ēlō

ēlō (nominative singular)
ēlôz (nominative plural)
ēlō (singular vocative)
ēlôz (plural vocative)
ēlǭ (accusative singular)
ēlōz (accusative plural)
ēlōz (genitive singular)
ēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēlōi (dative singular)
ēlōmaz (dative plural)
ēlō (instrumental singular)
ēlōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ālu
>? Old English: āl, ǣl
Old Frisian: *âl, *ēl
Saterland Frisian: Äil
Old Saxon: *āla
Middle Low German: âl
Low German: Ahl
Old Dutch: *āla
Middle Dutch: *âle, *ael
Dutch: aal (possibly borrowed)
Old High German: āla
Middle High German: āle
Cimbrian: aala
German: Ahle

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ólos or *ēl- (“awl, prong”). Cognate with Sanskrit आरा (ā́rā).


sundą

sundą (nominative singular)
sundō (nominative plural)
sundą (singular vocative)
sundō (plural vocative)
sundą (accusative singular)
sundō (accusative plural)
sundas (genitive singular)
sundis (genitive singular)
sundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sundai (dative singular)
sundamaz (dative plural)
sundō (instrumental singular)
sundamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sund

Middle English: sund, sound

Scots: sund, sound

English: sound

→ Middle French: sonder

French: sonder; sonde

→ English: sound

Old Saxon: *sund

Middle Low German: sunt

→ Middle High German: sund

German: Sund

Old Dutch: *sund

Middle Dutch: sund, sond

Dutch: zond (variants: sont, sond)

Old Norse: sund

Icelandic: sund

Faroese: sund

Norwegian: sund

Old Swedish: sund, sond

Swedish: sund

Danish: sund

From earlier *swumdan (compare Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌻 (swumsl, “pool”)), with quasi-Indo-European form *swm̥-tó-m (though whether the root existed in Proto-Indo-European is under question). By synchronic analysis, a nominal derivative of *swimmaną (“to swim”); see there for more.


þanhtaz

þanhtaz (nominative singular)
þanhtōz (nominative plural)
þanhtōs (nominative plural)
þanht (singular vocative)
þanhtōz (plural vocative)
þanhtōs (plural vocative)
þanhtą (accusative singular)
þanhtanz (accusative plural)
þanhtas (genitive singular)
þanhtis (genitive singular)
þanhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þanhtai (dative singular)
þanhtamaz (dative plural)
þanhtō (instrumental singular)
þanhtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þą̄ht

desc

Old English: þōht m or n, ġeþōht m or n, þeaht n, ġeþeaht f or n

Middle English: ȝeþoȝt, ithoght, thought

Scots: thocht

English: thought

Old Frisian: thōchte, gethāht, *thāht

Saterland Frisian: Toacht

West Frisian: dacht (in compounds)

Old Saxon: githāht f

Middle Low German: gedahte, gedochte

Low German: Gedacht (rare), Andacht

Old Dutch: *githāht (attested as plural githāhti)

Middle Dutch: gedachte, ghedachte, ghedochte

Dutch: gedachte

Afrikaans: gedagte

Old High German: gidāht, gedāht, *dāht, anadāht

Middle High German: gedǣhte, dāht f, andāht

German: Andacht

Old Norse: þóttr m, þótti n

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (andaþāhts) (adjective)

/ˈθɑ̃ːx.tɑz/

From *þankijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *teng- (“to think”).


wlitiz

wlitiz (nominative singular)
wlitīz (nominative plural)
wliti (singular vocative)
wlitīz (plural vocative)
wlitį (accusative singular)
wlitinz (accusative plural)
wlitīz (genitive singular)
wlitjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wlitī (dative singular)
wlitimaz (dative plural)
wlitī (instrumental singular)
wlitimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wliti
Old English: wlite, wlitu
Middle English: wlite
Old Frisian: wlite
Old Saxon: wliti

Old Norse: litr
Icelandic: litur
Faroese: litur
Norwegian Nynorsk: let, lit
Norwegian Bokmål: let
Old Swedish: liter
Swedish: let, lit
Old Danish: lyt
Danish: lød
Norwegian Bokmål: lød
→ Old English: lit
Middle English: lit, litte
Scots: lit, litt
English: lit

Gothic: 𐍅𐌻𐌹𐍄𐍃 (wlits)

From Proto-Indo-European *wél-ti-s ~ *wl̥-téy-s, from *wel- (“to see”) + *-tis. Cognate with Latin vultus (“feature, appearance, visage, aspect, look”), Old Armenian գեղ (geł). Compare *wulþuz (“glory”). By synchronic analysis, a nominal formation from *wlītaną (“to see, look”).


hupiz

hupiz (nominative singular)
hupīz (nominative plural)
hupi (singular vocative)
hupīz (plural vocative)
hupį (accusative singular)
hupinz (accusative plural)
hupīz (genitive singular)
hupijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hupī (dative singular)
hupimaz (dative plural)
hupī (instrumental singular)
hupimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hupi
Old English: hype
Middle English: hippe, hip
English: hip
Scots: hip
Old Frisian: *hepe, *hope
Saterland Frisian: Hepe
West Frisian: heupe, heup
Old Saxon: *hupi, *hup
Middle Low German: hüp, hüf, hüfte (the main form was hüf; from High German?)
German Low German: Hüft
Plautdietsch: Hoft
→ Swedish: höft
→ Danish: hofte
→ Elfdalian: öft
→ Gutnish: höft, höift
→ Old Norse: huppr (in combination)
Icelandic: huppur
Faroese: huppur
Norwegian: hupp
Old Dutch: *hupi
Middle Dutch: hope, huepe
Dutch: heup
Afrikaans: heup
Negerhollands: hep, heep
Old High German: huf
Middle High German: huf, huft
Cimbrian: huff
⇒ Middle High German: hüfte pl
German: Hüfte
Luxembourgish: Hëft

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐍀𐍃 (hups)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kubëh (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Most simply, from a late Proto-Indo-European *kewb- (“to recline”); cognate with Latin cubō (“lie down, recline”), Latin cubitus (“elbow, bend, arch”), Proto-Celtic *kuxsketi (“to sleep”). Compare however Proto-West Germanic *hubil (“bump, hill”), *hump (“hump, hunch”), Danish huv (“hull”) and English hub, hob, all of uncertain origin. Has been compared to Proto-Germanic *huppōną (“to hop”), for a pre-Germanic or Proto-Indo-European root “to bend”, which has been reconstructed in various ways. More at *kh₂em-, Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos, “hollow in the hips”), Albanian sup (“shoulder”), Sanskrit शुप्ति (śúpti, “shoulder”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


razną

razną (nominative singular)
raznō (nominative plural)
razną (singular vocative)
raznō (plural vocative)
razną (accusative singular)
raznō (accusative plural)
raznas (genitive singular)
raznis (genitive singular)
raznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raznai (dative singular)
raznamaz (dative plural)
raznō (instrumental singular)
raznamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raʀn
Old English: ærn, earn, ern
Middle English: ern
⇒ Old English: bereærn
Middle English: bern
Scots: bern
English: barn
>? Old English: ræsn
Middle English: rasen, rasyn, resen, resin, reson, reason; rasewe, reswe
English: rasen, reason
Scots: rase
⇒ Middle English: rasewepece, reson pece
English: reason piece, raising piece

Old Norse: rann

Icelandic: rann

Faroese: rann

→ Middle English: ran

⇒ Old Norse: rannsaka
Icelandic: rannsaka
Faroese: at rannsaka
Norn: ransla
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: ransake
Norwegian Nynorsk: ransake, ransaka
Old Swedish: ransaka
Swedish: rannsaka
Old Danish: ransakæ
Danish: ransage
→ Middle English: ransaken, ronsaken
English: ransack
→ Norman: ransaquer
Scots: ransak, runsik
→ Scottish Gaelic: rannsaich

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 (razn)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rh̥₁-s-nó-m, from *h₁reh₁- (“to rest”) + *-s- + *-nóm, related to *rastō (“rest”) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rh̥₁-s-tó-s). Alternatively, cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *radás (“birth, genus”), from *(H)rodʰ-sno-m, from a *(H)redʰ- (“to appear, come into existence”) + *-snom.


alaz

alaz (nominative singular)
alōz (nominative plural)
alōs (nominative plural)
al (singular vocative)
alōz (plural vocative)
alōs (plural vocative)
alą (accusative singular)
alanz (accusative plural)
alas (genitive singular)
alis (genitive singular)
alǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alai (dative singular)
alamaz (dative plural)
alō (instrumental singular)
alamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *al, æl, eal
Middle English: alle, al
English: awl (merged with descendant of Old English awel)
Scots: awl

Old Norse: alr
Icelandic: alur
Norwegian: ale

Gothic:

→? Old Prussian: ylo

→ Latvian: ĩlęns, ĩlins

→ Lithuanian: yla


maiþmaz

maiþmaz (nominative singular)
maiþmōz (nominative plural)
maiþmōs (nominative plural)
maiþm (singular vocative)
maiþmōz (plural vocative)
maiþmōs (plural vocative)
maiþmą (accusative singular)
maiþmanz (accusative plural)
maiþmas (genitive singular)
maiþmis (genitive singular)
maiþmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiþmai (dative singular)
maiþmamaz (dative plural)
maiþmō (instrumental singular)
maiþmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maiþm
Old English: māþum, māþm
Middle English: mathem, madme
→ English: mathum, mathom
Old Saxon: mēthom, mēþom
Old High German: *meidam
Middle High German: meidem, meiden

Old Norse: *meiðm, meiðmar pl

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌼𐍃 (maiþms)

From Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to exchange, swap”). Cognate with Latin mūtare (“to change, exchange, barter”).


hwelpaz

hwelpaz (nominative singular)
hwelpōz (nominative plural)
hwelpōs (nominative plural)
hwelp (singular vocative)
hwelpōz (plural vocative)
hwelpōs (plural vocative)
hwelpą (accusative singular)
hwelpanz (accusative plural)
hwelpas (genitive singular)
hwilpis (genitive singular)
hwelpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwelpai (dative singular)
hwelpamaz (dative plural)
hwelpō (instrumental singular)
hwelpamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwelp
Old English: hwelp
Middle English: whelp
Scots: whalp, whaulp
English: whelp
Old Frisian: *hwelp
West Frisian: welp
Old Saxon: hwelp
Middle Low German: welp, welpe
German Low German: Welpe
→ German: Welpe, Welp
Old Dutch: welp
Middle Dutch: welp
Dutch: welp
Old High German: hwelf, welpf, welph, welf
Middle High German: wëlp, wëlf
German: Welf

Old Norse: hvelpr
Icelandic: hvolpur
Faroese: hvølpur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvelp, kvalp; (dialectal) kvølp, kvolp
Elfdalian: wep
Old Swedish: hvælper, hvalper
Swedish: valp
Danish: hvalp
Norwegian Bokmål: valp, hvalp
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: valp (defunct)

→ Proto-Samic: *vielppēs

Northern Sami: vielppis

Perhaps from *hwelpaną (“to yelp; bark”), maybe from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to call; shout; cry; make a noise”).

der

used also of other baby animals: cub, pup


klebô

klebô (nominative singular)
klebaniz (nominative plural)
klebô (singular vocative)
klebaniz (plural vocative)
klebanų (accusative singular)
klebanunz (accusative plural)
klibiniz (genitive singular)
klebanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klibini (dative singular)
klebammaz (dative plural)
klibinē (instrumental singular)
klebammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cleofa, cleafa

Middle English: cleve

English: cleve

Old Norse: klefi, klifi

Icelandic: klefi

Faroese: klivi

Norwegian: kleve

→ Scots: klaivie

Of uncertain origin. Traditionally considered a borrowing from Latin clībanus (“baking vessel; oven”), with semantic development "oven" > "heatable room", though this is semantically doubtful. Note that a relation to *kleubaną (“to split, cleave”) is semantically appealing, though phonetically difficult.


galgô

galgô (nominative singular)
galganiz (nominative plural)
galgô (singular vocative)
galganiz (plural vocative)
galganų (accusative singular)
galganunz (accusative plural)
galginiz (genitive singular)
galganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galgini (dative singular)
galgammaz (dative plural)
galginē (instrumental singular)
galgammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galgō
Old English: ġealga, galga — Anglian
Middle English: galwes, galwe, galowe, galewes
Scots: galow, gallo, gallows
English: gallow, gallows
Old Frisian: galga
North Frisian: gulig
Saterland Frisian: Galge
West Frisian: galge
Old Saxon: galgo
Middle Low German: galge
German Low German: Galge, Galg
Low German: Galgen
Plautdietsch: Gaulj
Old Dutch: *galga
Middle Dutch: galge
Dutch: galg
Old High German: galgo, galga
Middle High German: galge
Alemannic German: Galge
German: Galgen
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: галге
Latin script: galge
Luxembourgish: Gaalgen
→ Old French: jauge, gauge
Middle French: jauge
French: jauge
→ Galician: galgar
→ Middle English: gauge, gage
Scots: gauge
English: gauge

Old Norse: galgi

Icelandic: gálgi

Faroese: gálgi

Norwegian: galge

Old Swedish: galghe, ᚵᛆᛚᚵᚼᚽ
Swedish: galge

Danish: galge

Gutnish: galge

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰 (galga)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰolgʰ- ~ *ǵʰolg- (“long switch, rod, shaft, pole, perch”), a root with irregular variation. Cognate with Old Armenian ձաղկ (jałk).


muniz

muniz (nominative singular)
munīz (nominative plural)
muni (singular vocative)
munīz (plural vocative)
munį (accusative singular)
muninz (accusative plural)
munīz (genitive singular)
munjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
munī (dative singular)
munimaz (dative plural)
munī (instrumental singular)
munimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *muni

Old English: myne

Middle English: mune, mone

Old High German: *muni

>? Middle High German: mun

Old Norse: munr

Icelandic: munur

Faroese: munur

Norwegian: mun

Old Swedish: mon

Swedish: mån

Old Danish: mun

Danish: mon

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐍃 (muns)

Vandalic: *muni-

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“mind”).


liþuz

liþuz (nominative singular)
liþiwiz (nominative plural)
liþu (singular vocative)
liþiwiz (plural vocative)
liþų (accusative singular)
liþunz (accusative plural)
liþauz (genitive singular)
liþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liþiwi (dative singular)
liþumaz (dative plural)
liþū (instrumental singular)
liþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *liþu
Old English: liþ
Middle English: lyth, lith, lythe, lithe, lyþ, liþ, liþe, liþthe, liyþe, litht, leth, lethe
English: lith
Scots: lith
Old Frisian: lith, leth
North Frisian: leth, lath, lass
Saterland Frisian: Lid
West Frisian: lid
Old Saxon: lith
Middle Low German: lit
⇒ Middle Low German: gelit
Old Dutch: *lith
Middle Dutch: lit, let
Dutch: lid
Afrikaans: lid
→ Indonesian: lid
Negerhollands: lid, leden, leeden
Old High German: lid
Middle High German: lit
Alemannic German: Lid
German: Lied
⇒ Old High German: gilid
Middle High German: gelit, glit
German: Glied
Luxembourgish: Glidd

Old Norse: liðr
Icelandic: liður
Faroese: liður
Norwegian: lid
Old Swedish: liþer
Swedish: led
Danish: led

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (liþus)

→ Proto-Samic: *lëδës, *lëttō (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; Kroonen considers the word as cognate with *limuz (“limb”). Other theories include derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-, *leyH- (“to bend”). A relationship with Latin lituus is sometimes suggested, but is doubtful as it is likely a loanword from Etruscan. Given the variety of forms, which are difficult to reconcile as inherited, origin in a substrate language is possible.


glīwą

glīwą (nominative singular)
glīwō (nominative plural)
glīwą (singular vocative)
glīwō (plural vocative)
glīwą (accusative singular)
glīwō (accusative plural)
glīwas (genitive singular)
glīwis (genitive singular)
glīwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glīwai (dative singular)
glīwamaz (dative plural)
glīwō (instrumental singular)
glīwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glīw

Old English: glīw, glīġ, glēow, glēo

desc

Middle English: gleo, glew, gleu, gle, glee

English: glee

Scots: gle, glie, glew

Old Norse: glý

Icelandic: glý

Of disputed origin:
* Beekes derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlew-o-s, from *gʰlew- (“to joke, make fun, enjoy”). In this case, cognate with Lithuanian glauda (“joke, jest”), Ancient Greek χλεύη (khleúē, “joke, jest, scorn”), Russian глуми́ться (glumítʹsja, “to mock, scoff at”), Serbo-Croatian глу́мити (“to act, feign”). See *glaumaz (“jubilation”) for more potential cognates.
* Kroonen derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *gʰley-wo-s, from a root *gʰley- (“to shine”), comparing Old Irish glé (“clear, bright”). Said root may be further related to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shimmer, gleam”).


gaukaz

gaukaz (nominative singular)
gaukōz (nominative plural)
gaukōs (nominative plural)
gauk (singular vocative)
gaukōz (plural vocative)
gaukōs (plural vocative)
gauką (accusative singular)
gaukanz (accusative plural)
gaukas (genitive singular)
gaukis (genitive singular)
gaukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaukai (dative singular)
gaukamaz (dative plural)
gaukō (instrumental singular)
gaukamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gauk
Old English: ġēac, ġǣc, ġēc
Middle English: ȝek, yek, yeke, ȝeac, ȝeke
Old Saxon: *gōk
Middle Low German: gôk
German Low German: Göök
Old Dutch: *gouk, *gōk
Middle Dutch: *gook, gooch
Old High German: gouh, kouch
Middle High German: gouch
German: Gauch

Old Norse: gaukr
Icelandic: gaukur
Faroese: geykur
Norn: gokk
Norwegian Nynorsk: gauk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gauk
Old Swedish: gø̄ker
Swedish: gök
Danish: gøg
Norwegian Bokmål: gjøk (< 19th century Danish gjøg)
Scanian: gøg
Jamtish: gouk
→ Middle English: goke, gowke, gouke, gauk
English: gowk, gawk
Scots: gowk, gouk

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʰegʰuǵʰos, from *gʰegʰuǵʰ- (“cuckoo”), which Gąsiorowski makes a reduplicated noun based on *gʰewǵʰ- (“to hide”), of the type of *kʷékʷlos. Cognate with Latvian dzeguze (“cuckoo”).


dīsiz

dīsiz (nominative singular)
dīsīz (nominative plural)
dīsi (singular vocative)
dīsīz (plural vocative)
dīsį (accusative singular)
dīsinz (accusative plural)
dīsīz (genitive singular)
dīsijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīsī (dative singular)
dīsimaz (dative plural)
dīsī (instrumental singular)
dīsimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: dís

Icelandic: dís

→ English: dis

→ Swedish: dis

Faroese: dís

Norwegian Nynorsk: dis

Old Swedish: dīsa- in dīsaþing (see disting)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁s (“god”). Also possible relation to Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”) related to Russian деви́ца (devíca, “maiden, girl”).


dajjǭ

dajjǭ (nominative singular)
dajjōniz (nominative plural)
dajjǭ (singular vocative)
dajjōniz (plural vocative)
dajjōnų (accusative singular)
dajjōnunz (accusative plural)
dajjōniz (genitive singular)
dajjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dajjōni (dative singular)
dajjōmaz (dative plural)
dajjōnē (instrumental singular)
dajjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daijā

Old English: dā

Middle English: da, do

Scots: da, dae

English: doe

→ Danish: då

→⇒ Faroese: dádýr

→⇒ Icelandic: dádýr

Old High German: *tē

Middle High German: *tē

Alemannic German: Tē

From *dajjaną (“to suckle”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck, suckle”). Cognate with Sanskrit धेनुः (dhénu, “cow, milk-cow”).


gardô

gardô (nominative singular)
gardaniz (nominative plural)
gardô (singular vocative)
gardaniz (plural vocative)
gardanų (accusative singular)
gardanunz (accusative plural)
gardiniz (genitive singular)
gardanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gardini (dative singular)
gardammaz (dative plural)
gardinē (instrumental singular)
gardammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gardō
Old Frisian: garda
North Frisian: gard, gerd, gord
Old Saxon: gardo
Middle Low German: garde, gārde
German Low German: Goorn
Old Dutch: gardo
Middle Dutch: garde
Dutch: gaard
Limburgish: gäörd
Old High German: garto
Middle High German: garte
Alemannic German: Garte, Gaarte
Bavarian: Gåatn, Goatn, Gårtn, Gåschtn
Cimbrian: gaarto, gart (Luserna)
Central Franconian: (Ripuarian) Jaade, Jaat (western Ripuarian), Gaade, Gaarde, Goarde, Goart (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Gaarde
Luxembourgish: Gaart
, ([ˈɡɔːɐ̯tn̩] Britten)
East Franconian: [ˈɡ̊ad̥n̩]
German: Garten
Rhine Franconian: (South Hessian) /ˈɡaːtə/, /ˈɡaːrə/, (Palatine) /ˈɡaːtə/
Pennsylvania German: Gaarde
Yiddish: גאָרטן (gortn)

Old Norse: *garði

Icelandic: garði

Norwegian: garde

Danish: gårde (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰 (garda)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kartano (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos (“hedge, fence, enclosure”), from *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose”). More at *gardaz.


wīną

wīną (nominative singular)
wīnō (nominative plural)
wīną (singular vocative)
wīnō (plural vocative)
wīną (accusative singular)
wīnō (accusative plural)
wīnas (genitive singular)
wīnis (genitive singular)
wīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnai (dative singular)
wīnamaz (dative plural)
wīnō (instrumental singular)
wīnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīn
Old English: wīn
Middle English: wyn, win, wine, wyne, wijn, vine, vyn, vyne, wyen, weyn, wynne
English: wine (see there for further descendants)
Scots: wyne
Old Frisian: wīn
Saterland Frisian: Wien
West Frisian: wyn
Old Saxon: wīn
Middle Low German: wîn
German Low German: Wien
Plautdietsch: Wien
→ Latvian: vīns
Old Dutch: wīn m
Middle Dutch: wijn
Dutch: wijn
Afrikaans: wyn
Berbice Creole Dutch: win
Negerhollands: wien, win
→ Saramaccan: wín
→? Sranan Tongo: win
→ Lokono: wing
→ Caribbean Javanese: win
Limburgish: wien
Old High German: wīn m
Middle High German: wīn
Alemannic German: Wii, Wi, Wy, wi, wii, wéin (Italian Walser)
Italian Walser: wi, wii, wéin
Swabian: Wai, Wei, Woi, Wi
Bavarian: Wein
Cimbrian: bain, boi
Mòcheno: bai'
Udinese: bain
Central Franconian: Weng
Kölsch: Wing
Hunsrik: Weng
Lorraine Franconian: Weïn, Win
Transylvanian Saxon: Weng
German: Wein
→ Estonian: vein
Luxembourgish: Wäin
Rhine Franconian: Wei, Weng, Win
Hessian: Woi
Palatine German: Wai, Wäi, Wenn, Winn, Woin
Vilamovian: wajn
Yiddish: ווײַן (vayn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: vín
Icelandic: vín
Faroese: vín
Norwegian Nynorsk: vin
Russenorsk: vin, vina
Norwegian Bokmål: vin
Old Swedish: vīn
Swedish: vin
→ Finnish: viini
Old Danish: win
Danish: vin
→ Greenlandic: viinni

→ Proto-Finnic: *viina (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 (wein)

Borrowed, as one of the earliest loanwords in Germanic, from Latin vīnum.


wunjō

wunjō (nominative singular)
wunjôz (nominative plural)
wunjō (singular vocative)
wunjôz (plural vocative)
wunjǭ (accusative singular)
wunjōz (accusative plural)
wunjōz (genitive singular)
wunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wunjōi (dative singular)
wunjōmaz (dative plural)
wunjō (instrumental singular)
wunjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wunnju
Old English: wynn, wyn
Middle English: wynne, wunne, winne
English: wynn, wen, winne, win
Scots: win
Old Saxon: wunnia
Middle Low German: wunne
Low German: Wünn
Old Dutch: wunna
Middle Dutch: wonne, wunne
Dutch: wonne (obsolete)
Old High German: wunnja, wunna, wunnī
Middle High German: wunne, wünne
German: Wonne

⇒? Old Norse: ynði, yndi n

Icelandic: yndi

Faroese: yndi

Norwegian: ynde

Danish: ynde

⇒? Old Norse: unað n

Icelandic: unaður m

From Proto-Indo-European *wénh₁-ih₂ ~ wn̥h₁-yéh₂-s, from *wenh₁- (“to love”) + *-ih₂. Cognate with Latin venia (“indulgence, kindness”).


kanipaz

kanipaz (nominative singular)
kanipōz (nominative plural)
kanipōs (nominative plural)
kanip (singular vocative)
kanipōz (plural vocative)
kanipōs (plural vocative)
kanipą (accusative singular)
kanipanz (accusative plural)
kanipas (genitive singular)
kanipis (genitive singular)
kanipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kanipai (dative singular)
kanipamaz (dative plural)
kanipō (instrumental singular)
kanipamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kanip
Old English: cenep
Middle English: kempe
English: kemp
Old Frisian: kanep, kenep, knap, knep

Old Norse: kanpr, kampr

Faroese: kampur

Icelandic: kampur

desc

Swedish: kamp (obsolete), kamphår (dialectal)

→ Middle English: *camp (attested only as camp (“shaggy”, adj))

English: camp

Scots: camp

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus (“jaw”). Cognate with Latin gena (“cheek”), Welsh gen (“cheek, chin”), Ancient Greek γενειάς (geneiás, “beard, chin”).

cog

hair on the chin or cheek, beard, whiskers, moustache


marką

marką (nominative singular)
markō (nominative plural)
marką (singular vocative)
markō (plural vocative)
marką (accusative singular)
markō (accusative plural)
markas (genitive singular)
markis (genitive singular)
markǫ̂ (genitive plural)
markai (dative singular)
markamaz (dative plural)
markō (instrumental singular)
markamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mark
Old English: marc
Middle English: mark
English: mark
Scots: mark, merk
→ Irish: marg
Old Frisian: merk
Saterland Frisian: Määrk
West Frisian: merk
Old Saxon: mark, merk
Middle Low German: mark
German Low German: Mark
Old Dutch: marc
Middle Dutch: marc, marc
Dutch: merk
Afrikaans: merk
Old High German: marc n
Middle High German: marc, marche, marke (chiefly f, influenced by *marku)
German: Mark f
→ Yiddish: מאַרק (mark)
→ Luxembourgish: Mark
→ Medieval Latin: marcus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mark, mǫrk n pl

Icelandic: mark, mörk n pl

Faroese: mark

Norwegian: mark

Old Swedish: mark n

Swedish: mark c

Danish: mark

Apparently from a pre-Germanic *morg-o-, which is perhaps related to *markō (“rand, border, edge”); see there for more.


granō

granō (nominative singular)
granôz (nominative plural)
granō (singular vocative)
granôz (plural vocative)
granǭ (accusative singular)
granōz (accusative plural)
granōz (genitive singular)
granǫ̂ (genitive plural)
granōi (dative singular)
granōmaz (dative plural)
granō (instrumental singular)
granōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *granu

Old English: granu

Old Frisian: grano

Old Saxon: grana

Middle Low German: grāne, gran

German Low German: Granne, Grann

Old Dutch: *grana

Middle Dutch: grāne

Dutch: graan

→ Late Latin: grāna

Old French: graine

desc

Middle French: grenon, guernon, gernon, grignon

Occitan: grenó, guernó, grignó

Old High German: grana, crana

Middle High German: grane, gran

German: Granne

desctree

Old Norse: grǫn
Icelandic: grön
Faroese: gron, grann
Norwegian Nynorsk: gran, gron; (dialectal) grøn
Elfdalian: grån
Old Swedish: gran, græn
Swedish: gran c or f
Danish: gran c
Norwegian Bokmål: gran m or f
⇒ Old Norse: greni
Icelandic: greni
Norwegian Nynorsk: grene

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰroH-néh₂-, with shortening due to Dybo's law, likely related to Proto-Slavic *grana (Serbo-Croatian grana (“branch”)). Possibly also related to Middle Irish grend (“beard, bristles”).

hair resembling an awn, a bunch or bundle of wispy hair


lanō

lanō (nominative singular)
lanôz (nominative plural)
lanō (singular vocative)
lanôz (plural vocative)
lanǭ (accusative singular)
lanōz (accusative plural)
lanōz (genitive singular)
lanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lanōi (dative singular)
lanōmaz (dative plural)
lanō (instrumental singular)
lanōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lanu
Old English: lanu, lane, lone — weak
Middle English: lane, lone
English: lane (dialectal loan)
⇒ English: lonnen, loanen, lonnin
→ Middle Scots: lane
→ Welsh: lôn
Scots: lone, loan
Yola: laane
→ Irish: lána
Old Frisian: lana, lona, lane, lone
Saterland Frisian: Lone
West Frisian: leane, loane
Old Saxon: lana
Middle Low German: lāne, lahne, lahn, lone
German Low German: Lane, Laan
Old Dutch: *lana
Middle Dutch: lāne
Dutch: laan
Afrikaans: laan

Old Norse: lǫn

Icelandic: lön

Faroese: lon

Norwegian: lån

Swedish: lana, lan

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁leh₂- (“to drive somewhere”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐλαύνω (elaúnō, “to drive”).


kuttô

kuttô (nominative singular)
kuttaniz (nominative plural)
kuttô (singular vocative)
kuttaniz (plural vocative)
kuttanų (accusative singular)
kuttanunz (accusative plural)
kuttiniz (genitive singular)
kuttanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuttini (dative singular)
kuttammaz (dative plural)
kuttinē (instrumental singular)
kuttammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kottō; *kottā f

Old Saxon: kott, cot

Middle Low German: kot, koz

→ Middle High German: kot

Old Dutch: *kota

Middle Dutch: cote

desc

Old High German: chozzo, kozzo, cozo, choz, kozza, chuzzi

Middle High German: kotze, kütze

German: Kotze, Choder (dialectal)

→ Polish: koc

→ Latin: cotta, cota, cottus [mid-to-late 1st c. CE, Rome] (see there for further descendants)

Of unknown origin. Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gudnós, *gʷewd- (“woolen clothes”), and compared with Ancient Greek βεῦδος (beûdos, “costly woman's dress”); however, the Greek is thought to be a loan from Phrygian [script needed] (beudos, “statue of a goddess”), that ultimately traces back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, aware”), and thus cannot be cognate.


wundrą

wundrą (nominative singular)
wundrō (nominative plural)
wundrą (singular vocative)
wundrō (plural vocative)
wundrą (accusative singular)
wundrō (accusative plural)
wundras (genitive singular)
wundris (genitive singular)
wundrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wundrai (dative singular)
wundramaz (dative plural)
wundrō (instrumental singular)
wundramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wundr
Old English: wundor
Middle English: wunder, wonder
English: wonder
Scots: winder
Scots: wunner
Old Frisian: wunder, wonder
Saterland Frisian: Wunder, Wunner
West Frisian: wonder, wûnder
Old Saxon: wundar
Middle Low German: wunder
German Low German: Wunner
Low German: wunder, wunner
Old Dutch: wundar
Middle Dutch: wunder, wonder
Dutch: wonder
Afrikaans: wonder
Old High German: wuntar, *wundar
Middle High German: wunder
German: Wunder
Luxembourgish: Wonner
Vilamovian: wunder

Old Norse: undr

Icelandic: undur

Faroese: undur

Norwegian: under

Old Swedish: under

Swedish: under

Old Danish: undær

Danish: under

From Proto-Indo-European *wn̥h₁-tro-m, from *wenh₁- (“to desire, wish for, strive after, win, love”).


paidō

paidō (nominative singular)
paidôz (nominative plural)
paidō (singular vocative)
paidôz (plural vocative)
paidǭ (accusative singular)
paidōz (accusative plural)
paidōz (genitive singular)
paidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
paidōi (dative singular)
paidōmaz (dative plural)
paidō (instrumental singular)
paidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *paidu
Old English: pād
Middle English: *pod (attested in pod ware)
English: pod
Old Saxon: pēda
Middle Low German: *pêde
→ Old Swedish: padha
Swedish: pade (dialectal)
Lombardic: paita
→ Italian: patta
→ Danish: pat
→ Icelandic: patt
→ French: pat
→ German: Patt
→ Greek: πατ (pat)
→ Polish: pat
→ Serbo-Croatian: pat
→ Slovak: pat

Gothic: 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (paida)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽 (gapaidōn)

→ Proto-Finnic: *paita (“shirt”) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; likely borrowed from a substrate language, compare Ancient Greek βαίτη (baítē, “shepherd's cloak”), and perhaps Albanian petk (“gown”).


tīdiz

tīdiz (nominative singular)
tīdīz (nominative plural)
tīdi (singular vocative)
tīdīz (plural vocative)
tīdį (accusative singular)
tīdinz (accusative plural)
tīdīz (genitive singular)
tīdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīdī (dative singular)
tīdimaz (dative plural)
tīdī (instrumental singular)
tīdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tīdi
Old English: tīd
Middle English: tyde, tid, tide, tyd
English: tide
Scots: tide
⇒ Yola: enteete
→ Scottish Gaelic: tìde
Old Frisian: tīd
North Frisian: tid, tidj
Saterland Frisian: Tied
West Frisian: tiid
Old Saxon: tīd
Middle Low German: tît
German Low German: Tied, Tiet, Tide
Old Dutch: tīt
Middle Dutch: tijt
Dutch: tijd
Afrikaans: tyd
Berbice Creole Dutch: titi
Javindo: tet
Jersey Dutch: tāid, tāidt
Negerhollands: tied, tid, tit
Skepi Creole Dutch: teit
Limburgish: tied
Zealandic: tied
Old High German: zīt
Middle High German: zīt
Alemannic German: Ziit, Zit, Zyt
Bavarian: Zeid
Cimbrian: zait
Mòcheno: zait
Central Franconian: Zeck, Zick (Kölsch), Ziet (western and northernmost Ripuarian), Zitt (Siegerland, otherwise scattered compromise form), Zeit (most of Moselle Franconian)
East Central German:
Vilamovian: cajt
East Franconian:
German: Zeit
Hunsrik: Zeid
Luxembourgish: Zäit
Pennsylvania German: Zeit, Zeid
Yiddish: צײַט (tsayt)

Old Norse: tíð
Icelandic: tíð
Faroese: tíð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tid
Norwegian Bokmål: tid
Elfdalian: taið
Old Swedish: tīþ
Swedish: tid
→ Elfdalian: tið
Danish: tid

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₂itis (“time, period”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to divide, part”), or from Proto-Indo-European *dīti- (“time, period”), from *dī- (“time”). Cognate with Old Armenian տի (ti, “age, year, day, time”), and perhaps to Northern Kurdish dem (“time”).


lewô

lewô (nominative singular)
lewaniz (nominative plural)
lewô (singular vocative)
lewaniz (plural vocative)
lewanų (accusative singular)
lewanunz (accusative plural)
liwiniz (genitive singular)
lewanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liwini (dative singular)
lewammaz (dative plural)
liwinē (instrumental singular)
lewammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lewō

Old Saxon: *lewo

Middle Low German: lē, lēhe

Northern Low Saxon: ley, Lee

Old Norse: lé

Icelandic: ljár

Faroese: líggi

Norwegian: ljå

Old Swedish: līe, lē

Swedish: lie, le

Old Danish: lē

Danish: le, ljå

Elfdalian: ljå

Jamtish: ljá

Gutnish: leie

Scanian: lé, ljá

From Proto-Indo-European *léwh₁-on-, from *lewh₁- (“to cut off, loosen”). Particularly close cognate semantically with Sanskrit लवित्र (lavítra, “sickle”), and additionally related to Proto-Germanic *leusaną (“to lose”); see the latter for more cognates.


līnǭ

līnǭ (nominative singular)
līnōniz (nominative plural)
līnǭ (singular vocative)
līnōniz (plural vocative)
līnōnų (accusative singular)
līnōnunz (accusative plural)
līnōniz (genitive singular)
līnōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līnōni (dative singular)
līnōmaz (dative plural)
līnōnē (instrumental singular)
līnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *līnā
Old English: līne
Middle English: line
Scots: line
English: line
Old Frisian: līne
North Frisian: liin
Saterland Frisian: Liene
West Frisian: line
Old Saxon: *līna
Middle Low German: lîne
German Low German: Lien
Old Dutch: *līna
Middle Dutch: line
Dutch: lijn, linnen
Old High German: līna
Middle High German: līne
German: Leine
→ Polish: lina
Luxembourgish: Léngt

Old Norse: lína

Icelandic: lína

Faroese: lína

Norwegian Bokmål: line

Norwegian Nynorsk: line

Old Swedish: līna

Swedish: lina

Danish: line

From *līną (“flax”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic льнъ (lĭnŭ, “flax”), Lithuanian linai, linas (“flax”), Latin līnum (“flax, thread, linen, cable”), Latin līnea (“linen, string, chord, thread”), Old Irish lín (“flax, linen, thread, net”), Ancient Greek λίνον (línon, “flax, linen, thread, garment”).


staigriz

staigriz (nominative singular)
staigrīz (nominative plural)
staigri (singular vocative)
staigrīz (plural vocative)
staigrį (accusative singular)
staigrinz (accusative plural)
staigrīz (genitive singular)
staigrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staigrī (dative singular)
staigrimaz (dative plural)
staigrī (instrumental singular)
staigrimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *staigri

Old English: stǣġer f

desc

Middle English: steire, stayer, stayre, staire

English: stair

Scots: stair

→ Irish: staighre

Old Saxon: *stēgar, *steigar

Middle Low German: steiger m, steir m

German Low German: Steiger

Old Dutch: *steiger, stēger m

Middle Dutch: steigher, stegher

Dutch: steiger

Afrikaans: steier

Nominalization of *staigraz (“elevating; steep”).


wurdiz

wurdiz (nominative singular)
wurdīz (nominative plural)
wurdi (singular vocative)
wurdīz (plural vocative)
wurdį (accusative singular)
wurdinz (accusative plural)
wurdīz (genitive singular)
wurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurdī (dative singular)
wurdimaz (dative plural)
wurdī (instrumental singular)
wurdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wurdi
Old English: wyrd, *werd — Kentish, weord
Middle English: werde, weerde, weird, werd, werede, werid, wierde, wired, wird, wirde, wired, wirid, word, wyerde, wyrde
English: werd, weard (obsolete)
Middle Scots: weird, werd
Scots: weird
→ English: weird
→ English: wyrd
Old Frisian: werd, werde
Old Saxon: wurd
Old High German: wurt
Middle High German: wurt

Old Norse: urðr, yrðr

Icelandic: urður

Old Swedish: urþer

Swedish: urd

⇒ Old Norse: Urðr

From Pre-Germanic *wr̥tís, from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, wind”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn, bend”).


Raginaharjaz

Raginaharjaz (nominative singular)
Raginaharją (accusative singular)
Raginaharjai (dative singular)
Raginaharjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Raginahari

Old English: *Ræġenhere

English: Rayner, Rainer (patronymic surnames)

Old High German: *Reginheri

German: Rainer, Reiner

→ Old French: Rainier, Reinier

French: Rainier, Rénier

→ Middle Dutch: Reynier

→ Dutch: Reinier, (obsolete) Reynier

→ Italian: Raniero

desctree

Old Norse: Ragnarr
Icelandic: Ragnar
Faroese: Ragnar
Norwegian: Ragnar
Old Swedish: Ragnar
Swedish: Ragnar
→ Estonian: Ragnar
Old Danish: Ragnar
Danish: Ragner, Regner, Regnar

→ French: Ragnar

From *raginą (“decision, advice, counsel”) + *harjaz (“commander”).


taubrą

taubrą (nominative singular)
taubrō (nominative plural)
taubrą (singular vocative)
taubrō (plural vocative)
taubrą (accusative singular)
taubrō (accusative plural)
taubras (genitive singular)
taubris (genitive singular)
taubrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taubrai (dative singular)
taubramaz (dative plural)
taubrō (instrumental singular)
taubramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taubr

Old English: tēafor

Middle English: teapor, *tever

English: tiver

Old Frisian: tāver (> tāveria)

Saterland Frisian: Töäwer, Tover

(West Frisian: thauwerje), staverje

Old Saxon: *tōvar

Middle Low German: tôver; tôveren

German Low German: Töver; tövern

Plautdietsch: Teewa

Old Dutch: *tōvar, *touvar (> toufrere, toufere)

Middle Dutch: tover

Dutch: toverij (> toveren); reintroduction through German Zauber: tover

(→ West Frisian: toverje)

Old High German: zoubar

Middle High German: zouber

German: Zauber

Old Norse: taufr, taufrar

Icelandic: töfrar (plural)

Norwegian: tauvr, tøvr; tauvra, tøvra

Old Swedish: tøfri

Unknown. Perhaps linked to *tawjaną (“to make”).


hansō

hansō (nominative singular)
hansôz (nominative plural)
hansō (singular vocative)
hansôz (plural vocative)
hansǭ (accusative singular)
hansōz (accusative plural)
hansōz (genitive singular)
hansǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hansōi (dative singular)
hansōmaz (dative plural)
hansō (instrumental singular)
hansōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hansu
Old English: hōs
Old Saxon: hansa, *hensa
Middle Low German: hanse, hense (> hensich)
(→ Old Frisian: hensoch)
→ Latin: hansa
→ Old English: *hanse, *hans
⇒ Old English: *hanshūs
→ Medieval Latin: hanshus (Anglo-Latin)
→ English: Hanse
→ French: Hanse

→ English: Hansa
Old Dutch: *hansa, *hensa
Middle Dutch: hanse, hense
Dutch: hanze
Old High German: hansa
Middle High German: hanse, hans
German: Hanse
→ English: Hanse
→ Old French: hanse
Middle French: hanse, hanze
French: hanse
→ Middle English: hanse
English: hanse

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 (hansa)

→ Proto-Samic: *kuossē (“guest”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kansa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱómsōd (“union, gathering”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by, with, along”) + Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”). Cognate with Latin consilium (“council, advisory body”); < *consodium, Russian сосе́д (soséd, “neighbour”).
Alternative etymology suggests possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ken-, *(s)kend- (“to split off, secede”). If so, then related to *skinþą.

cog

A gathering, summation, mass, quantity, amount


fahaz

fahaz (nominative singular)
fahizō (nominative plural)
fahaz (singular vocative)
fahizō (plural vocative)
fahaz (accusative singular)
fahizō (accusative plural)
fahiziz (genitive singular)
fahizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fahizi (dative singular)
fahizumaz (dative plural)
fahizē (instrumental singular)
fahizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: fær, *fáʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: (obsolete) fær
Faroese: fár
Old Swedish: fār
Swedish: får
Old Danish: far
Danish: får
Norwegian Bokmål: får
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: får

From Proto-Indo-European *póḱ-o-s, from *peḱ- (“to comb; wool, hair”).


fawiþō

fawiþō (nominative singular)
fawiþō (singular vocative)
fawiþǭ (accusative singular)
fawiþōz (genitive singular)
fawiþōi (dative singular)
fawiþō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *fawiþu
Old Frisian: fād

Old Norse: fæð
Icelandic: fæð
Faroese: fædd

/ˈɸɑ.wi.θɔː/

the condition of being few; small numbers, fewness


lēgiþō

lēgiþō (nominative singular)
lēgiþôz (nominative plural)
lēgiþō (singular vocative)
lēgiþôz (plural vocative)
lēgiþǭ (accusative singular)
lēgiþōz (accusative plural)
lēgiþōz (genitive singular)
lēgiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēgiþōi (dative singular)
lēgiþōmaz (dative plural)
lēgiþō (instrumental singular)
lēgiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: lēgede

Low German: laide, leide

Old Dutch:

Dutch: laagte

Old Norse: lægð

Icelandic: lægð

Faroese: lægd

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: lægd, (dialectal) lågd

Swedish: lägd, lejd

Danish: lejd, lejde

/ˈlɛː.ɣi.θɔː/


taugō

taugō (nominative singular)
taugôz (nominative plural)
taugō (singular vocative)
taugôz (plural vocative)
taugǭ (accusative singular)
taugōz (accusative plural)
taugōz (genitive singular)
taugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taugōi (dative singular)
taugōmaz (dative plural)
taugō (instrumental singular)
taugōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tēag
Middle English: teye, teȝe, tei, teiȝe, tey, tieghe, tye, tyȝe
English: tie, tye
→ Swazi: thayi
Scots: tie, tee

Old Dutch: *touga

Middle Dutch: toge, toog, tooch

⇒ Middle Dutch: tochener, toichener

Dutch: togenaar (obsolete)

Old Norse: taug; tog n (from *tugą)

Icelandic: taug f; tog n

Faroese: tog n

Norwegian Nynorsk: taug f; tog n, tau

Norwegian Bokmål: tau

Old Swedish: tugh, togh

Swedish: tåg

Danish: tov, (obsolete) toug

→ Proto-Finnic: *tauko (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull”).


wēgiþō

wēgiþō (nominative singular)
wēgiþō (singular vocative)
wēgiþǭ (accusative singular)
wēgiþōz (genitive singular)
wēgiþōi (dative singular)
wēgiþō (instrumental singular)

Old Norse: vægð

Icelandic: vægð

Norwegian Nynorsk: vægd


prattuz

prattuz (nominative singular)
prattiwiz (nominative plural)
prattu (singular vocative)
prattiwiz (plural vocative)
prattų (accusative singular)
prattunz (accusative plural)
prattauz (genitive singular)
prattiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
prattiwi (dative singular)
prattumaz (dative plural)
prattū (instrumental singular)
prattumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *prattu

Old English: prætt, præt

Middle English: præt, pret

Scots: pratt, prat, prate, pret

English: prat

Old Frisian: *prat

Saterland Frisian: prat, pret

Old Saxon: *pratt

Middle Low German: pratte

Low German: prot

Old Dutch: *pratt, *prett

desc

Middle Dutch: pratte, prat, parte, perte, pert

Dutch: prat, pret, part

Old Norse: prettr

Icelandic: prettur

Norwegian: prette

→ Scots: prettikin, prattick

Perhaps from pre-Germanic *brod-nú-, from Proto-Indo-European *bred- (“to wander about”). Compare Proto-Slavic *brъditi and Latvian bradāt, both meaning “to talk nonsense”. More at prate, prattle.

der

deceit, trickery, stratagem, list, cunning


herdō

herdō (nominative singular)
herdôz (nominative plural)
herdō (singular vocative)
herdôz (plural vocative)
herdǭ (accusative singular)
herdōz (accusative plural)
herdōz (genitive singular)
herdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
herdōi (dative singular)
herdōmaz (dative plural)
herdō (instrumental singular)
herdōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *herdu
Old English: heord, hierd
Middle English: heorde, herde, heerde
English: herd
Scots: hird, herd
Old Frisian: *herde; (herdere)
(West Frisian: harder, hoeder)
Old Saxon: herda
Middle Low German: hērde, hirde
German Low German: Heerde
Old Dutch: *herda
Middle Dutch: herde, harde, hāerde, hēerde, hirde
Old High German: herta
Middle High German: hërt
German: Herde
Luxembourgish: Häerd
→ Old French: herde
Middle French: harde
French: harde

Old Norse: hjǫrð
Icelandic: hjörð
Faroese: hjørð
Norwegian: hjord
Old Swedish: hiorþ
Swedish: hjord
Danish: hjord

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 (hairda)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerdʰ- (“file, row, herd”). Cognate with Russian череда́ (čeredá, “train, sequence”).


hlustiz

hlustiz (nominative singular)
hlustīz (nominative plural)
hlusti (singular vocative)
hlustīz (plural vocative)
hlustį (accusative singular)
hlustinz (accusative plural)
hlustīz (genitive singular)
hlustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlustī (dative singular)
hlustimaz (dative plural)
hlustī (instrumental singular)
hlustimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlyst

Middle English: lust, list

English: list

Old Frisian: hlest

Old Saxon: hlust

Middle Low German: lust

Old Dutch: *hlust, *lust

Middle Dutch: lust

Old Norse: hlust

Icelandic: hlust

Faroese: lust

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlus-tí-s, a ti-stem nominal from *ḱlews- (“to hear”). Exact cognate with Sanskrit श्रुष्टि (śrúṣṭi, “complaisance”). Related to Irish cluas (“ear”), Latin clueō (“be spoken of, be reputed”).


erǭ

erǭ (nominative singular)
erōniz (nominative plural)
erǭ (singular vocative)
erōniz (plural vocative)
erōnų (accusative singular)
erōnunz (accusative plural)
erōniz (genitive singular)
erōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erōni (dative singular)
erōmaz (dative plural)
erōnē (instrumental singular)
erōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: jara

Icelandic: jara (poetic, rare)


etǭ

etǭ (nominative singular)
etōniz (nominative plural)
etǭ (singular vocative)
etōniz (plural vocative)
etōnų (accusative singular)
etōnunz (accusative plural)
etōniz (genitive singular)
etōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
etōni (dative singular)
etōmaz (dative plural)
etōnē (instrumental singular)
etōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: eta, jata

Icelandic: jata

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: ete

Old Swedish: iæta


kradô

kradô (nominative singular)
kradaniz (nominative plural)
kradô (singular vocative)
kradaniz (plural vocative)
kradanų (accusative singular)
krattunz (accusative plural)
krattaz (genitive singular)
krattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kradini (dative singular)
kradummaz (dative plural)
krattē (instrumental singular)
kradummiz (instrumental plural)

(Old English: crat, cræt n)

(Middle English: kart, cart)

(English: cart)

Old Frisian: *krat, *kret

West Frisian: kret

Old Dutch: *kratto, *kratta

Middle Dutch: cratte

Dutch: krat, kret

→ English: crate

desc

Old High German: kratto, chratto, kretto, krezzo, chrezzo

Middle High German: kratte, krazze, kretze, krezze

German: Kratten, Krätze, Kretze

From Pre-Germanic *grotHón-, from Proto-Indo-European *gretH- (“to tie”). Cognate with Sanskrit ग्रथ्नाति (grathnāti, “to tie, string together”).


faigiþō

faigiþō (nominative singular)
faigiþôz (nominative plural)
faigiþō (singular vocative)
faigiþôz (plural vocative)
faigiþǭ (accusative singular)
faigiþōz (accusative plural)
faigiþōz (genitive singular)
faigiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faigiþōi (dative singular)
faigiþōmaz (dative plural)
faigiþō (instrumental singular)
faigiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faigiþu
Old English: fǣġþ

Old Norse: feigð
Icelandic: feigð
Faroese: feigð, feigd
Norwegian Nynorsk: feigd
Swedish: fegd

/ˈɸɑi̯.ɣi.θɔː/


marǭ

marǭ (nominative singular)
marōniz (nominative plural)
marǭ (singular vocative)
marōniz (plural vocative)
marōnų (accusative singular)
marōnunz (accusative plural)
marōniz (genitive singular)
marōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marōni (dative singular)
marōmaz (dative plural)
marōnē (instrumental singular)
marōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *marā
Old English: mare
Middle English: mare
Scots: mare, mair
English: mare
Old Saxon: *mara
Middle Low German: māre, mar m
Old Dutch: *mara
Middle Dutch: māre
Dutch: mare, maar
Old High German: mara
Middle High German: mare, mar
German: Mahr

Old Norse: mara

Icelandic: mara

Norwegian: mara, mare

Old Swedish: mara

Swedish: mara

Danish: mare

From Proto-Indo-European *mor- (“malicious female spirit”), from *mer- (“to die”). Cognate with Serbo-Croatian мо̏ра (“nightmare”), Old Irish Morrígan (“phantom queen”).


wartǭ

wartǭ (nominative singular)
wartōniz (nominative plural)
wartǭ (singular vocative)
wartōniz (plural vocative)
wartōnų (accusative singular)
wartōnunz (accusative plural)
wartōniz (genitive singular)
wartōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wartōni (dative singular)
wartōmaz (dative plural)
wartōnē (instrumental singular)
wartōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wearte

Middle English: warte, wrette, werte

English: wart, wrot (dialectal)

Scots: wrat

Old Frisian: warte, worte

Saterland Frisian: Wotte, Woote

West Frisian: wart

Old Saxon: warta, *wratta

Middle Low German: warte, worte, wratte

Low German: Waart, Wratt

Old Dutch: *warta, wratt

Middle Dutch: wratte, warte, worte

Dutch: wrat

⇒ Afrikaans: vratjie

Old High German: warza, werza

Middle High German: warze, werze

Cimbrian: bèertza

German: Warze

Hunsrik: Waarz

Luxembourgish: Waarzel

Old Norse: varta

Icelandic: varta

Faroese: vørta (“nipple”)

Norwegian Bokmål: vorte

Norwegian Nynorsk: vorte

Old Swedish: varta

Swedish: vårta

Old Danish: wartæ

Danish: vorte

From Proto-Indo-European *wers-. Cognate with Latin verrūca (“high place; excrescence, wart”), Lithuanian viršus (“top”), Old Church Slavonic врьхъ (vrĭxŭ, “top, peak”), Ancient Greek ἕρμα (hérma, “reef, rock, hill”), Sanskrit वर्ष्मन् (varṣman, “protrusion, summit, peak, top, vertex”).


flaiski

flaiski (nominative singular)
flaiskī (nominative plural)
flaiski (singular vocative)
flaiskī (plural vocative)
flaiski (accusative singular)
flaiskī (accusative plural)
flaiskīz (genitive singular)
flaiskijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flaiskī (dative singular)
flaiskimaz (dative plural)
flaiskī (instrumental singular)
flaiskimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flaiski
Old English: flǣsċ
Middle English: flesh
English: flesh
Scots: flesch
Yola: vleash, vlesh
Old Frisian: flāsk, flēsk
North Frisian:
Mooring: flååsch
Saterland Frisian: Flaask
West Frisian: fleis
Old Saxon: flēsk
Middle Low German: vlêsk, vlêsch, vlês
German Low German:(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Low Prussian: Sauerländisch (Olpe, Wenden): Fleisch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Fleesch
Märkisch (Altmärkisch), Westphalian (Westmünsterländisch): Fleesk
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Sauerländisch (Sündern, Balve, Eslohe, Attendorn, Drolshagen, Kirchhundem): Fläis
Bentheimisch (Grafschaf), Westmünsterländisch: Flees
East Westphalian (Ravensberg), Sauerländisch: Fläisk
East Westphalian: Floisk (Lippe)
Sauerländisch: Flääsk (Niedersfeld), Flais (Felbecke, Elspe)
Plautdietsch: Fleesch
Old Dutch: flēsc
Middle Dutch: vlêesch
Dutch: vlees, vleesch (obsolete), vleis (dialectal, Eastern Netherlands, North Holland)
Afrikaans: vleis
Negerhollands: vleesch, fleis, vleis
→ West Frisian: fleis
Limburgish: vleisj
Old High German: fleisk
Middle High German: vleisch, fleis, fleisch, flēsch, vleis, vlēsch
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Floisch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vlòas, blòas, vlaisch
Central Franconian: Fleesch, Fleisch, Flääsch
Hunsrik: Fleisch
Luxembourgish: Fleesch
German: Fleisch
Rhine Franconian: Flaasch, Flaisch, Fleesch
Pennsylvania German: Fleesch
Vilamovian: fłaś
Yiddish: פֿלייש (fleysh)

Old Norse: fleski, flesk

Icelandic: fleski, flesk

Faroese: flesk

Norwegian: flesk

Old Swedish: flæsk

Swedish: fläsk

→ Finnish: läski

Old Danish: flæsk

Danish: flæsk

Of unclear origin; appears to stem from a Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ḱ- (“to tear, peel off”), albeit with all supposed cognates being uncertain. Has been linked to Latin lāridum (“lard”), Proto-Germanic *flikkiją (“piece of meat; flitch”), *flīkō (“tatters, rags”) (whence Old Norse flík (“idem”)), *flīsō (“split chip”) (whence German Fliese (“tile”), Old Norse flís (“splinter, wood chip”)).


kulþaz

kulþaz (nominative singular)
kulþōz (nominative plural)
kulþōs (nominative plural)
kulþ (singular vocative)
kulþōz (plural vocative)
kulþōs (plural vocative)
kulþą (accusative singular)
kulþanz (accusative plural)
kulþas (genitive singular)
kulþis (genitive singular)
kulþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kulþai (dative singular)
kulþamaz (dative plural)
kulþō (instrumental singular)
kulþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *kollr (kollʀ in a runic inscription)

Norwegian: kull

Old Swedish: kulder, kolder

Swedish: kull, kulla

Danish: kuld

Jutish: kold


hlandą

hlandą (nominative singular)
hlandą (singular vocative)
hlandą (accusative singular)
hlandas (genitive singular)
hlandis (genitive singular)
hlandai (dative singular)
hlandō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hland
Old English: hland, hlond
Middle English: *land
Scots: lint
English: land, lant
Old Dutch: *land
Middle Dutch: lant

Old Norse: hland

Icelandic: hland

Faroese: land

Norwegian: land

Old Swedish: land

→? Finnish: lanta


wundō

wundō (nominative singular)
wundôz (nominative plural)
wundō (singular vocative)
wundôz (plural vocative)
wundǭ (accusative singular)
wundōz (accusative plural)
wundōz (genitive singular)
wundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wundōi (dative singular)
wundōmaz (dative plural)
wundō (instrumental singular)
wundōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wundu

Old English: wund
Middle English: wund, wonde, wound
English: wound
Scots: wond, wound

Old Frisian: wunde, unde

Saterland Frisian: Wuunde

West Frisian: wûne

Old Saxon: wunda
Middle Low German: wunde
German Low German: Wunn

Old Dutch: wunda
Middle Dutch: wunde, wonde
Dutch: wond, (Belgium) wonde
Afrikaans: wond
Negerhollands: wond
Limburgish: wónj

Old High German: wunta

Middle High German: wunde

Cimbrian: bunta

German: Wunde

Luxembourgish: Wonn

Yiddish: וווּנד (vund)

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚢᛞᚢ (*wudu /wundu/)

Old Norse: und

Icelandic: und

Old Swedish: und

Danish: vunde (influenced by Low German)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (*wunda) (attested in compound 𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 (wundufni))

Nominal formation from *wundaz (“wounded”), from Proto-Indo-European *wn̥-tó-s, from a root *wen- (“to strive, toil, win”), invoking a sense of "toiled (in battle)". Kroonen considers the word related to *winnaną (“idem”), while Orel compares Welsh ymwan (“to battle”) and perhaps Old Armenian վանդեմ (vandem, “to destroy”). It is possible that all these terms are related to each other, as well.
Older theories derive the word from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wn̥tós (“wounded”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wen- (“to strike, injure, hurt”).


kūts

kūts (nominative singular)
kūtiz (nominative plural)
kūt (singular vocative)
kūtiz (plural vocative)
kūtų (accusative singular)
kūtunz (accusative plural)
kūtiz (genitive singular)
kūtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūti (dative singular)
kūtumaz (dative plural)
kūtē (instrumental singular)
kūtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kūt

Old Dutch: *kūt

>? Middle Dutch: kuut, cuut, coet

Dutch: koet

⇒ Dutch: meerkoet

desc

→ Middle English: cote, coote, cute, cuytt

English: coot

Scots: coot, quet, queet

Old High German: *kūz

Middle High German: kūz, kiuzelīn, kützlīn

German: Kauz

→ German Low German: Kauz, Kauter

→ Middle Low German: kûtz

⇒ Middle Low German: kü̂tzken

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gewH-d- (“to call, cry out, cry, screech”), but in any case ultimately onomatopoeic.


þurstiz

þurstiz (nominative singular)
þurstīz (nominative plural)
þursti (singular vocative)
þurstīz (plural vocative)
þurstį (accusative singular)
þurstinz (accusative plural)
þurstīz (genitive singular)
þurstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurstī (dative singular)
þurstimaz (dative plural)
þurstī (instrumental singular)
þurstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þursti
Old English: þurst, þyrst
English: thirst
Old Frisian: thorst
West Frisian: toarst
Old Saxon: thurst
Old Dutch: thurst
Middle Dutch: dorst
Dutch: dorst
Old High German: durst
German: Durst
Luxembourgish: Duuscht

Old Norse: þyrstr (attested as an adjective)

Faroese: tystur

Icelandic: þyrstur

Norwegian Bokmål: tørst

Norwegian Nynorsk: tyrst, tørst

Old Swedish: þyrster

Swedish: törst

Old Danish: thyrst, thørst

Danish: tørst

From Proto-Indo-European *térstis (with the oblique stem generalized), from *ters- (“dry”). Equivalent to *þersaną + *-þiz.

dryness, thirst (lack of/need for water)


ganuhtiz

ganuhtiz (nominative singular)
ganuhtīz (nominative plural)
ganuhti (singular vocative)
ganuhtīz (plural vocative)
ganuhtį (accusative singular)
ganuhtinz (accusative plural)
ganuhtīz (genitive singular)
ganuhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganuhtī (dative singular)
ganuhtimaz (dative plural)
ganuhtī (instrumental singular)
ganuhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganuhti
Old English: ġenyht
Old Saxon: ginuht
Middle Low German: genuchte, genöchte
Old Dutch: ginuhti (reformed as īn-stem)
Middle Dutch: genuchte, genochte
Dutch: genucht
Old High German: ginuht
Middle High German: genuht

Old Norse: gnótt, gnœtt

Icelandic: gnótt, gnætt


inkô

inkô (nominative singular)
inkaniz (nominative plural)
inkô (singular vocative)
inkaniz (plural vocative)
inkanų (accusative singular)
inkanunz (accusative plural)
inkiniz (genitive singular)
inkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
inkini (dative singular)
inkammaz (dative plural)
inkinē (instrumental singular)
inkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *inkō

Old English: inca
Middle English: inke
⇒ Middle English: inklen, inclen
English: inkle
⇒ Middle English: *ynklyng, nyngkiling
English: inkling
Scots: inklin

desc

⇒ Old Frisian: ink, jinc (“irritated”, adj)

Old Norse: ekki

Icelandic: ekki

Faroese: ekki

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁engō, from *h₁eng-. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic ѧꙃа (ędza, “illness, disease”) (whence Serbo-Croatian је́за/jéza (“horror, shiver”), Slovene jẹ́za (“anger”) and dialectal Bulgarian енза (enza, “sickness”)), Lithuanian éngti (“to press, strangle”).


gēbǭ

gēbǭ (nominative singular)
gēbōniz (nominative plural)
gēbǭ (singular vocative)
gēbōniz (plural vocative)
gēbōnų (accusative singular)
gēbōnunz (accusative plural)
gēbōniz (genitive singular)
gēbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gēbōni (dative singular)
gēbōmaz (dative plural)
gēbōnē (instrumental singular)
gēbōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gābā
Old Saxon: *gāva
Middle Low German: gāve
Low German:
German Low German: Gaav
Westphalian:
Suerländer-Märkisch: Gaabe
Westmünsterländisch: Gaabe
Plautdietsch: Gow
Old Dutch: gāva
Middle Dutch: gāve
Dutch: gave
Afrikaans: gawe
Old High German: *gāba
Middle High German: gābe
German: Gabe
Luxembourgish: Gof
Yiddish: גאָב (gob)

q

Old Norse: gáfa (late, possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: gáfa

Faroese: gáva

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: gave

Norwegian Nynorsk: gåve

Swedish: gāva

Swedish: gåva

Danish: gave (likely borrowed or influenced by Middle Low German)


fahsą

fahsą (nominative singular)
fahsō (nominative plural)
fahsą (singular vocative)
fahsō (plural vocative)
fahsą (accusative singular)
fahsō (accusative plural)
fahsas (genitive singular)
fahsis (genitive singular)
fahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fahsai (dative singular)
fahsamaz (dative plural)
fahsō (instrumental singular)
fahsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fahs
Old English: feax
Middle English: fax
Scots: fax
English: fax
Old Frisian: fax
Old Saxon: fahs
Old Dutch: *fahs
Middle Dutch: vas
Dutch: vas
Old High German: fahs
Middle High German: vahs
Alemannic German: Fachs

Old Norse: fax
Icelandic: fax
Faroese: faks
Norwegian: faks
→ Scots: fax (foam-topped wave, swell)

From Proto-Indo-European *poḱsom (“hair”, literally “that which is combed, shorn, or plucked”), from Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to comb, shear, pluck”). Cognate with Sanskrit पक्ष्मन् (pákṣman, “eyelash, hair, filament”).


līkahamô

līkahamô (nominative singular)
līkahamaniz (nominative plural)
līkahamô (singular vocative)
līkahamaniz (plural vocative)
līkahamanų (accusative singular)
līkahamanunz (accusative plural)
līkahaminiz (genitive singular)
līkahamanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līkahamini (dative singular)
līkahamammaz (dative plural)
līkahaminē (instrumental singular)
līkahamammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *līkahamō
Old English: līchama, līchoma, līcema
Middle English: likame, licame, lichame
Scots: lekame
English: likam
Old Frisian: līkama, līkoma, līkkoma, līkma
Saterland Frisian: licman (obsolete)
West Frisian: lichem
Old Saxon: līkhamo
Middle Low German: licham, lickham, likam, lîkem
Low German: Liekam, Luikem
Old Dutch: līkamo m; līknamo m
Middle Dutch: lichāme m or n
Dutch: lichaam n
Afrikaans: liggaam
Old High German: līhhamo, līchamo, līhhinhamo, līhhinamo, līhamo
Middle High German: līcham, līchame; līchname
German: Leichnam

Old Norse: líkami, líkamr, líkhami, líkhamr
Faroese: likamur m, likam n
Icelandic: líkami, líkamur
Danish: legeme
→ Norwegian Bokmål: legeme
Norwegian Nynorsk: lekam
Old Swedish: līkami, likamin
Swedish: lekamen


garaznô

garaznô (nominative singular)
garaznaniz (nominative plural)
garaznô (singular vocative)
garaznaniz (plural vocative)
garaznanų (accusative singular)
garaznanunz (accusative plural)
garazniniz (genitive singular)
garaznanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garaznini (dative singular)
garaznammaz (dative plural)
garazninē (instrumental singular)
garaznammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: granni
Icelandic: granni
Faroese: granni
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: granne
Norwegian Nynorsk: granne
Old Swedish: granne
Swedish: granne c
Old Danish: grannæ
Danish: grande c
→ Kven: kranni
→ Northern Sami: kránnjá
→ Southern Sami: kraanna

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (garazna)

/ɣɑ.ˈrɑz.nɔːː/


ammǭ

ammǭ (nominative singular)
ammōniz (nominative plural)
ammǭ (singular vocative)
ammōniz (plural vocative)
ammōnų (accusative singular)
ammōnunz (accusative plural)
ammōniz (genitive singular)
ammōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ammōni (dative singular)
ammōmaz (dative plural)
ammōnē (instrumental singular)
ammōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ammā

Old Saxon: *amma

Middle Low German: amme

Plautdietsch: Ooma

Old Dutch: *amma
Middle Dutch: amme
Dutch: amme, am

Old High German: amma

Middle High German: amme

German: Amme, Oma

Old Norse: amma

Icelandic: amma

Faroese: omma

Norwegian: amma

Old Swedish: amma

Swedish: amma

Danish: amme

Onomatopoeic. Compare Latin amita (“paternal aunt”), Ancient Greek ἀμμά (ammá, “mother”).


mēgaz

mēgaz (nominative singular)
mēgōz (nominative plural)
mēgōs (nominative plural)
mēg (singular vocative)
mēgōz (plural vocative)
mēgōs (plural vocative)
mēgą (accusative singular)
mēganz (accusative plural)
mēgas (genitive singular)
mēgis (genitive singular)
mēgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēgai (dative singular)
mēgamaz (dative plural)
mēgō (instrumental singular)
mēgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *māg
Old English: mǣġ m or f
Middle English: mæȝ, mæi, meȝ, mei
English: may (“kinsman, person”)
⇒ Old English: māga m (“descendant, son”)
⇒ Old English: māge, mǣġe f
Old Frisian: mēch
North Frisian: meeg
Old Saxon: māg
Middle Low German: mâch
Old Dutch: *māg
Middle Dutch: mâech
Dutch: maag
Afrikaans: maag
Old High German: māg
Middle High German: māc
German: Mage

Old Norse: mágr

Icelandic: mágur

Faroese: mágur

Norwegian: måg

Old Swedish: māgher

Swedish: måg

Old Danish: māgh

Danish: måg

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐍃 (mēgs)

→? Proto-Finnic: *mees (“man”) (see there for further descendants)

Suggested to be related to *maguz (“boy, relative”).

son-in-law; or more generally, a relative through marriage


lahwaz

lahwaz (nominative singular)
lahwizō (nominative plural)
lahwaz (singular vocative)
lahwizō (plural vocative)
lahwaz (accusative singular)
lahwizō (accusative plural)
lahwiziz (genitive singular)
lahwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahwizi (dative singular)
lahwizumaz (dative plural)
lahwizē (instrumental singular)
lahwizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lahw

Old English: lēow, læuw, lēw

Old West Norse: lær, *lāʀ — Old East Norse
Old West Norse:
Icelandic: lær, læri
Faroese: lær
Norwegian Nynorsk: lær
Old East Norse:
Elfdalian: lår
Old Swedish: lār
Swedish: lår
Old Danish: lar
Danish: lår
Norwegian Bokmål: lår
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lår
Gutnish: lar

Old East Norse: *lāʀ

From Pre-Germanic *logʷʰ-es-, perhaps ultimately from the root of *lagjaz (“leg”).


grētaz

grētaz (nominative singular)
grētōz (nominative plural)
grētōs (nominative plural)
grēt (singular vocative)
grētōz (plural vocative)
grētōs (plural vocative)
grētą (accusative singular)
grētanz (accusative plural)
grētas (genitive singular)
grētis (genitive singular)
grētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grētai (dative singular)
grētamaz (dative plural)
grētō (instrumental singular)
grētamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚱᚨᛏᚨᛉ (*grataʀ /grātaʀ/)

Old Norse: grátr
Icelandic: grátur
Faroese: grátur
Norwegian Bokmål: gråt m
Norwegian Nynorsk: gråt m
Old Swedish: grāter
Swedish: gråt
Danish: gråd

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍄𐍃 (grēts)


haitį̄

haitį̄ (nominative singular)
haitīniz (nominative plural)
haitį̄ (singular vocative)
haitīniz (plural vocative)
haitīnų (accusative singular)
haitīnunz (accusative plural)
haitīniz (genitive singular)
haitīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haitīni (dative singular)
haitīmaz (dative plural)
haitīnē (instrumental singular)
haitīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haitī

Old English: hǣtu, hǣto, hǣte
Middle English: hete, heet, heete, heite, hette, hetee, hæte, heate (Early Middle English)
English: heat
Scots: hete, heit
Yola: het

Old Frisian: hēte

North Frisian: hiet

Saterland Frisian: Hatte

West Frisian: hjitte

Old Saxon: *hētī

Middle Low German: hête, heite

Old Dutch: *hētī

Middle Dutch: hete, heete, heite, hiete

Old High German: heizī

Middle High German: heize

German: Heiße (obsolete)


burþį̄

burþį̄ (nominative singular)
burþīniz (nominative plural)
burþį̄ (singular vocative)
burþīniz (plural vocative)
burþīnų (accusative singular)
burþīnunz (accusative plural)
burþīniz (genitive singular)
burþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burþīni (dative singular)
burþīmaz (dative plural)
burþīnē (instrumental singular)
burþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *burþī
Old English: byrd
Old Frisian: berthe, berde
Old Saxon: burthi
Middle Low German: borde, bōrde, börde
Low German: Böörd
Old Dutch: *burthi, *burtha
Middle Dutch: borde
Dutch: borde
Old High German: burdī
Middle High German: burde, bürde
Alemannic German: Burdi
German: Bürde

Old Norse: byrðr

Icelandic: byrður, byrði

Faroese: byrði

Norwegian: byrde

Old Swedish: byrþ, byrþe, biurdh, børdh, ᛒᛦᚱᚦ
Swedish: börda

Old Danish: byrþi, byrthæ

Danish: byrde

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌴𐌹 (baurþei)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”). Direct cognate with Sanskrit भृति (bhṛti, “bearing; support”).


salō

salō (nominative singular)
salôz (nominative plural)
salō (singular vocative)
salôz (plural vocative)
salǭ (accusative singular)
salōz (accusative plural)
salōz (genitive singular)
salǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salōi (dative singular)
salōmaz (dative plural)
salō (instrumental singular)
salōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: sala

Middle High German: sale

Old Norse: sala

Icelandic: sala

Norwegian Bokmål: salg

Norwegian Nynorsk: sal

Old Swedish: sala

Swedish: salu (from the oblique case)

Danish: salg

→ Old English: sala

Middle English: sale

Scots: sale, saill, seall

English: sale

From Proto-Indo-European *selh₁- (“to take, grab”). Cognate with Lithuanian siūlyti (“to propose, offer, upsend”).


hiwją

hiwją (nominative singular)
hiwjō (nominative plural)
hiwją (singular vocative)
hiwjō (plural vocative)
hiwją (accusative singular)
hiwjō (accusative plural)
hiwjas (genitive singular)
hiwis (genitive singular)
hiwjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiwjai (dative singular)
hiwjamaz (dative plural)
hiwjō (instrumental singular)
hiwjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hiwi
Old English: hīew, hīw
Middle English: hewe
Scots: hew, hu, hue
English: hue

Old Norse: hý

Icelandic: hý, hé

Faroese: hýggj

Norwegian: hy

Old Swedish: hȳ

Swedish: hy

→ Danish: hy (archaic)

Gutnish: höi

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)uvjë (“down”) (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌹 (hiwi)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hipjä (“skin”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *ipjë (“dust”)

Southern Sami: ïbje

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *heben (“single hair, fluff”)

Finnish: heven, hepene

? → Proto-Finnic: *häivä (< *häwjä)

Finnish: häivä

→ Proto-Samic: *jievjë (“white (of fur, hair)”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Pre-Sami: *kepji

Proto-Samic: *këpjë (see there for further descendants)

Disputed. Either from Proto-Indo-European *kew-, *ḱew- (“skin, cuticle, hide; beauty, splendour”) or from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁- (“grey, dark shade”), or a merger of the two. Compare Sanskrit छवि (chavi, “skin, beauty”).


libarō

libarō (nominative singular)
libarôz (nominative plural)
libarō (singular vocative)
libarôz (plural vocative)
libarǭ (accusative singular)
libarōz (accusative plural)
libarōz (genitive singular)
libarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
libarōi (dative singular)
libarōmaz (dative plural)
libarō (instrumental singular)
libarōmiz (instrumental plural)


skaftaz

skaftaz (nominative singular)
skaftōz (nominative plural)
skaftōs (nominative plural)
skaft (singular vocative)
skaftōz (plural vocative)
skaftōs (plural vocative)
skaftą (accusative singular)
skaftanz (accusative plural)
skaftas (genitive singular)
skaftis (genitive singular)
skaftǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaftai (dative singular)
skaftamaz (dative plural)
skaftō (instrumental singular)
skaftamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaft
Old English: sċeaft
Middle English: schaft, scæft, scaft, shaft, sschaft, scheft, sheft, shafft, schafft, chafte, saft, shaffet, schafte, shafte
English: shaft
Scots: schaft, shaft
Old Frisian: skeft
Saterland Frisian: Schacht, Skacht
West Frisian: skaft
Old Saxon: skaft
Middle Low German: schacht, scacht
Dutch Low Saxon: schacht
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Low German: Schecht, Schefft
Westphalian:
Dortmunder, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Schacht
Dortmunder, Westmünsterländisch: Schaft
Westmünsterländisch: Schach
Plautdietsch: Scheft, Schajcht
→ Middle High German: schacht
Alemannic German: Schacht
German: Schacht
→ Belarusian: шахта (šaxta)
→ Czech: šachta
→ Danish: skakt
→ Esperanto: ŝakto
→ Estonian: šaht
→ Polish: szacht
→ Russian: ша́хта (šáxta)
→ Kazakh: шахта (şaxta)
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȁht
→ Swedish: schakt
→ Ukrainian: шахта (šaxta)
Old Dutch: skaft
Middle Dutch: schacht, schaft
Dutch: schacht, schaft (archaic)
Afrikaans: skag
Old High German: skaft
Middle High German: schaft
German: Schaft

Old Norse: skapt, skaft
Icelandic: skaft
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skaft
Norwegian Nynorsk: skaft
Old Swedish: skapt, skaft
Swedish: skaft ("pole"; forms a doublet with schakt)
Danish: skaft

From Proto-Indo-European *skeh₂p- (“rod, shaft, staff, club”), potentially from a root *(s)ke(H)p- (“to strike, beat”). Compare Proto-Slavic *kopьje (“spear, javelin”), Ancient Greek σκῆπτρον (skêptron, “staff, baton”) and Latin scapus (“shaft”), which Albanian shkop (“stick”) may also derive from or merely be cognate with.


swarmaz

swarmaz (nominative singular)
swarmōz (nominative plural)
swarmōs (nominative plural)
swarm (singular vocative)
swarmōz (plural vocative)
swarmōs (plural vocative)
swarmą (accusative singular)
swarmanz (accusative plural)
swarmas (genitive singular)
swarmis (genitive singular)
swarmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swarmai (dative singular)
swarmamaz (dative plural)
swarmō (instrumental singular)
swarmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swearm

Middle English: swarm

Scots: swarm

English: swarm

Old Frisian: *swarm

Saterland Frisian: Swoorm

West Frisian: swarm, swaarm

Old Saxon: swarm

Middle Low German: swarm

Old Dutch: *swarm

Middle Dutch: swaerm, swerm

Dutch: zwerm

Afrikaans: swerm

Old High German: swarm

Middle High German: swarm

German: Schwarm

→ Esperanto: svarmo

Hunsrik: Schwaarem

Luxembourgish: Schwaarm

Old Norse: svarmr

Icelandic: svarmur

Norwegian: sverm

Old Swedish: sværmber

Swedish: svärm

Danish: sværm

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to buzz, hum”). Cognate with Latin susurrus (“whispering, humming, murmur”), Lithuanian surma (“a pipe”), Russian свире́ль (svirélʹ, “a pipe, reed”).


wadją

wadją (nominative singular)
wadjō (nominative plural)
wadją (singular vocative)
wadjō (plural vocative)
wadją (accusative singular)
wadjō (accusative plural)
wadjas (genitive singular)
wadis (genitive singular)
wadjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadjai (dative singular)
wadjamaz (dative plural)
wadjō (instrumental singular)
wadjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wadi
Old English: wedd
Middle English: wedde, wed
Scots: wed, wod, wad
Old Frisian: wedde, wed
Saterland Frisian: Wädde
West Frisian: wet
Old Saxon: weddi
Middle Low German: wedde
German Low German: Wedde, Wedd
Old Dutch: *weddi
Middle Dutch: wedde
Dutch: wedde
Old High German: wetti
Middle High German: wette
German: Wette
Luxembourgish: Wett
Yiddish: וועט (vet)
→ Medieval Latin: wadium
→ Old French: gage, guage, gaige, wage
Middle French: gage
French: gage
→ Middle English: gage
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gager, gagier, guagier
Middle French: guagier, gager
French: gager
→ Middle English: gagen
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gageure
French: gageure, gageüre
→ Piedmontese: gagi
→ Old Northern French: wage
→ Middle English: wage
English: wage
⇒ Old Northern French: wagier
→ Middle English: wagen
English: wage
⇒ Old Northern French: wageure, wagour
→ Middle English: wager, waiour, wageour, waiowre, wagour
English: wager

Old Norse: vað, veð

Icelandic: veð

Faroese: veð

Norwegian Nynorsk: vad, vedd

Old Swedish: vaþ, væþ

Swedish: vad

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌹 (wadi)

From Pre-Germanic *(H)wodʰyom, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to lead”). Cognate with Latin vas (“bail, surety”).


hauniþō

hauniþō (nominative singular)
hauniþôz (nominative plural)
hauniþō (singular vocative)
hauniþôz (plural vocative)
hauniþǭ (accusative singular)
hauniþōz (accusative plural)
hauniþōz (genitive singular)
hauniþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hauniþōi (dative singular)
hauniþōmaz (dative plural)
hauniþō (instrumental singular)
hauniþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hauniþu
Old English: hīenþu, hȳnþ, hȳnþu, hēnþo
Middle English: henthe, hinth
Old Frisian: hānethe
Old Saxon: hōnitha
Middle Low German: honede
Old Dutch: hōnitha
Middle Dutch: hôonde, hôonte
Dutch: hoonte
Old High German: hōnida
→ Medieval Latin: haunta
Old French: honte (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰 (hauniþa)


hunslą

hunslą (nominative singular)
hunslō (nominative plural)
hunslą (singular vocative)
hunslō (plural vocative)
hunslą (accusative singular)
hunslō (accusative plural)
hunslas (genitive singular)
hunslis (genitive singular)
hunslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunslai (dative singular)
hunslamaz (dative plural)
hunslō (instrumental singular)
hunslamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hunsl
Old English: hūsl, hūsel
Middle English: howsil, housel, hoosyl, hosel, hosil, hosill, hosol, housil, housul, housyl, housyll, howsel, howsell, howsill, husel, husell, husul
English: housel (archaic)
Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: hunsl, húsl, ᚺᛟᛋᛚᛁ (ʜᴏsli) (dative singular, Rök stone)

Icelandic: húsl, husl

Old Swedish: hūsl

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌻 (hunsl)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwen- (“holy”) + *-slą. Cognate with Lithuanian šventas (“holy”), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta, “holy”).


sternǭ

sternǭ (nominative singular)
sternōniz (nominative plural)
sternǭ (singular vocative)
sternōniz (plural vocative)
sternōnų (accusative singular)
sternōnunz (accusative plural)
sternōniz (genitive singular)
sternōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sternōni (dative singular)
sternōmaz (dative plural)
sternōnē (instrumental singular)
sternōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sternō, *sterrō m

Old English: steorra, stearra, stiorra, styrra, sterra
Middle English: sterre, star, starre, ster, sterrie, sturre, steorra, steorre, storre (Early Middle English)
English: star (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ster
Yola: starr, steor

Old Frisian: stēra

North Frisian: steer

West Frisian: stjer

Old Saxon: sterro
Middle Low German: stērne, stērn
German Low German: Steern
Plautdietsch: Stiern
→ Saterland Frisian: Stiern

Old Dutch: sterno, sterro

Middle Dutch: sterre, sterne
Dutch: ster
Afrikaans: ster
Negerhollands: ster
→ Indonesian: seter
Limburgish: stèr, stèrn
West Flemish: sterre

Old High German: sterno, sterro, stern
Middle High German: stërne, stërre, stërn
Alemannic German: Stern
Bavarian: Stean
Mòcheno: stern
Central Franconian: Stään, Stär, Stären, Stern
Hunsrik: Stern
Luxembourgish: Stär
German: Stern
Vilamovian: śtaom
Yiddish: שטערן (shtern)

Old Norse: stjarna
Icelandic: stjarna
Faroese: stjørna
Norn: sterna
Norwegian Bokmål: stjerne
Norwegian Nynorsk: stjerne
Old Swedish: stiærna
Swedish: stjärna
Old Danish: stiærnæ
Danish: stjerne
Elfdalian: stienna
Gutnish: stjännå, stjänne
Scanian: stjærna
→ Middle English: sterne, stern, starne, starn, sterrne, steorrne
English: starn (dialectal)
Scots: starn

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 (stairnō)

Crimean Gothic: stein

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”). According to Kroonen, the word became an n-stem in Germanic, Pre-Germanic *h₂stérōn, gen. *h₂sternés, which gave rise to two stems, *ster- and *sterr-, the latter through Kluge's law. The forms showing *stern- have reintroduced the -n- from the cases where it had not been assimilated.


niftiz

niftiz (nominative singular)
niftīz (nominative plural)
nifti (singular vocative)
niftīz (plural vocative)
niftį (accusative singular)
niftinz (accusative plural)
niftīz (genitive singular)
niftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niftī (dative singular)
niftimaz (dative plural)
niftī (instrumental singular)
niftimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nift
Middle English: nyfte, nift, nifte
English: nift (obsolete)

Old Frisian: nift

West Frisian: nift (archaic)

Old Saxon: nift, *nifta

Middle Low German: nifte, nichte

Dutch Low Saxon: nicht

German Low German: Nicht

→ German: Nichte

→ Saterland Frisian: Nichte

Old Dutch: *nifta

Middle Dutch: nichte, nifte
Dutch: nicht, (obsolete, Holland) nift, nifte
Afrikaans: niggie (from the Hollandic diminutive nichie)
Negerhollands: nechi, nechtje, negje
Limburgish: nich
→ West Frisian: nicht

Old High German: nift, nifta

German: Nift, Nifte (archaic)

⇒ Old High German: niftila (diminutive)

Middle High German: niftel, niftele

Cimbrian: nüftl

German: Niftel (archaic)

Old Norse: nipt
Icelandic: nift

From Proto-Indo-European *néptih₂ (“grandchild; sister's son”). Cognate with Latin neptis (“granddaughter, niece”).


sindraz

sindraz (nominative singular)
sindrōz (nominative plural)
sindrōs (nominative plural)
sindr (singular vocative)
sindrōz (plural vocative)
sindrōs (plural vocative)
sindrą (accusative singular)
sindranz (accusative plural)
sindras (genitive singular)
sindris (genitive singular)
sindrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sindrai (dative singular)
sindramaz (dative plural)
sindrō (instrumental singular)
sindramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sindr

Old English: sinder

Middle English: sinder, cinder

Scots: sinder

English: cinder

Old Saxon: sinder

desc

Middle Low German: sinder, sinter, sünder; sindel

→ West Frisian: sindel, sintel

Old Dutch: *sindar

Middle Dutch: sinder

Dutch: sinder (obsolete)

Flemish: zinder

Old High German: sindar, sintar; sindir, sintir

Middle High German: sinder, sinter; sintel

German: Sinter

→ English: sinter

→ Middle Dutch: sintel

Dutch: sintel

→ Old French: sendre

Old Norse: sindr

Icelandic: sindur

Norwegian: sinder

Old Swedish: sinder

Swedish: sinder

Danish: sinder

From Proto-Indo-European *sendʰro- (“coagulating fluid, scale, dross”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic сядра (sjadra, “lime cinder, gypsum”), Serbo-Croatian седра (sedra, “calcareous incrustation, tuff”).


sūz

sūz (nominative singular)
suwiz (nominative plural)
sū (singular vocative)
suwiz (plural vocative)
suwų (accusative singular)
suwunz (accusative plural)
suwiz (genitive singular)
sūǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suwi (dative singular)
suwumaz (dative plural)
sūē (instrumental singular)
suwumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sū
Old English: sū
Old Saxon: sū
Old High German: sū
Middle High German: sū
Alemannic German: Suu, Sou, Sau
Central Franconian: Sau, Sou (spelling variant, chiefly used for Moselle Franconian dialects)
Hunsrik: Sau
German: Sau
Luxembourgish: Sau
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Sau
Vilamovian: zaoj

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: sýr, *sōʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: sýr
Faroese: súgv
Norwegian Nynorsk: su

Old East Norse: *sōʀ

Old Swedish: sō

Swedish: so

Danish: so

From Proto-Indo-European *suH- (“pig, hog, swine”). See there for cognates.


galōfô

galōfô (nominative singular)
galōfaniz (nominative plural)
galōfô (singular vocative)
galōfaniz (plural vocative)
galōfanų (accusative singular)
galōfanunz (accusative plural)
galōfiniz (genitive singular)
galōfanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galōfini (dative singular)
galōfammaz (dative plural)
galōfinē (instrumental singular)
galōfammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galōfō, *glōfō, *galōfā, *glōfā
Old English: glōf, glōfe f, glōfa m
Middle English: glofe, glove
English: glove
Scots: gluve, gluive

Old Norse: glófi

Icelandic: glófi

Faroese: glógvi

/ɣɑ.ˈlɔː.ɸɔːː/

From *ga- (associative prefix) + *lōfô (“palm of the hand”).


lōfô

lōfô (nominative singular)
lōfaniz (nominative plural)
lōfô (singular vocative)
lōfaniz (plural vocative)
lōfanų (accusative singular)
lōfanunz (accusative plural)
lōfiniz (genitive singular)
lōfanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lōfini (dative singular)
lōfammaz (dative plural)
lōfinē (instrumental singular)
lōfammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lōfō; *lōf

Old English: lōf

desctree

Old Norse: lófi
Icelandic: lófi
Faroese: lógvi
Norn: løf, löf
Norwegian Nynorsk: love
Old Swedish: lōve
Swedish: love
Danish: love
Gutnish: loe, lo
→ Middle English: love, lof, loove, louf, luf, lufe, luff, luffe
English: loof
Scots: luif, lufe, luff

Gothic: 𐌻𐍉𐍆𐌰 (lōfa)

→ Galician: luva

→ Portuguese: luva

→ Spanish: lúa

From Proto-Indo-European *leh₂p- (“to be flat; palm”). Cognate with Lithuanian lópa (“paw, claw”), Proto-Slavic *lapa (“paw”), as well as perhaps dialectal Armenian լափ (lapʻ), լուփ (lupʻ, “palm, flat of the hand”).

der

(anatomy) the palm or hollow of the hand


bulô

bulô (nominative singular)
bulaniz (nominative plural)
bulô (singular vocative)
bulaniz (plural vocative)
bulanų (accusative singular)
bulanunz (accusative plural)
buliniz (genitive singular)
bulanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bulini (dative singular)
bulammaz (dative plural)
bulinē (instrumental singular)
bulammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bulō

Old English: bula

Middle English: bole, bule, bul

Scots: bul, bull

English: bull

Old Frisian: *bula

Saterland Frisian: Bulle

West Frisian: bolle

Old Saxon: *bulo, *bullo

Middle Low German: bulle

Low German: Bull

German Low German: Bull

→ German: Bulle

→ Polabian: bålă

Old Dutch: *bulo, *bullo

Middle Dutch: bolle, bulle

Dutch: bul

Afrikaans: bul

Old Norse: boli

Icelandic: boli

Faroese: boli

Swedish: bulla (< Middle Low German ?)

Earlier paradigm *bulô ~ *bullaz with consonant gradation, from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem such as *bʰl̥-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós (compare *uhsô for the formation), from the root *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”). The original meaning may have been “testicle”, similar to Germanic cognates meaning “ball; testicle”; compare Latin follis (“bag, sack; ball; testicle”), Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”) and Old Irish ball (“body part, member, limb; part”).


bulstraz

bulstraz (nominative singular)
bulstrōz (nominative plural)
bulstrōs (nominative plural)
bulstr (singular vocative)
bulstrōz (plural vocative)
bulstrōs (plural vocative)
bulstrą (accusative singular)
bulstranz (accusative plural)
bulstras (genitive singular)
bulstris (genitive singular)
bulstrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bulstrai (dative singular)
bulstramaz (dative plural)
bulstrō (instrumental singular)
bulstramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bolstr, *bulstr
Old English: bolster
Middle English: bolster, bolstre, bolstere, bowstur
English: bolster
Scots: bowster, bouster, boster
Old Frisian: *bulster, *bolster
Saterland Frisian: Bulster
West Frisian: bolster, bulster
Old Saxon: *bulster, *bolster
Middle Low German: bulster, bolster
German Low German: Bulster
Old Dutch: *bulster, *bolster
Middle Dutch: bulster, bolster
Dutch: bolster
Old High German: bolstar, bolstor, polstor, polstar
Middle High German: bolster, polster
German: Polster
→ Czech: polštář
→ German Low German: Polster
Lombardic: *polstar
→ Italian: poltro (“bed, couch”)
⇒ Italian: poltrona
→ Lombard: polter (Milanese)
→⇒ Venetan: poltrona

Old Norse: bólstr, bulstr
Icelandic: bólstur
Norwegian: bolster
Old Swedish: bulster, bolster, ᛒᚢᛚᛋᛏᚽᚱ
Swedish: bolster
Danish: bolster

From earlier *bulhstraz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“bag, pillow, paunch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to swell, blow, inflate, burst”). See also *balgiz.


darō

darō (nominative singular)
darôz (nominative plural)
darō (singular vocative)
darôz (plural vocative)
darǭ (accusative singular)
darōz (accusative plural)
darōz (genitive singular)
darǫ̂ (genitive plural)
darōi (dative singular)
darōmaz (dative plural)
darō (instrumental singular)
darōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *daru
Old English: daru, dæru
>? Old Dutch: *dara
Middle Dutch: dāre (possibly derived from Middle Dutch dāren < Proto-West Germanic *darōn)
Old High German: tara

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰórh₃-eh₂, from *dʰerh₃- (“to leap, spring”). Cognate with Sanskrit धारा (dhā́rā), Avestan 𐬛𐬁𐬭𐬁 (dārā).


nautą

nautą (nominative singular)
nautō (nominative plural)
nautą (singular vocative)
nautō (plural vocative)
nautą (accusative singular)
nautō (accusative plural)
nautas (genitive singular)
nautis (genitive singular)
nautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nautai (dative singular)
nautamaz (dative plural)
nautō (instrumental singular)
nautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *naut
Old English: nēat
Middle English: net, nete, neet
Scots: neat, neit
English: neat
Old Frisian: nāt
North Frisian: nut, nuat, nuet, nyt
Old Saxon: *nōt; nōtil
Middle Low German: *nôt; nôthof
Old Dutch: nōt
Middle Dutch: noot
Dutch: noot, nootstal
Old High German: nōz
Middle High German: nōz
Bavarian: Noß
Alemannic German: Nooss

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: naut

Icelandic: naut

Faroese: neyt

Old Swedish: nø̄t

Swedish: nöt

Old Danish: nøt

Danish: nød

desc

→ Middle English: naut, naute, noute, nowte

Scots: nowt, nolt

English: nowt, nolt

→ Proto-Slavic: *nuta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *nauta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *nāvtē (see there for further descendants)

An a-stem of *neutaną (“to use, make use of; to enjoy”) (with original meaning likely "utilizable (cattle)"), from Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to acquire, make use of”). Cognate with Lithuanian naudà (“utility, usefulness, note”).


ganautaz

ganautaz (nominative singular)
ganautōz (nominative plural)
ganautōs (nominative plural)
ganaut (singular vocative)
ganautōz (plural vocative)
ganautōs (plural vocative)
ganautą (accusative singular)
ganautanz (accusative plural)
ganautas (genitive singular)
ganautis (genitive singular)
ganautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganautai (dative singular)
ganautamaz (dative plural)
ganautō (instrumental singular)
ganautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganaut

desctree

Old English: ġenēat, ġenāeot — early
Middle English: net, niet
→ Medieval Latin: neatus
→ English: geneat (learned)

Old Frisian: nāt

Saterland Frisian: Noot

Old Saxon: ginōt, genōt

Middle Low German: genôt, genôte

German Low German: Genoot

Old Dutch: genōt

Middle Dutch: genoot

Dutch: genoot

→ West Frisian: genoat

Old High German: ginōz, ginōzo
Middle High German: genōz, genōze
German: Genoß, Genosse

Old Norse: nautr
Icelandic: nautur
Old Swedish: nø̄ter
Old Gutnish: nautr


faþō

faþō (nominative singular)
faþôz (nominative plural)
faþō (singular vocative)
faþôz (plural vocative)
faþǭ (accusative singular)
faþōz (accusative plural)
faþōz (genitive singular)
faþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faþōi (dative singular)
faþōmaz (dative plural)
faþō (instrumental singular)
faþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: faþu; Old English: faþe (< *faþǭ)

Middle English: *fathe

⇒ Middle English: fathasunu

Old Frisian: fethe

Old Saxon: *fatha

Middle Low German: vāde

From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr (“father”).


talą

talą (nominative singular)
talō (nominative plural)
talą (singular vocative)
talō (plural vocative)
talą (accusative singular)
talō (accusative plural)
talas (genitive singular)
talis (genitive singular)
talǫ̂ (genitive plural)
talai (dative singular)
talamaz (dative plural)
talō (instrumental singular)
talamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tal
Old English: tæl
Old Dutch: *tal
Middle Dutch: tal
Dutch: tal
Afrikaans: tal

Old Norse: tal

Icelandic: tal

Faroese: tal

Norwegian Nynorsk: tal

Old Swedish: tal

Swedish: tal

Danish: tal

Norwegian Bokmål: tall

From Proto-Indo-European *dolH-o-, from the root *delH- (“to reckon, calculate”). Compare *talō, *talkōną, Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “trick(ery), deceit; bait”), Hittite talliije/azi (“to pray to, evoke (a deity)”), and Old Armenian տող (toł, “line, row”).


hattuz

hattuz (nominative singular)
hattiwiz (nominative plural)
hattu (singular vocative)
hattiwiz (plural vocative)
hattų (accusative singular)
hattunz (accusative plural)
hattauz (genitive singular)
hattiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hattiwi (dative singular)
hattumaz (dative plural)
hattū (instrumental singular)
hattumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hattu

Old English: hætt, hæt

Middle English: hatt, hatte, hat

Scots: hat, hatt, hate, hait

English: hat

→ Irish: hata

Old Frisian: hat

North Frisian: hatt, hat

Old Norse: hǫttr, hattr (the latter form perhaps borrowed into West Norse from East Norse)

Icelandic: höttur, hattur

Faroese: høttur, hattur

Norwegian: hatt

Old Swedish: hatter

Swedish: hatt

Old Danish: hat

Danish: hat

→ Proto-Finnic: *hattu

Finnish: hattu

Ingrian: hattu

Karelian: hattu

Livvi: hattu

Ludian: hatt

Votic: hattu

Of unclear origin.
Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰnú-, from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to guard, cover, protect, care for”), and compared with Latin cassis (“helmet”).
However, Kroonen notes that the term looks like a derivative from the accusative plural, *hattuns, of an unattested n-stem noun *haþō, and reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European form as *kHt-nú- instead. He deduces a possible relation to Old High German hadara (“patch, goat skin”) and Old Norse haðna (“young goat”), and links these terms to Proto-Italic *katelos (“young animal”); see there for more.


bōsmaz

bōsmaz (nominative singular)
bōsmōz (nominative plural)
bōsmōs (nominative plural)
bōsm (singular vocative)
bōsmōz (plural vocative)
bōsmōs (plural vocative)
bōsmą (accusative singular)
bōsmanz (accusative plural)
bōsmas (genitive singular)
bōsmis (genitive singular)
bōsmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōsmai (dative singular)
bōsmamaz (dative plural)
bōsmō (instrumental singular)
bōsmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōsm
Old English: bōsm, bōsum
Middle English: bosom, bosum, bosem
English: bosom
Scots: bosum, bosome
Old Frisian: bōsm, bōsem
→ Saterland Frisian: Bossem
West Frisian: boeseme, boezem, buozzem
Old Saxon: bōsom
Middle Low German: bôsem, bôseme
Dutch Low Saxon: bussem
Old Dutch: *buosum, *buosom
Middle Dutch: boesem
Dutch: boezem
Afrikaans: boesem
Limburgish: bozem
Old High German: buosum, buosam
Middle High German: buosem, buosen
Cimbrian: pusum
German: Busen
Yiddish: בוזעם (buzem)

Exact origin unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw- (“to inflate, swell”); or from earlier *bōhsmaz ("the space between the arms"; compare *faþmaz), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰāǵʰus (“arm”), whence *bōguz (“upper arm, shoulder”).

gloss

"the space between the arms"; compare <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*faþmaz</i>


wulkaną

wulkaną (nominative singular)
wulkanō (nominative plural)
wulkaną (singular vocative)
wulkanō (plural vocative)
wulkaną (accusative singular)
wulkanō (accusative plural)
wulkanas (genitive singular)
wulkanis (genitive singular)
wulkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulkanai (dative singular)
wulkanamaz (dative plural)
wulkanō (instrumental singular)
wulkanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wolkn
Old English: wolcn, weolcen, wolc, wolcen
Middle English: welken (from plural wolcnu)
English: welkin
Scots: walk, wak (from wolc)
Old Frisian: wolken, wulken, ulken
North Frisian: wolk
West Frisian: wolken, wolke, wolk
Old Saxon: wolkan, wolcan
Middle Low German: wolken, wulken
Old Dutch: uulcun, wulkon
Middle Dutch: wolken
Old High German: wolkan, wolcan
Middle High German: wolken, wulken n or f or m
Bavarian: Woikn, Wolkn
Yiddish: וואָלקן (volkn)

From Proto-Indo-European *welg- (“moist; wet”).


felma-

felmô (nominative singular)
felmaniz (nominative plural)
felmô (singular vocative)
felmaniz (plural vocative)
felmanų (accusative singular)
felmanunz (accusative plural)
filminiz (genitive singular)
felmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
filmini (dative singular)
felmammaz (dative plural)
filminē (instrumental singular)
felmammiz (instrumental plural)
felmaz (nominative singular)
felmōz (nominative plural)
felmōs (nominative plural)
felm (singular vocative)
felmōz (plural vocative)
felmōs (plural vocative)
felmą (accusative singular)
felmanz (accusative plural)
felmas (genitive singular)
filmis (genitive singular)
felmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
felmai (dative singular)
felmamaz (dative plural)
felmō (instrumental singular)
felmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *felm-; *filmīn-

Old English: *felma (in compound ǣġerfelma); filmen, fylmen (< *filmīn-)

Middle English: filme

Scots: fillum, feelim

English: film

Old Frisian: filmene (< *filmīn-)

Old Dutch: *felm

Middle Dutch: velm, vilm m

Old High German: felm m

Probably an original men-stem from Proto-Indo-European *pélmō which was re-formed as if from *pél-mo-s, from the root *pel- (“hide, skin; to cover, wrap”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέλμα (pélma, “sole of the foot”), which is from *pélmn̥.

cog

(West Germanic) covering, skin, hide, fleece


dugunþō

dugunþō (nominative singular)
dugunþôz (nominative plural)
dugunþō (singular vocative)
dugunþôz (plural vocative)
dugunþǭ (accusative singular)
dugunþōz (accusative plural)
dugunþōz (genitive singular)
dugunþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dugunþōi (dative singular)
dugunþōmaz (dative plural)
dugunþō (instrumental singular)
dugunþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dugunþu, *dugunþi
Old English: duguþ
Middle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)
English: douth
Scots: duthe, douth
Old Frisian: dugethe, dugede
North Frisian: döged, dögd
Saterland Frisian: Duugd
West Frisian: deugd
Old Saxon: *dugund, *dugunt, *duguth
Middle Low German: dogent, doget
German Low German: Döögde, Döögte, Döögd, Döögt
Old Dutch: *dugath, *dugeth
Middle Dutch: doget, doghet, duget, dueget
Dutch: deugd
Afrikaans: deug
Old High German: tungundi, tugund, tugind; *dugud (Central German)
Middle High German: tugende, tugent; duget, duged (Central German)
Alemannic German: Tuugend
German: Tugend
→? Central Franconian: Dugend, Dujend, Tugend, Tuend
→? Luxembourgish: Dugend
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Tugend
Vilamovian: tūgyt
Yiddish: טוגענד (tugend)

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚢᚷᛁᚦᛟ (*duȝiðō)

Old Norse: dygð, dyggð

Icelandic: dygð, dyggð

Faroese: dygd

Norwegian Nynorsk: dygd

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dygd

Elfdalian: dygd

Old Swedish: dyghþ

Swedish: dygd

Old Danish: dyghth

Danish: dyd

Norwegian Bokmål: dyd

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyd

Gutnish: dygd

From unattested *dugunþaz (“productive, useful, strong”) + *-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéwgʰ-ont-s ~ *dʰugʰ-n̥t-és, from *dʰewgʰ- (“to be productive, useful; to be strong”) + *-onts. See also *duganą (“to be fit, avail”).


rukkô

rukkô (nominative singular)
rukkaniz (nominative plural)
rukkô (singular vocative)
rukkaniz (plural vocative)
rukkanų (accusative singular)
rukkanunz (accusative plural)
rukkiniz (genitive singular)
rukkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rukkini (dative singular)
rukkammaz (dative plural)
rukkinē (instrumental singular)
rukkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rokkō

Old English: *rocca

Middle English: rokke, rocke, rok

Scots: rok

English: rock

Old Saxon: *rocko

Middle Low German: rocke, rocken

Old Dutch: *rocco, *rocko

Middle Dutch: rocke, rocken

Dutch: rok

desc

Old High German: rokko, rocko, roccho, rocho

Middle High German: rocke

German: Rocken

Lombardic: *rocco

→ Italian: rocca; rocchetto, rocchetta

→ Arabic: رُكَّة (rukka)

→ English: rocket

→ Old French: rocquet, rochet

French: rochet

→ Spanish: rueca

→ Portuguese: roca

→ Sicilian: ruccheddu, *rucchellu

→ Maltese: rukkell

Old Norse: rokkr

Icelandic: rokkur

Faroese: rokkur

Norwegian: rok

Old Swedish: rokker

Swedish: rock

→ Finnish: rukki

Danish: rok

Of uncertain origin. Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig, till”), via a secondary formation. Other theories derive the term from Proto-Indo-European *rukn-, *rÁkn- (“weaving, web”), from Proto-Indo-European *ruk-, *rug- (“to spin, make clothes”).


stakô

stakô (nominative singular)
stakaniz (nominative plural)
stakô (singular vocative)
stakaniz (plural vocative)
stakanų (accusative singular)
stakanunz (accusative plural)
stakiniz (genitive singular)
stakanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stakini (dative singular)
stakammaz (dative plural)
stakinē (instrumental singular)
stakammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stakō

desctree

Old English: staca
Middle English: stake, staak, stack, stak
English: stake
Scots: stak, staik
→ Irish: stáca, staic

Old Frisian: stace, stake

Saterland Frisian: Stak

West Frisian: staak, staach

Old Saxon: *stako

Middle Low German: stake

Low German: stake, Staak

→ German: Stake, Staken

Old Dutch: *stako

Middle Dutch: stake

Dutch: staak

→ Old French: estaie

→ Spanish: estay

Old High German: stahho

Middle High German: stache

Cimbrian: stèkho

Old Norse: staki, stjaki

Icelandic: staki

Faroese: staki

Norwegian: stake

Old Swedish: staki

Swedish: stake

Old Danish: staghe

Danish: stage

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌺𐌰 (*staka)

→ Medieval Latin: staca (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin, with multiple candidate roots.
Probably from Proto-Indo-European *stogʰ-on-, from a root *stegʰ- (“bar, pillar, rod”), and cognate with Ancient Greek στόχος (stókhos, “brick pillar”), Lithuanian stãgaras (“dry stalk, switch”). Kroonen, in addition to the above, also suggests an alternate derivation as a nominal formation from *stikaną (“to stick”).
Older theories derived the word from a Proto-Indo-European *steg- (“pole, stick, beam”).