baitilaz

baitilaz (nominative singular)
baitilōz (nominative plural)
baitilōs (nominative plural)
baitil (singular vocative)
baitilōz (plural vocative)
baitilōs (plural vocative)
baitilą (accusative singular)
baitilanz (accusative plural)
baitilas (genitive singular)
baitilis (genitive singular)
baitilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baitilai (dative singular)
baitilamaz (dative plural)
baitilō (instrumental singular)
baitilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baitil

Old Frisian: *bētel

Saterland Frisian: Boitel

West Frisian: beitel

Old Saxon: beitil

Middle Low German: beitel, bētel

Low German: Beitel

→ German: Beitel

Plautdietsch: Beitel

Old Dutch: *beitil

Middle Dutch: beitel

Dutch: beitel

Afrikaans: beitel

→ Japanese: バイト (baito)

Old High German: beizil

Middle High German: beizel

Old Norse: beitill

Norwegian: beitel

Gutnish: baitel, baitl, baitul

→ Proto-Finnic: *paittilas (see there for further descendants)

From *bait- (“to make bite”) + *-ilaz (suffix deriving names of tools). The o-grade might indicate a lost strong verb *baitaną; compare *baitraz.


hulistrą

hulistrą (nominative singular)
hulistrō (nominative plural)
hulistrą (singular vocative)
hulistrō (plural vocative)
hulistrą (accusative singular)
hulistrō (accusative plural)
hulistras (genitive singular)
hulistris (genitive singular)
hulistrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulistrai (dative singular)
hulistramaz (dative plural)
hulistrō (instrumental singular)
hulistramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: heolstor

Middle English: hulster

desc

English: hulster, holster (“hiding-place”) (dialectal)

Old Saxon: *holster

Middle Low German: holster

Low German: Holster

→ German: Holster

→ Dutch: holster

→ Scots: holster, hulster

→ English: holster

→ Old Norse: holstr

Icelandic: hulstur

Swedish: hölster

Old Danish: hulster

Danish: hylster

Norwegian Bokmål: hylster

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hylster

Frankish: *hulistar

→ Latin: hulcitra

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂 (hulistr)


galaubô

galaubô (nominative singular)
galaubaniz (nominative plural)
galaubô (singular vocative)
galaubaniz (plural vocative)
galaubanų (accusative singular)
galaubanunz (accusative plural)
galaubiniz (genitive singular)
galaubanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galaubini (dative singular)
galaubammaz (dative plural)
galaubinē (instrumental singular)
galaubammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galaubō
Old English: ġeleafa, ġelǣfa
Middle English: ȝeleafe, ileafe, ȝeleave, ileave, ȝeleve, ileve
Old Frisian: *lāva
North Frisian: louwe, luwe
West Frisian: leauwe
Old Saxon: gilōvo
Middle Low German: gelôve, lôve
German Low German: Gloov, Glööv
Plautdietsch: Gloowen
→ Danish: love
→ Saterland Frisian: Glove
Old Dutch: gilōvo
Middle Dutch: gelôve
Dutch: geloof, gelove (archaic)
Afrikaans: geloof
Negerhollands: geloof, gelovf, gloof
Old High German: giloubo
Middle High German: geloube, gloube
Cimbrian: klóobe
German: Glaube
Hunsrik: Glaave
Luxembourgish: Glawen
Vilamovian: głaowa


brestuz

brestuz (nominative singular)
bristiwiz (nominative plural)
brestu (singular vocative)
bristiwiz (plural vocative)
brestų (accusative singular)
brestunz (accusative plural)
brestauz (genitive singular)
bristiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bristiwi (dative singular)
brestumaz (dative plural)
brestū (instrumental singular)
brestumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: berst, byrst

Middle English: brest, berst, barst

Old Saxon: *bresti

desc

Middle Low German: breste, berste, berst, barst

(German Low German: Brast ?)

Old Dutch: *bresti

Middle Dutch: berste

Old High German: bresto

Middle High German: breste

German: Breste

Old Norse: brestr

Icelandic: brestur

Faroese: brestur

Danish: brøst, brist

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰres‑ (“to burst; break; crack; crackle”).


tugilaz

tugilaz (nominative singular)
tugilōz (nominative plural)
tugilōs (nominative plural)
tugil (singular vocative)
tugilōz (plural vocative)
tugilōs (plural vocative)
tugilą (accusative singular)
tugilanz (accusative plural)
tugilas (genitive singular)
tugilis (genitive singular)
tugilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tugilai (dative singular)
tugilamaz (dative plural)
tugilō (instrumental singular)
tugilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tyġel

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: Tögel

Old Dutch: *tugil

Middle Dutch: toghel, teugel

Dutch: teugel

Afrikaans: teuel

Old High German: zugil

Middle High German: zugel, zügel

German: Zügel

→ Polish: cugiel

Luxembourgish: Zigel

Old Norse: tygill

Icelandic: tygill

Danish: tøjle

Norwegian Bokmål: tøyle

Norwegian Nynorsk: tygel

Swedish: tygel

From the root *tug- as in *tugōną and *taugijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dewk-, + *-ilaz.


lahtrą

lahtrą (nominative singular)
lahtrō (nominative plural)
lahtrą (singular vocative)
lahtrō (plural vocative)
lahtrą (accusative singular)
lahtrō (accusative plural)
lahtras (genitive singular)
lahtris (genitive singular)
lahtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahtrai (dative singular)
lahtramaz (dative plural)
lahtrō (instrumental singular)
lahtramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: látr

Icelandic: látur

Faroese: látur

Possibly an o-grade variant of *lehtrą, but more likely, together with the formation *lōgą, it implies an unattested *laganą + *-þrą.


laubą

laubą (nominative singular)
laubō (nominative plural)
laubą (singular vocative)
laubō (plural vocative)
laubą (accusative singular)
laubō (accusative plural)
laubas (genitive singular)
laubis (genitive singular)
laubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laubai (dative singular)
laubamaz (dative plural)
laubō (instrumental singular)
laubamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laub
Old English: lēaf
Middle English: leef, lefe, leve, lewe
English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip
Scots: leaf, lefe, leif
Yola: laafe
Old Frisian: lāf
North Frisian: lof, luf
Saterland Frisian: Loof, Loouw, Looch
West Frisian: leaf
Old Saxon: lōf
Middle Low German: lôf
German Low German: Loov
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Läuf
Westmünsterländisch: Loof
Plautdietsch: Loof
Old Dutch: lōf
Middle Dutch: lôof
Dutch: loof
Afrikaans: lof
Limburgish: louf
Old High German: loup, loub
Middle High German: loup
Alemannic German: Làuib (Alsatian)
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: loap
Mòcheno: lap
Hunsrik: Laab
German: Laub
Luxembourgish: Laf
Rhine Franconian: Laab
Frankfurterisch: Laab
Vilamovian: łojp

Old Norse: lauf
Icelandic: lauf
Faroese: leyv
Norwegian Nynorsk: lauv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: lauv
Elfdalian: lov
Old Swedish: lø̄f
Swedish: löv
Danish: løv
Norwegian Bokmål: løv
Gutnish: lau, laug, lavv

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 m (laufs)

Differing explanations:
* From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to break, flake or peel off, shed; rind, leaf”).
* From pre-Germanic *lowpóm, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *lewp- (“to bend, peel, tear, damage”).
The connection, if any, between these two roots is unknown.


nazō

nazō (nominative singular)
nazôz (nominative plural)
nazō (singular vocative)
nazôz (plural vocative)
nazǭ (accusative singular)
nazōz (accusative plural)
nazōz (genitive singular)
nazǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nazōi (dative singular)
nazōmaz (dative plural)
nazō (instrumental singular)
nazōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nearu, neru (in ealdorneru)

Old Saxon: nara (in līfnara)

Middle Low German: nar; lîfnāre

Old Dutch: nara (in līfnara)

Old High German: nara; lībnara

Middle High German: nare

From Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return; recover; make whole”).


gagulaz

gagulaz (nominative singular)
gagulōz (nominative plural)
gagulōs (nominative plural)
gagul (singular vocative)
gagulōz (plural vocative)
gagulōs (plural vocative)
gagulą (accusative singular)
gagulanz (accusative plural)
gagulas (genitive singular)
gagulis (genitive singular)
gagulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gagulai (dative singular)
gagulamaz (dative plural)
gagulō (instrumental singular)
gagulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: gagel m; gagelle, gagolle f

desc

Middle English: gagel, gaȝel, gawyl, gawl, gail

Scots: gale, gaal, gaul

English: gale

Old Frisian: *gal

West Frisian: galjes (plural)

Old Saxon: *gagal

Middle Low German: gāgel

Old Dutch: *gagal

Middle Dutch: gagel

Dutch: gagel

Old High German: gagel (in gagelrīs)

Middle High German: gagel

German: Gagel

Old Norse: gagl (in gaglviðr)

Icelandic: gaglviður


skīmô

skīmô (nominative singular)
skīmaniz (nominative plural)
skīmô (singular vocative)
skīmaniz (plural vocative)
skīmanų (accusative singular)
skīmanunz (accusative plural)
skīminiz (genitive singular)
skīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skīmini (dative singular)
skīmammaz (dative plural)
skīminē (instrumental singular)
skīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċīma; (sċima)

⇒ Middle English: schym (adj)

Old Frisian: *skīma

Saterland Frisian: Skieme

West Frisian: skim, skym

Old Saxon: skīmo, scīmo

Old Dutch: *skīmo

(Middle Dutch: schim, schem)

(Dutch: schim)

desctree

Old High German: scīmo
Middle High German: schīme; (schëme)

Old Norse: skími; (skimi); (skim)

Norwegian: skime

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (skeima)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeyh₁- (“to shimmer; shadow”) with a suffix *-mô, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.


skraudō

skraudō (nominative singular)
skraudôz (nominative plural)
skraudō (singular vocative)
skraudôz (plural vocative)
skraudǭ (accusative singular)
skraudōz (accusative plural)
skraudōz (genitive singular)
skraudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skraudōi (dative singular)
skraudōmaz (dative plural)
skraudō (instrumental singular)
skraudōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skraudu
Old English: sċrēad
Middle English: shrede, shred
Scots: screid, skreid, schred, schreid
English: shred
Old Frisian: skrēd
Old Dutch: *scrōda
Middle Dutch: schrôde
Dutch: schroot
Old High German: scrōt
Middle High German: schrōt, schrāt
German: Schrot
Luxembourgish: Schrout
→ Old French: escroe, escrowe, escrouwe
Middle French: escroe
→ Middle English: escrowe, ascrowe
English: escrow
→ Middle English: scrowe, scrouwe
⇒ Middle English: scrowle, scrolle (influenced by rolle)
English: scroll

Old Norse: skrjóðr


grindō

grindō (nominative singular)
grindôz (nominative plural)
grindō (singular vocative)
grindôz (plural vocative)
grindǭ (accusative singular)
grindōz (accusative plural)
grindōz (genitive singular)
grindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grindōi (dative singular)
grindōmaz (dative plural)
grindō (instrumental singular)
grindōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: grinde f

Old Frisian: *grind, *grint

West Frisian: grint

Old Saxon: *grind

Middle Low German: grint m

German Low German: Grind

Old Dutch: *grinda

Middle Dutch: grinde, grint f

Dutch: grind

Afrikaans: grint

Old High German: grint, grient m

Middle High German: grint

German: Grind

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“to crush”).


Sigifriþuz

Sigifriþuz (nominative singular)
Sigifriþu (singular vocative)
Sigifriþų (accusative singular)
Sigifriþauz (genitive singular)
Sigifriþū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Sigifriþu

desctree

Old High German: Sigifrith, Sigifrid
Middle High German: Sîfrit
German: Siegfried (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: Sigfriðr, Sigfrøðr

Icelandic: Sigfreður

Faroese: Sigfríður

Norwegian: Sigfred, Sigfrid

Swedish: Sigfrid
→ Finnish: Sigfrid

Danish: Sigfred, Sigfrid

From *sigiz (“victory, triumph”) + *friþuz (“peace, tranquility, sanctuary, refuge”).


bulgijō

bulgijō (nominative singular)
bulgijôz (nominative plural)
bulgijō (singular vocative)
bulgijôz (plural vocative)
bulgijǭ (accusative singular)
bulgijōz (accusative plural)
bulgijōz (genitive singular)
bulgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bulgijōi (dative singular)
bulgijōmaz (dative plural)
bulgijō (instrumental singular)
bulgijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Middle Low German: bulge

Low German: bülge

Middle High German: bulga

desctree

Old Norse: bylgja
Icelandic: bylgja
Faroese: bylgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bylgja, bylgju, bylgje, bølgje; (dialectal) bulgje
Swedish: bölja
Danish: bølge
Norwegian Bokmål: bølge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bølge
→ Middle English: *bilowe, *bilewe, *bilwe, *bilȝe
English: billow

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


gimrį̄

gimrį̄ (nominative singular)
gimrīniz (nominative plural)
gimrį̄ (singular vocative)
gimrīniz (plural vocative)
gimrīnų (accusative singular)
gimrīnunz (accusative plural)
gimrīniz (genitive singular)
gimrīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gimrīni (dative singular)
gimrīmaz (dative plural)
gimrīnē (instrumental singular)
gimrīmiz (instrumental plural)

Frankish: *ingimus, *inzimus, *inzismus (attested in the Salic Laws; < *ainagim-)

Old Norse: gimbr, gymbr

Icelandic: gimbur

Faroese: gimbur

Norwegian: gimbur, gimbur (dialectal)

Swedish: gimber, gimmer

→ Middle English: gymbyre, gymbure

English: gimmer

Scots: gimmer

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (“winter”) (in o-grade *ǵʰyom- with loss of -y-). Cognate with Latin hiems (“winter”).


knuttô

knuttô (nominative singular)
knuttaniz (nominative plural)
knuttô (singular vocative)
knuttaniz (plural vocative)
knuttanų (accusative singular)
knuttanunz (accusative plural)
knuttiniz (genitive singular)
knuttanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knuttini (dative singular)
knuttammaz (dative plural)
knuttinē (instrumental singular)
knuttammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *knottō

desctree

Old English: cnotta
Middle English: knotte, cnot, cnotte, knot, knote, knott, notte
English: knot
Scots: knot

Old Frisian: knotta

Saterland Frisian: Knöt, Knät

West Frisian: knotte

Old Saxon: knotto

Middle Low German: knotte, knutte

German Low German: Knütt, Knütte

Old Dutch: *knotto

Middle Dutch: cnote, cnotte, cnudde

Dutch: knot

Old High German: *knozzo; *knozza f

Middle High German: knotze f

German: Knotze f (“gnarl, knot”) (obsolete)

Old Norse: knútr
Icelandic: knútur, hnútur
Faroese: knútur
Norwegian Nynorsk: knut
Old Swedish: knūter
Swedish: knut
→ Finnish: nuttura
Danish: knude
Norwegian Bokmål: knute
→? Norwegian Nynorsk: knute
⇒ Old Norse: Knútr
Icelandic: Knútur
Faroese: Knútur
Norwegian: Knut
Swedish: Knut
Danish: Knud
→ Greenlandic: Kunuuti
→ Anglo-Norman: *Canut, Kenut
→ Middle English: Canut
English: Canute
→ Medieval Latin: Canūtus
→ Italian: Canuto
→ Portuguese: Canuto
→ Spanish: Canuto
→ Old East Slavic: кнутъ (knutŭ)
Russian: кнут (knut), кнутъ (knut) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ French: knout
→ English: knout
→ German: Knute
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: кну̏т
Latin script: knȕt
→ Greek: κνούτο (knoúto)
→ Plautdietsch: Knutt
→ Polish: knut
→ Romanian: cnut
→ Slovak: knuta

Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gnod- (“to bind”), and compared with Latin nōdus (“node”), Proto-Germanic *knudaną (“to knead”). However, Kroonen instead derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *ǵnu-ton, a ton-formation from *ǵónu (“knee; node”).


heltą

heltą (nominative singular)
heltō (nominative plural)
heltą (singular vocative)
heltō (plural vocative)
heltą (accusative singular)
heltō (accusative plural)
heltas (genitive singular)
hiltis (genitive singular)
heltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
heltai (dative singular)
heltamaz (dative plural)
heltō (instrumental singular)
heltamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hilt m

Middle English: hilte, hilt, hylt, hylte, hilta, hult, hulte, helte, heolte
English: hilt
Scots: hilt

Old High German: hilza, helza

Old Norse: hjalt n

Old West Norse:

Icelandic: hjalt

Faroese: hjalt

Norwegian: hjalt

→ Swedish: hjalt

Old East Norse:

Old Swedish: hiælt, hælt

Danish: hjalte

→ Italian: elsa f (< *heltō)

From Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to hit; beat”).


erbô

erbô (nominative singular)
erbaniz (nominative plural)
erbô (singular vocative)
erbaniz (plural vocative)
erbanų (accusative singular)
erbanunz (accusative plural)
irbiniz (genitive singular)
erbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
irbini (dative singular)
erbammaz (dative plural)
irbinē (instrumental singular)
erbammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ (erafaʀ)

Old Norse: jarfr, jerfr

Icelandic: jarfi, jerfur

Faroese: jarvur

Norwegian: jerv, jarv, erv

→ Danish: jærv

Old Swedish: iärver

Swedish: järv

Perhaps connected to Proto-Germanic *erpaz (“light brown”) or to Ancient Greek ἔριφος (ériphos, “young goat”), or perhaps connected to Norwegian jarva (“gnaw, chew”).


lattō

lattō (nominative singular)
lattôz (nominative plural)
lattō (singular vocative)
lattôz (plural vocative)
lattǭ (accusative singular)
lattōz (accusative plural)
lattōz (genitive singular)
lattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lattōi (dative singular)
lattōmaz (dative plural)
lattō (instrumental singular)
lattōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lattu

Old English: lætt; *læþþ, *læþ (< *laþþō)

desc

Middle English: latte, lat, lathe, latthe, laththe

English: lath

Scots: latt, lat, lath

Old Frisian: *latt; *latte

Saterland Frisian: Latte

West Frisian: latte

Old Saxon: latta

Middle Low German: latte

German Low German: Latte, Latt

Old Dutch: *latta

Middle Dutch: latte

Dutch: lat

→ Old French: late, latte

Middle French: latte

French: latte

→ Medieval Latin: latta

Catalan: llata

Italian: latta

Portuguese: lata

Spanish: lata

Old High German: latta (< *laþþō); latza (doubtful)

Middle High German: latte

Cimbrian: latta

German: Latte

Luxembourgish: Lat

From an n-stem *laþô ~ *lattaz, though the expected paradigm would be *laþô ~ *ulttaz, which presumably underwent leveling; compare the formation of *rattaz. Further origin uncertain. Perhaps the origin is shared with Proto-Celtic *slattā (“stalk, staff”), and both loaned from a pre-Indo-European substrate due to the limited geographical distribution and variation in the final consonant of the stem. Compare Spanish lata, said to be a borrowing from Iberian, and Basque lata (“roof batten”).

(West Germanic) board; plank; ledge; slat; bar; shelf


laþô

laþô (nominative singular)
laþaniz (nominative plural)
laþô (singular vocative)
laþaniz (plural vocative)
laþanų (accusative singular)
laþanunz (accusative plural)
laþiniz (genitive singular)
laþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþini (dative singular)
laþammaz (dative plural)
laþinē (instrumental singular)
laþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *laþa (possibly)

Middle English: lathe, laththe

English: lath (through confluence with descendant of Old English lætt < *lattō)

Scots: lath

Old High German: *lado

Middle High German: lade, laden m

German: Laden

Unknown, but apparently akin to Proto-Germanic *lattō (“board, plank”).

(West Germanic) board; shelf; bar; shutter

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


marþraz

marþraz (nominative singular)
marþrōz (nominative plural)
marþrōs (nominative plural)
marþr (singular vocative)
marþrōz (plural vocative)
marþrōs (plural vocative)
marþrą (accusative singular)
marþranz (accusative plural)
marþras (genitive singular)
marþris (genitive singular)
marþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marþrai (dative singular)
marþramaz (dative plural)
marþrō (instrumental singular)
marþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *marþr
Old Frisian: *marther
Saterland Frisian: Modder
West Frisian: motter
Old Saxon: *mardar (found in the derived adjective mardrīn)
Middle Low German: marder
German Low German: Marder
Old High German: marther, mardar
Middle High German: marder, merder, mader
German: Marder
→ Old French: martre
→ Middle Dutch: marter, māerter
Dutch: marter

Unknown. Kroonen has reconstructed the variants Proto-Germanic *marþu-, Proto-Germanic *marþra- und Proto-Germanic *marþa- and derived the primal form Proto-Germanic *marþru from those. Has been compared to Proto-Finnic *mäkrä but problematic due to phonetic reasons.
Torp has compared it morphosemantically to Lithuanian martì (“bride, daughter-in-law”), due to Albanian nuselalë (“weasel, racoon”, literally “friendly bride”) and nusebukur (literally “beautiful bride”), Greek νυφίτσα (nyfítsa, “least weasel”, literally “little bride”), Italian donnola (“weasel, least weasel”, literally “little woman”) (likewise Portuguese doninha, slightly different is the metaphor in Spanish comadreja (literally “little godmother”)), Old Church Slavonic невѣста (nevěsta, “bride; weasel”). For the last compare Romanian nevăstuică (“weasel, ferret”), Bulgarian невестулка (nevestulka, “least weasel”). If connected to Lithuanian martì, the entry would be derived from Proto-Indo-European *meryo (“young man, woman”).


marþuz

marþuz (nominative singular)
marþiwiz (nominative plural)
marþu (singular vocative)
marþiwiz (plural vocative)
marþų (accusative singular)
marþunz (accusative plural)
marþauz (genitive singular)
marþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marþiwi (dative singular)
marþumaz (dative plural)
marþū (instrumental singular)
marþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *marþ
Old English: mearþ, mearth, mærþ, merþ
Old Frisian: *merth
West Frisian: murd
Old Saxon: *marth
Middle Low German: mārt, mārte
Old Dutch: *mard
Middle Dutch: mārt
Old High German: *mard
Middle High German: mard
→ Medieval Latin: martes (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mǫrðr
Icelandic: mörður
Faroese: mørður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mord, mår; (dialectal) mard (mał, mar)
Old Swedish: mārþer
Swedish: mård c
Danish: mår c
Norwegian Bokmål: mår

→ Proto-Samic: *mārttë (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. The original meaning could have been "bride," which could be related to Latin mas (“male bride”), Lithuanian marti (“daughter-in-law”), and possibly Crimean Gothic marzu (“marriage”). For similar semantic development, compare Greek νυφίτσα (nyfítsa, “weasel”), from a diminutive of νύφη (nýfi, “bride”); Italian donnola (“weasel”), from a diminutive of donna (“woman”); and Spanish comadreja (“weasel”), from a deprecative diminutive of Spanish comadre (“mother of one's godchild”). Or, possibly of substrate origin.


Gudagebō

Gudagebō (nominative singular)
Gudagebō (singular vocative)
Gudagebǭ (accusative singular)
Gudagebōz (genitive singular)
Gudagebōi (dative singular)
Gudagebō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Godagebu

Old English: Godġifu

English: Godiva

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Medieval Latin: Gudigeba

Galician: Guxeva

/ˈɣu.ðɑ.ɣe.βɔː/


birhtį̄

birhtį̄ (nominative singular)
birhtīniz (nominative plural)
birhtį̄ (singular vocative)
birhtīniz (plural vocative)
birhtīnų (accusative singular)
birhtīnunz (accusative plural)
birhtīniz (genitive singular)
birhtīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birhtīni (dative singular)
birhtīmaz (dative plural)
birhtīnē (instrumental singular)
birhtīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *birhtī
Old English: bierhtu
Middle English: bright
English: bright (archaic or obsolete)
Old High German: berahtī

Old Norse: birti

Icelandic: birti

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹 (bairhtei)


Auziwandilaz

Auziwandilaz (nominative singular)
Auziwandil (singular vocative)
Auziwandilą (accusative singular)
Auziwandilai (dative singular)
Auziwandilō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Auʀiwandil

Old English: Ēarendel, ēarendel

desc

Old High German: Erentil, Orentil, Auriwandalo (Lombardic)

→ Medieval Latin: Horuuendillus, Horvandillus

Old Norse: Aurvandill

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻 (auzandil)

From *auzi (“dawn”) + *wandilaz (“fluctuating, variable, wandering”). The first element from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-, cognate with Latin Aurora, Ancient Greek Ἠώς (Ēṓs) (compare *austraz, *Austrǭ). For the semantics of the second element, compare Ancient Greek πλάνης (plánēs, “wanderer; planet”).


hrīdrǭ

hrīdrǭ (nominative singular)
hrīdrōniz (nominative plural)
hrīdrǭ (singular vocative)
hrīdrōniz (plural vocative)
hrīdrōnų (accusative singular)
hrīdrōnunz (accusative plural)
hrīdrōniz (genitive singular)
hrīdrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīdrōni (dative singular)
hrīdrōmaz (dative plural)
hrīdrōnē (instrumental singular)
hrīdrōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīdrā
Old English: hridder, hriddel n
Middle English: ridder; riddel
English: ridder; riddle
Scots: riddil
Old Saxon: hrīdra
Old High German: rītra, rītera
Middle High German: rītere, rīter
German: Reiter

From Proto-Indo-European *kréydʰrom, from the root *krey- (“to divide; part; separate; sift”). Cognate with Latin crībrum.


runiz

runiz (nominative singular)
runīz (nominative plural)
runi (singular vocative)
runīz (plural vocative)
runį (accusative singular)
runinz (accusative plural)
runīz (genitive singular)
runjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
runī (dative singular)
runimaz (dative plural)
runī (instrumental singular)
runimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ryne m

Middle English: rüne, rine, rene

English: rine

Scots: rin, run

Old Frisian: rene m

Old High German: run m

Old Norse: run n; runi m

Icelandic: runi

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 m (runs)

From Proto-Indo-European *(H)r̥-nw (“to flow, move, run”).


spīrǭ

spīrǭ (nominative singular)
spīrōniz (nominative plural)
spīrǭ (singular vocative)
spīrōniz (plural vocative)
spīrōnų (accusative singular)
spīrōnunz (accusative plural)
spīrōniz (genitive singular)
spīrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spīrōni (dative singular)
spīrōmaz (dative plural)
spīrōnē (instrumental singular)
spīrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spīrā; *spīri f; *spīru f; *spīr m or n

gl

Old English: spīr ? (Gender unknown. Perhaps from *spīr, *spīri, or *spīru)

desc

Middle English: spir, spyre, spier, spire

English: spire

Scots: spyre, spire

Old Frisian: *spīr

Saterland Frisian: Spier, Spíer n

West Frisian: spier c or n

Old Saxon: spīr f (i-stem)

Middle Low German: spîr m or n

German Low German: Spier m or n

→ German: Spier

Old Dutch: *spīr

Middle Dutch: spier n

Dutch: spier f

Old High German: spīr (in spīrboum)

Middle High German: spīre f; spir (in spirboum); spier n (in grasspier)

German: Speier m or f (dialectal)

Old Norse: spíra

Icelandic: spíra

Faroese: spíra

Norwegian Bokmål: spire, spir

Swedish: spira

Danish: spir

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“peak; summit; sharp point; stick”).


Bernuharduz

Bernuharduz (nominative singular)
Bernuhardu (singular vocative)
Bernuhardų (accusative singular)
Bernuhardauz (genitive singular)
Bernuhardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Bernuhardu

Old English: Beornheard (calqued/adapted from Old French or Old High German)

desc

Old Dutch: *Bernhard (attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: Bernaerd

Dutch: Bernaart

→ English: Bernard

Old High German: Bernhart

Middle High German: Bernhart

German: Bernard, Bernhard, Bernhardt, Bernhart

→ Latin: Bernardus

Old French: Bernart

French: Bernard

→ English: Bernard

Old Norse: Bjarnharðr, Bjarnarður (calqued/adapted from Old English)

Icelandic: Bjarnharður; Bernharður (from German or Danish), Bernarður (perhaps from French, Dutch or Latin)

From *berô (“bear”) + *harduz (“hard, brave”).


wīhsilō

wīhsilō (nominative singular)
wīhsilôz (nominative plural)
wīhsilō (singular vocative)
wīhsilôz (plural vocative)
wīhsilǭ (accusative singular)
wīhsilōz (accusative plural)
wīhsilōz (genitive singular)
wīhsilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīhsilōi (dative singular)
wīhsilōmaz (dative plural)
wīhsilō (instrumental singular)
wīhsilōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *wihsila, *wisla; wehsal, wesl

Middle Low German: wissel, wessel

Old Dutch: *wissila, *wessila

⇒ Middle Dutch: wesselkerse

Old High German: wīhsila

Middle High German: wīhsel

German: Weichsel

i

through merger with Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">viscum</i>

→ Old French: guy (through merger with Latin viscum)

Middle French: guy

French: gui

From Proto-Indo-European *weyḱs- (“mistletoe”). Cognate with Russian ви́шня (víšnja, “sour cherry”), Ancient Greek ἰξός (ixós, “mistletoe; birdlime”), Latin viscum (“birdlime”).


Balþawiniz

Balþawiniz (nominative singular)
Balþawini (singular vocative)
Balþawinį (accusative singular)
Balþawinīz (genitive singular)
Balþawinī (dative singular)
Balþawinī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Balþawini

Old English: Bealdwine

Middle English: Balduin, Baldwin

English: Baldwin

Old Dutch: *Baldawin

Middle Dutch: Baltwin, Boudewijn

Dutch: Boudewijn

Old High German: Baltwin, Baldavin

Middle High German: Balduin

German: Balduin

→ Serbo-Croatian: Балдовин, Baldovin

→ Romanian: Baldovin

→ Latin: Balduīnus

Catalan: Balduí

Old French: Baudouin

French: Baudouin, Beaudoin

Italian: Baldovino

Portuguese: Balduíno

Spanish: Balduino

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: Baldvin

Icelandic: Baldvin

Faroese: Baldvin

Norwegian Bokmål: Baldvin

Norwegian Nynorsk: Baldvin

Old Swedish: *Baldvin

Swedish: Baldvin

Danish: Baldvin

From *balþaz (“bold”) + *winiz (“friend”).


urtiz

urtiz (nominative singular)
urtīz (nominative plural)
urti (singular vocative)
urtīz (plural vocative)
urtį (accusative singular)
urtinz (accusative plural)
urtīz (genitive singular)
urtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
urtī (dative singular)
urtimaz (dative plural)
urtī (instrumental singular)
urtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *ort (in ortġeard (previously mis-associated with Latin hortus))

Middle English: orcherd, orchard

English: orchard

Old High German: *orz (in orzōn (“to tend or cultivate a field”) < *urtōną)

Old Norse: urt (alternatively from *wurt-)

Icelandic: urt, jurt

Faroese: urt

Norwegian: urt

Old Swedish: yrt

Swedish: ört

→ Finnish: yrtti

Danish: urt

Gothic: *𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (*aurts) (in 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (aurtigards))

desc

→? Old Church Slavonic: врътоградъ (vrŭtogradŭ)

A dissimilated form of *wurtiz, *wurt-, itself derived from *wrōts.


wirtiz

wirtiz (nominative singular)
wirtīz (nominative plural)
wirti (singular vocative)
wirtīz (plural vocative)
wirtį (accusative singular)
wirtinz (accusative plural)
wirtīz (genitive singular)
wirtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wirtī (dative singular)
wirtimaz (dative plural)
wirtī (instrumental singular)
wirtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: wirt

Middle Low German: wert, werte

Old Dutch: *wirt

Middle Dutch: wert; werte

Old High German: wirz

Middle High German: wirz

desctree

Old Norse: virtr
Icelandic: virtur, virt
Faroese: virtur
Norwegian Nynorsk: vørter, vyrter; (dialectal) vyrt, vørt, vurt, vytter
Norwegian Bokmål: vørter
Swedish: vört
Scanian: vert

→ Proto-Finnic: *verdek (see there for further descendants)

Possibly related to *wurt-, the oblique stem of *wrōts (“root”), despite uncertain development of the root vowel. May reflect a back-formed full-grade *werd- from pre-Germanic *wr̥d-, or less likely may reflect an old PIE full-grade *wer(h₂)d- without parallels. Note a similar problem with the Ancient Greek cognate ῥίζα (rhíza).


duttaz

duttaz (nominative singular)
duttōz (nominative plural)
duttōs (nominative plural)
dutt (singular vocative)
duttōz (plural vocative)
duttōs (plural vocative)
duttą (accusative singular)
duttanz (accusative plural)
duttas (genitive singular)
duttis (genitive singular)
duttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duttai (dative singular)
duttamaz (dative plural)
duttō (instrumental singular)
duttamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dott

Middle English: *dott, *dot

English: dot

West Frisian: dot

>? Middle Low German: dutt

German Low German: Dotte, Dott, Dutt

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: dodde, dot

Old High German: tutto; tutta

Middle High German: tutte, tute

→? Swedish: tutte

Old Norse: dottr

Faroese: doddur, dottur

Norwegian: dott, dodd

→ Scots: dodd, dode

Swedish: dott, dutt (both vernacular/dialectal ?)

Unknown. Perhaps of onomatopoeic origin, also compare Dutch doetje (“silly person, softie”).


mistilaz

mistilaz (nominative singular)
mistilōz (nominative plural)
mistilōs (nominative plural)
mistil (singular vocative)
mistilōz (plural vocative)
mistilōs (plural vocative)
mistilą (accusative singular)
mistilanz (accusative plural)
mistilas (genitive singular)
mistilis (genitive singular)
mistilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mistilai (dative singular)
mistilamaz (dative plural)
mistilō (instrumental singular)
mistilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mistil
Old English: mistel
Middle English: mistel, mistell, mystil, mystill, mystyl
English: mistle
Scots: misle
Old Frisian: *mistel
West Frisian: mistel
Old Saxon: mistil
Middle Low German: mistel
German Low German: Mistel
⇒ Plautdietsch: Mistelplaunt
Old Dutch: *mistil
Middle Dutch: mistel
Dutch: mistel
Old High German: mistil
Middle High German: mistel
German: Mistel

Old Norse: *mistil; mistilteinn
Danish: mistelten
Icelandic: mistilteinn
Faroese: mistilteinur
Norwegian Bokmål: misteltein
Norwegian Nynorsk: misteltein
Swedish: mistel
→? Old English: misteltān (calque)
Middle English: mistelto, mistilte, mistilto, mysleto, mystyldene
English: mistletoe

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *me (“with, mid”) and a zero-grade of *sed- (“to sit”) due to the fact that the plant parasitizes “sitting” on other plants, with the diminutive suffix + *-ilaz or + *-ilǭ known from Proto-Germanic *þistilaz (“thistle”) and Proto-West Germanic *natilā (“nettle”), compare for this derivation type Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“nest”) and Proto-Indo-European *písdeh₂ (“pudendum”).


andawlitją

andawlitją (nominative singular)
andawlitjō (nominative plural)
andawlitją (singular vocative)
andawlitjō (plural vocative)
andawlitją (accusative singular)
andawlitjō (accusative plural)
andawlitjas (genitive singular)
andawlitis (genitive singular)
andawlitjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andawlitjai (dative singular)
andawlitjamaz (dative plural)
andawlitjō (instrumental singular)
andawlitjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *andawliti, *andawlitō
Old English: andwlita, andwlite (< *andawlitô)
Middle English: anlet, onlete
Old Saxon: *andwlitti, *andlitti
Middle Low German: antlitte (possibly borrowed from High German)
>? Low German: Antlaat
Old Dutch: *antliti, antlito
Middle Dutch: antlit
Old High German: antlizzi
Middle High German: antlitze, antlütte, antlütze
German: Antlitz

Old Norse: andlit

Icelandic: andlit

Faroese: andlit

Norwegian Bokmål: andlet

Norwegian Nynorsk: andlit (obsolete), andlet

Swedish: anlete

Old Danish: andlæt

Danish: anled (obsolete)


frestą

frestą (nominative singular)
frestō (nominative plural)
frestą (singular vocative)
frestō (plural vocative)
frestą (accusative singular)
frestō (accusative plural)
frestas (genitive singular)
fristis (genitive singular)
frestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frestai (dative singular)
frestamaz (dative plural)
frestō (instrumental singular)
frestamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: frist, first, fyrst n

Old Frisian: ferst, first n

North Frisian: frest, ferst

Old High German: *frist

Middle High German: vrist n

Old Norse: frest n

Icelandic: frestur m

Norwegian Nynorsk: frest m

Swedish: frist

Danish: frist

Norwegian Bokmål: frist

From an earlier *fres (“forward”), abstracted from a Proto-Indo-European *pres-sto-, composed of *per- (“forward, forth, over, beyond”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”).


fristiz

fristiz (nominative singular)
fristīz (nominative plural)
fristi (singular vocative)
fristīz (plural vocative)
fristį (accusative singular)
fristinz (accusative plural)
fristīz (genitive singular)
fristijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fristī (dative singular)
fristimaz (dative plural)
fristī (instrumental singular)
fristimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: frist, first, fierst, fyrst m; fierst f

Middle English: first, furst, feorst, forst, ferst, frest, vrist

English: frist, first

Scots: frist, frest, first, fyrst

Old Saxon: *frist

Middle Low German: frist, ferst, verst, vorst, vrüst f

Old High German: frist m; frist f

Middle High German: vrist m; vrist f

German: Frist f

Old Norse: *frestr; *fresta (likely a back-formation of the neuter plural of *frestą)

From an earlier *fres (“forward”) + *-þiz, the former abstracted from a Proto-Indo-European *pres-sto-, composed of *per- (“forward, forth, over, beyond”) + *steh₂- (“to stand”). Closely related to *frestą.


kweduz

kweduz (nominative singular)
kwidiwiz (nominative plural)
kwedu (singular vocative)
kwidiwiz (plural vocative)
kwedų (accusative singular)
kwedunz (accusative plural)
kwedauz (genitive singular)
kwidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwidiwi (dative singular)
kwedumaz (dative plural)
kwedū (instrumental singular)
kwedumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwidu
Old English: cwidu, cweodu, cudu
Middle English: code, quide, quede, coude, cudde
English: cud, quid
Scots: cude, cuid
Old High German: quiti, kuti
Middle High German: küte, küt
German: Kitt (“cement, putty”)


ulbanduz

ulbanduz (nominative singular)
ulbandiwiz (nominative plural)
ulbandu (singular vocative)
ulbandiwiz (plural vocative)
ulbandų (accusative singular)
ulbandunz (accusative plural)
ulbandauz (genitive singular)
ulbandiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ulbandiwi (dative singular)
ulbandumaz (dative plural)
ulbandū (instrumental singular)
ulbandumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *olbandu
Old English: olfend, olfenda
Middle English: olfent, olfend, olvont, olvende, olvente
Old Saxon: olbundeo
Old High German: olbenta, olbenda, olpenta, olvenda, olvinda, ulvinda f, olbendo, olbento m
Middle High German: olbende

Old Norse: ulfaldi

Icelandic: úlfaldi

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Ulvalde

Gothic: 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (ulbandus)

→ Proto-Slavic: *velьb(l)ǫdъ (see there for further descendants)


gudawabją

gudawabją (nominative singular)
gudawabjō (nominative plural)
gudawabją (singular vocative)
gudawabjō (plural vocative)
gudawabją (accusative singular)
gudawabjō (accusative plural)
gudawabjas (genitive singular)
gudawabis (genitive singular)
gudawabjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudawabjai (dative singular)
gudawabjamaz (dative plural)
gudawabjō (instrumental singular)
gudawabjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *godawabi
Old English: godwebb, godeweb, godweb
Old Frisian: godwebb
Old Saxon: godowebbi, godoweb
Old High German: gotawebbi, cotiweppi

Old Norse: guðvefr m

Icelandic: guðvefur

/ˈɣu.ðɑˌwɑβ.jɑ̃/


wīkō

wīkō (nominative singular)
wīkôz (nominative plural)
wīkō (singular vocative)
wīkôz (plural vocative)
wīkǭ (accusative singular)
wīkōz (accusative plural)
wīkōz (genitive singular)
wīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīkōi (dative singular)
wīkōmaz (dative plural)
wīkō (instrumental singular)
wīkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīku, *wīk
Old English: wīc
Old Frisian: wīk
Saterland Frisian: Wieke
West Frisian: wyk
Old Saxon: *wīka, *wīk
Middle Low German: wîk, wike
German Low German: Wieke, Wiek
Old Dutch: *wīk
Middle Dutch: wijc, wijk
Dutch: wijk

Old Norse: vík (“inlet, fjord”)

Icelandic: vík

Faroese: vík

Norn: vik

Norwegian Bokmål: vik

Norwegian Nynorsk: vik

Swedish: vik

Danish: vig

Gutnish: vike, vika

→ Middle English: *wik

Early Scots: weike

Scots: wick (“bay”)

English: wick (“bay”)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyg-, *weyk- (“to bend, curve”), perhaps from earlier *wīks.


lētaz

lētaz (nominative singular)
lētōz (nominative plural)
lētōs (nominative plural)
lēt (singular vocative)
lētōz (plural vocative)
lētōs (plural vocative)
lētą (accusative singular)
lētanz (accusative plural)
lētas (genitive singular)
lētis (genitive singular)
lētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lētai (dative singular)
lētamaz (dative plural)
lētō (instrumental singular)
lētamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lāt

Old English: lǣt

Old Frisian: lēt

Old Saxon: lāt

Middle Low German: *lât, lat

Old Dutch: *lāt

Middle Dutch: lâet

Dutch: laat

Old High German: lāz; lāza f

Middle High German: lazze m

⇒ Old Norse: látr (adjective) (in compounds)

Gothic: *𐌻𐌴𐍄𐍃 (*lēts) (in derivatives: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍄𐍃 (fralēts))

→ Medieval Latin: laetus, litus

→ Old Saxon: lido, liddo

→ Old Dutch: lito

→ Old High German: litus

Middle High German: *lite

German: Lite


wangaz

wangaz (nominative singular)
wangōz (nominative plural)
wangōs (nominative plural)
wang (singular vocative)
wangōz (plural vocative)
wangōs (plural vocative)
wangą (accusative singular)
wanganz (accusative plural)
wangas (genitive singular)
wangis (genitive singular)
wangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wangai (dative singular)
wangamaz (dative plural)
wangō (instrumental singular)
wangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wang, wong

Middle English: wong

English: wong (in placenames)

Old Saxon: wang

Old High German: wang

Old Norse: vangr

Icelandic: vangur

Norn: vång

Norwegian: vang

Old Swedish: vanger

Swedish: vång

Old Danish: vang

Danish: vang

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (waggs, “paradise; *meadow”)
→? Albanian: fëng /fang (“infertile land”)

→ Proto-Samic: *vāŋkē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenk-, *wek- (“to be bent or bowed”), the same source as *wangô (“cheek”).


dūnaz

dūnaz (nominative singular)
dūnōz (nominative plural)
dūnōs (nominative plural)
dūn (singular vocative)
dūnōz (plural vocative)
dūnōs (plural vocative)
dūną (accusative singular)
dūnanz (accusative plural)
dūnas (genitive singular)
dūnis (genitive singular)
dūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dūnai (dative singular)
dūnamaz (dative plural)
dūnō (instrumental singular)
dūnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dūnā, *dūn m, *dūnu f, *dūnō m
Old English: dūn f or m
Middle English: dune, doun
English: dune, down
Scots: doun, down
Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m
Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m
German Low German: Düne, Düün
→ German: Düne
→ Swedish: dyn, dyne
→ Norwegian: dyne
→ Danish: dyne
Old Dutch: *dūna
Middle Dutch: dûne f or n
Dutch: duin f
Afrikaans: duin
→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)
Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f
West Frisian: dún n
→ Old French: dune
Middle French: dune
French: dune
Old High German: *tūna, dūna f

>? Old Norse: dúnn, dýnn, dunn, dynn

⇒ Old Norse: sauðadunn, sauðadynn

From *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, agitate, storm”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”).


dūnaz

Old Norse: dúnn

Icelandic: dúnn

Faroese: dún

Norwegian: dun

Old Swedish: dūn

Swedish: dun

Elfdalian: daungen

Danish: dun

Gutnish: däun

→ Middle English: doun, downe

English: down

→ Middle Low German: dûne

German Low German: Duun

→ Dutch: dons

→ German: Daune

→ Saterland Frisian: Duune

→ Old French: dum, dun (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”).


durą

durą (nominative singular)
durō (nominative plural)
durą (singular vocative)
durō (plural vocative)
durą (accusative singular)
durō (accusative plural)
duras (genitive singular)
duris (genitive singular)
durǫ̂ (genitive plural)
durai (dative singular)
duramaz (dative plural)
durō (instrumental singular)
duramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dor
Old English: dor
Middle English: dor
English: door
Old Saxon: dor
Old High German: tor
Middle High German: tor
Cimbrian: tor
German: Tor

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur)

From Pre-Germanic *dʰur-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-.


fruþǭ

fruþǭ (nominative singular)
fruþōniz (nominative plural)
fruþǭ (singular vocative)
fruþōniz (plural vocative)
fruþōnų (accusative singular)
fruþōnunz (accusative plural)
fruþōniz (genitive singular)
fruþōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fruþōni (dative singular)
fruþōmaz (dative plural)
fruþōnē (instrumental singular)
fruþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: froða

Icelandic: froða

Faroese: froða

Norn: frod

→ Middle English: froth

English: froth

Scots: froth

From Proto-Indo-European *prutH-eh₂, from *prewtH- (“to splash”). Cognate with Sanskrit प्रोथति (próthati).


durīz

Old Saxon: duri

Old Dutch: duri

Middle Dutch: dore, duere, dure

Dutch: deur

Old High German: turi

Middle High German: türe

German: Tür, Türe

Cimbrian: tüar

Luxembourgish: Dier

Mòcheno: tir

Pennsylvania German: Dier

Yiddish: טיר (tir)

Old Norse: dyrr f pl

Icelandic: dyr f pl

Faroese: dyr f pl

Norn: dør f pl

Norwegian: dør f sg, m sg

Old Swedish: dyr f pl or n pl, later f sg

Swedish: dörr c sg

Danish: dør c sg

Gutnish: dur, duri

Scanian: dør m sg

Elfdalian: dörer f pl (dat. dörum)

Reformed as a feminine i-stem from earlier *durī, from Pre-Germanic *dʰúrih₁ (“double doors”), dual of *dʰúrom (see *durą), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-. Compare Old Armenian դուրք (durkʻ).


pāwô

pāwô (nominative singular)
pāwaniz (nominative plural)
pāwô (singular vocative)
pāwaniz (plural vocative)
pāwanų (accusative singular)
pāwanunz (accusative plural)
pāwiniz (genitive singular)
pāwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pāwini (dative singular)
pāwammaz (dative plural)
pāwinē (instrumental singular)
pāwammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pāwō m, *pāwā f
Old English: pāwa, pēa m, pāwe f
Middle English: po, pa, paa, paue, pe, poo, poue
English: pea, po (archaic)
⇒ Middle English: pecok, pocok, pacok
English: peacock
→ Hawaiian: pīkake
→ English: pikake
→ Maori: pīkake
Scots: pacok, pecok
Old Frisian: *pāwa, *pāu
Saterland Frisian: Pau
West Frisian: pau
Old Saxon: pāo, *pāwo
Middle Low German: pâwe, pauwe, pâw
German Low German: Pau
Old Dutch: *pāwo, *pāo
Middle Dutch: pau, pawe, pauwe
Dutch: pauw
Afrikaans: pou
Negerhollands: powwis
→ Munsee: páaw
→ Papiamentu: pòwis
Old High German: pfāwo, pfāwa

Old Norse: pái
⇒ Old Norse: páfugl
Icelandic: páfugl
Faroese: páfuglur
Norwegian: påfugl
Swedish: påfågel
Danish: påfugl
Gutnish: påfågel, pafäugl


rakkô

rakkô (nominative singular)
rakkaniz (nominative plural)
rakkô (singular vocative)
rakkaniz (plural vocative)
rakkanų (accusative singular)
rakkanunz (accusative plural)
rakkiniz (genitive singular)
rakkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rakkini (dative singular)
rakkammaz (dative plural)
rakkinē (instrumental singular)
rakkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rakkō (“parrel”); *rak(k)u (“hound”) (?)

Old English: racca; ræċċ (< *rakkuz ?)

desc

Middle English: rakke (“parrel; parrel-rope”); racche (“hunting dog”)

⇒ English: rackie (“parrel”); ratch, rach (“hunting dog”)

⇒ Scots: rakie, rackie, rakki (“parrel”)

>? Old Saxon: *rak(k), *rek(k)

Middle Low German: rēke (“large farm dog”)

⇒ Middle Low German: rēkel, reckel

German Low German: Rekel

→ Middle Dutch: rekel

Dutch: rekel (“watchdog, hunting dog, male dog”)

Old High German: *rahh, *rach

Middle High German: *rache

German: Rache (“scent-hound”) (attested once in early NHG)

Alemannic German: Rache

Old Norse: rakki

Icelandic: rakki

Faroese: rakki (“parrel", also "[young] dog”)

Norwegian: rakke (dialectal)

Elfdalian: rakke

(Gutnish: hundrakkrar)

→ Finnish: rakki

From Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“to tie, bind”). The "dog" sense may be a separate word, as the Old English shows a differing declension to the Old Norse, and appears to be derived from a u-stem. Compare also Old High German brakko (“beagle, hunting dog”), brekka (“bitch, setter”).


waiþō

waiþō (nominative singular)
waiþôz (nominative plural)
waiþō (singular vocative)
waiþôz (plural vocative)
waiþǭ (accusative singular)
waiþōz (accusative plural)
waiþōz (genitive singular)
waiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiþōi (dative singular)
waiþōmaz (dative plural)
waiþō (instrumental singular)
waiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waiþu
Old English: wāþ
Middle English: wathe, waith, wayth
English: wathe
Scots: waith
Old Frisian: *wāth, *wēth
Saterland Frisian: Weede
West Frisian: weide
Old Saxon: *weitha
Middle Low German: weide
German Low German: Weide, Weid
Old Dutch: weitha
Middle Dutch: weide, wêde
Dutch: weide, wei
Afrikaans: weide, wei
West Flemish: wede, wee
Old High German: weida
Middle High German: weide
Alemannic German: weidu
German: Weide

From Proto-Indo-European *wóyh₁-teh₂, from *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue, suppress”).


waiþijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*waiþijô (an-stem)

waiþijô (nominative singular)
waiþijaniz (nominative plural)
waiþijô (singular vocative)
waiþijaniz (plural vocative)
waiþijanų (accusative singular)
waiþijanunz (accusative plural)
waiþīniz (genitive singular)
waiþijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiþīni (dative singular)
waiþijammaz (dative plural)
waiþīnē (instrumental singular)
waiþijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *waiþijō

Old English: *wǣþa

⇒ Old English: herewǣþa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌰 (waiþja)


wīwô

wīwô (nominative singular)
wīwaniz (nominative plural)
wīwô (singular vocative)
wīwaniz (plural vocative)
wīwanų (accusative singular)
wīwanunz (accusative plural)
wīwiniz (genitive singular)
wīwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīwini (dative singular)
wīwammaz (dative plural)
wīwinē (instrumental singular)
wīwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *wīwo

Middle Low German: wîe, wîhe

Low German: Wieh

Old Dutch: *wīwo, *wiuwo, weio

Middle Dutch: wouwe, wīwe, wīe, wūwe

Dutch: wouw

→ West Frisian: wou

Old High German: wīwo, wīgo, wīo

Middle High German: wīwe, wīe, wewe

German: Weihe, Weih

→? Pennsylvania German: Woi

→? Saterland Frisian: Wäie

Old Norse: *vé (possibly unrelated)

⇒ Old Norse: langvé

Icelandic: langvía

>? Icelandic: langvígi

>? Faroese: lomvigi

→ Danish: lomvi

→? Norwegian Nynorsk: lomvi

desc

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: langve, lomvie, langvie

→ Danish: lomvibe, lomvie

Swedish: lomvia

→ Irish: lamhaidh

→ English: lavy

From Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁-ow-, from *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”). Possibly cognate with Ancient Greek ἱέρᾱξ (hiérāx, “hawk, eagle”) and αἰετός (aietós, “eagle”).


snutrį̄

snutrį̄ (nominative singular)
snutrīniz (nominative plural)
snutrį̄ (singular vocative)
snutrīniz (plural vocative)
snutrīnų (accusative singular)
snutrīnunz (accusative plural)
snutrīniz (genitive singular)
snutrīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snutrīni (dative singular)
snutrīmaz (dative plural)
snutrīnē (instrumental singular)
snutrīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snuttrī
Old English: snytro, snyttro, snytero, snyteru
Middle English: snytere

Gothic: 𐍃𐌽𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹 (snutrei)


wulkną

wulkną (nominative singular)
wulknō (nominative plural)
wulkną (singular vocative)
wulknō (plural vocative)
wulkną (accusative singular)
wulknō (accusative plural)
wulknas (genitive singular)
wulknis (genitive singular)
wulknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulknai (dative singular)
wulknamaz (dative plural)
wulknō (instrumental singular)
wulknamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wolkn
Old English: wolcn, weolcen, wolc, wolcen
Middle English: welken (from plural wolcnu)
English: welkin
Scots: walk, wak (from wolc)
Old Frisian: wolken, wulken, ulken
North Frisian: wolk
West Frisian: wolken, wolke, wolk
Old Saxon: wolkan, wolcan
Middle Low German: wolken, wulken
Old Dutch: uulcun, wulkon
Middle Dutch: wolken
Old High German: wolkan, wolcan
Middle High German: wolken, wulken n or f or m
Bavarian: Woikn, Wolkn
Yiddish: וואָלקן (volkn)

Nominalized from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥g-nó-s, from *welg- (“wet, damp”) + *-nós.


waiwô

waiwô (nominative singular)
waiwaniz (nominative plural)
waiwô (singular vocative)
waiwaniz (plural vocative)
waiwanų (accusative singular)
waiwanunz (accusative plural)
waiwiniz (genitive singular)
waiwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiwini (dative singular)
waiwammaz (dative plural)
waiwinē (instrumental singular)
waiwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēa, wāwa
Middle English: we, wee, wea, wæ; wowe

Old Saxon: *wēwo

Middle Low German: wēwe

Frankish: *waiwo

Old Dutch: *wēwo

Middle Dutch: weewe

Dutch: wee

Afrikaans: wee

→ Vulgar Latin: *waius, *guaius

Italian: guaio

Portuguese: guaya

Old Spanish: guaya

Spanish: guaya

Ladino: guaya

Old High German: wēwo
Middle High German: wēwe
German: Weh

Old Norse: vá, vó, vo (< *waiwō)

Icelandic: vá, vó

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaiva (see there for further descendants) (< *waiwō)


skulô

skulô (nominative singular)
skulaniz (nominative plural)
skulô (singular vocative)
skulaniz (plural vocative)
skulanų (accusative singular)
skulanunz (accusative plural)
skuliniz (genitive singular)
skulanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skulini (dative singular)
skulammaz (dative plural)
skulinē (instrumental singular)
skulammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skolō

Old English: *sċola

⇒ Old English: mānsċola

Old Saxon: skolo

Old High German: scolo
Middle High German: schol
⇒ Middle High German: selpschol

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gaskolō

Old English: ġesċola

Old High German: *giskolo

Middle High German: geschol

⇒ Middle High German: selpgeschol

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰 (skula)

From *skulaną + *-ô; a zero-grade agentive n-stem.


swarô

swarô (nominative singular)
swaraniz (nominative plural)
swarô (singular vocative)
swaraniz (plural vocative)
swaranų (accusative singular)
swaranunz (accusative plural)
swariniz (genitive singular)
swaranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swarini (dative singular)
swarammaz (dative plural)
swarinē (instrumental singular)
swarammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *swara, mānswara

Old Norse: *svari, meinsvari, eiðsvari

Icelandic: svari

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 (*swara), 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 (ufarswara)


turdą

turdą (nominative singular)
turdō (nominative plural)
turdą (singular vocative)
turdō (plural vocative)
turdą (accusative singular)
turdō (accusative plural)
turdas (genitive singular)
turdis (genitive singular)
turdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turdai (dative singular)
turdamaz (dative plural)
turdō (instrumental singular)
turdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tord
Old English: tord
Middle English: tord, toord, torde
English: turd
Scots: tuird
Old Dutch: *tord, *tort
Middle Dutch: torde, torte, tort, toort
Dutch: tort
Old High German: zort
Middle High German: *zort, zurch, zürch
German: (dialectal) Zort, (archaic) Zürch

desc

Old Norse: torð- (“dung-”, in compounds)

→ Proto-Samic: *turtē (see there for further descendants)

According to Orel, from Proto-Indo-European *dr̥-to-s, a participle from *der- (“to split, tear”); cognate with Latvian dìrst (“to poop, shit”). Note that Kroonen prefers to reconstruct the Germanic as *turzdaz; see there for more.


natǭ

natǭ (nominative singular)
natōniz (nominative plural)
natǭ (singular vocative)
natōniz (plural vocative)
natōnų (accusative singular)
natōnunz (accusative plural)
natōniz (genitive singular)
natōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
natōni (dative singular)
natōmaz (dative plural)
natōnē (instrumental singular)
natōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *natā

Old High German: nazza

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *natilā
Old English: netele, netle
Middle English: netele, netle, nettle
English: nettle
Scots: nettill
Old Frisian: *netele
Saterland Frisian: Neetele, Neetel
West Frisian: nettel
Old Saxon: netila
Middle Low German: nêtele, nettele, nettel
German Low German:
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Nettel, Nöttel
East Westphalian: Niedel (Ravensberg), Nettel (Lippe)
South Westphalian: Niëdel (Dortmund)
Sauerländisch: Nietel, Nettel (Wenden)
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: nettel
→ Danish: nelde, nælde
→ Norwegian: nesle, netla, nesla, natla
→ Old Swedish: nætla
Swedish: nässla, nättla, nälla
→ Scanian: nælla
Old Dutch: *netila
Middle Dutch: nētele, nettel
Dutch: netel
Old High German: nezzila
Middle High German: nezzel
Cimbrian: éssala (reanalyzed)
German: Nessel
→ Yiddish: ברעננעסל (brennesl)
Yiddish: ניסול (nisul) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

Old Norse: nata; nǫt
Faroese: nota
Gutnish: nata
Norwegian Nynorsk: nata
⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: brennuttu

→? Proto-Slavic: *natь (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂d- (“to twist, knot, tie”), whence also *natją (“net”), as nettle fibers were used for making nets. In this case, possibly cognate with Old Irish nenaid (“nettle”), Proto-Slavic *natь (“leaves and stems of some vegetables”), the latter which may have been borrowed from Germanic.


raih-

A Germanic root with many similarly-formed descendants and related variants. Kroonen leaves the origin open, while others have derived the root from a Proto-Indo-European *reyk- (“to tear, scratch; streak”), which appears to be part of a large complex of ambiguously-resolved words that includes Sanskrit लिखति (likhati, “to scratch, write”); see there for more.

cog

raw

Middle English: raw, rawe, rewe, rowe; Scots

reoue

Middle English: raw, rawe, rewe, rowe; Yola


gazdaz

gazdaz (nominative singular)
gazdōz (nominative plural)
gazdōs (nominative plural)
gazd (singular vocative)
gazdōz (plural vocative)
gazdōs (plural vocative)
gazdą (accusative singular)
gazdanz (accusative plural)
gazdas (genitive singular)
gazdis (genitive singular)
gazdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gazdai (dative singular)
gazdamaz (dative plural)
gazdō (instrumental singular)
gazdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaʀd
Old English: ġeard f
Middle English: ȝearde, ȝard (merged with descendant of Old English ġierd)
English: yard
Scots: yaird
Old Saxon: gard m or f
Middle Low German: gart f
Old Dutch: *gard
Middle Dutch: gart, gāert m
Dutch: gard
Old High German: gart m
Middle High German: gart
German: Gart

Old Norse: gaddr

Icelandic: gaddur

Old Swedish: gadder

Swedish: gadd

→ Middle English: gadde, gad

English: gad

⇒ English: gadfly

Scots: gaud

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍃 (gazds)

Compare Latin hasta (“shaft; spear”). Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰast- (“rod, pole, bar, switch”), but, given the irregular phonetic variation and limited distribution, these are probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin.


skipārijaz

skipārijaz (nominative singular)
skipārijōz (nominative plural)
skipārijōs (nominative plural)
skipārī (singular vocative)
skipārijōz (plural vocative)
skipārijōs (plural vocative)
skipāriją (accusative singular)
skipārijanz (accusative plural)
skipārijas (genitive singular)
skipārīs (genitive singular)
skipārijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skipārijai (dative singular)
skipārijamaz (dative plural)
skipārijō (instrumental singular)
skipārijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skipārī
Old English: sċipere
Old Frisian: *skipere
Saterland Frisian: Skipper
West Frisian: skipper
Old Saxon: *skipāri
Middle Low German: schippære, schippere, schēpere
German Low German: Schipper
→ German: Schipper
Old Dutch: *skipāri
Middle Dutch: schipper
Dutch: schipper
→ Middle English: skippere
English: skipper
→ German: Skipper
Old High German: *skiffāri
Middle High German: schiffære, schiffere
German: Schiffer
Yiddish: שיפֿער (shifer)
→ Vulgar Latin: *schipārī (or from Old Norse skipari)
Old French: eschipre, eskipre
Middle French: eschipre, esquipe, scippre

Old Norse: skipari

Icelandic: skipari

Faroese: skipari

Norwegian Nynorsk: skipar

Swedish: skeppare

Danish: skipper

Norwegian Bokmål: skipper

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skipper

→ Vulgar Latin: *schipari (or from Frankish *skipārī)


steupabarną

steupabarną (nominative singular)
steupabarnō (nominative plural)
steupabarną (singular vocative)
steupabarnō (plural vocative)
steupabarną (accusative singular)
steupabarnō (accusative plural)
steupabarnas (genitive singular)
steupabarnis (genitive singular)
steupabarnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
steupabarnai (dative singular)
steupabarnamaz (dative plural)
steupabarnō (instrumental singular)
steupabarnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *steupabarn

Old English: stēopbearn
Middle English: stepbarn, steopbern, steopbearn (Early Middle English)
English: stepbarn
Scots: stepbairn
→ English: stepbairn

Old High German: stiofbarn

Old Norse: stjúpbarn

Icelandic: stjúpbarn

Faroese: stjúkbarn

Swedish: styvbarn


alizō

alizō (nominative singular)
alizôz (nominative plural)
alizō (singular vocative)
alizôz (plural vocative)
alizǭ (accusative singular)
alizōz (accusative plural)
alizōz (genitive singular)
alizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alizōi (dative singular)
alizōmaz (dative plural)
alizō (instrumental singular)
alizōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aliʀu, *alisu, *aluʀu
Old English: alor, aler
Middle English: aldre, alder, aldur, aldyr, aleyre, aller, alre, althir, olr
English: alder
Scots: aller
Old Dutch: *alisa
Middle Dutch: else
Dutch: els
Afrikaans: els
Old High German: alar, erila, elira, *alisa, *elisa
Middle High German: alze, els, eller, elre
German: Erle
→ Vulgar Latin: *alisa
Old French: alie, allie, alis
Middle French: alie, alise
French: alise

Old Norse: ǫlr, alr

Icelandic: elri

Norwegian: or, older

Danish: el

Gothic: *𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰 (*alisa)

→? Spanish: aliso

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂élis- (“alder”).


alasnō

alasnō (nominative singular)
alasnôz (nominative plural)
alasnō (singular vocative)
alasnôz (plural vocative)
alasnǭ (accusative singular)
alasnōz (accusative plural)
alasnōz (genitive singular)
alasnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alasnōi (dative singular)
alasnōmaz (dative plural)
alasnō (instrumental singular)
alasnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *alasnu, *alisnu, *alisnu
Old Saxon: *alansa
Middle Low German: alse, elase, elasene
Old Dutch: *alsina
Middle Dutch: elsne, elsene, elsen, alsene
Dutch: els, (dialectal) elase
→ Middle English: elsen, elsyn, elson, alsene
English: elsin, elsen (dialectal, UK)
Scots: elsin, elsing, elson
Old High German: alansa, alesna
Middle High German: *alesne, *elnse
German: Alesne, Alse, Else (dialectal, Swiss German)
→ Vulgar Latin: *alisna, *lexina (see there for further descendants)

q

Gothic: *𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰 (*alisna) (unattested; possibly loaned into Romance)


haspijǭ

haspijǭ (nominative singular)
haspijōniz (nominative plural)
haspijǭ (singular vocative)
haspijōniz (plural vocative)
haspijōnų (accusative singular)
haspijōnunz (accusative plural)
haspijōniz (genitive singular)
haspijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haspijōni (dative singular)
haspijōmaz (dative plural)
haspijōnē (instrumental singular)
haspijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haspijā

Old English: hæpse; hæsp

Middle English: haspe, hespe

English: hasp

→ Irish: haspa

Scots: hesp

Old Frisian: *hespe

Saterland Frisian: Häspe; Häsp

Old Saxon: *haspia, *hespia

Middle Low German: haspe, hespe

→ Danish: hasp, hæspe

→ Swedish: hasp

→ Norwegian: hespe

Old Dutch: *haspa

Middle Dutch: haspe

Dutch: hasp, haps (obsolete)

Old High German: *haspa

Middle High German: haspe, hespe

German: Haspe, Häspe

Old Norse: hespa

Icelandic: hespa

Faroese: hespa

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌰 (*haspa)

→ Vulgar Latin: *haspa (see there for further descendants)

Of unknown origin. Has been derived from a hypothetical earlier *hapsijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kamb- (“crooked; bent”), for which see *kh₂em- (“to bend, curve”).

der

haspel

Old Frisian: *haspel, *hespel; West Frisian


adisô

adisô (nominative singular)
adisaniz (nominative plural)
adisô (singular vocative)
adisaniz (plural vocative)
adisanų (accusative singular)
adisanunz (accusative plural)
adisiniz (genitive singular)
adisanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
adisini (dative singular)
adisammaz (dative plural)
adisinē (instrumental singular)
adisammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *adisō
Old English: adesa, eadesa
Middle English: adse
Scots: eetch
English: adze

/ˈɑ.ði.sɔːː/

From pre-Germanic *Hodʰ-és-on-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃edʰḗs (compare Hittite [script needed] (atešša, “adze, axe, hatchet”)).

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


slutilaz

slutilaz (nominative singular)
slutilōz (nominative plural)
slutilōs (nominative plural)
slutil (singular vocative)
slutilōz (plural vocative)
slutilōs (plural vocative)
slutilą (accusative singular)
slutilanz (accusative plural)
slutilas (genitive singular)
slutilis (genitive singular)
slutilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slutilai (dative singular)
slutilamaz (dative plural)
slutilō (instrumental singular)
slutilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slutil
Old Frisian: sletel, slotel
West Frisian: slotel
Old Saxon: slutil
Middle Low German: slȫtel, slȫttel
German Low German: Slötel
Old Dutch: *slutil
Middle Dutch: slōtel, sluetel
Dutch: sleutel
Afrikaans: sleutel
Berbice Creole Dutch: slotro, slutro
Negerhollands: sleuter, sleetel
→ Lokono: shilotoro
→ Aukan: sooto
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
→ Sranan Tongo: sroto, slotto
→ Caribbean Javanese: sroto
→ Trió: soroto
→ Warao: sidyotóre, sidiotore
Limburgish: släötel
West Flemish: sloter
Old High German: sluzzil
Middle High German: slüzzel
Bavarian: Schlissl
Cimbrian: slüssel
German: Schlüssel
Hunsrik: Schlissel
Luxembourgish: Schlëssel
Vilamovian: śłysuł
Yiddish: שליסל (shlisl)


flugilaz

flugilaz (nominative singular)
flugilōz (nominative plural)
flugilōs (nominative plural)
flugil (singular vocative)
flugilōz (plural vocative)
flugilōs (plural vocative)
flugilą (accusative singular)
flugilanz (accusative plural)
flugilas (genitive singular)
flugilis (genitive singular)
flugilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flugilai (dative singular)
flugilamaz (dative plural)
flugilō (instrumental singular)
flugilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *flugil

Middle Low German: vlȫgel

German Low German: Flögel

→ Saterland Frisian: Flöägel

→ Swedish: flöjel

Old Dutch: *flugil

Middle Dutch: vlōghel, vlegel, vleughel

Dutch: vleugel

Afrikaans: vleuel

→ West Frisian: fleugel

Limburgish: vläögel, vleugel

Old High German: *flugil

Middle High German: vlügel

German: Flügel

→ Danish: flygel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: flygel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: flygel

→ Swedish: flygel

Luxembourgish: Fligel

Vilamovian: fłygel

Yiddish: פֿליגל (fligl)

From *fleuganą (“to fly”) + *-ilaz (“agent instrumental noun suffix”).


radō

radō (nominative singular)
radôz (nominative plural)
radō (singular vocative)
radôz (plural vocative)
radǭ (accusative singular)
radōz (accusative plural)
radōz (genitive singular)
radǫ̂ (genitive plural)
radōi (dative singular)
radōmaz (dative plural)
radō (instrumental singular)
radōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *radu

Old Saxon: *rada

Middle Low German: *rāde, rat

⇒ Middle Low German: gerāde, grāde

Old Norse: rǫð

Icelandic: röð

Faroese: rað

Norwegian: rad

Swedish: rad

Danish: rad

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-éh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁dʰ- (“to order; arrange”).


drōhsnō

drōhsnō (nominative singular)
drōhsnôz (nominative plural)
drōhsnō (singular vocative)
drōhsnôz (plural vocative)
drōhsnǭ (accusative singular)
drōhsnōz (accusative plural)
drōhsnōz (genitive singular)
drōhsnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drōhsnōi (dative singular)
drōhsnōmaz (dative plural)
drōhsnō (instrumental singular)
drōhsnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drōsnu
Old English: drōsna, drōsne (< *drōhsnǭ)
Middle English: drosen, drowsyn
Old Dutch: *druosana
Middle Dutch: droesene
Dutch: droesem
Afrikaans: droesem
Old High German: truosana, trōsana
Middle High German: truosen
Alemannic German: Truese
German: (obsolete) Drusen, Trusen

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌽𐌰 (drauhsna) (< zero-grade *druhsnō)


drōhs

drōhs (nominative singular)
drōhiz (nominative plural)
drōh (singular vocative)
drōhiz (plural vocative)
drōhų (accusative singular)
drōhunz (accusative plural)
drōhiz (genitive singular)
drōhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drōhi (dative singular)
drōhumaz (dative plural)
drōhē (instrumental singular)
drōhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: drōs

Middle English: drosse, dros

English: dross

Scots: dros, drose, drosse

Old Dutch: *druos

Middle Dutch: droes

Dutch: droes

Old High German: truos, gitruos

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrā́ks, likely of non-Indo-European origin.


dragjō

dragjō (nominative singular)
dragjôz (nominative plural)
dragjō (singular vocative)
dragjôz (plural vocative)
dragjǭ (accusative singular)
dragjōz (accusative plural)
dragjōz (genitive singular)
dragjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dragjōi (dative singular)
dragjōmaz (dative plural)
dragjō (instrumental singular)
dragjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: dregg

Icelandic: dregg

Swedish: drägg

→ Middle English: dregges (plural)

English: dregs

desc

→? Proto-Finnic: *rahka (“quark, curds”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰragʰ-yeh₂, from *dʰrā́ks.


trahnuz

trahnuz (nominative singular)
trahniwiz (nominative plural)
trahnu (singular vocative)
trahniwiz (plural vocative)
trahnų (accusative singular)
trahnunz (accusative plural)
trahnauz (genitive singular)
trahniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trahniwi (dative singular)
trahnumaz (dative plural)
trahnū (instrumental singular)
trahnumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *trān, *trēn

Saterland Frisian: Troone

West Frisian: trien

Old Saxon: trahn; trahni (pl)

Middle Low German: trān, trāne

German Low German: Traan

→ German: Tran (“fish oil”)

desctree

Old Dutch: trān
Middle Dutch: trâen
Dutch: traan
Limburgish: traon

Old High German: trahan, trān

Middle High German: trahen, trān, trōn; træne (pl); trahær, traher, treher

Central Franconian: Tron

German: Träne

From Proto-Indo-European *draḱru-, a variant of Proto-Indo-European *dáḱru- (“tear”).


barmaz

barmaz (nominative singular)
barmōz (nominative plural)
barmōs (nominative plural)
barm (singular vocative)
barmōz (plural vocative)
barmōs (plural vocative)
barmą (accusative singular)
barmanz (accusative plural)
barmas (genitive singular)
barmis (genitive singular)
barmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barmai (dative singular)
barmamaz (dative plural)
barmō (instrumental singular)
barmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *barm
Old English: bearm
Middle English: barm, barme, bearm, berm, berme
English: barm
Scots: berme, berm, barm
Old Frisian: *barm
⇒ Old Frisian: barmbracco
Old Saxon: barm
Middle Low German: barme
Old High German: barm
Middle High German: barm, barn, parm
German: Barm

Old Norse: baðmr m, barmr m

Icelandic: baðmur m, barmur m

Faroese: barmur m

Norwegian Bokmål: barm m

Norwegian Nynorsk: barm m

Swedish: barm c

Danish: barm c

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 m (barms) (< *barmiz)

→ Proto-Finnic: *parmas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰór-mo-s, from *bʰer- (“to bear”) + *-mos. Cognate with Ancient Greek φορμός (phormós, “basket for carrying”).


barmaz

Proto-West Germanic: *barm

Old Frisian: *barm, *berm

West Frisian: barm, berm

Old Saxon: *barm

Middle Low German: barm, berme

German Low German: Berme

→ German: Berme

Old Dutch: *barm

Middle Dutch: barm, barem, baerm

Dutch: berm

→ French: berme

→ English: berm

Old Norse: barmr

Icelandic: barmur

Faroese: barmur

Norwegian Bokmål: barm

Swedish: barm

Danish: barm

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰern- (“to project”).

unk

Origin uncertain


regnadrupô

regnadrupô (nominative singular)
regnadrupaniz (nominative plural)
regnadrupô (singular vocative)
regnadrupaniz (plural vocative)
regnadrupanų (accusative singular)
regnadrupanunz (accusative plural)
regnadrupiniz (genitive singular)
regnadrupanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
regnadrupini (dative singular)
regnadrupammaz (dative plural)
regnadrupinē (instrumental singular)
regnadrupammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *regnadropō

Old English: reġndropa

desc

Middle English: reyn-drope, rein-drope, rayn droppe

English: raindrop

Scots: rayndrap

Old Frisian: *reindropa

Saterland Frisian: Riendroupe, Riendruppe

West Frisian: reindrip

Old Saxon: *regindropo, *regandropo

Middle Low German: rēgendrōpe, rēgendroppe

German Low German: Regendrüpp

Plautdietsch: Räajendrepp

Old Dutch: *regandropo

Middle Dutch: regendrup, regendrop

Dutch: regendruppel, regendroppel

Afrikaans: reëndruppel

Limburgish: regendröppel

Old High German: regantropfo

Middle High German: regentropfe

German: Regentropfen

Luxembourgish: Reendrëps

Old Norse: *regndropi

Icelandic: regndropi

Faroese: regndropi

Norwegian: regndråpe

Swedish: regndroppe

Danish: regndråbe

Elfdalian: raingendrupi, raingendrupå

Gutnish: regndrupe, regndrupa


tuską

tuską (nominative singular)
tuskō (nominative plural)
tuską (singular vocative)
tuskō (plural vocative)
tuską (accusative singular)
tuskō (accusative plural)
tuskas (genitive singular)
tuskis (genitive singular)
tuskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tuskai (dative singular)
tuskamaz (dative plural)
tuskō (instrumental singular)
tuskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tosca

Old Norse: *tusk, *tosk

Swedish: tåssa, tossa

Elfdalian: tuosk


maisō

gem-decl-noun-table

*maisō (ō-stem)

maisō (nominative singular)
maisôz (nominative plural)
maisō (singular vocative)
maisôz (plural vocative)
maisǭ (accusative singular)
maisōz (accusative plural)
maisōz (genitive singular)
maisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maisōi (dative singular)
maisōmaz (dative plural)
maisō (instrumental singular)
maisōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maisu, *maisijā
Old English: *mǣse (< *maisijā)
Middle English: mese, meise, mayse (also possibly from Old Norse)
English: mease
Scots: mese, maise
Old Saxon: *mēsa
Middle Low German: mêse, meise
Old Dutch: *mēsa
Middle Dutch: mese, meyse, miese
Dutch: mees
Old High German: meisa (strong o-stem), meissa (weak n-stem)
Middle High German: meise (strong o-stem), meise (weak n-stem)
German: Meise (“carrying basket, satchel, backpack”)
→ Old French: meise, maise
Middle French: maise, mese, meze, mase, masse, meisse, meeze, meesse, moise, mose

Old Norse: meiss m (< *maisaz)

Faroese: meis

Norwegian: meis

→⇒ Scots: mesgar

Uncertain. Possibly from *maisaz (“sheepskin sheath”), from Proto-Indo-European *moysós (“sheep, sheepskin, fleece, hose”).


nasją

nasją (nominative singular)
nasjō (nominative plural)
nasją (singular vocative)
nasjō (plural vocative)
nasją (accusative singular)
nasjō (accusative plural)
nasjas (genitive singular)
nasis (genitive singular)
nasjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nasjai (dative singular)
nasjamaz (dative plural)
nasjō (instrumental singular)
nasjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ness n; næss, næs m; næse f

Middle English: nesse

English: ness

Scots: nesse, nes

Old Saxon: *nessi

Middle Low German: nes

Old Dutch: nesse, nisse (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: nesse, nes

Dutch: nes

desctree

Old Norse: nes
Icelandic: nes
Faroese: nes
Norwegian Nynorsk: nes
Swedish: näs
Danish: næs
Norwegian Bokmål: nes

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nostril; nose”).


spenô

spenô (nominative singular)
spenaniz (nominative plural)
spenô (singular vocative)
spenaniz (plural vocative)
spenanų (accusative singular)
spenanunz (accusative plural)
spininiz (genitive singular)
spenanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spinini (dative singular)
spenammaz (dative plural)
spininē (instrumental singular)
spenammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *spana; spanu; spane

Old Frisian: *spen

West Frisian: spien

Old Saxon: *speno; *spana, *span

Middle Low German: spēne; spone, spon

Low German: spene, späne

→ English: spean (possibly from Middle Dutch)

Frankish: *spenō, *spanō

Old Dutch: *speno

Middle Dutch: spene

Dutch: speen

Old High German: *speno; *spena

Middle High German: spen

desctree

Old Norse: speni (“nipple”)
Icelandic: speni
Faroese: spini (“teat; penis”)
Norwegian Bokmål: spene
Norwegian Nynorsk: spene
Swedish: spene, späne
Danish: spene

From Proto-Indo-European *pstén-o-s, from *pstḗn (“breast, nipple”).


linþaz

linþaz (nominative singular)
linþōz (nominative plural)
linþōs (nominative plural)
linþ (singular vocative)
linþōz (plural vocative)
linþōs (plural vocative)
linþą (accusative singular)
linþanz (accusative plural)
linþas (genitive singular)
linþis (genitive singular)
linþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
linþai (dative singular)
linþamaz (dative plural)
linþō (instrumental singular)
linþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: lind

Middle High German: lint

Old Norse: linnr, linni

Icelandic: linnur

From Proto-Indo-European *lént-o-s. Cognate with Latin lentus (“flexible, sticky”), Lithuanian lentà (“board”).


grabą

grabą (nominative singular)
grabō (nominative plural)
grabą (singular vocative)
grabō (plural vocative)
grabą (accusative singular)
grabō (accusative plural)
grabas (genitive singular)
grabis (genitive singular)
grabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grabai (dative singular)
grabamaz (dative plural)
grabō (instrumental singular)
grabamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grab

Old English: græf

Middle English: grave, grafe

desc

Scots: grave, grawe, graive, graiwe, greawe

English: grave

desctree

Old Frisian: gref
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: greef
Saterland Frisian: Grääf, Grääb
West Frisian: grêf

Old Saxon: graf

Middle Low German: grav

Low German: Graf, Graff

Plautdietsch: Graw

Old Dutch: *graf

Middle Dutch: graf

Dutch: graf

Afrikaans: graf

Limburgish: graaf

Old High German: grab, grap
Middle High German: grap
Central Franconian: Grav, Jrav
Hunsrik: Graab
Luxembourgish: Graf
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: grap
East Central German:
Vilamovian: graob, grob
East Franconian:
German: Grab
Rhine Franconian: Grab
Frankfurterisch: [krɑːp], (plural) [kʀεːvæ̆]
Yiddish: גרוב (grub)

Old Norse: grǫf, graf

Icelandic: gröf

Faroese: grøv

Norn: gref

Norwegian: grav

Swedish: grav

Danish: grav

Elfdalian: grav

Gutnish: grav

Derived from the verb *grabaną (“to dig”).

that which is dug (ditch, trench, hole, etc.)


kaliz

kaliz (nominative singular)
kalīz (nominative plural)
kali (singular vocative)
kalīz (plural vocative)
kalį (accusative singular)
kalinz (accusative plural)
kalīz (genitive singular)
kaljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kalī (dative singular)
kalimaz (dative plural)
kalī (instrumental singular)
kalimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċiele, ċile, ċyle, ċæle, ċele, ċhele — Anglian
Middle English: chele, chile
English: chill (see there for further descendants)
Scots: chill

Middle Dutch: kille

Dutch: kil

Old Norse: *kylr

Icelandic: kylur

Along with *kalaną (“to freeze”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”).


skaunį̄

skaunį̄ (nominative singular)
skaunīniz (nominative plural)
skaunį̄ (singular vocative)
skaunīniz (plural vocative)
skaunīnų (accusative singular)
skaunīnunz (accusative plural)
skaunīniz (genitive singular)
skaunīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaunīni (dative singular)
skaunīmaz (dative plural)
skaunīnē (instrumental singular)
skaunīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: skōnī

Middle Low German: schône

Old Dutch: scōnī

Middle Dutch: schône

Old High German: scōnī

Middle High German: schœne

German: Schöne (obsolete)

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌴𐌹 (*skaunei)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌴𐌹 (gudaskaunei)


gasinþô

gasinþô (nominative singular)
gasinþaniz (nominative plural)
gasinþô (singular vocative)
gasinþaniz (plural vocative)
gasinþanų (accusative singular)
gasinþanunz (accusative plural)
gasinþiniz (genitive singular)
gasinþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gasinþini (dative singular)
gasinþammaz (dative plural)
gasinþinē (instrumental singular)
gasinþammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gasinþ (< *gasinþaz)

Old English: ġesīþ

→ English: gesith

Old Saxon: gisīth

Proto-West Germanic: *gasinþī (< *gasinþijaz)

Old Dutch: gisindi

Middle Dutch: gesinde

Dutch: gezinde

Old High German: gisindi

Middle High German: gesinde

German: Gesind (archaic), Gesinde

Proto-West Germanic: *gasinþō (< *gasinþô)

Old High German: gisindo

Old Norse: sinni, of sinni

Icelandic: sinni

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 (gasinþa) (< *gasinþô)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰 (gasinþja) (< *gasinþijô)

/ɣɑ.ˈsin.θɔːː/


kurbiz

kurbiz (nominative singular)
kurbīz (nominative plural)
kurbi (singular vocative)
kurbīz (plural vocative)
kurbį (accusative singular)
kurbinz (accusative plural)
kurbīz (genitive singular)
kurbijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kurbī (dative singular)
kurbimaz (dative plural)
kurbī (instrumental singular)
kurbimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kurbi
Old English: cyrf
Middle English: kerf, carffe, kerfe, kirf, kyrf
English: kerf, carf
Scots: kerf, carf
Old Frisian: kerf, kerve, kere
Saterland Frisian: Käärf
West Frisian: kerf

Old Norse: kurfr (< *kurbaz)

Icelandic: kurfur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: kurv; (dialectal) korv, kørv

Old Swedish: korver

Swedish: korv

→ Norwegian Bokmål: korv

From Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch”).


faikną

faikną (nominative singular)
faiknō (nominative plural)
faikną (singular vocative)
faiknō (plural vocative)
faikną (accusative singular)
faiknō (accusative plural)
faiknas (genitive singular)
faiknis (genitive singular)
faiknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faiknai (dative singular)
faiknamaz (dative plural)
faiknō (instrumental singular)
faiknamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faikn
Old English: fācn, fācen
Middle English: faken, fakenn, foken
Old Frisian: *fēkn
⇒ Old Frisian: fēknia (verb)
Old Saxon: fēkn, fēkan
Old High German: feihhan, feichan
Middle High German: veichen

Old Norse: feikn

Icelandic: feikn

/ˈɸɑi̯k.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *peyǵ- (“evil, fiendish”).


hrugjabainą

hrugjabainą (nominative singular)
hrugjabainō (nominative plural)
hrugjabainą (singular vocative)
hrugjabainō (plural vocative)
hrugjabainą (accusative singular)
hrugjabainō (accusative plural)
hrugjabainas (genitive singular)
hrugjabainis (genitive singular)
hrugjabainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrugjabainai (dative singular)
hrugjabainamaz (dative plural)
hrugjabainō (instrumental singular)
hrugjabainamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hruggjabain
Old English: hryċġbān, hryġċbān
Middle English: riggebon, riggebone
English: ridgebone
Scots: rigbane
Old Frisian: hreggbên, hregbên
Saterland Frisian: Räägebunke
West Frisian: rêchbonke
Old Saxon: *hruggibēn
Middle Low German: rüggebên, rüggebein, rücbên
German Low German: Rüggbunk
Old Dutch: *ruggibēn
Middle Dutch: ruggebene, ruggebeen
Dutch: ruggebeen
Old High German: ruggibein, rukkibein, ruckibein
Middle High German: rückebein, ruckebein, rucbein, ruckepein, rucpein, ruggebein, ruggebēn; ruckenbein
German: Rückenbein

Old Norse: *hryggbein; *hryggjarbein

Icelandic: hryggbein, hryggjarbein

Faroese: ryggjabein

Norn: ryggben

Norwegian: ryggbein

Swedish: ryggben

Danish: rygben

Elfdalian: ryggbien


tunþskaz

Proto-West Germanic: *tunsk
Old English: tūsċ, tūx
Middle English: tusk, tux, tush
English: tusk, tush
Scots: tusk
Old Frisian: tusk
North Frisian: tos, tus
Saterland Frisian: Tusk, Tüsk (Skäddel)
West Frisian: tosk

q

Old Norse: *toskr (attested in personal names: Ratatoskr, etc.)


friþilaz

friþilaz (nominative singular)
friþilōz (nominative plural)
friþilōs (nominative plural)
friþil (singular vocative)
friþilōz (plural vocative)
friþilōs (plural vocative)
friþilą (accusative singular)
friþilanz (accusative plural)
friþilas (genitive singular)
friþilis (genitive singular)
friþilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
friþilai (dative singular)
friþilamaz (dative plural)
friþilō (instrumental singular)
friþilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *friþil
Old High German: fridil
Middle High German: vriedel, friedel (merged with descendant of friudil)
German: Friedel

Old Norse: friðill

Icelandic: friðill

⇒ Old Norse: friðla, frilla f
Icelandic: frilla
Faroese: frilla
Norwegian Nynorsk: frille
Norwegian Bokmål: frille
Old Swedish: frilla, friþla
Swedish: frilla
Danish: frille


mut-

Old English: moþþe

Middle English: mothe

English: moth

Old Frisian: *motte

Saterland Frisian: Motte

West Frisian: mot

Old Saxon: *mutte

Middle Low German: mutte, motte

Plautdietsch: Mott

→ German: Motte

→ Luxembourgish: Matt

Old Dutch: *mutte

Middle Dutch: motte

Dutch: mot

Afrikaans: mot

Limburgish: mot

Old Norse: motti


-inassuz

-inassuz (nominative singular)
-inassiwiz (nominative plural)
-inassu (singular vocative)
-inassiwiz (plural vocative)
-inassų (accusative singular)
-inassunz (accusative plural)
-inassauz (genitive singular)
-inassiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-inassiwi (dative singular)
-inassumaz (dative plural)
-inassū (instrumental singular)
-inassumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-nassī, *-nassi, *-nussi (feminine jo-stem)
Old English: -nes, -ness, -nis, -niss, -nys, -nyss
Middle English: -nesse, -ness, -nes, -nece, -nesce, -nisse, -nis, -næse, -næs, -nez
English: -ness
Scots: -nes
Old Frisian: -nisse, -ense
Saterland Frisian: -nisse, -nis
West Frisian: -ens
Old Saxon: -nessi, -nissi, -nussi
Middle Low German: -nisse
Low German: -nis
Old Dutch: -nissi, -nussi
Middle Dutch: -nisse
Dutch: -nis
Afrikaans: -nis
Old High German: -nissi, -nussi
Middle High German: -nisse, -nusse, -nüsse (at least in rhyme)
German: -nis, -niß -nüß, -nuß
Yiddish: ־ניש (-nish)

Gothic: -𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (-inassus)


werduz

werduz (nominative singular)
wirdiwiz (nominative plural)
werdu (singular vocative)
wirdiwiz (plural vocative)
werdų (accusative singular)
werdunz (accusative plural)
werdauz (genitive singular)
wirdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wirdiwi (dative singular)
werdumaz (dative plural)
werdū (instrumental singular)
werdumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: weard

Middle English: ward

English: ward

Old Frisian: *werd (compare werda (“host”), werdskip (“feast”))

North Frisian: weerd

Saterland Frisian: Weerd

West Frisian: weard

Old Saxon: werd, wird

Middle Low German: wert

German Low German: Weert

Plautdietsch: Wieet

→ Norwegian: vert

→ Swedish: värd

→ Danish: vært

→ Elfdalian: werd

→ Gutnish: värt

→ Polabian: vart

Old Dutch: *wird

Middle Dutch: wert, wāert

Dutch: waard

Afrikaans: waard

Old High German: *wirt

Middle High German: wirt

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: biart, birt

Mòcheno: birt

German: Wirt

Luxembourgish: Wiert

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (wairdus)

From Pre-Germanic *(H)uer-du-s, which could be related to *waraz (“watchful, aware”), in which case the original sense was "attender"; the related Old Norse verðr (“meal”) would then have had an earlier meaning of "attendance." Or, possibly related to *werþaną (“to come about, happen”), with sense development "turn" > " participation".


kringaz

kringaz (nominative singular)
kringōz (nominative plural)
kringōs (nominative plural)
kring (singular vocative)
kringōz (plural vocative)
kringōs (plural vocative)
kringą (accusative singular)
kringanz (accusative plural)
kringas (genitive singular)
kringis (genitive singular)
kringǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kringai (dative singular)
kringamaz (dative plural)
kringō (instrumental singular)
kringamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *kring

Middle Low German: *kring

Low German: Kring

Old Dutch: *kring

Middle Dutch: crinc

Dutch: kring
Afrikaans: kring
Negerhollands: rink
→ Indonesian: kring; → lingkungan (semantic loan)
→ Papiamentu: kren

Limburgish: krink

Old High German: *kring

Middle High German: krinc

German: Kring (obsolete)

⇒ Middle High German: kringel

German: Kringel, Krengel
→ Russian: кре́ндель (kréndelʹ)
→ English: krendel

Old Norse: kringr

Faroese: kringur

Icelandic: kringur

desc

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: kring, omkring, ikring, kringom

⇒ Swedish: kring, omkring, ikring

From the strong verb *kringaną (“to turn, fall”).


fiskārijaz

fiskārijaz (nominative singular)
fiskārijōz (nominative plural)
fiskārijōs (nominative plural)
fiskārī (singular vocative)
fiskārijōz (plural vocative)
fiskārijōs (plural vocative)
fiskāriją (accusative singular)
fiskārijanz (accusative plural)
fiskārijas (genitive singular)
fiskārīs (genitive singular)
fiskārijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fiskārijai (dative singular)
fiskārijamaz (dative plural)
fiskārijō (instrumental singular)
fiskārijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fiskārī
Old English: fisċere
Middle English: fischer, fischare
English: fisher
Scots: fisher
Old Frisian: fisker
Saterland Frisian: Fisker
West Frisian: fisker
Old Saxon: fiskari
Middle Low German: viscer, visser
German Low German: Fisker, Fisser
Plautdietsch: Fescha
Old Dutch: *fiscari
Middle Dutch: visscher
Dutch: visser
Afrikaans: visser
Limburgish: vèsser
Old High German: fiscari
Middle High German: vischære, vischer
German: Fischer
Luxembourgish: Fëscher
Yiddish: פֿישער (fisher)

Old Norse: fiskari

Icelandic: fiskari

Faroese: fiskari

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: fiskar; (dialectal) fiskari, fiskare, fiskår

Elfdalian: fistjer

Swedish: fiskare

Danish: fisker

Norwegian Bokmål: fisker

Gutnish: fiskare, fiskre


gahugdiz

gahugdiz (nominative singular)
gahugdīz (nominative plural)
gahugdi (singular vocative)
gahugdīz (plural vocative)
gahugdį (accusative singular)
gahugdinz (accusative plural)
gahugdīz (genitive singular)
gahugdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gahugdī (dative singular)
gahugdimaz (dative plural)
gahugdī (instrumental singular)
gahugdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gahugdi
Old English: ġehyġd
Old Saxon: gihugd
Middle Low German: gehügede; gehüchte
Old Dutch: *gihugd
⇒ Old Dutch: gihugdig
Old High German: gihugt
Middle High German: gehuct, gehuht

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌳𐍃 (gahugds)


skuwwô

Proto-West Germanic: *skūwō
Old English: sċūwa, sċūa
Old High German: skūwo, skūo

Old Norse: skuggi

Icelandic: skuggi

Faroese: skuggi

Norwegian Nynorsk: skugge

Swedish: skugga

Danish: skygge

⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: skygge

Elfdalian: skugge

Gutnish: skugge, skugg'

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 (skuggwa)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuva (“image”)

Finnish: kuva

Ingrian: kuva

Karelian:

North Karelian: kuva

Veps: kuva

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃w-ō ~ *(s)ḱuh₃-nés (“(one's) shadow, reflection”), from *(s)ḱeh₃w- (“shadow”) + *-ō. Alternatively, per Kroonen, from or influenced in meaning by Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive, observe”), while Orel prefers a derivation from *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”).


unmagô

unmagô (nominative singular)
unmaganiz (nominative plural)
unmagô (singular vocative)
unmaganiz (plural vocative)
unmaganų (accusative singular)
unmaganunz (accusative plural)
unmaginiz (genitive singular)
unmaganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unmagini (dative singular)
unmagammaz (dative plural)
unmaginē (instrumental singular)
unmagammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: úmagi, ómagi
Norwegian Nynorsk: umage

From *un- (“un-”) + a derivative of *maganą (“be able, may”), from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ-.

(North Germanic) dependent / dependant (person who depends on another for support, i.e. cannot live independently)


teuną

teuną (nominative singular)
teunō (nominative plural)
teuną (singular vocative)
teunō (plural vocative)
teuną (accusative singular)
teunō (accusative plural)
teunas (genitive singular)
tiunis (genitive singular)
teunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
teunai (dative singular)
teunamaz (dative plural)
teunō (instrumental singular)
teunamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *teun
Old English: tēon
⇒? Old English: tēona, tēone (or from *teunō)
Middle English: tene
English: teen
Scots: tene, teyne
Old Saxon: *tion
⇒? Old Saxon: tiono (or from *teunō)

q

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*teunô</i>

Old Norse: tjón (or from *teunô)

Icelandic: tjón

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjon

Swedish: tyn (dialectal)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dū- (“to torment, vex”) or from Proto-Indo-European *dāw- (“to burn”).


spurô

spurô (nominative singular)
spuraniz (nominative plural)
spurô (singular vocative)
spuraniz (plural vocative)
spuranų (accusative singular)
spuranunz (accusative plural)
spuriniz (genitive singular)
spuranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spurini (dative singular)
spurammaz (dative plural)
spurinē (instrumental singular)
spurammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spurō, *sporō
Old English: spura, spora
Middle English: spore, spor, spure, spwre, spuyre, spurre, spur, spoure, spourre, spowrre, spoor, sporre
English: spur
Scots: spur
Yola: spourr
Old Frisian: *spora
Saterland Frisian: Spoor
West Frisian: spoar
Old Saxon: sporo
Middle Low German: spōre, spāre
Low German: Spar
Old Dutch: *sporo; *spora
Middle Dutch: spōre
Dutch: spoor
Afrikaans: spoor
Old High German: sporo
Middle High German: spore
German: Sporn
→ Vulgar Latin: *sporo
Catalan: esperó
Old French: esperun
Middle French: esperon
French: éperon
Galician: esporón
Italian: sprone
Occitan: esporon

Old Norse: spori

Icelandic: spori

Faroese: spori

Norwegian: spore

Swedish: sporre

Danish: spore

Gothic: *𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (*spaura)

→ Galician: espora

→ Portuguese: espora

→ Spanish: espuela

⇒ Spanish: espolón

From Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to twitch, push, fidget, be quick”).


friþulandą

friþulandą (nominative singular)
friþulandō (nominative plural)
friþulandą (singular vocative)
friþulandō (plural vocative)
friþulandą (accusative singular)
friþulandō (accusative plural)
friþulandas (genitive singular)
friþulandis (genitive singular)
friþulandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
friþulandai (dative singular)
friþulandamaz (dative plural)
friþulandō (instrumental singular)
friþulandamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: friþland

Old Norse: friðland

Icelandic: friðland

friendly land, country with which one is at peace


fehufangą

fehufangą (nominative singular)
fehufangō (nominative plural)
fehufangą (singular vocative)
fehufangō (plural vocative)
fehufangą (accusative singular)
fehufangō (accusative plural)
fehufangas (genitive singular)
fehufangis (genitive singular)
fehufangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fehufangai (dative singular)
fehufangamaz (dative plural)
fehufangō (instrumental singular)
fehufangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: feohfang

Old Norse: féfang

Icelandic: féfang

/ˈɸe.xu.ˌɸɑŋ.ɡɑ̃/


skabbaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*skabbaz (a-stem)

skabbaz (nominative singular)
skabbōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
skabb (singular vocative)
skabbōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
skabbą (accusative singular)
skabbanz (accusative plural)
skabbas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
skabbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skabbai (dative singular)
skabbamaz (dative plural)
skabbō (instrumental singular)
skabbamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skabb

Old English: sċeabb, sċæb, sċeb

desc

Middle English: schabbe, scabb, skabbe, scabbe, scab (forms with sc-/sk- due to confluence with Old Norse skabb)

English: scab, shab

⇒ English: scabby, shabby

Scots: skab, scab

⇒ Scots: scabby, shabby

⇒ Old English: sċeabbed, sċeabbede, sċæbbede

Middle English: schabbed, schabbid

Old Frisian: *skab

⇒ Old Frisian: *skabich

Saterland Frisian: skoawich (possibly borrowed)

West Frisian: skabbich, skabberich (possibly borrowed)

Old Saxon: *skabb

Old Saxon: schabbe

⇒ Middle Low German: schabbig

German Low German: schabbig

⇒ Old Saxon: skavatho?

Middle Low German: scheve, schēve?

⇒ Middle Low German: schēvisch, schēvesch?

Old Dutch: *skabb

Middle Dutch: schabbe

Dutch: schab

⇒ Middle Dutch: *schabbig

Dutch: schabbig, schabberig

Old High German: skaba, scaba

Middle High German: schabe

German: Schabe

⇒ Old High German: scebedīg, skebedīg

Middle High German: schebic

German: schäbig

Old Norse: skabb

Faroese: skabb

Norwegian: skabb

Swedish: skabb

⇒ Swedish: skabbig

Danish: skab

From Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to cut, split, carve, shape”). Cognate with Latin scabiēs (“mange”).


wadilą

wadilą (nominative singular)
wadilō (nominative plural)
wadilą (singular vocative)
wadilō (plural vocative)
wadilą (accusative singular)
wadilō (accusative plural)
wadilas (genitive singular)
wadilis (genitive singular)
wadilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadilai (dative singular)
wadilamaz (dative plural)
wadilō (instrumental singular)
wadilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: widil

Middle Low German: wedel

Low German: Wedel

German: Wedel

Old Norse: vaðall, vaðill

Icelandic: vaðall, vaðill

Norwegian: val, vaul

From *wadą, from Proto-Indo-European *wadʰom. Cognate with Latin vadum (“ford”).


harundą

harundą (nominative singular)
harundō (nominative plural)
harundą (singular vocative)
harundō (plural vocative)
harundą (accusative singular)
harundō (accusative plural)
harundas (genitive singular)
harundis (genitive singular)
harundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harundai (dative singular)
harundamaz (dative plural)
harundō (instrumental singular)
harundamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hǫrund n or f

Icelandic: hörund n

Norwegian: horung m (dialectical)

Old Swedish: harund m or f

Danish: harend

From unknown + *-undą (body part suffix); perhaps related to Proto-Italic *karō (“flesh, meat”).

unk

unknown


fiþriją

fiþriją (nominative singular)
fiþrijō (nominative plural)
fiþriją (singular vocative)
fiþrijō (plural vocative)
fiþriją (accusative singular)
fiþrijō (accusative plural)
fiþrijas (genitive singular)
fiþrīs (genitive singular)
fiþrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fiþrijai (dative singular)
fiþrijamaz (dative plural)
fiþrijō (instrumental singular)
fiþrijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fiþrī

Old English: fiþre, fiþere

Middle English: fither, fether (merged with descendant of Old English feþer)

Old Dutch: *gifithri

Middle Dutch: gevedere

Dutch: geveder

Old High German: *fidari, fedari

desc

Middle High German: *fidere, fider, vider

⇒ Middle High German: gefidere, gevidere, gevider

German: Gefieder

Old Norse: fiðri

Icelandic: fiðri, fiður

Faroese: fiðri

From the nominative stem of the Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to fly”).


brōþurbanô

brōþurbanô (nominative singular)
brōþurbananiz (nominative plural)
brōþurbanô (singular vocative)
brōþurbananiz (plural vocative)
brōþurbananų (accusative singular)
brōþurbananunz (accusative plural)
brōþurbaniniz (genitive singular)
brōþurbananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brōþurbanini (dative singular)
brōþurbanammaz (dative plural)
brōþurbaninē (instrumental singular)
brōþurbanammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōþorbana

Old Norse: bróðurbani

Icelandic: bróðurbani


dagawerką

gem-decl-noun-table

*dagawerką (a-stem)

dagawerką (nominative singular)
dagawerkō (nominative plural)
dagawerką (singular vocative)
dagawerkō (plural vocative)
dagawerką (accusative singular)
dagawerkō (accusative plural)
dagawerkas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
dagawerkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dagawerkai (dative singular)
dagawerkamaz (dative plural)
dagawerkō (instrumental singular)
dagawerkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dagawerk

Old English: dæġweorc

Middle English: daywerk, daywork

English: daywork

Old Saxon: dagwerk

Middle Low German: dāgewerk, dachwerk

German Low German: Dagwark

Old Dutch: *dagawerk

Middle Dutch: dach werck

Dutch: dagwerk

Old High German: tagawerk

Middle High German: tagewerc, tagewerch

German: Tagewerk, Tagwerk

Old Norse: dagverk

Icelandic: dagverk

⇒ Icelandic: dagsverk

⇒ Swedish: dagsverke


harjawegaz

harjawegaz (nominative singular)
harjawegōz (nominative plural)
harjawegōs (nominative plural)
harjaweg (singular vocative)
harjawegōz (plural vocative)
harjawegōs (plural vocative)
harjawegą (accusative singular)
harjaweganz (accusative plural)
harjawegas (genitive singular)
harjawigis (genitive singular)
harjawegǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harjawegai (dative singular)
harjawegamaz (dative plural)
harjawegō (instrumental singular)
harjawegamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hereweġ

Old Frisian: herewei

Old High German: *heriweg

Middle High German: herwec

German: Heerweg (archaic)

Old Norse: hervegr

Icelandic: hervegur


markalandą

*markalandą (a-stem)

markalandą (nominative singular)
markalandō (nominative plural)
markalandą (singular vocative)
markalandō (plural vocative)
markalandą (accusative singular)
markalandō (accusative plural)
markalandas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
markalandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
markalandai (dative singular)
markalandamaz (dative plural)
markalandō (instrumental singular)
markalandamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *markaland

Old English: mearcland

Old Norse: markland

Icelandic: markland


matibalgiz

matibalgiz (nominative singular)
matibalgīz (nominative plural)
matibalgi (singular vocative)
matibalgīz (plural vocative)
matibalgį (accusative singular)
matibalginz (accusative plural)
matibalgīz (genitive singular)
matibalgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
matibalgī (dative singular)
matibalgimaz (dative plural)
matibalgī (instrumental singular)
matibalgimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: metebielġ

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌲𐍃 (matibalgs)


fadurbanô

fadurbanô (nominative singular)
fadurbananiz (nominative plural)
fadurbanô (singular vocative)
fadurbananiz (plural vocative)
fadurbananų (accusative singular)
fadurbananunz (accusative plural)
fadurbaniniz (genitive singular)
fadurbananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fadurbanini (dative singular)
fadurbanammaz (dative plural)
fadurbaninē (instrumental singular)
fadurbanammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fǫðurbani

Icelandic: föðurbani

Faroese: faðirbani

/ˈɸɑ.ður.ˌbɑ.nɔːː/

From *fadēr + *banô, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tr̥-gʷʰon-ō, ultimately from *ph₂tḗr (“father”) + *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πατροφόνος (patrophónos), πατροφονεύς (patrophoneús), Sanskrit पितृहन् (pitṛhan).

com

(North Germanic) father-slayer, patricide