digulaz

digulaz (nominative singular)
digulōz (nominative plural)
digulōs (nominative plural)
digul (singular vocative)
digulōz (plural vocative)
digulōs (plural vocative)
digulą (accusative singular)
digulanz (accusative plural)
digulas (genitive singular)
digulis (genitive singular)
digulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
digulai (dative singular)
digulamaz (dative plural)
digulō (instrumental singular)
digulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *digul, *digal

Middle Low German: degel

Old Dutch: *digul, *digal

Middle Dutch: degel

Dutch: degel

Old High German: *tigul, tegal, tegel

Middle High German: tigel, tegel

German: Tiegel

→ Polish: tygiel

→ Russian: ти́гель (tígelʹ)

Luxembourgish: Digel

Old Norse: digull (possibly a loan from Low German)

Icelandic: deigla

Norwegian: digel

Swedish: degel

Danish: digel

Uncertain. Compare Latin tegula (“roof-tile; brick”). Alternatively, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form, shape”).


þuldiz

þuldiz (nominative singular)
þuldīz (nominative plural)
þuldi (singular vocative)
þuldīz (plural vocative)
þuldį (accusative singular)
þuldinz (accusative plural)
þuldīz (genitive singular)
þuldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þuldī (dative singular)
þuldimaz (dative plural)
þuldī (instrumental singular)
þuldimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þuldi
Old English: þyld
Middle English: þild, thild
Old Saxon: thuld
Middle Low German: dult
Old High German: dult
Middle High German: dult
German: Dult

Gothic: *𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌳𐍃 (*þulds) (possibly in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *télh₂-ti-s ~ *tl̥h₂-téy-s, abstract substantive of *telh₂- (“to bear; endure”).

inh

the ability to bear; endurance; patience


tawwą

tawwą (nominative singular)
tawwō (nominative plural)
tawwą (singular vocative)
tawwō (plural vocative)
tawwą (accusative singular)
tawwō (accusative plural)
tawwas (genitive singular)
tawwis (genitive singular)
tawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tawwai (dative singular)
tawwamaz (dative plural)
tawwō (instrumental singular)
tawwamiz (instrumental plural)
*tawą (alternative)

Old English: *tawa (in webtawa); *tawe; ġetawe; *tōw

Middle English: touw

Scots: touw, tow

English: tow

desc

Old Frisian: tāuwe, tāuw, towe, tau, tou

Saterland Frisian: Tau

West Frisian: tou

Old Saxon: *tō, tou

Middle Low German: touw

→ German: Tau

German Low German: Tau

Old Dutch: *tou

Middle Dutch: touwe

desctree

Dutch: touw
Afrikaans: tou
Berbice Creole Dutch: tau
Jersey Dutch: tāu
Negerhollands: toouw, tou, tau
Skepi Creole Dutch: tau
→ Lokono: tau
→? Sranan Tongo: t'tei
→ Lokono: tetei
→ Aukan: tetei
→ Caribbean Hindustani: tatai
→ Warao: táu, táü, tao

West Flemish: towwe

Old High German: zouwa; gizawa

Middle High German: gezawe, gezouwe

Old Norse: tó

Icelandic: tó

Faroese: tó

Norwegian: to

Old Swedish: tō

Swedish: to (archaic)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dewh₂- (“to tie to; secure”). Kroonen (2013) prefers to derive it from *deh₁-.


hehlǭ

hehlǭ (nominative singular)
hehlōniz (nominative plural)
hehlǭ (singular vocative)
hehlōniz (plural vocative)
hehlōnų (accusative singular)
hehlōnunz (accusative plural)
hehlōniz (genitive singular)
hehlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hehlōni (dative singular)
hehlōmaz (dative plural)
hehlōnē (instrumental singular)
hehlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hehlā

Old English: heolca

Old Norse: héla

Icelandic: héla

Norwegian Nynorsk: hele

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱé-ḱl(h₁)-eh₂- or *ḱí-ḱel(h₁)-eh₂-, an old reduplicated stem from the root *ḱel(h₁)- (“cold, frozen”). Compare Lithuanian šalnà, šarma (“hoarfrost”), Proto-Slavic *solnà (“hoarfrost”) and especially Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold; hoarfrost”) (unless from *ḱey-).


undurniz

undurniz (nominative singular)
undurnīz (nominative plural)
undurni (singular vocative)
undurnīz (plural vocative)
undurnį (accusative singular)
undurninz (accusative plural)
undurnīz (genitive singular)
undurnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
undurnī (dative singular)
undurnimaz (dative plural)
undurnī (instrumental singular)
undurnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: undern

Middle English: undern, ondern

Scots: undern, undurn, antrum, ontron

English: undern

Old Frisian: undern, unden

North Frisian: unnern, onnern

Old Saxon: undern, undorn

Middle Low German: undern

Old Dutch: *undarn

Middle Dutch: onderen

Dutch: onder

Old High German: untarn, untorn

Middle High German: untern, undern

Old Norse: undurn, undarn, undorn

Icelandic: undorn

Norwegian: undorn

Swedish: undarn

Danish: unden

Gothic: *𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐍃 (*undaurns) (in 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 (undaurnimats))

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥ter, *h₁enter (“between”).

an intermediate or intervening period; mean time; interim; interval


wapsō

wapsō (nominative singular)
wapsôz (nominative plural)
wapsō (singular vocative)
wapsôz (plural vocative)
wapsǭ (accusative singular)
wapsōz (accusative plural)
wapsōz (genitive singular)
wapsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wapsōi (dative singular)
wapsōmaz (dative plural)
wapsō (instrumental singular)
wapsōmiz (instrumental plural)
*wafsō (alternative)
*wepsō (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wapsu
Old English: wæps, wæsp, wæfs
Middle English: wasp, wappes, waps, waspe
English: wasp (see there for further descendants)
Scots: wasp, wesp
Old Frisian: *waps
Saterland Frisian: Häspe, Gäspe
West Frisian: waps
Old Saxon: waspa
Middle Low German: wopse
Old Dutch: wapsa (attested in Latin text as uuapces)
Old High German: wafsa
→ Old French: guespe, vespe, wespe, wapce (partially) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaps

Finnish: vaapsahainen

Estonian: vapsik

Karelian: voapsahaine

Livonian: vaps

Veps: bapshaine

→ Proto-Samic: *viepsēs (see there for further descendants)


wagnisô

wagnisô (nominative singular)
wagnisaniz (nominative plural)
wagnisô (singular vocative)
wagnisaniz (plural vocative)
wagnisanų (accusative singular)
wagnisanunz (accusative plural)
wagnisiniz (genitive singular)
wagnisanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wagnisini (dative singular)
wagnisammaz (dative plural)
wagnisinē (instrumental singular)
wagnisammiz (instrumental plural)
*wagansô (alternative)

Old High German: waganso

Middle High German: wagense, wagese

German: Wagense

Bavarian: Wagensun

Alemannic German: Wägese

Old Norse: *vagsni, vangsni

Norwegian: vangsne, vagnse

Swedish: vangs (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *wogʷʰnis, *wogʷʰmis, probably from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-. Cognate with Old Prussian wagnis (“ploughshare”), Ancient Greek ὀφνίς (ophnís) (Hesychius) and Latin vōmis, vōmer.

Brill Publishers
Hesychius of Alexandria


wigją

wigją (nominative singular)
wigjō (nominative plural)
wigją (singular vocative)
wigjō (plural vocative)
wigją (accusative singular)
wigjō (accusative plural)
wigjas (genitive singular)
wigis (genitive singular)
wigjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wigjai (dative singular)
wigjamaz (dative plural)
wigjō (instrumental singular)
wigjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wigi
Old English: wiċġ, wyċġ
Middle English: *wigge, wig
English: widge
Old Frisian: wigge, widze, wedze
Old Saxon: wiggi, wigg, wig
Old Dutch: wiggi

Old Norse: vigg

Icelandic: vigg n, viggur m

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to carry, move, transport”) + *-ją, literally, “a ride”.


wiljakwemô

wiljakwemô (nominative singular)
wiljakwemaniz (nominative plural)
wiljakwemô (singular vocative)
wiljakwemaniz (plural vocative)
wiljakwemanų (accusative singular)
wiljakwemanunz (accusative plural)
wiljakwiminiz (genitive singular)
wiljakwemanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiljakwimini (dative singular)
wiljakwemammaz (dative plural)
wiljakwiminē (instrumental singular)
wiljakwemammiz (instrumental plural)

From *wiljaną (“to want”) + *kwemaną (“to come”). Literally "desired comer" (or "desired come!").


staþlaz

staþlaz (nominative singular)
staþlōz (nominative plural)
staþlōs (nominative plural)
staþl (singular vocative)
staþlōz (plural vocative)
staþlōs (plural vocative)
staþlą (accusative singular)
staþlanz (accusative plural)
staþlas (genitive singular)
staþlis (genitive singular)
staþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staþlai (dative singular)
staþlamaz (dative plural)
staþlō (instrumental singular)
staþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: staþol

Old Dutch: *stathal

Middle Dutch: stadel

Old High German: stadal

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂tlos, from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Latin obstāculum.


swalwǭ

swalwǭ (nominative singular)
swalwōniz (nominative plural)
swalwǭ (singular vocative)
swalwōniz (plural vocative)
swalwōnų (accusative singular)
swalwōnunz (accusative plural)
swalwōniz (genitive singular)
swalwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swalwōni (dative singular)
swalwōmaz (dative plural)
swalwōnē (instrumental singular)
swalwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swalwā
Old English: swealwe, swealewe
Middle English: swalwe, swalewe, swalowe, swhalow, sualow, swalow, swalue, swolwe, swaluwe, swalew, swalugh
English: swallow
Scots: swalla, swallae
Old Frisian: swale
North Frisian: swaal, swul, swol
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Swoalke, Swoolke
West Frisian: swel
Old Saxon: swala
Middle Low German: swale
Dutch Low Saxon: swaalfe
German Low German: Schwaale
Old Dutch: *swalwa, *swalawa
Middle Dutch: swalwe, swalewe
Dutch: zwaluw, zwalf, zwavel, zwalver, zwalm (dialectal)
Afrikaans: swael
Old High German: swalawa
Middle High German: swalwe
Alemannic German: Schwalme
Swabian: Schwaba
Central Franconian: Schwalleb, Schwallef, Schmallef, Schmollef, Schmorbel, Schmärbel, Schmälwer, Schwalwer, Schwalfter, Schwarbel, Schwawel, Schwaal
Hunsrik: Schwalleb
Luxembourgish: Schmuewel, Schmuebel, Schmuelef
German: Schwalbe
→ Dutch: schwalbe
→ Silesian: šwalbkowate (compounded with native word)
Vilamovian: śwojmła

Old Norse: svala

Icelandic: svala

Faroese: svala

Norwegian: svale

Old Swedish: svala

Swedish: svala

Old Danish: swalæ, swolæ

Danish: svale, sole

Elfdalian: såla

Gutnish: svale

Scanian: svala

→ Proto-Samic: *svālfō

Northern Sami: spálfu

Uncertain. Possibly related to Russian солове́й (solovéj, “nightingale”). Possibly related to Ancient Greek ἀλκυών (alkuṓn, “kingfisher”), in which case the corresponding PGmc reconstruction would be *swalhwǭ.
Kroonen compares *sūliz (“column, pillar”) and *sūljaną (“to insert a wedge-shaped piece into an incision”), explaining that the gannet and swallow were named for their wedge-shaped tails. In this case, the original form *swoHl-weh₂- would have developed into *swalwǭ by Dybo's law.


hrīsą

hrīsą (nominative singular)
hrīsō (nominative plural)
hrīsą (singular vocative)
hrīsō (plural vocative)
hrīsą (accusative singular)
hrīsō (accusative plural)
hrīsas (genitive singular)
hrīsis (genitive singular)
hrīsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīsai (dative singular)
hrīsamaz (dative plural)
hrīsō (instrumental singular)
hrīsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīs

Old English: hrīs

Middle English: ris, rys

Scots: reise, rice

English: rise, rice

Old Frisian: hrīs

Saterland Frisian: Riese, Ries

West Frisian: riis

Old Saxon: hrīs

Middle Low German: rîs

German Low German: Ries

Old Dutch: rīs (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: rijs

Dutch: rijs

Old High German: hrīs, rīs

Middle High German: rīs

German: Reis

Old Norse: hrís

Icelandic: hrís

Faroese: rís

Norwegian Bokmål: ris

Norwegian Nynorsk: ris

Old Swedish: rīs

Swedish: ris

Danish: ris

→ Proto-Samic: *rissē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreys- (“to turn; bend; wind; shake”).


þeuhtēr

þeuhtēr (nominative singular)
þiuhtriz (nominative plural)
þeuhter (singular vocative)
þiuhtriz (plural vocative)
þeuhterų (accusative singular)
þeuhtrunz (accusative plural)
þeuhturz (genitive singular)
þeuhtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiuhtri (dative singular)
þeuhtrumaz (dative plural)
þeuhtrē (instrumental singular)
þeuhtrumiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *thiohter, *diohter

Middle High German: diehter, tiehter

From Proto-Indo-European *tewk-tḗr, derived from the root *tewk- (“seed, offspring”) + *-tḗr by analogy with other familial terms (cf. *fadēr, *mōdēr, *brōþēr, *swestēr, *duhtēr).


wardaz

wardaz (nominative singular)
wardōz (nominative plural)
wardōs (nominative plural)
ward (singular vocative)
wardōz (plural vocative)
wardōs (plural vocative)
wardą (accusative singular)
wardanz (accusative plural)
wardas (genitive singular)
wardis (genitive singular)
wardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardai (dative singular)
wardamaz (dative plural)
wardō (instrumental singular)
wardamiz (instrumental plural)
*warduz (alternative Northern)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ward
Old English: weard
Middle English: ward
Scots: ward
English: ward
⇒ Old Frisian: warder
Old Saxon: ward
Middle Low German: wart, wārt (in compounds)
Old High German: wart
Middle High German: wart
German: Wart

Old Norse: varðr

q

only in <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃</i> (daurawards)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (*wards) (only in 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (daurawards))

From Proto-Indo-European *wor-tós, *wor-tús, from the root *wer- (“to watch, heed, guard”).


balwą

balwą (nominative singular)
balwō (nominative plural)
balwą (singular vocative)
balwō (plural vocative)
balwą (accusative singular)
balwō (accusative plural)
balwas (genitive singular)
balwis (genitive singular)
balwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balwai (dative singular)
balwamaz (dative plural)
balwō (instrumental singular)
balwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balu
Old English: bealu, balu, bealo
Middle English: bale, balu
English: bale (dated)
⇒ Yola: ballcoot
Old Saxon: balu, balo
Old High German: balo
Middle High German: bale
⇒ Middle High German: balheit

Old Norse: bǫl

Icelandic: böl

Derived from the adjective *balwaz (“sick, evil”).


þarbō

þarbō (nominative singular)
þarbôz (nominative plural)
þarbō (singular vocative)
þarbôz (plural vocative)
þarbǭ (accusative singular)
þarbōz (accusative plural)
þarbōz (genitive singular)
þarbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þarbōi (dative singular)
þarbōmaz (dative plural)
þarbō (instrumental singular)
þarbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þarbu
Old English: þearf
Middle English: thearf, therf
Old Saxon: tharf
Middle Low German: bedarf
→ German: Bedarf
→ Saterland Frisian: Bedarf
Old High German: darba

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᚱᛒᚢ (*þarbu)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚢᚦᛡᚱᛡᛒᛡ (uþᴀrᴀbᴀ /ūþarᵃβa/, genitive plural)
Old Norse: óþǫrf, úþǫrf (genitive plural óþarfa)
Icelandic: óþörf
Old Swedish: otharf

Old Norse: þǫrf
Icelandic: þörf
Faroese: tørvur m, tarvur m
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: tarv m or n
Norwegian Nynorsk: tarv f; torv f
Old Swedish: þarf
Swedish: tarv n, tarf (pre-1906 spelling)
Old Danish: tharf
Danish: tarv c or n

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰 (þarba)

q

? < <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*þarbiz</i>

→ Proto-Finnic: *tarbis (? < *þarbiz) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *torp-éh₂, from *terp- (“to satisfy; to need”). The details of the semantic shift are uncertain. According to Kroonen, Germanic may have preserved an older sense “to use” which has not survived in the other branches.


alinō

alinō (nominative singular)
alinôz (nominative plural)
alinō (singular vocative)
alinôz (plural vocative)
alinǭ (accusative singular)
alinōz (accusative plural)
alinōz (genitive singular)
alinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alinōi (dative singular)
alinōmaz (dative plural)
alinō (instrumental singular)
alinōmiz (instrumental plural)
*alīnō (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *alinu
Old English: eln
Middle English: elne, elle, ellen, eln, ellyn
English: ell
Scots: elne, ellne, eln, el, ell
Old Frisian: elne, ielne
Saterland Frisian: Äälne
West Frisian: jelne, jellen
Old Saxon: elina
Middle Low German: elne
German Low German: Ell
Old Dutch: *elina
Middle Dutch: elle, elne
Dutch: el
Old High German: elina, elena, elna, elle
Middle High German: elline, elne, elle, eln, ellen, ele
Cimbrian: élla
German: Elle
→ Vulgar Latin: *alina (also possibly from Gothic)
Old French: alne
Middle French: aune
French: aune
→ Italian: auna

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛚᛁᚾᚢ (*alinu)

Old Norse: alin, eln, ǫln

Icelandic: alin, öln

Faroese: alin

Norwegian: alen

→ Traveller Norwegian: ale

Elfdalian: aln

Old Swedish: alin, aln

Swedish: aln

Danish: alen

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l-én-eh₂, from *Heh₃l- (“to bow, elbow”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὠλένη (ōlénē), Latin ulna, Welsh elin.


alīnō

alīnō (nominative singular)
alīnôz (nominative plural)
alīnō (singular vocative)
alīnôz (plural vocative)
alīnǭ (accusative singular)
alīnōz (accusative plural)
alīnōz (genitive singular)
alīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alīnōi (dative singular)
alīnōmaz (dative plural)
alīnō (instrumental singular)
alīnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (aleina)

→ Vulgar Latin: *alina

Old French: alne (also possibly from Frankish)

Middle French: aune

French: aune

→ Italian: auna


mauraz

mauraz (nominative singular)
maurōz (nominative plural)
maurōs (nominative plural)
maur (singular vocative)
maurōz (plural vocative)
maurōs (plural vocative)
maurą (accusative singular)
mauranz (accusative plural)
mauras (genitive singular)
mauris (genitive singular)
maurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maurai (dative singular)
mauramaz (dative plural)
maurō (instrumental singular)
mauramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: maurr
Danish: myre c
Norwegian Bokmål: myre m (riksmål)
Faroese: meyra f
Icelandic: maur m
Jamtish: mour
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: maur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: maur m
Old Swedish: mȳra m, *mør (in mørastakker)
Swedish: myra c
Westrobothnian: möur
→ Middle English: mowre

From pre-Germanic *mowros, in which *mowr- is believed to be a metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *mor-w- (“ant”). Compare the synonym *miurijǭ.


raubaz

raubaz (nominative singular)
raubōz (nominative plural)
raubōs (nominative plural)
raub (singular vocative)
raubōz (plural vocative)
raubōs (plural vocative)
raubą (accusative singular)
raubanz (accusative plural)
raubas (genitive singular)
raubis (genitive singular)
raubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raubai (dative singular)
raubamaz (dative plural)
raubō (instrumental singular)
raubamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raub
Old English: rēaf
Middle English: reif, reaf, ræf, ref, reve, raf, ræve, rave, reafe
English: reif, reaf, rief
Scots: reif, rief, reiff, refe, ref
Old Frisian: rāf
Saterland Frisian: Roof
West Frisian: rôf
Old Saxon: *rōf
Middle Low German: rôf
German Low German: Roov
→ Old Swedish: rōf
Swedish: rov
Old Dutch: *rōf
Middle Dutch: rôof
Dutch: roof
Afrikaans: roof
Old High German: roub, roup
Middle High German: roub, roup
Alemannic German: Raub
German: Raub
Luxembourgish: Raf
→ Early Medieval Latin: rauba
Italian: roba
Sicilian: robba
Old French: robe, robbe, reube
Middle French: robe
French: robe
→ Dutch: robe
→ German: Robe
→ Czech: róba
→ Romanian: robă f
→ Turkish: rop
Norman: robe
→ Middle English: robe, roobe, rob, robbe
English: robe
→ Irish: róba
→ Scottish Gaelic: ròb
Scots: robe
Old Occitan:
Catalan: roba
Old Galician-Portuguese: roupa
Galician: roupa
Portuguese: roupa
Old Spanish:
Spanish: ropa
→ Chamicuro: ropa

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to peel; tear; strip”), synchronically analyzed as a nominal derivative of *reufaną (“to tear”).


miuzijō

miuzijō (nominative singular)
miuzijôz (nominative plural)
miuzijō (singular vocative)
miuzijôz (plural vocative)
miuzijǭ (accusative singular)
miuzijōz (accusative plural)
miuzijōz (genitive singular)
miuzijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miuzijōi (dative singular)
miuzijōmaz (dative plural)
miuzijō (instrumental singular)
miuzijōmiz (instrumental plural)
*miusijō (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *miusiju, *miuʀiju

Old English: *mīesiġ, *mȳsiġ

Middle English: misy

English: mizzy

desctree

Old Norse: mýrr
Icelandic: mýri
Faroese: mýri, mýra
Norwegian: myr
→ Danish: myr
Norwegian Bokmål: myr
Old Swedish: mȳr
Swedish: myr
Old Gutnish: myr
→ Middle English: mire, myre
English: mire
Scots: myre, mire

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mews-yeh₂ (“moss, swamp”), equivalent to *meusą + *-jō.


stubbaz

stubbaz (nominative singular)
stubbōz (nominative plural)
stubbōs (nominative plural)
stubb (singular vocative)
stubbōz (plural vocative)
stubbōs (plural vocative)
stubbą (accusative singular)
stubbanz (accusative plural)
stubbas (genitive singular)
stubbis (genitive singular)
stubbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stubbai (dative singular)
stubbamaz (dative plural)
stubbō (instrumental singular)
stubbamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stubb

Old English: stubb; stybb, stebb (< *stubjaz, *stubbijaz?)

Middle English: stubbe

Scots: stub, stob

English: stub

Old Frisian: *steb

⇒ Old Frisian: steblith

Old Norse: stubbr

Icelandic: stubbur

Norn: stubb

Norwegian: stubb

Danish: stub

From an earlier n-stem *stubbô ~ *stubbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-, *(s)tewb⁽ʰ⁾- (“to push; knock; butt”), but the reason for the voiced coda is uncertain. Compare Ancient Greek στύπος (stúpos, “stump”).


stubbô

stubbô (nominative singular)
stubbaniz (nominative plural)
stubbô (singular vocative)
stubbaniz (plural vocative)
stubbanų (accusative singular)
stubbanunz (accusative plural)
stubbiniz (genitive singular)
stubbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stubbini (dative singular)
stubbammaz (dative plural)
stubbinē (instrumental singular)
stubbammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stubbō

Old Frisian: *stebbe (in stebbelith)

Saterland Frisian: Stubbe

West Frisian: stobbe

Old Saxon: *stubbo

Middle Low German: stubbe

desc

German Low German: Stubb, Stubbe, Stubben

→ German: Stubben, Stubbe

Old Dutch: *stubbo

Middle Dutch: stubbe

Dutch: stobbe

Old Norse: stubbi, stobbi

Icelandic: stubbi

Faroese: stubbi

Old Swedish: stubbe, stobbe

Swedish: stubbe

Gutnish: stabbe

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewb- or *(s)tewbʰ- (“to push, knock, butt”), related to the synonymous root *(s)tewp-.


stumpaz

stumpaz (nominative singular)
stumpōz (nominative plural)
stumpōs (nominative plural)
stump (singular vocative)
stumpōz (plural vocative)
stumpōs (plural vocative)
stumpą (accusative singular)
stumpanz (accusative plural)
stumpas (genitive singular)
stumpis (genitive singular)
stumpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stumpai (dative singular)
stumpamaz (dative plural)
stumpō (instrumental singular)
stumpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stump

Old Frisian: *stump

Saterland Frisian: Stump

West Frisian: stomp

Old Saxon: *stump

Middle Low German: stump

German Low German: Stump

→ Middle English: stumpe, stompe

English: stump

Scots: stump, stomp

→ Old Norse: stumpr

Icelandic: stumpur

Norwegian: stump

Old Swedish: stumper, stomper

Swedish: stump

Old Dutch: *stump

Middle Dutch: stomp

Dutch: stomp

Old High German: stumph

Middle High German: stumph, stumpf

German: Stumpf

Luxembourgish: Stomp

Related to *stimbaną (“to stamp, cut off, mutilate”) and *stapjaną (“to step”) and from its same ultimate source.

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs


kattuz

kattuz (nominative singular)
kattiwiz (nominative plural)
kattu (singular vocative)
kattiwiz (plural vocative)
kattų (accusative singular)
kattunz (accusative plural)
kattauz (genitive singular)
kattiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kattiwi (dative singular)
kattumaz (dative plural)
kattū (instrumental singular)
kattumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kattu
Old English: catt
Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kaudes, kauddès (plural)
Old Saxon: katto
Old High German: kazzo
Lombardic: chazze

Old Norse: kǫttr
Faroese: køttur
Icelandic: köttur
Norwegian Nynorsk: katt
Old Swedish: katter
Swedish: katt
Danish: kat
Norwegian Bokmål: katt

Uncertain; possible Wanderwort of obscure ultimate origin. Cognate with and traditionally taken as borrowed from Latin cattus (“cat”); see there for more. Kroonen suggests, on the basis of variable reflexes within Germanic, a derivation through Uralic of Proto-Uralic *käďwä (“female (of a fur animal)”).

der

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


mētō

mētō (nominative singular)
mētôz (nominative plural)
mētō (singular vocative)
mētôz (plural vocative)
mētǭ (accusative singular)
mētōz (accusative plural)
mētōz (genitive singular)
mētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mētōi (dative singular)
mētōmaz (dative plural)
mētō (instrumental singular)
mētōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mātu
Old Frisian: mēte
Saterland Frisian: Mäite
West Frisian: mjitte
Old Saxon: *māta
Middle Low German: mâte, mât
German Low German: Maat n
→ Old Norse: máti m
Faroese: máti m
Norwegian Bokmål: måte m
Norwegian Nynorsk: måte m
Danish: måde c
Old Dutch: *māta
Middle Dutch: mâte
Dutch: maat
Limburgish: maot
Old High German: māza
Middle High German: māz
German: Maß
Hunsrik: Mos
Luxembourgish: Mooss
Yiddish: מאָס (mos)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mëëtto (see there for further descendants)


hraiwą

hraiwą (nominative singular)
hraiwō (nominative plural)
hraiwą (singular vocative)
hraiwō (plural vocative)
hraiwą (accusative singular)
hraiwō (accusative plural)
hraiwas (genitive singular)
hraiwis (genitive singular)
hraiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hraiwai (dative singular)
hraiwamaz (dative plural)
hraiwō (instrumental singular)
hraiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrāw, hrā, hrǣw

Old Frisian: hrē-

Old Saxon: hrēu, hrēo

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: ree

Dutch: reeuw

Old High German: *rēo

Middle High German: rē

Old Norse: hræ

Icelandic: hræ

Faroese: ræ

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍉 (hraiwadubō, “turtle-dove”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *räivä (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Proto-Germanic *krow-yóm (by metathesis), derived from Proto-Indo-European *kréwh₂s (“blood (outside of the body)”), root noun of Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.


wēgaz

wēgaz (nominative singular)
wēgōz (nominative plural)
wēgōs (nominative plural)
wēg (singular vocative)
wēgōz (plural vocative)
wēgōs (plural vocative)
wēgą (accusative singular)
wēganz (accusative plural)
wēgas (genitive singular)
wēgis (genitive singular)
wēgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēgai (dative singular)
wēgamaz (dative plural)
wēgō (instrumental singular)
wēgamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wāg
Old English: wǣġ
Middle English: waghe, wawe
English: waw
Scots: waw
Old Frisian: weg
North Frisian: weage, waag
West Frisian: weach
Old Saxon: wāg
Middle Low German: wāch m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)
→ Middle High German: wāge (northern)
German: Woge
→ Old Swedish: vāgh
Swedish: våg
→ Danish: vove
→ Smalandian: våj
→ Helsingian: våga
Old Dutch: *wāg
Middle Dutch: wâech m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)
Dutch: waag f
Old High German: wāg
Middle High German: wāc

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᚷᚨᛉ (*wagaʀ)

Old Norse: vágr
Icelandic: vogur
Faroese: vágur, vág
Norwegian Bokmål: våg
Norwegian Nynorsk: våg
Old Swedish: vāgher
Swedish: våg
Danish: våg
→ Old French: vague
Middle French:
French: vague

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaagas (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍃 (wēgs)

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵhe- (“to drag, carry”), from *weǵʰ- (“to transport, bring”). See also *weganą (“to move”).


miurijǭ

miurijǭ (nominative singular)
miurijōniz (nominative plural)
miurijǭ (singular vocative)
miurijōniz (plural vocative)
miurijōnų (accusative singular)
miurijōnunz (accusative plural)
miurijōniz (genitive singular)
miurijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miurijōni (dative singular)
miurijōmaz (dative plural)
miurijōnē (instrumental singular)
miurijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *miurijā
Old English: *mīere, *mȳre
Middle English: mire
English: mire
⇒ English: antmire
⇒ Middle English: pissemyre
English: pismire
Old Saxon: miuria
Middle Low German: miere (possibly a loan from Dutch)
German Low German: Miere
Old Dutch: *miura
Middle Dutch: miere
Dutch: mier

Old Norse: *mýra

Old Swedish: mȳra

Swedish: myra

Danish: myre

Crimean Gothic: miera

→ Proto-Finnic: *muurahainën (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from the same source as *mauraz.


skankô

skankô (nominative singular)
skankaniz (nominative plural)
skankô (singular vocative)
skankaniz (plural vocative)
skankanų (accusative singular)
skankanunz (accusative plural)
skankiniz (genitive singular)
skankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skankini (dative singular)
skankammaz (dative plural)
skankinē (instrumental singular)
skankammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skankō
Old English: sċanca, sċeanca, sċeonca
Middle English: schanke, sconke, sceonke, schonke, shanke
English: shank
Scots: schank, schanck
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: skonk
Old Saxon: *skenka
Middle Low German: schenke
Dutch Low Saxon: schenke
Old Dutch: *skenko
Middle Dutch: schencke

Old Norse: skakki

Norwegian: skonk (dialectal)

Swedish: skank

Danish: skank

/ˈskɑŋ.kɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (“to limp; be crooked; slant”).


skarō

skarō (nominative singular)
skarôz (nominative plural)
skarō (singular vocative)
skarôz (plural vocative)
skarǭ (accusative singular)
skarōz (accusative plural)
skarōz (genitive singular)
skarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skarōi (dative singular)
skarōmaz (dative plural)
skarō (instrumental singular)
skarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaru

Old English: sċaru, sċearu; sċyru

Middle English: schare, schere

Scots: schare

English: share

Old Frisian: skare, skere, schere (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: Skoar

West Frisian: skare

Old Saxon: scara

Middle Low German: schāre

German Low German: Schaar

→ Old Norse: skari

Danish: skare

Icelandic: skari

Old Dutch: skara

Middle Dutch: schare, schaer

Dutch: schare, schaar

Afrikaans: skare, skaar

desc

→ Old French: scare, esquiere, eskiele, eschele; escalguaite, escalgaite, eschaugaite (< *skaruwahtu)

Middle French: escarguaite

French: échauguette

→ Middle English: eschele

English: eschel

→ Italian: schiera

Old High German: skara

Middle High German: schar

German: Schar

Old Norse: skǫr

Icelandic: skor

Swedish: skara

Danish: skare

Norwegian Nynorsk: skare

Vandalic: *skar-

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)koréh₂, from the root *(s)ker- (“to part; split; cut off; sever; divide”).


harmaz

harmaz (nominative singular)
harmōz (nominative plural)
harmōs (nominative plural)
harm (singular vocative)
harmōz (plural vocative)
harmōs (plural vocative)
harmą (accusative singular)
harmanz (accusative plural)
harmas (genitive singular)
harmis (genitive singular)
harmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harmai (dative singular)
harmamaz (dative plural)
harmō (instrumental singular)
harmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harm
Old English: hearm
Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
English: harm
Scots: herm, hairm
Yola: harrm
Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)
Old Saxon: harm
Middle Low German: harm, herm
Old Dutch: harm
Middle Dutch: harm
Dutch: harm
Old High German: harm, haram
Middle High German: harm
German: Harm

Old Norse: harmr

Icelandic: harmur

(Faroese: harmligur)

Norwegian Bokmål: harme

Norwegian Nynorsk: harm

Old Swedish: harmber

Swedish: harm

→ Finnish: harmi

Danish: harme

Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.


skaljō

skaljō (nominative singular)
skaljôz (nominative plural)
skaljō (singular vocative)
skaljôz (plural vocative)
skaljǭ (accusative singular)
skaljōz (accusative plural)
skaljōz (genitive singular)
skaljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaljōi (dative singular)
skaljōmaz (dative plural)
skaljō (instrumental singular)
skaljōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skallju
Old English: sċiell, sċiel, sċyll, sċyl, sċill, sċil, sċell, sċel
Middle English: schelle
English: shell
Scots: schel, schell
Old Frisian: *skell, *skill
Saterland Frisian: Skeele, Skiele
West Frisian: skyl
Old Saxon: *skellia
Middle Low German: schelle, schille
German Low German: Schille, Schill
→ German: Schellfisch (compound)
Old Dutch: *skella
Middle Dutch: scelle, scille, schelle
Dutch: schil, schel
Afrikaans: skel, skil
Negerhollands: skel
→ Middle English: schelle, schele, shelle, scille (“scale, outer layer, surface chip”)
Old High German: *skella
Middle High German: schelle (Central German)
→ Friulian: scae
→ Old French: escaille, eschaille, escalle
Middle French: escaille, eschaille, esquaille, escalle
French: écaille
→ Middle English: shelle, schelle, scele (“vessel, dish, drinking vessel”)
→ Italian: scaglia
→ Piedmontese: scaja
→ Venetan: scaja

Old Norse: skel
Icelandic: skel
Faroese: skel
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjel
Danish: skæl n
Norwegian Bokmål: skjell

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skalja)

→ Proto-Samic: *(s)kālčō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *skolH-yeh₂, from *(s)kelH- (“to split, part, divide”).


metaþs

metaþs (nominative singular)
metaþiz (nominative plural)
metaþ (singular vocative)
metaþiz (plural vocative)
metaþų (accusative singular)
metaþunz (accusative plural)
metadiz (genitive singular)
metadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
metadi (dative singular)
metadumaz (dative plural)
metadē (instrumental singular)
metadumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (mitaþs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mitta (see there for further descendants)

From pre-Germanic *medéts, oblique *medot-, a t-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”).


þeutǭ

þeutǭ (nominative singular)
þeutōniz (nominative plural)
þeutǭ (singular vocative)
þeutōniz (plural vocative)
þeutōnų (accusative singular)
þeutōnunz (accusative plural)
þeutōniz (genitive singular)
þeutōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeutōni (dative singular)
þeutōmaz (dative plural)
þeutōnē (instrumental singular)
þeutōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeutā
Old English: þēote
Middle English: theote
Old Frisian: *thiāte, *thūte
Saterland Frisian: Tütjen, Tüütjen (possibly borrowed)
West Frisian: tute, tút (possibly borrowed)
Old Saxon: *thiota, *thūta
Middle Low German: tûte
German Low German: Tute, Tuut
→ German: Tüte
→ Danish: tud
→ Swedish: tut
Old Dutch: *thūta
Middle Dutch: tūte
Dutch: tuit
Old High German: *thioza, *dioza (in compounds: watardioza)
→ Vulgar Latin: *tūta
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tūtellus (see there for further descendants)

/ˈθeu̯.tɔ̃ː/

From *þeutaną (“to sound, howl, roar”), from Proto-Indo-European *tu-, *tutu- (“bird-cry, shriek”).

That which causes a whirring, whistling, roaring, or rushing sound


turzdaz

turzdaz (nominative singular)
turzdōz (nominative plural)
turzdōs (nominative plural)
turzd (singular vocative)
turzdōz (plural vocative)
turzdōs (plural vocative)
turzdą (accusative singular)
turzdanz (accusative plural)
turzdas (genitive singular)
turzdis (genitive singular)
turzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turzdai (dative singular)
turzdamaz (dative plural)
turzdō (instrumental singular)
turzdamiz (instrumental plural)

Seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *dr̥s-dʰh₁-os, from a root *ders- (“to excrete”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”). Compare Latvian dìrst (“to shit”). The root *ders-, apparently only attested in Baltic and Germanic, may be an extension of the root *der- (“to split, tear”); see also *teraną (“to tear, snatch”).

alternative reconstruction of *turdą (“excrement”)


hindiz

hindiz (nominative singular)
hindīz (nominative plural)
hindi (singular vocative)
hindīz (plural vocative)
hindį (accusative singular)
hindinz (accusative plural)
hindīz (genitive singular)
hindijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hindī (dative singular)
hindimaz (dative plural)
hindī (instrumental singular)
hindimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hindi
Old English: hind
Middle English: hind, hinde, hynde
Scots: hynde, hynd, hind
English: hind
Old Frisian: *hind
West Frisian: hine
Old Saxon: *hind
Middle Low German: hinde
Old Dutch: *hind
Middle Dutch: hinde
Dutch: hinde
Old High German: hinta, hinna
Middle High German: hinte, hinde
German: Hinde

Old Norse: hind

Icelandic: hind

Faroese: hind

Norwegian: hind

Old Swedish: hind

Swedish: hind

Danish: hind

Gutnish: hinna

From earlier *hemdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“hornless”), as does generally do not have antlers or horns. Cognate with Ancient Greek κεμάς (kemás, “young deer, pricket”), Sanskrit शम (śáma, “hornless”).


skurdiz

skurdiz (nominative singular)
skurdīz (nominative plural)
skurdi (singular vocative)
skurdīz (plural vocative)
skurdį (accusative singular)
skurdinz (accusative plural)
skurdīz (genitive singular)
skurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skurdī (dative singular)
skurdimaz (dative plural)
skurdī (instrumental singular)
skurdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: skerd m

West Frisian: schird

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: Schöör, Schöört

Old High German: scurt f

Old Norse: skurðr m

Icelandic: skurður

Faroese: skurður (in skurðmynd, skurðviðgerð)

Norwegian Bokmål: skurd m, skur m

Old Swedish: skyrþ f

Swedish: skörd

From pre-Germanic *(s)kr̥(H)tís, from *skeraną + *-þiz.


staigō

staigō (nominative singular)
staigôz (nominative plural)
staigō (singular vocative)
staigôz (plural vocative)
staigǭ (accusative singular)
staigōz (accusative plural)
staigōz (genitive singular)
staigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staigōi (dative singular)
staigōmaz (dative plural)
staigō (instrumental singular)
staigōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

>? Old Dutch: *steiga, steyga

Old High German: steiga

Middle High German: steige

Cimbrian: staige

German: Steige

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: steig (placenames)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰 (staiga)

/ˈstɑi̯.ɣɔː/

From Proto-Indo-European *stóygʰos (“path; climb; ascent”).


fahtiz

fahtiz (nominative singular)
fahtīz (nominative plural)
fahti (singular vocative)
fahtīz (plural vocative)
fahtį (accusative singular)
fahtinz (accusative plural)
fahtīz (genitive singular)
fahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fahtī (dative singular)
fahtimaz (dative plural)
fahtī (instrumental singular)
fahtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: feht m

(Old Frisian: fecht m)?

Old Dutch: *faht

Middle Dutch: vacht

Dutch: vacht

Afrikaans: vag

Old Norse: *fátt, *fætt

Old Swedish: fǣtter m

Swedish: fätt (dialectal)


hweulō

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷekʷléh₂ (“wheels”), collective of *kʷékʷlos (“wheel”).

nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *hwehwlą


smultą

smultą (nominative singular)
smultō (nominative plural)
smultą (singular vocative)
smultō (plural vocative)
smultą (accusative singular)
smultō (accusative plural)
smultas (genitive singular)
smultis (genitive singular)
smultǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smultai (dative singular)
smultamaz (dative plural)
smultō (instrumental singular)
smultamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smolt

Old Norse: smolt

Icelandic: smolt

Norwegian: smolt

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *smalt
Old Dutch: *smalt
Middle Dutch: smout
Dutch: smout
Old High German: smalz
Middle High German: smalz
Cimbrian: smaltz
German: Schmalz
Hunsrik: Schmals
Luxembourgish: Schmalz
Yiddish: שמאַלץ (shmalts)
→ Dutch: schmalz, sjmalts
→ English: schmaltz
→ Ladin: smauz
→ Old Polish: smalec
Polish: smalec, szmalec
→ Belarusian: шма́лец (šmáljec)
→ Old Ruthenian: сма́лецъ (smálecʹ)
Belarusian: сма́лец (smáljec), сма́ляц (smáljac), сма́лець (smáljecʹ)
Ukrainian: сма́лець (smálecʹ)
→ Russian: сма́лец (smálec)
→ Medieval Latin: smaltum (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Samic: *multtē (“soap”) (see there for further descendants)

Adjectival ablaut formation from *smeltaną (“melt”).


parrikaz

Old Saxon: *perrik

Middle Low German: perk

Old Dutch: *perrik, perk (in placenames)

desc

Middle Dutch: perrik, perric, perck, perc

Dutch: perk

Old High German: pferrih

Middle High German: pferrich, pherrich

Alemannic German: Färrich

German: Pferch


þustaz

þustaz (nominative singular)
þustōz (nominative plural)
þustōs (nominative plural)
þust (singular vocative)
þustōz (plural vocative)
þustōs (plural vocative)
þustą (accusative singular)
þustanz (accusative plural)
þustas (genitive singular)
þustis (genitive singular)
þustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þustai (dative singular)
þustamaz (dative plural)
þustō (instrumental singular)
þustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þost

Old English: þost

Middle English: þost, thost

English: thost

Old Dutch: *thost

Middle Dutch: dost

Old High German: dost

Middle High German: dost

From Proto-Indo-European *tews- (“to clear; empty; drain”).


tugiz

tugiz (nominative singular)
tugīz (nominative plural)
tugi (singular vocative)
tugīz (plural vocative)
tugį (accusative singular)
tuginz (accusative plural)
tugīz (genitive singular)
tugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tugī (dative singular)
tugimaz (dative plural)
tugī (instrumental singular)
tugimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tugi
Old English: tyġe
Middle English: tige
Yola: ty
Old Saxon: *tugi
Middle Low German: toge, toch
Low German: Tog
→ Danish: tog
→ Faroese: tok
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tog
→ Swedish: tåg
Old Dutch: *tugi
Middle Dutch: tuege
Dutch: teug
Afrikaans: teug
Old High German: zug, zuc
Middle High German: zuc, zug
Central Franconian: Zoch
→ German: Zoch
Hunsrik: Zugh
Luxembourgish: Zoch
German: Zug
→ Luxembourgish: Zuch
→ Polish: cug
→ Silesian: cug
Vilamovian: cug
Yiddish: צוג (tsug)

An action noun derived from *teuhaną (“to pull, tug”).

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


lugiz

lugiz (nominative singular)
lugīz (nominative plural)
lugi (singular vocative)
lugīz (plural vocative)
lugį (accusative singular)
luginz (accusative plural)
lugīz (genitive singular)
lugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lugī (dative singular)
lugimaz (dative plural)
lugī (instrumental singular)
lugimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lyġe

Middle English: leghe, leye

English: lie

Old High German: lug

Middle High German: luc

German: Lug

A deverbal noun derived from *leuganą (“to lie”).


luziz

luziz (nominative singular)
luzīz (nominative plural)
luzi (singular vocative)
luzīz (plural vocative)
luzį (accusative singular)
luzinz (accusative plural)
luzīz (genitive singular)
luzjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luzī (dative singular)
luzimaz (dative plural)
luzī (instrumental singular)
luzimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lyre

Old Dutch: *luri

Middle Dutch: lore, luere

Dutch: teleur, teloor


swikiz

swikiz (nominative singular)
swikīz (nominative plural)
swiki (singular vocative)
swikīz (plural vocative)
swikį (accusative singular)
swikinz (accusative plural)
swikīz (genitive singular)
swikjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swikī (dative singular)
swikimaz (dative plural)
swikī (instrumental singular)
swikimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swiċe


drankiz

drankiz (nominative singular)
drankīz (nominative plural)
dranki (singular vocative)
drankīz (plural vocative)
drankį (accusative singular)
drankinz (accusative plural)
drankīz (genitive singular)
drankijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drankī (dative singular)
drankimaz (dative plural)
drankī (instrumental singular)
drankimiz (instrumental plural)
*drankaz (alternative)
*drankuz (alternative)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *dranku, *dranki, *drank

desctree

Old English: drenċ, drænċ
Middle English: drænc, drenke, drench
English: drench
Scots: drenk

Old Frisian: drank, dronk

Saterland Frisian: Dronk

West Frisian: drank

Old Saxon: drank

Middle Low German: drank

German Low German: Drank

Old Dutch: *drank, dranc

Middle Dutch: dranc

Dutch: drank
Afrikaans: drank
Negerhollands: drink

Limburgish: drank

Old High German: trank, tranch

Middle High German: tranc

German: Trank

⇒ Middle High German: getrenke

Cimbrian: gatrànkh

German: Getränk

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌺 n (draggk)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to pull; draw; sip”).


drangijaz

drangijaz (nominative singular)
drangijōz (nominative plural)
drangijōs (nominative plural)
drangī (singular vocative)
drangijōz (plural vocative)
drangijōs (plural vocative)
drangiją (accusative singular)
drangijanz (accusative plural)
drangijas (genitive singular)
drangīs (genitive singular)
drangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drangijai (dative singular)
drangijamaz (dative plural)
drangijō (instrumental singular)
drangijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drangī

desctree

Old English: dreng, drench
Middle English: dreng, dranch, dring, dringch, ðring
→ Medieval Latin: drengus
→ English: dreng, drenge
>? Scots: dring

Old Frisian: *dreng

North Frisian: dräng, dring (possibly borrowed from Danish)

Old Norse: drengr
Icelandic: drengur
Faroese: drongur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dreng; (dialectal) draing
Norwegian Bokmål: dreng
Old Swedish: drænger
Swedish: dräng
→ Northern Sami: reaŋga
→ Finnish: renki
Danish: dreng
→ North Frisian: dräng, dring

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrengʰ- (“to hold, fasten”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *drǫgъ (“bar, pole”), Proto-Celtic *dringeti (“to climb”), and perhaps Sanskrit दृंह् (dṛṃh, “to fasten, make firm”).


þiljǭ

þiljǭ (nominative singular)
þiljōniz (nominative plural)
þiljǭ (singular vocative)
þiljōniz (plural vocative)
þiljōnų (accusative singular)
þiljōnunz (accusative plural)
þiljōniz (genitive singular)
þiljōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiljōni (dative singular)
þiljōmaz (dative plural)
þiljōnē (instrumental singular)
þiljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þilljā

desctree

Old English: þille
Middle English: thylle, thille, thill, þyl, thil
English: thill
Scots: thill

Old Frisian: thille, tile

North Frisian: tel

Saterland Frisian: Toal

West Frisian: telle

Old Saxon: thili

Middle Low German: dēle

German Low German: Deel

→ Middle English: dele, dyle
English: deal
Scots: deal

Old Dutch: *thili

Middle Dutch: dele, deel

Dutch: deel
Afrikaans: deel
Negerhollands: deel
→ West Frisian: dealje

Limburgish: deil

Old High German: dilla

Middle High German: dille, tille

Cimbrian: dilla

German: Diele

Luxembourgish: Dill

Old Norse: þilja

Icelandic: þilja

Faroese: tilja

Norwegian: tilje

Swedish: tilja

Danish: tilje

→ Proto-Finnic: *tëljo (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *tiljā (see there for further descendants)

Nominal formation related to *þelą (“floor; deal (of plank)”).


þelą

þelą (nominative singular)
þelō (nominative plural)
þelą (singular vocative)
þelō (plural vocative)
þelą (accusative singular)
þelō (accusative plural)
þelas (genitive singular)
þilis (genitive singular)
þelǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þelai (dative singular)
þelamaz (dative plural)
þelō (instrumental singular)
þelamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þel n

Middle English: thele

English: theal (dialectal)

(Old Saxon: thili f)

(Old Dutch: *thili)

Old High German: dil m; dili n; dilo m

Middle High German: dil, til

Old Norse: þel n; þili n; þeli n

Old Swedish: þiæl

→ Finnish: teli

→ Proto-Samic: *tielō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tëla (see there for further descendants)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂-o-s, from *telh₂- (“flat surface, ground; board, plank”). Compare Proto-Slavic *tьlò (“ground, bottom”), Sanskrit तल (tála, “surface, sloor”), Latin tellūs (“earth; world”), Old Irish talam (“earth, dry land”).


unwitô

unwitô (nominative singular)
unwitaniz (nominative plural)
unwitô (singular vocative)
unwitaniz (plural vocative)
unwitanų (accusative singular)
unwitanunz (accusative plural)
unwitiniz (genitive singular)
unwitanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unwitini (dative singular)
unwitammaz (dative plural)
unwitinē (instrumental singular)
unwitammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: unwita

Old High German: unwizzo

Old Norse: úviti, óviti

Faroese: óviti

Icelandic: óviti

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰 (unwita)

foolish or ignorant person, idiot; one who knows not


gelstrą

gelstrą (nominative singular)
gelstrō (nominative plural)
gelstrą (singular vocative)
gelstrō (plural vocative)
gelstrą (accusative singular)
gelstrō (accusative plural)
gelstras (genitive singular)
gilstris (genitive singular)
gelstrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gelstrai (dative singular)
gelstramaz (dative plural)
gelstrō (instrumental singular)
gelstramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gelstr
Old High German: gelstar
⇒ Middle High German: gelsterkorn

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂 (gilstr)

tax, tribute, offering; that which is paid, given as payment


wrandijô

wrandijô (nominative singular)
wrandijaniz (nominative plural)
wrandijô (singular vocative)
wrandijaniz (plural vocative)
wrandijanų (accusative singular)
wrandijanunz (accusative plural)
wrandijiniz (genitive singular)
wrandijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrandijini (dative singular)
wrandijammaz (dative plural)
wrandijinē (instrumental singular)
wrandijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrandijō

desc

Old English: wrænna, wrenna, werna, wærna; wrenne f

Middle English: wrenne, wranne

English: wren

Scots: wran

Old High German: *renteo, rento

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *wrandilō

Old Saxon: wrėndilo

Old High German: rentilo

>? Old Norse: *vrendi, *vrindi

gl

⇒ Old Norse: *vrindill, rindill (alternatively, borrowed from Old Saxon)

Icelandic: rindill

Norwegian: rennel, rinnel, rynnel

Danish: rindel

Unknown. Compare Old Irish dreän, Welsh dryw.


wōkraz

wōkraz (nominative singular)
wōkrōz (nominative plural)
wōkrōs (nominative plural)
wōkr (singular vocative)
wōkrōz (plural vocative)
wōkrōs (plural vocative)
wōkrą (accusative singular)
wōkranz (accusative plural)
wōkras (genitive singular)
wōkris (genitive singular)
wōkrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wōkrai (dative singular)
wōkramaz (dative plural)
wōkrō (instrumental singular)
wōkramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wōkr
Old English: wōcor f
Old Frisian: wōker m or n
Saterland Frisian: Wouker
West Frisian: woeker
Old Saxon: *wōkar
Middle Low German: wôker, wûker
German Low German: Woker
Old Dutch: wuoker
Middle Dutch: woeker
Dutch: woeker
Afrikaans: woeker
Old High German: wuohhar, wuochar m or n
Middle High German: wuocher
German: Wucher
→ German Low German: Wucher
→ Saterland Frisian: Wucher
Yiddish: וואָכער (vokher)

i

Old Norse: ókr, okr n (also possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: ókur, okur

Old Swedish: oker, uker

Swedish: ocker

Danish: åger

→ Norwegian: åger

→ Middle English: oker

Scots: ocker

English: oker, ocker

Gothic: 𐍅𐍉𐌺𐍂𐍃 m (wōkrs)

→ Finnish: vuokra

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg- (“to add; increase”).


ōbō

ōbō (nominative singular)
ōbôz (nominative plural)
ōbō (singular vocative)
ōbôz (plural vocative)
ōbǭ (accusative singular)
ōbōz (accusative plural)
ōbōz (genitive singular)
ōbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ōbōi (dative singular)
ōbōmaz (dative plural)
ōbō (instrumental singular)
ōbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: uoba

The functional o-grade, ō-stem deverbal noun from the lost strong verb *afaną. For the formation, compare *fōrō, *grōbō.

(West Germanic) doing, performing, practicing


slagjǭ

slagjǭ (nominative singular)
slagjōniz (nominative plural)
slagjǭ (singular vocative)
slagjōniz (plural vocative)
slagjōnų (accusative singular)
slagjōnunz (accusative plural)
slagjōniz (genitive singular)
slagjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slagjōni (dative singular)
slagjōmaz (dative plural)
slagjōnē (instrumental singular)
slagjōmiz (instrumental plural)
*slagjō (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *slaggjā, *slaggju

Old English: sleċġ (< *slaggju < *slagjō)

Middle English: slegge

Scots: sleg, sledge

English: sledge

Old Saxon: *slaggia, *slaggea

Middle Low German: slage, slagen

Old Dutch: *slegga

Middle Dutch: slegge

Dutch: slegge, sleg

Old High German: slegil

Old Norse: sleggja

Icelandic: sleggja

Norwegian: sleggje, slegge

Old Swedish: slæggia

Swedish: slägga

→ Finnish: leka

Danish: slægge

/ˈslɑɣ.jɔ̃ː/

From the root of *slahaną + *-jǭ, perhaps onomatopoeic late Proto-Indo-European *slak- (“to hit, strike”).

slēgel

Proto-West Germanic: *slagil; Middle Low German


risiz

risiz (nominative singular)
risīz (nominative plural)
risi (singular vocative)
risīz (plural vocative)
risį (accusative singular)
risinz (accusative plural)
risīz (genitive singular)
risjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
risī (dative singular)
risimaz (dative plural)
risī (instrumental singular)
risimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *risi, *wrisi
Old Frisian: *rise
Saterland Frisian: Riese
West Frisian: reis
Old Saxon: *risi, *wrisi
Middle Low German: rêse
German Low German:
Bentheimisch: Ries
Westmünsterländisch: Riese
⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīk (“giant”, adjective)
⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīko (“gigantic”, adverb)
Old Dutch: *risi
Middle Dutch: rêse, rôse, ruese
Dutch: reus
Afrikaans: reus
→ West Frisian: reus
Old High German: risi
Middle High German: rise
German: Riese
Luxembourgish: Ris

Old Norse: risi
Icelandic: risi
Faroese: risi
Norwegian: rise
Old Swedish: rise
Swedish: rese
Danish: rise

Unknown. Possibly a zero-grade derivative of *rīsaną (“to scale, rise”).
On the basis of Old Dutch wrisil (“hero”) and Old Saxon wrisilīk (“gigantic”), this form is sometimes reconstructed as *wrisi-, and then either from Proto-Indo-European *wreyh₁- (thus related to Ancient Greek ῥίον (rhíon, “peak, summit”), and perhaps Tocharian A ri, Tocharian B rye (“city, town”), Thracian βρία (bría, “city, wall”)), or from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“hill, top”) (perhaps whence Latin verrūca (“wart; hillock”), Sanskrit वर्स्मन् (vársman, “height, top”), Proto-Slavic *vьrxъ (“top”)). However, this derivation is problematic as there is no sign of an initial cluster wr- in any of the descendants that otherwise preserve it (northern West Germanic and Old East Norse).


wristuz

wristuz (nominative singular)
wristiwiz (nominative plural)
wristu (singular vocative)
wristiwiz (plural vocative)
wristų (accusative singular)
wristunz (accusative plural)
wristauz (genitive singular)
wristiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wristiwi (dative singular)
wristumaz (dative plural)
wristū (instrumental singular)
wristumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wrist, wyrst
Middle English: wrist, wryst, wryste, wriste, wyrste, wirste, virste, wrest, wreste, wrost
English: wrist
Scots: wrist
Yola: wrasth, wraste
→ Irish: rosta (from the alternative form wrost)

Old Frisian: wrist, wirst

North Frisian: wråst

Old Saxon: *wrist

Middle Low German: wrist

German Low German: Wrist

Old Dutch: *wrist

Middle Dutch: wrist, wrest

Old High German: wrist, rist

Middle High German: rist; riste

German: Rist

Old Norse: rist, vrist
Icelandic: rist
Norn: rist
Old Swedish: vrist
Swedish: vrist
Danish: vrist

Nominal formation related to *wrīþaną (“to weave, twist”).


fangą

fangą (nominative singular)
fangō (nominative plural)
fangą (singular vocative)
fangō (plural vocative)
fangą (accusative singular)
fangō (accusative plural)
fangas (genitive singular)
fangis (genitive singular)
fangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fangai (dative singular)
fangamaz (dative plural)
fangō (instrumental singular)
fangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fang m

desc

>? Middle English: fang (possibly from Old Norse or reformed from the verb)

English: fang

Scots: fang

Old Norse: fang

Icelandic: fang

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌷 (*fāh), 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷 (gafāh) (with analogical leveling from 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (gafahan))

→? Proto-Finnic: *panka (see there for further descendants)


kuzą

kuzą (nominative singular)
kuzō (nominative plural)
kuzą (singular vocative)
kuzō (plural vocative)
kuzą (accusative singular)
kuzō (accusative plural)
kuzas (genitive singular)
kuzis (genitive singular)
kuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuzai (dative singular)
kuzamaz (dative plural)
kuzō (instrumental singular)
kuzamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *koʀ
Old English: *cor
Middle English: cor, core
⇒ Old English: ġecor
Old Frisian: kor
>? West Frisian: kar

Old Norse:

East Old Norse: *koʀ

West Old Norse: kør
Icelandic: kjör
Faroese: kor
Norwegian Nynorsk: kòr, kår
Swedish: kor
Danish: kår
Norwegian Bokmål: kår

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to taste; choose”).


halbiz

halbiz (nominative singular)
halbīz (nominative plural)
halbi (singular vocative)
halbīz (plural vocative)
halbį (accusative singular)
halbinz (accusative plural)
halbīz (genitive singular)
halbijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halbī (dative singular)
halbimaz (dative plural)
halbī (instrumental singular)
halbimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *halbi

Old Dutch: *helvi

Middle Dutch: helve

Old High German: halb, helb

Middle High German: halp, help

German: Helb

Mòcheno: helb

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to cut”).


laiwarikǭ

laiwarikǭ (nominative singular)
laiwarikōniz (nominative plural)
laiwarikǭ (singular vocative)
laiwarikōniz (plural vocative)
laiwarikōnų (accusative singular)
laiwarikōnunz (accusative plural)
laiwarikōniz (genitive singular)
laiwarikōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laiwarikōni (dative singular)
laiwarikōmaz (dative plural)
laiwarikōnē (instrumental singular)
laiwarikōmiz (instrumental plural)
*laiwazikǭ (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laiwarikā, *laiwaʀikā
Old English: lāwerce, lǣwerce, lāwriċe, lāferċe
Middle English: larke, laverche, laveroc, laverke, laverock, leverock, lerke, livroche, laverok
English: lark, laverock, lavrock
Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok
Yola: lereke, lerock
Old Frisian: *lēwerke, *lēwertze, *lertze
North Frisian: lāsk (<? *laiwaʀikā)
Saterland Frisian: Läiverke, Leeuwerke (Skäddel)
West Frisian: ljurk, lartse, larts, lerts, ljurts
Old Saxon: lēwerka
Middle Low German: lêwerike, lêwerke, lêrke
German Low German: Leverke, Leverk
Old Dutch: *leiwerka, *lēwerka
Middle Dutch: lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick
Dutch: leeuwerik
⇒ Afrikaans: lewerkie
→ West Frisian: ljurk
Old High German: lērihha
Middle High German: lērche, lërche, lērhe
German: Lerche
Luxembourgish: Léierchen
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: *laverca (← Suevic *lawerka or Visigothic *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉 (*laiwarkō))
Galician: laverca
Portuguese: laverca

Old Norse: lævirki m

Icelandic: lævirki

Faroese: lerkur (< Danish ?)

Norwegian: lerke

Old Swedish: lærikia

Swedish: lärka

Danish: lærke

Perhaps from earlier *laiwazikǭ, a diminutive of *laiwaz (“lark”). Further origin uncertain.
According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alawda (“skylark”); compare Latin alauda (“lark”).


maisǭ

maisǭ (nominative singular)
maisōniz (nominative plural)
maisǭ (singular vocative)
maisōniz (plural vocative)
maisōnų (accusative singular)
maisōnunz (accusative plural)
maisōniz (genitive singular)
maisōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maisōni (dative singular)
maisōmaz (dative plural)
maisōnē (instrumental singular)
maisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maisā
Old English: māse
Middle English: mose
⇒ Middle English: titmose
English: titmouse
Old Frisian: *māse, *mēse
⇒ Old Frisian: *mēske (diminutive)
Saterland Frisian: Meeske
West Frisian: mieske
Old Saxon: mēsa
Middle Low German: mêse, meise
Dutch Low Saxon: meesje
German Low German: Meesch
Altmärkisch, Low Prussian: Mêsk
Dortmunisch: Mêəseken
Low Prussian: Mêske, Möske, Mösk
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: Mêse
East Westphalian (Lippisch), Westmünsterländisch: Meese
East Westphalian (Wedemarkisch): Meise
→ Norwegian: meis
→ Swedish: mes
→ Danish: mejse
Old Dutch: *mēsa
Middle Dutch: mêse
Dutch: mees
Old High German: meisa
Middle High German: meise
Bavarian: Meisn
German: Meise
Luxembourgish: Mees

/ˈmɑi̯.sɔ̃ː/

Unknown; compared to Proto-Celtic *mesal-(s)kā (“blackbird”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂mes-l- (Latin merula). Or, possibly related to Norwegian Nynorsk meis (“weak”) and Flemish mijzen (“shatter”), possibly related to Proto-Germanic *maisa- (“small”), or possibly related to Dutch miezerig (“small, measly”).

Old French: mesenge

→ Medieval Latin: misinga, mesenga, masance, *mesengra [10th c.] (possibly < Old Norse meisingr)


kwastuz

kwastuz (nominative singular)
kwastiwiz (nominative plural)
kwastu (singular vocative)
kwastiwiz (plural vocative)
kwastų (accusative singular)
kwastunz (accusative plural)
kwastauz (genitive singular)
kwastiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwastiwi (dative singular)
kwastumaz (dative plural)
kwastū (instrumental singular)
kwastumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *kwast

Saterland Frisian: Kwast

West Frisian: kwast

Old Saxon: *kwast

Middle Low German: quast, quest

German Low German: Quast

Old Dutch: *kwast

Middle Dutch: quast

Dutch: kwast

Afrikaans: kwas

desc

Old High German: *quast, *quasta, questa

Middle High German: quast, quaste, queste, koste, kost

German: Queste, Quaste, Quest

Old Norse: *kvǫstr; (kvistr)

(Icelandic: kvistur)

(Faroese: kvistur)

(Norwegian Bokmål: kvist)

(Norwegian Nynorsk: kvist)

Old Swedish: kvaster, koster

Swedish: kvast; (kvist)

Danish: kvast, kost; (kvist)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kost

(→ Middle English: quist; (twist))

(Scots: twist)

(English: twist)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gwosdos (“piece of wood”), which seems like a nominal derivative from a root *gʷes- (“twig; leafwork”). Compare Proto-Celtic *buzdos (“tail, penis”) (whence Middle Irish bot (“tail, penis”), Welsh both (“hub, nave”)), Albanian gjeth (“leaf, foliage”), Proto-Slavic *gvozdь (“nail, tack, peg”).


grindiz

grindiz (nominative singular)
grindīz (nominative plural)
grindi (singular vocative)
grindīz (plural vocative)
grindį (accusative singular)
grindinz (accusative plural)
grindīz (genitive singular)
grindijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grindī (dative singular)
grindimaz (dative plural)
grindī (instrumental singular)
grindimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grindil
Old English: grindel
Old Saxon: grindil, grendil
Middle Low German: grindel, grendel
German Low German: Grendel, Grinnel, Grennel
Old Dutch: grindel
Middle Dutch: grindel, grendel
Dutch: grendel
Afrikaans: grendel
→ Caribbean Javanese: grèndhèl
→ Indonesian: gerendel
→ Javanese: ꦒꦿꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦭ꧀ (grèndhèl), grendel
→ Papiamentu: rèndu, grendel, grender
Old High German: grintil, crintil, grindil, krindil
Middle High German: grintel, grindel, grendel
German: Grindel

Old Norse: grind

Icelandic: grind

Faroese: grind

Old Swedish: grind

Swedish: grind

→ Scots: grind (Shetland, Orkney)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰréndʰ-is, from *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”).


kuntǭ

kuntǭ (nominative singular)
kuntōniz (nominative plural)
kuntǭ (singular vocative)
kuntōniz (plural vocative)
kuntōnų (accusative singular)
kuntōnunz (accusative plural)
kuntōniz (genitive singular)
kuntōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuntōni (dative singular)
kuntōmaz (dative plural)
kuntōnē (instrumental singular)
kuntōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kuntā

Old English: *cunte

Middle English: cunte, cunt, cownte, counte, count, conte
English: cunt
Scots: cunt
→ Welsh: cont

Old Frisian: cunte

Saterland Frisian: Kunte

West Frisian: kûnt, kont

Old Saxon: *kunta

Middle Low German: kunte

German Low German: Kunt

Old Dutch: *kunta

Middle Dutch: conte

Dutch: kont

Afrikaans: kont

Old High German: *kunta

Middle High German: kunt

German: Kunte (archaic)

Czech: kunda

Slovak: kunda

Old Norse: kunta

Icelandic: kunta

Faroese: kunta

Norwegian: kunte

Swedish: kunta

Danish: kunte

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn.


walmiz

walmiz (nominative singular)
walmīz (nominative plural)
walmi (singular vocative)
walmīz (plural vocative)
walmį (accusative singular)
walminz (accusative plural)
walmīz (genitive singular)
walmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walmī (dative singular)
walmimaz (dative plural)
walmī (instrumental singular)
walmimiz (instrumental plural)
*walmuz (alternative)

Old English: wielm; wælm (<*walmuz)

Middle English: walm, walme, welme; welmen (verb)

English: walm, welm (verb)

Old Dutch: *walm

Middle Dutch: walm; (qualm)

Dutch: walm; (kwalm)

Old High German: walm

Middle High German: walm

(German: Qualm)

Old Norse: *valmr, *vǫlmr (<*walmuz)

Old Danish: valm, volm

From Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”).


kwikwą

kwikwą (nominative singular)
kwikwō (nominative plural)
kwikwą (singular vocative)
kwikwō (plural vocative)
kwikwą (accusative singular)
kwikwō (accusative plural)
kwikwas (genitive singular)
kwikwis (genitive singular)
kwikwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwikwai (dative singular)
kwikwamaz (dative plural)
kwikwō (instrumental singular)
kwikwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: quik, quek

North Frisian: quick

Old Saxon: *quik

Middle Low German: quik, quek (in compounds)

Old Dutch: *quic, *quicc

Middle Dutch: quic, quec

Dutch: kwik

Old High German: *quic, *quec

Middle High German: quec, kec, koc

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (“alive”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).


kwikwandiją

kwikwandiją (nominative singular)
kwikwandijō (nominative plural)
kwikwandiją (singular vocative)
kwikwandijō (plural vocative)
kwikwandiją (accusative singular)
kwikwandijō (accusative plural)
kwikwandijas (genitive singular)
kwikwandīs (genitive singular)
kwikwandijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwikwandijai (dative singular)
kwikwandijamaz (dative plural)
kwikwandijō (instrumental singular)
kwikwandijamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Norse: kvikvendi, kvikendi, kvikindi, kykvendi

Icelandic: kvikvendi, kvikendi, kvikindi, kykvendi


lahō

lahō (nominative singular)
lahôz (nominative plural)
lahō (singular vocative)
lahôz (plural vocative)
lahǭ (accusative singular)
lahōz (accusative plural)
lahōz (genitive singular)
lahǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahōi (dative singular)
lahōmaz (dative plural)
lahō (instrumental singular)
lahōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lahu

Old High German: *laha, *lā

Middle High German: lā

Old Norse: lá

Icelandic: lá

From Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake; pond”).


laizō

laizō (nominative singular)
laizôz (nominative plural)
laizō (singular vocative)
laizôz (plural vocative)
laizǭ (accusative singular)
laizōz (accusative plural)
laizōz (genitive singular)
laizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laizōi (dative singular)
laizōmaz (dative plural)
laizō (instrumental singular)
laizōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laiʀu

desctree

Old English: lār
Middle English: lore, lar, lare, layre, lere, leyre, loore, lære, leore, loare (Early Middle English)
English: lore
→ Russian: лор (lor)
→ Ukrainian: лор (lor)
Scots: lare, lair

Old Frisian: lāre
Saterland Frisian: Lere, Leere
West Frisian: leare

Old Saxon: lēra

Middle Low German: lêre, lêr, lâre, lâr

German Low German: Lehre, Lehr

→ Danish: lære

→ Swedish: lära

→ Norwegian: lære

Old Dutch: lēra
Middle Dutch: lêre
Dutch: leer
Limburgish: lieër

Old High German: lēra

Middle High German: lēre; lār, lāre (Central German)

German: Lehre

Luxembourgish: Léier

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍉 (*laisō)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (laisareis)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (laiseigs)

From *laizijaną (“to teach”), from *lizaną + *-janą, stative from the root *leys- (“track, furrow, trace, trail”). Piecewise doublet of *laisō.


kraitaz

kraitaz (nominative singular)
kraitōz (nominative plural)
kraitōs (nominative plural)
krait (singular vocative)
kraitōz (plural vocative)
kraitōs (plural vocative)
kraitą (accusative singular)
kraitanz (accusative plural)
kraitas (genitive singular)
kraitis (genitive singular)
kraitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kraitai (dative singular)
kraitamaz (dative plural)
kraitō (instrumental singular)
kraitamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krēt

Saterland Frisian: Kríet

West Frisian: krite

Old Saxon: *krēt

Middle Low German: krêt, kreit; krête (< *kraitijaz)

German Low German: Kreet

desc

Old Dutch: *krēte, *kerte, *krēta, *kerta

Middle Dutch: kerte

Dutch: kert

→⇒ Old French: cretel

Middle French: créteau

→ Middle Dutch: kerteel

Old High German: kreiz

Middle High German: kreiz

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Krees

Luxembourgish: Krees

Bavarian: Kraas, Kroas

Cimbrian: kroaz

German: Kreis

→ Middle Low German: kreiz, kreitz, kreis, krês

German Low German: Kreis

Low German: Kräis (Westmunsterland)

→ Danish: kreds

→ Dutch: kreits

→ Saterland Frisian: Krais

Rhine Franconian: Kraas, Krääs, Krees, Kreis

Frankfurterisch: [kʀais]

Yiddish: קרײַז (krayz)

Uncertain. Perhaps akin to Proto-Germanic *krattōną (“to scratch; carve”) (cf kratzen).


flutô

flutô (nominative singular)
flutaniz (nominative plural)
flutô (singular vocative)
flutaniz (plural vocative)
flutanų (accusative singular)
flutanunz (accusative plural)
flutiniz (genitive singular)
flutanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flutini (dative singular)
flutammaz (dative plural)
flutinē (instrumental singular)
flutammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: flota m

Middle English: flote

Scots: flote, flot

English: float

Old High German: flozza f

Middle High German: vlozze

German: Flosse

Ido: floso

Old Norse: floti m

Icelandic: floti

Faroese: floti

Norwegian: flåte

Old Swedish: floti, fluti

Swedish: flotte, flotta

Danish: flåde

→ Old French: flotte

Middle French: flotte

French: flotte

→ German: Flotte (through confluence with Middle Low German vlôte)

→ Italian: flotta

A nominal formation from *fleutaną (“to float”).


agiþō

agiþō (nominative singular)
agiþôz (nominative plural)
agiþō (singular vocative)
agiþôz (plural vocative)
agiþǭ (accusative singular)
agiþōz (accusative plural)
agiþōz (genitive singular)
agiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agiþōi (dative singular)
agiþōmaz (dative plural)
agiþō (instrumental singular)
agiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *agiþā
Old English: eġeþe
Middle English: eythe
Old Frisian: eide
Old Saxon: egitha
Old Dutch: *egitha
Middle Dutch: ēgede, ēegde
Old High German: egida
Middle High German: egede, egde
Cimbrian: égata
Early Modern German: eide

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱ-et-eh₂ (“harrow”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


hlankô

hlankô (nominative singular)
hlankaniz (nominative plural)
hlankô (singular vocative)
hlankaniz (plural vocative)
hlankanų (accusative singular)
hlankanunz (accusative plural)
hlankiniz (genitive singular)
hlankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlankini (dative singular)
hlankammaz (dative plural)
hlankinē (instrumental singular)
hlankammiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: lanko, lanco

⇒ Old High German: gilanko, gilanco

Middle High German: gelanc, glanc

/ˈxlɑŋ.kɔːː/


hlankō

hlankō (nominative singular)
hlankôz (nominative plural)
hlankō (singular vocative)
hlankôz (plural vocative)
hlankǭ (accusative singular)
hlankōz (accusative plural)
hlankōz (genitive singular)
hlankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlankōi (dative singular)
hlankōmaz (dative plural)
hlankō (instrumental singular)
hlankōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlanku

Old English: *hlanc, *hlonc

Middle English: *lanke, lonke

English: lank, lonck, lunk (dialectal)

Old Saxon: hlanka

Middle Low German: lanke

German Low German: Lank

Frankish: *hlanka

Old Dutch: *hlanka, *lanka

Middle Dutch: lanke

Dutch: lank

→ Old French: flanche f, flanc m (see there for further descendants)

Middle French: flanche

→? English: flanch, flange

desc

Old High German: hlanca, hlancha, lanca, lanka

Middle High German: lanke

German: Lanke (obsolete)


hlankiz

hlankiz (nominative singular)
hlankīz (nominative plural)
hlanki (singular vocative)
hlankīz (plural vocative)
hlankį (accusative singular)
hlankinz (accusative plural)
hlankīz (genitive singular)
hlankijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlankī (dative singular)
hlankimaz (dative plural)
hlankī (instrumental singular)
hlankimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hlenċe f, hlenċa m
Middle English: linke, lenke (merged with Old Norse *hlenkr, hlekkr)
English: link (see there for further descendants)
Scots: link

Old Saxon: *hlenki

Middle Low German: lenke (likely borrowed)

German Low German: Lenk

Old High German: *lenka

Middle High German: lenke

Old Norse: hlekkr, *hlenkr
Icelandic: hlekkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: lenkje f
Elfdalian: lekk
Old Swedish: lænker
Swedish: länk
→ Finnish: lenkki
Danish: lænke
Norwegian Bokmål: lenke


staþulaz

staþulaz (nominative singular)
staþulōz (nominative plural)
staþulōs (nominative plural)
staþul (singular vocative)
staþulōz (plural vocative)
staþulōs (plural vocative)
staþulą (accusative singular)
staþulanz (accusative plural)
staþulas (genitive singular)
staþulis (genitive singular)
staþulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staþulai (dative singular)
staþulamaz (dative plural)
staþulō (instrumental singular)
staþulamiz (instrumental plural)
*staþalaz (alternative)
*staþilaz (alternative)
*staþlaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *staþul
Old English: staþul, staþol
Middle English: stathel
Scots: stathel, stassel
English: staddle
Old Frisian: stathul, stāl
Saterland Frisian: Staal
West Frisian: steal
Old Saxon: stathal
Middle Low German: stadel, stāle
Old Dutch: *stathal
Middle Dutch: stādel
Dutch: staal
Old High German: stadal
Middle High German: stadel
German: Stadel

Old Norse: stǫðull

Icelandic: stöðull

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-, from *steh₂- (“to stand”).


skēkaz

skēkaz (nominative singular)
skēkōz (nominative plural)
skēkōs (nominative plural)
skēk (singular vocative)
skēkōz (plural vocative)
skēkōs (plural vocative)
skēką (accusative singular)
skēkanz (accusative plural)
skēkas (genitive singular)
skēkis (genitive singular)
skēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skēkai (dative singular)
skēkamaz (dative plural)
skēkō (instrumental singular)
skēkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċǣc; *sċǣcere, sċēacere; tōsċēacerian

Old Frisian: skāk; skākrāf; skākere, skāker

Old Saxon: *skāk; *skākāri

Middle Low German: schâk; schâker

Frankish: *skāk

Old Dutch: *skāk

Middle Dutch: scaec

Dutch: schaak; schaker

desc

→ Old French: eschec, eschiec (“booty, spoils”); eschiequer, eschecer, escheker, eschieker

Middle French: eschec, eschiec

→ Middle English: skekken, skiken

→ Medieval Latin: scachum; scachator

Old High German: skāh; skāhhāri

Middle High German: schāch; schāchære

German: Schächer

From Proto-Indo-European *skeg- (“to jump; move”).


spitō

spitō (nominative singular)
spitôz (nominative plural)
spitō (singular vocative)
spitôz (plural vocative)
spitǭ (accusative singular)
spitōz (accusative plural)
spitōz (genitive singular)
spitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spitōi (dative singular)
spitōmaz (dative plural)
spitō (instrumental singular)
spitōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spitu f

desc

Middle English: spite, spet, spete, spytte

Scots: spet, spete, speit

English: spit

Old Norse: *spita

Norwegian: spita f (dialectal)

Swedish: speta

Orel leaves the origin of this family of words open, though the words seem to derive from Proto-Indo-European *spey-d, a *d-extension of *spey- (“sharp; pointed”).


spitą

spitą (nominative singular)
spitō (nominative plural)
spitą (singular vocative)
spitō (plural vocative)
spitą (accusative singular)
spitō (accusative plural)
spitas (genitive singular)
spitis (genitive singular)
spitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spitai (dative singular)
spitamaz (dative plural)
spitō (instrumental singular)
spitamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *spit

Middle Low German: spit n

German Low German: Spitt

→ Norwegian: spidd (possibly)

→ Old Swedish: spit

Swedish: spett (possibly)

→ Danish: spid (possibly)

Frankish: *spit

Old Dutch: *spit

Middle Dutch: spit, spet

Dutch: spit

→ Old French: espeiz

Middle French: espois

French: épois

→ Old Occitan:

Catalan: espet

→ Late Latin: spidus

Old Italian: spito, spedo

Old High German: spiz n or m

Middle High German: spiz

Gothic: *𐍃𐍀𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 (*spitus)

→ Spanish: espeto

→ Portuguese: espeto

→ Galician: espeta, espeto, gaspeto

Related to *spitō (“rod, spike, skewer”).


teudrą

teudrą (nominative singular)
teudrō (nominative plural)
teudrą (singular vocative)
teudrō (plural vocative)
teudrą (accusative singular)
teudrō (accusative plural)
teudras (genitive singular)
tiudris (genitive singular)
teudrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
teudrai (dative singular)
teudramaz (dative plural)
teudrō (instrumental singular)
teudramiz (instrumental plural)
*tūdrą (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *teudr
Old English: *tēoder
Middle English: teder, tether (possibly merged with Old Norse)
Scots: tedder, tether
English: tether
→ Scottish Gaelic: teadhair
>? Old English: tūdor, tuddor, tudder
Middle English: tuder
Old Frisian: tiāder, tiēder
North Frisian: tjodder, tjudder
Saterland Frisian: Tjudder
West Frisian: tsjoar
Old Saxon: tiothar, tūdar
Middle Low German: tûder, tudder
German Low German: Tüder, Töder, Tider
Old Dutch: tūdar
Middle Dutch: tuder, tudder, tuyer
Dutch: tuier, teier
Old High German: ziotar
Middle High German: zieter
German: Zieter

Old Norse: tjóðr

Icelandic: tjóður

Faroese: tjóður

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tjor

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjor

Jamtish: tjøðr

Old Swedish: tiūþer

Swedish: tjuder

Old Danish: tyr

Danish: tøjr

Uncertain. Probably from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull”) or *dewh₂- (“to tie to, secure”) suffixed with *-tróm or *-dʰrom, but Kroonen prefers an alternative relationship to *deh₁-.

that which is tugged or pulled on, tether


knukô

knukô (nominative singular)
knukaniz (nominative plural)
knukô (singular vocative)
knukaniz (plural vocative)
knukanų (accusative singular)
knukanunz (accusative plural)
knukiniz (genitive singular)
knukanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knukini (dative singular)
knukammaz (dative plural)
knukinē (instrumental singular)
knukammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *knokō, *knokā f (Elbe Germanic)
Old Frisian: *knuko, *knoko
North Frisian: knook, knooke, knaake, knååke
Saterland Frisian: Knoke
Old Saxon: *knuko
Middle Low German: *knocke
Low German: Knaak, Knaken
Plautdietsch: Knoaken
→ Norwegian: knoke
Old Dutch: *knuko
Middle Dutch: cnoke
Dutch: knook
Afrikaans: knok
Old High German: knohha
Middle High German: knoche
Alemannic German: Chnoche
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Knoche
Kölsch: Knoche
Luxembourgish: Knachen
German: Knochen
→ Emilian: gnôc, gnòc
→ Italian: nocca
→ Venetan: gnoco
→ Italian: gnocco

Old Norse: knúi (“knuckle”)

(Icelandic: kjúka)

Old Swedish: knōe, knōghe

Swedish: knoge

Danish: kno

Gutnish: knoke, knoka, knokå

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵnu-gon-, itself potentially related to *ǵónu (“knee”). The nature of the relation of the root to Lithuanian gniáužti (“to close one's hand”) is unclear.
Older theories derived the root from Proto-Indo-European *gnew- (“a bundle; knot”), extended from the root *gen- (“to pinch; clench; ball up”), with the suffix *-kô used in some names of body parts, and compared with Ancient Greek κονδός (kondós), Ancient Greek κόνδυλος (kóndulos), Sanskrit कन्द (kanda).
In any case, compare Italian gnocco.


knukilaz

knukilaz (nominative singular)
knukilōz (nominative plural)
knukilōs (nominative plural)
knukil (singular vocative)
knukilōz (plural vocative)
knukilōs (plural vocative)
knukilą (accusative singular)
knukilanz (accusative plural)
knukilas (genitive singular)
knukilis (genitive singular)
knukilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knukilai (dative singular)
knukilamaz (dative plural)
knukilō (instrumental singular)
knukilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *knukil
Old English: cnucel, cnyċel, *cnocel
Middle English: knokel, knokelle, knokill, knokyl, knokylle
English: knuckle
Scots: knockle
Yola: noughel
Old Frisian: knokel
Saterland Frisian: Knouel
West Frisian: knokkel
Old Saxon: *knukil
Middle Low German: knö̂kel, knuckel
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: knökel
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Knäöw'l
Westphalian:
Dortmunder: Knüakel
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Knökel
Sauerländisch: Knüekel, Knöekel (Balve), Knǖkel (Niedersfeld), Knüökel (Attendorn), Kniäkel (Kirchhundem, Selbecke)
→ Danish: knogle
Old Dutch: *knukil
Middle Dutch: cnôkel, cnockel
Dutch: knokkel, kneukel
Afrikaans: kneukel
West Flemish: knekel
Old High German: *knuchil
Middle High German: knöchel
German: Knöchel (ankle, knuckle)
Hunsrik: Knechel
Luxembourgish: Knéchel
Yiddish: קנעכל (knekhl)

Old Norse: knykill

Elfdalian: kniųokel

From *knukô (“joint, bone”) + *-ilaz (“diminutive suffix”).


hrukkaz

hrukkaz (nominative singular)
hrukkōz (nominative plural)
hrukkōs (nominative plural)
hrukk (singular vocative)
hrukkōz (plural vocative)
hrukkōs (plural vocative)
hrukką (accusative singular)
hrukkanz (accusative plural)
hrukkas (genitive singular)
hrukkis (genitive singular)
hrukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrukkai (dative singular)
hrukkamaz (dative plural)
hrukkō (instrumental singular)
hrukkamiz (instrumental plural)
*rukkaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrokk

Old Frisian: hrock

Saterland Frisian: Rok

West Frisian: rôk, rok

Old Dutch: *rokk, *rok

Middle Dutch: roc

Dutch: rok

Afrikaans: rok

desc

→ Medieval Latin: hrocus, roccus, rocus, rochus

→ Old French: froc, rochet, roquet

French: froc, rochet

→ English: frock, rochet, rocket (dialectal)

→ French: frac

→ Dutch: frak (dialectal)

→ German: Frack

→ Swedish: frack

→ Danish: frakke

→ Faroese: frakki

→ Spanish: roquete

→ Portuguese: roquete

→ Italian: rocchetto, roccetto

Old High German: hroch, hrok

Middle High German: roc

German: Rock

Kroonen considers the term to be of unknown origin, and additionally considers the reconstruction *rukkaz to be incorrect, due to the existence of forms such as Old Frisian hrock, thus rejecting the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *rukn-, *ruk-, *rug-, *ruǵ- (“to spin”) and corollary connections with Proto-Germanic *rukkô (“spinning wheel, distaff”), Old Irish rucht (“tunic”), and Welsh rhuwch (“bran, husks, sieve; rough garment, cloak, mantle”).
An alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *kreḱ- (“to weave”) (whence Proto-Slavic *kresati (“to strike fire)”) is semantically attractive, but phonetically problematic, as the expected Germanic form would be something like *hruhaz.


lakaną

lakaną (nominative singular)
lakanō (nominative plural)
lakaną (singular vocative)
lakanō (plural vocative)
lakaną (accusative singular)
lakanō (accusative plural)
lakanas (genitive singular)
lakanis (genitive singular)
lakanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lakanai (dative singular)
lakanamaz (dative plural)
lakanō (instrumental singular)
lakanamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *lacen, *læcen

Middle English: lake

Scots: lake, laik

English: lake

Old Frisian: leken, letzen, lezen

Saterland Frisian: Leeken

West Frisian: lekken

Old Saxon: lakan

Middle Low German: lāken

German Low German: Laken

→ German: Laken

→ Old Norse: lakan, lak

Icelandic: lak

Faroese: lak

Norwegian: laken

Old Swedish: lakan

Swedish: lakan

→ Finnish: lakana

Danish: lagen

Old Dutch: *lakan

Middle Dutch: laken

Dutch: laken

Afrikaans: laken

Old High German: lahhan, lachan

Middle High German: lachen

German: Lachen (obsolete); Leilachen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₂g- (“to be slack; be limp; droop; sag”).


lōkiz

lōkiz (nominative singular)
lōkīz (nominative plural)
lōki (singular vocative)
lōkīz (plural vocative)
lōkį (accusative singular)
lōkinz (accusative plural)
lōkīz (genitive singular)
lōkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lōkī (dative singular)
lōkimaz (dative plural)
lōkī (instrumental singular)
lōkimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: lœkr

Icelandic: lækur

Faroese: løkur

Norn: ljog

Norwegian Bokmål: løk

Norwegian Nynorsk: løk

→ English: Leake (placename)

→ Old Dutch: *leke (attested in name Sculingleke) (possibly)

Middle Dutch: leke

Dutch: leek

A secondary lengthened-grade nominal i-stem formation from *lekaną (“to leak”).


þrautą

þrautą (nominative singular)
þrautō (nominative plural)
þrautą (singular vocative)
þrautō (plural vocative)
þrautą (accusative singular)
þrautō (accusative plural)
þrautas (genitive singular)
þrautis (genitive singular)
þrautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrautai (dative singular)
þrautamaz (dative plural)
þrautō (instrumental singular)
þrautamiz (instrumental plural)
*þrautō (alternative Germanic North)
*þrautaz (alternative Germanic West)

Old English: þrēat m

desc

Middle English: thræt, thrat, thret, threte

Scots: threte, thret, threit

English: threat

Old Saxon: *thrōt

Middle Low German: drot, drōt, drôt m

Old High German: *drōz

Middle High German: drōz m

Old Norse: þraut f

Icelandic: þraut

(Faroese: treyt)

Norwegian: traut f; traute m

/ˈθrɑu̯.tɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to squeeze; push; press”).

der

affliction; agony; annoyance; displeasure; grief; complaint


gnattaz

gnattaz (nominative singular)
gnattōz (nominative plural)
gnattōs (nominative plural)
gnatt (singular vocative)
gnattōz (plural vocative)
gnattōs (plural vocative)
gnattą (accusative singular)
gnattanz (accusative plural)
gnattas (genitive singular)
gnattis (genitive singular)
gnattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gnattai (dative singular)
gnattamaz (dative plural)
gnattō (instrumental singular)
gnattamiz (instrumental plural)
*gnattuz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *gnattu, *gnatt

Old English: gnætt

Middle English: gnat

Scots: gnat

English: gnat

Old Saxon: *gnatta

Middle Low German: *gnatte

German Low German: Gnatte f

>? Dutch: gnuit, knuit

Old High German: *gnaz; *gnazza

Middle High German: gnaz m; *gnazze

German: Gnatz; Gnatze f (dialectal)

desc

Old Norse: *gnattr, *knǫttr (“midge; gnat”)

Norwegian Bokmål: knott

Norwegian Nynorsk: knott

Swedish: gnatt, knott (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰneHdʰn-, *gʰneHd- (“to gnaw; scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰen- (“to gnaw; bite; scratch; rub”).


bēlą

bēlą (nominative singular)
bēlō (nominative plural)
bēlą (singular vocative)
bēlō (plural vocative)
bēlą (accusative singular)
bēlō (accusative plural)
bēlas (genitive singular)
bēlis (genitive singular)
bēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bēlai (dative singular)
bēlamaz (dative plural)
bēlō (instrumental singular)
bēlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bāl

Old English: bǣl; bǣlfȳr

Middle English: bale; balefire

Scots: bale, baill

English: bale; balefire

Old Norse: bál

Icelandic: bál; bálit

Faroese: bál

Norwegian Bokmål: bål

Norwegian Nynorsk: bål

Old Swedish: bāl

Swedish: bål

Danish: bål

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰḗlH-o-m, from *bʰel- (“shiny; bright; gleaming; white”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *bělъ (“white”), Lithuanian bãlas, báltas (“white”), Latvian balts (“white”), Ancient Greek φαλός (phalós, “white”), Sanskrit भाल (bhāla, “splendour”).


frijō

frijō (nominative singular)
frijôz (nominative plural)
frijō (singular vocative)
frijôz (plural vocative)
frijǭ (accusative singular)
frijōz (accusative plural)
frijōz (genitive singular)
frijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijōi (dative singular)
frijōmaz (dative plural)
frijō (instrumental singular)
frijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *friju

Old English: frēo f, older *frio

Old Saxon: frī f; frī n (< *frijją)

From Proto-Indo-European *priHéh₂, feminine form of *priHós, from the root *preyH- (“to love”).


frijô

frijô (nominative singular)
frijaniz (nominative plural)
frijô (singular vocative)
frijaniz (plural vocative)
frijanų (accusative singular)
frijanunz (accusative plural)
frijiniz (genitive singular)
frijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijini (dative singular)
frijammaz (dative plural)
frijinē (instrumental singular)
frijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frijō

Old English: frēo m

Old Norse: frí


swardiz

swardiz (nominative singular)
swardīz (nominative plural)
swardi (singular vocative)
swardīz (plural vocative)
swardį (accusative singular)
swardinz (accusative plural)
swardīz (genitive singular)
swardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swardī (dative singular)
swardimaz (dative plural)
swardī (instrumental singular)
swardimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swardi

Old English: sweord, swierd

⇒ Old English: āþsweord

Old High German: swart, swert

⇒ Old High German: eidswart


ganzô

ganzô (nominative singular)
ganzaniz (nominative plural)
ganzô (singular vocative)
ganzaniz (plural vocative)
ganzanų (accusative singular)
ganzanunz (accusative plural)
ganziniz (genitive singular)
ganzanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganzini (dative singular)
ganzammaz (dative plural)
ganzinē (instrumental singular)
ganzammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganʀō

Old English: ganra, gandra

Middle English: ganer, gandre, gandere

Scots: ganare, ganer, ganner

English: gander

desc

Old Frisian: *ganra, *gonra, *gandra, *gondra

West Frisian: goarre

Old Saxon: *ganro

Middle Low German: ganre

Low German: Ganner, Gander

⇒ Low German: Ganter (merged with Gante < *ganatô)

→ German: Ganter

q

Dutch: gander (19th c., probably from Low German or English)

⇒ Old Norse: gassi (< *ganssô)

Icelandic: gassi

Norwegian Bokmål: gasse

Norwegian Nynorsk: gasse

Danish: gase

Swedish: gasse

Scanian: gáse

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”); see *gans.


tugô

tugô (nominative singular)
tuganiz (nominative plural)
tugô (singular vocative)
tuganiz (plural vocative)
tuganų (accusative singular)
tuganunz (accusative plural)
tuginiz (genitive singular)
tuganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tugini (dative singular)
tugammaz (dative plural)
tuginē (instrumental singular)
tugammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *togō

Old English: toga, toha

Middle English: toȝe, togh

English: toga (historical term), tog

Old Frisian: hertoga

West Frisian: toch

Old Saxon: togo

Low German: Tog

Old Dutch: *togo

Middle Dutch: toge, toche

Dutch: hertog

Afrikaans: tog

desctree

Old High German: *zogo, *zoho
Middle High German: zoge, zog
German: Zog

Old Norse: togi (possibly from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: togi

Faroese: togi, tugi

Norwegian: tug

Swedish: tig

Danish: tug


hawją

hawją (nominative singular)
hawjō (nominative plural)
hawją (singular vocative)
hawjō (plural vocative)
hawją (accusative singular)
hawjō (accusative plural)
hawjas (genitive singular)
hawis (genitive singular)
hawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hawjai (dative singular)
hawjamaz (dative plural)
hawjō (instrumental singular)
hawjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hawi
Old English: hīeġ, hīġ, hēġ
Middle English: hey, heyȝ, heygh, hay, ay, heyn, hayn, hei, heiȝ, heigh, hai, hain
English: hay
Scots: hey
Yola: hye
Old Frisian: hā, hē
North Frisian: hau
Saterland Frisian: Ho
West Frisian: hea
Old Saxon: hōi, hōgi
Middle Low German: höü, hoy, hey, hou
Low German: Hau
Dutch Low Saxon: heui
German Low German: Hei, Heu
Plautdietsch: Hei
Old Dutch: houwi, houwe
Middle Dutch: houwe, hoj, hoy
Dutch: hooi
Afrikaans: hooi
Jersey Dutch: hôi
→ Papiamentu: hoi
Limburgish: heuj
Old High German: hewi, houwi, hou
Middle High German: höuwe, houwe, höu
Alemannic German: Heuw
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: höobe
Mòcheno: hei
German: Heu
Hunsrik: Hei
Luxembourgish: Hee
Yiddish: היי (hey)
⇒ Middle High German: höuwet
Bavarian: Heiet
Cimbrian: höbiat (“July”), hubiot (Sette Comuni)
German: Heuet

Old Norse: hey

Icelandic: hey

Faroese: hoyggj

Norwegian: høy

Old Swedish: hø̄

Swedish: hö, (dialectal) hej, hy

Danish: hø

Gutnish: hoy

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌹 (hawi)

→ Proto-Samic: *āvjē (see there for further descendants)

According to Kroonen, from a ja-collective form of *hawwaną (“to hew; cut down”) (with quasi-Indo-European form *koh₂w-yo-).


stikiz

stikiz (nominative singular)
stikīz (nominative plural)
stiki (singular vocative)
stikīz (plural vocative)
stikį (accusative singular)
stikinz (accusative plural)
stikīz (genitive singular)
stikjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stikī (dative singular)
stikimaz (dative plural)
stikī (instrumental singular)
stikimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stiki
Old English: stiċe
Middle English: stiche, stecche, steche, sticche, sticke, stych, styche, styk
English: stitch
Scots: steek, stick
Old Frisian: steke, stek
Saterland Frisian: Stäk, Stääk
Old Saxon: stiki
Middle Low German: stēke, stēk, stecke, stik
German Low German: Steek
Old Dutch: *stiki
Middle Dutch: stēke
Dutch: steek
Afrikaans: steek
Old High German: stih
Middle High German: stich
Alemannic German: Stich, Stuch
Central Franconian: Stech, Stöch, Stoch
Luxembourgish: Stach
German: Stich
→ Saterland Frisian: Stik

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐍃 (stiks)

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *stikaną (“to stick”).

stikill

Old Norse: stikill (“pointed end of the horn”); Icelandic


sudiz

sudiz (nominative singular)
sudīz (nominative plural)
sudi (singular vocative)
sudīz (plural vocative)
sudį (accusative singular)
sudinz (accusative plural)
sudīz (genitive singular)
sudjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sudī (dative singular)
sudimaz (dative plural)
sudī (instrumental singular)
sudimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: syde m

Old High German: sutī f

Middle High German: sute f; sut m

German: Sud m; Absud

Zero-grade i-stem noun derived from *seuþaną.


druziz

druziz (nominative singular)
druzīz (nominative plural)
druzi (singular vocative)
druzīz (plural vocative)
druzį (accusative singular)
druzinz (accusative plural)
druzīz (genitive singular)
druzjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
druzī (dative singular)
druzimaz (dative plural)
druzī (instrumental singular)
druzimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: dryre (“fall, decline”)

Old Norse: drør (“phlegm, rheum”)

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃 (drus, “fall”)

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *dreusaną.


bruniz

bruniz (nominative singular)
brunīz (nominative plural)
bruni (singular vocative)
brunīz (plural vocative)
brunį (accusative singular)
bruninz (accusative plural)
brunīz (genitive singular)
brunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunī (dative singular)
brunimaz (dative plural)
brunī (instrumental singular)
brunimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bryne, byrne

Middle English: brune

(Old Norse: bruni) (transfer to n-stem?)

Old Swedish: bruni

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *brinnaną.


akiz

akiz (nominative singular)
akīz (nominative plural)
aki (singular vocative)
akīz (plural vocative)
akį (accusative singular)
akinz (accusative plural)
akīz (genitive singular)
akjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akī (dative singular)
akimaz (dative plural)
akī (instrumental singular)
akimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aki, *akī

Old English: eċe, aċe, æċe
Middle English: ache, ake, eche
English: ache
Scots: ake

Old Saxon: *aki, *eki, *ak, *ek

Middle Low German: āk, ēk, eck

German Low German: Eek (“inflammation”)

⇒ Middle Low German: ēker, ecker

Old Dutch: *aki, *eki

Middle Dutch: *ake, *eke

Dutch: aak, eek (dialectal)

⇒ Middle Dutch: meinake

desc

⇒ Middle Dutch: akel m (“pain, suffering”)

⇒ Dutch: akelig


dripiz

dripiz (nominative singular)
dripīz (nominative plural)
dripi (singular vocative)
dripīz (plural vocative)
dripį (accusative singular)
dripinz (accusative plural)
dripīz (genitive singular)
dripjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dripī (dative singular)
dripimaz (dative plural)
dripī (instrumental singular)
dripimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dripi

Old English: drepe, drype

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *drepaną.

(West Germanic) striking, stroke, slaying


talgaz

talgaz (nominative singular)
talgōz (nominative plural)
talgōs (nominative plural)
talg (singular vocative)
talgōz (plural vocative)
talgōs (plural vocative)
talgą (accusative singular)
talganz (accusative plural)
talgas (genitive singular)
talgis (genitive singular)
talgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
talgai (dative singular)
talgamaz (dative plural)
talgō (instrumental singular)
talgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *talg

Old English: tælg, *tealg, *tealh

desctree

Middle English: talow
English: tallow
Scots: tauch, tallon

Old Frisian: *talch, *talk

West Frisian: talk

Old Saxon: *talg

Middle Low German: talch

German Low German: Talg

→ German: Talg

q

→ Dutch: talg (until 17th c.; modern form chiefly from German)

→ Old Norse: talg, talk n (*tǫlg, tolgr, tolg f)

(Old Norse: tólgr, tólg)

(Icelandic: tólg f)

Faroese: tálg f

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: talg; (dialectal) tolg, tølg, tålg, tåg)

Norwegian Bokmål: talg

Old Swedish: talgher m

Swedish: talg

Danish: talg

Old Dutch: *talg

Middle Dutch: talgh, talch; tallick

Dutch: talk

Afrikaans: talk

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dolgʰos (“fat”).


kwetwą

kwetwą (nominative singular)
kwetwō (nominative plural)
kwetwą (singular vocative)
kwetwō (plural vocative)
kwetwą (accusative singular)
kwetwō (accusative plural)
kwetwas (genitive singular)
kwitwis (genitive singular)
kwetwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwetwai (dative singular)
kwetwamaz (dative plural)
kwetwō (instrumental singular)
kwetwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kvett

Icelandic: kvett, kvetti

Unknown. Possibly related to *kutjaną (“to cut”) and *ketwą (“meat”).


dribą

dribą (nominative singular)
dribō (nominative plural)
dribą (singular vocative)
dribō (plural vocative)
dribą (accusative singular)
dribō (accusative plural)
dribas (genitive singular)
dribis (genitive singular)
dribǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dribai (dative singular)
dribamaz (dative plural)
dribō (instrumental singular)
dribamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drib m

Old English: drif m or n

Old Saxon: *drif

Middle Low German: drif, drīf, drēf n

Old High German: *trib

⇒? Middle High German: anetrip, antrip m

German: Antrieb m

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gadrib n
Old English: ġedrif
Old High German: *gitrib
Middle High German: getrip
⇒ Old High German: anagitrib m

Old Norse: drif

Icelandic: drif

Old Swedish: drif

Swedish: drev

Old Danish: drif

Danish: drev


bidą

bidą (nominative singular)
bidō (nominative plural)
bidą (singular vocative)
bidō (plural vocative)
bidą (accusative singular)
bidō (accusative plural)
bidas (genitive singular)
bidis (genitive singular)
bidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bidai (dative singular)
bidamaz (dative plural)
bidō (instrumental singular)
bidamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bid

⇒ Old English: anbid, onbid; bidfæst; bidsteal

Old Norse: bið

Icelandic: bið

Old Swedish: bidh

Zero-grade action noun derived from *bīdaną.


gripą

gripą (nominative singular)
gripō (nominative plural)
gripą (singular vocative)
gripō (plural vocative)
gripą (accusative singular)
gripō (accusative plural)
gripas (genitive singular)
gripis (genitive singular)
gripǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gripai (dative singular)
gripamaz (dative plural)
gripō (instrumental singular)
gripamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: grip, ágrip, handargrip

Icelandic: grip

Old Swedish: grip

Swedish: grepp

Zero-grade action noun derived from *grīpaną.


snidą

snidą (nominative singular)
snidō (nominative plural)
snidą (singular vocative)
snidō (plural vocative)
snidą (accusative singular)
snidō (accusative plural)
snidas (genitive singular)
snidis (genitive singular)
snidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snidai (dative singular)
snidamaz (dative plural)
snidō (instrumental singular)
snidamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: snid

Old Norse: snið

Icelandic: snið

Faroese: snið

Old Swedish: snidh

Zero-grade action noun derived from *snīþaną.


trudą

trudą (nominative singular)
trudō (nominative plural)
trudą (singular vocative)
trudō (plural vocative)
trudą (accusative singular)
trudō (accusative plural)
trudas (genitive singular)
trudis (genitive singular)
trudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trudai (dative singular)
trudamaz (dative plural)
trudō (instrumental singular)
trudamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *trod

Old English: trod

Middle English: trod, trode

⇒ Middle English: trodden

Old Norse: *troð, átroð

Old Swedish: troþ (in compounds)

Zero-grade action noun derived from *trudaną.


nezą

nezą (nominative singular)
nezō (nominative plural)
nezą (singular vocative)
nezō (plural vocative)
nezą (accusative singular)
nezō (accusative plural)
nezas (genitive singular)
nizis (genitive singular)
nezǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nezai (dative singular)
nezamaz (dative plural)
nezō (instrumental singular)
nezamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ner

Functional zero-grade action noun derived from *nesaną.


grimmiþō

grimmiþō (nominative singular)
grimmiþôz (nominative plural)
grimmiþō (singular vocative)
grimmiþôz (plural vocative)
grimmiþǭ (accusative singular)
grimmiþōz (accusative plural)
grimmiþōz (genitive singular)
grimmiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grimmiþōi (dative singular)
grimmiþōmaz (dative plural)
grimmiþō (instrumental singular)
grimmiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grimmiþu
Old High German: grimmida
Middle High German: grimmede

Old Norse: grimmd, grimd

Icelandic: grimmd

Faroese: grimd

>? Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (*grimmiþa)

→? Italian: grinta (“wrath”)
→? Albanian: grindë (“quarrel”)