bautô

bautô (nominative singular)
bautaniz (nominative plural)
bautô (singular vocative)
bautaniz (plural vocative)
bautanų (accusative singular)
bautanunz (accusative plural)
bautiniz (genitive singular)
bautanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bautini (dative singular)
bautammaz (dative plural)
bautinē (instrumental singular)
bautammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bautō
Old Saxon: bōto
Middle Low German: bôte
⇒ Middle Low German: bö̂teken, bö̂tken
Old High German: bōzo
Middle High German: bōze
German: Bosse
→ Old French: boton, bouton
Middle French: boton, bouton
French: bouton
→ Romanian: buton
→ Italian: bottone
→ Spanish: botón
→ Portuguese: botão
→ Middle English: botoun
English: button
Scots: button

Old Norse: *bauti

⇒ Old Norse: Fárbauti


hringijǭ

hringijǭ (nominative singular)
hringijōniz (nominative plural)
hringijǭ (singular vocative)
hringijōniz (plural vocative)
hringijōnų (accusative singular)
hringijōnunz (accusative plural)
hringijōniz (genitive singular)
hringijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hringijōni (dative singular)
hringijōmaz (dative plural)
hringijōnē (instrumental singular)
hringijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hringijā, *hringā
Old English: hrinġe, hrinġiae, hrinġae, hrinġċe, rinġċe, rhinġæ
Middle English: ring, rynge, renge (merged with descendant of hring)
English: ring
Scots: ring
Old Saxon: hringa
Middle Low German: rinke
Old High German: ringa
Middle High German: ringge, rinke
German: Rinke

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: hringja
Icelandic: hringja
Faroese: ringja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ringja
Old Swedish: ringia
Swedish: ringa
Danish: ringe
Norwegian Bokmål: ringe
Gutnish: ringge, ringg', ringga

From *hringaz + *-ijǭ (diminutive suffix).


slautijǭ

slautijǭ (nominative singular)
slautijōniz (nominative plural)
slautijǭ (singular vocative)
slautijōniz (plural vocative)
slautijōnų (accusative singular)
slautijōnunz (accusative plural)
slautijōniz (genitive singular)
slautijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slautijōni (dative singular)
slautijōmaz (dative plural)
slautijōnē (instrumental singular)
slautijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *slautijā
Old English: *slīete, *slēte
Middle English: slete, sleet, slet, sleth, slethe
English: sleet
Old Saxon: *slōtia
Middle Low German: slö̂te
German Low German: Slöten, Sloot
Old High German: *slōza
Middle High German: slôz m, slôze f (either from a byform *slautā or a back-formation from plural *slœzzen)
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Schloss
Central Franconian: Schluß
Hunsrik: Schlos
Transylvanian Saxon: Schloße
East Central German: Schlooßen
German: Schloße, Schloßen (dialectal)
Luxembourgish: Schlouss
Rhine Franconian: Schloß
Palatine German: Schloß, Schloße, Schlouße
Pennsylvania German: Schlooss

Proto-Norse:

Old Gutnish: sloita

Gutnish: sloyta

Unclear; compare Proto-West Germanic *slaut (“puddle”) and Proto-Slavic *sludъ (“rime”).


kagô

kagô (nominative singular)
kaganiz (nominative plural)
kagô (singular vocative)
kaganiz (plural vocative)
kaganų (accusative singular)
kaganunz (accusative plural)
kaginiz (genitive singular)
kaganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kagini (dative singular)
kagammaz (dative plural)
kaginē (instrumental singular)
kagammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kagō

Old English: *ċeaga

⇒ Old English: ċeacga

Middle English: *chagge

English: chag

Old High German: *kago

Middle High German: *kage, *kag

German: Kag

Bavarian: Kag

Old Norse: *kagi

Norwegian Nynorsk: kage (dialectal)

Swedish: kage (dialectal)

⇒ Old Norse: *kaggi (diminutive)

Norwegian Nynorsk: kagge

→ Middle English: *kagge, *kag

desc

English: cag, kag (“stump of a branch, knob”)

desctree

⇒? Old Norse: kaggi (“cask, keg”, literally “little stump”)
Icelandic: kaggi m
Swedish: kagge c
→ Middle English: *kagge, kag
English: keg, cag
Scots: cag, caig
→ Old French: caque
Middle French: kaque, quaque
French: caque


wrainijô

wrainijô (nominative singular)
wrainijaniz (nominative plural)
wrainijô (singular vocative)
wrainijaniz (plural vocative)
wrainijanų (accusative singular)
wrainijanunz (accusative plural)
wrainijiniz (genitive singular)
wrainijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrainijini (dative singular)
wrainijammaz (dative plural)
wrainijinē (instrumental singular)
wrainijammiz (instrumental plural)
*wrainô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrainijō

Old Saxon: wrēnio

desc

Middle Low German: rūne, rune, ruhne, ruͤne, rūn, rūme, rōne

⇒ Middle Low German: *wrenen, *wreinen (verb)

German Low German: wrenen, freinen

Old Dutch: *wrēno

Middle Dutch: wrene

Dutch: wreen

→ West Frisian: wreen

→ Late Latin: waranio, warannio, warangio, warinio, warrinio

Occitan: guaragnon

Italian: guaragno

Spanish: guarañon

Old High German: wreinno, reinneo, reinno, reino

Middle High German: reine

German: Rein

Old Norse: vreini, reini

Icelandic: reini

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: vrina, vrine (verb) (dialectal)

⇒ Swedish: vrina (verb) (dialectal)

that which is in heat or rutting, especially a stallion or stud


hwītilaz

hwītilaz (nominative singular)
hwītilōz (nominative plural)
hwītilōs (nominative plural)
hwītil (singular vocative)
hwītilōz (plural vocative)
hwītilōs (plural vocative)
hwītilą (accusative singular)
hwītilanz (accusative plural)
hwītilas (genitive singular)
hwītilis (genitive singular)
hwītilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwītilai (dative singular)
hwītilamaz (dative plural)
hwītilō (instrumental singular)
hwītilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwītil

desctree

Old English: hwītel
Middle English: whytel, whitle, wytele, wittulle
English: whittle
Yola: whithel
→ Old Northern French: blancet, blanket (calque)
Middle French: blanchet
French: blanchet
→ Middle English: blanket
English: blanket
Scots: blanket
→ Old Norse: blakt

Old Norse: hvítill

Icelandic: hvítill

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvitel

From *hwītaz + *-ilaz (diminutive suffix).


snaisō

snaisō (nominative singular)
snaisôz (nominative plural)
snaisō (singular vocative)
snaisôz (plural vocative)
snaisǭ (accusative singular)
snaisōz (accusative plural)
snaisōz (genitive singular)
snaisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snaisōi (dative singular)
snaisōmaz (dative plural)
snaisō (instrumental singular)
snaisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snaisu

Old English: snās, snǣs

Old Frisian: snēs, snēse

West Frisian: snies

Old Saxon: snēsa

Middle Low German: snêse, sneise

Low German: sneise

Old Dutch: *snēsa

Middle Dutch: snese, snees

Dutch: snees

Old High German: *sneisa

Middle High German: sneise

German: Schneise

Old Norse: sneis
Icelandic: sneis
Norwegian Bokmål: sneis
Norwegian Nynorsk: sneis
Swedish: snes (dialectal)
Danish: snes
Norwegian Bokmål: snes

Likely a nominal derivative of *snīþaną (“to cut”).


kattǭ

kattǭ (nominative singular)
kattōniz (nominative plural)
kattǭ (singular vocative)
kattōniz (plural vocative)
kattōnų (accusative singular)
kattōnunz (accusative plural)
kattōniz (genitive singular)
kattōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kattōni (dative singular)
kattōmaz (dative plural)
kattōnē (instrumental singular)
kattōmiz (instrumental plural)
*kattijǭ (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *kattā
Old English: catte
Middle English: catte, katte
Old Frisian: katte
North Frisian: kaat, kåt
Saterland Frisian: Kat
West Frisian: kat
Old Saxon: katta
Middle Low German: katte
Low German: Katte
Dutch Low Saxon: katte
German Low German: Katt, Katte
Plautdietsch: Kautt, Kaut
Old Dutch: katta, *catta
Middle Dutch: catte
Dutch: kat
Afrikaans: kat
→ Xhosa: ikati
→ Zulu: ikati
Jersey Dutch: kāt
Negerhollands: katje (from the Dutch diminutive)
Skepi Creole Dutch: kat
Limburgish: kat
West Flemish: katte
Old High German: kazza, chazza
Middle High German: katze
Alemannic German: Chatz, Chats, Chazz, Chaz, Kàtz (Alsatian), chatza, chatzu, chatzò, chàzzà (Walser)
Bavarian: ckozza, khoze, kòtze, Katz
Cimbrian: katze, khatz, khatza
Mòcheno: kòtz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Katz
German: Katze
Luxembourgish: Kaz
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Katz
Yiddish: קאַץ (kats)

Old Norse: ketta
Icelandic: ketta
Faroese: ketta
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjette, kjetta
Norwegian Bokmål: kjette
Old Swedish: kætta
Swedish: katta


swīmô

swīmô (nominative singular)
swīmaniz (nominative plural)
swīmô (singular vocative)
swīmaniz (plural vocative)
swīmanų (accusative singular)
swīmanunz (accusative plural)
swīminiz (genitive singular)
swīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swīmini (dative singular)
swīmammaz (dative plural)
swīminē (instrumental singular)
swīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swīmō

Old English: swīma
Middle English: swyme
English: swim

Old Frisian: swīma

West Frisian: swym

Old Saxon: swīmo

Middle Low German: swîme, swîm

→ Swedish: svim

Old Dutch: *swīmo

Middle Dutch: swijm

Dutch: zwijm

Afrikaans: swym

Old High German: swīmo

Middle High German: swīm

German: Schweim

Old Norse: svími

Icelandic: svími, svimi; svima

Old Swedish: svimi

Swedish: svimma

Danish: svime

→? Proto-Finnic: *huima (see there for further descendants)


bruskaz

bruskaz (nominative singular)
bruskōz (nominative plural)
bruskōs (nominative plural)
brusk (singular vocative)
bruskōz (plural vocative)
bruskōs (plural vocative)
bruską (accusative singular)
bruskanz (accusative plural)
bruskas (genitive singular)
bruskis (genitive singular)
bruskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bruskai (dative singular)
bruskamaz (dative plural)
bruskō (instrumental singular)
bruskamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brusk

Old Saxon: *brusk

desc

Middle Low German: brusch (“bucher's broom”)

Old Dutch: *brusk

Middle Dutch: brusc m (“shrubs, twigs, bundle of sticks”)

Old High German: brusk n (“shoot, bud”)

Middle High German: brüsch m (“thorny bush”)

German: Brüsch

→ Vulgar Latin: *bruscus (“butcher's broom”)

Italian: brusco (“prickly broom”)

→ Occitan: brusc

→ French: brusc

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *bruscia (“tree shoot”)

Old French: broce (“scrub, brushwood, undergrowth”)

Middle French: broisse

French: brosse

→ Middle English: brusche, brusshe

English: brush

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to roar, roil, rustle, sprout”).


swajutą

swaiwtą (nominative singular)
swaiwtō (nominative plural)
swaiwtą (singular vocative)
swaiwtō (plural vocative)
swaiwtą (accusative singular)
swaiwtō (accusative plural)
swaiwtas (genitive singular)
swaiwtis (genitive singular)
swaiwtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swaiwtai (dative singular)
swaiwtamaz (dative plural)
swaiwtō (instrumental singular)
swaiwtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swajut

Old English: swēot

Proto-Norse: *s(w)eut, *s(w)iot

Old Norse: sjót

Icelandic: sjót

Proto-Norse: *swæi(u)t

Old Norse: sveit f

Icelandic: sveit

Uncertain. Possibly from *swai (“self, one's own”), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“onself, own”) + *-utą.


ankurô

ankurô (nominative singular)
ankuraniz (nominative plural)
ankurô (singular vocative)
ankuraniz (plural vocative)
ankuranų (accusative singular)
ankuranunz (accusative plural)
ankuriniz (genitive singular)
ankuranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankurini (dative singular)
ankurammaz (dative plural)
ankurinē (instrumental singular)
ankurammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ankurō
Old English: ancor, ancer, oncer
Middle English: anker, ancre, aunkir, ankor, ankur, ankir, ancher, ancour, hanker
English: anchor (see there for further descendants)
Scots: anchor, anker
Old Frisian: anker, onker
West Frisian: anker
Old Saxon: *ankaro
Middle High German: anker, ankor, ankar
Old Dutch: *ankaro
Middle Dutch: anker
Dutch: anker
Afrikaans: anker
Negerhollands: anker, henka, heṅku
→ English: anker, ankor, anchor
→ Irish: ancaire
→ Indonesian: angker
→ Lokono: anker
→ Papiamentu: anker
→ Sranan Tongo: ankra (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: ankero, anker
Middle High German: anker
German: Anker (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: akkeri, atkeri
Icelandic: akkeri
Norwegian: anker, ankar
Old Swedish: ankæri
Swedish: ankare, ankar
→ Finnish: ankkuri
→ Ingrian: ankkuri
→ Estonian: ankur
→ Old East Slavic: ѧкорь (jękorĭ)
Russian: якорь (jakorʹ)
→ Kildin Sami: ёакар (jåkar)
→ Uyghur: ياكور (yakor)
→ Yakut: дьаакыр (jaakır)
Ukrainian: я́кір (jákir)
Danish: anker
→ Middle Irish: ancaire
Irish: ancaire
Manx: aker
Scottish Gaelic: acair


tetruz

tetruz (nominative singular)
titriwiz (nominative plural)
tetru (singular vocative)
titriwiz (plural vocative)
tetrų (accusative singular)
tetrunz (accusative plural)
tetrauz (genitive singular)
titriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
titriwi (dative singular)
tetrumaz (dative plural)
tetrū (instrumental singular)
tetrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tetru

Old English: tetr, teter; tetra

desc

Middle English: teter, tetre, tetire, tetyr

English: tetter

From Proto-Indo-European *dedru-, *derdru-, a reduplicative form derived from *der- (“to split, separate, crack, chafe, flay”). Compare Sanskrit दद्रू (dadrū, “a skin eruption, a type of leprosy”) and दद्रुक (dadruka, “leprosy”).


mōtō

mōtō (nominative singular)
mōtôz (nominative plural)
mōtō (singular vocative)
mōtôz (plural vocative)
mōtǭ (accusative singular)
mōtōz (accusative plural)
mōtōz (genitive singular)
mōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōtōi (dative singular)
mōtōmaz (dative plural)
mōtō (instrumental singular)
mōtōmiz (instrumental plural)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōtu
Old English: mōt
Middle English: mot
Yola: mot
Old High German: *muoza
Middle High German: muoze
Bavarian: Mueß (“miller's fee”)

Gothic: 𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰 (mōta)

defdate

→ Old High German: mūta [a. 837, cited in a Latin text from Kempten]

desc

Middle High German: mūte (restricted to Bavarian)

German: Maut

→ Medieval Latin: mūta

→ Middle Dutch: mute (15th c., hapax)

→ Old Norse: múta (or from Old English?)

Icelandic: múta

Norwegian Nynorsk: mute

Old Swedish: múta

Swedish: muta

→ Latvian: muita (“customs, tax”) (probably from earlier *mūʔta)

→ Livonian: mūita (“customs”)

→ Proto-Slavic: *mytò (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Pokorny derives from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”), similar to *metaþs, *metaną, etc.


fōtspurą

fōtspurą (nominative singular)
fōtspurō (nominative plural)
fōtspurą (singular vocative)
fōtspurō (plural vocative)
fōtspurą (accusative singular)
fōtspurō (accusative plural)
fōtspuras (genitive singular)
fōtspuris (genitive singular)
fōtspurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōtspurai (dative singular)
fōtspuramaz (dative plural)
fōtspurō (instrumental singular)
fōtspuramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōtspor

Old English: fōtspor

Old Frisian: *fōtspor

Saterland Frisian: Foutspúre, Foutspúur

Old Saxon: *fōtspor

desc

Middle Low German: vôtspōr, vôtspore, vôtspār

German Low German: Footspoor

Old Dutch: *fōtspor, *fuotspor

Middle Dutch: voetspore, voetspoor

Dutch: voetspoor

Old High German: fuozspor

Middle High German: vuozspor

German: Fußspur

Old Norse: fótspor

Icelandic: fótspor

Faroese: fótaspor

Norwegian Bokmål: fotspor

Norwegian Nynorsk: fotspor

Swedish: fotspår

Danish: fodspor


tibrą

tibrą (nominative singular)
tibrō (nominative plural)
tibrą (singular vocative)
tibrō (plural vocative)
tibrą (accusative singular)
tibrō (accusative plural)
tibras (genitive singular)
tibris (genitive singular)
tibrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tibrai (dative singular)
tibramaz (dative plural)
tibrō (instrumental singular)
tibramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tibr, *tībr

Old English: tiber, tifer

Old High German: zebar

Middle High German: ziber, zifer

German: Ziefer

⇒ Middle High German: unziber, unzifer

German: Unziefer

⇒ Middle High German: ungezibere, ungeziber

German: Ungeziefer

Lombardic: ziber

→ Old French: toivre (“cattle, livestock, beast”)

Old Norse: tífurr, tívurr (possibly borrowed from Old English)

>? Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍂 (aibr) (error for *𐍄𐌹𐌱𐍂 (*tibr))

From Proto-Indo-European *dipró- (“sacrificial animal”), from Proto-Indo-European *deyp-. Compare Ancient Greek δεῖπνον (deîpnon, “meal, dinner”).


kulbaz

kulbaz (nominative singular)
kulbōz (nominative plural)
kulbōs (nominative plural)
kulb (singular vocative)
kulbōz (plural vocative)
kulbōs (plural vocative)
kulbą (accusative singular)
kulbanz (accusative plural)
kulbas (genitive singular)
kulbis (genitive singular)
kulbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kulbai (dative singular)
kulbamaz (dative plural)
kulbō (instrumental singular)
kulbamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kolb
Old Dutch: *kolf
Middle Dutch: kolf (conflated with *kolbō)
Old High German: kolb

Old Norse: kolfr
Icelandic: kólfur
Faroese: kúlvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kolv; (dialectal) kóv’e, køłv, kæłv, kałv, kvolv, kvøłv
Norwegian Bokmål: kolv
Elfdalian: kuov
Old Swedish: kolver
Swedish: kolv (dialectal)
Danish: kolv (dialectal)

Apparently from a pre-form *gl̥h₁bʰ-o-, of uncertain further origin; often compared to Latin globus (< *gleh₁bʰ-eh₂-) and Lithuanian glė́bti (“to embrace, clasp”) (< *gleh₁bʰ-ye-ti), Latvian glēba, which are possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to form into a ball”).


wastijō

wastijō (nominative singular)
wastijôz (nominative plural)
wastijō (singular vocative)
wastijôz (plural vocative)
wastijǭ (accusative singular)
wastijōz (accusative plural)
wastijōz (genitive singular)
wastijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wastijōi (dative singular)
wastijōmaz (dative plural)
wastijō (instrumental singular)
wastijōmiz (instrumental plural)
*wastiz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *wastiju, *wasti

Old English: *wæste, *wæst

⇒ Old English: wæstling

Old Saxon: *westia, *west, *westara

Middle Low German: wester

Old Dutch: *westa, *west, *westara

Middle Dutch: wester

⇒ Middle Dutch: westercleet

desc

Old High German: *westa, *west, *westara

Middle High German: wester

German: Wester

⇒ Old High German: westarwāt

⇒ Old High German: westibarn

→ Old French: *gueste

Middle French: guestes, guiestres (plural)

French: guêtre

→ English: gaiter

gl

alternatively from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*wastiz</i>

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹 (wasti) (alternatively from Proto-Germanic *wastiz)

From Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to dress, put on clothes”). The form *wastiz comes directly from Proto-Indo-European *wéstis (“clothing”).


ridjô

ridjô (nominative singular)
ridjaniz (nominative plural)
ridjô (singular vocative)
ridjaniz (plural vocative)
ridjanų (accusative singular)
ridjanunz (accusative plural)
ridjiniz (genitive singular)
ridjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ridjini (dative singular)
ridjammaz (dative plural)
ridjinē (instrumental singular)
ridjammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *riddjō
Old English: ridda
Old High German: ritto

Old Norse: -riði (in compounds)


snēkô

snēkô (nominative singular)
snēkaniz (nominative plural)
snēkô (singular vocative)
snēkaniz (plural vocative)
snēkanų (accusative singular)
snēkanunz (accusative plural)
snēkiniz (genitive singular)
snēkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snēkini (dative singular)
snēkammaz (dative plural)
snēkinē (instrumental singular)
snēkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snākō
Old High German: *snāko (“gnat”)
Middle High German: snāke
German: Schnake
Hunsrik: Schnok

Old Norse: snákr, snókr
Icelandic: snákur, snókur
Faroese: snákur
Norwegian: snok
Norwegian: snäk (dialectal)
Elfdalian: snųok
Old Swedish: snōker
Swedish: snok
Danish: snog
Gutnish: snok

From a vṛddhi derivative of *sneganą (“to crawl, sneak”) + *-ô (agent suffix). Kroonen suggests an original *snēgô ~ *snakkaz paradigm, making Proto-West Germanic *snakō a parallel formation.


jumjaz

Old Norse: Ymir

From Proto-Indo-European *ym̥H-yo-, from Proto-Indo-European *yemH-


duppaz

duppaz (nominative singular)
duppōz (nominative plural)
duppōs (nominative plural)
dupp (singular vocative)
duppōz (plural vocative)
duppōs (plural vocative)
duppą (accusative singular)
duppanz (accusative plural)
duppas (genitive singular)
duppis (genitive singular)
duppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duppai (dative singular)
duppamaz (dative plural)
duppō (instrumental singular)
duppamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dupp, *dopp

Old Frisian: *dopp, *dop

Saterland Frisian: Dop

West Frisian: dop

⇒ West Frisian: dopke

Old Saxon: *dopp, *dop

Middle Low German: dopp, doppe, duppe

German Low German: Doppe, Dopp

→ Old Norse: doppa

⇒ Old Norse: doparr

⇒ Old Saxon: *duppīn

desc

Middle Low German: düppen, düppe, doppe n

Old Dutch: *dupp, *dopp

Middle Dutch: dup, doppe

Dutch: dop

→ English: dop

Limburgish: döppes, duppe

Old High German: *tupf, *topf

Middle High German: topf

German: Topf

⇒ Old High German: *tupfīn

Middle High German: tupfen m or n

German: Tüpfen, Töpfen

→ Proto-Finnic: *tuppi (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *toppë (see there for further descendants)

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

From earlier *dubná-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewb- (“deep, hollow”).


Alamanniz

Alamanniz (nominative singular)
Alamannīz (nominative plural)
Alamanni (singular vocative)
Alamannīz (plural vocative)
Alamanninz (accusative plural)
Alamannīz (genitive singular)
Alamannimaz (dative plural)
Alamannimiz (instrumental plural)


tullaz

tullaz (nominative singular)
tullōz (nominative plural)
tullōs (nominative plural)
tull (singular vocative)
tullōz (plural vocative)
tullōs (plural vocative)
tullą (accusative singular)
tullanz (accusative plural)
tullas (genitive singular)
tullis (genitive singular)
tullǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tullai (dative singular)
tullamaz (dative plural)
tullō (instrumental singular)
tullamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *toll

Old English: toll m or n

Middle English: tolle, tol

English: toll

Scots: toll

Old Frisian: *toll

Saterland Frisian: Tol

West Frisian: tol

Old Saxon: tol

Middle Low German: tol

German Low German: Toll

Old Dutch: tol (in placenames and glosses)

Middle Dutch: tol

Dutch: tol

Old High German: zol

Middle High German: zol

German: Zoll

Old Norse: tollr

Icelandic: tollur

Faroese: tollur

Norwegian Nynorsk: toll

Norwegian Bokmål: toll

Swedish: tull

Danish: told

⇒ Old Norse: *tylla

⇒ Old Norse: vegtylla f

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dol- (“calculation, fraud”); or from Latin telōnēum (“tollhouse”).


skupą

skupą (nominative singular)
skupō (nominative plural)
skupą (singular vocative)
skupō (plural vocative)
skupą (accusative singular)
skupō (accusative plural)
skupas (genitive singular)
skupis (genitive singular)
skupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skupai (dative singular)
skupamaz (dative plural)
skupō (instrumental singular)
skupamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skop

>? Old Frisian: skof

West Frisian: schof (obsolete)

gl

→? Middle English: skoffe, scof (equally possibly borrowed from Old Danish)

English: scoff

Scots: skoffe, scoff, skuff

Old Dutch: *scop

Middle Dutch: scop, schop

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *skop m (“poet”)

desctree

Old English: sċop, sċeop
→ English: scop (learned)

Old Saxon: *skop

⇒ Old Saxon: skoplīko (adverb)

Old High German: skopf, scoph
Middle High German: schopf, schof

Old Norse: skop

Icelandic: skop

>? Old Danish: skof, skuf

Nominal formation related to *skuppōną (“to mock, scoff”), of uncertain further origin; see there for more.


krebô

krebô (nominative singular)
krebaniz (nominative plural)
krebô (singular vocative)
krebaniz (plural vocative)
krebanų (accusative singular)
kurpunz (accusative plural)
kurpaz (genitive singular)
kurpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kribini (dative singular)
krebummaz (dative plural)
kurpē? (instrumental singular)
krebummiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krebō

Old Frisian: *kreva

Saterland Frisian: Krääwe, Krääf

Old High German: *krebo

Middle High German: krebe

German: Krebe

From Proto-Indo-European *grébʰ-ōn ~ *grbʰ-n-ōs, from *grebʰ-, a variant of *gerbʰ- (“bunch, bundle, tuft, clump”), from *ger- (“to twist, turn”).

kurba

Proto-West Germanic: *kurbā; Old High German


līmaz

līmaz (nominative singular)
līmōz (nominative plural)
līmōs (nominative plural)
līm (singular vocative)
līmōz (plural vocative)
līmōs (plural vocative)
līmą (accusative singular)
līmanz (accusative plural)
līmas (genitive singular)
līmis (genitive singular)
līmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līmai (dative singular)
līmamaz (dative plural)
līmō (instrumental singular)
līmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līm
Old English: līm
Middle English: lym, lim, lime, lyme
English: lime
Old Frisian: *līm
West Frisian: lym
Old Saxon: līm
Middle Low German: lîm
→ Estonian: liim
Old Dutch: *līm
Middle Dutch: lijm
Dutch: lijm
Afrikaans: lym
Negerhollands: liem
→ Caribbean Javanese: lèm
→ Indonesian: lem
→ Papiamentu: leim, lijm, lym, leimu
Limburgish: liem
Old High German: līm
Middle High German: līm
Bavarian: Laam, Loam
German: Leim
Luxembourgish: Läim
Pennsylvania German: Leim

Old Norse: lím

Danish: lim

Norwegian Bokmål: lim

Norwegian Nynorsk: lim

Swedish: lim

Icelandic: lím

→ Finnish: liima

Within Germanic, related to *laimaz (“loam, mud, clay”), *laizą (“clay”) (whence Old Norse leir).
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH-mo- (whence also līmus (“mud”)), from *h₂leyH- (“smear”); compare Sanskrit लयते (layate, “to cling”), Ancient Greek ἀλίνω (alínō, “to smear”), Latin linō (“to smear”).
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (“sticky, slimy”), in which case it is cognate with *slīmą (“slime, mucus”).


þiwī

þiwī (nominative singular)
þiwjôz (nominative plural)
þiwī (singular vocative)
þiwjôz (plural vocative)
þiwjǭ (accusative singular)
þiwjōz (accusative plural)
þiwjōz (genitive singular)
þiwjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiwjōi (dative singular)
þiwjōmaz (dative plural)
þiwjō (instrumental singular)
þiwjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þiwi
Early Old English: ᚦᛁᚢᚹ (þiuw) [450-550 AD]
Old Saxon: thiwi, thiu, thiw
Old High German: *diwi, diu
Middle High German: diu, dū, deu, tiu

Old Norse: þý

Icelandic: þý

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐍅𐌹 (þiwi)

Feminine equivalent to *þewaz (“servant”)


kazjô

kazjô (nominative singular)
kazjaniz (nominative plural)
kazjô (singular vocative)
kazjaniz (plural vocative)
kazjanų (accusative singular)
kazjanunz (accusative plural)
kazjiniz (genitive singular)
kazjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kazjini (dative singular)
kazjammaz (dative plural)
kazjinē (instrumental singular)
kazjammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaʀjō
Old English: *cere

Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰 (kasja)


wōhmaz

wōhmaz (nominative singular)
wōhmōz (nominative plural)
wōhmōs (nominative plural)
wōhm (singular vocative)
wōhmōz (plural vocative)
wōhmōs (plural vocative)
wōhmą (accusative singular)
wōhmanz (accusative plural)
wōhmas (genitive singular)
wōhmis (genitive singular)
wōhmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wōhmai (dative singular)
wōhmamaz (dative plural)
wōhmō (instrumental singular)
wōhmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wohm

Old English: wom

From Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak, sound”) + Proto-Indo-European *-mos


dauniz

dauniz (nominative singular)
daunīz (nominative plural)
dauni (singular vocative)
daunīz (plural vocative)
daunį (accusative singular)
dauninz (accusative plural)
daunīz (genitive singular)
daunijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daunī (dative singular)
daunimaz (dative plural)
daunī (instrumental singular)
daunimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dauni

Old English: *dēan, *dīen

Middle English: *dene, *deen, *dein

English: (dialectal) dain

Old Norse: daunn

Icelandic: daunn

Danish: døn (archaic)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 f (dauns)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂-nis, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, fume, mist, haze”).

deymur

alternatively from Faroese deyma () from Proto-Germanic *daumijaną


wēragangijô

wēragangijô (nominative singular)
wēragangijaniz (nominative plural)
wēragangijô (singular vocative)
wēragangijaniz (plural vocative)
wēragangijanų (accusative singular)
wēragangijanunz (accusative plural)
wēragangijiniz (genitive singular)
wēragangijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēragangijini (dative singular)
wēragangijammaz (dative plural)
wēragangijinē (instrumental singular)
wēragangijammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wāragangijō
Old English: wǣrgenġa, wērgenġa
Lombardic: waregango
→ Medieval Latin: guaregangus, wargengus, warengangus
Italian: guargango

Old Norse: væringi, væringr

→ Medieval Latin: Varingus, Waringus

→ Ancient Greek: Βάραγγος (Bárangos), Φάργανος (Phárganos)
Greek: Βάραγγος (Várangos)
→ Old Church Slavonic: варѧгъ (varęgŭ)
→ Old East Slavic: варѧгъ (varęgŭ) (learned)
Old Ruthenian: варѧ́гъ (varjáh), вара́гъ (varáh)
Belarusian: вара́г (varáh)
Carpathian Rusyn: Варя́г (Varjáh)
Ukrainian: варя́г (varjáh)
Russian: варя́г (varjág) (see there for further descendants)
→ English: Varangian (learned)

→ Icelandic: væringi (learned)

→ Faroese: væringi (learned)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: væring (learned)

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: væring (learned)

→ Swedish: väring (learned)

→ Danish: væring (learned)

/ˌwɛːrɑˈɣɑŋ.ɡi.jɔːː/

From *wēraz (“true”) + *gangijô (“goer”).


gangijô

gangijô (nominative singular)
gangijaniz (nominative plural)
gangijô (singular vocative)
gangijaniz (plural vocative)
gangijanų (accusative singular)
gangijanunz (accusative plural)
gangijiniz (genitive singular)
gangijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gangijini (dative singular)
gangijammaz (dative plural)
gangijinē (instrumental singular)
gangijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gangijō
Old English: *genga
Middle English: -genge
Old Frisian: *gendza
⇒ Old Frisian: brâdgenga
⇒ Old Frisian: stefgenga
Old High German: *gengo
Old High German: gimeitgengo

/ˈɣɑŋ.ɡi.jɔːː/


wanô

wanô (nominative singular)
wananiz (nominative plural)
wanô (singular vocative)
wananiz (plural vocative)
wananų (accusative singular)
wananunz (accusative plural)
waniniz (genitive singular)
wananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wanini (dative singular)
wanammaz (dative plural)
waninē (instrumental singular)
wanammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wanō

Old English: wana, wona

Middle English: wane, wone

English: wane

Scots: wane

⇒ Old English: ġewana

Old Norse: vani

Nominal formation from *wanaz (“lacking”).


sairą

sairą (nominative singular)
sairō (nominative plural)
sairą (singular vocative)
sairō (plural vocative)
sairą (accusative singular)
sairō (accusative plural)
sairas (genitive singular)
sairis (genitive singular)
sairǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sairai (dative singular)
sairamaz (dative plural)
sairō (instrumental singular)
sairamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍂 (sair)

Proto-West Germanic: *sair
Old English: sār
English: sore
Old Dutch: sēr
Middle Dutch: sêer
Dutch: zeer

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᛁᚱᚨ (*saira)
Old Norse: sár
Icelandic: sár
Faroese: sár
Norwegian Nynorsk: sår
Norwegian Bokmål: sår
Old Swedish: sār
Swedish: sår
Old Danish: saar, sār
Danish: sår

Nominalized formation from *sairaz (“sore, painful”).


muldawurpiz

muldawurpiz (nominative singular)
muldawurpīz (nominative plural)
muldawurpi (singular vocative)
muldawurpīz (plural vocative)
muldawurpį (accusative singular)
muldawurpinz (accusative plural)
muldawurpīz (genitive singular)
muldawurpijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
muldawurpī (dative singular)
muldawurpimaz (dative plural)
muldawurpī (instrumental singular)
muldawurpimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: moldeweorpe, wandeweorpe

Middle English: moldewarpe

English: mouldwarp

Scots modewarp

Compound of *muldō (“dirt, soil”) + *werpaną (“to throw”).


haljawītiją

haljawītiją (nominative singular)
haljawītijō (nominative plural)
haljawītiją (singular vocative)
haljawītijō (plural vocative)
haljawītiją (accusative singular)
haljawītijō (accusative plural)
haljawītijas (genitive singular)
haljawītīs (genitive singular)
haljawītijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haljawītijai (dative singular)
haljawītijamaz (dative plural)
haljawītijō (instrumental singular)
haljawītijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *halljawītī

Old English: hellewite
Middle English: hellewite, helle wite

Old Saxon: helliwīti

Old High German: helliwīzī, hellawīzī

Middle High German: hellewīze f or n

Old Norse: helvíti (calque?)

Icelandic: helvíti

Faroese: helviti

Norwegian: helvete

Swedish: helvete

Danish: helvede

From *haljō (“hell, underworld”) + *wītiją (“punishment”)


gahnaistô

gahnaistô (nominative singular)
gahnaistaniz (nominative plural)
gahnaistô (singular vocative)
gahnaistaniz (plural vocative)
gahnaistanų (accusative singular)
gahnaistanunz (accusative plural)
gahnaistiniz (genitive singular)
gahnaistanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gahnaistini (dative singular)
gahnaistammaz (dative plural)
gahnaistinē (instrumental singular)
gahnaistammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gahnaistō
Old English: *gnāst
Middle English: gnast, gnost, gnoste, knast
English: gnast (obsolete)
⇒? English: snaste, snast, snaist, snaast, sneeste, sneest, snace, snaice, sneeze, snaich
⇒ Old English: fȳrgnāst
⇒ Old Dutch: *ganēstra, *ganistra
Middle Dutch: ghenstere, genster, genstere, genstere, genster, geenster, geenstere, geinstere, genstre, geister
Dutch: genster, geinster
→ West Frisian: geinster
Old High German: *ganeisto, gneisto, kneisto, gnanisto m, gnaneista, ganeista, gneista f
Middle High German: geneiste, gneiste, ganeist m or f
German: Gneist
⇒ Old High German: gnaneistra, ganeistra f
Middle High German: ganeister, geneister
German: Gneister, Ganster
→ Middle Low German: genster

Old Norse: gneisti, neisti, hneisti

Icelandic: gneisti, neisti

Faroese: neisti

Norwegian Bokmål: gnist

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: gneiste, neiste, neistre

Swedish: gnist, gnista, gnistra

Danish: gnist

→ Scots: neist


walaraubō

walaraubō (nominative singular)
walaraubôz (nominative plural)
walaraubō (singular vocative)
walaraubôz (plural vocative)
walaraubǭ (accusative singular)
walaraubōz (accusative plural)
walaraubōz (genitive singular)
walaraubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walaraubōi (dative singular)
walaraubōmaz (dative plural)
walaraubō (instrumental singular)
walaraubōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wælrēaf

Old Norse: valrauf

*walaz (“battlefield; corpse”) + *raubō (“booty, plunder”).


lundō

lundō (nominative singular)
lundôz (nominative plural)
lundō (singular vocative)
lundôz (plural vocative)
lundǭ (accusative singular)
lundōz (accusative plural)
lundōz (genitive singular)
lundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lundōi (dative singular)
lundōmaz (dative plural)
lundō (instrumental singular)
lundōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lundu

Old High German: lunta, lunda

⇒ Old High German: luntussa

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *lundulagō m

desctree

Old English: lundlaga m
Middle English: lundlawe

Old Frisian: lundlaga, lunglaga m

Old Norse: lund f

Icelandic: lund f (“mood”)

desc

Faroese: lund f (“disposition, temper", in the plural, "loin”)

Norwegian Nynorsk: lund f (“hip”)

⇒ Old Norse: lundi m

⇒ Old Norse: lundr (“minded”, adjective)

⇒ Old Norse: lunderni n (“temperment”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ln̥dʰ-(y)eh₂-, from *lendʰ- (“kidney, loin”).
The semantic shift from "kidney" > "mood" in North Germanic languages and metaphorical usage of a non-heart organ to indicate mood is observed cross-linguistically, compare White Hmong siab (“liver; mood”).


lundiją

lundiją (nominative singular)
lundijō (nominative plural)
lundiją (singular vocative)
lundijō (plural vocative)
lundiją (accusative singular)
lundijō (accusative plural)
lundijas (genitive singular)
lundīs (genitive singular)
lundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lundijai (dative singular)
lundijamaz (dative plural)
lundijō (instrumental singular)
lundijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lundī n

⇒ Old English: ġelynde n

⇒ Old Norse: lyndi n (“mindset, character”)

Icelandic: lyndi n

Faroese: lyndi n (“mentality, temperment”)

From earlier *lundwiją, from Proto-Indo-European *ln̥dʰ-w-yom, from *lendʰ- (“kidney, loin”).
The semantic shift from "kidney" > "mood, mindset" in North Germanic languages and metaphorical usage of a non-heart organ to indicate mood is observed cross-linguistically, compare White Hmong siab (“liver; mood”).


fuhsinī

fuhsinī (nominative singular)
fuhsinjôz (nominative plural)
fuhsinī (singular vocative)
fuhsinjôz (plural vocative)
fuhsinjǭ (accusative singular)
fuhsinjōz (accusative plural)
fuhsinjōz (genitive singular)
fuhsinjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuhsinjōi (dative singular)
fuhsinjōmaz (dative plural)
fuhsinjō (instrumental singular)
fuhsinjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fuhsini
Old English: fyxe
Middle English: fixen, ffixen
English: vixen
Old Dutch: *fussinna
Middle Dutch: vossinne
Dutch: vossin
Old High German: *fuhsinna
Middle High German: vühsinne
German: Füchsin


huldą

huldą (nominative singular)
huldō (nominative plural)
huldą (singular vocative)
huldō (plural vocative)
huldą (accusative singular)
huldō (accusative plural)
huldas (genitive singular)
huldis (genitive singular)
huldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
huldai (dative singular)
huldamaz (dative plural)
huldō (instrumental singular)
huldamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hold

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛟᛚᛞᚨ (*holda), *ᚺᚢᛚᛞᚨ (*hulda)

Old Norse: hold

Danish: huld

Icelandic: hold

Norwegian Nynorsk: hold, hoill (dialectal, "fat"), haall (dialectal, old spelling)

Old Swedish: huld

Swedish: hull

From Proto-Indo-European *kel(H)-, whence also Proto-Celtic *kolanis (whence Welsh celain, Irish colainn)


idisiz

idisiz (nominative singular)
idisīz (nominative plural)
idisi (singular vocative)
idisīz (plural vocative)
idisį (accusative singular)
idisinz (accusative plural)
idisīz (genitive singular)
idisijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
idisī (dative singular)
idisimaz (dative plural)
idisī (instrumental singular)
idisimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *idisi

Old English: ides

Old Saxon: idis

Old High German: itis, idis

Unknown. Appears to be from a Proto-Indo-European s-stem, perhaps *h₂idʰ-és- (“fire, flame, burning”), from *h₂eydʰ- (compare Proto-Germanic *aidaz, *ailą (“fire”) and *aisǭ (“fireplace”), and for the s-stem perhaps Albanian jezull (“cloud of ashes”)); subsequently converted into an archaic i-stem, if this reconstruction is correct. The semantic development, albeit difficult, would have to be “fiery one” → “goddess” or similar.
Alternatively, related to *dīsiz.


lausungō

lausungō (nominative singular)
lausungôz (nominative plural)
lausungō (singular vocative)
lausungôz (plural vocative)
lausungǭ (accusative singular)
lausungōz (accusative plural)
lausungōz (genitive singular)
lausungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lausungōi (dative singular)
lausungōmaz (dative plural)
lausungō (instrumental singular)
lausungōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lausungu
Old English: lēasung
Middle English: lesinge, lesing
English: leasing
Scots: lesing, leising
Old Saxon: lōsunga
Middle Low German: lôsinge, lö̂singe
German Low German: Lösung
→ Saterland Frisian: Lözenge
Old Dutch: lōsunga, lōsinga, lōsonga
Middle Dutch: lôsinge, leusinge, lossinge
Dutch: lozing
→ West Frisian: loazing
Old High German: lōsunga
Middle High German: lōsunge, lœsunge
German: Lösung
→ Old French: losenge, losange, lozenge, lozange, lousenge, loseinge, losainge
Middle French: losenge, losange
>? French: losange (possibly)
→ Italian: lusinga (alternatively from Old Occitan)
→ Old Occitan: lausenga, lauzenga, lauzenja
→ Old Spanish: losenja
Spanish: lisonja
→ Portuguese: lisonja

Old Norse: lausung

Icelandic: lausung

Faroese: leysinga, leysingur m


ūrą

ūrą (nominative singular)
ūrō (nominative plural)
ūrą (singular vocative)
ūrō (plural vocative)
ūrą (accusative singular)
ūrō (accusative plural)
ūras (genitive singular)
ūris (genitive singular)
ūrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūrai (dative singular)
ūramaz (dative plural)
ūrō (instrumental singular)
ūramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: úr

Icelandic: úr

Faroese: úr

⇒ Swedish: urvæta

⇒ Swedish: urväder

→ Early Scots: *ur

Scots: ure, ur, oor (“drizzle”)

desc

⇒ Scots: urey, oorie, ourie (“rainy, hazy, rainbowy”)

From Proto-Indo-European *uh₁r-, zero grade form of *weh₁r- (“water”).


stulpô

stulpô (nominative singular)
stulpaniz (nominative plural)
stulpô (singular vocative)
stulpaniz (plural vocative)
stulpanų (accusative singular)
stulpanunz (accusative plural)
stulpiniz (genitive singular)
stulpanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stulpini (dative singular)
stulpammaz (dative plural)
stulpinē (instrumental singular)
stulpammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stolpō

Old Saxon: *stolpo

Middle Low German: stolpe

Old Dutch: *stolpo, *stolpa f

Middle Dutch: stolpe f

Old Norse: stolpi

Icelandic: stólpi

Faroese: stólpi

Norwegian Nynorsk: stolpe

Norwegian Bokmål: stolpe

Swedish: stolpe

Danish: stolpe

→ Middle English: stulpe

English: stulp

Scots: stulp, stilp

From Proto-Indo-European *stelb-, *stelp- (“post”), from *stel- (“to put; be stiff”).


spīkō

spīkō (nominative singular)
spīkôz (nominative plural)
spīkō (singular vocative)
spīkôz (plural vocative)
spīkǭ (accusative singular)
spīkōz (accusative plural)
spīkōz (genitive singular)
spīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spīkōi (dative singular)
spīkōmaz (dative plural)
spīkō (instrumental singular)
spīkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spīku

Old Dutch: *spīka

Middle Dutch: *spike, *spijk

Dutch: spijk (dialectal)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *spīking m

desctree

Old English: spīcing
Middle English: spikyng, spykyng
English: spiking (dialectal)
Scots: spyking, spikyn

Old Dutch: *spīking

Middle Dutch: spikinc

Dutch: spijking

Old Norse: spík

Icelandic: spík

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*spīkaz</i>

Old Swedish: spīk (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *spīkaz)

Swedish: spik

Danish: spig (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *spīkaz)

→ Middle English: spike, spyk

English: spike

Scots: spike

Orel notes similarities to Latin spīcus (“pin”); the word seems to derive from Proto-Indo-European *speyg-, a *g-extension of *spey- (“long, sharp”).


spīkraz

spīkraz (nominative singular)
spīkrōz (nominative plural)
spīkrōs (nominative plural)
spīkr (singular vocative)
spīkrōz (plural vocative)
spīkrōs (plural vocative)
spīkrą (accusative singular)
spīkranz (accusative plural)
spīkras (genitive singular)
spīkris (genitive singular)
spīkrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spīkrai (dative singular)
spīkramaz (dative plural)
spīkrō (instrumental singular)
spīkramiz (instrumental plural)
*spīkrijaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *spīkr, *spīkrī

Old Frisian: *spīker

North Frisian: spiker

Saterland Frisian: Spieker

West Frisian: spiker

Old Saxon: *spīkar, *spīkari

Middle Low German: spîkære, spîker

German Low German: Spieker

→ Danish: spiger

→ Norwegian: spiker

→ Faroese: spíkari

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: spîkærenāgel, spîkernāgel

German Low German: Spiekernagel

Old Dutch: *spīkari, spīkere

Middle Dutch: spiker

Dutch: spijker

Old High German: *spīhhar, *spīhhari

Middle High German: spīchære, spīcher, spicher

German: Speicher

⇒ Middle High German: spīchærenagel, spīchernagel

German: Speichernagel

Old Norse: spíkr (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *spīkaz)

Icelandic: spíkur

Old Swedish: spīker

Swedish: spik

Danish: spig

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“long, sharp”).


flunþrą

flunþrą (nominative singular)
flunþrō (nominative plural)
flunþrą (singular vocative)
flunþrō (plural vocative)
flunþrą (accusative singular)
flunþrō (accusative plural)
flunþras (genitive singular)
flunþris (genitive singular)
flunþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flunþrai (dative singular)
flunþramaz (dative plural)
flunþrō (instrumental singular)
flunþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flonþr
Old Dutch: *flonder
Middle Dutch: vlonder
Dutch: vlonder
→ German: Funder (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *pl-n̥-h₂-tro-m, from nasal-infixed *pleh₂- (“flat”) + *-trom.


haglą

haglą (nominative singular)
haglō (nominative plural)
haglą (singular vocative)
haglō (plural vocative)
haglą (accusative singular)
haglō (accusative plural)
haglas (genitive singular)
haglis (genitive singular)
haglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haglai (dative singular)
haglamaz (dative plural)
haglō (instrumental singular)
haglamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hagl

Icelandic: hagl

Faroese: hagl, høgl, heglingur

Norwegian: hagl

Old Swedish: haghl

Swedish: hagel

Old Danish: haghæl

Danish: hagl, hagel, havl

Gutnish: hagel

Unknown. Traditionally compared to Ancient Greek κόχλαξ (kókhlax), κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble(s), small stone(s), gravel (in a riverbed)”) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (“pebble”). Beekes instead asserts that the Greek is of substrate origin, on the basis of its irregular variation and the suffix -ακ- (-ak-). Alternatively, *haglaz may be:
* From pre-Germanic *ḱo-ḱl(h₁)-ó-m, similar to *hehlǭ (“hoarfrost”), from a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *ḱel(h₁)- (“cold”), thus similar in formation to Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold; hoarfrost”) (perhaps from *ḱí-ḱl̥h₁-o-).
* Derived from a verb *hag(g)ōną (“to torment, agonize”), in view of the Faroese meaning “pain, inconvenience”.
Attested as haal in the Codex Vindobonensis, despite all of the other names preserving -z, so in Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌻 was the name of 𐌷 (compare daaz for dags)

cog

(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚺ,ᚻ (h)


twiznaz

twiznaz (nominative singular)
twiznōz (nominative plural)
twiznōs (nominative plural)
twizn (singular vocative)
twiznōz (plural vocative)
twiznōs (plural vocative)
twizną (accusative singular)
twiznanz (accusative plural)
twiznas (genitive singular)
twiznis (genitive singular)
twiznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twiznai (dative singular)
twiznamaz (dative plural)
twiznō (instrumental singular)
twiznamiz (instrumental plural)
*twiznô (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *twiʀn
Old English: twīn, *twirn, *tweorn
Middle English: twine, twyne, twin, twern, *twire, *twir
Scots: twyn, twine
English: twine, twire
Old Frisian: *twīn
Saterland Frisian: Twien
West Frisian: twyn
Old Saxon: *twirn
Middle Low German: twern, twerne, twērne
German Low German: Tweern, Tweernt
Old Dutch: *twīn, *twirn
Middle Dutch: twern, tweren, twaern, twijn
Dutch: tweern, twijn
Old High German: *zwirn
Middle High German: zwirn
German: Zwirn
Hunsrik: Zwern
Luxembourgish: Zwir

Old Norse: tvinni (< *twiznô < *twiznāną)

Icelandic: tvinni

From Proto-Indo-European *dwis-nó-s (“double”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, in two”) + *-nós. Equivalent to *twiz- + *-anaz.


būrą

būrą (nominative singular)
būrō (nominative plural)
būrą (singular vocative)
būrō (plural vocative)
būrą (accusative singular)
būrō (accusative plural)
būras (genitive singular)
būris (genitive singular)
būrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būrai (dative singular)
būramaz (dative plural)
būrō (instrumental singular)
būramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *būr

desctree

Old English: būr
Middle English: bour, boure, bowre, bowur, bur (Early Middle English)
English: bower
Scots: bour

gl

attested in plural <i class="Latn mention" lang="ofs">būrar</i> (“town, district”, literally “houses”)

Old Frisian: būr (attested in plural būrar (“town, district”, literally “houses”))

Saterland Frisian: Búur

Old Saxon: *būr

Middle Low German: bûr

→ German: -büren (in place names)

→ Polabian: bör

Old Dutch: būr

Middle Dutch: buur, buer

→ Old French: buiron

Middle French: buron

French: buron

→ Norman: bur (possibly via Old Norse)

desctree

Old High German: būr, pūr
Middle High German: būr
German: Bauer (“birdcage”)

Old Norse: búr

Icelandic: búr

Faroese: búr

Old Swedish: būr, ᛒᚢᚱ
Swedish: bur c

Danish: bur

Elfdalian: baur

Norwegian Bokmål: bur

Norwegian Nynorsk: bur

Jamtish: búr

→ Proto-Samic: *puvrē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-ro-, a nominal formation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, be”).


unfriþuz

unfriþuz (nominative singular)
unfriþiwiz (nominative plural)
unfriþu (singular vocative)
unfriþiwiz (plural vocative)
unfriþų (accusative singular)
unfriþunz (accusative plural)
unfriþauz (genitive singular)
unfriþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unfriþiwi (dative singular)
unfriþumaz (dative plural)
unfriþū (instrumental singular)
unfriþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unfriþu
Old English: unfriþ
Middle English: unfrith, unfrit, unfriðe
English: unfrith
Old Frisian: unfretho
West Frisian: ûnfrede
Old Saxon: *unfrithu
Middle Low German: unvrēde
Old Dutch: *unfrithu
Middle Dutch: onvrēde
Dutch: onvrede
Negerhollands: onvred, onvrede
Old High German: unfridu
Middle High German: unvride
German: Unfriede

Old Norse: úfriðr, ófriðr
Icelandic: ófriður
Faroese: ófriður
Danish: ufred
Norwegian Nynorsk: ufred
Norwegian Bokmål: ufred

absence of peace: strife, hostility, unease


brutą

brutą (nominative singular)
brutō (nominative plural)
brutą (singular vocative)
brutō (plural vocative)
brutą (accusative singular)
brutō (accusative plural)
brutas (genitive singular)
brutis (genitive singular)
brutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brutai (dative singular)
brutamaz (dative plural)
brutō (instrumental singular)
brutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brot

Old English: *brot

Middle English: *brot

>? English: brot (“rag”) (dialectal)

gl

alternatively from Scottish Gaelic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gd">brat</i> (“veil, cloak, mantle”)

>? Scots: brot, brat (“rag, apron”) (alternatively from Scottish Gaelic brat (“veil, cloak, mantle”))

Old Saxon: *brot

desc

>? Middle Low German: brot (“altar-curtain”)

Old High German: broz

Middle High German: broz

German: Bross

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gabrot

Old English: ġebrot

Old High German: gibroz

Old Norse: brot

Icelandic: brot

Faroese: brot

Norwegian Nynorsk: brot

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewd- (“to cut, break”).

der

that which is broken off (e.g. piece, fragment, etc.)

that which breaks forth (e.g. sprout, bud, etc.)


sprekla-

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)per- (“to strew, spread, sprinkle”).

Proto-West Germanic: *spreklOld English: sprecel

sprëckel nGerman: Spreckel mAlemannic German: Šprägel

spreckeloht

Old High German: sprekkiloht, speckiloht; Middle High German


wōmaz

wōmaz (nominative singular)
wōmōz (nominative plural)
wōmōs (nominative plural)
wōm (singular vocative)
wōmōz (plural vocative)
wōmōs (plural vocative)
wōmą (accusative singular)
wōmanz (accusative plural)
wōmas (genitive singular)
wōmis (genitive singular)
wōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wōmai (dative singular)
wōmamaz (dative plural)
wōmō (instrumental singular)
wōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wōm

Old Norse: ómr

Icelandic: ómur

Norwegian Bokmål: om

Norwegian Nynorsk: om

From earlier *wōpmaz, from *wōpijaną + *-maz, second part from Proto-Indo-European *-mos


raką

raką (nominative singular)
rakō (nominative plural)
raką (singular vocative)
rakō (plural vocative)
raką (accusative singular)
rakō (accusative plural)
rakas (genitive singular)
rakis (genitive singular)
rakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rakai (dative singular)
rakamaz (dative plural)
rakō (instrumental singular)
rakamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rak

>? Old English: *ræc

gl

also from Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">racca</i> (“parrel”)

Middle English: rak, rack (also from Old English racca (“parrel”))

Old Saxon: *rak

Middle Low German: rak (“parrel”)

Old Dutch: *rak

Middle Dutch: *rak

Dutch: rak, rek

gl

alternatively from Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">rakki</i> (“cord to tie the yard to the mast”)

→ French: raque (alternatively from Old Norse rakki (“cord to tie the yard to the mast”))

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *rakul

Old English: *racul, *racel

Middle English: rakyl

English: rackle

Scots: rakkill, rackle

Old Frisian: rakels

desc

→ French: racle (“iron ring or hammer of a door”)

gl

alternatively allied with Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*rakjaną</i>

>? Old Norse: rak (“wick”) (alternatively allied with Proto-Germanic *rakjaną)

Faroese: rak

Icelandic: rak

From Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“to bind”).


feþrōhamô

feþrōhamô (nominative singular)
feþrōhamaniz (nominative plural)
feþrōhamô (singular vocative)
feþrōhamaniz (plural vocative)
feþrōhamanų (accusative singular)
feþrōhamanunz (accusative plural)
feþrōhaminiz (genitive singular)
feþrōhamanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
feþrōhamini (dative singular)
feþrōhamammaz (dative plural)
feþrōhaminē (instrumental singular)
feþrōhamammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: feðarhamo

Old Norse: fjaðrhamr

Icelandic: fjaðurhamur

(mythology) feather-cloak, used for flying


hramō

hramō (nominative singular)
hramôz (nominative plural)
hramō (singular vocative)
hramôz (plural vocative)
hramǭ (accusative singular)
hramōz (accusative plural)
hramōz (genitive singular)
hramǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hramōi (dative singular)
hramōmaz (dative plural)
hramō (instrumental singular)
hramōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hramu
Old Frisian: *hrame, *hrama
Saterland Frisian: Roome
West Frisian: raam
⇒ Old Frisian: hramkorf, raemkorf (“basket-shaped fishing net”) (raemkorf perhaps influenced by Middle Dutch raem)
Old Saxon: hrama, rama f
Middle Low German: rāme, rām, rāmen m
German Low German: Raam, Rahm, Räm n, Rahmen, Rame, Ramen m
Plautdietsch: Rämen m
→ Danish: ramme
→ Estonian: raam
→ Faroese: ramma
→ Icelandic: ramma
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ramme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ramme
→ Old Swedish: rama
Swedish: ram
→ Scanian: ramme
Old Dutch: *rama
Middle Dutch: rāme, raem, raam m or f
Dutch: raam, ramen
→ Old French: raime
Middle French: ranme
French: rame
⇒ Middle Dutch: geraemte, geremte
Dutch: geraamte
Afrikaans: geraamte
→ West Frisian: ramt, raamt
→ German: Geraamte, Geraamt (dialectal)
Limburgish: geraems, jerems
Old High German: rama, ram m or f
> Middle High German: rame, ram (inherited)
Alemannic German: Ramme
German: Rahmen m, Ramen, Rahme, Rame (obsolete)
→ Czech: rám
→ Romanian: ramă
→ Russian: рама (rama)
Luxembourgish: Rumm
Vilamovian: raom
→ Old Polish: rama, ram
Polish: rama
→ Belarusian: ра́ма (ráma)
→ Kashubian: rama
→ Russian: ра́ма (ráma)
→ Azerbaijani: rama
→ Ingush: рама (rama)
→ Yakut: араама (araama)
→ Ukrainian: ра́ма (ráma)
Silesian: rama, rōma
>? Vulgar Latin: *frama
Old French: frame
→? Middle English: frame
English: frame
⇒ Middle English: framen (“to frame (a building)”)
English: frame

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krem-, which appears to be a derivative of *(s)ker- (“to cut”), and cognate with Proto-Slavic *krōmà (“edge, boundary; slice”). An alternative theory links the root to Proto-Indo-European *ḱremh₂- (“to hang”), whence Ancient Greek κρεμάννῡμῐ (kremánnūmĭ, “to hang up”) (though Beekes is skeptical of this comparison).

cog

→? Latin: framea→ English: framea→ French: framée→ Italian: framea→ Spanish: frámea


þramuz

þramuz (nominative singular)
þramiwiz (nominative plural)
þramu (singular vocative)
þramiwiz (plural vocative)
þramų (accusative singular)
þramunz (accusative plural)
þramauz (genitive singular)
þramiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þramiwi (dative singular)
þramumaz (dative plural)
þramū (instrumental singular)
þramumiz (instrumental plural)
*þremuz (alternative)
*þrumuz (alternative)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *þramu, *þremu, *þrumu

Old Saxon: *thrum, *thrumm

⇒? Old Saxon: heruthrum, heruthrumm

Old Saxon: thrim

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *þramil

Old High German: dremil

Middle High German: drëmel

German: Dremel

Old Norse: þrǫmr

Icelandic: þrömur

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to penetrate, cross over, overcome, overtake”).


kulukaz

kulukaz (nominative singular)
kulukōz (nominative plural)
kulukōs (nominative plural)
kuluk (singular vocative)
kulukōz (plural vocative)
kulukōs (plural vocative)
kuluką (accusative singular)
kulukanz (accusative plural)
kulukas (genitive singular)
kulukis (genitive singular)
kulukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kulukai (dative singular)
kulukamaz (dative plural)
kulukō (instrumental singular)
kulukamiz (instrumental plural)
*kulkaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kolk, *koluk
Old English: *colc
>? Middle English: colk
>? English: coke
⇒? Middle English: colkenen (“to gasp, gulp”)
>? Scots: cowk (“to retch, vomit”)
Old Frisian: kolk
Saterland Frisian: Kolk
West Frisian: kolk
Old Saxon: *kolk
Middle Low German: kolk, kulk
German Low German: Kolk
→ Middle High German: kolc
German: Kolk
⇒ German: kolken (“to gulp”), (dialectal) kölken, kolksen (“to vomit”)
→⇒ Danish: kulke (“to swallow, gulp”)
Old Dutch: *kolk
Middle Dutch: colc, culc, colck
Dutch: kolk
→ English: kolk
⇒ Dutch: kolken (“to belch”)

From a base derived from Proto-Indo-European *gel-, *gʷel- (“to devour; gullet”) + *-ukaz (diminutive suffix).


kelukô

kelukô (nominative singular)
kelukaniz (nominative plural)
kelukô (singular vocative)
kelukaniz (plural vocative)
kelukanų (accusative singular)
kelukanunz (accusative plural)
kelukiniz (genitive singular)
kelukanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kelukini (dative singular)
kelukammaz (dative plural)
kelukinē (instrumental singular)
kelukammiz (instrumental plural)
*kelkô (alternative)
*kelukaz (alternative)
*kelkaz (alternative)

gl

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*kelukaz</i>

Proto-West Germanic: *keluk, *kelk (< *kelukaz)

desc

⇒ English: (dialectal) kelk, keck (“to belch, retch”, verb)

Old High German: keluh, kelah, kelh

Middle High German: kelch

Bavarian: Kelch, Kölch, Kööch

Old Norse: *kjalkr (< *kelukaz)

>? Swedish: (dialectal) kälk (“pith”)

Old Norse: kjalki

Icelandic: kjalki

Faroese: kjalki

From *kelaz/*kelǭ + *-(u)kô (diminutive suffix).


baitīslą

baitīslą (nominative singular)
baitīslō (nominative plural)
baitīslą (singular vocative)
baitīslō (plural vocative)
baitīslą (accusative singular)
baitīslō (accusative plural)
baitīslas (genitive singular)
baitīslis (genitive singular)
baitīslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baitīslai (dative singular)
baitīslamaz (dative plural)
baitīslō (instrumental singular)
baitīslamiz (instrumental plural)
*baitislą (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *baitīsl, *baitisl, *baitīl

Old English: *bǣtel

⇒ Old English: ġebǣtel, ġebǣte

desctree

Old Norse: beizl, beisl
Icelandic: beisl, beisli
Norwegian Nynorsk: beisel, beksel
Norwegian Bokmål: bissel
Old Danish: bezæl
Danish: bidsel
Old Swedish: bezl, besl
Swedish: betsel


skelfō

skelfō (nominative singular)
skelfôz (nominative plural)
skelfō (singular vocative)
skelfôz (plural vocative)
skelfǭ (accusative singular)
skelfōz (accusative plural)
skelfōz (genitive singular)
skelfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skelfōi (dative singular)
skelfōmaz (dative plural)
skelfō (instrumental singular)
skelfōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *skelfu f, *skelf m

Old English: sċielf m

Old Frisian: *skelfe f, *skelf m

West Frisian: skelf m or f

Old Saxon: *skelfa f, *skelf m or n

Middle Low German: schelf n

German Low German: Schelf f

Old Dutch: *skelfa f, *skelf m

Middle Dutch: scelf, scelve m or f

Dutch: schelf f

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *skilfijā

desctree

Old English: sċielfe, sċylfe, sċilfe
Middle English: schelfe, shelf
English: shelf
Scots: schelf, shelf, skelf (skelf through confluence with Old Norse skjalf)

Old Norse: *skjǫlf, *skjálf

Icelandic: skjölf (“craggy ledge”)

desc

Norwegian: (in placenames) skjalf, skjelv, skjev

Swedish: (in placenames) skälv, skölv, skjalf, skälf, skiälf

⇒ Old Norse: Hliðskjǫlf

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel(H)-p-, from *(s)kelH- (“to cut, split, divide”); compare Latin scalpō (“to scratch, carve”). Orel connects the word to *skelbaną (“to shiver, tremble”), though this is semantically dubious.

flat surface (e.g. floor, deck, shelf, ledge, etc.)


telgaz

telgaz (nominative singular)
tilgizō (nominative plural)
telgaz (singular vocative)
tilgizō (plural vocative)
telgaz (accusative singular)
tilgizō (accusative plural)
tilgiziz (genitive singular)
tilgizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tilgizi (dative singular)
tilgizumaz (dative plural)
tilgizē (instrumental singular)
tilgizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: telg, *tilgiʀu (plural)

Old English: telgor; telgra

Middle English: telgra, telȝre

English: tiller

Scots: tiller


hallą

hallą (nominative singular)
hallō (nominative plural)
hallą (singular vocative)
hallō (plural vocative)
hallą (accusative singular)
hallō (accusative plural)
hallas (genitive singular)
hallis (genitive singular)
hallǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hallai (dative singular)
hallamaz (dative plural)
hallō (instrumental singular)
hallamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hall

Old High German: *hall (“brine? saltworks?”)

Middle High German: hal n (“salt spring, saltworks”)

German: Hall n (“saltworks”)

⇒ Old High German: hallhūs, halhūs (“salt house, salt pit”)

Middle High German: *hallhūs

Swabian: Hallhaus

⇒ Old High German: hallsalz, halasalz

⇒? German: Hallstatt

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *hallu

Old Saxon: *halla

Middle Low German: halle (“location where salt wells and pits are found”)

German Low German: Halle (“Saale”, placename)

Old High German: *halla

gl

Middle High German: halle (“salt preparation and/or storage area”) (perhaps a borrowing from Middle Low German ?)

Old Norse: hall

desc

Faroese: hall (“deficit, deficiency, want”)

⇒ Old Norse: *halli m

Icelandic: halli (“deficit, loss”)

Faroese: halli (“deficit, deficiency”)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kHlnom (“encrustation, hardening”).


farzô

farzô (nominative singular)
farzaniz (nominative plural)
farzô (singular vocative)
farzaniz (plural vocative)
farzanų (accusative singular)
farzanunz (accusative plural)
farziniz (genitive singular)
farzanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farzini (dative singular)
farzammaz (dative plural)
farzinē (instrumental singular)
farzammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *farʀō

Old Saxon: *farro

Middle Low German: varre

Old Dutch: farro

Middle Dutch: varre, verre

Dutch: var

desctree

Old High German: farro
Middle High German: pharre, varre
German: Farre

Old Norse: farri
Icelandic: farri
Swedish: farre

From Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to provide”).


farsī

farsī (nominative singular)
farsijôz (nominative plural)
farsī (singular vocative)
farsijôz (plural vocative)
farsijǭ (accusative singular)
farsijōz (accusative plural)
farsijōz (genitive singular)
farsijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farsijōi (dative singular)
farsijōmaz (dative plural)
farsijō (instrumental singular)
farsijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *farsi, *farsijā

>? Old English: *færu, *faro, *fore

desctree

⇒ Old English: hēahfore, hēafaru, hēafru, hēahfru, hēhfore, hēhfaro, hēffere, hēhfare — Northumbrian
Middle English: heyfre, haffer, hayfare, hayfre, hefere, heffere, heffre, heyfer, heyfor, heyfur, heekfar, hefker, hekfare, hekfere, hekfore (with fortition)
English: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)
Scots: heifer
Yola: hiver

Old Saxon: *fersia

Middle Low German: ferse, verse

German Low German: Färs

Old Dutch: *fersa

Middle Dutch: verse, varse, vaerse

Dutch: vaars, veers (dialectal)

>? Old High German: *fersa

q

Middle High German: ferse (hapax, 15th c.; possibly borrowed from Dutch or Low German)

German: Färse


harjanaz

harjanaz (nominative singular)
harjanōz (nominative plural)
harjanōs (nominative plural)
harjan (singular vocative)
harjanōz (plural vocative)
harjanōs (plural vocative)
harjaną (accusative singular)
harjananz (accusative plural)
harjanas (genitive singular)
harjanis (genitive singular)
harjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harjanai (dative singular)
harjanamaz (dative plural)
harjanō (instrumental singular)
harjanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: Herjann
Icelandic: Herjann
Norwegian Nynorsk: Herjan

From *harjaz (“army, warband”) + *-anaz. Cognate with Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos, “king, ruler, lord”).


wīks

wīks (nominative singular)
wīkiz (nominative plural)
wīk (singular vocative)
wīkiz (plural vocative)
wīkų (accusative singular)
wīkunz (accusative plural)
wīkiz (genitive singular)
wīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīki (dative singular)
wīkumaz (dative plural)
wīkē (instrumental singular)
wīkumiz (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to bend, curve”).


kwikwǭ

kwikwǭ (nominative singular)
kwikwōniz (nominative plural)
kwikwǭ (singular vocative)
kwikwōniz (plural vocative)
kwikwōnų (accusative singular)
kwikwōnunz (accusative plural)
kwikwōniz (genitive singular)
kwikwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwikwōni (dative singular)
kwikwōmaz (dative plural)
kwikwōnē (instrumental singular)
kwikwōmiz (instrumental plural)
*kwikwō (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwikwā, *kwikkwā
Old English: cwice
Middle English: quike, quyke, quich
English: quitch, couch
⇒ English: quitchgrass, couch grass
⇒ English: quickgrass, quackgrass
⇒ Early Scots: quickens
Scots: quickene, quicken
Old Frisian: *kwike
Saterland Frisian: Kwíeke
West Frisian: kwiik
Old Saxon: *kwika, *kweka, *kwekka
Middle Low German: quecke, queyke, quēke, quēken
German Low German: Queek
Old Dutch: *kwika, *kweka, *kwekka
Middle Dutch: queke, quecke, queken
Dutch: kweek, kwekwe (dialectal), kwèkken (dialectal)
Afrikaans: kweek
→ West Frisian: kweek
Old High German: kwekka, quecka
Middle High German: quecke
German: Quecke

Old Norse: *kvikva

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvika

desc

Swedish: kvicka, kvika (dial.), kveka (dial.), kvekka (dial.), kvegga (dial.), kveke (dial.), kvekke (dial.), kvek (dial.)

⇒ Swedish: kvickrot

Old Danish: kvik

⇒ Danish: kvikgræs

a type of grass, similar to wheat; couch grass


arbijǭ

arbijǭ (nominative singular)
arbijōniz (nominative plural)
arbijǭ (singular vocative)
arbijōniz (plural vocative)
arbijōnų (accusative singular)
arbijōnunz (accusative plural)
arbijōniz (genitive singular)
arbijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbijōni (dative singular)
arbijōmaz (dative plural)
arbijōnē (instrumental singular)
arbijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: arfa

Icelandic: arfa

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌾𐍉 (arbjō)


arkō

arkō (nominative singular)
arkôz (nominative plural)
arkō (singular vocative)
arkôz (plural vocative)
arkǭ (accusative singular)
arkōz (accusative plural)
arkōz (genitive singular)
arkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arkōi (dative singular)
arkōmaz (dative plural)
arkō (instrumental singular)
arkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arku
Old English: earce, earc, erc f, ærc n
Middle English: arke, ark
English: ark (see there for further descendants)
Scots: airk
Old Frisian: arke
Old Saxon: *arka
Middle Low German: arke, arche
Old Dutch: *arka
Middle Dutch: arke
Dutch: ark
Old High German: arka, arca, archa
Middle High German: arke, arc, arche, arch
German: Arche
→ Luxembourgish: Arch

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᚲᚢ (*arku)

Old Norse: ǫrk

Faroese: ørk

Icelandic: örk

Norwegian Bokmål: ark

Old Swedish: ark

Swedish: ark
→ Finnish: arkki

→ Proto-Finnic: *arkku (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 (arka)


sunnô

sunnô (nominative singular)
sunnaniz (nominative plural)
sunnô (singular vocative)
sunnaniz (plural vocative)
sunnanų (accusative singular)
sunnanunz (accusative plural)
sunniniz (genitive singular)
sunnanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunnini (dative singular)
sunnammaz (dative plural)
sunninē (instrumental singular)
sunnammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sunnō
Old English: sunna m
Middle English: sonne, sunne, sone, son, sune, sun, sunna, sunnæ, synne, soen, zunne (Southern West Mid), zonne (Kent)
English: sun
Scots: sun
Yola: zin
Old Frisian: sunna m
Old Saxon: sunno m
Middle Low German: sonne f or m
Low German: Sünne, Sonne
Dutch Low Saxon: zunne
German Low German: Sünn, Sünne, Sonn, Sonne
Plautdietsch: Sonn
Old Dutch: sunno m
Middle Dutch: sonne f or m
Dutch: zon, zun (dialectal)
Afrikaans: son
Berbice Creole Dutch: sono
Jersey Dutch: zon
Negerhollands: son, zon
→ Sranan Tongo: son (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zón
West Flemish: zunne
Zealandic: zunne
Old High German: sunno m
Middle High German: sunne f or m
Alemannic German: Sunnä
Italian Walser: sunna, sunnu, sònnò, ŝchunna, ŝchunnà
Bavarian: Son
Cimbrian: sunn, sonde, zunna
Mòcheno: sunn
Udinese: suna, sune, sunne
Viennese: Sun
Central Franconian: Sonn, Sunn (rarer variant)
Hunsrik: Sunn, Sonn
Luxembourgish: Sonn
German: Sonne
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Sunn
Pennsylvania German: Sunn
Vilamovian: zunn, zun
Yiddish: זון (zun)

desc

>? Gothic: *𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰 (*sunna, nom.sg.), 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌽 (sunnin, dat.sg.)

Suggested to be a nominalization of a lost adjective, possibly from *sunnaz (“sunny”) + *-ô (agent suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂un-wó-s, from *sóh₂wl̥ ~ *sh₂wéns (“sun”) + *-wós, or leveled from earlier paradigm *sundō ~ *sunᵈnaz, from *sundaz (“sunny”) + *-ô (agent suffix). from *sh₂un-tó-s, from *sóh₂wl̥ ~ *sh₂wéns + *-tós. Feminine *sunnǭ (“sun”) perhaps constructed in an opposing gender pair with masculine *mēnô (“moon”), akin to Latin cognate sōl m (“sun”) and lūna f (“moon”).

Brill Publishers
Jörundur Garðar Hilmarsson


tīraz

tīraz (nominative singular)
tīrōz (nominative plural)
tīrōs (nominative plural)
tīr (singular vocative)
tīrōz (plural vocative)
tīrōs (plural vocative)
tīrą (accusative singular)
tīranz (accusative plural)
tīras (genitive singular)
tīris (genitive singular)
tīrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīrai (dative singular)
tīramaz (dative plural)
tīrō (instrumental singular)
tīramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tīr

Old Saxon: tīr

desctree

Old Norse: tírr
Icelandic: tír
Norwegian Nynorsk: tir


þangilaz

þangilaz (nominative singular)
þangilōz (nominative plural)
þangilōs (nominative plural)
þangil (singular vocative)
þangilōz (plural vocative)
þangilōs (plural vocative)
þangilą (accusative singular)
þangilanz (accusative plural)
þangilas (genitive singular)
þangilis (genitive singular)
þangilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þangilai (dative singular)
þangilamaz (dative plural)
þangilō (instrumental singular)
þangilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þangil
Old English: þenġel

Old Norse: þengill
Icelandic: þengill
⇒ Icelandic: Þengill (male given name)
Old Danish: thengil
Old Swedish: thængil, thængel (“lord”)
⇒ Old Swedish: Thængel (male given name)
Swedish: Tengil (male given name)

According to Orel, from *þinhaną (“to thrive”) + *-ilaz; compare *þingą.


hajaz

hajaz (nominative singular)
hajizō (nominative plural)
hajaz (singular vocative)
hajizō (plural vocative)
hajaz (accusative singular)
hajizō (accusative plural)
hajiziz (genitive singular)
hajizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hajizi (dative singular)
hajizumaz (dative plural)
hajizē (instrumental singular)
hajizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haij (“heat”)

Old Dutch: *hei

Middle Dutch: hei

⇒ Dutch: heiig

Old High German: hei

⇒ Old High German: gehei

Alemannic German: gehei

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍃 (hais, “torch”)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéHy-os, from *keHy- (“to be hot”).


bugiz

bugiz (nominative singular)
bugīz (nominative plural)
bugi (singular vocative)
bugīz (plural vocative)
bugį (accusative singular)
buginz (accusative plural)
bugīz (genitive singular)
bugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bugī (dative singular)
bugimaz (dative plural)
bugī (instrumental singular)
bugimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bugī

Old English: byġe

Old Norse: bugr

Icelandic: bugur

Faroese: bugur

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to curve, bend”).


gahaitą

gahaitą (nominative singular)
gahaitō (nominative plural)
gahaitą (singular vocative)
gahaitō (plural vocative)
gahaitą (accusative singular)
gahaitō (accusative plural)
gahaitas (genitive singular)
gahaitis (genitive singular)
gahaitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gahaitai (dative singular)
gahaitamaz (dative plural)
gahaitō (instrumental singular)
gahaitamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gahait

Old English: ġehāt

Middle English: hat, hot, hote

Old Saxon: *gihēt

(Middle Low German: gehête, geheite)

(German Low German: Geheet)

Old Dutch: giheit, gihēt m

Middle Dutch: geheet n

Dutch: geheet n (obsolete)

Old High German: giheiz m

Middle High German: geheiz m

(German: Geheiß n < MHG geheize n)

desctree

>? Old Norse: heit
Icelandic: heit
Faroese: heit

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 (gahait)


kursô

kursô (nominative singular)
kursaniz (nominative plural)
kursô (singular vocative)
kursaniz (plural vocative)
kursanų (accusative singular)
kursanunz (accusative plural)
kursiniz (genitive singular)
kursanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kursini (dative singular)
kursammaz (dative plural)
kursinē (instrumental singular)
kursammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *kursō, *kussō

Old Norse: kursi, kussi m, kussa f

Icelandic: kussi, kusi m, kussa, kusa f

Faroese: kussi, kusa f

Norwegian Nynorsk: kusse m, kussa f

Swedish: kossa f

→ Scots: kussi, kossi (Shetlandic)

desc

⇒ Scots: kussak, kussack (Orkney, diminutive)

→ Proto-Samic: *kusë (see there for further descendants)

Thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *gʷh₃u-(w)ŕ̥s-ēn (“bull”), from *gʷoh₃ws (“cow”) + *wérsēn (“male animal”), cognate with Sanskrit गोवृष (govṛṣa, “bull”), Proto-Tocharian *kauwärṣän (“bull”).


Gumasinþaz

Gumasinþaz (nominative singular)
Gumasinþ (singular vocative)
Gumasinþą (accusative singular)
Gumasinþai (dative singular)
Gumasinþō (instrumental singular)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (*gumasinþs)

→ Latin: Gumesindus

Galician: Gomesende

Spanish: Gumersindo

From *gumô (“man”) + *sinþaz (“journey, path, companion”).


blōtahūsą

blōtahūsą (nominative singular)
blōtahūsō (nominative plural)
blōtahūsą (singular vocative)
blōtahūsō (plural vocative)
blōtahūsą (accusative singular)
blōtahūsō (accusative plural)
blōtahūsas (genitive singular)
blōtahūsis (genitive singular)
blōtahūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōtahūsai (dative singular)
blōtahūsamaz (dative plural)
blōtahūsō (instrumental singular)
blōtahūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōthūs

Old High German: bluozhūs

desctree

Old Norse: blóthús
Icelandic: blóthús
Norwegian Bokmål: blothus
Swedish: blothus

From *blōtą (“act of worship, sacrifice”) + *hūsą (“house”).


hitjǭ

hitjǭ (nominative singular)
hitjōniz (nominative plural)
hitjǭ (singular vocative)
hitjōniz (plural vocative)
hitjōnų (accusative singular)
hitjōnunz (accusative plural)
hitjōniz (genitive singular)
hitjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hitjōni (dative singular)
hitjōmaz (dative plural)
hitjōnē (instrumental singular)
hitjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hittjā

Old Frisian: hete

Old Saxon: hittia

Old Dutch: *hitta

Middle Dutch: hitte

desctree

Dutch: hitte
Afrikaans: hitte
Negerhollands: hitte, hit, heet

Old High German: hizzea, hizza

Middle High German: hitze

Cimbrian: hitze, hitz (Luserna)

German: Hitze (see there for further descendants)

Luxembourgish: Hëtz

⇒ Luxembourgish: Hëtzt

Old Norse: hita
Icelandic: hita
Norwegian: hete

Gothic: 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉 (heitō)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéHid-ih₂ ~ *kHid-yéh₂-s, ultimately from *keHy- (“to heat; to become hot”).


bredą

bredą (nominative singular)
bredō (nominative plural)
bredą (singular vocative)
bredō (plural vocative)
bredą (accusative singular)
bredō (accusative plural)
bredas (genitive singular)
bridis (genitive singular)
bredǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bredai (dative singular)
bredamaz (dative plural)
bredō (instrumental singular)
bredamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bred

Old English: bred

Middle English: bred, brede

desc

English: (dialectal) bred, bread, braid, brade, brad

Scots: bred, braid, brad

Old Frisian: *bred

Saterland Frisian: Brääd

West Frisian: bret

Old Saxon: bred

Middle Low German: bred, bret

German Low German: Bredd, Brett

Old Dutch: *bred

Middle Dutch: bret, bert, bart, bort

Dutch: bred, berd

Old High German: bret

Middle High German: bret

German: Brett

Vilamovian: braot

Yiddish: ברעט (bret)

Old Norse: *bræddi

Old Danish: bræd

Danish: bred

Faroese: breddi

Norwegian: bredd

Old Swedish: brædder

Swedish: brädd

An e-grade variant of *burdą (“board; edge”). Kroonen prefers to reconstruct the term as *brezdaz, and notes that the loss of the first *-z- in the Old High German form may be via dissimilation in the plural form, *brertira (< *brezd-izō).


sparwahabukaz

sparwahabukaz (nominative singular)
sparwahabukōz (nominative plural)
sparwahabukōs (nominative plural)
sparwahabuk (singular vocative)
sparwahabukōz (plural vocative)
sparwahabukōs (plural vocative)
sparwahabuką (accusative singular)
sparwahabukanz (accusative plural)
sparwahabukas (genitive singular)
sparwahabukis (genitive singular)
sparwahabukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sparwahabukai (dative singular)
sparwahabukamaz (dative plural)
sparwahabukō (instrumental singular)
sparwahabukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sparwahabuk

desctree

Old English: spearhafoc, spaerhabuc
Middle English: sparhauk, sparehauk, sparrehawk, sparhauke, sparhawke, sperehauke, spere-hawke, sperhauk, sperhauke, sperhawke
English: sparhawk; sparrowhawk
Scots: sparhalk, sparhauke, sperhawke, sperhalk
→ Scottish Gaelic: speireag

Old Norse: sparrhaukr, sparhaukr

Icelandic: sparhaukur, spörhaukur

Norwegian: spurvehauk

Swedish: sparvhök

Danish: spurvehøg


wrungǭ

wrungǭ (nominative singular)
wrungōniz (nominative plural)
wrungǭ (singular vocative)
wrungōniz (plural vocative)
wrungōnų (accusative singular)
wrungōnunz (accusative plural)
wrungōniz (genitive singular)
wrungōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrungōni (dative singular)
wrungōmaz (dative plural)
wrungōnē (instrumental singular)
wrungōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (wruggō)

A zero-grade derivation from *wringaną (“to wring”) + *-ǭ. Compare the masculine *wrunga-, which gives Dutch wrong (“wreath”).


kūtiz

kūtiz (nominative singular)
kūtīz (nominative plural)
kūti (singular vocative)
kūtīz (plural vocative)
kūtį (accusative singular)
kūtinz (accusative plural)
kūtīz (genitive singular)
kūtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūtī (dative singular)
kūtimaz (dative plural)
kūtī (instrumental singular)
kūtimiz (instrumental plural)
*kiutiz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *kūti, *kiuti

Old English: *cȳte, *cȳt

Middle English: *cut, *ket, *kit, *kyt

desc

⇒? Middle English: kidenere, kidnere, kideney, kedney (compound with descendant of *neurô)

English: kidney

>? Scots: cut (“appetite”) (alternatively an alteration of gut)

⇒? Scots: cutpoke, kitpock (“stomach (of a fish)”)

>? Old English: ċīete

⇒? Middle English: *chiter

⇒? English: chiterling

English: chitterling

Scots: chitterlin

Scots: chitter

Old Saxon: *kūti f, *kūt n

Middle Low German: kûte, kût, kü̂te, kü̂t f or n

German Low German: Küüt f or n

→ Saterland Frisian: Küüt m

→ West Frisian: kût n

Old Dutch: *kūti, *kiuti

Middle Dutch: cute, cuyte, cuut, cuyt, kiet f or n

Dutch: kuit

West Flemish: kiete, kiet, kijte

→ Middle English: kyt, kyte, kytt

Old Norse: kýta

Icelandic: kýta

Norwegian Nynorsk: kyta

Swedish: kut (dialectal)

gl

→ Middle English: kyte (possibly merged with Middle Dutch cute, kiet)

English: kite, kyte (“belly, stomach”) (dialectal)

Scots: kyte

From Proto-Indo-European *gewd- (“bag, stomach”), from *gew- (“to curve, arch, bulge”).


hrungō

hrungō (nominative singular)
hrungôz (nominative plural)
hrungō (singular vocative)
hrungôz (plural vocative)
hrungǭ (accusative singular)
hrungōz (accusative plural)
hrungōz (genitive singular)
hrungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrungōi (dative singular)
hrungōmaz (dative plural)
hrungō (instrumental singular)
hrungōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrungu

desctree

Old English: hrung
Middle English: rung
English: rung
→ Irish: runga
Scots: rung, roung, rong, ring

Old Frisian: *hrung, *hrunge

Saterland Frisian: Runge

West Frisian: ronge

Old Saxon: *hrunga

Middle Low German: runge, ronge

German Low German: Runge, Rung

Old Dutch: *hrunga

Middle Dutch: ronge

Dutch: rong

Afrikaans: rong

Old High German: runga

Middle High German: runge

German: Runge

Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌰 (hrugga)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ- (“to twist, bend”), from *(s)ker- (“to twist, bend”).


gandaz

gandaz (nominative singular)
gandōz (nominative plural)
gandōs (nominative plural)
gand (singular vocative)
gandōz (plural vocative)
gandōs (plural vocative)
gandą (accusative singular)
gandanz (accusative plural)
gandas (genitive singular)
gandis (genitive singular)
gandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gandai (dative singular)
gandamaz (dative plural)
gandō (instrumental singular)
gandamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᚾᛞᚨᛉ (*gandaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚢᚾᚷᚨᚾᛞᛁᛉ (ungandiʀ, “unsorcered, not bewitched”)

desctree

Old Norse: gandr
Icelandic: gandur (“a riding animal; (archaic) a wolf, a dangerous beast; a magic staff”)
Faroese: gandur (“black magic”)
 → Latin: gandus

⇒ Old Norse: Jǫrmungandr

→ Latin: gandus

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to beat, to slay”).


warō

warō (nominative singular)
warôz (nominative plural)
warō (singular vocative)
warôz (plural vocative)
warǭ (accusative singular)
warōz (accusative plural)
warōz (genitive singular)
warǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warōi (dative singular)
warōmaz (dative plural)
warō (instrumental singular)
warōmiz (instrumental plural)
*wazō (alternative)
*warǭ (alternative Germanic North)

Proto-West Germanic: *waru (or *waʀu)

Old English: waru

Middle English: ware

English: ware

Scots: ware, war, wair

Old Frisian: ware, were

Saterland Frisian: Were

West Frisian: waar

Old Saxon: wara

Middle Low German: ware, war, wāre, wār

German Low German: Ware, Waar, Woor

Old Dutch: *wara

Middle Dutch: ware

Dutch: waar

Afrikaans: waar

Old High German: *wara

Middle High German: ware, war

German: Ware

gl

< Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*warǭ</i>

Old Norse: vara (< Proto-Germanic *warǭ)

Icelandic: vara

Faroese: vøra

Norwegian Bokmål: vare

Norwegian Nynorsk: vare

Old Swedish: vara

Swedish: vara

Old Danish: waræ

Danish: vare

→ Proto-Finnic: *vara (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. It is uncertain whether the urform was *warō or *wazō. If *warō, then from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed, watch, guard, protect”). If *wazō, then from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to sell”).


kindinaz

kindinaz (nominative singular)
kindinōz (nominative plural)
kindinōs (nominative plural)
kindin (singular vocative)
kindinōz (plural vocative)
kindinōs (plural vocative)
kindiną (accusative singular)
kindinanz (accusative plural)
kindinas (genitive singular)
kindinis (genitive singular)
kindinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kindinai (dative singular)
kindinamaz (dative plural)
kindinō (instrumental singular)
kindinamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌽𐍃 (kindins)

From (a form closely related to) *kinþiz (“kind, race”) + *-anaz.

A chieftain, traditionally elected during times of war/emergency.


kūz

kūz (nominative singular)
kūiz (nominative plural)
kū (singular vocative)
kūiz (plural vocative)
kūų (accusative singular)
kūunz (accusative plural)
kūiz (genitive singular)
kūǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūi (dative singular)
kūumaz (dative plural)
kūē (instrumental singular)
kūumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kō
Old English: cū
Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
English: cow (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: coo
Scots: coo, coe, cou
Yola: keow
Old Frisian: kū
North Frisian: ko, kø, kü
Sylt: Kü
Saterland Frisian: Ku
West Frisian: ko
Old Saxon: kō, kuo
Middle Low German: kô, ko, koo, kou, koe, koh, koy, ku
Low German: Koh
German Low German: Koh, Kauh, Ko, Koo, Kuh
Plautdietsch: Koo
Old Dutch: cuo
Middle Dutch: coe
Dutch: koe (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: ków
West Flemish: koe
Old High German: kuo, chuo
Middle High German: kuo, kū, kō, chuo
Alemannic German: Chue
Alsatian: Küeh
Walser: Chua
Bavarian: Kuah, Kouh (Northern Bavarian), Kua (spelling variant)
Cimbrian: khua
Mòcheno: kua
Central Franconian: Kuh, Koh
Hunsrik: Kuh
Luxembourgish: Kou
East Franconian: Kou, Kua, Kuu
German: Kuh
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Kuh
Vilamovian: kü
Yiddish: קו (ku)

Proto-Norse:

Old West Norse: kýr, *kōʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: kýr
Faroese: kúgv, kú
Norwegian Nynorsk: ku
Norwegian Bokmål: ku
Jamtish: kú
Elfdalian: tjyr

Old East Norse: *kōʀ

Old Swedish: kō

Swedish: ko

Old Danish: kō

Danish: ko

From earlier *kwōz ~ *kwūiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéh₃u-s ~ *gʷuh₃-és.


hōradōmaz

hōradōmaz (nominative singular)
hōradōmōz (nominative plural)
hōradōmōs (nominative plural)
hōradōm (singular vocative)
hōradōmōz (plural vocative)
hōradōmōs (plural vocative)
hōradōmą (accusative singular)
hōradōmanz (accusative plural)
hōradōmas (genitive singular)
hōradōmis (genitive singular)
hōradōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōradōmai (dative singular)
hōradōmamaz (dative plural)
hōradōmō (instrumental singular)
hōradōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hórdómr

Danish: hordom

Icelandic: hórdómur

Swedish: hordom

→ Middle English: hordom

English: whoredom


argiþō

argiþō (nominative singular)
argiþôz (nominative plural)
argiþō (singular vocative)
argiþôz (plural vocative)
argiþǭ (accusative singular)
argiþōz (accusative plural)
argiþōz (genitive singular)
argiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
argiþōi (dative singular)
argiþōmaz (dative plural)
argiþō (instrumental singular)
argiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *argiþu

Old English: iergþ

Old High German: argida

/ˈɑr.ɣi.θɔː/


argį̄

argį̄ (nominative singular)
argīniz (nominative plural)
argį̄ (singular vocative)
argīniz (plural vocative)
argīnų (accusative singular)
argīnunz (accusative plural)
argīniz (genitive singular)
argīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
argīni (dative singular)
argīmaz (dative plural)
argīnē (instrumental singular)
argīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ergi

→ Proto-Finnic: *arki (see there for further descendants)


argijǭ

argijǭ (nominative singular)
argijōniz (nominative plural)
argijǭ (singular vocative)
argijōniz (plural vocative)
argijōnų (accusative singular)
argijōnunz (accusative plural)
argijōniz (genitive singular)
argijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
argijōni (dative singular)
argijōmaz (dative plural)
argijōnē (instrumental singular)
argijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ (ᴀrᴀgeu)
Old Norse: ergja f
Icelandic: ergja f
>? Old Norse: ergi


ingwô

ingwô (nominative singular)
ingwaniz (nominative plural)
ingwô (singular vocative)
ingwaniz (plural vocative)
ingwanų (accusative singular)
ingwanunz (accusative plural)
ingwiniz (genitive singular)
ingwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ingwini (dative singular)
ingwammaz (dative plural)
ingwinē (instrumental singular)
ingwammiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Ingaevōnēs (from the nominative plural; see that entry for further descendants)

Actual etymology is uncertain, but if this is correct, then it would be from *Ingwaz + *-ô.

a member of the Ingaevones; a descendant of *Ingwaz.

askô

descendant of Askaz; a member of the Istaevones

ermunô

descendant of Ermunaz; a member of the Herminones


ermunô

ermunô (nominative singular)
ermunaniz (nominative plural)
ermunô (singular vocative)
ermunaniz (plural vocative)
ermunanų (accusative singular)
ermunanunz (accusative plural)
ermuniniz (genitive singular)
ermunanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ermunini (dative singular)
ermunammaz (dative plural)
ermuninē (instrumental singular)
ermunammiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Herminōnēs (from the nominative plural; see that entry for further descendants)

Actual etymology is uncertain, but if this is correct, then it would be from *Ermunaz + *-ô.

a member of the Herminones; a descendant of *Ermunaz.

ingwô

descendant of Ingwaz; a member of the Ingaevones


þramjō

þramjō (nominative singular)
þramjôz (nominative plural)
þramjō (singular vocative)
þramjôz (plural vocative)
þramjǭ (accusative singular)
þramjōz (accusative plural)
þramjōz (genitive singular)
þramjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þramjōi (dative singular)
þramjōmaz (dative plural)
þramjō (instrumental singular)
þramjōmiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: framea

Old Norse: þremjar (plural only)

Icelandic: þremjar (plural only)


anþerą twajjǫ̂

Old English: ōþer twēġa

Old Norse: annat tveggja

From *anþerą, neuter singular of *anþeraz (“other”) + *twajjǫ̂, genitive of *twai (“two”).

one of two, one or the other, either; introduces the phrase "either... or..."


blauþijǭ

blauþijǭ (nominative singular)
blauþijōniz (nominative plural)
blauþijǭ (singular vocative)
blauþijōniz (plural vocative)
blauþijōnų (accusative singular)
blauþijōnunz (accusative plural)
blauþijōniz (genitive singular)
blauþijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blauþijōni (dative singular)
blauþijōmaz (dative plural)
blauþijōnē (instrumental singular)
blauþijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: bleyða

Icelandic: bleyða

(derogatory, offensive) a coward, weakling, craven


rainō

rainō (nominative singular)
rainôz (nominative plural)
rainō (singular vocative)
rainôz (plural vocative)
rainǭ (accusative singular)
rainōz (accusative plural)
rainōz (genitive singular)
rainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rainōi (dative singular)
rainōmaz (dative plural)
rainō (instrumental singular)
rainōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rain m
Old Saxon: *rēn
Middle Low German: rein, reyn
>? German Low German: Rehm
Old Dutch: *rēn, *rein
Middle Dutch: rein
Dutch: rein, reen
→ Middle French: rain
French: rain
Old High German: rein
Middle High German: rein
German: Rain

Old Norse: rein

Icelandic: rein

Faroese: rein

Norwegian: rein, ren

Swedish: ren f; ren, rain m (dialectal)

Old Danish: rēn

Danish: ren

→ Middle English: rein, reyn, rayn

English: rean, rain, rane, rene, reend

Scots: reind, rhind, rind

From Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“to cut, scratch, tear”).


þrōwōndz

þrōwōndz (nominative singular)
þrōwōndiz (nominative plural)
þrōwōnd (singular vocative)
þrōwōndiz (plural vocative)
þrōwōndų (accusative singular)
þrōwōndunz (accusative plural)
þrōwōndiz (genitive singular)
þrōwōndǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrōwōndi (dative singular)
þrōwōndumaz (dative plural)
þrōwōndē (instrumental singular)
þrōwōndumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: þróndr
Icelandic: Þrændir
Faroese: trøndur
Norwegian: trønder, trøndir
→ Danish: trønder, trønd
Norwegian Bokmål: trønder

Old English: Þrōwendas (plural only)

From *þrōwōną (“to thrive, prosper”) + *-ndz (“-er”).

af

an inhabitant of the area roughly corresponding to modern-day Trøndelag


haljōrūnō

haljōrūnō (nominative singular)
haljōrūnôz (nominative plural)
haljōrūnō (singular vocative)
haljōrūnôz (plural vocative)
haljōrūnǭ (accusative singular)
haljōrūnōz (accusative plural)
haljōrūnōz (genitive singular)
haljōrūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haljōrūnōi (dative singular)
haljōrūnōmaz (dative plural)
haljōrūnō (instrumental singular)
haljōrūnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *halljurūnu

Old English: hellrūn

Old High German: hellirūna

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (*haljōruna)

→ Latin: haliurunna

From *haljō (“hell, the underworld”) + *rūnō (“whisperess”).


wasô

wasô (nominative singular)
wasaniz (nominative plural)
wasô (singular vocative)
wasaniz (plural vocative)
wasanų (accusative singular)
wasanunz (accusative plural)
wasiniz (genitive singular)
wasanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wasini (dative singular)
wasammaz (dative plural)
wasinē (instrumental singular)
wasammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wasō
Old English: *wasa; *wase f
Middle English: wase
Old Frisian: wase f
West Frisian: waas
Old Saxon: waso
Middle Low German: wase, wāse f
German Low German: Waas
Old Dutch: waso
Middle Dutch: wase
Dutch: waas
→ Old French: wason, gason
Middle French: gazon
French: gazon
Old High German: waso
Middle High German: wase
German: Wasen

Presumably related to German Wrasen (“water vapor (in kitchen, etc.)”), itself of unclear origin, though possibly related to *waisǭ (“mire, muck”). The semantic shift to "meadow" is perhaps via sense development "vapor" > "wettened land" > "meadow, field".


heruskaz

heruskaz (nominative singular)
heruskōz (nominative plural)
heruskōs (nominative plural)
herusk (singular vocative)
heruskōz (plural vocative)
heruskōs (plural vocative)
heruską (accusative singular)
heruskanz (accusative plural)
heruskas (genitive singular)
heruskis (genitive singular)
heruskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
heruskai (dative singular)
heruskamaz (dative plural)
heruskō (instrumental singular)
heruskamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Ancient Greek: Χηροῦσκοι (Khēroûskoi)

→ Latin: Cheruscī

→ English: Cherusci (learned)


harbaþaz

harbaþaz (nominative singular)
harbaþōz (nominative plural)
harbaþōs (nominative plural)
harbaþ (singular vocative)
harbaþōz (plural vocative)
harbaþōs (plural vocative)
harbaþą (accusative singular)
harbaþanz (accusative plural)
harbaþas (genitive singular)
harbaþis (genitive singular)
harbaþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harbaþai (dative singular)
harbaþamaz (dative plural)
harbaþō (instrumental singular)
harbaþamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Norse: *harfaðr (attested as the genitive plural in Harfaðafjǫll)

Though attested only in Old Norse compound names, there are indications that the word must be old, from *karpátos. It must have been borrowed from Latin Carpatēs or a close relative prior to the occurrence of Grimm's law, and thus predates the split of the Germanic languages. Ultimately from the same source as the Latin, whether pre-Germanic or another language.

>? Old Norse: Harfaðafjǫll

*Harbaþǫ̂ falisōz (“the Carpathian Mountains”)


angrawarjaz

angrawarjaz (nominative singular)
angrawarjōz (nominative plural)
angrawarjōs (nominative plural)
angrawari (singular vocative)
angrawarjōz (plural vocative)
angrawarjōs (plural vocative)
angrawarją (accusative singular)
angrawarjanz (accusative plural)
angrawarjas (genitive singular)
angrawaris (genitive singular)
angrawarjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angrawarjai (dative singular)
angrawarjamaz (dative plural)
angrawarjō (instrumental singular)
angrawarjamiz (instrumental plural)

Latin: Angrivariī

From *angraz (“meadow”) + *warjaz (“dweller”).

compound

a meadow-dweller, a member of the Angrivarii


harudaz

harudaz (nominative singular)
harudōz (nominative plural)
harudōs (nominative plural)
harud (singular vocative)
harudōz (plural vocative)
harudōs (plural vocative)
harudą (accusative singular)
harudanz (accusative plural)
harudas (genitive singular)
harudis (genitive singular)
harudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harudai (dative singular)
harudamaz (dative plural)
harudō (instrumental singular)
harudamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hǫrðar m pl

→ Latin: Harudes

Unknown, though possibly related to *harjaz.

a member of the Charudes, a Germanic tribe mentioned by Caesar


bajaz

bajaz (nominative singular)
bajōz (nominative plural)
bajōs (nominative plural)
bai (singular vocative)
bajōz (plural vocative)
bajōs (plural vocative)
bają (accusative singular)
bajanz (accusative plural)
bajas (genitive singular)
bais (genitive singular)
bajǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bajai (dative singular)
bajamaz (dative plural)
bajō (instrumental singular)
bajamiz (instrumental plural)


haukaz

haukaz (nominative singular)
haukōz (nominative plural)
haukōs (nominative plural)
hauk (singular vocative)
haukōz (plural vocative)
haukōs (plural vocative)
hauką (accusative singular)
haukanz (accusative plural)
haukas (genitive singular)
haukis (genitive singular)
haukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haukai (dative singular)
haukamaz (dative plural)
haukō (instrumental singular)
haukamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Ancient Greek: Χαῦκοι (Khaûkoi)

Latin: Chaucī

Old English: Hugas (possibly)

Substantivization of a variant of *hauhaz (“high”), thus meaning "the high ones", likely in reference to them living on artificial mounds.


haswawarjaz

haswawarjaz (nominative singular)
haswawarjōz (nominative plural)
haswawarjōs (nominative plural)
haswawari (singular vocative)
haswawarjōz (plural vocative)
haswawarjōs (plural vocative)
haswawarją (accusative singular)
haswawarjanz (accusative plural)
haswawarjas (genitive singular)
haswawaris (genitive singular)
haswawarjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haswawarjai (dative singular)
haswawarjamaz (dative plural)
haswawarjō (instrumental singular)
haswawarjamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Chasuarii

From *Haswaz (“the river Hase”) + *warjaz (“dweller”).

Hase-dweller, a member of the Chasuarii tribe


frīsô

frīsô (nominative singular)
frīsaniz (nominative plural)
frīsô (singular vocative)
frīsaniz (plural vocative)
frīsanų (accusative singular)
frīsanunz (accusative plural)
frīsiniz (genitive singular)
frīsanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frīsini (dative singular)
frīsammaz (dative plural)
frīsinē (instrumental singular)
frīsammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frīsō
Old English: Frīsa, Frēsa
Middle English: Frīse
English: Frise
Old Frisian: Frīsa, Frēsa
West Frisian: Fries
Old Saxon: *Frēso
Middle Low German: Vrêse
Old Dutch: Frieso, Friso, Freso
Middle Dutch: Vriese, Vrise, Vrese, Friese, Frise
Dutch: Fries
Old High German: *Frīso, *Frieso, singular of Frīson, Frieson
German: Friese

→ Latin: Frīsiī

→ English: Frisii (learned)

Unknown, though perhaps from *frisaz (“curly”).


hamawiz

→ Latin: Chamavi

→ English: Chamavi (learned)

Unknown, though perhaps related to *hamô (“skin, clothing”).


widuwarjaz

widuwarjaz (nominative singular)
widuwarjōz (nominative plural)
widuwarjōs (nominative plural)
widuwari (singular vocative)
widuwarjōz (plural vocative)
widuwarjōs (plural vocative)
widuwarją (accusative singular)
widuwarjanz (accusative plural)
widuwarjas (genitive singular)
widuwaris (genitive singular)
widuwarjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
widuwarjai (dative singular)
widuwarjamaz (dative plural)
widuwarjō (instrumental singular)
widuwarjamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Viduariī

From *widuz (“forest”) + *warjaz (“dweller”).

forest-dweller; a member of the Viduarii


falhuwarjaz

falhuwarjaz (nominative singular)
falhuwarjōz (nominative plural)
falhuwarjōs (nominative plural)
falhuwari (singular vocative)
falhuwarjōz (plural vocative)
falhuwarjōs (plural vocative)
falhuwarją (accusative singular)
falhuwarjanz (accusative plural)
falhuwarjas (genitive singular)
falhuwaris (genitive singular)
falhuwarjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falhuwarjai (dative singular)
falhuwarjamaz (dative plural)
falhuwarjō (instrumental singular)
falhuwarjamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Falchovariī

From *falhuz + *warjaz. The first element means "fallow", the second "dweller".


nikraz

nikraz (nominative singular)
nikrōz (nominative plural)
nikrōs (nominative plural)
nikr (singular vocative)
nikrōz (plural vocative)
nikrōs (plural vocative)
nikrą (accusative singular)
nikranz (accusative plural)
nikras (genitive singular)
nikris (genitive singular)
nikrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nikrai (dative singular)
nikramaz (dative plural)
nikrō (instrumental singular)
nikramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nicor, nicer
Middle English: niker, nycker
English: nicker, nickel

Old High German: nihhus

Old Norse: nykr
Icelandic: nykur
Faroese: nykur
Norwegian Bokmål: nøkk
Norwegian Nynorsk: nykk
Swedish: näck, Näcken
→ Finnish: näkki
→ Estonian: näkk
Danish: nøkke

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ-.

a Nix, a malicious water spirit, attested among most Germanic peoples


jehwladagaz

jehwladagaz (nominative singular)
jehwladagōz (nominative plural)
jehwladagōs (nominative plural)
jehwladag (singular vocative)
jehwladagōz (plural vocative)
jehwladagōs (plural vocative)
jehwladagą (accusative singular)
jehwladaganz (accusative plural)
jehwladagas (genitive singular)
jehwladagis (genitive singular)
jehwladagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jehwladagai (dative singular)
jehwladagamaz (dative plural)
jehwladagō (instrumental singular)
jehwladagamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġēohheldæġ

Old Norse: jóladagr

Icelandic: jóladagur

Faroese: jóladagur

Danish: juledag

From *jehwlą (“festivity, celebration”) + *dagaz (“day”).