kambijaną

kambijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kambijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kambijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kambīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kambijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kambī (active imperative second-person singular)
kambijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kambijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kambīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kambijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kambijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kambijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kambijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kambijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kambijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kambijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kambijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kambijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kambijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kambijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kambijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kambijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kambīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kambijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kambīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kambijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kambijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kambijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kambijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kambijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kambijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kambijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kambidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kambidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kambidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kambidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kambidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kambidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kambidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kambidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kambidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kambidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kambidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kambidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kambidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kambidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kambidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kambidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kambijandz (active participle present)
kambidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kambijan
Old English: cemban
Middle English: kemben
Scots: kem, keme
English: kemb; unkempt
Old Frisian: *kemba
Saterland Frisian: keeme
West Frisian: kjimme
Old Saxon: kembian
Middle Low German: kemben, kemmen
German Low German: kämmen
Low German: keimen
Plautdietsch: kjamen
Old Dutch: *kemben
Middle Dutch: kemmen, kemben
Dutch: kemmen
Limburgish: keimbe, keime
Old High German: kemben, chemben, chempen
Middle High German: kemben, kemmen
German: kämmen
Hunsrik: kemme
Luxembourgish: kämmen
Vilamovian: kemma

Old Norse: kemba
Icelandic: kemba
Faroese: kemba
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjemba, kjemma
Old Swedish: kæmba
Swedish: kämma (replaced by kamma)
Danish: kjæmme, kæmme
Norwegian Bokmål: kjemme


swait-

swaitaz (nominative singular)
swaitōz (nominative plural)
swaitōs (nominative plural)
swait (singular vocative)
swaitōz (plural vocative)
swaitōs (plural vocative)
swaitą (accusative singular)
swaitanz (accusative plural)
swaitas (genitive singular)
swaitis (genitive singular)
swaitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swaitai (dative singular)
swaitamaz (dative plural)
swaitō (instrumental singular)
swaitamiz (instrumental plural)
swaitą (nominative singular)
swaitō (nominative plural)
swaitą (singular vocative)
swaitō (plural vocative)
swaitą (accusative singular)
swaitō (accusative plural)
swaitas (genitive singular)
swaitis (genitive singular)
swaitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swaitai (dative singular)
swaitamaz (dative plural)
swaitō (instrumental singular)
swaitamiz (instrumental plural)
swaitô (nominative singular)
swaitaniz (nominative plural)
swaitô (singular vocative)
swaitaniz (plural vocative)
swaitanų (accusative singular)
swaitanunz (accusative plural)
swaitiniz (genitive singular)
swaitanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swaitini (dative singular)
swaitammaz (dative plural)
swaitinē (instrumental singular)
swaitammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swāt (< *swaitą)

desc

Middle English: swate, swote, swot, swete, swet (< under influence from the verb)

Scots: swate, swait, swete, sweit

English: sweat

→ Esperanto: ŝvito

English: swot

Old Frisian: swēt (< *swaitaz)

North Frisian: swiet

Saterland Frisian: Sweet n

West Frisian: swit

Old Saxon: swēt

Middle Low German: swēt

German Low German: Sweet

Old Dutch: *swēt

desctree

Middle Dutch: swêet
Dutch: zweet
Limburgish: zweit

Old High German: sweiz (< *swaitaz)

Middle High German: sweiz

German: Schweiß

Luxembourgish: Schweess

Vilamovian: śwaas

Old Norse: sveiti (< *swaitô)
Icelandic: sveiti, sviti
Faroese: sveiti, sveitti
Norwegian Nynorsk: sveite, sveitte
Norwegian Bokmål: svette
Old Swedish: svēter, svetter; svēte
Swedish: svett
Danish: sved

From Pre-Germanic *swoyd-o-, from Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”).


kumblą

kumblą (nominative singular)
kumblō (nominative plural)
kumblą (singular vocative)
kumblō (plural vocative)
kumblą (accusative singular)
kumblō (accusative plural)
kumblas (genitive singular)
kumblis (genitive singular)
kumblǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumblai (dative singular)
kumblamaz (dative plural)
kumblō (instrumental singular)
kumblamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kumbl

Old English: cumbl, cumbol, cumbor

Old Saxon: kumbl, kumbal

Old High German: *cumpal, *kumbal; kumbara, kumbarra f

desc

⇒ Old High German: cumpalporo, kumbalboro

desctree

Old Norse: kumbl, kuml, kubl, ᚴᚢᛘᛒᛚ (kumbl), ᚴᚢᛘᛚ (kuml), ᚴᚢᛒᛚ (kubl) — runic
Icelandic: kuml
Old Swedish: kumbel
Swedish: kummel
→ Finnish: kummeli


seudaz

seudaz (nominative singular)
seudōz (nominative plural)
seudōs (nominative plural)
seud (singular vocative)
seudōz (plural vocative)
seudōs (plural vocative)
seudą (accusative singular)
seudanz (accusative plural)
seudas (genitive singular)
siudis (genitive singular)
seudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
seudai (dative singular)
seudamaz (dative plural)
seudō (instrumental singular)
seudamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēod; āsēodan

Middle English: seode

(Old High German: *siuwet)

(Middle High German: siuwet, siut m)

Old Norse: sjóðr

Icelandic: sjóður

Old Swedish: siūþer

From Proto-Indo-European *syewH-tós, from *syewh₁- (“to sew”).


sadulaz

sadulaz (nominative singular)
sadulōz (nominative plural)
sadulōs (nominative plural)
sadul (singular vocative)
sadulōz (plural vocative)
sadulōs (plural vocative)
sadulą (accusative singular)
sadulanz (accusative plural)
sadulas (genitive singular)
sadulis (genitive singular)
sadulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sadulai (dative singular)
sadulamaz (dative plural)
sadulō (instrumental singular)
sadulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sadul
Old English: sadol, sadel, sadul
Middle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle
English: saddle
→ Chichewa: sadulo
Scots: saddle, saidle
Old Frisian: sadel, sāl
Saterland Frisian: Soadel
West Frisian: seal
Old Saxon: sadul (in compounds)
Middle Low German: sadel
German Low German: Sadel
Plautdietsch: Sodel
Old Dutch: *sadul, sadal (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: sādel
Dutch: zadel
Afrikaans: saal
Negerhollands: saddel, saël, sael, sal
→ Caribbean Javanese: sadhel
→ Indonesian: sadel
Old High German: satul, satil
Middle High German: satel
German: Sattel
Luxembourgish: Suedel

Old Norse: sǫðull

Icelandic: söðull

Faroese: saðil

Norn: sedel

Norwegian Nynorsk: sal

Norwegian Bokmål: sal, sadel

Old Swedish: saþul

Swedish: sadel

Old Danish: sathæl

Danish: sadel

Gutnish: sadel, sadl, sal, sadul

→ Proto-Finnic: *satula (see there for further descendants)

Difficult to explain.
* Though a cognate relationship to Latin sella (“seat; saddle”) and Proto-Slavic *sedъlò (id.) through Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”) is appealing, this suffers from formal issues. A pre-Germanic reconstruction *sod-dʰlo- or *sot-tló- (pace Kroonen) is probably untenable, as adjacent dental consonants (including *ddʰ) are not expected to have yielded Germanic *d but rather *ss, and even an irregular deletion of original *d should have yielded compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel. Moreover, a thematic *-Tlo- suffix fails to explain either *-ul- in the suffix or the root a-vocalism of Germanic.
* An alternative, highly speculative option which avoids these phonetic pitfalls is to consider pre-Germanic *sét-ōl, *sot-l-és, uniting *sadulaz with *seþlą (“seat”). In this case *-ul- could have been taken from a neuter by-form *sét-l̥ when the two paradigms merged. However, the presumed root *set- (“to be stable”) is not well supported and not found elsewhere in Germanic. See Ancient Greek ἐτεός (eteós).
* If not inherited, it is possible that the Germanic word was borrowed from early Proto-Slavic or Balto-Slavic. A borrowing scenario fits better with the historical evidence, which indicates that Proto-Germanic speakers may have lacked saddles. However, in this case the Germanic a-vocalism is problematic.

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


skrattuz

skrattuz (nominative singular)
skrattiwiz (nominative plural)
skrattu (singular vocative)
skrattiwiz (plural vocative)
skrattų (accusative singular)
skrattunz (accusative plural)
skrattauz (genitive singular)
skrattiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skrattiwi (dative singular)
skrattumaz (dative plural)
skrattū (instrumental singular)
skrattumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *scrætt, scrætte; scritta

Middle English: scrat, skratt, scratte

English: scrat

⇒ English: Old Scratch

Scots: scrat, skratt

Old Dutch: *scrat; *scrado

Middle Dutch: schrat, schrad

Old High German: scraz, scrāz, scraaz; scrato

→ Czech: skřet

desc

Middle High German: schraz, schrāz, schrez; schrazze; schrate, schrat

German: Schrätz; Schrat; scharren; kratzen

→ Polish: skrzat

→ Slovene: škrat

Old Norse: *skrettr; skratti

Icelandic: skratti

Swedish: skret; skratte, skrate, skrat

→ English: skratte

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to shrink, wither, dry out, crinkle, wrimple”).


snidaz

snidaz (nominative singular)
snidōz (nominative plural)
snidōs (nominative plural)
snid (singular vocative)
snidōz (plural vocative)
snidōs (plural vocative)
snidą (accusative singular)
snidanz (accusative plural)
snidas (genitive singular)
snidis (genitive singular)
snidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snidai (dative singular)
snidamaz (dative plural)
snidō (instrumental singular)
snidamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snid

Old English: snid n

Middle English: snid

⇒ Old English: ġesnid

Old Saxon: *snid

Old Saxon: insnid m

Middle Low German: insnede, insnēde

Old High German: *snit

⇒ Old High German: insnit m

Middle High German: *īnsnit

German: Einschnitt

Old Norse: snið n

Icelandic: snið

Faroese: snið

Norwegian: snid (dialectal)

Swedish: sned (dialectal)

Old Danish: snid, sned

→ Middle English: snith

Nominal derivative from *snīþaną (“to cut”).


klautaz

klautaz (nominative singular)
klautōz (nominative plural)
klautōs (nominative plural)
klaut (singular vocative)
klautōz (plural vocative)
klautōs (plural vocative)
klautą (accusative singular)
klautanz (accusative plural)
klautas (genitive singular)
klautis (genitive singular)
klautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klautai (dative singular)
klautamaz (dative plural)
klautō (instrumental singular)
klautamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *clēat, clēot

Middle English: clete, clyte, clote

Scots: clat, clete, clett, claitt; cloot, clute, cluit, clitt

English: cleat; clate

Old Frisian: klāt

(Saterland Frisian: Klüüte?)

West Frisian: kleat

Old Saxon: *klōt

Middle Low German: klôt m

German Low German: Kloot

→ German: Klöten

→ Old Norse: klót n

Icelandic: klót n

Norwegian Nynorsk: klote

Swedish: klot n

Danish: klode n

→ Norwegian Bokmål: klode

Old Dutch: *klout, *klōt

Middle Dutch: cloet, cloot

Dutch: kloot

→ West Frisian: kloat

Old High German: klōz, chlōz

Middle High German: klōz

German: Kloß

→ Polish: kluska

Hunsrik: Klos

From Proto-Indo-European *glowdos (“clump, clod”), from *gel- (“to ball up; amass”).


kumbaz

kumbaz (nominative singular)
kumbōz (nominative plural)
kumbōs (nominative plural)
kumb (singular vocative)
kumbōz (plural vocative)
kumbōs (plural vocative)
kumbą (accusative singular)
kumbanz (accusative plural)
kumbas (genitive singular)
kumbis (genitive singular)
kumbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumbai (dative singular)
kumbamaz (dative plural)
kumbō (instrumental singular)
kumbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cumb, comb

Middle English: *cumb, *comb

Scots: cumb, cum, coom, kim

English: comb, coomb

Old Saxon: *kumb; *kumba

Middle Low German: kump; kumme

Low German: Kump, Kumpen

→ German: Kump, Kumpen

→ Hunsrik: Kump

Frankish: *kumb; *kump

Old Dutch: *kumb; *kumba

Middle Dutch: combe, comme, com

Dutch: kom; komp (dialectal)

desc

→ Medieval Latin: cumbus, cumpus, cimpus

Old High German: *kumph, *komph, chumph

Middle High German: kumpf, kompf

German: Kumpf; Kumme

Hunsrik: Kump

An ancient Wanderwort found throughout Eurasia. Likely related to Proto-Celtic *kumbā, Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰumbʰas, Proto-Albanian *tˢumba, Ancient Greek κύμβη (kúmbē).


maginą

maginą (nominative singular)
maginō (nominative plural)
maginą (singular vocative)
maginō (plural vocative)
maginą (accusative singular)
maginō (accusative plural)
maginas (genitive singular)
maginis (genitive singular)
maginǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maginai (dative singular)
maginamaz (dative plural)
maginō (instrumental singular)
maginamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mæġen, mæġn
Middle English: mayn, mæȝan, mægen, mæine, mæȝen, mæin, mæigne, meȝen (Early Middle English), main, maine, mayne, mein, meyn, meyne
English: main
Scots: mayne, mayn, main, mane

Old Saxon: megin

Old Dutch: *megin (in meginkraft)

Old High German: megin, mekin

Old Norse: megin
Icelandic: megin n
Faroese: megin n
Old Swedish: mæghin
Swedish: mägen (obsolete)
Old Danish: mæghæn
Norwegian Nynorsk: megje (obsolete)

From Proto-Indo-European *megʰ- (“to be able”). Synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *maganą.


raipaz

raipaz (nominative singular)
raipōz (nominative plural)
raipōs (nominative plural)
raip (singular vocative)
raipōz (plural vocative)
raipōs (plural vocative)
raipą (accusative singular)
raipanz (accusative plural)
raipas (genitive singular)
raipis (genitive singular)
raipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raipai (dative singular)
raipamaz (dative plural)
raipō (instrumental singular)
raipamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raip
Old English: rāp
Middle English: rop, rap, rope, roop, roope
English: rope, roap, roape
→ Irish: rópa
Tok Pisin: rop
Scots: raip
→ Old French: rap
Old Frisian: rāp, *rēp
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: riap
Halligen: reep
Mooring: ruup
Wiedingharde: ruup
Saterland Frisian: Roop
West Frisian: reap
Old Saxon: *rēp
Middle Low German: rêp, reep
Low German: Reep
German Low German: Reep
→ German: Reep (chiefly in Reeper and Fallreep)
Old Dutch: rēp
Middle Dutch: rêep
Dutch: reep
Old High German: reif
Middle High German: reif
German: Reif, Reifen
Luxembourgish: Reef

Old Norse: reip n

Icelandic: reip, reipi

Faroese: reip

Norwegian Nynorsk: reip

→ Norwegian Bokmål: reip

Old Swedish: rēp

Swedish: rep

Danish: reb

Norwegian Bokmål: rep

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 (*raips) (in 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 (skaudaraips), which may instead be a neuter a-stem: the form is ambiguous)

→ Proto-Finnic: *raippa (see there for further descendants)

Apparently from a quasi-Indo-European *h₁royp-nó-s (“band, strip, strap”), of uncertain origin. Kroonen considers the term limited to Germanic, but others have further derived it from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to peel off, rip, tear; strip, strap”), though if so, the irregular sound shift from PIE *-p- > PGm *-p- rather than PGm *-f- remains to be explained.


hragilą

hragilą (nominative singular)
hragilō (nominative plural)
hragilą (singular vocative)
hragilō (plural vocative)
hragilą (accusative singular)
hragilō (accusative plural)
hragilas (genitive singular)
hragilis (genitive singular)
hragilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hragilai (dative singular)
hragilamaz (dative plural)
hragilō (instrumental singular)
hragilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hræġel, hræġl

desc

Middle English: reʒel, reil, rail, raile

Scots: rail; raillie, railly, raillach, raillich

English: rail

Old Frisian: hreil, reil

Old Saxon: hregil

Old High German: hregil

From Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“to beat, weave; web”).


mōraz

mōraz (nominative singular)
mōrōz (nominative plural)
mōrōs (nominative plural)
mōr (singular vocative)
mōrōz (plural vocative)
mōrōs (plural vocative)
mōrą (accusative singular)
mōranz (accusative plural)
mōras (genitive singular)
mōris (genitive singular)
mōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōrai (dative singular)
mōramaz (dative plural)
mōrō (instrumental singular)
mōramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōr
Old English: mōr
Middle English: mor, more, moer
English: moor
Scots: muir
Yola: mor
Old Frisian: mōr
North Frisian: moar, moer
West Frisian: moer
Old Saxon: mōr
Middle Low German: môr, mûr
German Low German: Moor
→ German: Moor
Old Dutch: *mōr
Middle Dutch: moer
Dutch: moer
Afrikaans: moer
Old High German: muor
Middle High German: muor
Alemannic German: Nüere
Bavarian: Müer

Old Norse: mǫr, mǿrr, mœrr

Icelandic: mærr

Danish: mor, moor


sailą

sailą (nominative singular)
sailō (nominative plural)
sailą (singular vocative)
sailō (plural vocative)
sailą (accusative singular)
sailō (accusative plural)
sailas (genitive singular)
sailis (genitive singular)
sailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sailai (dative singular)
sailamaz (dative plural)
sailō (instrumental singular)
sailamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sail
Old English: sāl
Middle English: sal, sole, soole
Scots: sale, saill, saile, seill, seale
English: sole
Old Frisian: sēl, sēle
Saterland Frisian: Seel
West Frisian: seel
Old Saxon: sēl
Middle Low German: sêl, seil
German Low German: Seel
Old Dutch: *sēl
Middle Dutch: sêel
Dutch: zeel
Old High German: seil
Middle High German: seil
German: Seil
Luxembourgish: Seel

Old Norse: seil

Icelandic: seil

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂éy-ōl ~ *sh₂i-l-és, from *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (iš-hi-ia-al, “band”), and possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic *séiˀlāˀ (“soul”).


lusą

lusą (nominative singular)
lusō (nominative plural)
lusą (singular vocative)
lusō (plural vocative)
lusą (accusative singular)
lusō (accusative plural)
lusas (genitive singular)
lusis (genitive singular)
lusǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lusai (dative singular)
lusamaz (dative plural)
lusō (instrumental singular)
lusamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *los

desctree

Old English: los
Middle English: los, lose, losse
English: loss
Scots: los, lose, lois
Yola: lass

⇒ Old English: losian
Middle English: losien, losen
English: lose
Scots: los, lois, lose

Old Norse: los

Icelandic: los

gl

< Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*lusnōną</i>

⇒ Old Norse: losna (< Proto-Germanic *lusnōną)

Icelandic: losna

Faroese: losna

Norwegian: losna, løsne

Danish: løsne

Swedish: lossna

A nominal formation from *leusaną (“to lose”).


beudaz

beudaz (nominative singular)
beudōz (nominative plural)
beudōs (nominative plural)
beud (singular vocative)
beudōz (plural vocative)
beudōs (plural vocative)
beudą (accusative singular)
beudanz (accusative plural)
beudas (genitive singular)
biudis (genitive singular)
beudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
beudai (dative singular)
beudamaz (dative plural)
beudō (instrumental singular)
beudamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *beud
Old English: bēod
Middle English: beod, bied
Old Saxon: biod
Old High German: piot, biot
Middle High German: biet
Alemannic German: Biet n
Bavarian: Biete f
Old High German: biuta
Middle High German: biute
German: Beute (“beehive”)
→ Late Latin: beodus, beodis, beudus, beotus, obeodus, ibodus

Old Norse: bjóðr

Icelandic: bjóður

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 (biuþs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *peütä

Finnish: pöytä

→ Proto-Slavic: *bľudo (see there for further descendants)

A nominal derivative from *beudaną (“to offer, bid”).

that upon which something is offered; table


egalaz

egalaz (nominative singular)
egalōz (nominative plural)
egalōs (nominative plural)
egal (singular vocative)
egalōz (plural vocative)
egalōs (plural vocative)
egalą (accusative singular)
egalanz (accusative plural)
egalas (genitive singular)
egalis (genitive singular)
egalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
egalai (dative singular)
egalamaz (dative plural)
egalō (instrumental singular)
egalamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *egalu f
Old Saxon: egela
Middle Low German: ēgele, ēgel
Old Dutch: *egela
Middle Dutch: ēgele, ēchel
Dutch: echel
Old High German: egala
Middle High German: egel, egele
German: Egel

Old Norse: *iglr

Icelandic: igla

Faroese: igli, igil

Norwegian Bokmål: igle

Swedish: igel

Danish: igler (plural)

Old Norman *igle > Norman Igle-, Ingle-, Ingre- (pond name element)

Unknown. Possibly a diminutive of the root of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ógʷʰis (“snake”), but the conditions that would lead PIE *gʷʰ to become Germanic *g here are at best opaque.


adalaz

adalaz (nominative singular)
adalōz (nominative plural)
adalōs (nominative plural)
adal (singular vocative)
adalōz (plural vocative)
adalōs (plural vocative)
adalą (accusative singular)
adalanz (accusative plural)
adalas (genitive singular)
adalis (genitive singular)
adalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
adalai (dative singular)
adalamaz (dative plural)
adalō (instrumental singular)
adalamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *adal

Old English: adel

Middle English: adel

English: addle

Scots: adill

Old Frisian: *adel, *edel

North Frisian: ethel

Saterland Frisian: Adel

West Frisian: ael, aal

Old Saxon: *adal

desc

Middle Low German: adel, addel, eddel, iddel

Low German: Adel, Addel

Old Dutch: *adal

Middle Dutch: adel, ael, *aald

Dutch: aal, aalt

Old High German: *atal, *adal

Middle High German: *adel

German: Adel

Bavarian: Adel

Old Norse: *aðl

Norwegian: aale (dialectal)

Old Swedish: adel

Swedish: adel, al

Danish: adel, al (dialectal)

Elfdalian: aðel

Unknown. Possibly a substrate origin. Compare Ancient Greek ἄσις (ásis, “slime, mud”).


ribją

ribją (nominative singular)
ribjō (nominative plural)
ribją (singular vocative)
ribjō (plural vocative)
ribją (accusative singular)
ribjō (accusative plural)
ribjas (genitive singular)
ribis (genitive singular)
ribjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ribjai (dative singular)
ribjamaz (dative plural)
ribjō (instrumental singular)
ribjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ribi
Old English: ribb, rib
Middle English: ribbe, rib
Scots: rib
English: rib
Old Frisian: ribb, rebb, rib, reb
North Frisian: robb, rabb
Saterland Frisian: Ribbe
West Frisian: ribbe
Old Saxon: ribbi
Middle Low German: ribbe, rebbe
German Low German: Ribbe, Ribb
Low German: Ribbe
→ Danish: rib
→ Norwegian: ribbe
→ Swedish: ribba
Old Dutch: *ribbi
Middle Dutch: ribbe, rebbe
Dutch: ribbe, rib
Old High German: ribi, ribbi, rippi; ribba, rippa
Middle High German: ribbe, ribe, rippe
German: Rippe; Riebe (obsolete)
Luxembourgish: Rëpp
Vilamovian: rejw
Yiddish: ריפּ (rip)

Old Norse: rif

Icelandic: rif

Faroese: riv

Norwegian Bokmål: rev

Norwegian Nynorsk: rev

Old Swedish: rif

Swedish: ref, rev; revben

Old Danish: riv, rev

→ Middle English: rif

Scots: rif, riv

English: reef

→ Middle Low German: rif, ref

Low German: Riff, Reff

→ German: Riff

→ Middle Dutch: rif

Dutch: rif

Afrikaans: rif

Suevic: *rippja:

→ Galician: ripa; ⇒ corripa.

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ-yo-m, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ- (“to cover, to roof; rib”).


bundą

bundą (nominative singular)
bundō (nominative plural)
bundą (singular vocative)
bundō (plural vocative)
bundą (accusative singular)
bundō (accusative plural)
bundas (genitive singular)
bundis (genitive singular)
bundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bundai (dative singular)
bundamaz (dative plural)
bundō (instrumental singular)
bundamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bund f; byndelle, byndele, bindele f

Middle English: *bund, *bound, bonde; bundel

desc

English: bond, bundle, bind, bound, bownd,

Scots: bund, bound; bundle, bindle

Old Frisian: *bund; *bundel, *bondel

Saterland Frisian: Buund

West Frisian: bondel

Old Saxon: *bund, gibund; bundilīn

Middle Low German: bund, bunt; bündel

Low German: Bundel

→ Danish: bundt

→ Swedish: bunt

→ Norwegian: bunt

Old Dutch: *bund, *bunt; *bundil

Middle Dutch: bont; bundel, bondel

Dutch: bond; bundel, bondel

Afrikaans: bond; bondel

Old High German: *bunt; gibuntili

Middle High German: bunt; bündel

German: Bund; Bündel

Luxembourgish: Bond

Old Norse: *byndi (in handbyndi)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (gabundi)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie; bind”).


hraukaz

hraukaz (nominative singular)
hraukōz (nominative plural)
hraukōs (nominative plural)
hrauk (singular vocative)
hraukōz (plural vocative)
hraukōs (plural vocative)
hrauką (accusative singular)
hraukanz (accusative plural)
hraukas (genitive singular)
hraukis (genitive singular)
hraukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hraukai (dative singular)
hraukamaz (dative plural)
hraukō (instrumental singular)
hraukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrauk

desctree

Old English: hrēac, hrēc — Anglian
Middle English: rek, reek, reke
English: reek, rick
Middle Scots: reek, rick

Old Saxon: hrōk

Old Dutch: *hrouk, *hrōk

Middle Dutch: rooc

Dutch: rook

Old Norse: hraukr

Icelandic: hraukur

Faroese: reykur

Norwegian: rauk

Old Swedish: rø̄ker

Swedish: rök

Danish: røg

Gutnish: rauk

→ Swedish: rauk

→ Middle English: *rowk, roke, rooke

Scots: rowke, rouk, rook

? Finnic:

→ Estonian: rõuk

→ Finnish: röykkiö, roukkio

→ Ingrian: roukko

→ Veps: rouk

Unknown; but apparently cognate with Lithuanian kruvà, krûvà (“pile, heap, stack”), Old Irish crúach (“stack of corn, rick”). Possibly Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”).


tradō

tradō (nominative singular)
tradôz (nominative plural)
tradō (singular vocative)
tradôz (plural vocative)
tradǭ (accusative singular)
tradōz (accusative plural)
tradōz (genitive singular)
tradǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tradōi (dative singular)
tradōmaz (dative plural)
tradō (instrumental singular)
tradōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tradu

Old Saxon: trada

Middle Low German: trāde

Low German: Trade, Traad, Traai

→ Middle English: trade

Scots: trade

English: trade

Old Dutch: *trada

Middle Dutch: trāde, trā

Dutch: tra

Old High German: trata

Middle High German: trat

German: Tratt

Luxembourgish: Tratt

→ Slovene: trata

Old Norse: trǫð

Icelandic: tröð

Norwegian: trød, trå, tra

Swedish: trad (dialectal)

Old Danish: trad

→ Proto-Finnic: *rata

Estonian: rada

Finnish: rata

From Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂- (“to tread, walk, step, run”). Cognate with Sanskrit द्राति (drāti, “to run”) and Ancient Greek δρόμος (drómos, “running”). See also *trudaną (“to tread”).


sarkiz

sarkiz (nominative singular)
sarkīz (nominative plural)
sarki (singular vocative)
sarkīz (plural vocative)
sarkį (accusative singular)
sarkinz (accusative plural)
sarkīz (genitive singular)
sarkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sarkī (dative singular)
sarkimaz (dative plural)
sarkī (instrumental singular)
sarkimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sarki
Old English: sierċe, serċ, syrċ, syriċ, serċe, syrċe, sirċe
Middle English: serk, serke, sark (through the Anglian variant)
Scots: serk, sark
English: sark
Old Frisian: *serk
North Frisian: serk, särk

Old Norse: serkr
Icelandic: serkur
Faroese: serkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: serk
Old Swedish: særker
Swedish: särk
Old Danish: særk
Danish: særk
Norwegian Bokmål: serk
Scanian: særk

From Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to string; tie; attach; connect; sleep with”).


trewwō

trewwō (nominative singular)
trewwôz (nominative plural)
trewwō (singular vocative)
trewwôz (plural vocative)
trewwǭ (accusative singular)
trewwōz (accusative plural)
trewwōz (genitive singular)
trewwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trewwōi (dative singular)
trewwōmaz (dative plural)
trewwō (instrumental singular)
trewwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *treuwu
Old English: trēow, trȳw
Middle English: trewe, truw, tru
Scots: trew, trewe
English: true
Old Frisian: triōwe, triūwe, trouwe
Saterland Frisian: Trjoue, Tjoue
West Frisian: trou
Old Saxon: treuwa
Middle Low German: truwe, trouwe
German Low German: Troo
Low German: Troue
→ Old Norse: trú
Icelandic: trú
Faroese: trúgv
Norwegian Nynorsk: tru
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tru
Swedish: tro
Danish: tro
Norwegian Bokmål: tro
Old Dutch: triuwa
Middle Dutch: trouwe, trūwe
Dutch: trouw
Afrikaans: trou
Old High German: triuwa, trūwa, trūa
Middle High German: triuwe
German: Treue
Luxembourgish: Trei
→ Vulgar Latin: *trewa
Old French: triwe, trive, trieve
Middle French: trieve
French: trêve
Occitan: treva, trev
Medieval Latin: trewa

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 (triggwa)
→ Latin: *tregua, treuga (or possibly from West Germanic)
Old Galician-Portuguese: tregua
Galician: tregoa
Portuguese: trégua
Italian: tregua
Occitan: tregua
Spanish: tregua
→ English: treague

Vandalic: *triuw-

A nominal formation from *triwwiz (“true, faithful”).


grēduz

grēduz (nominative singular)
grēdiwiz (nominative plural)
grēdu (singular vocative)
grēdiwiz (plural vocative)
grēdų (accusative singular)
grēdunz (accusative plural)
grēdauz (genitive singular)
grēdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grēdiwi (dative singular)
grēdumaz (dative plural)
grēdū (instrumental singular)
grēdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grādu

Old English: grǣd

Old Norse: gráðr, gráði
Icelandic: gráður
Norwegian Nynorsk: gråde
Old Swedish: grādh f

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍃 (grēdus)

From Pre-Germanic *gʰreh₁tús, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁-, *gʰer- (“to desire, enjoy”). Related to Latin horior (“to encourage”), Ancient Greek χαίρω (khaírō, “to rejoice”), Sanskrit हर्यति (háryati, “to like, enjoy”).


hulą

hulą (nominative singular)
hulō (nominative plural)
hulą (singular vocative)
hulō (plural vocative)
hulą (accusative singular)
hulō (accusative plural)
hulas (genitive singular)
hulis (genitive singular)
hulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulai (dative singular)
hulamaz (dative plural)
hulō (instrumental singular)
hulamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hol
Old English: hol
Middle English: hol, hole, hool
Scots: hol, holl, hole
English: hole
Old Frisian: hol
North Frisian: hol
Saterland Frisian: Hol
West Frisian: hoale m or f
Old Saxon: *hol
Middle Low German: hol
Low German: Holl
Old Dutch: *hol
Middle Dutch: hol
Dutch: hol
Old High German: hol
Middle High German: hol
→ Walloon: hol (possibly from Norse)
→? Norman: houle (unless from Old Norse hol)
Middle French: houle
French: houle

Old Norse: hol, hul

Icelandic: hol

Faroese: hol

Norwegian Nynorsk: hòl

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hol

Old Swedish: hul, hol

Swedish: hål

Danish: hul

Norwegian Bokmål: hull

→ Norman: houle

→ French: houle

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (hulundi)


hakulaz

hakulaz (nominative singular)
hakulōz (nominative plural)
hakulōs (nominative plural)
hakul (singular vocative)
hakulōz (plural vocative)
hakulōs (plural vocative)
hakulą (accusative singular)
hakulanz (accusative plural)
hakulas (genitive singular)
hakulis (genitive singular)
hakulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hakulai (dative singular)
hakulamaz (dative plural)
hakulō (instrumental singular)
hakulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hakul, *hakil

Old English: hacele, hacole, hacule, heċhele, heċile, haeċilae, haeċile, hæcla
Middle English: hakle, hacle, hakille
English: hackle
Scots: heckle

Old Frisian: hekil, hexil

Old Saxon: hakul, hacul; hekila

Old High German: hahhul, hachul

Middle High German: hachel

Old Norse: hǫkull
Icelandic: hökull
Norwegian Nynorsk: hakel
Danish: hagel
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hagel

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌻𐍃 (hakuls)

Unknown. Compare Proto-Slavic *koža (“skin, leather”), from Proto-Slavic *koza (“goat”).
Compare Proto-West Germanic *hōkīn (“kid”).


blēdrǭ

blēdrǭ (nominative singular)
blēdrōniz (nominative plural)
blēdrǭ (singular vocative)
blēdrōniz (plural vocative)
blēdrōnų (accusative singular)
blēdrōnunz (accusative plural)
blēdrōniz (genitive singular)
blēdrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blēdrōni (dative singular)
blēdrōmaz (dative plural)
blēdrōnē (instrumental singular)
blēdrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blādrā
Old English: blǣdre, blæddre
Middle English: bladdre, bladder, bledder
English: bladder
Old Saxon: *blādra
Middle Low German: blāder
German Low German: Bladder
Old Dutch: *blādara
Middle Dutch: blâdere, blâder, blâer
Dutch: blaar
Afrikaans: blaar
Limburgish: blaor
Old High German: blātara
Middle High German: blātere
German: Blatter
Luxembourgish: Bloder

Old Norse: blaðra, *blæðra

Icelandic: blaðra

Norwegian: blære

Old Swedish: blædhra

Swedish: bläddra

Danish: blære

/ˈblɛːð.rɔ̃ː/

From Pre-Germanic *bʰleh₁tréh₂(n) or *bʰleh₁dʰreh₂(n), instrumental formation to Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”).


kabisjō

kabisjō (nominative singular)
kabisjôz (nominative plural)
kabisjō (singular vocative)
kabisjôz (plural vocative)
kabisjǭ (accusative singular)
kabisjōz (accusative plural)
kabisjōz (genitive singular)
kabisjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kabisjōi (dative singular)
kabisjōmaz (dative plural)
kabisjō (instrumental singular)
kabisjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kabisi
Old English: ċiefes, ċyfys, ċifes, ċyfes
Middle English: chevese, chivese
Old Saxon: kevis
Middle Low German: kēvis, kēves
Low German: Keves
Old Dutch: *kevesa
Middle Dutch: kēefse, kēvisse, kiese
Dutch: kevis (“adultery”)
Old High German: kebis, chebis, kebisa, chebisa
Middle High German: kebes, kebese, kebse
→ German: Kebse (learned, 18th c.)
⇒ Old High German: kebiswīb
Middle High German: kebeswīp
German: Kebsweib (inherited)

Old Norse: kefsir; képsi; kéffir

Icelandic: kefsir

Old Swedish: kæfsir

→? Proto-Finnic: *kabëh (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *kafą, *kefō (“sheet; fold; lap; pod; sheath”).


galdraz

galdraz (nominative singular)
galdrōz (nominative plural)
galdrōs (nominative plural)
galdr (singular vocative)
galdrōz (plural vocative)
galdrōs (plural vocative)
galdrą (accusative singular)
galdranz (accusative plural)
galdras (genitive singular)
galdris (genitive singular)
galdrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galdrai (dative singular)
galdramaz (dative plural)
galdrō (instrumental singular)
galdramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *galdr
Old English: galdor, gealdor
Middle English: galder
Old Saxon: *galdar
Old High German: galdar

Old Norse: galdr
Icelandic: galdur
Faroese: galdur
Norwegian Nynorsk: galder
Old Swedish: galder, ᚵᛆᛚᚦᚽᚱ
Swedish: galder
→? Irish: goldar

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to cry, scream”).


fetą

fetą (nominative singular)
fetō (nominative plural)
fetą (singular vocative)
fetō (plural vocative)
fetą (accusative singular)
fetō (accusative plural)
fetas (genitive singular)
fitis (genitive singular)
fetǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fetai (dative singular)
fetamaz (dative plural)
fetō (instrumental singular)
fetamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fet

Old English: *fæt

⇒ Old English: fæthengest

⇒ Old English: sīþfæt

Old Norse: fet, *fjat

Icelandic: fet

Faroese: fet n, feti m

Norwegian: fet

Old Swedish: fiæt, fæt

Swedish: fjät

Old Danish: fiat

Middle Danish: fieth, fiæth

Danish: fjed

From Proto-Indo-European *pedóm, from *ped-.


gaizô

gaizô (nominative singular)
gaizaniz (nominative plural)
gaizô (singular vocative)
gaizaniz (plural vocative)
gaizanų (accusative singular)
gaizanunz (accusative plural)
gaiziniz (genitive singular)
gaizanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaizini (dative singular)
gaizammaz (dative plural)
gaizinē (instrumental singular)
gaizammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: gāra

Middle English: gore, gare

English: gore

Scots: gair

Old Frisian: gare

Old Saxon: gēro

Middle Low German: gēre

Old High German: gēro, kēro

German: Gehre (“gusset”)

Old Norse: geiri

Icelandic: geiri

Faroese: geiri

Swedish: gere

Middle Danish: gere

Danish: gere

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰays- (“pointed stick, spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, fling”).


uberfullį̄

uberfullį̄ (nominative singular)
uberfullīniz (nominative plural)
uberfullį̄ (singular vocative)
uberfullīniz (plural vocative)
uberfullīnų (accusative singular)
uberfullīnunz (accusative plural)
uberfullīniz (genitive singular)
uberfullīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uberfullīni (dative singular)
uberfullīmaz (dative plural)
uberfullīnē (instrumental singular)
uberfullīmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: oferfylle, oferfyllo, oferfyllu

Middle English: oferfille, oferfulle

Old High German: ubarfullī

Middle High German: übervülle

German: Überfülle

Old Norse: offylli

Icelandic: offylli

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌴𐌹 (ufarfullei)


gaumô

gaumô (nominative singular)
gaumaniz (nominative plural)
gaumô (singular vocative)
gaumaniz (plural vocative)
gaumanų (accusative singular)
gaumanunz (accusative plural)
gauminiz (genitive singular)
gaumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaumini (dative singular)
gaumammaz (dative plural)
gauminē (instrumental singular)
gaumammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old High German: goumo
Middle High German: goume, goum
Cimbrian: gaumo
German: Gaum; Gaumen

/ˈɣɑu̯.mɔːː/


hraznō

hraznō (nominative singular)
hraznôz (nominative plural)
hraznō (singular vocative)
hraznôz (plural vocative)
hraznǭ (accusative singular)
hraznōz (accusative plural)
hraznōz (genitive singular)
hraznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hraznōi (dative singular)
hraznōmaz (dative plural)
hraznō (instrumental singular)
hraznōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hraʀnu
Old English: hræn, hærn

Old Norse: hrǫnn, Hrǫnn

Icelandic: hrönn, Hrönn

From Proto-Indo-European *kros-néh₂, from *kres- (“spring, wave”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κρήνη (krḗnē, “well, spring”).


huþô

huþô (nominative singular)
huþaniz (nominative plural)
huþô (singular vocative)
huþaniz (plural vocative)
huþanų (accusative singular)
huþanunz (accusative plural)
huþiniz (genitive singular)
huþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
huþini (dative singular)
huþammaz (dative plural)
huþinē (instrumental singular)
huþammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hoþō

Old Frisian: hotha, (plural) hothan

Old Saxon: *hotho

Middle Low German: hōde

Old Dutch: *hotho

Middle Dutch: hōde

Dutch: hode

desctree

length implies <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hauþ-</i>

Old High German: hodo, hōdo (length implies *hauþ-)
Middle High German: hōde
German: Hode, Hoden

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew(H)- (“to cover, hide”).


drunkiz

drunkiz (nominative singular)
drunkīz (nominative plural)
drunki (singular vocative)
drunkīz (plural vocative)
drunkį (accusative singular)
drunkinz (accusative plural)
drunkīz (genitive singular)
drunkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drunkī (dative singular)
drunkimaz (dative plural)
drunkī (instrumental singular)
drunkimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: drynċ, drinc, drinca
Middle English: drinche, drink, drinke, drunch
English: drink (see there for further descendants)

Old Saxon: *drunk

Middle Low German: drunk

German Low German: Drunk

Old Dutch: *drunc, *drunk

Middle Dutch: dronc

Dutch: dronk

Afrikaans: dronk

Old High German: trunk

Middle High German: trunc

German: Trunk
→ Polish: trunek

Old Norse: drykkr
Icelandic: drykkur
Faroese: drykkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: drykk; (dialectal) drykk’e
Elfdalian: drykk
Old Swedish: drykker
Swedish: dryck f
Danish: drik
Norwegian Bokmål: drikk


kīþą

kīþą (nominative singular)
kīþō (nominative plural)
kīþą (singular vocative)
kīþō (plural vocative)
kīþą (accusative singular)
kīþō (accusative plural)
kīþas (genitive singular)
kīþis (genitive singular)
kīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kīþai (dative singular)
kīþamaz (dative plural)
kīþō (instrumental singular)
kīþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kīþ; *kīþī; *kīþō

Old English: ċīþ, ċȳþ
Middle English: chithe, chide, chive, chis, chire, *chitte, *chit
English: chit, chive
⇒ English: chism
Scots: chit

Old Saxon: *kīth (attested in genitive plural kītho and dative plural kīthun)

Old Dutch: *kīthi

Middle Dutch: *kijde, kiede

or directly from earlier Frankish <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*kīþō</i>

→⇒ Old French: cion, ciun, sion (or directly from earlier Frankish *kīþō)
Middle French: sion
French: scion
Picard: chion
→ Middle English: sioun, cioun, ciun, cyun, scion, scioun, sion, siun, syon, syoun
English: scion

Old High German: *chīdi, *kīdi; *kīd

Middle High German: kīde, kīt

German: Keid (dialectal)

⇒ Alemannic German: chiide

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéyH-ti- or similar, from the root *ǵey(H)- (“to split open, sprout”), with some variation on the suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *kīnaną (“to split open, germinate, sprout”).

m+

(West Germanic) seed, germ; seedling, shoot, sprout


dailiþō

dailiþō (nominative singular)
dailiþôz (nominative plural)
dailiþō (singular vocative)
dailiþôz (plural vocative)
dailiþǭ (accusative singular)
dailiþōz (accusative plural)
dailiþōz (genitive singular)
dailiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dailiþōi (dative singular)
dailiþōmaz (dative plural)
dailiþō (instrumental singular)
dailiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dailiþu
Old High German: teilida

Old Norse: deild

Icelandic: deild

Faroese: deild

Norwegian: deild

Old Swedish: dēld

Swedish: deld

Middle Danish: deeld


kwidiz

kwidiz (nominative singular)
kwidīz (nominative plural)
kwidi (singular vocative)
kwidīz (plural vocative)
kwidį (accusative singular)
kwidinz (accusative plural)
kwidīz (genitive singular)
kwidjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwidī (dative singular)
kwidimaz (dative plural)
kwidī (instrumental singular)
kwidimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwide

Middle English: quide

Old High German: quiti

Old Norse: kviðr (“verdict; jury”)

Icelandic: kviður

From pre-Germanic *gʷetís, an i-stem derived from *kweþaną (“to say, speak”).


frawurdiz

frawurdiz (nominative singular)
frawurdīz (nominative plural)
frawurdi (singular vocative)
frawurdīz (plural vocative)
frawurdį (accusative singular)
frawurdinz (accusative plural)
frawurdīz (genitive singular)
frawurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frawurdī (dative singular)
frawurdimaz (dative plural)
frawurdī (instrumental singular)
frawurdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: forwyrd, forwird

Old High German: farwurt, firwurt

Derived from *frawerþaną (“to perish”). Equivalent to *fra- + *wurdiz.


hōpą

hōpą (nominative singular)
hōpō (nominative plural)
hōpą (singular vocative)
hōpō (plural vocative)
hōpą (accusative singular)
hōpō (accusative plural)
hōpas (genitive singular)
hōpis (genitive singular)
hōpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōpai (dative singular)
hōpamaz (dative plural)
hōpō (instrumental singular)
hōpamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōp

Middle English: hoop

Scots: hupe, houp, huip

English: hoop

Old Frisian: hōp

North Frisian: hop

Saterland Frisian: Houp

West Frisian: hoep

Old Dutch: *hōp

Middle Dutch: hoop, hoep

Dutch: hoep

⇒ Dutch: hoepel

→ German Low German: Hopel (borrowed ?)

Old Norse: hóp

Icelandic: hóp

Danish: hop

→ Scots: hope

From Proto-Indo-European *kewb- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault”).


hattijǭ

hattijǭ (nominative singular)
hattijōniz (nominative plural)
hattijǭ (singular vocative)
hattijōniz (plural vocative)
hattijōnų (accusative singular)
hattijōnunz (accusative plural)
hattijōniz (genitive singular)
hattijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hattijōni (dative singular)
hattijōmaz (dative plural)
hattijōnē (instrumental singular)
hattijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hetta

Icelandic: hetta

Faroese: hetta

Norwegian: hette

Old Swedish: hætta

Swedish: hätta

Middle Danish: hettæ

Danish: hætte


mēþiz

mēþiz (nominative singular)
mēþīz (nominative plural)
mēþi (singular vocative)
mēþīz (plural vocative)
mēþį (accusative singular)
mēþinz (accusative plural)
mēþīz (genitive singular)
mēþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēþī (dative singular)
mēþimaz (dative plural)
mēþī (instrumental singular)
mēþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *māþi

Old English: mǣþ

Middle English: mæþ, methe, meth

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₁-ti-s ~ *m̥h₁-téy-s, from *meh₁- (“to measure”) + *-tis.


inngangaz

inngangaz (nominative singular)
inngangōz (nominative plural)
inngangōs (nominative plural)
inngang (singular vocative)
inngangōz (plural vocative)
inngangōs (plural vocative)
inngangą (accusative singular)
innganganz (accusative plural)
inngangas (genitive singular)
inngangis (genitive singular)
inngangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
inngangai (dative singular)
inngangamaz (dative plural)
inngangō (instrumental singular)
inngangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ingang

Middle English: ingang

English: ingang

Old Frisian: ingang, ingong

Saterland Frisian: Iengoang

West Frisian: yngong

Old Saxon: ingang

Middle Low German: inganc

German Low German: Ingang

Plautdietsch: Engank

Old Dutch: *ingang

Middle Dutch: ingang

Dutch: ingang

Afrikaans: ingang

Old High German: ingang

Middle High German: īnganc

German: Eingang

Luxembourgish: Agang, Agank

Old Norse: inngangr

Icelandic: inngangur

Faroese: inngangur, inngongd

Norn: inngeng

Norwegian: inngang

Old Swedish: inganger

Swedish: ingång

Danish: indgang

Elfdalian: ingaungg

Gutnish: ingangg

/ˈinː.ˌɣɑŋ.ɡɑz/

Derived from *innganganą; equivalent to *inn + *gangaz.


ūtgangaz

ūtgangaz (nominative singular)
ūtgangōz (nominative plural)
ūtgangōs (nominative plural)
ūtgang (singular vocative)
ūtgangōz (plural vocative)
ūtgangōs (plural vocative)
ūtgangą (accusative singular)
ūtganganz (accusative plural)
ūtgangas (genitive singular)
ūtgangis (genitive singular)
ūtgangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūtgangai (dative singular)
ūtgangamaz (dative plural)
ūtgangō (instrumental singular)
ūtgangamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ūtgang

Old English: ūtgang

Middle English: outgang

English: outgang

desc

Scots: outgang, ootgang, ootging, utgeng

Old Frisian: ūtgang, ūtgong

Saterland Frisian: Uutgoang

West Frisian: útgong

Old Saxon: ūtgang

Middle Low German: ūtgang

German Low German: Utgang

Plautdietsch: Utgank

Old Dutch: *ūtgang

Middle Dutch: ūtgang

Dutch: uitgang

Afrikaans: uitgang

Old High German: ūzgang

Middle High German: ūzgang

German: Ausgang

Luxembourgish: Ausgank

Old Norse: útgangr

Icelandic: útgangur

Faroese: útgongd

Norn: utgeng

Norwegian: utgang

Old Swedish: ūtganger

Swedish: utgång

Danish: udgang

Elfdalian: autgaungg

Gutnish: äutgangg

/ˈuːt.ˌɣɑŋ.ɡɑz/


skūmaz

skūmaz (nominative singular)
skūmōz (nominative plural)
skūmōs (nominative plural)
skūm (singular vocative)
skūmōz (plural vocative)
skūmōs (plural vocative)
skūmą (accusative singular)
skūmanz (accusative plural)
skūmas (genitive singular)
skūmis (genitive singular)
skūmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skūmai (dative singular)
skūmamaz (dative plural)
skūmō (instrumental singular)
skūmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skūm
Old Frisian: *skūm
Saterland Frisian: Skuum, Schuum
West Frisian: skûm, skom
Old Saxon: *skūm
Middle Low German: schûm
German Low German: Schuum
Old Dutch: *scūm
Middle Dutch: schuum
Dutch: schuim
Afrikaans: skuim
→ Middle English: scome, scume (partially from Old French escume)
Scots: skum, skoom
English: scum
Old High German: skūm, scūm
Middle High German: schūm
German: Schaum
→ Esperanto: ŝaŭmo
Luxembourgish: Schaum
→ Vulgar Latin: *scūma
Old French: escume
Middle French: escume, écume
French: écume
Medieval Latin: scuma, schuma (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *skúmr; *skúm

Icelandic: skúm

Faroese: skúm

Norwegian: skum

Old Swedish: skūm

Swedish: skum

Danish: skum

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover, mask, hide, conceal”).


umbigangaz

umbigangaz (nominative singular)
umbigangōz (nominative plural)
umbigangōs (nominative plural)
umbigang (singular vocative)
umbigangōz (plural vocative)
umbigangōs (plural vocative)
umbigangą (accusative singular)
umbiganganz (accusative plural)
umbigangas (genitive singular)
umbigangis (genitive singular)
umbigangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
umbigangai (dative singular)
umbigangamaz (dative plural)
umbigangō (instrumental singular)
umbigangamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *umbigang

Old English: ymbgang

Middle English: umgang, umbegang

English: umgang, umgong

Scots: umgang

Old Frisian: umbegang, umbegung

Saterland Frisian: Uumgong

West Frisian: omgong

Old Saxon: *umbigang

desc

Middle Low German: umbganc, ümmeganc, umganc

Low German: Ümgang

German Low German: Umgang

Old Dutch: *umbigang

Middle Dutch: ommegang

desctree

Dutch: omgang
Afrikaans: omgang
Negerhollands: omgang

Old High German: umbigang

Middle High German: umbeganc

German: Umgang

Luxembourgish: Ëmgang

Old Norse: umgangr

Icelandic: umgangur

Norwegian: omgang

Old Swedish: umganger

Swedish: omgång

Danish: omgang

Derived from *umbiganganą; equivalent to *umbi + *gangaz.


kanô

kanô (nominative singular)
kananiz (nominative plural)
kanô (singular vocative)
kananiz (plural vocative)
kananų (accusative singular)
kananunz (accusative plural)
kaniniz (genitive singular)
kananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kanini (dative singular)
kanammaz (dative plural)
kaninē (instrumental singular)
kanammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kanō

Old Saxon: *kano

Middle Low German: kāne

German Low German: Kahn (“prison”)

Low German: Kane

→ Old French: cane

French: canard

→ English: canard

Old High German: *kano

Middle High German: kane, kan

German: Kahn

→ Dutch: kaan

Old Norse: kani; (kǿna, kœna)

(Icelandic: kæna)

Norwegian Nynorsk: kane

Swedish: kana

Danish: kane

Norwegian Bokmål: kane

According to the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, from Proto-Indo-European *gan-, *gandʰ- (“container, vessel”) through an extension *gán(dʰ)ō. Cognates within Indo-European uncertain. Probably related to *kannǭ.


bedō

bedō (nominative singular)
bedôz (nominative plural)
bedō (singular vocative)
bedôz (plural vocative)
bedǭ (accusative singular)
bedōz (accusative plural)
bedōz (genitive singular)
bedǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bedōi (dative singular)
bedōmaz (dative plural)
bedō (instrumental singular)
bedōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bedu
Old English: bedu, beodo
Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede, ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (conflated with Old English ġebed)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid
Old Frisian: bede
Saterland Frisian: Beed
West Frisian: bea
Old Saxon: beda
Middle Low German: bēde
German Low German: Beed
→ German: Bede
Old Dutch: beda
Middle Dutch: bēde
Dutch: bede
Afrikaans: bede
Old High German: beta
Middle High German: bëte, bët
German: Bete (obsolete), Bitte (altered after bitten)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰 (bida)

Disputed: most likely from either Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech”) or *bʰedʰ- (“to bend, bow”), the former depending on the outcome of Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰ in Germanic, which otherwise was *w; see *banô and *berô for other proposed examples of *gʷʰ- > *b-. Kroonen, though doubtful of this sound change, admits *gʷʰedʰ- is a better semantic match. For *bʰedʰ-, compare however Sanskrit ज्ञुबाध (jñu-bā́dha, “bending the knee, kneeling (in reverence)”), which would then have parallels in Old English cnēow-ġebed and Old Saxon kneo-beda (“prayer (on one's knees)”), all literally “knee-bend”.
In any case, the Germanic nouns probably point to a lost strong verb *bedaną.


uhnaz

uhnaz (nominative singular)
uhnōz (nominative plural)
uhnōs (nominative plural)
uhn (singular vocative)
uhnōz (plural vocative)
uhnōs (plural vocative)
uhną (accusative singular)
uhnanz (accusative plural)
uhnas (genitive singular)
uhnis (genitive singular)
uhnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uhnai (dative singular)
uhnamaz (dative plural)
uhnō (instrumental singular)
uhnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ofn
Old English: ofn, ofen
Middle English: oven
Scots: ovin, uven, une
English: oven
Old Frisian: oven
North Frisian: oven, ouvn
Saterland Frisian: Ougend (< *ogn ?)
West Frisian: ûne, ûn
Old Saxon: *ovan
Middle Low German: ōven
German Low German: Aven
Old Dutch: *ovan
Middle Dutch: ōven
Dutch: oven
Afrikaans: oond
Negerhollands: oven
→ Caribbean Javanese: ofen
→ Indonesian: oven
→ Sranan Tongo: onfu
→ Saramaccan: ónfu
Limburgish: aove
West Flemish: oven
Zealandic: oven
Old High German: ofan, ovan
Middle High German: oven, ofen
Central Franconian: Ovve, Owe, Oawe, Uawe (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Ove
Luxembourgish: Uewen
Transylvanian Saxon: Owen, Îewen
German: Ofen
Vilamovian: uwa
Yiddish: אויוון (oyvn)

Old Norse: ofn, omn; *ogn

Icelandic: ofn

Faroese: ovnur

Old Norwegian: ovn; ogn

Norwegian Nynorsk: omn

desc

Norwegian: (dialectal) ogn, obn, ovn (South Western Norway); obm, om, ømn, umn

Old Swedish: oghn, ughn

Swedish: ugn

→ Finnish: uuni

Old Danish: ofn; ouæn

Danish: ovn

Norwegian Bokmål: ovn

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌽𐍃 (auhns)

→ Proto-Finnic: *uunas (see there for further descendants)

Ascribed to a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂uk-, *h₂ewk- (“a closed container or vessel for cooking; cookpot; oven”) or similar by equation with Sanskrit उखा (ukhā), Albanian anë, Ancient Greek ἰπνός (ipnós), Latin ōlla. It is unclear whether the byform *ufnaz (Proto-West Germanic *ofn) is the same word, or represents a different word altogether. More at *aflaz.
Kroonen suggests that the word is a Wanderwort from a pre-IE substrate language, adducing Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-ap-pé-na-aš /ḫapːenas/, “baking kiln, fire-pit, broiler (oven)”), Old Prussian wumpnis (“oven”) as additional cognates. Native terms for ovens and stoves are not taken for granted: the East Slavic term плита́ (plitá, “stove”) appears from Ancient Greek in the Middle Ages, against the earlier new formation печь (pečʹ, “oven”), and Arabic, in a warmer climate, seems to have many but no native terms: أَتُّون (ʔattūn), تَنُّور (tannūr), فُرْن (furn), قَمِين (qamīn).


gafulkiją

gafulkiją (nominative singular)
gafulkijō (nominative plural)
gafulkiją (singular vocative)
gafulkijō (plural vocative)
gafulkiją (accusative singular)
gafulkijō (accusative plural)
gafulkijas (genitive singular)
gafulkīs (genitive singular)
gafulkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gafulkijai (dative singular)
gafulkijamaz (dative plural)
gafulkijō (instrumental singular)
gafulkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġefylċe

Old Norse: fylki

Icelandic: fylki

Faroese: fylki

Norwegian: fylke

From *ga- + *fulką + *-ją (collective suffix).


gawurdiją

gawurdiją (nominative singular)
gawurdijō (nominative plural)
gawurdiją (singular vocative)
gawurdijō (plural vocative)
gawurdiją (accusative singular)
gawurdijō (accusative plural)
gawurdijas (genitive singular)
gawurdīs (genitive singular)
gawurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawurdijai (dative singular)
gawurdijamaz (dative plural)
gawurdijō (instrumental singular)
gawurdijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġewyrde

Old High German: *giwurti (possibly attested once as cauuurti)

Middle High German: *gewürte, ungewürte

Old Norse: yrði

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹 (gawaurdi)


garūniją

garūniją (nominative singular)
garūnijō (nominative plural)
garūniją (singular vocative)
garūnijō (plural vocative)
garūniją (accusative singular)
garūnijō (accusative plural)
garūnijas (genitive singular)
garūnīs (genitive singular)
garūnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garūnijai (dative singular)
garūnijamaz (dative plural)
garūnijō (instrumental singular)
garūnijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *garūnī
Old English: ġerȳne
Middle English: irīne, *yrīne, ʒerīnu (pl.)
Old High German: *girūni
Middle High German: gerūne, geriune
German: Geraune

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌹 (garūni)


gawēpniją

gawēpniją (nominative singular)
gawēpnijō (nominative plural)
gawēpniją (singular vocative)
gawēpnijō (plural vocative)
gawēpniją (accusative singular)
gawēpnijō (accusative plural)
gawēpnijas (genitive singular)
gawēpnīs (genitive singular)
gawēpnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawēpnijai (dative singular)
gawēpnijamaz (dative plural)
gawēpnijō (instrumental singular)
gawēpnijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġewǣpne

Old Saxon: giwāpni

Old High German: giwāfani

Middle High German: gewāfen

(Old Norse: *væpni in alvæpni)


nīþą

nīþą (nominative singular)
nīþō (nominative plural)
nīþą (singular vocative)
nīþō (plural vocative)
nīþą (accusative singular)
nīþō (accusative plural)
nīþas (genitive singular)
nīþis (genitive singular)
nīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nīþai (dative singular)
nīþamaz (dative plural)
nīþō (instrumental singular)
nīþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nīþ
Old English: nīþ, nīð
Middle English: nith, nithe, niþ, nuþ, nyth, nyþe, nið, nuð (Early Middle English)
Old Frisian: nīth, nīd
Saterland Frisian: Nied
West Frisian: niid
Old Saxon: nīth
Middle Low German: nît
German Low German: Nied
Old Dutch: nīth
Middle Dutch: nijt
Dutch: nijd
Afrikaans: nyd
Negerhollands: neid
Old High German: nīd
Middle High German: nīt
German: Neid
Luxembourgish: Näid

Old Norse: níð

Icelandic: níð

Old Swedish: niþ, nidh (later)

Swedish: nid

Danish: nid

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 (neiþ)

From Pre-Germanic *néyHto- or *níHto-, from Proto-Indo-European *neyH- (“to be angry”). Related to Old Irish níth (“battle, fury”).


hnits

hnits (nominative singular)
hnitiz (nominative plural)
hnit (singular vocative)
hnitiz (plural vocative)
hnitų (accusative singular)
hnitunz (accusative plural)
hnitiz (genitive singular)
hnitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hniti (dative singular)
hnitumaz (dative plural)
hnitē (instrumental singular)
hnitumiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hnitu

Old English: hnitu

English: nit

Old Saxon: *hnitu

Middle Low German: nete

Old Dutch: *nitu

Middle Dutch: nete

Dutch: neet

Old High German: niz, hniz

Middle High German: niz, nizze

German: Nisse

Old Norse: gnit

Icelandic: gnit, nit

Elfdalian: gnit

Faroese: nitrur

From Proto-Indo-European *-níd- (“nit, louse egg”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κονίς (konís, “nit, insect egg”), Old Irish sned (“nit”).


þrūhs

þrūhs (nominative singular)
þrūhiz (nominative plural)
þrūh (singular vocative)
þrūhiz (plural vocative)
þrūhų (accusative singular)
þrūhunz (accusative plural)
þrūhiz (genitive singular)
þrūhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrūhi (dative singular)
þrūhumaz (dative plural)
þrūhē (instrumental singular)
þrūhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrūh

Middle English: þrouȝ, thrugh, throgh

English: through

Old Saxon: thrūh

Middle Low German: drû

Old Dutch: thrūh, thrūch

Old High German: drūh, druoh

Middle High German: drūch, drūhe, drū

German: Drauche

Old Norse: þró

Icelandic: þró

→ Proto-Finnic: *ruuhi (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₃u- (“to rub, turn, drill, bore”).


arwīts

arwīts (nominative singular)
arwītiz (nominative plural)
arwīt (singular vocative)
arwītiz (plural vocative)
arwītų (accusative singular)
arwītunz (accusative plural)
arwītiz (genitive singular)
arwītǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arwīti (dative singular)
arwītumaz (dative plural)
arwītē (instrumental singular)
arwītumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arwīt, *arwait
Old Frisian: *erit
Saterland Frisian: Aate
West Frisian: eart
Old Saxon: erit, eriwit
Middle Low German: erwete, erwitte, arwete, erwte, erfte, arfte, arvete, ērte
German Low German: Arvte, Arvt
Old Dutch: *erwit, *erewit
Middle Dutch: erwete
Dutch: erwt
Afrikaans: ertjie
→ Xhosa: i-ertyisi
→ Indonesian: ercis
→ Papiamentu: ert (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: erki
Old High German: arawīz, araweiz, arawez, areweiz, arewez, arewiz, arewurz, ariwez, arwiz, arwuz, erewiz, erit, erivit, eriwiz, erwez, erwiz, harviz, hereviz
Middle High German: erweiz, erbeiz, arwīs, arwīz, areweiz
Bavarian: Arbaiß
Cimbrian: érbasa
Central Franconian: Ääz, Eerz (Ripuarian), Arwes, Erwes, Erbes, Erres (Moselle Franconian)
Luxembourgish: Ierbes
German: Erbse
Yiddish: אַרבעס (arbes)

Old Norse: ertr (pl.) (likely borrowed from Low German)

Danish: ært

Elfdalian: ert

Faroese: ertur

Icelandic: erta

Norwegian Bokmål: ert

Norwegian Nynorsk: ert

Old Swedish: ært

Swedish: ärt, ärta

Possibly a substrate term related to Latin ervum (“bitter-vetch”), Ancient Greek ὄροβος (órobos, “bitter-vetch”), ἐρέβινθος (erébinthos, “chickpea”) and to Middle Armenian առուոյտ (aṙuoyt, “alfalfa”).


furhs

furhs (nominative singular)
furhiz (nominative plural)
furh (singular vocative)
furhiz (plural vocative)
furhų (accusative singular)
furhunz (accusative plural)
furhiz (genitive singular)
furhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhi (dative singular)
furhumaz (dative plural)
furhē (instrumental singular)
furhumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *furh
Old English: furh, furuh
Middle English: forow, furgh
English: furrow
Scots: furr
Old Frisian: furch
North Frisian:
Amrum: forag
Saterland Frisian: Fuurge
West Frisian: fuorge
Old Saxon: *furh, furuh
Middle Low German: vōre, vōr
Low German: Föör
Old Dutch: *furh, *furuh
Middle Dutch: vōre, vuere
Dutch: voor, vore
Old High German: furh, furuh
→ Italian: forra
Middle High German: vurch
German: Furche
Luxembourgish: Fuer
Vilamovian: fiüch

Old Norse: for

Norwegian: for

Old Swedish: for

Swedish: fåra

→ Proto-Finnic: *horho (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *ɸrikā (“furrow”), Latin porca (“lynchet”), Lithuanian praparšas (“ditch”), Sanskrit पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”).


wisundz

wisundz (nominative singular)
wisundiz (nominative plural)
wisund (singular vocative)
wisundiz (plural vocative)
wisundų (accusative singular)
wisundunz (accusative plural)
wisundiz (genitive singular)
wisundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wisundi (dative singular)
wisundumaz (dative plural)
wisundē (instrumental singular)
wisundumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wesend, wesand, weosend

Middle English: wesend

Old Saxon: *wisund, *wisand

Middle Low German: wēsent, wisent

→ Old Norse: vísundr

Faroese: visundur

Icelandic: vísundur

Old Dutch: *wisund, *wisand, wisent (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: wēsent, wesende

Old High German: wisunt, wisant

desc

Middle High German: wisent, wisente, wisant

desctree

German: Wisent, Wisund
→ English: wisent
→ Danish: visent
→ Dutch: wisent
→ Swedish: visent

→ Latin: bisōn, bisōnt-

Old French: bison

French: bison

→ English: bison

→ Dutch: bizon

→ German: Bison, Bisont

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Galician: Guisande

Likely a lexicalization of the present participle *wesandz (Stiles 2004; cf. Krahe–Meid 1967:§129.1), from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). The naming-motive “big-eater” is suggested as hunters' taboo (compare 'grey one' for both hare and wolves; 'brown one' or 'honey-eater' for bear in Indo-European). Latin bisōn/bisōntis, variant visōn, is a first-century loan directly from continental West Proto-Germanic, as are Greek forms. Compare Old Prussian wissambrs (“bison”).


tangō

tangō (nominative singular)
tangôz (nominative plural)
tangō (singular vocative)
tangôz (plural vocative)
tangǭ (accusative singular)
tangōz (accusative plural)
tangōz (genitive singular)
tangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tangōi (dative singular)
tangōmaz (dative plural)
tangō (instrumental singular)
tangōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tangu
Old English: tang, tange
Middle English: tonge, tang, tange, tongge, toonge, tounge
English: tong (tongs); tang
Scots: tang, taing
Old Frisian: tange, tonge
Saterland Frisian: Tonge
West Frisian: tange
Old Saxon: tanga
Middle Low German: tange
Low German: Tang
Plautdietsch: Tang
Old Dutch: *tanga
Middle Dutch: tanghe
Dutch: tang
Afrikaans: tang
Limburgish: tang
Old High German: zanga
Middle High German: zange
Bavarian: Zanga
Central Franconian: Zang, Zaang
Hunsrik: Zang
German: Zange
Luxembourgish: Zaang
Rhine Franconian: Zang
Palatine German: Zang
Pennsylvania German: Zang
Vilamovian: cang
⇒ Middle High German: hebzange
→ Old Polish: hebcągi
Polish: obcęgi

Old Norse: tǫng
Icelandic: töng f
Faroese: tong f
Norwegian Nynorsk: tong f; (dialectal) tøng f
Elfdalian: taungg
Swedish: tång c
→ Finnish: tongit
Gutnish: tangg
Danish: tang c
Norwegian Bokmål: tang m or f

A nominal formation from *tinganą (“to press upon”).


līþu

līþu (nominative singular)
līþū (nominative plural)
līþu (singular vocative)
līþū (plural vocative)
līþu (accusative singular)
līþū (accusative plural)
līþauz (genitive singular)
līþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līþiwi (dative singular)
līþumaz (dative plural)
līþū (instrumental singular)
līþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līþu

Old English: līþ

Old Frisian: līth

Old Saxon: līth

Old High German: līth, līd

Middle High German: lît; lîtgebe

Bavarian: Leithaus; Leitkauf; leitgeben, Leitgeber

Old Norse: líð

Icelandic: líð

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌿 (leiþu)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *léyH-tu ~ *liH-téw-s, from *leyH- (“to pour”) + *-tu.


dōlijō

dōlijō (nominative singular)
dōlijôz (nominative plural)
dōlijō (singular vocative)
dōlijôz (plural vocative)
dōlijǭ (accusative singular)
dōlijōz (accusative plural)
dōlijōz (genitive singular)
dōlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōlijōi (dative singular)
dōlijōmaz (dative plural)
dōlijō (instrumental singular)
dōlijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōliju

Old Saxon: *dōlia

Middle Low German: dôle, dolle, dôlt

German Low German: Dole; Döle, Dööl

Low German: döle

→ Old Frisian: dōl, dōle

Saterland Frisian: Doul

West Frisian: dôl, dôle, dolle

→ Middle English: dool, dole, dowl

desc

English: dool, dole, dowl, dule (dialectal)

Early Scots: dule

Scots: dool, dule, dull

Old Dutch: *dōla, *duola

Middle Dutch: doele, doel

Dutch: doel

Afrikaans: doel

→ West Frisian: doel

Old High German: tuola, tuolla

Middle High German: tole, tol, tüele

German: Dole; Düle, Tüle

Old Norse: dœl; dól

Icelandic: dæl

>? Faroese: døll (“small clayen bowl”)

Norwegian Nynorsk: døl, døle

Vṛddhi derivative related to *dalą (“valley, dale”).

døl

Old Norse: dœll (“valley dwellers”); Norwegian Nynorsk


kumþiz

kumþiz (nominative singular)
kumþīz (nominative plural)
kumþi (singular vocative)
kumþīz (plural vocative)
kumþį (accusative singular)
kumþīnz (accusative plural)
kundīz (genitive singular)
kundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kundī (dative singular)
kundimaz (dative plural)
kundī (instrumental singular)
kundimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: cumst

Middle Dutch: comst

Dutch: komst

Old High German: -kumft (found in compounds, framkumft)

Middle High German: -kunft

German: -kunft

(Old Norse: *kund) (found in compounds, samkund < *kumdō/*kumdiz, showing Verner alternation)

Icelandic: -kund, -kunda

Gothic: *𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐍃 (*qumþs), 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐍃 (gaqumþs) (with -q- restored under influence of 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (qiman))

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s. Equivalent to *kwemaną (“to come”) + *-þiz.


skōhslą

skōhslą (nominative singular)
skōhslō (nominative plural)
skōhslą (singular vocative)
skōhslō (plural vocative)
skōhslą (accusative singular)
skōhslō (accusative plural)
skōhslas (genitive singular)
skōhslis (genitive singular)
skōhslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skōhslai (dative singular)
skōhslamaz (dative plural)
skōhslō (instrumental singular)
skōhslamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌷𐍃𐌻 (skōhsl)

Possibly from Pre-Germanic *skōkslom, a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move, stir”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *skāxslom (“demon, supernatural being”). On the other hand, if the change -Vxsl- > -Vːxsl- is regular in Celtic, this would represent an early borrowing from Celtic.


-slą

-slą (nominative singular)
-slō (nominative plural)
-slą (singular vocative)
-slō (plural vocative)
-slą (accusative singular)
-slō (accusative plural)
-slas (genitive singular)
-slis (genitive singular)
-slǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-slai (dative singular)
-slamaz (dative plural)
-slō (instrumental singular)
-slamiz (instrumental plural)


sumslą

sumslą (nominative singular)
sumslō (nominative plural)
sumslą (singular vocative)
sumslō (plural vocative)
sumslą (accusative singular)
sumslō (accusative plural)
sumslas (genitive singular)
sumslis (genitive singular)
sumslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumslai (dative singular)
sumslamaz (dative plural)
sumslō (instrumental singular)
sumslamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌻 (swumsl) (possibly with restored -w- from unattested *𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰𐌽 (*swimman))

From earlier *swumslą, from zero-grade form of *swimmaną (“to swim”) + *-slą.

(East Germanic) pool, place for swimming


smirwislą

smirwislą (nominative singular)
smirwislō (nominative plural)
smirwislą (singular vocative)
smirwislō (plural vocative)
smirwislą (accusative singular)
smirwislō (accusative plural)
smirwislas (genitive singular)
smirwislis (genitive singular)
smirwislǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smirwislai (dative singular)
smirwislamaz (dative plural)
smirwislō (instrumental singular)
smirwislamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smirels m

desctree

Old Norse: smyrsl (plural)
Icelandic: smyrsl, smyrsli
Faroese: smyrsl
Norwegian Nynorsk: smyrsl, smørsel
Old Swedish: smyrsla, smyrilse
Swedish: smörjelse
Danish: smørelse
Norwegian Bokmål: smørelse

Dutch: smeersel


rēswō

rēswō (nominative singular)
rēswôz (nominative plural)
rēswō (singular vocative)
rēswôz (plural vocative)
rēswǭ (accusative singular)
rēswōz (accusative plural)
rēswōz (genitive singular)
rēswǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rēswōi (dative singular)
rēswōmaz (dative plural)
rēswō (instrumental singular)
rēswōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rāsu
Old English: rǣs
⇒? Middle Low German: rassen (verb)
⇒ Middle Low German: rasselen

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁dʰ-tweh₂, from *h₂reh₁dʰ- (“to arrange; to advise”) + *-tweh₂. Equivalent to *rēdaną + *-þwō.


stimbaz

stimbaz (nominative singular)
stimbizō (nominative plural)
stimbaz (singular vocative)
stimbizō (plural vocative)
stimbaz (accusative singular)
stimbizō (accusative plural)
stimbiziz (genitive singular)
stimbizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stimbizi (dative singular)
stimbizumaz (dative plural)
stimbizē (instrumental singular)
stimbizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *stimbr

Faroese: stimbur

From Proto-Indo-European *stembʰ- (“to make firm”). Related to Sanskrit स्तभ्नाति (stabhnāti, “to support, prop up”).


angazaz

angazaz (nominative singular)
angazōz (nominative plural)
angazōs (nominative plural)
angaz (singular vocative)
angazōz (plural vocative)
angazōs (plural vocative)
angazą (accusative singular)
angazanz (accusative plural)
angazas (genitive singular)
angazis (genitive singular)
angazǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angazai (dative singular)
angazamaz (dative plural)
angazō (instrumental singular)
angazamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: angr
Icelandic: angur
Faroese: angur
Norwegian: anger
Danish: anger
Old Swedish: anger
Swedish: ånger
→ Middle English: anger
English: anger
Scots: anger

→ Proto-Finnic: *ankëda

Finnish: ankea

/ˈɑŋ.ɡɑ.zɑz/

A thematicization of an s-stem, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰos, from *h₂enǵʰ- (“to tighten”). Related to Latin angor (“suffocation, anxiety”), Sanskrit अंहस् (aṃhas, “anxiety”).


tainaz

tainaz (nominative singular)
tainōz (nominative plural)
tainōs (nominative plural)
tain (singular vocative)
tainōz (plural vocative)
tainōs (plural vocative)
tainą (accusative singular)
tainanz (accusative plural)
tainas (genitive singular)
tainis (genitive singular)
tainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tainai (dative singular)
tainamaz (dative plural)
tainō (instrumental singular)
tainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tain
Old English: tān
Middle English: *tan
English: tan (“twig, small switch”)
⇒ Old English: misteltān
Middle English: mistelta, mistilte, mistelto, mystiltyne, mystilltyn, mystyldene
Scots: misseldeu, messeldeu
English: mistletoe
Old Frisian: *tēn
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Täinelse (“garden fence woven from willow rods”)
West Frisian: tien
Old Saxon: tēn
Middle Low German: tên
Old Dutch: *tēn
Middle Dutch: têne
Dutch: teen
Limburgish: tieën
Old High German: zein
Middle High German: zein
German: Zein, Zain

Old Norse: teinn
Icelandic: teinn
Faroese: teinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tein; (dialectal) teidn, tæn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tein
Old Swedish: tēn
Swedish: ten
Danish: ten
Norwegian Bokmål: ten

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (tains)

→ Proto-Finnic: *taina (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; expected to reflect pre-Germanic *doynos. Kroonen connects *tiną (“tin”).


skutiz

skutiz (nominative singular)
skutīz (nominative plural)
skuti (singular vocative)
skutīz (plural vocative)
skutį (accusative singular)
skutinz (accusative plural)
skutīz (genitive singular)
skutjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skutī (dative singular)
skutimaz (dative plural)
skutī (instrumental singular)
skutimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skuti
Old English: sċyte
Middle English: schute
Old Frisian: skete, skette
Saterland Frisian: Sköät
Old Dutch: *skuti
Middle Dutch: schote
Dutch: scheut
Afrikaans: skeut
Old High German: scuz, skuz
Middle High German: schuz
German: Schuss, Schuß (superseded spelling)
→ English: schuss
→ French: schuss
→ Kashubian: sus
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȕs
Luxembourgish: Schoss

A zero-grade i-stem derived from *skeutaną (“to shoot”).


baswô

baswô (nominative singular)
baswaniz (nominative plural)
baswô (singular vocative)
baswaniz (plural vocative)
baswanų (accusative singular)
baswanunz (accusative plural)
baswiniz (genitive singular)
baswanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baswini (dative singular)
baswammaz (dative plural)
baswinē (instrumental singular)
baswammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baswō

q

Old Frisian: *basa; bas (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

Saterland Frisian: Boas

West Frisian: baes, baas

Old Saxon: *baso

Middle Low German: bās

Low German: Bas

German Low German: Baas

→ German: Bas, Baß, Baas

→ Danish: bas

→ Swedish: bas

→ Norwegian: bas

Old Dutch: *baso

Middle Dutch: baes

desctree

Dutch: baas
Afrikaans: baas
→ English: baas
Negerhollands: baas, baes
→ Lokono: basia
→ Aukan: basi
→ Belizean Creole: baas
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bás
→ Caribbean Javanese: bas
→ English: boss
→ Cantonese: 波士 (bo¹ si⁶⁻²)
→ Danish: boss
→ French: boss
→ Indonesian: bos
→ Italian: boss
→ Japanese: ボス (bosu)
→ Korean: 보스 (boseu)
→ Guyanese Creole English: baas
→ Indonesian: bas (“boss”)
→ Petjo: bas
→ Jamaican Creole: baas
→ Kwinti: basia
→ Papiamentu: bas, baas, ba
→ Saramaccan: bási
→ Sranan Tongo: basi
→ Kari'na: ba`si
→ Trió: paasi
→ West Frisian: baas

West Flemish: baos

→ French: bausse

Unknown. Perhaps derived from or related to *ba-, *bō- (“father, older male relation”).

fadurjō

*fadurwijô (“paternal uncle”); Proto-West Germanic


herzô

herzô (nominative singular)
herzaniz (nominative plural)
herzô (singular vocative)
herzaniz (plural vocative)
herzanų (accusative singular)
herzanunz (accusative plural)
hirziniz (genitive singular)
herzanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirzini (dative singular)
herzammaz (dative plural)
hirzinē (instrumental singular)
herzammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *herʀō, *her(r)ō

Old English: heorra
Middle English: herre, har, harre, her, horre, heorre (Early Middle English)
English: har, harr, harre
Scots: harr, herre, har
Yola: harr, har

Old Dutch: harra, *herro

Middle Dutch: herre, harre

Dutch: har

Old Norse: hjarri; hjari; hjara

Icelandic: hjarri; hjari, hjara, hjör

Faroese: hjørri; hjørra

Of uncertain origin.
Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerd- (“to move, sway, swing, jump”); in this case, cognate with Old High German scerdo (“hinge”), Latin cardō (“hinge”), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (“to put, move”), Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “to swing, shake”), and perhaps Sanskrit कूर्द् (kūrd, “to leap, jump, play”) and German scherzen (“to joke, jest, frolic”).
Orel instead derives the root from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kert-so and compares Lithuanian sker̃sas (“across”), Proto-Slavic *čerzъ (“through, across”), and Latin cardō.
Kroonen prefers to derive the root from a Proto-Indo-European *kérH-on-, and compares Lithuanian kárti (“to hang”), Proto-Germanic *hurdiz (“wickerwork door, frame”), Latin crātis (“wickerwork”).


mēþwō

mēþwō (nominative singular)
mēþwôz (nominative plural)
mēþwō (singular vocative)
mēþwôz (plural vocative)
mēþwǭ (accusative singular)
mēþwōz (accusative plural)
mēþwōz (genitive singular)
mēþwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēþwōi (dative singular)
mēþwōmaz (dative plural)
mēþwō (instrumental singular)
mēþwōmiz (instrumental plural)

From Pre-Germanic *h₂méh₁tuh₂, *h₂mh₁twéh₂-, the latter giving *madwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂meh₁- (“to mow”).


tehwō

tehwō (nominative singular)
tehwôz (nominative plural)
tehwō (singular vocative)
tehwôz (plural vocative)
tehwǭ (accusative singular)
tehwōz (accusative plural)
tehwōz (genitive singular)
tehwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tehwōi (dative singular)
tehwōmaz (dative plural)
tehwō (instrumental singular)
tehwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *teha

Middle Low German: teche

Old High German: *zeha

Middle High German: zeche, zech

From Proto-Indo-European *déḱweh₂, from *deḱ- (“to fit”). Verner's alternate of *tēwō with different ablaut of the root syllable.


kuppaz

kuppaz (nominative singular)
kuppōz (nominative plural)
kuppōs (nominative plural)
kupp (singular vocative)
kuppōz (plural vocative)
kuppōs (plural vocative)
kuppą (accusative singular)
kuppanz (accusative plural)
kuppas (genitive singular)
kuppis (genitive singular)
kuppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuppai (dative singular)
kuppamaz (dative plural)
kuppō (instrumental singular)
kuppamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kopp
Old English: copp
Middle English: cop, cope, coppe
English: cop
Scots: cop, coppe
Yola: kappas (plural)
→ Welsh: copa
Old Frisian: kopp, kop
North Frisian: kop
Saterland Frisian: Kop
West Frisian: kop
Old Saxon: *kopp, *kop, kopp (in derivatives)
Middle Low German: koppe, kop
German Low German: Kopp
Plautdietsch: Kopp
→ German: Kopp
Old Dutch: *kopp, *kop
Middle Dutch: coppe, cop
Dutch: kop
Afrikaans: kop
Negerhollands: kop, koppi, kopi, kopje
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kop (dated)
Petjo: kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kup
→ Caribbean Javanese: kop
→ Indonesian: kop
→ Papiamentu: kòpi, koppi (from the diminutive, dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: kopi, kopki
→ Kari'na: kopuma
West Flemish: kobbe
Old High German: kopf, chopf, choph
Middle High German: kopf, koph
Alemannic German: Chopf
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khopf, khòpf (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Kopp
Kölsch: Kopp
Lorraine Franconian: Chapp, Chopp, Kopp
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Kopp, Kepp
German: Kopf
Luxembourgish: Kapp
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Kapp, Kopp, Kupp
Pennsylvania German: Kopp
Volga German: Kopp
Yiddish: קאָפּ (kop)
→ Old French: cop m (“head”)
⇒ Old French: copet, coupet
Middle French: copet, coupet

Old Norse: koppr (possibly from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: koppur

Faroese: koppur

Norwegian Bokmål: kopp

Norwegian Nynorsk: kopp

Swedish: kopp

Danish: kop

Crimean Gothic: kop (in compounds)

From earlier *kubnáz, from Proto-Indo-European *gup- (“round object, knoll”), from *gew- (“to bend, curve, arch, vault”).

der

crown (of the head); harnpan; skull; head


gahlaibô

gahlaibô (nominative singular)
gahlaibaniz (nominative plural)
gahlaibô (singular vocative)
gahlaibaniz (plural vocative)
gahlaibanų (accusative singular)
gahlaibanunz (accusative plural)
gahlaibiniz (genitive singular)
gahlaibanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gahlaibini (dative singular)
gahlaibammaz (dative plural)
gahlaibinē (instrumental singular)
gahlaibammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gahlaibō
Old High German: *galaiba, kaleibo, galeipo (dative)
→ Late Latin: compāniō (calque) (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰 (gahlaiba)

/ɣɑ.ˈxlɑi̯.βɔːː/

From *ga- (associative prefix) + *hlaibaz (“bread”) + *-ô (personalizing ending).


arbijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*arbijô (an-stem)

arbijô (nominative singular)
arbijaniz (nominative plural)
arbijô (singular vocative)
arbijaniz (plural vocative)
arbijanų (accusative singular)
arbijanunz (accusative plural)
arbīniz (genitive singular)
arbijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbīni (dative singular)
arbijammaz (dative plural)
arbīnē (instrumental singular)
arbijammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ierfa, irfa

Old Frisian: erva

Saterland Frisian: Ierwe, Äärwe

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: erve

Dutch: erve (archaic)

Old High German: erbo, arbeo

Middle High German: erbe

German: Erbe

Luxembourgish: Ierwen

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᛟ (arbijano /arbijanō/) (genitive plural)

Old Norse: arfi

Icelandic: arfi

Faroese: arvi

Old Swedish: arve

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐌰 (arbja)


wihslaz

wihslaz (nominative singular)
wihslōz (nominative plural)
wihslōs (nominative plural)
wihsl (singular vocative)
wihslōz (plural vocative)
wihslōs (plural vocative)
wihslą (accusative singular)
wihslanz (accusative plural)
wihslas (genitive singular)
wihslis (genitive singular)
wihslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wihslai (dative singular)
wihslamaz (dative plural)
wihslō (instrumental singular)
wihslamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wrixl f, wrixle n

Old Frisian: wixle wixele

Saterland Frisian: Wiksel

West Frisian: wiksel, wissel

Old Saxon: *wehsal, *wesl

Middle Low German: wessele, wesle

German Low German: Wessel

Old Dutch: *wehsel, *wihsil

Middle Dutch: wessel, wixel, wissele, wissel

desctree

Dutch: wissel
→ Indonesian: wesel
→ Peranakan Indonesian: wissel

Afrikaans: wissel

Old High German: wehsal

Middle High German: wëhsel

German: Wechsel

→ Russian: ве́ксель (vékselʹ)

→ English: veksel

Luxembourgish: Wiessel

Old Norse: víxl

Icelandic: víxl

Norwegian: veksel (likely borrowed from German)

Swedish: växel

→ Finnish: vekseli

Danish: veksel (possibly borrowed from German)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk-slo-s, from *weyk- (“to exchange, curve”). Related to *wikǭ (“week”) and *wīkwaną (“to yield, to fold”); outside of Germanic, compare Latin vicis (“change”), Sanskrit विष्टी (viṣṭī, “changeable, changing”).


frijahalsaz

frijahalsaz (nominative singular)
frijahalsōz (nominative plural)
frijahalsōs (nominative plural)
frijahals (singular vocative)
frijahalsōz (plural vocative)
frijahalsōs (plural vocative)
frijahalsą (accusative singular)
frijahalsanz (accusative plural)
frijahalsas (genitive singular)
frijahalsis (genitive singular)
frijahalsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijahalsai (dative singular)
frijahalsamaz (dative plural)
frijahalsō (instrumental singular)
frijahalsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frijahals
Old English: frēols
Middle English: freols
Old High German: frīhals
Middle High German: vrīhals

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (freihals)

From *frijaz (“free”) + *halsaz (“neck”), thus "having a free (unhampered by a yoke, chain, etc.) neck" > "being free, freedom".

freedom, liberty, the state of not being constrained or imprisoned


fardiz

fardiz (nominative singular)
fardīz (nominative plural)
fardi (singular vocative)
fardīz (plural vocative)
fardį (accusative singular)
fardinz (accusative plural)
fardīz (genitive singular)
fardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fardī (dative singular)
fardimaz (dative plural)
fardī (instrumental singular)
fardimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fardi
Old English: ferd, feord, fierd, fyrd
Middle English: ferd, verd, færd, værde, varde
>? English: ferd
>? Scots: ferd, fard, faird
→ English: fyrd
Old Frisian: ferd
Old Saxon: fard
Middle Low German: vart
→ Danish: fart
→ Icelandic: fart
→ Faroese: fart
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fart
→ Swedish: fart
Old Dutch: farth, fard
Middle Dutch: vart, vāert
Dutch: vaart
Afrikaans: vaart
→ West Frisian: feart
→ Walloon: vårt
Old High German: fart, vart
Middle High German: fart
German: Fahrt (“journey”), Fährte (“trail”)
→ Saterland Frisian: Foart
→ Danish: fært
Luxembourgish: Faart

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ferð

Icelandic: ferð

Faroese: ferð

Norwegian: ferd

Old Swedish: færþ

Swedish: färd

Old Danish: færth

Danish: færd

A ti-stem derived from *faraną (“to go, travel”), representing pre-Germanic *portís.


ganistiz

ganistiz (nominative singular)
ganistīz (nominative plural)
ganisti (singular vocative)
ganistīz (plural vocative)
ganistį (accusative singular)
ganistinz (accusative plural)
ganistīz (genitive singular)
ganistijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganistī (dative singular)
ganistimaz (dative plural)
ganistī (instrumental singular)
ganistimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganisti

Old Saxon: ginist

Middle Low German: genist

Old High German: *ginist

Middle High German: genist, gnist

German: Genist

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ganists)

From *ga- + *nesaną (“to save”) + *-þiz.


graftuz

graftuz (nominative singular)
graftiwiz (nominative plural)
graftu (singular vocative)
graftiwiz (plural vocative)
graftų (accusative singular)
graftunz (accusative plural)
graftauz (genitive singular)
graftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
graftiwi (dative singular)
graftumaz (dative plural)
graftū (instrumental singular)
graftumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: græft

Middle English: græf, graf, grave (partially)

Old Frisian: greft

Saterland Frisian: Grääft

West Frisian: grêft

Old Saxon: *graft

Middle Low German: graft, gracht

German Low German: Gracht

Old Dutch: *graft (in placenames)

desc

Middle Dutch: gracht, graft, grecht, greft

Dutch: gracht

Afrikaans: grag

→ German: Gracht

Old High German: graft

Middle High German: graft; (northwestern) graht, *greht

German: Graft (archaic)

Luxembourgish: Griecht, Gruecht

Old Norse: grǫptr, grǫftr

Icelandic: gröftur


kundiz

(Ablaut and Verner variant) Alternative form of *kinþiz


kinþiz

kinþiz (nominative singular)
kinþīz (nominative plural)
kinþi (singular vocative)
kinþīz (plural vocative)
kinþį (accusative singular)
kinþīnz (accusative plural)
kundīz (genitive singular)
kundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kundī (dative singular)
kundimaz (dative plural)
kundī (instrumental singular)
kundimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kundi

Old English: cynd

Middle English: cunde, kunde, kynde

English: kind

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gakundi

Old English: ġecynd

Old High German: gikunt

Old Norse: kind

Icelandic: kind

Faroese: kind

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis, oblique *ǵn̥h₁tí-.


kindą

kindą (nominative singular)
kindō (nominative plural)
kindą (singular vocative)
kindō (plural vocative)
kindą (accusative singular)
kindō (accusative plural)
kindas (genitive singular)
kindis (genitive singular)
kindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kindai (dative singular)
kindamaz (dative plural)
kindō (instrumental singular)
kindamiz (instrumental plural)


slahtuz

slahtuz (nominative singular)
slahtiwiz (nominative plural)
slahtu (singular vocative)
slahtiwiz (plural vocative)
slahtų (accusative singular)
slahtunz (accusative plural)
slahtauz (genitive singular)
slahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slahtiwi (dative singular)
slahtumaz (dative plural)
slahtū (instrumental singular)
slahtumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sliht, sleaht, sleht, slieht, slyht, slīet
Middle English: slaht, slæht, slauȝt, slaught, slehte, sleȝte, sleiȝt
English: slaught

Old Norse: sláttr

Icelandic: sláttur

Old Swedish: slāt f

Swedish: slåtter

From *slahaną (“to hit, strike”) + *-þuz.


ambahtaz

ambahtaz (nominative singular)
ambahtōz (nominative plural)
ambahtōs (nominative plural)
ambaht (singular vocative)
ambahtōz (plural vocative)
ambahtōs (plural vocative)
ambahtą (accusative singular)
ambahtanz (accusative plural)
ambahtas (genitive singular)
ambahtis (genitive singular)
ambahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ambahtai (dative singular)
ambahtamaz (dative plural)
ambahtō (instrumental singular)
ambahtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ambaht
Old English: ambiht, ambeht, ambeaht
Old Frisian: *ambaht
West Frisian: ambacht
Old Saxon: ambaht
Old Dutch: *ambaht
Middle Dutch: ambacht
Dutch: ambacht
Old High German: ambaht
⇒ Old High German: ambatāri
Middle High German: ambahtære

Old Norse: ambátt, ambǫ́tt, ambótt (< *ambahtō)
Icelandic: ambátt
Old Swedish: ambot, ambut, ambat
Old Gutnish: ambatn
→ Middle English: ammbohht

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (andbahts)

Borrowed from Gaulish ambaxtos (“vassal”), from Proto-Celtic *ambaxtos (“servant”). Unlike *rīks (“ruler, king”), which was also borrowed from Celtic, this word entered Germanic after the characteristic Germanic sound shifts took place.


ambahtiją

ambahtiją (nominative singular)
ambahtijō (nominative plural)
ambahtiją (singular vocative)
ambahtijō (plural vocative)
ambahtiją (accusative singular)
ambahtijō (accusative plural)
ambahtijas (genitive singular)
ambahtīs (genitive singular)
ambahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ambahtijai (dative singular)
ambahtijamaz (dative plural)
ambahtijō (instrumental singular)
ambahtijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ambahtī
Old English: ambeht, ambiht, ambieht, ambyht
Old Frisian: ambecht, ambet, ambt
Saterland Frisian: Amt
West Frisian: ambacht
Old Saxon: ambaht, *ambehti
Middle Low German: ambacht, ambecht, ambet, ambt, amt
German Low German: Ambacht, Amt
→ Danish: amt
Old Dutch: *ambaht
Middle Dutch: ambacht
Dutch: ambacht
Afrikaans: ambag
→ Indonesian: ambah
Negerhollands: ambacht
Old High German: ambaht, ambahti, ampaht
Middle High German: ambahte, ambehte, ambet, ammet, ampt, amt
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: åmt
Mòcheno: omt
German: Amt, Ambt, Ammt, Ampt (obsolete)
Kölsch: Amp
Vilamovian: amt, aomt
→ Middle Dutch: ampt, amt
Dutch: ambt
Afrikaans: amp
Limburgish: amb

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: embætti
Danish: embede
Faroese: embæti, ambæti
Icelandic: embætti
Norwegian: embete
Old Swedish: æmbiti, æmbæti
Swedish: ämbete
→⇒ Old East Slavic: ѧбетьникъ (jębetĭnikŭ), ѩбедьникъ (jębedĭnikŭ)
Old Ruthenian: ѧбедникъ (jabednik)
Ukrainian: я́бедник (jábednyk)
⇒ Ukrainian: я́беда (jábeda)
Russian: я́бедник (jábednik)
⇒ Russian: я́беда (jábeda)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 (andbahti)

→ Latin: ambactia (“service rendered”)

Old Occitan: ambaissa (“message”)

⇒ Old Occitan: ambaissada (“embassy”)

Catalan: ambaixada

Occitan: ambaissada, ambaishada

→ Asturian: embaxada

→ Gallurese: imbasciada

→ Old Italian: ambasciata (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: embaixada

→ Sardinian: imbasciada, imbassiada

→ Sassarese: imbasciada

→ Spanish: embajada
→ Hiligaynon: embahada
→ Tagalog: embahada

>? Old Italian: ambascia (“anguish”)


wuldrą

wuldrą (nominative singular)
wuldrō (nominative plural)
wuldrą (singular vocative)
wuldrō (plural vocative)
wuldrą (accusative singular)
wuldrō (accusative plural)
wuldras (genitive singular)
wuldris (genitive singular)
wuldrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wuldrai (dative singular)
wuldramaz (dative plural)
wuldrō (instrumental singular)
wuldramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wuldr

Old English: wuldor, wulder

Middle English: wulder

Old High German: Vuldar

From Pre-Germanic *wl̥tróm or *wl̥dʰrom, from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”).


wiljô

gem-decl-noun-table

*wiljô (an-stem)

wiljô (nominative singular)
wiljaniz (nominative plural)
wiljô (singular vocative)
wiljaniz (plural vocative)
wiljanų (accusative singular)
wiljanunz (accusative plural)
wiliniz (genitive singular)
wiljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wilini (dative singular)
wiljammaz (dative plural)
wilinē (instrumental singular)
wiljammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *willjō
Old English: willa
Middle English: wille
English: will
Scots: wil, will
Old Frisian: willa, wella
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel
Mooring: wale
Saterland Frisian: wolle
West Frisian: wolle
Old Saxon: willio
Middle Low German: wille
German Low German: Wille, Will
Old Dutch: willo
Middle Dutch: wille
Dutch: wil
Afrikaans: wil
Negerhollands: wil, wille
Limburgish: wil
Old High German: willo, willio
Middle Low German: wille
Cimbrian: bill
German: Wille
Luxembourgish: Wëllen

Old Norse: vili (stem vilj-)
Icelandic: vilji m
Faroese: vilji m
Norwegian Bokmål: vilje m
Norwegian Nynorsk: vilje m, vile m (nonstandard, dialectal)
Jamtish: vili m
Elfdalian: wile m
Old Swedish: vili m, vilie m, vilia f
Swedish: vilja f, vilje
→ Elfdalian: wila f
Old Danish: vilje, vilge, vilgie
Danish: vilje
Gutnish: vilä m

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (wilja)

Vandalic: *wilja- (in personal names)


baltijaz

baltijaz (nominative singular)
baltijōz (nominative plural)
baltijōs (nominative plural)
baltī (singular vocative)
baltijōz (plural vocative)
baltijōs (plural vocative)
baltiją (accusative singular)
baltijanz (accusative plural)
baltijas (genitive singular)
baltīs (genitive singular)
baltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baltijai (dative singular)
baltijamaz (dative plural)
baltijō (instrumental singular)
baltijamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *baltī, *balti, *balt

desctree

Old English: belt
Middle English: belt
English: belt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: belt

Old Saxon: *balti

Middle Low German: *belte

Plautdietsch: Belt

Frankish: *balti, *balt

⇒ Frankish: *baltiraidī, *baltgaraidī

→ Vulgar Latin: *balterād, *balterāt

Old French: baldrei, baldré, baudré

⇒ Middle French: baudrier

French: baudrier

→ Italian: budriere

desc

→ Middle English: baudry, bauderik, baudrik

English: baldric

→ Middle High German: balderich, belderich

Old Occitan: baldrat, baldrei

→ Spanish: baldrés

→ Portuguese: baldreu

→ Galician: baldreu

desctree

Old High German: balz, palz
>? Middle High German: balz, balzer
German: Balz (etymology disputed)

Old Norse: belti
Icelandic: belti
Faroese: belti
Danish: bælte
Norwegian: belte
Old Swedish: bælte
Swedish: bälte

An early borrowing from Latin balteus (“girdle, sword belt”).


kaisaraz

kaisaraz (nominative singular)
kaisarōz (nominative plural)
kaisarōs (nominative plural)
kaisar (singular vocative)
kaisarōz (plural vocative)
kaisarōs (plural vocative)
kaisarą (accusative singular)
kaisaranz (accusative plural)
kaisaras (genitive singular)
kaisaris (genitive singular)
kaisarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaisarai (dative singular)
kaisaramaz (dative plural)
kaisarō (instrumental singular)
kaisaramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaisar
Old English: cāsere, cāsaer, cāser
Middle English: casere, kasere, caser, casare, kasar (Northern)
Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard
Old Frisian: kaiser, keiser
Saterland Frisian: Kaiser
West Frisian: keizer
Old Saxon: kēsar, *keisari
Middle Low German: *keisere
Plautdietsch: Kjeisa
→ Old Norse: keisari
Icelandic: keisari
Faroese: keisari
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: keiser
Norwegian Nynorsk: keisar
Old Swedish: keysar, keysare
Swedish: kejsare
→ Finnish: keisari
Danish: kejser
Gutnish: kaisare
Old Dutch: keiser
Middle Dutch: keiser
Dutch: keizer
Old High German: keisar, keisur
Middle High German: keiser
German: Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser (obsolete)
→ Russian: ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)
→ Upper Sorbian: kejžor
Luxembourgish: Keeser
Yiddish: קייסער (keyser)
→ Middle English: kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser
⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser
→ Scots: Kaiser

Old Norse: Kjárr, *Kéarr

qualifier

→ Proto-Slavic: *cěsařь (from an uncertain Germanic language; not directly from Proto-Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed at a post-Proto-Germanic stage from Latin Caesar. According to Ringe, the Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar) is an independent borrowing.


-ōniz

-ōniz (nominative singular)
-ōnīz (nominative plural)
-ōni (singular vocative)
-ōnīz (plural vocative)
-ōnį (accusative singular)
-ōninz (accusative plural)
-ōnīz (genitive singular)
-ōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ōnī (dative singular)
-ōnimaz (dative plural)
-ōnī (instrumental singular)
-ōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Frisian: -ene

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -an, -un

Faroese: -an

Icelandic: -an, -un

Swedish: -an

Gothic: -𐍉𐌽𐍃 (-ōns)

From *-ō- (weak class 2 thematic vowel) + *-niz (abstract deverbal ending).

Forms abstract nouns from weak class 2 verbs.


laþōniz

laþōniz (nominative singular)
laþōnīz (nominative plural)
laþōni (singular vocative)
laþōnīz (plural vocative)
laþōnį (accusative singular)
laþōninz (accusative plural)
laþōnīz (genitive singular)
laþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþōnī (dative singular)
laþōnimaz (dative plural)
laþōnī (instrumental singular)
laþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lathene, ladene

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (laþōns)

Old Norse: *laðan, lǫðun

Icelandic: laðan, löðun

Derived from *laþōną (“to call, invite”).


sunjō

sunjō (nominative singular)
sunjôz (nominative plural)
sunjō (singular vocative)
sunjôz (plural vocative)
sunjǭ (accusative singular)
sunjōz (accusative plural)
sunjōz (genitive singular)
sunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunjōi (dative singular)
sunjōmaz (dative plural)
sunjō (instrumental singular)
sunjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sunnju, *sunni
Old English: synn, sinn, senn
Middle English: synne, cynne, sin, sine, sinne, sunne, syn, synn, senne, zen, zenne (Kent), seonne (Early Middle English)
English: sin
Scots: sin
Old Saxon: sunnea
Old High German: sunna, sunne
→ Late Latin: sonium (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: syn

Icelandic: syn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (sunja)

Derived from or related to *sunjaz (“true, real”).


-īniz

-īniz (nominative singular)
-īnīz (nominative plural)
-īni (singular vocative)
-īnīz (plural vocative)
-īnį (accusative singular)
-īninz (accusative plural)
-īnīz (genitive singular)
-īnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-īnī (dative singular)
-īnimaz (dative plural)
-īnī (instrumental singular)
-īnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -en (fell together with *-injō)

Old Frisian: -ene

Old High German: -ī (fell together with *-į̄)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -n (only in relics)

Gothic: -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins)

From *-ij(i)- (interpreted as the weak class 1 thematic vowel) + *-niz (abstract deverbal ending).

Forms abstract nouns from weak class 1 verbs.


-ōþuz

-ōþuz (nominative singular)
-ōþiwiz (nominative plural)
-ōþu (singular vocative)
-ōþiwiz (plural vocative)
-ōþų (accusative singular)
-ōþunz (accusative plural)
-ōþauz (genitive singular)
-ōþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ōþiwi (dative singular)
-ōþumaz (dative plural)
-ōþū (instrumental singular)
-ōþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: -aþ, -oþ

Old Norse: -aðr, -naðr, -uðr?

Gothic: -𐍉𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-ōþus), -𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (-ōdus) (but note the etymology at -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus))

Presumably from *-ō- (weak class 2 thematic vowel) + *-þuz (deverbal suffix). But compare Latin -ātus in nouns such as senātus.

Forms nouns from weak class 2 verbs, possibly attached to other classes as well.


sunjōniz

sunjōniz (nominative singular)
sunjōnīz (nominative plural)
sunjōni (singular vocative)
sunjōnīz (plural vocative)
sunjōnį (accusative singular)
sunjōninz (accusative plural)
sunjōnīz (genitive singular)
sunjōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunjōnī (dative singular)
sunjōnimaz (dative plural)
sunjōnī (instrumental singular)
sunjōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: synjan

Icelandic: synjun, synjan

Faroese: synjan

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 (sunjōns)

Derived from *sunjōną (“to put right, deny a charge”).

a defense, answer, setting oneself right