrumental singular)
wērōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāru
Old English: wǣr
Middle English: were, ware
Old Saxon: *wāra; wār
Middle Low German: wâre
Old Dutch: *wāra
Middle Dutch: wâre, waer
Dutch: waar
Old High German: wāra
Middle High German: wāre
German: Wahre (archaic)

Old Norse: várar pl

Substantivization of *wēraz (“true”), though Orel takes both forms as directly derived from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁- (“true”).


arbaidiją

arbaidiją (nominative singular)
arbaidijō (nominative plural)
arbaidiją (singular vocative)
arbaidijō (plural vocative)
arbaidiją (accusative singular)
arbaidijō (accusative plural)
arbaidijas (genitive singular)
arbaidīs (genitive singular)
arbaidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbaidijai (dative singular)
arbaidijamaz (dative plural)
arbaidijō (instrumental singular)
arbaidijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: earfoþ

Old Saxon: arbēdi, arvedi

Middle Low German: arbêt, arbeit

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: arbeid

→ Swedish: arbete

Old Dutch: arbeiti, arvit, arbeit

Middle Dutch: arbeit

Old High German: arbeiti

desc

Middle High German: arbeit, arebeit, erbeit, erebeit

German: Arbeit

Old Norse: erfiði, erfaði

Icelandic: erfiði

Old Swedish: arvoþe, ærviþi

Swedish: arvode

Old Danish: æruæthæ


hrōpaz

hrōpaz (nominative singular)
hrōpōz (nominative plural)
hrōpōs (nominative plural)
hrōp (singular vocative)
hrōpōz (plural vocative)
hrōpōs (plural vocative)
hrōpą (accusative singular)
hrōpanz (accusative plural)
hrōpas (genitive singular)
hrōpis (genitive singular)
hrōpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōpai (dative singular)
hrōpamaz (dative plural)
hrōpō (instrumental singular)
hrōpamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōp
Old English: hrōp
Middle English: rop
Old Dutch: *ruop
Middle Dutch: roep
Dutch: roep
Old High German: ruof
Middle High German: ruof
German: Ruf
Hunsrik: Ruf

Old Norse: hróp n

Icelandic: hróp

Faroese: róp

Danish: råb

Swedish: rop

Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍀𐍃 (hrōps)

From *hrōpaną (“to cry out, call, shout”).


wissį̄

wissį̄ (nominative singular)
wissīniz (nominative plural)
wissį̄ (singular vocative)
wissīniz (plural vocative)
wissīnų (accusative singular)
wissīnunz (accusative plural)
wissīniz (genitive singular)
wissīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wissīni (dative singular)
wissīmaz (dative plural)
wissīnē (instrumental singular)
wissīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wissī

Old High German: *wissī

⇒ Old High German: giwissī

Middle High German: gewisse

German: Gewisse

Gothic: *𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌴𐌹 (*wissei)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌴𐌹 (miþwissei)


stōdahrussą

stōdahrussą (nominative singular)
stōdahrussō (nominative plural)
stōdahrussą (singular vocative)
stōdahrussō (plural vocative)
stōdahrussą (accusative singular)
stōdahrussō (accusative plural)
stōdahrussas (genitive singular)
stōdahrussis (genitive singular)
stōdahrussǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōdahrussai (dative singular)
stōdahrussamaz (dative plural)
stōdahrussō (instrumental singular)
stōdahrussamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stōdahross

Old English: stōdhors

Middle English: *stodhors

English: studhorse

Old High German: stuotros

Middle High German: stuotros

German: Stutroß (archaic)

Old Norse: stóðhross

Icelandic: stóðhross

From *stōdą (“herd of horses”) + *hrussą (“horse”).


abundiz

abundiz (nominative singular)
abundīz (nominative plural)
abundi (singular vocative)
abundīz (plural vocative)
abundį (accusative singular)
abundinz (accusative plural)
abundīz (genitive singular)
abundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abundī (dative singular)
abundimaz (dative plural)
abundī (instrumental singular)
abundimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *abunsti, *abundi, *abandi, *abansti
Old English: æfǣst, æfest, æfst; æfstu
⇒ Middle English: ævestlīce (adverb)
Old Saxon: avunst
Old High German: abunt, abanst
Middle High German: abunst, abanst

Old Norse: ǫfund
Icelandic: öfund
Faroese: øvund
Norwegian Nynorsk: avund, ovund
→ Norwegian Bokmål: avund m
Old Swedish: afund
Swedish: avund c, afund (pre-1906 spelling)
Old Danish: auænd, afund
Danish: avind
Norwegian Bokmål: avind


runsiz

runsiz (nominative singular)
runsīz (nominative plural)
runsi (singular vocative)
runsīz (plural vocative)
runsį (accusative singular)
runsinz (accusative plural)
runsīz (genitive singular)
runsijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
runsī (dative singular)
runsimaz (dative plural)
runsī (instrumental singular)
runsimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *runsi

Old High German: runs

Middle High German: runs

Gothic: *𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 (*runs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 (garuns)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 (urruns)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”).


grōdiz

grōdiz (nominative singular)
grōdīz (nominative plural)
grōdi (singular vocative)
grōdīz (plural vocative)
grōdį (accusative singular)
grōdinz (accusative plural)
grōdīz (genitive singular)
grōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grōdī (dative singular)
grōdimaz (dative plural)
grōdī (instrumental singular)
grōdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grōdi

Old Frisian: grēd

Old Saxon: *grōd

Middle Low German: grōde

Old High German: *gruot

Middle High German: gruot, gruote

Old Norse: gróðr, gróði

Icelandic: gróður, gróði

Faroese: grøði

Danish: grøde

Swedish: gröda


kurnahūsą

kurnahūsą (nominative singular)
kurnahūsō (nominative plural)
kurnahūsą (singular vocative)
kurnahūsō (plural vocative)
kurnahūsą (accusative singular)
kurnahūsō (accusative plural)
kurnahūsas (genitive singular)
kurnahūsis (genitive singular)
kurnahūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kurnahūsai (dative singular)
kurnahūsamaz (dative plural)
kurnahūsō (instrumental singular)
kurnahūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kornahūs

Old English: cornhūs

Old Saxon: kornhūs

Middle Low German: kōrnhūs

Old High German: kornhūs

Middle High German: kornhūs

German: Kornhaus

Old Norse: kornhús

From *kurną (“corn, grain”) + *hūsą (“house”).


tregô

tregô (nominative singular)
treganiz (nominative plural)
tregô (singular vocative)
treganiz (plural vocative)
treganų (accusative singular)
treganunz (accusative plural)
triginiz (genitive singular)
treganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trigini (dative singular)
tregammaz (dative plural)
triginē (instrumental singular)
tregammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tregō

desctree

Old English: treġa
English: treȝe, treiȝe, trei, trey, tray
English: tray

Old Dutch: trego

Old Norse: tregi

Icelandic: tregi

Old Swedish: træghi

From Proto-Indo-European *dreǵʰ- (“to be unwilling, vexed”).


winiskapiz

winiskapiz (nominative singular)
winiskapīz (nominative plural)
winiskapi (singular vocative)
winiskapīz (plural vocative)
winiskapį (accusative singular)
winiskapinz (accusative plural)
winiskapīz (genitive singular)
winiskapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
winiskapī (dative singular)
winiskapimaz (dative plural)
winiskapī (instrumental singular)
winiskapimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *winiskapi
Old English: winesċipe
Old High German: winiskaf
Middle High German: wineschaft

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: vinskapr

Icelandic: vinskapur

Faroese: vinskapur

Danish: venskab

Norwegian Bokmål: vennskap

Norwegian Nynorsk: vennskap, venkap

Swedish: vänskap


swōgiz

swōgiz (nominative singular)
swōgīz (nominative plural)
swōgi (singular vocative)
swōgīz (plural vocative)
swōgį (accusative singular)
swōginz (accusative plural)
swōgīz (genitive singular)
swōgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swōgī (dative singular)
swōgimaz (dative plural)
swōgī (instrumental singular)
swōgimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swōgi
Old English: swēġ, swœ̄ġ
Middle English: swei, sweȝ

Old Norse: sœgr

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)weh₂gʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἠχή (ēkhḗ), Latin vagio and Sanskrit वग्नु (vagnu).


bliką

bliką (nominative singular)
blikō (nominative plural)
bliką (singular vocative)
blikō (plural vocative)
bliką (accusative singular)
blikō (accusative plural)
blikas (genitive singular)
blikis (genitive singular)
blikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blikai (dative singular)
blikamaz (dative plural)
blikō (instrumental singular)
blikamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blik

Old Saxon: blek, *blik

Middle Low German: bleck, blick

Low German: Bleck

→ Danish: blik

→ Norwegian: blikk (“tin”)

→ Swedish: bleck

Old Dutch: *blek, *blik

Middle Dutch: blic, blec

Dutch: blik

Old High German: bleh

Middle High German: blëch

German: Blech

→ Old Polish: blacha

Polish: blacha

Old Norse: blik

Icelandic: blik

Norwegian: blikk (“gloss”)

A nominal formation related to *blīkaną (“to gleam, shine”).


blikǭ

blikǭ (nominative singular)
blikōniz (nominative plural)
blikǭ (singular vocative)
blikōniz (plural vocative)
blikōnų (accusative singular)
blikōnunz (accusative plural)
blikōniz (genitive singular)
blikōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blikōni (dative singular)
blikōmaz (dative plural)
blikōnē (instrumental singular)
blikōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: *blica

⇒ Old English: oferblica

desc

Old Norse: blika (“shine; flash (of lightning)”)

Icelandic: blika

A nominal formation related to *bliką (“shine, look, metal”).


hwītį̄

hwītį̄ (nominative singular)
hwītīniz (nominative plural)
hwītį̄ (singular vocative)
hwītīniz (plural vocative)
hwītīnų (accusative singular)
hwītīnunz (accusative plural)
hwītīniz (genitive singular)
hwītīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwītīni (dative singular)
hwītīmaz (dative plural)
hwītīnē (instrumental singular)
hwītīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwītī
Old High German: wīzī
Middle High German: wīze
German: Weiße

Old Norse: hvíti

Icelandic: hvíti


mundrį̄

mundrį̄ (nominative singular)
mundrīniz (nominative plural)
mundrį̄ (singular vocative)
mundrīniz (plural vocative)
mundrīnų (accusative singular)
mundrīnunz (accusative plural)
mundrīniz (genitive singular)
mundrīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mundrīni (dative singular)
mundrīmaz (dative plural)
mundrīnē (instrumental singular)
mundrīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mundrī
Old High German: muntarī, muntrī

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌹 (mundrei)


kwistiz

kwistiz (nominative singular)
kwistīz (nominative plural)
kwisti (singular vocative)
kwistīz (plural vocative)
kwistį (accusative singular)
kwistinz (accusative plural)
kwistīz (genitive singular)
kwistijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwistī (dative singular)
kwistimaz (dative plural)
kwistī (instrumental singular)
kwistimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwisti
Old Saxon: *quist
Middle Low German: quist
Old Dutch: *quist
Middle Dutch: quist
Old High German: kwist, quist

Gothic: *𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*qists)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌽𐌰𐌽 (fraqistnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes- (“extinguish, quell”). Cognate with Sanskrit जासयति (jāsayati, “to exhaust”), Lithuanian gęstù (“to extinguish, to go out”), Irish bás (“death”) and Old Church Slavonic оугасити (ugasiti, “to extinguish”).


tehswō

tehswō (nominative singular)
tehswôz (nominative plural)
tehswō (singular vocative)
tehswôz (plural vocative)
tehswǭ (accusative singular)
tehswōz (accusative plural)
tehswōz (genitive singular)
tehswǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tehswōi (dative singular)
tehswōmaz (dative plural)
tehswō (instrumental singular)
tehswōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tehsu
Old Dutch: tesewa
Old High German: zesawa
Middle High German: zëswe

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰 (taihswa)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right”).


suflą

suflą (nominative singular)
suflō (nominative plural)
suflą (singular vocative)
suflō (plural vocative)
suflą (accusative singular)
suflō (accusative plural)
suflas (genitive singular)
suflis (genitive singular)
suflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suflai (dative singular)
suflamaz (dative plural)
suflō (instrumental singular)
suflamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sufl
Old English: sufel, sufol
Middle English: sowel, soouwil, soowel, soowil, souel, souvil, souwil, sovel, sowvel, sowil, suwle, soule, sowayle, sowll, sowlle, sowylle, suvel
English: sowl (dialectal)
Old Frisian: sūval
Saterland Frisian: süfel
West Frisian: suvel
Old Saxon: sūval
Middle Low German: suvel, süvel
Old Dutch: *sūval
Middle Dutch: suvel, zuvel
Dutch: zuivel
Old High German: sūfil

Old Norse: sufl

Danish: sul

Norwegian: suvl, sovl, sul

Swedish: sofvel, sovel

From Proto-Indo-European *sew- (“juice, sap”).


agalaitį̄

agalaitį̄ (nominative singular)
agalaitīniz (nominative plural)
agalaitį̄ (singular vocative)
agalaitīniz (plural vocative)
agalaitīnų (accusative singular)
agalaitīnunz (accusative plural)
agalaitīniz (genitive singular)
agalaitīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agalaitīni (dative singular)
agalaitīmaz (dative plural)
agalaitīnē (instrumental singular)
agalaitīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *agalaitī

Old High German: agaleizī

Middle High German: ageleize

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹 (aglaitei)

/ˈɑɣɑ.lɑi̯.tĩː/

From *agalaitijaz (“annoying, importunate”) + *-į̄.


sanþą

sanþą (nominative singular)
sanþō (nominative plural)
sanþą (singular vocative)
sanþō (plural vocative)
sanþą (accusative singular)
sanþō (accusative plural)
sanþas (genitive singular)
sanþis (genitive singular)
sanþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sanþai (dative singular)
sanþamaz (dative plural)
sanþō (instrumental singular)
sanþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sanþ
Old English: sōþ
Middle English: soth
English: sooth
Scots: suthe, suith
Old Saxon: sōth
Old High German: *sand
⇒ Old High German: sandōn

Old Norse: sannr, saðr

Icelandic: sannur, saður


þrumjaz

þrumjaz (nominative singular)
þrumjōz (nominative plural)
þrumjōs (nominative plural)
þrumi (singular vocative)
þrumjōz (plural vocative)
þrumjōs (plural vocative)
þrumją (accusative singular)
þrumjanz (accusative plural)
þrumjas (genitive singular)
þrumis (genitive singular)
þrumjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrumjai (dative singular)
þrumjamaz (dative plural)
þrumjō (instrumental singular)
þrumjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrumi
Old English: þrymm, þrym
Middle English: thrum, throm, thrim
Old Saxon: *thrumm
⇒ Old Saxon: heruthrumm, heruthrum

Old Norse: þrymr

Icelandic: þrymur

From Proto-Indo-European *trem- (“to tremble (in fear)”). Cognate with Latin tremō.


þrutą

þrutą (nominative singular)
þrutō (nominative plural)
þrutą (singular vocative)
þrutō (plural vocative)
þrutą (accusative singular)
þrutō (accusative plural)
þrutas (genitive singular)
þrutis (genitive singular)
þrutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrutai (dative singular)
þrutamaz (dative plural)
þrutō (instrumental singular)
þrutamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þrot
Old English: þrot
Old Saxon: *throt
⇒ Old Saxon: farthrot

Old Norse: þrot

Faroese: trot

Icelandic: þrot

→? Proto-Finnic: *turta (see there for further descendants)

Derived from *þreutaną (“to harass, weary”).


þiubiją

þiubiją (nominative singular)
þiubijō (nominative plural)
þiubiją (singular vocative)
þiubijō (plural vocative)
þiubiją (accusative singular)
þiubijō (accusative plural)
þiubijas (genitive singular)
þiubīs (genitive singular)
þiubijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiubijai (dative singular)
þiubijamaz (dative plural)
þiubijō (instrumental singular)
þiubijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þiubī

⇒ Old English: þīefefeoh

Old Norse: þýfi

Icelandic: þýfi

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌹 (þiubi)


budaskapiz

budaskapiz (nominative singular)
budaskapīz (nominative plural)
budaskapi (singular vocative)
budaskapīz (plural vocative)
budaskapį (accusative singular)
budaskapinz (accusative plural)
budaskapīz (genitive singular)
budaskapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
budaskapī (dative singular)
budaskapimaz (dative plural)
budaskapī (instrumental singular)
budaskapimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bodaskapi
Old English: bodsċipe
Old Saxon: bodskepi
Low German: Böskupp
Old Dutch: *bodascap
Middle Dutch: bōdeschap
Dutch: boodschap
Afrikaans: boodskap
Negerhollands: boodskap, boskap
→ Caribbean Javanese: boskap
→ Sranan Tongo: boskopu
Aukan: bosikopu
Saramaccan: bosikópu
→ Lokono: boskopo
Old High German: botascaf
German: Botschaft

Old Norse: boðskapr

Icelandic: boðskapur


armōdiją

armōdiją (nominative singular)
armōdijō (nominative plural)
armōdiją (singular vocative)
armōdijō (plural vocative)
armōdiją (accusative singular)
armōdijō (accusative plural)
armōdijas (genitive singular)
armōdīs (genitive singular)
armōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
armōdijai (dative singular)
armōdijamaz (dative plural)
armōdijō (instrumental singular)
armōdijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *armōdī
Old Frisian: *ermmōd
⇒ Old Frisian: ermmōdich
Old Saxon: armōdi
Middle Low German: armōde, armōde
→ Danish: armod
Old Dutch: *armodi
Middle Dutch: armode, armoede
Dutch: armoede
Afrikaans: armoede
Limburgish: ermood, ermeuj
Old High German: armuoti, armmuoti
Middle High German: armuote, ermuote, armet, ermet
German: Armut
Hunsrik: Aarmut

Old Norse: armœða

Icelandic: armæða

Faroese: armóð


swiknō

swiknō (nominative singular)
swiknôz (nominative plural)
swiknō (singular vocative)
swiknôz (plural vocative)
swiknǭ (accusative singular)
swiknōz (accusative plural)
swiknōz (genitive singular)
swiknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swiknōi (dative singular)
swiknōmaz (dative plural)
swiknō (instrumental singular)
swiknōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swiknu
Old English: swicn

Old Norse: sykn

Substantivisation of *swiknaz (“pure, innocent”).


kwerkō

kwerkō (nominative singular)
kwerkôz (nominative plural)
kwerkō (singular vocative)
kwerkôz (plural vocative)
kwerkǭ (accusative singular)
kwerkōz (accusative plural)
kwerkōz (genitive singular)
kwerkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwerkōi (dative singular)
kwerkōmaz (dative plural)
kwerkō (instrumental singular)
kwerkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwerku
Old Saxon: *querka
Middle Low German: querke, quarke
Old High German: querka, querkala, querkela

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚹᛖᚱᚲᚢ (*kwerku)

Old Norse: kverk
Icelandic: kverk
Faroese: kvørkrar pl
Norwegian Nynorsk: kverk
Norwegian Bokmål: kverk
→ Middle English: *querk
>? English: quirk
Scots: querk

→ Proto-Finnic: *kurkku (see there for further descendants)

From *kwerraną (“to devour, glut”) + *-kô (body part suffix) + *-ō.


stubjuz

stubjuz (nominative singular)
stubjiwiz (nominative plural)
stubju (singular vocative)
stubjiwiz (plural vocative)
stubjų (accusative singular)
stubjunz (accusative plural)
stubjauz (genitive singular)
stubjiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stubjiwi (dative singular)
stubjumaz (dative plural)
stubjū (instrumental singular)
stubjumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stubbju
Old High German: stuppi
⇒ German: Gestüpp
Old Dutch: *stubbi
Middle Dutch: stubbe

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌿𐍃 (stubjus)

Collective formation from *steubaną (“to fly about, fume”).


staþô

staþô (nominative singular)
staþaniz (nominative plural)
staþô (singular vocative)
staþaniz (plural vocative)
staþanų (accusative singular)
staþanunz (accusative plural)
staþiniz (genitive singular)
staþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staþini (dative singular)
staþammaz (dative plural)
staþinē (instrumental singular)
staþammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *staþu
Old Saxon: *statha
Middle Low German: stade f

Old Norse: staði

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰 (*staþa)

desc

𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰

⇒ Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰 (lukarnastaþa)

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).


hlūdą

hlūdą (nominative singular)
hlūdō (nominative plural)
hlūdą (singular vocative)
hlūdō (plural vocative)
hlūdą (accusative singular)
hlūdō (accusative plural)
hlūdas (genitive singular)
hlūdis (genitive singular)
hlūdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlūdai (dative singular)
hlūdamaz (dative plural)
hlūdō (instrumental singular)
hlūdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlūd
Old Frisian: hlūd

Old Norse: hljóð

Substantivization of *hlūdaz (“loud, famous”).


haitą

haitą (nominative singular)
haitō (nominative plural)
haitą (singular vocative)
haitō (plural vocative)
haitą (accusative singular)
haitō (accusative plural)
haitas (genitive singular)
haitis (genitive singular)
haitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haitai (dative singular)
haitamaz (dative plural)
haitō (instrumental singular)
haitamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hait

Old English: hāt
English: hote, hot, hate, hat

Old Norse: heit

Icelandic: heit

Faroese: heit

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 (*hait)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 (andahait)

Substantivization of *haitaną (“to address, to call”).


haisį̄

haisį̄ (nominative singular)
haisīniz (nominative plural)
haisį̄ (singular vocative)
haisīniz (plural vocative)
haisīnų (accusative singular)
haisīnunz (accusative plural)
haisīniz (genitive singular)
haisīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haisīni (dative singular)
haisīmaz (dative plural)
haisīnē (instrumental singular)
haisīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haisī, *haisrī
Old High German: heisī, heisarī

Old Norse: hæsi

Icelandic: hæsi


gangilaz

gangilaz (nominative singular)
gangilōz (nominative plural)
gangilōs (nominative plural)
gangil (singular vocative)
gangilōz (plural vocative)
gangilōs (plural vocative)
gangilą (accusative singular)
gangilanz (accusative plural)
gangilas (genitive singular)
gangilis (genitive singular)
gangilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gangilai (dative singular)
gangilamaz (dative plural)
gangilō (instrumental singular)
gangilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gangil
Old High German: *gengil
⇒ Old High German: gimeitgengil
⇒ Old High German: nāhgengil

Old Norse: *gengelr

⇒ Old Norse: gengelbeina


furaigangijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*furaigangijô (an-stem)

furaigangijô (nominative singular)
furaigangijaniz (nominative plural)
furaigangijô (singular vocative)
furaigangijaniz (plural vocative)
furaigangijanų (accusative singular)
furaigangijanunz (accusative plural)
furaigangīniz (genitive singular)
furaigangijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furaigangīni (dative singular)
furaigangijammaz (dative plural)
furaigangīnē (instrumental singular)
furaigangijammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *forēgangijō
Old English: foregenga

Old Norse: foringi

Icelandic: foringi

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌾𐌰 (fauragaggja)

/ˌɸurɑi̯ˈɣɑŋ.ɡi.jɔːː/


gangiją

gangiją (nominative singular)
gangijō (nominative plural)
gangiją (singular vocative)
gangijō (plural vocative)
gangiją (accusative singular)
gangijō (accusative plural)
gangijas (genitive singular)
gangīs (genitive singular)
gangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gangijai (dative singular)
gangijamaz (dative plural)
gangijō (instrumental singular)
gangijamiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gagangī

Old English: ġegenġe

Middle English: igeng

Old Saxon: gigengi

Old Norse: gengi
Icelandic: gengi
→? Old English: genge
Middle English: genge, geng, ging, gyng, gynge
English: ging (obsolete)
Middle Scots: ging

/ˈɣɑŋ.ɡi.jɑ̃/

from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“stride, step”).


mildiþō

mildiþō (nominative singular)
mildiþôz (nominative plural)
mildiþō (singular vocative)
mildiþôz (plural vocative)
mildiþǭ (accusative singular)
mildiþōz (accusative plural)
mildiþōz (genitive singular)
mildiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mildiþōi (dative singular)
mildiþōmaz (dative plural)
mildiþō (instrumental singular)
mildiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mildiþu
Old High German: miltida

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸𐌰 (mildiþa)


kwalō

kwalō (nominative singular)
kwalôz (nominative plural)
kwalō (singular vocative)
kwalôz (plural vocative)
kwalǭ (accusative singular)
kwalōz (accusative plural)
kwalōz (genitive singular)
kwalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwalōi (dative singular)
kwalōmaz (dative plural)
kwalō (instrumental singular)
kwalōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwalu
Old English: cwalu
Middle English: qual

Old Norse: kvǫl
Icelandic: kvöl
Faroese: kvøl
Norwegian Nynorsk: kval
Norwegian Bokmål: kval
Old Swedish: qval
Swedish: kval
Old Danish: qval, kwal
Danish: kval

Gothic: *𐌵𐌰𐌻 (*qal)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌻 (anaqal)

→? Proto-Finnic: *valo (see there for further descendants)

An ō-stem nominal derived from *kwelaną (“to suffer”).


kwēlō

kwēlō (nominative singular)
kwēlôz (nominative plural)
kwēlō (singular vocative)
kwēlôz (plural vocative)
kwēlǭ (accusative singular)
kwēlōz (accusative plural)
kwēlōz (genitive singular)
kwēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwēlōi (dative singular)
kwēlōmaz (dative plural)
kwēlō (instrumental singular)
kwēlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwālu
Old Saxon: quāla
Old Dutch: quāla
Middle Dutch: quâle
Dutch: kwaal
Afrikaans: kwaal
Old High German: quāla
Middle High German: quāle
German: Qual

A nominal derivative from *kwelaną (“to suffer”). Cognates with particularly close morphology include Lithuanian gėlà (“pain”), Proto-Slavic *žàlь (“pity”).


kōnį̄

kōnį̄ (nominative singular)
kōnīniz (nominative plural)
kōnį̄ (singular vocative)
kōnīniz (plural vocative)
kōnīnų (accusative singular)
kōnīnunz (accusative plural)
kōnīniz (genitive singular)
kōnīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kōnīni (dative singular)
kōnīmaz (dative plural)
kōnīnē (instrumental singular)
kōnīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kōnī
Old High German: kuonī, chuonī
Middle High German: küene
German: Kühne

Old Norse: *kǿni

⇒ Old Norse: lǫgkǿni

Icelandic: lögkæni


fijandiskapiz

fijandiskapiz (nominative singular)
fijandiskapīz (nominative plural)
fijandiskapi (singular vocative)
fijandiskapīz (plural vocative)
fijandiskapį (accusative singular)
fijandiskapinz (accusative plural)
fijandiskapīz (genitive singular)
fijandiskapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fijandiskapī (dative singular)
fijandiskapimaz (dative plural)
fijandiskapī (instrumental singular)
fijandiskapimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fijandiskapi
Old English: fīondsċipe
>? English: fiendship
Old Frisian: *fīandskip
Saterland Frisian: Fäindskup
Old Saxon: fiundskepi
Middle Low German: viantschap, viantschop
Old High German: fījantskaf
Middle High German: vīentschaft
German: Feindschaft

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fjándskapr


lēþą

lēþą (nominative singular)
lēþō (nominative plural)
lēþą (singular vocative)
lēþō (plural vocative)
lēþą (accusative singular)
lēþō (accusative plural)
lēþas (genitive singular)
lēþis (genitive singular)
lēþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēþai (dative singular)
lēþamaz (dative plural)
lēþō (instrumental singular)
lēþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lāþ
Old English: lǣþ
Middle English: leð, ledh, *lath, leth
English: lathe

Old Norse: láð

Icelandic: láð

Disputed. Suggested as cognate with Ancient Greek λάτρον (látron, “payment”) and Latin latrō (“mercenary”), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂t- (“to grant; to possess”), but the vowel correspondences are irregular. Perhaps alternatively from *leh₁-t-, extended from *leh₁- (“to let”) (whence also Proto-Germanic *lētaną, from a different extension *leh₁-d-).
Beekes rejects an Indo-European etymology entirely and considers the purported Greek cognate to be from Pre-Greek, whereas the Latin is borrowed from Greek.


īdiz

īdiz (nominative singular)
īdīz (nominative plural)
īdi (singular vocative)
īdīz (plural vocative)
īdį (accusative singular)
īdinz (accusative plural)
īdīz (genitive singular)
īdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īdī (dative singular)
īdimaz (dative plural)
īdī (instrumental singular)
īdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *īdi
Old English: *īd
⇒ Old English: īdig

Old Norse: íð


wītą

wītą (nominative singular)
wītō (nominative plural)
wītą (singular vocative)
wītō (plural vocative)
wītą (accusative singular)
wītō (accusative plural)
wītas (genitive singular)
wītis (genitive singular)
wītǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wītai (dative singular)
wītamaz (dative plural)
wītō (instrumental singular)
wītamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄 (*weit)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄 (fraweit)

A possible variant of *wītiją (“punishment”).


idiwītą

idiwītą (nominative singular)
idiwītō (nominative plural)
idiwītą (singular vocative)
idiwītō (plural vocative)
idiwītą (accusative singular)
idiwītō (accusative plural)
idiwītas (genitive singular)
idiwītis (genitive singular)
idiwītǫ̂ (genitive plural)
idiwītai (dative singular)
idiwītamaz (dative plural)
idiwītō (instrumental singular)
idiwītamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *idiwīt
Old English: edwīt
Old Dutch: edwīt
Old High German: itwīz, itawīz
Middle High German: itwīz, itewīz, itewīze

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄 (idweit)


hleuþą

hleuþą (nominative singular)
hleuþō (nominative plural)
hleuþą (singular vocative)
hleuþō (plural vocative)
hleuþą (accusative singular)
hleuþō (accusative plural)
hleuþas (genitive singular)
hliuþis (genitive singular)
hleuþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hleuþai (dative singular)
hleuþamaz (dative plural)
hleuþō (instrumental singular)
hleuþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hleuþ

Old English: hleoð

Old Dutch: lūt, luut, geluut
Middle Dutch: geluut, geluet, geluyt
Dutch: geluid
Afrikaans: geluid
Petjo: heluit

Old Norse: hljóð, hliod — Codex Regius, hlioð — Hauksbók
Icelandic: hljóð n
Faroese: ljóð n
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljod m or n, (dialectal) ljø, ly
Old Swedish: liūþ
Swedish: ljud c
Old Danish: liud
Danish: lyd c
Norwegian Bokmål: lyd m
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lyd m
→ Scots: luid

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


lawwō

lawwō (nominative singular)
lawwôz (nominative plural)
lawwō (singular vocative)
lawwôz (plural vocative)
lawwǭ (accusative singular)
lawwōz (accusative plural)
lawwōz (genitive singular)
lawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lawwōi (dative singular)
lawwōmaz (dative plural)
lawwō (instrumental singular)
lawwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lauwu
Old English: *lǣw
⇒ Old English: limlǣw (“limb injury”) (+ lim (“limb”))
Old High German: *lauwa
⇒ Old High German: līhlaoa, līhla (“scar”) (+ līh (“body”), ō-stem)
⇒ Old High German: lihloi, lihlauui, līhloi, lilewe, lilewi (“scar”) (+ līh (“body”), īn-stem)
⇒? Old High German: hilouwa, hilouga (“scar”) (+ gi-)

Old Norse: lǫgg
Danish: lugge
Faroese: løgg
Icelandic: lögg
Norwegian Bokmål: logg m, lagg m
Swedish: lagg

From Proto-Indo-European *lowH-éh₂, from *lewH- (“to cut”) + *-éh₂. Direct cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *lā́ˀwāˀ (“bench, bed”).


hīwô

hīwô (nominative singular)
hīwōnō (nominative plural)
hīwô (singular vocative)
hīwōnō (plural vocative)
hīwô (accusative singular)
hīwōnō (accusative plural)
hīwiniz (genitive singular)
hīwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hīwini (dative singular)
hīwammaz (dative plural)
hīwinē (instrumental singular)
hīwammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

⇒ Old Norse: hjá
Icelandic: hjá
Faroese: hjá
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjå
Old Swedish: hiā

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: hīwa

English: hewe

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱey-wo-s, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to be lying down”). Exact cognate with Sanskrit शेव (śéva, “dear, precious, friendly”).


lustiz

lustiz (nominative singular)
lustīz (nominative plural)
lusti (singular vocative)
lustīz (plural vocative)
lustį (accusative singular)
lustinz (accusative plural)
lustīz (genitive singular)
lustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lustī (dative singular)
lustimaz (dative plural)
lustī (instrumental singular)
lustimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lusti
Old Frisian: lest

A ti-stem nominal formation from *leusaną (“to lose”).


fralustiz

fralustiz (nominative singular)
fralustīz (nominative plural)
fralusti (singular vocative)
fralustīz (plural vocative)
fralustį (accusative singular)
fralustinz (accusative plural)
fralustīz (genitive singular)
fralustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fralustī (dative singular)
fralustimaz (dative plural)
fralustī (instrumental singular)
fralustimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fralusti
Old Saxon: farlust
Middle Low German: vorlust
Old High German: firlust
Middle High German: verlust
German: Verlust
Yiddish: פֿאַרלוסט (farlust)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (fralusts)


laiwą

laiwą (nominative singular)
laiwō (nominative plural)
laiwą (singular vocative)
laiwō (plural vocative)
laiwą (accusative singular)
laiwō (accusative plural)
laiwas (genitive singular)
laiwis (genitive singular)
laiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laiwai (dative singular)
laiwamaz (dative plural)
laiwō (instrumental singular)
laiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laiw

Old English: *lǣw

⇒ Old English: *bedlǣwere

Middle English: bedlawere, bedlaure

⇒ Old English: limlǣw

⇒ Old English: synlǣw

Old Saxon: lēs (interjection)

Old High German: lēwes, lē

Middle High German: lēwes, lē

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *laiwī

Old English: *lǣwe

desc

Middle English: lew, lewe (“weak, frail”)

Old Norse: læ

From Proto-Indo-European *leyh₂- (“to die, disapear”).


laiwaz

laiwaz (nominative singular)
laiwizō (nominative plural)
laiwaz (singular vocative)
laiwizō (plural vocative)
laiwaz (accusative singular)
laiwizō (accusative plural)
laiwiziz (genitive singular)
laiwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laiwizi (dative singular)
laiwizumaz (dative plural)
laiwizē (instrumental singular)
laiwizumiz (instrumental plural)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lëivo (see there for further descendants)

According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alawda (“skylark”); compare Latin alauda (“lark”).


kablaz

kablaz (nominative singular)
kablōz (nominative plural)
kablōs (nominative plural)
kabl (singular vocative)
kablōz (plural vocative)
kablōs (plural vocative)
kablą (accusative singular)
kablanz (accusative plural)
kablas (genitive singular)
kablis (genitive singular)
kablǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kablai (dative singular)
kablamaz (dative plural)
kablō (instrumental singular)
kablamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kabl
Old Saxon: *kaval; *kavala f
Middle Low German: kāvele, kāvel
→ German: Kabel (dialectal)
Old Dutch: *cavela
Middle Dutch: cāvele, cāvel
Dutch: kavel

Old Norse: kafli, kefli (<*kablô)

Icelandic: kefli

Norwegian: kjevle

Norwegian Bokmål: kjevle

Norwegian Nynorsk: kjevle

Danish: kævle

Old Swedish: kafli

Swedish: kavel, kavle

→ Middle English: cavel, kavell, kevell

English: cavel

Scots: kavil, kavel, cavill, cavell

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵebʰ- (“branch”). Cognate with Lithuanian žãbas (“branch, cane”).


kangą

kangą (nominative singular)
kangō (nominative plural)
kangą (singular vocative)
kangō (plural vocative)
kangą (accusative singular)
kangō (accusative plural)
kangas (genitive singular)
kangis (genitive singular)
kangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kangai (dative singular)
kangamaz (dative plural)
kangō (instrumental singular)
kangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *kangi

Icelandic: kangi

Swedish: kång

desc

⇒ Old Norse: kanginyrði pl (“jeering words”)

⇒ Icelandic: kanginyrði pl (“jeering words”)

→ Middle English: cang


wahstiz

wahstiz (nominative singular)
wahstīz (nominative plural)
wahsti (singular vocative)
wahstīz (plural vocative)
wahstį (accusative singular)
wahstinz (accusative plural)
wahstīz (genitive singular)
wahstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahstī (dative singular)
wahstimaz (dative plural)
wahstī (instrumental singular)
wahstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wahsti
Old Frisian: wehst
Old High German: wahst
Middle High German: wahst

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*wahsts)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐍃 (uswahsts)


haitijô

haitijô (nominative singular)
haitijaniz (nominative plural)
haitijô (singular vocative)
haitijaniz (plural vocative)
haitijanų (accusative singular)
haitijanunz (accusative plural)
haitijiniz (genitive singular)
haitijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haitijini (dative singular)
haitijammaz (dative plural)
haitijinē (instrumental singular)
haitijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haitijō
Old High German: -heizo
⇒ Old High German: antheizo
⇒ Old High German: heimaheizo
⇒ Old High German: heriheizo
⇒ Old High German: urheizo

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *skuldihaitijō

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰 (*haitja)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰 (bihaitja)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰 (dulgahaitja)


werudą

gem-decl-noun-table

*werudą (irregular)

werudą (nominative singular)
werudō (nominative plural)
werudą (singular vocative)
werudō (plural vocative)
werudą (accusative singular)
werudō (accusative plural)
wiriþas (genitive singular)
wiriþis (genitive singular)
wiriþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiriþai (dative singular)
wiriþamaz (dative plural)
wiriþō (instrumental singular)
wiriþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *werud
Old English: werod, weorod
* Middle English: wered, werd, wird
Old Saxon: werud

Old Norse: virðar

Icelandic: virðar

Uncertain, but probably an extension of *weraz with the suffix + *-ud-, also seen in *hafudą, *haliþaz (oblique stem), *hakudaz.


hartą

hartą (nominative singular)
hartō (nominative plural)
hartą (singular vocative)
hartō (plural vocative)
hartą (accusative singular)
hartō (accusative plural)
hartas (genitive singular)
hartis (genitive singular)
hartǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hartai (dative singular)
hartamaz (dative plural)
hartō (instrumental singular)
hartamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hart
Old Saxon: hart
Middle Low German: hart, hars
Old High German: harz
Middle High German: harz
German: Harz
→ Middle Dutch: hars, harst
Dutch: hars
Afrikaans: hars
→ Swedish: harts

Unknown. Theories include derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerd- (“heart”) or substrate origin (possibly related with Ancient Greek κηρός (kērós)).


finnaz

finnaz (nominative singular)
finnōz (nominative plural)
finnōs (nominative plural)
finn (singular vocative)
finnōz (plural vocative)
finnōs (plural vocative)
finną (accusative singular)
finnanz (accusative plural)
finnas (genitive singular)
finnis (genitive singular)
finnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
finnai (dative singular)
finnamaz (dative plural)
finnō (instrumental singular)
finnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Finn

Old English: Finn, Fin, Finnas pl
English: Fins

Old Norse: finnr, fiðr
Icelandic: Finnur
Faroese: finnur
Norwegian: finn
→ Danish: fin
Norwegian Bokmål: finn
Old Swedish: finne, finnar
Swedish: finne
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: finne
→ German: Finne
Old Danish: fyndhæ
Danish: finne
Norwegian Bokmål: finne

→ Ancient Greek: Φίννος (Phínnos)

desc

→ Late Latin: Fennus, Finnus (Late Latin) (see there for further descendants)

Disputed; possible nominalization of unattested *finniz, from earlier *fēnþniz, vṛddhi gerundive of *fanþijaną (“to travel by foot, walk”).


numþiz

numþiz (nominative singular)
numþīz (nominative plural)
numþi (singular vocative)
numþīz (plural vocative)
numþį (accusative singular)
numþinz (accusative plural)
numþīz (genitive singular)
numþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
numþī (dative singular)
numþimaz (dative plural)
numþī (instrumental singular)
numþimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *numþi
Old High German: numft
Middle High German: numft
(German: Vernunft)
Old Frisian: *numfti
⇒ Old Frisian: notnumfti

Gothic: *𐌽𐌿𐌼𐍄𐍃 (*numts)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌿𐌼𐍄𐍃 (andanumts)


rīpō

rīpō (nominative singular)
rīpôz (nominative plural)
rīpō (singular vocative)
rīpôz (plural vocative)
rīpǭ (accusative singular)
rīpōz (accusative plural)
rīpōz (genitive singular)
rīpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīpōi (dative singular)
rīpōmaz (dative plural)
rīpō (instrumental singular)
rīpōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīpu
Old Frisian: *rīpe
Saterland Frisian: rip, ripe
West Frisian: ryp
Old Dutch: *rīp
Middle Dutch: *rip
Dutch: rijp
Old High German: *rīfa
Middle High German: rīf

Old Norse: ríp

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to tear, tear down”). Cognate with Latin rīpa (“bank, shore”).


stautiz

stautiz (nominative singular)
stautīz (nominative plural)
stauti (singular vocative)
stautīz (plural vocative)
stautį (accusative singular)
stautinz (accusative plural)
stautīz (genitive singular)
stautijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stautī (dative singular)
stautimaz (dative plural)
stautī (instrumental singular)
stautimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stauti
Old Frisian: stêt
Old Saxon: *stōt
Middle Low German: stôt
Old Dutch: *stōt
Middle Dutch: stôot
Dutch: stoot
Afrikaans: stoot
Old High German: stōz
Middle High German: stōz
German: Stoß

Old Norse: steytr

Icelandic: steytur

Faroese: stoytur

Norwegian Nynorsk: støyt

Norwegian Bokmål: støt, støyt

Swedish: stöt

Danish: stød

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to push, to hit”).


waiþiz

waiþiz (nominative singular)
waiþīz (nominative plural)
waiþi (singular vocative)
waiþīz (plural vocative)
waiþį (accusative singular)
waiþinz (accusative plural)
waiþīz (genitive singular)
waiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiþī (dative singular)
waiþimaz (dative plural)
waiþī (instrumental singular)
waiþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: veiði

Icelandic: veiði

Norwegian Nynorsk: veide

From Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to desire; move toward; pursue”).


daliþō

daliþō (nominative singular)
daliþôz (nominative plural)
daliþō (singular vocative)
daliþôz (plural vocative)
daliþǭ (accusative singular)
daliþōz (accusative plural)
daliþōz (genitive singular)
daliþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daliþōi (dative singular)
daliþōmaz (dative plural)
daliþō (instrumental singular)
daliþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: dæld

Icelandic: dæld

Faroese: deld

Danish: dæl

Norwegian Nynorsk: deld

Swedish: däld


helþaz

helþaz (nominative singular)
helþōz (nominative plural)
helþōs (nominative plural)
helþ (singular vocative)
helþōz (plural vocative)
helþōs (plural vocative)
helþą (accusative singular)
helþanz (accusative plural)
helþas (genitive singular)
hilþis (genitive singular)
helþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
helþai (dative singular)
helþamaz (dative plural)
helþō (instrumental singular)
helþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *helþu

Old Saxon: *hiltha

Middle Low German: hilde

Old Norse: hjallr

Icelandic: hjallur

Faroese: hjallur

Swedish: hjälle

Norwegian: hjell

Danish: hjald

Nominal formation related to *helaną (“to hide, conceal”).


hulwiją

hulwiją (nominative singular)
hulwijō (nominative plural)
hulwiją (singular vocative)
hulwijō (plural vocative)
hulwiją (accusative singular)
hulwijō (accusative plural)
hulwijas (genitive singular)
hulwīs (genitive singular)
hulwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulwijai (dative singular)
hulwijamaz (dative plural)
hulwijō (instrumental singular)
hulwijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hulwī

Old English: holh

Middle English: holgh

English: hollow

Old High German: huliwa, hulia f

Middle High German: hülwe, hulwe

desctree

Old Norse: hylr m
Icelandic: hylur
Faroese: hylur
Norwegian: høl, hyl
Danish: hyl, høl

From *hulaz, *hulhwaz (“hollow”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to tend, lean, incline, bend, tip”).


hrunkǭ

hrunkǭ (nominative singular)
hrunkōniz (nominative plural)
hrunkǭ (singular vocative)
hrunkōniz (plural vocative)
hrunkōnų (accusative singular)
hrunkōnunz (accusative plural)
hrunkōniz (genitive singular)
hrunkōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrunkōni (dative singular)
hrunkōmaz (dative plural)
hrunkōnē (instrumental singular)
hrunkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrunkā

Old High German: *runka

Middle High German: runke

German: Runke

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hrunkiju

→ Old French: fronce, fronche

Middle French: fronce

French: fronce

Old Norse: hrukka, *hrunka

Icelandic: hrukka

Faroese: rukka

Norwegian Nynorsk: rukka

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: rukla

⇒ Old Swedish: rynkia

⇒ Danish: runken (adjective)

→⇒ Middle English: runkel

English: runkle

Scots: runkil, runkill, runkle

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, curve, turn”).


kudilǭ

kudilǭ (nominative singular)
kudilōniz (nominative plural)
kudilǭ (singular vocative)
kudilōniz (plural vocative)
kudilōnų (accusative singular)
kudilōnunz (accusative plural)
kudilōniz (genitive singular)
kudilōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kudilōni (dative singular)
kudilōmaz (dative plural)
kudilōnē (instrumental singular)
kudilōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kudilā
Old English: cudele
Middle English: codulle, codel, codul, cotul, cutyl, cothell
English: cuttle
⇒ English: cuttlefish

Old Norse: *koðla

Norwegian Bokmål: kaule (or borrowed from Middle Low German)

Perhaps from *kuddô (“bag, sack”) + *-ilǭ (plant and animal suffix).


aþuliją

aþuliją (nominative singular)
aþulijō (nominative plural)
aþuliją (singular vocative)
aþulijō (plural vocative)
aþuliją (accusative singular)
aþulijō (accusative plural)
aþulijas (genitive singular)
aþulīs (genitive singular)
aþulijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþulijai (dative singular)
aþulijamaz (dative plural)
aþulijō (instrumental singular)
aþulijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ǫðli

Icelandic: öðli

Related to *aþalą (“nature; nobility, race”).


blasį̄

blasį̄ (nominative singular)
blasīniz (nominative plural)
blasį̄ (singular vocative)
blasīniz (plural vocative)
blasīnų (accusative singular)
blasīnunz (accusative plural)
blasīniz (genitive singular)
blasīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blasīni (dative singular)
blasīmaz (dative plural)
blasīnē (instrumental singular)
blasīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blasī
Old Frisian: *blase, *blese
Saterland Frisian: Blässe, Bläs
West Frisian: blês m or f
Old Saxon: *blasi
Middle Low German: blesse, bles
German Low German: Blesse, Bless
Old Dutch: *blasi
Middle Dutch: blasse, bles
Dutch: bles
Afrikaans: bles
Old High German: *blasī, *blasi
Middle High German: blasse
German: (archaic) Blasse, Blesse

Old Norse: blesi

Icelandic: blesi

Danish: blis

Norwegian Bokmål: bles

Norwegian Nynorsk: bles

Swedish: bläs

→? English: blaze

blaze, white marking on the forehead (of animals, esp. horses)


warginī

warginī (nominative singular)
warginjôz (nominative plural)
warginī (singular vocative)
warginjôz (plural vocative)
warginjǭ (accusative singular)
warginjōz (accusative plural)
warginjōz (genitive singular)
warginjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warginjōi (dative singular)
warginjōmaz (dative plural)
warginjō (instrumental singular)
warginjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wargini
Old English: wierġen

Old Norse: vargynja

Icelandic: vargynja


sigiþiz

sigiþiz (nominative singular)
sigiþīz (nominative plural)
sigiþi (singular vocative)
sigiþīz (plural vocative)
sigiþį (accusative singular)
sigiþinz (accusative plural)
sigiþīz (genitive singular)
sigiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sigiþī (dative singular)
sigiþimaz (dative plural)
sigiþī (instrumental singular)
sigiþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sigiþī, *sigþī (late)
Old English: sigþe, sigdi, sīþe m
Middle English: sithe, sythe
English: scythe
Scots: sithe, scythe
Old Frisian: *sichte, *sīthe
Saterland Frisian: Sied m
West Frisian: sichte
Old Saxon: *sigitha, *sigtha, *sihta
Middle Low German: sigde, sichte, segede, sicht f
German Low German: Sichte, Sicht
Old Dutch: *sigitha, *sigtha, *sihta
Middle Dutch: sichte f
Dutch: zicht
→ West Frisian: zicht

Old Norse: sigðr; sigðir (“sword”)

Icelandic: sigður

Norwegian Nynorsk: sigd


sehwǭ

sehwǭ (nominative singular)
sehwōniz (nominative plural)
sehwǭ (singular vocative)
sehwōniz (plural vocative)
sehwōnų (accusative singular)
sehwōnunz (accusative plural)
sehwōniz (genitive singular)
sehwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sehwōni (dative singular)
sehwōmaz (dative plural)
sehwōnē (instrumental singular)
sehwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sehwā
Old English: sēo, sēa, sīo f or m
Old Frisian: siā m
Old Saxon: seha
Old Saxon: seho, sio m
Middle Low German: sên, sênt
German Low German: Sehn
Old Dutch: sia
Middle Dutch: sie
Old High German: seha

Old Norse: *sjá

⇒ Old Norse: ásjá

Icelandic: ásjá

⇒ Old Norse: skuggsjá

⇒ Old Norse: umsjá

Icelandic: umsjá

From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”).


laubō

laubō (nominative singular)
laubôz (nominative plural)
laubō (singular vocative)
laubôz (plural vocative)
laubǭ (accusative singular)
laubōz (accusative plural)
laubōz (genitive singular)
laubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laubōi (dative singular)
laubōmaz (dative plural)
laubō (instrumental singular)
laubōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laubu
Old English: lēaf
Middle English: lefe, leve
Scots: leve, leiv
English: leave
Old Frisian: *lāve
Saterland Frisian: Loofe, Loouwe, Looche
West Frisian: leafe
Old Saxon: *lōva
Middle Low German: *lôve
German Low German: Loov
Old Dutch: *lōva
Middle Dutch: *lôve
Dutch: love
Old High German: *louba
Middle High German:
German: Laube

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to desire, covet; praise, admire; love”). Related to *lubą (“praise”).


kwēþiją

kwēþiją (nominative singular)
kwēþijō (nominative plural)
kwēþiją (singular vocative)
kwēþijō (plural vocative)
kwēþiją (accusative singular)
kwēþijō (accusative plural)
kwēþijas (genitive singular)
kwēþīs (genitive singular)
kwēþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwēþijai (dative singular)
kwēþijamaz (dative plural)
kwēþijō (instrumental singular)
kwēþijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kvæði

Icelandic: kvæði

Faroese: kvæði

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvæde

Old Swedish: kvǣde, kvǣde

Swedish: kväde

Derived from *kweþaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“to say”)


raihą

raihą (nominative singular)
raihō (nominative plural)
raihą (singular vocative)
raihō (plural vocative)
raihą (accusative singular)
raihō (accusative plural)
raihas (genitive singular)
raihis (genitive singular)
raihǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raihai (dative singular)
raihamaz (dative plural)
raihō (instrumental singular)
raihamiz (instrumental plural)


hersô

hersô (nominative singular)
hersōnō (nominative plural)
hersô (singular vocative)
hersōnō (plural vocative)
hersô (accusative singular)
hersōnō (accusative plural)
hirsiniz (genitive singular)
hersanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirsini (dative singular)
hersammaz (dative plural)
hirsinē (instrumental singular)
hersammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: hjarsi, hjassi
Icelandic: hjarsi, hjassi
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjasse
Swedish: hjässa
Old Danish: jassæ, jæssæ, jessæ, issæ
Danish: isse
Norwegian Bokmål: isse
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: isse

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱérh₂sō (“top of the head/skull”), from the root *ḱerh₂s- (“head”).


herznô

herznô (nominative singular)
herznaniz (nominative plural)
herznô (singular vocative)
herznaniz (plural vocative)
herznanų (accusative singular)
herznanunz (accusative plural)
hirzniniz (genitive singular)
herznanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirznini (dative singular)
herznammaz (dative plural)
hirzninē (instrumental singular)
herznammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: hjarni
Icelandic: hjarni
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjerne
Elfdalian: ienne
Old Swedish: hiærne
Swedish: hjärna (from oblique)
Danish: hjerne
Norwegian Bokmål: hjerne
Gutnish: hjänne, hjärni

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂s- (“head”).


raubō

raubō (nominative singular)
raubôz (nominative plural)
raubō (singular vocative)
raubôz (plural vocative)
raubǭ (accusative singular)
raubōz (accusative plural)
raubōz (genitive singular)
raubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raubōi (dative singular)
raubōmaz (dative plural)
raubō (instrumental singular)
raubōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raubu

Old High German: rauba

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᚢᛒᚢ (*raubu)

Old Norse: rauf, rof
Icelandic: rauf
Faroese: reyv
Norwegian Nynorsk: ræv, rauv
Norwegian Bokmål: ræv
Swedish: röv
Danish: røv

From *reufaną (“to tear”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to peel; tear; strip”).


tanhwą

tanhwą (nominative singular)
tanhwō (nominative plural)
tanhwą (singular vocative)
tanhwō (plural vocative)
tanhwą (accusative singular)
tanhwō (accusative plural)
tanhwas (genitive singular)
tanhwis (genitive singular)
tanhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tanhwai (dative singular)
tanhwamaz (dative plural)
tanhwō (instrumental singular)
tanhwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: tá
Icelandic: tá
Norwegian Nynorsk: tåg
Old Swedish: tā, ⇒ fortā
Swedish: tå (dialectal)
⇒ Old Danish: fortā, fortæ
Danish: forte
Danish: fortov
Norwegian Bokmål: fortau (also from a dialectal form of fortåg)

→ Finnish: tanhua


tanhwō

tanhwō (nominative singular)
tanhwôz (nominative plural)
tanhwō (singular vocative)
tanhwôz (plural vocative)
tanhwǭ (accusative singular)
tanhwōz (accusative plural)
tanhwōz (genitive singular)
tanhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tanhwōi (dative singular)
tanhwōmaz (dative plural)
tanhwō (instrumental singular)
tanhwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Norse: tó (“grassy spot among cliffs”)

Icelandic: tó

Faroese: tó

Norwegian Nynorsk: to

Swedish: to (“valley”) (dialectal)


sebunstirniją

sebunstirniją (nominative singular)
sebunstirnijō (nominative plural)
sebunstirniją (singular vocative)
sebunstirnijō (plural vocative)
sebunstirniją (accusative singular)
sebunstirnijō (accusative plural)
sebunstirnijas (genitive singular)
sebunstirnīs (genitive singular)
sebunstirnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sebunstirnijai (dative singular)
sebunstirnijamaz (dative plural)
sebunstirnijō (instrumental singular)
sebunstirnijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sebunstirnī, *sebunstirrī
Old English: seofonstierre
Old Frisian: *sogenstēre, *savenstēre
Saterland Frisian: Soogengestiern (influenced by or possibly borrowed from German)
West Frisian: sânstjer
Old Saxon: *sivunstirni, *sivunstirri
Middle Low German: sēvenstērne, sȫvenstērne; sēvensterre
Old Dutch: *sivonstirni, *sivonstirri
Middle Dutch: sēvensterre
Dutch: zevenster (now rare)
Old High German: sibunstirni, sibunstirri; sibunstern
Middle High German: sibenstërne
German: Siebenstern, Siebengestirn

Old Norse: sjaustirni

Icelandic: sjöstirni

Norwegian Nynorsk: Sjustjerna


gulbą

gulbą (nominative singular)
gulbō (nominative plural)
gulbą (singular vocative)
gulbō (plural vocative)
gulbą (accusative singular)
gulbō (accusative plural)
gulbas (genitive singular)
gulbis (genitive singular)
gulbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gulbai (dative singular)
gulbamaz (dative plural)
gulbō (instrumental singular)
gulbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: golf

Icelandic: gólf

Faroese: gólv

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: golv; (dialectal) gølv, góv, gæłv

→ Norwegian Bokmål: golv

Swedish: golv

Old Danish: gulf

Danish: gulv

Norwegian Bokmål: gulv

→ Proto-Samic: *kuolpē (see there for further descendants)


kernô

kernô (nominative singular)
kernaniz (nominative plural)
kernô (singular vocative)
kernaniz (plural vocative)
kernanų (accusative singular)
kernanunz (accusative plural)
kirniniz (genitive singular)
kernanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kirnini (dative singular)
kernammaz (dative plural)
kirninē (instrumental singular)
kernammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *kerna m, *kerne f, *kern n

Saterland Frisian: Kädden n

West Frisian: kearn m or f

Old Saxon: kerno m, *kern m, *kerna f

Middle Low German: kerne, kern, karne, karn m or f

German Low German: Keern m

Old Dutch: *kerno m, *kerna f

Middle Dutch: kerne, keerne f

Dutch: keern, kern f

Afrikaans: kern

desctree

Old High German: kerno, kern
Middle High German: kerne, kern
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Kern
German: Kern
Luxembourgish: Kär
Yiddish: קערן (kern)

Old Norse: kjarni

Icelandic: kjarni

Faroese: kjarni

Norwegian Bokmål: kjerne

Old Swedish: kiärne

Swedish: kärna (from the oblique), kärne (obsolete or dialectal)

Danish: kerne


kirnijǭ

kirnijǭ (nominative singular)
kirnijōniz (nominative plural)
kirnijǭ (singular vocative)
kirnijōniz (plural vocative)
kirnijōnų (accusative singular)
kirnijōnunz (accusative plural)
kirnijōniz (genitive singular)
kirnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kirnijōni (dative singular)
kirnijōmaz (dative plural)
kirnijōnē (instrumental singular)
kirnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kirnijā
Old English: ċirin, ċyrin
Middle English: chyrne, cherine, cherne, cheyrne, chirne, kirne, kyrn, kyrne
English: churn, kern
Scots: kirn, kern, kurn, curn
Old Frisian: *tzerne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: saaren
Halligen: seern
Karrharde: scharn
Mooring: scharn
Wiedingharde: scharn
East Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: Säddene
Wangerooge Frisian: sjënn
West Frisian: tsjerne
Hindeloopen: serne
Schiermonnikoog: tjen
Old Saxon:
Middle Low German: kerne, kirne, karne
Low German: Karne
→ German: Karn, Kirne, Kerne
→ Latvian: ķērne
Old Dutch: *kirna
Middle Dutch: kerne, keerne
Dutch: karn
Afrikaans: karring
→ Walloon: serene

Old Norse: kirna

Icelandic: kirna

Faroese: kirna

Norwegian: kinne

Old Swedish: kirna, kerna

Swedish: kärna

→ Finnish: kirnu

Danish: kærne (kjærne, kjerne)

Derived from Proto-Germanic *kernǭ (“creme”)? Alternatively, the latter word is a backformation from this one. Possibly, they are related to *kernô (“core”), which is related to *kurną (“corn, grain”); yet this is disputed.


rōkiþō

rōkiþō (nominative singular)
rōkiþôz (nominative plural)
rōkiþō (singular vocative)
rōkiþôz (plural vocative)
rōkiþǭ (accusative singular)
rōkiþōz (accusative plural)
rōkiþōz (genitive singular)
rōkiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōkiþōi (dative singular)
rōkiþōmaz (dative plural)
rōkiþō (instrumental singular)
rōkiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: rœkt

Icelandic: rækt

Faroese: røkt

Norwegian Nynorsk: røkt

Old Swedish: røkt, rykt

Swedish: rykt

Danish: røgt

Norwegian Bokmål: røkt

⇒ Old Norse: rœkta

Icelandic: rækta

Faroese: røkta

Norwegian Nynorsk: røkta

Old Swedish: røkta, rykta

Swedish: rykta

Danish: røgte

Norwegian Bokmål: røkte


kelaz

kelaz (nominative singular)
kilizō (nominative plural)
kelaz (singular vocative)
kilizō (plural vocative)
kelaz (accusative singular)
kilizō (accusative plural)
kiliziz (genitive singular)
kilizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kilizi (dative singular)
kilizumaz (dative plural)
kilizē (instrumental singular)
kilizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeolor, ċeoler; ċeosol, ċesol (“maw, gullet”) (through metathesis ?)

Middle English: *cholere

desc

Scots: chollare, choler, choller, chuller, chiller

Old High German: kelur, kelor; kelura; keluro, keloro

From Proto-Indo-European *gel-, *gʷel- (“to swallow; throat”).


setą

setą (nominative singular)
setō (nominative plural)
setą (singular vocative)
setō (plural vocative)
setą (accusative singular)
setō (accusative plural)
setas (genitive singular)
sitis (genitive singular)
setǫ̂ (genitive plural)
setai (dative singular)
setamaz (dative plural)
setō (instrumental singular)
setamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *set

Old English: set

Middle English: set, sette

English: set

Old Saxon: *set

Middle Low German: set, sette

Old Dutch: *set

Middle Dutch: set, zet

Dutch: zet

Old High German: sez

Middle High German: sëz

Old Norse: set

Icelandic: set

From Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”).


silô

silô (nominative singular)
silaniz (nominative plural)
silô (singular vocative)
silaniz (plural vocative)
silanų (accusative singular)
silanunz (accusative plural)
siliniz (genitive singular)
silanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
silini (dative singular)
silammaz (dative plural)
silinē (instrumental singular)
silammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *silō

Old Frisian: *sil

North Frisian: selle

Saterland Frisian: Siele

West Frisian: sile

⇒ Old Frisian: silrāp

Old Saxon: *silo

Middle Low German: sele

Old High German: silo

Middle High German: sil, sile

German: Siele

desctree

Old Norse: seli, sili
Norwegian Bokmål: sele
Norwegian Nynorsk: sele
Danish: sele
Swedish: sele

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”).


saidô

saidô (nominative singular)
saidaniz (nominative plural)
saidô (singular vocative)
saidaniz (plural vocative)
saidanų (accusative singular)
saidanunz (accusative plural)
saidiniz (genitive singular)
saidanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saidini (dative singular)
saidammaz (dative plural)
saidinē (instrumental singular)
saidammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *saidō

Old English: sāda m

desctree

Old High German: seito, seita, seid, seit
Middle High German: seite
German: Saite

Old Norse: seiðr

→ Proto-Finnic: *häici (see there for further descendants)


maþikô

maþikô (nominative singular)
maþikaniz (nominative plural)
maþikô (singular vocative)
maþikaniz (plural vocative)
maþikanų (accusative singular)
maþikanunz (accusative plural)
maþikiniz (genitive singular)
maþikanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maþikini (dative singular)
maþikammaz (dative plural)
maþikinē (instrumental singular)
maþikammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: maðkr
Icelandic: maðkur
Faroese: maðkur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: makk, mark
Norwegian Bokmål: makk, mark
Old Swedish: maþker
Swedish: matk, mask
Northern Sami: mask
Old Danish: mathk
Danish: maddike, mark
→ German Low German: Maddik, Madik, Meddik, Mett

Elfdalian: makk

Gutnish: makk

Scanian: maðk

desc

→ Middle English: mathek, mauk, mawk, magot, magat

English: maddock, mawk, maggot

Scots: maggot, mak, mauch, mauk; matlo

Old Norse: maðka

→? Finnish: matikka


pursaz

pursaz (nominative singular)
pursōz (nominative plural)
pursōs (nominative plural)
purs (singular vocative)
pursōz (plural vocative)
pursōs (plural vocative)
pursą (accusative singular)
pursanz (accusative plural)
pursas (genitive singular)
pursis (genitive singular)
pursǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pursai (dative singular)
pursamaz (dative plural)
pursō (instrumental singular)
pursamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pors

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: pors, porst

→ German: Porst, Porste f, Porsch m, Porsche f, Post m, Posch m, Pos m (all archaic or obsolete)

Old High German:

Middle High German: bors, borse, borser

German: Bors, Berz, Birz m or f (obsolete, dialectal)

Old Norse: pors

Danish: pors, formerly also post

Gutnish: purs

→ Finnish: pursu, formerly also pursi

Icelandic: pors

Norwegian Bokmål: pors, formerly also post

Swedish: pors, formerly also post

Toponym:

Bursibant, a region northwest of the Ems

Postsee, a lake west of Preetz


fleutą

fleutą (nominative singular)
fleutō (nominative plural)
fleutą (singular vocative)
fleutō (plural vocative)
fleutą (accusative singular)
fleutō (accusative plural)
fleutas (genitive singular)
fliutis (genitive singular)
fleutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fleutai (dative singular)
fleutamaz (dative plural)
fleutō (instrumental singular)
fleutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fleut

Old English: flēot

Middle English: fleet, floot, flete

English: fleet, floot, flote, flete

Scots: flete, fleit, flet, flat

Old Frisian: fliāt

Saterland Frisian: Floot

West Frisian: flit

Old Saxon: fliot

Middle Low German: vlêt

German Low German: Fleet

→ German: Fleet

Old Dutch: fliet

Middle Dutch: vliet

Dutch: vliet

Afrikaans: vliet

Old High German: flioz

Middle High German: vliez

German: Fließ (regional)

Old Norse: fljót

Icelandic: fljót

Faroese: fljót, flót

Old Swedish: flȳt, fliūt

Swedish: fljut, flyt

Danish: flyd

Norwegian: flyt

Gutnish: fliaut, flaut

Dalian:

Mora: fljot

Elfdalian: fliuot

From Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to flow, run”).


-assuz

-assuz (nominative singular)
-assiwiz (nominative plural)
-assu (singular vocative)
-assiwiz (plural vocative)
-assų (accusative singular)
-assunz (accusative plural)
-assauz (genitive singular)
-assiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-assiwi (dative singular)
-assumaz (dative plural)
-assū (instrumental singular)
-assumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: -𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (-assus)

From earlier *-at-tuz, reanalyzed from *-at-janą + *-tuz.


skeulą

skeulą (nominative singular)
skeulō (nominative plural)
skeulą (singular vocative)
skeulō (plural vocative)
skeulą (accusative singular)
skeulō (accusative plural)
skeulas (genitive singular)
skiulis (genitive singular)
skeulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skeulai (dative singular)
skeulamaz (dative plural)
skeulō (instrumental singular)
skeulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skjól

Icelandic: skjól

Faroese: skjól

Norwegian: skjul

Swedish: skjul

Danish: skjul

According to Orel, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), from which he also derives *skuwwô (“reflection; shadow”).


wulbī

wulbī (nominative singular)
wulbijôz (nominative plural)
wulbī (singular vocative)
wulbijôz (plural vocative)
wulbijǭ (accusative singular)
wulbijōz (accusative plural)
wulbijōz (genitive singular)
wulbijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulbijōi (dative singular)
wulbijōmaz (dative plural)
wulbijō (instrumental singular)
wulbijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wulbi
Old English: wylf
Old High German: wulpa
Middle High German: wülpe
German: Wülpe

Old Norse: ylfa
→ Icelandic: Ylfa, Ylva, ylfa, ýlfa
Old Swedish: ylva, Ylva
Swedish: Ylva

From Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p-íh₂, an alteration of *wl̥kʷ-íh₂, ultimately derived from *wĺ̥kʷos. Compare Proto-Germanic *wulgī.


bermô

bermô (nominative singular)
bermaniz (nominative plural)
bermô (singular vocative)
bermaniz (plural vocative)
bermanų (accusative singular)
bermanunz (accusative plural)
birminiz (genitive singular)
bermanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birmini (dative singular)
bermammaz (dative plural)
birminē (instrumental singular)
bermammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bermō
Old English: beorma, beorm, bearm
Middle English: berme, barme, berm, barm, beorme
English: barm
Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm
Yola: barrm
Old Frisian: berma
Saterland Frisian: Bierme
West Frisian: berme
Old Saxon: *bermo, *berma
Middle Low German: berm, barm
German Low German: Barm, Bärme, Bärm
→ German: Bärme
→ Danish: bærme
→ Estonian: pärm
→ Swedish: bärma
→ Norwegian: bærme, berme
Old Dutch: *bermo; *berma
Middle Dutch: berme, berm, barme, barm

Uncertain: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰér-mō ~ *bʰr̥-mnés, from *bʰer- (“to boil”) (compare with Latin fermentum (“fermentation; yeast”)), or perhaps from *gʷʰér-mō ~ *gʷʰr̥-mnés, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


hagjō

hagjō (nominative singular)
hagjôz (nominative plural)
hagjō (singular vocative)
hagjôz (plural vocative)
hagjǭ (accusative singular)
hagjōz (accusative plural)
hagjōz (genitive singular)
hagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagjōi (dative singular)
hagjōmaz (dative plural)
hagjō (instrumental singular)
hagjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haggju
Old English: heċġ
Middle English: hegge, egge, eygge, heddge, hedge, heg, hege, hegg, heggg
English: hedge
Scots: hedge
Old Frisian: *hegg, *heg
Saterland Frisian: Hääge
West Frisian: hage (possibly from related Middle Low German hāge, hāch)
Old Saxon: *heggia; *heggi
Middle Low German: hegge, hēge, hoge
German Low German: Heeg, Hegg
Old Dutch: *hegga
Middle Dutch: hegge
Dutch: heg
Afrikaans: heg
Old High German: hegga, *hekka
Middle High German: hegge, hege, hecke (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hakkju)
German: Hecke
→ Icelandic: hekk
→ Swedish: häck
→ Danish: hæk
Luxembourgish: Heck
→ Medieval Latin: haga, haia
Old French: hoie, haie; age (dialectal)
Middle French: haye
French: haie
French: age m

From Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure”), whence also Latin cohum, Welsh cae.


gerstō

gerstō (nominative singular)
gerstôz (nominative plural)
gerstō (singular vocative)
gerstôz (plural vocative)
gerstǭ (accusative singular)
gerstōz (accusative plural)
gerstōz (genitive singular)
gerstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gerstōi (dative singular)
gerstōmaz (dative plural)
gerstō (instrumental singular)
gerstōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gerstu
Old English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)
Middle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost
English: gorse
Yola: goss, gorr
Old Frisian: *jerste
Saterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste
Old Saxon: gersta
Middle Low German: gerste
German Low German: Garste, Garst
Plautdietsch: Joascht
Old Dutch: *gersta
Middle Dutch: gerste
Dutch: gerst
Afrikaans: gars
→ Xhosa: írhási
→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)
Old High German: gersta
Middle High German: gerste
Alemannic German: Geerste
Bavarian: Geaschtn
Cimbrian: ghéersta
Mòcheno: gerst
Central Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht
Luxembourgish: Geescht
German: Gerste
Yiddish: גערשט (gersht)

From virtual Proto-Indo-European *gʰersd-eh₂, from *ǵʰersd-. Cognate with Latin hordeum (“barley”), Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley”), Armenian գարի (gari, “wheat”), Albanian drithë (“cereal, grain”). However, given the irregular sound correspondences (especially the Greek, which requires a root of the shape *ǵʰreydʰ-), probably of non-Indo-European substrate or Wanderwort origin. If indeed Indo-European in origin, the root would seem to be *ǵʰers- (“to be stiff”) (compare Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati, “to bristle”)) with some extension *-D-. For the semantics, compare the synonym *baraz (“barley”; originally “spiky leaves”, “awn”), apparently from *bʰers- (“sharp point, tip, top”). Contrast *hirsijô (“millet”) (Old Norse hirsi, Old High German hirso).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


drastaz

drastaz (nominative singular)
drastizō (nominative plural)
drastaz (singular vocative)
drastizō (plural vocative)
drastaz (accusative singular)
drastizō (accusative plural)
drastiziz (genitive singular)
drastizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drastizi (dative singular)
drastizumaz (dative plural)
drastizē (instrumental singular)
drastizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drast
Old High German: trestir pl
Middle High German: trester
German: Trester
⇒ Old High German: trestig

From earlier *drahstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰragʰs-tó-s, from *dʰrā́ks (“dregs, sediment”).