starfą

starfą (nominative singular)
starfō (nominative plural)
starfą (singular vocative)
starfō (plural vocative)
starfą (accusative singular)
starfō (accusative plural)
starfas (genitive singular)
starfis (genitive singular)
starfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
starfai (dative singular)
starfamaz (dative plural)
starfō (instrumental singular)
starfamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: starf

Faroese: starv

Icelandic: starf

From Proto-Indo-European *storbʰ-o-, from *sterbʰ- (“to be stiff, become stiff”). Synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *sterbaną (“to be stiff”).


knuppaz

knuppaz (nominative singular)
knuppōz (nominative plural)
knuppōs (nominative plural)
knupp (singular vocative)
knuppōz (plural vocative)
knuppōs (plural vocative)
knuppą (accusative singular)
knuppanz (accusative plural)
knuppas (genitive singular)
knuppis (genitive singular)
knuppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knuppai (dative singular)
knuppamaz (dative plural)
knuppō (instrumental singular)
knuppamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: knuppe (“bud”)

Old High German: knopf (“knot”)

Middle High German: knopf

German: Knopf (“button, knob”)

Old Norse:

Norwegian: knupp (“bud”) (dialectal)

From a Proto-Indo-European *gnewbʰ-o-s, from *gnewbʰ-, an extension of *gen- (“to compress”), and cognate with Old Irish gnobh (“knot, knag”), Lithuanian gniáubti (“to embrace”), gniùbti (“to lose firmness, sink”). See also *knudaną (“to knead”), which continues a different extension of the same root.

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


humaraz

humaraz (nominative singular)
humarōz (nominative plural)
humarōs (nominative plural)
humar (singular vocative)
humarōz (plural vocative)
humarōs (plural vocative)
humarą (accusative singular)
humaranz (accusative plural)
humaras (genitive singular)
humaris (genitive singular)
humarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
humarai (dative singular)
humaramaz (dative plural)
humarō (instrumental singular)
humaramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: humarr
Icelandic: humar
Faroese: hummari
Norwegian Nynorsk: hummar, humar
Swedish: hummer
Danish: hummer
Norwegian Bokmål: hummer
→ Middle Low German: *hummer
German Low German: Hummer
Dutch Low Saxon: hummer
→ Dutch: hommer
→ German: Hummer
→ French: homard
→ Bulgarian: омар (omar)
→ Hungarian: homár
→ Russian: ома́р (omár)
→ Armenian: օմար (ōmar)
→ Kazakh: омар (omar)
→ Slovak: homár

Likely a substrate borrowing from the same Mediterranean source as Ancient Greek κάραβος (kárabos, “beetle, crustacean”), κᾰ́μμᾰρος (kắmmăros, “lobster, shrimp”) (the later whence Latin cammarus (“lobster”)), with hypothetical proto-form *km̥h₂-er-.


blōdiz

blōdiz (nominative singular)
blōdīz (nominative plural)
blōdi (singular vocative)
blōdīz (plural vocative)
blōdį (accusative singular)
blōdinz (accusative plural)
blōdīz (genitive singular)
blōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōdī (dative singular)
blōdimaz (dative plural)
blōdī (instrumental singular)
blōdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōdi

desc

Old English: blēd (“shoot, branch, flower, fruit”)

Old High German: bluot (“blossom, blossoming”)

Middle High German: bluot, blüete

German: Blüte

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-tí-s, from *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom”); see also *blōaną (“idem”).


wahtaz

wahtaz (nominative singular)
wahtōz (nominative plural)
wahtōs (nominative plural)
waht (singular vocative)
wahtōz (plural vocative)
wahtōs (plural vocative)
wahtą (accusative singular)
wahtanz (accusative plural)
wahtas (genitive singular)
wahtis (genitive singular)
wahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahtai (dative singular)
wahtamaz (dative plural)
wahtō (instrumental singular)
wahtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: váttr
Icelandic: vottur
Old Swedish: vātter

From Proto-Indo-European *wókʷ-to-s (“voice, speech”), from the root *wekʷ- (“to speak, sound out”).


lidą

lidą (nominative singular)
lidō (nominative plural)
lidą (singular vocative)
lidō (plural vocative)
lidą (accusative singular)
lidō (accusative plural)
lidas (genitive singular)
lidis (genitive singular)
lidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lidai (dative singular)
lidamaz (dative plural)
lidō (instrumental singular)
lidamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: lid (“vessel, ship”)

desc

Old Frisian: lid (“band, troop, retinue”)

desctree

Old Norse: lið
Faroese: lið n
Icelandic: lið n
Old Swedish: liþ n

Nominal derivative from *līþaną (“to go, pass through”).


kāsijaz

kāsijaz (nominative singular)
kāsijōz (nominative plural)
kāsijōs (nominative plural)
kāsī (singular vocative)
kāsijōz (plural vocative)
kāsijōs (plural vocative)
kāsiją (accusative singular)
kāsijanz (accusative plural)
kāsijas (genitive singular)
kāsīs (genitive singular)
kāsijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kāsijai (dative singular)
kāsijamaz (dative plural)
kāsijō (instrumental singular)
kāsijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kāsī
Old English: ċīese, ċǣse, ċēse, ċȳse, cȳsa
Middle English: chese, cheese, chesse, cheys, chiese, chise, cæse, ceose, cuse, cyse (Early Middle English)
English: cheese (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cheese
Old Frisian: tzīse, *tzēse
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: sees
Helgoland: sīs, sīz
Mooring: säis
Wiedingharde: sees
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: tzise, tzyse
Saterland Frisian: Síes
Wangerooge Frisian: siiz
Wursten Frisian: zise, schieese
West Frisian: tsiis, tsjiis
Hindeloopen: sees
Schiermonnikoog: tjiis
Old Saxon: kāsi
Middle Low German: kêse
Dutch Low Saxon: keze
German Low German: Kees, Käes, Käse
Plautdietsch: Kjees
Old Dutch: *cāsi
Middle Dutch: câse, kese (eastern)
Dutch: kaas
Afrikaans: kaas
→ Sotho: kase
→ Tswana: kase
Berbice Creole Dutch: kasi
Jersey Dutch: kääs
Negerhollands: kaas, kaes
→ Aukan: kasi
→ Papiamentu: keshi (from the diminutive)
→ Peranakan Indonesian: kas
→ Sranan Tongo: kasi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kási
→ Saramaccan: kási
Limburgish: kieës, kees
Old High German: chāsi, kāsi
Middle High German: kæse
Alemannic German: Chääs, Chees, Chèès
Alsatian: Käs
Swabian: Kääs
Walser: cheisch, chesch, chiesch, chääs, chìŝch
Bavarian: Kas, Kaas
Cimbrian: kese, khes, khéeze
Mòcheno: kas
Udinese: ckaas, kase, khase
East Franconian: Kaas, Kees
German: Käse
Hunsrik: Kees
Kölsch: Kies
Luxembourgish: Kéis
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Käs
Palatine German: Kees
Pennsylvania German: Kaes
Vilamovian: kȳz
Yiddish: קעז (kez)

Old Norse: kæsir

Icelandic: kæsir

Norwegian Nynorsk: kjese

Elfdalian: kęse

Danish: kæse

→ Proto-Samic: *kāsëjē (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kahja (see there for further descendants)


andō

andō (nominative singular)
andôz (nominative plural)
andō (singular vocative)
andôz (plural vocative)
andǭ (accusative singular)
andōz (accusative plural)
andōz (genitive singular)
andǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andōi (dative singular)
andōmaz (dative plural)
andō (instrumental singular)
andōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ǫnd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énHteh₂ (“doorjamb, doorpost”), and related to Latin antae (“door pilasters”), Sanskrit आता (ā́tā, “door frame”), Old Armenian դրանդի (drandi, “doorpost, threshold”). The relation, if any, of the root to *h₂ent- (“face, front”), which has been suggested as an alternate derivation of the Germanic, is uncertain.


hatjǭ

hatjǭ (nominative singular)
hatjōniz (nominative plural)
hatjǭ (singular vocative)
hatjōniz (plural vocative)
hatjōnų (accusative singular)
hatjōnunz (accusative plural)
hatjōniz (genitive singular)
hatjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hatjōni (dative singular)
hatjōmaz (dative plural)
hatjōnē (instrumental singular)
hatjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hetja

Faroese: hetja

Icelandic: hetja

*hatjaną (“to pursue, attack”) + *-ǭ (“-ess”), thus "pursuer, attacker" > "(well-traveled) warrior" > "hero".


lepaz

lepaz (nominative singular)
lipizō (nominative plural)
lepaz (singular vocative)
lipizō (plural vocative)
lepaz (accusative singular)
lipizō (accusative plural)
lipiziz (genitive singular)
lipizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lipizi (dative singular)
lipizumaz (dative plural)
lipizē (instrumental singular)
lipizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lep
⇒ Old Saxon: lepar m
⇒ Old Dutch: lëpor m
Middle Dutch: lëper
⇒ Old High German: lefs m
Middle High German: lefs, lebs, leps, leves, lesp m or f
⇒ Old High German: lefso m
Middle High German: lëfse, lebse, leftze m or f
German: Lefze, Lebse f
⇒ Old High German: lëffur m
→ Old French: leffre (merger of regular levre and possibly OHG lëffur)
Middle French: leffre

Old Norse: *lepr m

>? Old Swedish: læpper

Swedish: läpp


lawwą

lawwą (nominative singular)
lawwō (nominative plural)
lawwą (singular vocative)
lawwō (plural vocative)
lawwą (accusative singular)
lawwō (accusative plural)
lawwas (genitive singular)
lawwis (genitive singular)
lawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lawwai (dative singular)
lawwamaz (dative plural)
lawwō (instrumental singular)
lawwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lauw

Old Saxon: *lō

desc

Middle Low German: lô, loh, loy, lôe, loye n

gl

either borrowed from German or gender switched to conform to German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Lohe</i>

German Low German: Loh f (either borrowed from German or gender switched to conform to German Lohe)

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: lôgen, loien (verb)

German Low German: lojen

→ Saterland Frisian: looije

→⇒ Saterland Frisian: Loge

Old Dutch: *lō

Middle Dutch: lo, loo n

⇒ Middle Dutch: loën, louwen, lôyen, looyen, loeyen (verb)

Dutch: looien

Afrikaans: looi

→ West Frisian: loaie

⇒ Dutch: louwe, loye, looi

Old High German: lō

Middle High German: lō

German: Loh n

⇒ Middle High German: lōwen (verb)

German: lohen (archaic)

⇒ German: Lohe f

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to separate, split, detach, shed”).


glaiwiz

glaiwiz (nominative singular)
glaiwīz (nominative plural)
glaiwi (singular vocative)
glaiwīz (plural vocative)
glaiwį (accusative singular)
glaiwinz (accusative plural)
glaiwīz (genitive singular)
glaiwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glaiwī (dative singular)
glaiwimaz (dative plural)
glaiwī (instrumental singular)
glaiwimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: glær

Icelandic: glær

gl

⇒ Old Norse: glævir m (sometimes derived from *glaiwijaną "to shine")

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley- (“to shine, shimmer; yellow, grey, green, blue”).


wurmiją

wurmiją (nominative singular)
wurmijō (nominative plural)
wurmiją (singular vocative)
wurmijō (plural vocative)
wurmiją (accusative singular)
wurmijō (accusative plural)
wurmijas (genitive singular)
wurmīs (genitive singular)
wurmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurmijai (dative singular)
wurmijamaz (dative plural)
wurmijō (instrumental singular)
wurmijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gawurmī

German: Gewürm

Old Norse: yrmi

From *wurmiz (“worm”) + *-ją (collective suffix). Kroonen points out that an identical neuter collective formation also appears in Proto-Slavic *vьrmьje.


hlewaz

hlewaz (nominative singular)
hliwizō (nominative plural)
hlewaz (singular vocative)
hliwizō (plural vocative)
hlewaz (accusative singular)
hliwizō (accusative plural)
hliwiziz (genitive singular)
hliwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliwizi (dative singular)
hliwizumaz (dative plural)
hliwizē (instrumental singular)
hliwizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᛉ (*hlewaʀ)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwos.


þēhtuz

þēhtuz (nominative singular)
þēhtiwiz (nominative plural)
þēhtu (singular vocative)
þēhtiwiz (plural vocative)
þēhtų (accusative singular)
þēhtunz (accusative plural)
þēhtauz (genitive singular)
þēhtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þēhtiwi (dative singular)
þēhtumaz (dative plural)
þēhtū (instrumental singular)
þēhtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þāhtu

Old High German: tāht (“wick”)

desc

Old Norse: þáttr (“single strand of rope”)

Icelandic: þáttur

From a lengthened-grade of Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- (“to hew, fashion”) + *-þuz (“result noun suffix”).


rauzą

rauzą (nominative singular)
rauzō (nominative plural)
rauzą (singular vocative)
rauzō (plural vocative)
rauzą (accusative singular)
rauzō (accusative plural)
rauzas (genitive singular)
rauzis (genitive singular)
rauzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rauzai (dative singular)
rauzamaz (dative plural)
rauzō (instrumental singular)
rauzamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rauʀ
Old Frisian: rër
Old Dutch:
Middle Dutch: roer
Old High German: rōr
Middle High German: rōr
German: Rohr

Old Norse: reyrr
Icelandic: reyr m
Norwegian Nynorsk: røyr f or n
Swedish: rör n
Danish: rør n

Old Norse:

Faroese: royggj

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 (raus)

Of unknown origin. The semantic and formal resemblance to Proto-Slavic *rogozъ (“reed, rush”) is strong, though the final *z in the Slavic does not regularly correspond with Germanic *z, and the Slavic could possibly be a metathesis of Proto-Slavic *rozga (“twig, branch”), which appears to be unrelated. Has also been compared to Latin rūscum (“bark; butcher's broom”).


glanaz

glanaz (nominative singular)
glanōz (nominative plural)
glanōs (nominative plural)
glan (singular vocative)
glanōz (plural vocative)
glanōs (plural vocative)
glaną (accusative singular)
glananz (accusative plural)
glanas (genitive singular)
glanis (genitive singular)
glanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glanai (dative singular)
glanamaz (dative plural)
glanō (instrumental singular)
glanamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glan

Old High German: *glan

desc

Middle High German: glan (“shine; ember”)

German: Glan (archaic)

Old Norse: *glanr

Norwegian: glan (“brightness in the sky”)

Normalization of pre-Proto-Germanic *gʰlə-nó-s (“shining, glowing”) (quasi-Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlh₁-nó-s), past participle of *glōaną (“to glow”).


glēmaz

glēmaz (nominative singular)
glēmōz (nominative plural)
glēmōs (nominative plural)
glēm (singular vocative)
glēmōz (plural vocative)
glēmōs (plural vocative)
glēmą (accusative singular)
glēmanz (accusative plural)
glēmas (genitive singular)
glēmis (genitive singular)
glēmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glēmai (dative singular)
glēmamaz (dative plural)
glēmō (instrumental singular)
glēmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glām

Old English: glōm (“twilight”)

Old Norse: glámr (“moon”)

Icelandic: glámr (“moon”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleh₁-mó-s, from *ǵʰleh₁- (“shine, glow”) + *-mós.


-jǭ

-jǭ (nominative singular)
-jōniz (nominative plural)
-jǭ (singular vocative)
-jōniz (plural vocative)
-jōnų (accusative singular)
-jōnunz (accusative plural)
-jōniz (genitive singular)
-jōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-jōni (dative singular)
-jōmaz (dative plural)
-jōnē (instrumental singular)
-jōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-jā

Old Norse: -ja, -a

Gothic: -𐌾𐍉 (-jō)

feminine of *-jô: Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.


warją

warją (nominative singular)
warjō (nominative plural)
warją (singular vocative)
warjō (plural vocative)
warją (accusative singular)
warjō (accusative plural)
warjas (genitive singular)
waris (genitive singular)
warjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warjai (dative singular)
warjamaz (dative plural)
warjō (instrumental singular)
warjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wari

Old English: wer m

Middle English: wer, were

English: weir

Scots: were, weir

Old Frisian: *wer

Saterland Frisian: Wer

Old Saxon: wer, werr

Middle Low German: war

German Low German: Wehr

Old Dutch: weri

Middle Dutch: were

Dutch: weer

Old High German: wer

Middle High German: wer

German: Wehr

Old Norse: ver

Icelandic: ver

Norwegian: vær

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to close, shut, lock, protect, defend, block”).


glīmô

glīmô (nominative singular)
glīmōnō (nominative plural)
glīmô (singular vocative)
glīmōnō (plural vocative)
glīmô (accusative singular)
glīmōnō (accusative plural)
glīminiz (genitive singular)
glīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glīmini (dative singular)
glīmammaz (dative plural)
glīminē (instrumental singular)
glīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glīmō

Old Saxon: glīmo m or n (“gleam”)

desc

Old High German: glīmo, glīm n (“glow-worm, firefly”)

Middle High German: glīme, gleime, gleim

Old Norse: *glíma n

Norwegian Nynorsk: glima, glim m or n (dialectal)

→ Swedish: glim (dialectal)

Old Swedish: glima

Swedish: glimma

→ Middle English: glimme

English: glim

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰléy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰli-mén-s, from *ǵʰley- (“to shine”) + *-mn̥. Byform with *glaimô (whence Old High German gleimo) and *glemō (whence Old High German gleomu).


hurjaz

hurjaz (nominative singular)
hurjōz (nominative plural)
hurjōs (nominative plural)
huri (singular vocative)
hurjōz (plural vocative)
hurjōs (plural vocative)
hurją (accusative singular)
hurjanz (accusative plural)
hurjas (genitive singular)
huris (genitive singular)
hurjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurjai (dative singular)
hurjamaz (dative plural)
hurjō (instrumental singular)
hurjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: hyrr (“fire”)(Please either change this template to or insert a ====Descendants==== section in hyrr)

Old Norse: hyrr (“fire”)(Please either change this template to {{desc}} or insert a ====Descendants==== section in hyrr)

From Proto-Indo-European *krh₃-yo-s, from *kerh₃- (“to burn”), whence also Lithuanian kùrti (“to kindle”), Latin carbo (“coal”). See also Proto-West Germanic *harstijan (“to roast”) and Proto-West Germanic *herþ (“hearth”).


hurją

hurją (nominative singular)
hurjō (nominative plural)
hurją (singular vocative)
hurjō (plural vocative)
hurją (accusative singular)
hurjō (accusative plural)
hurjas (genitive singular)
huris (genitive singular)
hurjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurjai (dative singular)
hurjamaz (dative plural)
hurjō (instrumental singular)
hurjamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (hauri, “coal”)

From Proto-Indo-European *krh₃-yo-m, from *kerh₃- (“to burn”), whence also Lithuanian kùrti (“to kindle”), Latin carbo (“coal”). See also Proto-West Germanic *harstijan (“to roast”) and Proto-West Germanic *herþ (“hearth”).