kattuz

kattuz (nominative singular)
kattiwiz (nominative plural)
kattu (singular vocative)
kattiwiz (plural vocative)
kattų (accusative singular)
kattunz (accusative plural)
kattauz (genitive singular)
kattiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kattiwi (dative singular)
kattumaz (dative plural)
kattū (instrumental singular)
kattumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kattu
Old English: catt
Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kaudes, kauddès (plural)
Old Saxon: katto
Old High German: kazzo
Lombardic: chazze

Old Norse: kǫttr
Faroese: køttur
Icelandic: köttur
Norwegian Nynorsk: katt
Old Swedish: katter
Swedish: katt
Danish: kat
Norwegian Bokmål: katt

Uncertain; possible Wanderwort of obscure ultimate origin. Cognate with and traditionally taken as borrowed from Latin cattus (“cat”); see there for more. Kroonen suggests, on the basis of variable reflexes within Germanic, a derivation through Uralic of Proto-Uralic *käďwä (“female (of a fur animal)”).

der

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


mētō

mētō (nominative singular)
mētôz (nominative plural)
mētō (singular vocative)
mētôz (plural vocative)
mētǭ (accusative singular)
mētōz (accusative plural)
mētōz (genitive singular)
mētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mētōi (dative singular)
mētōmaz (dative plural)
mētō (instrumental singular)
mētōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mātu
Old Frisian: mēte
Saterland Frisian: Mäite
West Frisian: mjitte
Old Saxon: *māta
Middle Low German: mâte, mât
German Low German: Maat n
Old Dutch: *māta
Middle Dutch: mâte
Dutch: maat
Limburgish: maot
Old High German: māza
Middle High German: māz
German: Maß
Hunsrik: Mos
Luxembourgish: Mooss
Yiddish: מאָס (mos)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mëëtto (see there for further descendants)


hraiwą

hraiwą (nominative singular)
hraiwō (nominative plural)
hraiwą (singular vocative)
hraiwō (plural vocative)
hraiwą (accusative singular)
hraiwō (accusative plural)
hraiwas (genitive singular)
hraiwis (genitive singular)
hraiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hraiwai (dative singular)
hraiwamaz (dative plural)
hraiwō (instrumental singular)
hraiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrāw, hrā, hrǣw

Old Frisian: hrē-

Old Saxon: hrēu, hrēo

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: ree

Dutch: reeuw

Old High German: *rēo

Middle High German: rē

Old Norse: hræ

Icelandic: hræ

Faroese: ræ

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍉 (hraiwadubō, “turtle-dove”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *räivä (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Proto-Germanic *krow-yóm (by metathesis), derived from Proto-Indo-European *kréwh₂s (“blood (outside of the body)”), root noun of Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.


wēgaz

wēgaz (nominative singular)
wēgōz (nominative plural)
wēgōs (nominative plural)
wēg (singular vocative)
wēgōz (plural vocative)
wēgōs (plural vocative)
wēgą (accusative singular)
wēganz (accusative plural)
wēgas (genitive singular)
wēgis (genitive singular)
wēgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēgai (dative singular)
wēgamaz (dative plural)
wēgō (instrumental singular)
wēgamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wāg
Old English: wǣġ
Middle English: waghe, wawe
English: waw
Scots: waw
Old Frisian: weg
North Frisian: weage, waag
West Frisian: weach
Old Saxon: wāg
Middle Low German: wāch m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)
→ Middle High German: wāge (northern)
German: Woge
→ Old Swedish: vāgh
Swedish: våg
→ Danish: vove
→ Smalandian: våj
→ Helsingian: våga
Old Dutch: *wāg
Middle Dutch: wâech m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)
Dutch: waag f
German: wāg
→ Middle High German: wāc

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᚷᚨᛉ (*wagaʀ)

Old Norse: vágr
Icelandic: vogur
Faroese: vágur, vág
Norwegian Bokmål: våg
Norwegian Nynorsk: våg
Old Swedish: vāgher
Swedish: våg
Danish: våg
→ Old French: vague
Middle French:
French: vague

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaagas (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍃 (wēgs)

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵhe- (“to drag, carry”), from *weǵʰ- (“to transport, bring”). See also *weganą (“to move”).


miurijǭ

miurijǭ (nominative singular)
miurijōniz (nominative plural)
miurijǭ (singular vocative)
miurijōniz (plural vocative)
miurijōnų (accusative singular)
miurijōnunz (accusative plural)
miurijōniz (genitive singular)
miurijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miurijōni (dative singular)
miurijōmaz (dative plural)
miurijōnē (instrumental singular)
miurijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *miurijā
Old English: *mīere, *mȳre
Middle English: mire
English: mire
⇒ English: antmire
⇒ Middle English: pissemyre
English: pismire
Old Saxon: miuria
Middle Low German: miere (possibly a loan from Dutch)
German Low German: Miere
Old Dutch: *miura
Middle Dutch: miere
Dutch: mier

Old Norse: *mýra

Old Swedish: mȳra

Swedish: myra

Danish: myre

Crimean Gothic: miera

→ Proto-Finnic: *muurahainën (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from the same source as *mauraz.


skankô

skankô (nominative singular)
skankaniz (nominative plural)
skankô (singular vocative)
skankaniz (plural vocative)
skankanų (accusative singular)
skankanunz (accusative plural)
skankiniz (genitive singular)
skankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skankini (dative singular)
skankammaz (dative plural)
skankinē (instrumental singular)
skankammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skankō
Old English: sċanca, sċeanca, sċeonca
Middle English: schanke, sconke, sceonke, schonke, shanke
English: shank
Scots: schank, schanck
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: skonk
Old Saxon: *skenka
Middle Low German: schenke
Dutch Low Saxon: schenke
Old Dutch: *skenko
Middle Dutch: schencke

Old Norse: skakki

Norwegian: skonk (dialectal)

Swedish: skank

Danish: skank

/ˈskɑŋ.kɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (“to limp; be crooked; slant”).


skarō

skarō (nominative singular)
skarôz (nominative plural)
skarō (singular vocative)
skarôz (plural vocative)
skarǭ (accusative singular)
skarōz (accusative plural)
skarōz (genitive singular)
skarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skarōi (dative singular)
skarōmaz (dative plural)
skarō (instrumental singular)
skarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaru

Old English: sċaru, sċearu; sċyru

Middle English: schare, schere

Scots: schare

English: share

Old Frisian: skare, skere, schere (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: Skoar

West Frisian: skare

Old Saxon: scara

Middle Low German: schāre

German Low German: Schaar

→ Old Norse: skari

Danish: skare

Icelandic: skari

Old Dutch: skara

Middle Dutch: schare, schaer

Dutch: schare, schaar

Afrikaans: skare, skaar

desc

→ Old French: scare, esquiere, eskiele, eschele; escalguaite, escalgaite, eschaugaite (< *skaruwahtu)

Middle French: escarguaite

French: échauguette

→ Middle English: eschele

English: eschel

→ Italian: schiera

Old High German: skara

Middle High German: schar

German: Schar

Old Norse: skǫr

Icelandic: skor

Swedish: skara

Danish: skare

Norwegian Nynorsk: skare

Vandalic: *skar-

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)koréh₂, from the root *(s)ker- (“to part; split; cut off; sever; divide”).


harmaz

harmaz (nominative singular)
harmōz (nominative plural)
harmōs (nominative plural)
harm (singular vocative)
harmōz (plural vocative)
harmōs (plural vocative)
harmą (accusative singular)
harmanz (accusative plural)
harmas (genitive singular)
harmis (genitive singular)
harmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harmai (dative singular)
harmamaz (dative plural)
harmō (instrumental singular)
harmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harm
Old English: hearm
Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
English: harm
Scots: herm, hairm
Yola: harrm
Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)
Old Saxon: harm
Middle Low German: harm, herm
Old Dutch: harm
Middle Dutch: harm
Dutch: harm
Old High German: harm, haram
Middle High German: harm
German: Harm

Old Norse: harmr

Icelandic: harmur

(Faroese: harmligur)

Norwegian Bokmål: harme

Norwegian Nynorsk: harm

Old Swedish: harmber

Swedish: harm

→ Finnish: harmi

Danish: harme

Traditionally derived Proto-Indo-European *pḱór-mo-s (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer- (“to have shame, distress over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم (šarm, “idem”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.


skaljō

skaljō (nominative singular)
skaljôz (nominative plural)
skaljō (singular vocative)
skaljôz (plural vocative)
skaljǭ (accusative singular)
skaljōz (accusative plural)
skaljōz (genitive singular)
skaljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaljōi (dative singular)
skaljōmaz (dative plural)
skaljō (instrumental singular)
skaljōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skallju
Old English: sċiell, sċiel, sċyll, sċyl, sċill, sċil, sċell, sċel
Middle English: schelle
English: shell
Scots: schel, schell
Old Frisian: *skell, *skill
Saterland Frisian: Skeele, Skiele
West Frisian: skyl
Old Saxon: *skellia
Middle Low German: schelle, schille
German Low German: Schille, Schill
→ German: Schellfisch (compound)
Old Dutch: *skella
Middle Dutch: scelle, scille, schelle
Dutch: schil, schel
Afrikaans: skel, skil
Negerhollands: skel
→ Middle English: schelle, schele, shelle, scille (“scale, outer layer, surface chip”)
Old High German: *skella
Middle High German: schelle (Central German)
→ Friulian: scae
→ Old French: escaille, eschaille, escalle
Middle French: escaille, eschaille, esquaille, escalle
French: écaille
→ Middle English: shelle, schelle, scele (“vessel, dish, drinking vessel”)
→ Italian: scaglia
→ Piedmontese: scaja
→ Venetan: scaja

Old Norse: skel
Icelandic: skel
Faroese: skel
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjel
Danish: skæl n
Norwegian Bokmål: skjell

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skalja)

→ Proto-Samic: *(s)kālčō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *skolH-yeh₂, from *(s)kelH- (“to split, part, divide”).


metaþs

metaþs (nominative singular)
metaþiz (nominative plural)
metaþ (singular vocative)
metaþiz (plural vocative)
metaþų (accusative singular)
metaþunz (accusative plural)
metadiz (genitive singular)
metadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
metadi (dative singular)
metadumaz (dative plural)
metadē (instrumental singular)
metadumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (mitaþs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mitta (see there for further descendants)

From pre-Germanic *medéts, oblique *medot-, a t-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”).


þeutǭ

þeutǭ (nominative singular)
þeutōniz (nominative plural)
þeutǭ (singular vocative)
þeutōniz (plural vocative)
þeutōnų (accusative singular)
þeutōnunz (accusative plural)
þeutōniz (genitive singular)
þeutōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeutōni (dative singular)
þeutōmaz (dative plural)
þeutōnē (instrumental singular)
þeutōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeutā
Old English: þēote
Middle English: theote
Old Frisian: *thiāte, *thūte
Saterland Frisian: Tütjen, Tüütjen (possibly borrowed)
West Frisian: tute, tút (possibly borrowed)
Old Saxon: *thiota, *thūta
Middle Low German: tûte
German Low German: Tute, Tuut
→ German: Tüte
→ Danish: tud
→ Swedish: tut
Old Dutch: *thūta
Middle Dutch: tūte
Dutch: tuit
Old High German: *thioza, *dioza (in compounds: watardioza)
→ Vulgar Latin: *tūta
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tūtellus (see there for further descendants)

/ˈθeu̯.tɔ̃ː/

From *þeutaną (“to sound, howl, roar”), from Proto-Indo-European *tu-, *tutu- (“bird-cry, shriek”).

That which causes a whirring, whistling, roaring, or rushing sound


turzdaz

turzdaz (nominative singular)
turzdōz (nominative plural)
turzdōs (nominative plural)
turzd (singular vocative)
turzdōz (plural vocative)
turzdōs (plural vocative)
turzdą (accusative singular)
turzdanz (accusative plural)
turzdas (genitive singular)
turzdis (genitive singular)
turzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turzdai (dative singular)
turzdamaz (dative plural)
turzdō (instrumental singular)
turzdamiz (instrumental plural)

Seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *dr̥s-dʰh₁-os, from a root *ders- (“to excrete”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”). Compare Latvian dìrst (“to shit”). The root *ders-, apparently only attested in Baltic and Germanic, may be an extension of the root *der- (“to split, tear”); see also *teraną (“to tear, snatch”).

Alternative reconstruction of *turdą (“excrement”)


hindiz

hindiz (nominative singular)
hindīz (nominative plural)
hindi (singular vocative)
hindīz (plural vocative)
hindį (accusative singular)
hindinz (accusative plural)
hindīz (genitive singular)
hindijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hindī (dative singular)
hindimaz (dative plural)
hindī (instrumental singular)
hindimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hindi
Old English: hind
Middle English: hind, hinde, hynde
Scots: hynde, hynd, hind
English: hind
Old Frisian: *hind
West Frisian: hine
Old Saxon: *hind
Middle Low German: hinde
Old Dutch: *hind
Middle Dutch: hinde
Dutch: hinde
Old High German: hinta, hinna
Middle High German: hinte, hinde
German: Hinde

Old Norse: hind

Icelandic: hind

Faroese: hind

Norwegian: hind

Old Swedish: hind

Swedish: hind

Danish: hind

Gutnish: hinna

From earlier *hemdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“hornless”), as does generally do not have antlers or horns. Cognate with Ancient Greek κεμάς (kemás, “young deer, pricket”), Sanskrit शम (śáma, “hornless”).


skurdiz

skurdiz (nominative singular)
skurdīz (nominative plural)
skurdi (singular vocative)
skurdīz (plural vocative)
skurdį (accusative singular)
skurdinz (accusative plural)
skurdīz (genitive singular)
skurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skurdī (dative singular)
skurdimaz (dative plural)
skurdī (instrumental singular)
skurdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: skerd m

West Frisian: schird

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: Schöör, Schöört

Old High German: scurt f

Old Norse: skurðr m

Icelandic: skurður

Faroese: skurður (in skurðmynd, skurðviðgerð)

Norwegian Bokmål: skurd m, skur m

Old Swedish: skyrþ f

Swedish: skörd

From pre-Germanic *(s)kr̥(H)tís, from *skeraną + *-þiz.


staigō

staigō (nominative singular)
staigôz (nominative plural)
staigō (singular vocative)
staigôz (plural vocative)
staigǭ (accusative singular)
staigōz (accusative plural)
staigōz (genitive singular)
staigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staigōi (dative singular)
staigōmaz (dative plural)
staigō (instrumental singular)
staigōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

>? Old Dutch: *steiga, steyga

Old High German: steiga

Middle High German: steige

Cimbrian: staige

German: Steige

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: steig (placenames)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰 (staiga)

/ˈstɑi̯.ɣɔː/

From Proto-Indo-European *stóygʰos (“path; climb; ascent”).


fahtiz

fahtiz (nominative singular)
fahtīz (nominative plural)
fahti (singular vocative)
fahtīz (plural vocative)
fahtį (accusative singular)
fahtinz (accusative plural)
fahtīz (genitive singular)
fahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fahtī (dative singular)
fahtimaz (dative plural)
fahtī (instrumental singular)
fahtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: feht m

(Old Frisian: fecht m)?

Old Dutch: *faht

Middle Dutch: vacht

Dutch: vacht

Afrikaans: vag

Old Norse: *fátt, *fætt

Old Swedish: fǣtter m

Swedish: fätt (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to pluck; comb; shear”).


hweulō

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷekʷléh₂ (“wheels”), collective of *kʷékʷlos (“wheel”).

nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *hwehwlą


smultą

smultą (nominative singular)
smultō (nominative plural)
smultą (singular vocative)
smultō (plural vocative)
smultą (accusative singular)
smultō (accusative plural)
smultas (genitive singular)
smultis (genitive singular)
smultǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smultai (dative singular)
smultamaz (dative plural)
smultō (instrumental singular)
smultamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smolt

Old Norse: smolt

Icelandic: smolt

Norwegian: smolt

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *smalt
Old Dutch: *smalt
Middle Dutch: smout
Dutch: smout
Old High German: smalz
Middle High German: smalz
Cimbrian: smaltz
German: Schmalz
Hunsrik: Schmals
Luxembourgish: Schmalz
Yiddish: שמאַלץ (shmalts)
→ Dutch: schmalz, sjmalts
→ English: schmaltz
→ Ladin: smauz
→ Old Polish: smalec
Polish: smalec, szmalec
→ Belarusian: шма́лец (šmáljec)
→ Old Ruthenian: сма́лецъ (smálecʹ)
Belarusian: сма́лец (smáljec), сма́ляц (smáljac), сма́лець (smáljecʹ)
Ukrainian: сма́лець (smálecʹ)
→ Russian: сма́лец (smálec)
→ Medieval Latin: smaltum (see there for further descendants)

Adjectival ablaut formation from *smeltaną (“melt”).


parrikaz

Old Saxon: *perrik

Middle Low German: perk

Old Dutch: *perrik, perk (in placenames)

desc

Middle Dutch: perrik, perric, perck, perc

Dutch: perk

Old High German: pferrih

Middle High German: pferrich, pherrich

Alemannic German: Färrich

German: Pferch


þustaz

þustaz (nominative singular)
þustōz (nominative plural)
þustōs (nominative plural)
þust (singular vocative)
þustōz (plural vocative)
þustōs (plural vocative)
þustą (accusative singular)
þustanz (accusative plural)
þustas (genitive singular)
þustis (genitive singular)
þustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þustai (dative singular)
þustamaz (dative plural)
þustō (instrumental singular)
þustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þost

Old English: þost

Middle English: þost, thost

English: thost

Old Dutch: *thost

Middle Dutch: dost

Old High German: dost

Middle High German: dost

From Proto-Indo-European *tews- (“to clear; empty; drain”).


tugiz

tugiz (nominative singular)
tugīz (nominative plural)
tugi (singular vocative)
tugīz (plural vocative)
tugį (accusative singular)
tuginz (accusative plural)
tugīz (genitive singular)
tugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tugī (dative singular)
tugimaz (dative plural)
tugī (instrumental singular)
tugimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tugi
Old English: tyġe
Old Saxon: *tugi
Middle Low German: toge, toch
→ Danish: tog
→ Faroese: tok
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tog
→ Swedish: tåg
Old Dutch: *tugi
Middle Dutch: tuege
Dutch: teug
Afrikaans: teug
Old High German: zug
Middle High German: zug
Central Franconian: Zoch
→ German: Zoch
Hunsrik: Zugh
Luxembourgish: Zoch
German: Zug
→ Luxembourgish: Zuch
→ Polish: cug
→ Silesian: cug
Vilamovian: cug
Yiddish: צוג (tsug)


lugiz

lugiz (nominative singular)
lugīz (nominative plural)
lugi (singular vocative)
lugīz (plural vocative)
lugį (accusative singular)
luginz (accusative plural)
lugīz (genitive singular)
lugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lugī (dative singular)
lugimaz (dative plural)
lugī (instrumental singular)
lugimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lyġe

Middle English: leghe, leye

English: lie

Old High German: lug

Middle High German: luc

German: Lug

A deverbal noun derived from *leuganą (“to lie”).


luziz

luziz (nominative singular)
luzīz (nominative plural)
luzi (singular vocative)
luzīz (plural vocative)
luzį (accusative singular)
luzinz (accusative plural)
luzīz (genitive singular)
luzjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luzī (dative singular)
luzimaz (dative plural)
luzī (instrumental singular)
luzimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lyre

Old Dutch: *luri

Middle Dutch: lore, luere

Dutch: teleur, teloor


swikiz

swikiz (nominative singular)
swikīz (nominative plural)
swiki (singular vocative)
swikīz (plural vocative)
swikį (accusative singular)
swikinz (accusative plural)
swikīz (genitive singular)
swikjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swikī (dative singular)
swikimaz (dative plural)
swikī (instrumental singular)
swikimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swiċe


drankiz

drankiz (nominative singular)
drankīz (nominative plural)
dranki (singular vocative)
drankīz (plural vocative)
drankį (accusative singular)
drankinz (accusative plural)
drankīz (genitive singular)
drankijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drankī (dative singular)
drankimaz (dative plural)
drankī (instrumental singular)
drankimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *dranku, *dranki, *drank

desctree

Old English: drenċ, drænċ
Middle English: drænc, drenke, drench
English: drench
Scots: drenk

Old Frisian: drank, dronk

Saterland Frisian: Dronk

West Frisian: drank

Old Saxon: drank

Middle Low German: drank

German Low German: Drank

Old Dutch: *drank, dranc

Middle Dutch: dranc

Dutch: drank
Afrikaans: drank
Negerhollands: drink

Limburgish: drank

Old High German: trank, tranch

Middle High German: tranc

German: Trank

⇒ Middle High German: getrenke

Cimbrian: gatrànkh

German: Getränk

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌺 n (draggk)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrenǵ- (“to pull; draw; sip”).


drangijaz

drangijaz (nominative singular)
drangijōz (nominative plural)
drangijōs (nominative plural)
drangī (singular vocative)
drangijōz (plural vocative)
drangijōs (plural vocative)
drangiją (accusative singular)
drangijanz (accusative plural)
drangijas (genitive singular)
drangīs (genitive singular)
drangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drangijai (dative singular)
drangijamaz (dative plural)
drangijō (instrumental singular)
drangijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drangī

desctree

Old English: dreng, drench
Middle English: dreng, dranch, dring, dringch, ðring
→ Medieval Latin: drengus
→ English: dreng, drenge
>? Scots: dring

Old Frisian: *dreng

North Frisian: dräng, dring (possibly borrowed from Danish)

Old Norse: drengr
Icelandic: drengur
Faroese: drongur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dreng; (dialectal) draing
Norwegian Bokmål: dreng
Old Swedish: drænger
Swedish: dräng
→ Northern Sami: reaŋga
→ Finnish: renki
Danish: dreng
→ North Frisian: dräng, dring

From Proto-Indo-European *dregʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *drǫgъ, Proto-Celtic *dringeti (“to climb”).


þiljǭ

þiljǭ (nominative singular)
þiljōniz (nominative plural)
þiljǭ (singular vocative)
þiljōniz (plural vocative)
þiljōnų (accusative singular)
þiljōnunz (accusative plural)
þiljōniz (genitive singular)
þiljōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiljōni (dative singular)
þiljōmaz (dative plural)
þiljōnē (instrumental singular)
þiljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þilljā

Old English: þille
Middle English: thylle, thille, thill, þyl, thil
English: thill
Scots: thill

Old Frisian: thille, tile

North Frisian: tel

Saterland Frisian: Toal

West Frisian: telle

Old Saxon: thili

Middle Low German: dēle

German Low German: Deel

→ Middle English: dele, dyle
English: deal
Scots: deal

Old Dutch: *thili

Middle Dutch: dele, deel

Dutch: deel
Afrikaans: deel
Negerhollands: deel
→ West Frisian: dealje

Limburgish: deil

Old High German: dilla

Middle High German: dille, tille

Cimbrian: dilla

German: Diele

Luxembourgish: Dill

Old Norse: þilja

Icelandic: þilja

Faroese: tilja

Norwegian: tilje

Swedish: tilja

Danish: tilje

→ Proto-Finnic: *tëljo (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *tiljā (see there for further descendants)

Nominal formation related to *þelą (“floor; deal (of plank)”).


þelą

þelą (nominative singular)
þelō (nominative plural)
þelą (singular vocative)
þelō (plural vocative)
þelą (accusative singular)
þelō (accusative plural)
þelas (genitive singular)
þilis (genitive singular)
þelǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þelai (dative singular)
þelamaz (dative plural)
þelō (instrumental singular)
þelamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þel n

Middle English: thele

English: theal (dialectal)

(Old Saxon: thili f)

(Old Dutch: *thili)

Old High German: dil m; dili n; dilo m

Middle High German: dil, til

Old Norse: þel n; þili n; þeli n

Old Swedish: þiæl

→ Finnish: teli

→ Proto-Samic: *tielō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tëla (see there for further descendants)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂-o-s, from *telh₂- (“flat surface, ground; board, plank”). Compare Proto-Slavic *tьlò (“ground, bottom”), Sanskrit तल (tála, “surface, sloor”), Latin tellūs (“earth; world”), Old Irish talam (“earth, dry land”).


unwitô

unwitô (nominative singular)
unwitaniz (nominative plural)
unwitô (singular vocative)
unwitaniz (plural vocative)
unwitanų (accusative singular)
unwitanunz (accusative plural)
unwitiniz (genitive singular)
unwitanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unwitini (dative singular)
unwitammaz (dative plural)
unwitinē (instrumental singular)
unwitammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: unwita

Old High German: unwizzo

Old Norse: úviti, óviti

Faroese: óviti

Icelandic: óviti

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰 (unwita)

foolish or ignorant person, idiot; one who knows not


gelstrą

gelstrą (nominative singular)
gelstrō (nominative plural)
gelstrą (singular vocative)
gelstrō (plural vocative)
gelstrą (accusative singular)
gelstrō (accusative plural)
gelstras (genitive singular)
gilstris (genitive singular)
gelstrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gelstrai (dative singular)
gelstramaz (dative plural)
gelstrō (instrumental singular)
gelstramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gelstr
Old High German: gelstar
⇒ Middle High German: gelsterkorn

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃𐍄𐍂 (gilstr)

tax, tribute, offering; that which is payed, given as payment


wrandijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*wrandijô (an-stem)

wrandijô (nominative singular)
wrandijaniz (nominative plural)
wrandijô (singular vocative)
wrandijaniz (plural vocative)
wrandijanų (accusative singular)
wrandijanunz (accusative plural)
wrandīniz (genitive singular)
wrandijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrandīni (dative singular)
wrandijammaz (dative plural)
wrandīnē (instrumental singular)
wrandijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrandijō

desc

Old English: wrænna, wrenna, werna, wærna; wrenne f

Middle English: wrenne, wranne

English: wren

Scots: wran

Old High German: *renteo, rento

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *wrandilō

Old Saxon: wrėndilo

Old High German: rentilo

>? Old Norse: *vrendi, *vrindi

gl

⇒ Old Norse: *vrindill, rindill (alternatively, borrowed from Old Saxon)

Icelandic: rindill

Norwegian: rennel, rinnel, rynnel

Danish: rindel

Unknown. Compare Old Irish dreän, Welsh dryw.


wōkraz

wōkraz (nominative singular)
wōkrōz (nominative plural)
wōkrōs (nominative plural)
wōkr (singular vocative)
wōkrōz (plural vocative)
wōkrōs (plural vocative)
wōkrą (accusative singular)
wōkranz (accusative plural)
wōkras (genitive singular)
wōkris (genitive singular)
wōkrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wōkrai (dative singular)
wōkramaz (dative plural)
wōkrō (instrumental singular)
wōkramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wōkr
Old English: wōcor f
Old Frisian: wōker m or n
Saterland Frisian: Wouker
West Frisian: woeker
Old Saxon: *wōkar
Middle Low German: wôker, wûker
Old Dutch: wuoker
Middle Dutch: woeker
Dutch: woeker
Afrikaans: woeker
Old High German: wuohhar, wuochar m or n
Middle High German: wuocher
German: Wucher
→ German Low German: Wucher
→ Saterland Frisian: Wucher
Yiddish: וואָכער (vokher)

i

Old Norse: ókr, okr n (also possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: ókur, okur

Old Swedish: oker, uker

Swedish: ocker

Danish: åger

→ Norwegian: åger

→ Middle English: oker

Scots: ocker

English: oker, ocker

Gothic: 𐍅𐍉𐌺𐍂𐍃 m (wōkrs)

→ Finnish: vuokra

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂weg- (“to add; increase”).


ōbō

ōbō (nominative singular)
ōbôz (nominative plural)
ōbō (singular vocative)
ōbôz (plural vocative)
ōbǭ (accusative singular)
ōbōz (accusative plural)
ōbōz (genitive singular)
ōbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ōbōi (dative singular)
ōbōmaz (dative plural)
ōbō (instrumental singular)
ōbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: uoba

The functional o-grade, ō-stem deverbal noun from the lost strong verb *afaną. For the formation, compare *fōrō, *grōbō.

(West Germanic) doing, performing, practicing


slagjǭ

slagjǭ (nominative singular)
slagjōniz (nominative plural)
slagjǭ (singular vocative)
slagjōniz (plural vocative)
slagjōnų (accusative singular)
slagjōnunz (accusative plural)
slagjōniz (genitive singular)
slagjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slagjōni (dative singular)
slagjōmaz (dative plural)
slagjōnē (instrumental singular)
slagjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *slaggjā, *slaggju

Old English: sleċġ (< *slagjō)

Middle English: slegge

Scots: sleg, sledge

English: sledge

Old Saxon: *slaggia, *slaggea

Middle Low German: slage, slagen

Old Dutch: *slegga

Middle Dutch: slegge

Dutch: slegge, sleg

Old High German: slegil

Old Norse: sleggja

Icelandic: sleggja

Norwegian: sleggje, slegge

Old Swedish: slæggia

Swedish: slägga

→ Finnish: leka

Danish: slægge

/ˈslɑɣ.jɔ̃ː/

From the root of *slahaną + *-jǭ, perhaps onomatopoeic late Proto-Indo-European *slak- (“to hit, strike”).

slēgel

Proto-West Germanic: *slagil; Middle Low German


risiz

risiz (nominative singular)
risīz (nominative plural)
risi (singular vocative)
risīz (plural vocative)
risį (accusative singular)
risinz (accusative plural)
risīz (genitive singular)
risjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
risī (dative singular)
risimaz (dative plural)
risī (instrumental singular)
risimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *risi, *wrisi
Old Frisian: *rise
Saterland Frisian: Riese
West Frisian: reis
Old Saxon: *risi, *wrisi
Middle Low German: rêse
German Low German:
Bentheimisch: Ries
Westmünsterländisch: Riese
⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīk (“giant”, adj)
⇒? Old Saxon: wrisilīko (“gigantic”, adverb)
Old Dutch: *risi
Middle Dutch: rêse, rôse, ruese
Dutch: reus
Afrikaans: reus
→ West Frisian: reus
Old High German: risi
Middle High German: rise
German: Riese
Luxembourgish: Ris

Old Norse: risi
Icelandic: risi
Faroese: risi
Norwegian: rise
Old Swedish: rise
Swedish: rese
Danish: rise

Unknown. Possibly a zero-grade derivative of *rīsaną (“to scale, rise”).
On the basis of Old Dutch wrisil (“hero”) and Old Saxon wrisilīk (“gigantic”), this form is sometimes reconstructed as *wrisi-, and then either from Proto-Indo-European *wreyh₁- (thus related to Ancient Greek ῥίον (rhíon, “peak, summit”), and perhaps Tocharian A ri, Tocharian B rye (“city, town”), Thracian βρία (bría, “city, wall”)), or from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“hill, top”) (perhaps whence Latin verrūca (“wart; hillock”), Sanskrit वर्स्मन् (vársman, “height, top”), Proto-Slavic *vьrxъ (“top”)). However, this derivation is problematic as there is no sign of an initial cluster wr- in any of the descendants that otherwise preserve it (northern West Germanic and Old East Norse).


wristuz

wristuz (nominative singular)
wristiwiz (nominative plural)
wristu (singular vocative)
wristiwiz (plural vocative)
wristų (accusative singular)
wristunz (accusative plural)
wristauz (genitive singular)
wristiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wristiwi (dative singular)
wristumaz (dative plural)
wristū (instrumental singular)
wristumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wrist, wyrst
Middle English: wrist, wryst, wryste, wriste, wyrste, wirste, virste, wrest, wreste, wrost
English: wrist
Scots: wrist
Yola: wrasth, wraste

Old Frisian: wrist, wirst

North Frisian: wråst

Old Saxon: *wrist

Middle Low German: wrist

German Low German: Wrist

Old Dutch: *wrist

Middle Dutch: wrist, wrest

Old High German: wrist, rist

Middle High German: rist; riste

German: Rist

Old Norse: rist, vrist
Icelandic: rist
Norn: rist
Old Swedish: vrist
Swedish: vrist
Danish: vrist

Nominal formation related to *wrīþaną (“to weave, twist”).


fangą

fangą (nominative singular)
fangō (nominative plural)
fangą (singular vocative)
fangō (plural vocative)
fangą (accusative singular)
fangō (accusative plural)
fangas (genitive singular)
fangis (genitive singular)
fangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fangai (dative singular)
fangamaz (dative plural)
fangō (instrumental singular)
fangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fang m

desc

>? Middle English: fang (possibly from Old Norse or reformed from the verb)

English: fang

Scots: fang

Old Norse: fang

Icelandic: fang

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌷 (*fāh), 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷 (gafāh) (with analogical leveling from 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (gafahan))

→? Proto-Finnic: *panka (see there for further descendants)


kuzą

kuzą (nominative singular)
kuzō (nominative plural)
kuzą (singular vocative)
kuzō (plural vocative)
kuzą (accusative singular)
kuzō (accusative plural)
kuzas (genitive singular)
kuzis (genitive singular)
kuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuzai (dative singular)
kuzamaz (dative plural)
kuzō (instrumental singular)
kuzamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *koʀ
Old English: *cor
Middle English: cor, core
⇒ Old English: ġecor
Old Frisian: kor
>? West Frisian: kar

Old Norse:

East Old Norse: *koʀ

West Old Norse: kør
Icelandic: kjör
Faroese: kor
Norwegian Nynorsk: kòr, kår
Swedish: kor
Danish: kår
Norwegian Bokmål: kår

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to taste; choose”).


halbiz

halbiz (nominative singular)
halbīz (nominative plural)
halbi (singular vocative)
halbīz (plural vocative)
halbį (accusative singular)
halbinz (accusative plural)
halbīz (genitive singular)
halbijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halbī (dative singular)
halbimaz (dative plural)
halbī (instrumental singular)
halbimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *halbi

Old Dutch: *helvi

Middle Dutch: helve

Old High German: halb, helb

Middle High German: halp, help

German: Helb

Mòcheno: helb

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to cut”).


laiwarikǭ

laiwarikǭ (nominative singular)
laiwarikōniz (nominative plural)
laiwarikǭ (singular vocative)
laiwarikōniz (plural vocative)
laiwarikōnų (accusative singular)
laiwarikōnunz (accusative plural)
laiwarikōniz (genitive singular)
laiwarikōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laiwarikōni (dative singular)
laiwarikōmaz (dative plural)
laiwarikōnē (instrumental singular)
laiwarikōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laiwarikā, *laiwaʀikā
Old English: lāwerce, lǣwerce, lāwriċe, lāferċe
Middle English: larke, laverche, laveroc, laverke, laverock, leverock, lerke, livroche, laverok
English: lark, laverock, lavrock
Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok
Yola: lereke, lerock
Old Frisian: *lēwerke, *lēwertze, *lertze
North Frisian: lāsk (<? *laiwaʀikā)
Saterland Frisian: Läiverke, Leeuwerke (Skäddel)
West Frisian: ljurk, lartse, larts, lerts, ljurts
Old Saxon: lēwerka
Middle Low German: lêwerike, lêwerke, lêrke
German Low German: Leverke, Leverk
Old Dutch: *leiwerka, *lēwerka
Middle Dutch: lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick
Dutch: leeuwerik
⇒ Afrikaans: lewerkie
→ West Frisian: ljurk
Old High German: lērihha
Middle High German: lērche, lërche, lērhe
German: Lerche
Luxembourgish: Léierchen
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: *laverca (← Suevic *lawerka or Visigothic *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍉 (*laiwarkō))
Galician: laverca
Portuguese: laverca

Old Norse: lævirki m

Icelandic: lævirki

Faroese: lerkur (< Danish ?)

Norwegian: lerke

Old Swedish: lærikia

Swedish: lärka

Danish: lærke

Perhaps from earlier *laiwazikǭ, a diminutive of *laiwaz (“lark”). Further origin uncertain.
According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alawda (“skylark”); compare Latin alauda (“lark”).


maisǭ

maisǭ (nominative singular)
maisōniz (nominative plural)
maisǭ (singular vocative)
maisōniz (plural vocative)
maisōnų (accusative singular)
maisōnunz (accusative plural)
maisōniz (genitive singular)
maisōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maisōni (dative singular)
maisōmaz (dative plural)
maisōnē (instrumental singular)
maisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maisā
Old English: māse
Middle English: mose
⇒ Middle English: titmose
English: titmouse
Old Frisian: *māse, *mēse
⇒ Old Frisian: *mēske (diminutive)
Saterland Frisian: Meeske
West Frisian: mieske
Old Saxon: mēsa
Middle Low German: mêse, meise
Dutch Low Saxon: meesje
German Low German: Meesch
Altmärkisch, Low Prussian: Mêsk
Dortmunisch: Mêəseken
Low Prussian: Mêske, Möske, Mösk
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: Mêse
East Westphalian (Lippisch), Westmünsterländisch: Meese
East Westphalian (Wedemarkisch): Meise
→ Norwegian: meis
→ Swedish: mes
→ Danish: mejse
Old Dutch: *mēsa
Middle Dutch: mêse
Dutch: mees
Old High German: meisa
Middle High German: meise
Bavarian: Meisn
German: Meise
Luxembourgish: Mees

/ˈmɑi̯.sɔ̃ː/

Unknown; compared to Proto-Celtic *mesal-(s)kā (“blackbird”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂mes-l- (Latin merula). Or, possibly related to Norwegian Nynorsk meis (“weak”) and Flemish mijzen (“shatter”), possibly related to Proto-Germanic *maisa- (“small”), or possibly related to Dutch miezerig (“small, measly”).

Old French: mesenge

→ Medieval Latin: misinga, mesenga, masance, *mesengra [10th c.] (possibly < Old Norse meisingr)


kwastuz

kwastuz (nominative singular)
kwastiwiz (nominative plural)
kwastu (singular vocative)
kwastiwiz (plural vocative)
kwastų (accusative singular)
kwastunz (accusative plural)
kwastauz (genitive singular)
kwastiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwastiwi (dative singular)
kwastumaz (dative plural)
kwastū (instrumental singular)
kwastumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *kwast

Saterland Frisian: Kwast

West Frisian: kwast

Old Saxon: *kwast

Middle Low German: quast, quest

German Low German: Quast

Old Dutch: *kwast

Middle Dutch: quast

Dutch: kwast

Afrikaans: kwas

desc

Old High German: *quast, *quasta, questa

Middle High German: quast, quaste, queste, koste, kost

German: Queste, Quaste, Quest

Old Norse: *kvǫstr; (kvistr)

(Icelandic: kvistur)

(Faroese: kvistur)

(Norwegian Bokmål: kvist)

(Norwegian Nynorsk: kvist)

Old Swedish: kvaster, koster

Swedish: kvast; (kvist)

Danish: kvast, kost; (kvist)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kost

(→ Middle English: quist; (twist))

(Scots: twist)

(English: twist)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gwosdos (“piece of wood”), which seems like a nominal derivative from a root *gʷes- (“twig; leafwork”). Compare Proto-Celtic *buzdos (“tail, penis”) (whence Middle Irish bot (“tail, penis”), Welsh both (“hub, nave”)), Albanian gjeth (“leaf, foliage”), Proto-Slavic *gvozdь (“nail, tack, peg”).


grindiz

grindiz (nominative singular)
grindīz (nominative plural)
grindi (singular vocative)
grindīz (plural vocative)
grindį (accusative singular)
grindinz (accusative plural)
grindīz (genitive singular)
grindijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grindī (dative singular)
grindimaz (dative plural)
grindī (instrumental singular)
grindimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grindil
Old English: grindel
Old Saxon: grindil, grendil
Middle Low German: grindel, grendel
German Low German: Grendel, Grinnel, Grennel
Old Dutch: grindel
Middle Dutch: grindel, grendel
Dutch: grendel
Afrikaans: grendel
→ Caribbean Javanese: grèndhèl
→ Indonesian: gerendel
→ Javanese: ꦒꦿꦺꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦭ꧀ (grèndhèl), grendel
→ Papiamentu: rèndu, grendel, grender
Old High German: grintil, crintil, grindil, krindil
Middle High German: grintel, grindel, grendel
German: Grindel

Old Norse: grind

Icelandic: grind

Faroese: grind

Old Swedish: grind

Swedish: grind

→ Scots: grind (Shetland, Orkney)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰréndʰ-is, from *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”).


kuntǭ

kuntǭ (nominative singular)
kuntōniz (nominative plural)
kuntǭ (singular vocative)
kuntōniz (plural vocative)
kuntōnų (accusative singular)
kuntōnunz (accusative plural)
kuntōniz (genitive singular)
kuntōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuntōni (dative singular)
kuntōmaz (dative plural)
kuntōnē (instrumental singular)
kuntōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cunte

Middle English: cunte

Scots: cunt

English: cunt

Old Frisian: cunte

Saterland Frisian: Kunte

West Frisian: kûnt, kont

Old Saxon: *kunta

Middle Low German: kunte

German Low German: Kunt

Old Dutch: *kunta

Middle Dutch: conte

Dutch: kont

Afrikaans: kont

Old High German: cunta

Middle High German: kunt

Czech: kunda

Slovak: kunda

Old Norse: kunta

Icelandic: kunta

Faroese: kunta

Norwegian: kunte

Swedish: kunta

Danish: kunte

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn.


walmiz

walmiz (nominative singular)
walmīz (nominative plural)
walmi (singular vocative)
walmīz (plural vocative)
walmį (accusative singular)
walminz (accusative plural)
walmīz (genitive singular)
walmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walmī (dative singular)
walmimaz (dative plural)
walmī (instrumental singular)
walmimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wielm; wælm (<*walmuz)

Middle English: walm, walme, welme; welmen (verb)

English: walm, welm (verb)

Old Dutch: *walm

Middle Dutch: walm; (qualm)

Dutch: walm; (kwalm)

Old High German: walm

Middle High German: walm

(German: Qualm)

Old Norse: *valmr, *vǫlmr (<*walmuz)

Old Danish: valm, volm

From Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn; wind; roll”).


kwikwą

kwikwą (nominative singular)
kwikwō (nominative plural)
kwikwą (singular vocative)
kwikwō (plural vocative)
kwikwą (accusative singular)
kwikwō (accusative plural)
kwikwas (genitive singular)
kwikwis (genitive singular)
kwikwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwikwai (dative singular)
kwikwamaz (dative plural)
kwikwō (instrumental singular)
kwikwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: quik, quek

North Frisian: quick

Old Saxon: *quik

Middle Low German: quik, quek (in compounds)

Old Dutch: *quic, *quicc

Middle Dutch: quic, quec

Dutch: kwik

Old High German: *quic, *quec

Middle High German: quec, kec, koc

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (“alive”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).


kwikwandiją

kwikwandiją (nominative singular)
kwikwandijō (nominative plural)
kwikwandiją (singular vocative)
kwikwandijō (plural vocative)
kwikwandiją (accusative singular)
kwikwandijō (accusative plural)
kwikwandijas (genitive singular)
kwikwandīs (genitive singular)
kwikwandijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwikwandijai (dative singular)
kwikwandijamaz (dative plural)
kwikwandijō (instrumental singular)
kwikwandijamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Norse: kvikvendi, kvikendi, kvikindi, kykvendi

Icelandic: kvikvendi, kvikendi, kvikindi, kykvendi


lahō

lahō (nominative singular)
lahôz (nominative plural)
lahō (singular vocative)
lahôz (plural vocative)
lahǭ (accusative singular)
lahōz (accusative plural)
lahōz (genitive singular)
lahǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahōi (dative singular)
lahōmaz (dative plural)
lahō (instrumental singular)
lahōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lahu

Old High German: *laha, *lā

Middle High German: lā

Old Norse: lá

Icelandic: lá

From Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake; pond”).


laizō

laizō (nominative singular)
laizôz (nominative plural)
laizō (singular vocative)
laizôz (plural vocative)
laizǭ (accusative singular)
laizōz (accusative plural)
laizōz (genitive singular)
laizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laizōi (dative singular)
laizōmaz (dative plural)
laizō (instrumental singular)
laizōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laiʀu

desctree

Old English: lār
Middle English: lore, lar, lare, layre, lere, leyre, loore, lære, leore, loare (Early Middle English)
English: lore
→ Russian: лор (lor)
→ Ukrainian: лор (lor)
Scots: lare, lair

Old Frisian: lāre
Saterland Frisian: Lere, Leere
West Frisian: leare

Old Saxon: lēra

Middle Low German: lêre, lêr, lâre, lâr

German Low German: Lehre, Lehr

→ Danish: lære

→ Swedish: lära

→ Norwegian: lære

Old Dutch: lēra
Middle Dutch: lêre
Dutch: leer
Limburgish: lieër

Old High German: lēra

Middle High German: lēre; lār, lāre (Central German)

German: Lehre

Luxembourgish: Léier

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍉 (*laisō)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (laisareis)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (laiseigs)

From *laizijaną (“to teach”). Piecewise doublet of *laisō.


kraitaz

kraitaz (nominative singular)
kraitōz (nominative plural)
kraitōs (nominative plural)
krait (singular vocative)
kraitōz (plural vocative)
kraitōs (plural vocative)
kraitą (accusative singular)
kraitanz (accusative plural)
kraitas (genitive singular)
kraitis (genitive singular)
kraitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kraitai (dative singular)
kraitamaz (dative plural)
kraitō (instrumental singular)
kraitamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *krēt

Saterland Frisian: Kríet

West Frisian: krite

Old Saxon: *krēt

Middle Low German: krêt, kreit; krête (< *kraitijaz)

German Low German: Kreet

desc

Old Dutch: *krēte, *kerte, *krēta, *kerta

Middle Dutch: kerte

Dutch: kert

→⇒ Old French: cretel

→ Middle Dutch: kerteel

Old High German: kreiz

Middle High German: kreiz

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Krees

Luxembourgish: Krees

Bavarian: Kraas, Kroas

Cimbrian: kroaz

German: Kreis

→ Middle Low German: kreiz, kreitz, kreis, krês

German Low German: Kreis

Low German: Kräis (Westmunsterland)

→ Dutch: kreits

→ Saterland Frisian: Krais

Rhine Franconian: Kraas, Krääs, Krees, Kreis

Frankfurterisch: [kʀais]

Yiddish: קרײַז (krayz)

Uncertain. Perhaps akin to Proto-Germanic *krattōną (“to scratch; carve”) (cf kratzen).


flutô

flutô (nominative singular)
flutaniz (nominative plural)
flutô (singular vocative)
flutaniz (plural vocative)
flutanų (accusative singular)
flutanunz (accusative plural)
flutiniz (genitive singular)
flutanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flutini (dative singular)
flutammaz (dative plural)
flutinē (instrumental singular)
flutammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: flota m

Middle English: flote

Scots: flote, flot

English: float

Old High German: flozza f

Middle High German: vlozze

German: Flosse

Ido: floso

Old Norse: floti m

Icelandic: floti

Faroese: floti

Norwegian: flåte

Old Swedish: floti, fluti

Swedish: flotte, flotta

Danish: flåde

→ Old French: flotte

Middle French: flotte

French: flotte

→ German: Flotte (through confluence with Middle Low German vlôte)

→ Italian: flotta

A nominal formation from *fleutaną (“to float”).


agiþō

agiþō (nominative singular)
agiþôz (nominative plural)
agiþō (singular vocative)
agiþôz (plural vocative)
agiþǭ (accusative singular)
agiþōz (accusative plural)
agiþōz (genitive singular)
agiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agiþōi (dative singular)
agiþōmaz (dative plural)
agiþō (instrumental singular)
agiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *agiþā
Old English: eġeþe
Middle English: eythe
Old Frisian: eide
Old Saxon: egitha
Old Dutch: *egitha
Middle Dutch: ēgede, ēegde
Old High German: egida
Middle High German: egede, egde
Cimbrian: égata
Early Modern German: eide

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oḱ-et-eh₂ (“harrow”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


hlankô

hlankô (nominative singular)
hlankaniz (nominative plural)
hlankô (singular vocative)
hlankaniz (plural vocative)
hlankanų (accusative singular)
hlankanunz (accusative plural)
hlankiniz (genitive singular)
hlankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlankini (dative singular)
hlankammaz (dative plural)
hlankinē (instrumental singular)
hlankammiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: lanko, lanco

⇒ Old High German: gilanko, gilanco

Middle High German: gelanc, glanc

/ˈxlɑŋ.kɔːː/


hlankō

hlankō (nominative singular)
hlankôz (nominative plural)
hlankō (singular vocative)
hlankôz (plural vocative)
hlankǭ (accusative singular)
hlankōz (accusative plural)
hlankōz (genitive singular)
hlankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlankōi (dative singular)
hlankōmaz (dative plural)
hlankō (instrumental singular)
hlankōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlanku

Old English: *hlanc, *hlonc

Middle English: *lanke, lonke

English: lank, lonck, lunk (dialectal)

Old Saxon: hlanka

Middle Low German: lanke

German Low German: Lank

Frankish: *hlanka

Old Dutch: *hlanka, *lanka

Middle Dutch: lanke

Dutch: lank

→ Old French: flanche f, flanc m (see there for further descendants)

Middle French: flanche

→? English: flanch, flange

desc

Old High German: hlanca, hlancha, lanca, lanka

Middle High German: lanke

German: Lanke (obsolete)


hlankiz

hlankiz (nominative singular)
hlankīz (nominative plural)
hlanki (singular vocative)
hlankīz (plural vocative)
hlankį (accusative singular)
hlankinz (accusative plural)
hlankīz (genitive singular)
hlankijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlankī (dative singular)
hlankimaz (dative plural)
hlankī (instrumental singular)
hlankimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hlenċe f, hlenċa m
Middle English: linke, lenke (merged with Old Norse *hlenkr, hlekkr)
English: link (see there for further descendants)
Scots: link

Old Saxon: *hlenki

Middle Low German: lenke (likely borrowed)

German Low German: Lenk

Old High German: *lenka

Middle High German: lenke

Old Norse: hlekkr, *hlenkr
Icelandic: hlekkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: lenkje f
Elfdalian: lekk
Old Swedish: lænker
Swedish: länk
→ Finnish: lenkki
Danish: lænke
Norwegian Bokmål: lenke


staþulaz

staþulaz (nominative singular)
staþulōz (nominative plural)
staþulōs (nominative plural)
staþul (singular vocative)
staþulōz (plural vocative)
staþulōs (plural vocative)
staþulą (accusative singular)
staþulanz (accusative plural)
staþulas (genitive singular)
staþulis (genitive singular)
staþulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staþulai (dative singular)
staþulamaz (dative plural)
staþulō (instrumental singular)
staþulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *staþul
Old English: staþul, staþol
Middle English: stathel
Scots: stathel, stassel
English: staddle
Old Frisian: stathul, stāl
Saterland Frisian: Staal
West Frisian: steal
Old Saxon: stathal
Middle Low German: stadel, stāle
Old Dutch: *stathal
Middle Dutch: stādel
Dutch: staal
Old High German: stadal
Middle High German: stadel
German: Stadel

Old Norse: stǫðull

Icelandic: stöðull

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-, from *steh₂- (“to stand”).


skēkaz

skēkaz (nominative singular)
skēkōz (nominative plural)
skēkōs (nominative plural)
skēk (singular vocative)
skēkōz (plural vocative)
skēkōs (plural vocative)
skēką (accusative singular)
skēkanz (accusative plural)
skēkas (genitive singular)
skēkis (genitive singular)
skēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skēkai (dative singular)
skēkamaz (dative plural)
skēkō (instrumental singular)
skēkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċǣc; *sċǣcere, sċēacere; tōsċēacerian

Old Frisian: skāk; skākrāf; skākere, skāker

Old Saxon: *skāk; *skākāri

Middle Low German: schâk; schâker

Frankish: *skāk

Old Dutch: *skāk

Middle Dutch: scaec

Dutch: schaak; schaker

desc

→ Old French: eschec, eschiec (“booty, spoils”); eschiequer, eschecer, escheker, eschieker

Middle French: eschec, eschiec

→ Middle English: skekken, skiken

→ Medieval Latin: scachum; scachator

Old High German: skāh; skāhhāri

Middle High German: schāch; schāchære

German: Schächer

From Proto-Indo-European *skeg- (“to jump; move”).


spitō

spitō (nominative singular)
spitôz (nominative plural)
spitō (singular vocative)
spitôz (plural vocative)
spitǭ (accusative singular)
spitōz (accusative plural)
spitōz (genitive singular)
spitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spitōi (dative singular)
spitōmaz (dative plural)
spitō (instrumental singular)
spitōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spitu f

desc

Middle English: spite, spet, spete, spytte

Scots: spet, spete, speit

English: spit

Old Norse: *spita

Norwegian: spita f (dialectal)

Swedish: speta

Orel leaves the origin of this family of words open, though the words seem to derive from Proto-Indo-European *spey-d, a *d-extension of *spey- (“sharp; pointed”).


spitą

spitą (nominative singular)
spitō (nominative plural)
spitą (singular vocative)
spitō (plural vocative)
spitą (accusative singular)
spitō (accusative plural)
spitas (genitive singular)
spitis (genitive singular)
spitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spitai (dative singular)
spitamaz (dative plural)
spitō (instrumental singular)
spitamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *spit

Middle Low German: spit n

German Low German: Spitt

→ Norwegian: spidd (possibly)

→ Old Swedish: spit

Swedish: spett (possibly)

→ Danish: spid (possibly)

Frankish: *spit

Old Dutch: *spit

Middle Dutch: spit, spet

Dutch: spit

→ Old French: espeiz

Middle French: espois

French: épois

→ Old Occitan:

Catalan: espet

→ Late Latin: spidus

Old Italian: spito, spedo

Old High German: spiz n or m

Middle High German: spiz

Gothic: *𐍃𐍀𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 (*spitus)

→ Spanish: espeto

→ Portuguese: espeto

→ Galician: espeta, espeto, gaspeto

Related to *spitō (“rod, spike, skewer”).


teudrą

teudrą (nominative singular)
teudrō (nominative plural)
teudrą (singular vocative)
teudrō (plural vocative)
teudrą (accusative singular)
teudrō (accusative plural)
teudras (genitive singular)
tiudris (genitive singular)
teudrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
teudrai (dative singular)
teudramaz (dative plural)
teudrō (instrumental singular)
teudramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *teudr
Old English: *tēoder
Middle English: teder, tether (possibly merged with Old Norse)
Scots: tedder, tether
English: tether
→ Scottish Gaelic: teadhair
>? Old English: tūdor, tuddor, tudder
Middle English: tuder
Old Frisian: tiāder, tiēder
North Frisian: tjodder, tjudder
Saterland Frisian: Tjudder
West Frisian: tsjoar
Old Saxon: tiothar, tūdar
Middle Low German: tûder, tudder
German Low German: Tüder, Töder, Tider
Old Dutch: tūdar
Middle Dutch: tuder, tudder, tuyer
Dutch: tuier, teier
Old High German: ziotar
Middle High German: zieter
German: Zieter

Old Norse: tjóðr

Icelandic: tjóður

Faroese: tjóður

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tjor

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjor

Jamtish: tjøðr

Old Swedish: tiūþer

Swedish: tjuder

Old Danish: tyr

Danish: tøjr

Uncertain. Probably from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull”) or *dewh₂- (“to tie to, secure”) suffixed with *-tróm or *-dʰrom, but Kroonen prefers an alternative relationship to *deh₁-.

that which is tugged or pulled on, tether


knukô

knukô (nominative singular)
knukaniz (nominative plural)
knukô (singular vocative)
knukaniz (plural vocative)
knukanų (accusative singular)
knukanunz (accusative plural)
knukiniz (genitive singular)
knukanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knukini (dative singular)
knukammaz (dative plural)
knukinē (instrumental singular)
knukammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *knokō, *knokā f (Elbe Germanic)
Old Frisian: *knuko, *knoko
North Frisian: knook, knooke, knaake, knååke
Saterland Frisian: Knoke
Old Saxon: *knuko
Middle Low German: *knocke
Low German: Knaak, Knaken
Plautdietsch: Knoaken
→ Norwegian: knoke
Old Dutch: *knuko
Middle Dutch: cnoke
Dutch: knook
Afrikaans: knok
Old High German: knohha
Middle High German: knoche
Alemannic German: Chnoche
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Knoche
Kölsch: Knoche
Luxembourgish: Knachen
German: Knochen
→ Emilian: gnôc, gnòc
→ Italian: nocca
→ Venetan: gnoco
→ Italian: gnocco

Old Norse: knúi (“knuckle”)

(Icelandic: kjúka)

Old Swedish: knōe, knōghe

Swedish: knoge

Danish: kno

Gutnish: knoke, knoka, knokå

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *ģnu-gon-, itself potentially related to *ǵónu (“knee”). The nature of the relation of the root to Lithuanian gniáužti (“to close one's hand”) is unclear.
Older theories derived the root from Proto-Indo-European *gnew- (“a bundle; knot”), extended from the root *gen- (“to pinch; clench; ball up”), with the suffix *-kô used in some names of body parts, and compared with Ancient Greek κονδός (kondós), Ancient Greek κόνδυλος (kóndulos), Sanskrit कन्द (kanda).
In any case, compare Italian gnocco.


knukilaz

knukilaz (nominative singular)
knukilōz (nominative plural)
knukilōs (nominative plural)
knukil (singular vocative)
knukilōz (plural vocative)
knukilōs (plural vocative)
knukilą (accusative singular)
knukilanz (accusative plural)
knukilas (genitive singular)
knukilis (genitive singular)
knukilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knukilai (dative singular)
knukilamaz (dative plural)
knukilō (instrumental singular)
knukilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *knukil
Old English: cnucel, cnyċel, *cnocel
Middle English: knokel, knokelle, knokill, knokyl, knokylle
English: knuckle
Scots: knockle
Yola: noughel
Old Frisian: knokel
Saterland Frisian: Knouel
West Frisian: knokkel
Old Saxon: *knukil
Middle Low German: knö̂kel, knuckel
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: knökel
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Knäöw'l
Westphalian:
Dortmunder: Knüakel
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Knökel
Sauerländisch: Knüekel, Knöekel (Balve), Knǖkel (Niedersfeld), Knüökel (Attendorn), Kniäkel (Kirchhundem, Selbecke)
→ Danish: knogle
Old Dutch: *knukil
Middle Dutch: cnôkel, cnockel
Dutch: knokkel, kneukel
Afrikaans: kneukel
West Flemish: knekel
Old High German: *knuchil
Middle High German: knöchel
German: Knöchel (ankle, knuckle)
Hunsrik: Knechel
Luxembourgish: Knéchel
Yiddish: קנעכל (knekhl)

Old Norse: knykill

Elfdalian: kniųokel

From *knukô (“joint, bone”) + *-ilaz (“diminutive suffix”).


hrukkaz

hrukkaz (nominative singular)
hrukkōz (nominative plural)
hrukkōs (nominative plural)
hrukk (singular vocative)
hrukkōz (plural vocative)
hrukkōs (plural vocative)
hrukką (accusative singular)
hrukkanz (accusative plural)
hrukkas (genitive singular)
hrukkis (genitive singular)
hrukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrukkai (dative singular)
hrukkamaz (dative plural)
hrukkō (instrumental singular)
hrukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrokk

Old Frisian: hrock

Saterland Frisian: Rok

West Frisian: rôk, rok

Old Dutch: *rokk, *rok

Middle Dutch: roc

Dutch: rok

Afrikaans: rok

desc

→ Medieval Latin: hrocus, roccus, rocus, rochus

→ Old French: froc, rochet, roquet

French: froc, rochet

→ English: frock, rochet, rocket (dialectal)

→ French: frac

→ Dutch: frak (dialectal)

→ German: Frack

→ Swedish: frack

→ Danish: frakke

→ Faroese: frakki

→ Spanish: roquete

→ Portuguese: roquete

→ Italian: rocchetto, roccetto

Old High German: hroch, hrok

Middle High German: roc

German: Rock

Kroonen considers the term to be of unknown origin, and additionally considers the reconstruction *rukkaz to be incorrect, due to the existence of forms such as Old Frisian hrock, thus rejecting the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *rukn-, *ruk-, *rug-, *ruǵ- (“to spin”) and corollary connections with Proto-Germanic *rukkô (“spinning wheel, distaff”), Old Irish rucht (“tunic”), and Welsh rhuwch (“bran, husks, sieve; rough garment, cloak, mantle”).
An alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *kreḱ- (“to weave”) (whence Proto-Slavic *kresati (“to strike fire)”) is semantically attractive, but phonetically problematic, as the expected Germanic form would be something like *hruhaz.


lakaną

lakaną (nominative singular)
lakanō (nominative plural)
lakaną (singular vocative)
lakanō (plural vocative)
lakaną (accusative singular)
lakanō (accusative plural)
lakanas (genitive singular)
lakanis (genitive singular)
lakanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lakanai (dative singular)
lakanamaz (dative plural)
lakanō (instrumental singular)
lakanamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *lacen, *læcen

Middle English: lake

Scots: lake, laik

English: lake

Old Frisian: leken, letzen, lezen

Saterland Frisian: Leeken

West Frisian: lekken

Old Saxon: lakan

Middle Low German: lāken

German Low German: Laken

→ German: Laken

→ Old Norse: lakan, lak

Icelandic: lak

Faroese: lak

Norwegian: laken

Old Swedish: lakan

Swedish: lakan

→ Finnish: lakana

Danish: lagen

Old Dutch: *lakan

Middle Dutch: laken

Dutch: laken

Afrikaans: laken

Old High German: lahhan, lachan

Middle High German: lachen

German: Lachen (obsolete); Leilachen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₂g- (“to be slack; be limp; droop; sag”).


lōkiz

lōkiz (nominative singular)
lōkīz (nominative plural)
lōki (singular vocative)
lōkīz (plural vocative)
lōkį (accusative singular)
lōkinz (accusative plural)
lōkīz (genitive singular)
lōkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lōkī (dative singular)
lōkimaz (dative plural)
lōkī (instrumental singular)
lōkimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: lœkr

Icelandic: lækur

Faroese: løkur

Norn: ljog

Norwegian Bokmål: løk

Norwegian Nynorsk: løk

→ English: Leake (placename)

→ Old Dutch: *leke (attested in name Sculingleke) (possibly)

Middle Dutch: leke

Dutch: leek

A secondary lengthened-grade nominal i-stem formation from *lekaną (“to leak”).


þrautą

þrautą (nominative singular)
þrautō (nominative plural)
þrautą (singular vocative)
þrautō (plural vocative)
þrautą (accusative singular)
þrautō (accusative plural)
þrautas (genitive singular)
þrautis (genitive singular)
þrautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrautai (dative singular)
þrautamaz (dative plural)
þrautō (instrumental singular)
þrautamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrēat m

desc

Middle English: thræt, thrat, thret, threte

Scots: threte, thret, threit

English: threat

Old Saxon: *thrōt

Middle Low German: drot, drōt, drôt m

Old High German: *drōz

Middle High German: drōz m

Old Norse: þraut f

Icelandic: þraut

(Faroese: treyt)

Norwegian: traut f; traute m

/ˈθrɑu̯.tɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to squeeze; push; press”).

der

affliction; agony; annoyance; displeasure; grief; complaint


gnattaz

gnattaz (nominative singular)
gnattōz (nominative plural)
gnattōs (nominative plural)
gnatt (singular vocative)
gnattōz (plural vocative)
gnattōs (plural vocative)
gnattą (accusative singular)
gnattanz (accusative plural)
gnattas (genitive singular)
gnattis (genitive singular)
gnattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gnattai (dative singular)
gnattamaz (dative plural)
gnattō (instrumental singular)
gnattamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gnattu, *gnatt

Old English: gnætt

Middle English: gnat

Scots: gnat

English: gnat

Old Saxon: *gnatta

Middle Low German: *gnatte

German Low German: Gnatte f

>? Dutch: gnuit, knuit

Old High German: *gnaz; *gnazza

Middle High German: gnaz m; *gnazze

German: Gnatz; Gnatze f (dialectal)

desc

Old Norse: *gnattr, *knǫttr (“midge; gnat”)

Norwegian Bokmål: knott

Norwegian Nynorsk: knott

Swedish: gnatt, knott (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰneHdʰn-, *gʰneHd- (“to gnaw; scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰen- (“to gnaw; bite; scratch; rub”).


bēlą

bēlą (nominative singular)
bēlō (nominative plural)
bēlą (singular vocative)
bēlō (plural vocative)
bēlą (accusative singular)
bēlō (accusative plural)
bēlas (genitive singular)
bēlis (genitive singular)
bēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bēlai (dative singular)
bēlamaz (dative plural)
bēlō (instrumental singular)
bēlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bāl

Old English: bǣl; bǣlfȳr

Middle English: bale; balefire

Scots: bale, baill

English: bale; balefire

Old Norse: bál

Icelandic: bál; bálit

Faroese: bál

Norwegian: bål; likbål

Old Swedish: bāl

Swedish: bål

Danish: bål

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰḗlH-o-m, from *bʰel- (“shiny; bright; gleaming; white”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *bělъ (“white”), Lithuanian bãlas, báltas (“white”), Latvian balts (“white”), Ancient Greek φαλός (phalós, “white”), Sanskrit भाल (bhāla, “splendour”).


frijō

frijō (nominative singular)
frijôz (nominative plural)
frijō (singular vocative)
frijôz (plural vocative)
frijǭ (accusative singular)
frijōz (accusative plural)
frijōz (genitive singular)
frijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijōi (dative singular)
frijōmaz (dative plural)
frijō (instrumental singular)
frijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: frēo f, older *frio

Old Saxon: frī f; frī n (< *frijją)

From Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“to love”).


frijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*frijô (an-stem)

frijô (nominative singular)
frijaniz (nominative plural)
frijô (singular vocative)
frijaniz (plural vocative)
frijanų (accusative singular)
frijanunz (accusative plural)
frīniz (genitive singular)
frijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frīni (dative singular)
frijammaz (dative plural)
frīnē (instrumental singular)
frijammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: frēo m

Old Norse: frí


swardiz

swardiz (nominative singular)
swardīz (nominative plural)
swardi (singular vocative)
swardīz (plural vocative)
swardį (accusative singular)
swardinz (accusative plural)
swardīz (genitive singular)
swardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swardī (dative singular)
swardimaz (dative plural)
swardī (instrumental singular)
swardimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swardi

Old English: sweord, swierd

⇒ Old English: āþsweord

Old High German: swart, swert

⇒ Old High German: eidswart


ganzô

ganzô (nominative singular)
ganzaniz (nominative plural)
ganzô (singular vocative)
ganzaniz (plural vocative)
ganzanų (accusative singular)
ganzanunz (accusative plural)
ganziniz (genitive singular)
ganzanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganzini (dative singular)
ganzammaz (dative plural)
ganzinē (instrumental singular)
ganzammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganʀō

Old English: ganra, gandra

Middle English: ganer, gandre, gandere

Scots: ganare, ganer, ganner

English: gander

desc

Old Frisian: *ganra, *gonra, *gandra, *gondra

West Frisian: goarre

Old Saxon: *ganro

Middle Low German: ganre

Low German: Ganner, Gander

⇒ Low German: Ganter (merged with Gante < *ganatô)

→ German: Ganter

q

Dutch: gander (19th c., probably from Low German or English)

⇒ Old Norse: gassi (< *ganssô)

Icelandic: gassi

Norwegian Bokmål: gasse

Norwegian Nynorsk: gasse

Danish: gase

Swedish: gasse

Scanian: gáse

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”); see *gans.


tugô

tugô (nominative singular)
tuganiz (nominative plural)
tugô (singular vocative)
tuganiz (plural vocative)
tuganų (accusative singular)
tuganunz (accusative plural)
tuginiz (genitive singular)
tuganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tugini (dative singular)
tugammaz (dative plural)
tuginē (instrumental singular)
tugammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *togō

Old English: toga, toha

Middle English: toȝe, togh

English: toga (historical term), tog

Old Frisian: hertoga

West Frisian: toch

Old Saxon: togo

Low German: Tog

Old Dutch: *togo

Middle Dutch: toge, toche

Dutch: hertog

Afrikaans: tog

desctree

Old High German: *zogo, *zoho
Middle High German: zoge, zog
German: Zog

Old Norse: togi (possibly from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: togi

Faroese: togi, tugi

Norwegian: tug

Swedish: tig

Danish: tug


hawją

hawją (nominative singular)
hawjō (nominative plural)
hawją (singular vocative)
hawjō (plural vocative)
hawją (accusative singular)
hawjō (accusative plural)
hawjas (genitive singular)
hawis (genitive singular)
hawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hawjai (dative singular)
hawjamaz (dative plural)
hawjō (instrumental singular)
hawjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hawi
Old English: hīeġ, hīġ, hēġ
Middle English: hey, heyȝ, heygh, hay, ay, heyn, hayn, hei, heiȝ, heigh, hai, hain
English: hay
Scots: hey
Yola: hye, hey
Old Frisian: hā, hē
North Frisian: hau
Saterland Frisian: Ho
West Frisian: hea
Old Saxon: hōi, hōgi
Middle Low German: höü, hoy, hey, hou
Low German: Hau
Dutch Low Saxon: heui
German Low German: Hei, Heu
Plautdietsch: Hei
Old Dutch: houwi, houwe
Middle Dutch: houwe, hoj, hoy
Dutch: hooi
Afrikaans: hooi
Jersey Dutch: hôi
→ Papiamentu: hoi
Limburgish: heuj
Old High German: hewi, houwi, hou
Middle High German: höuwe, houwe, höu
Alemannic German: Heuw
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: höobe
Mòcheno: hei
German: Heu
Hunsrik: Hei
Luxembourgish: Hee
Yiddish: היי (hey)
⇒ Middle High German: höuwet
Bavarian: Heiet
Cimbrian: höbiat (“July”), hubiot (Sette Comuni)
German: Heuet

Old Norse: hey

Icelandic: hey

Faroese: hoyggj

Norwegian: høy

Old Swedish: hø̄

Swedish: hö, (dialectal) hej, hy

Danish: hø

Gutnish: hoy

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌹 (hawi)

→ Proto-Samic: *āvjē (see there for further descendants)

According to Kroonen, from a ja-collective form of *hawwaną (“to hew; cut down”) (with quasi-Indo-European form *koh₂w-yo-).


stikiz

stikiz (nominative singular)
stikīz (nominative plural)
stiki (singular vocative)
stikīz (plural vocative)
stikį (accusative singular)
stikinz (accusative plural)
stikīz (genitive singular)
stikjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stikī (dative singular)
stikimaz (dative plural)
stikī (instrumental singular)
stikimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stiki
Old English: stiċe
Middle English: stiche, stecche, steche, sticche, sticke, stych, styche, styk
English: stitch
Scots: steek, stick
Old Frisian: steke, stek
Saterland Frisian: Stäk, Stääk
Old Saxon: stiki
Middle Low German: stēke, stēk, stecke, stik
German Low German: Steek
Old Dutch: *stiki
Middle Dutch: stēke
Dutch: steek
Afrikaans: steek
Old High German: stih
Middle High German: stich
Alemannic German: Stich, Stuch
Central Franconian: Stech, Stöch, Stoch
Luxembourgish: Stach
German: Stich
→ Saterland Frisian: Stik

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐍃 (stiks)

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *stikaną (“to stick”).

stikill

Old Norse: stikill (“pointed end of the horn”); Icelandic


sudiz

sudiz (nominative singular)
sudīz (nominative plural)
sudi (singular vocative)
sudīz (plural vocative)
sudį (accusative singular)
sudinz (accusative plural)
sudīz (genitive singular)
sudjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sudī (dative singular)
sudimaz (dative plural)
sudī (instrumental singular)
sudimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: syde m

Old High German: sutī f

Middle High German: sute f; sut m

German: Sud m; Absud

Zero-grade i-stem noun derived from *seuþaną.


druziz

druziz (nominative singular)
druzīz (nominative plural)
druzi (singular vocative)
druzīz (plural vocative)
druzį (accusative singular)
druzinz (accusative plural)
druzīz (genitive singular)
druzjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
druzī (dative singular)
druzimaz (dative plural)
druzī (instrumental singular)
druzimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: dryre (“fall, decline”)

Old Norse: drør (“phlegm, rheum”)

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃 (drus, “fall”)

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *dreusaną.


bruniz

bruniz (nominative singular)
brunīz (nominative plural)
bruni (singular vocative)
brunīz (plural vocative)
brunį (accusative singular)
bruninz (accusative plural)
brunīz (genitive singular)
brunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunī (dative singular)
brunimaz (dative plural)
brunī (instrumental singular)
brunimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bryne, byrne

Middle English: brune

(Old Norse: bruni) (transfer to n-stem?)

Old Swedish: bruni

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *brinnaną.


akiz

akiz (nominative singular)
akīz (nominative plural)
aki (singular vocative)
akīz (plural vocative)
akį (accusative singular)
akinz (accusative plural)
akīz (genitive singular)
akjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akī (dative singular)
akimaz (dative plural)
akī (instrumental singular)
akimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aki, *akī

Old English: eċe, aċe, æċe
Middle English: ache, ake, eche
English: ache
Scots: ake

Old Saxon: *aki, *eki, *ak, *ek

Middle Low German: āk, ēk, eck

German Low German: Eek (“inflammation”)

⇒ Middle Low German: ēker, ecker

Old Dutch: *aki, *eki

Middle Dutch: *ake, *eke

Dutch: aak, eek (dialectal)

⇒ Middle Dutch: meinake

desc

⇒ Middle Dutch: akel m (“pain, suffering”)

⇒ Dutch: akelig


dripiz

dripiz (nominative singular)
dripīz (nominative plural)
dripi (singular vocative)
dripīz (plural vocative)
dripį (accusative singular)
dripinz (accusative plural)
dripīz (genitive singular)
dripjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dripī (dative singular)
dripimaz (dative plural)
dripī (instrumental singular)
dripimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dripi

Old English: drepe, drype

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *drepaną.

(West Germanic) striking, stroke, slaying


talgaz

talgaz (nominative singular)
talgōz (nominative plural)
talgōs (nominative plural)
talg (singular vocative)
talgōz (plural vocative)
talgōs (plural vocative)
talgą (accusative singular)
talganz (accusative plural)
talgas (genitive singular)
talgis (genitive singular)
talgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
talgai (dative singular)
talgamaz (dative plural)
talgō (instrumental singular)
talgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *talg

Old English: tælg, *tealg, *tealh

desctree

Middle English: talow
English: tallow
Scots: tauch, tallon

Old Frisian: *talch, *talk

West Frisian: talk

Old Saxon: *talg

Middle Low German: talch

German Low German: Talg

→ German: Talg

q

→ Dutch: talg (until 17th c.; modern form chiefly from German)

→ Old Norse: talg, talk n (*tǫlg, tolgr, tolg f)

(Old Norse: tólgr, tólg)

(Icelandic: tólg f)

Faroese: tálg f

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: talg; (dialectal) tolg, tølg, tålg, tåg)

Norwegian Bokmål: talg

Old Swedish: talgher m

Swedish: talg

Danish: talg

Old Dutch: *talg

Middle Dutch: talgh, talch; tallick

Dutch: talk

Afrikaans: talk

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dolgʰos (“fat”).


kwetwą

kwetwą (nominative singular)
kwetwō (nominative plural)
kwetwą (singular vocative)
kwetwō (plural vocative)
kwetwą (accusative singular)
kwetwō (accusative plural)
kwetwas (genitive singular)
kwitwis (genitive singular)
kwetwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwetwai (dative singular)
kwetwamaz (dative plural)
kwetwō (instrumental singular)
kwetwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kvett

Icelandic: kvett, kvetti

Unknown. Possibly related to *kutjaną (“to cut”) and *ketwą (“meat”).


dribą

dribą (nominative singular)
dribō (nominative plural)
dribą (singular vocative)
dribō (plural vocative)
dribą (accusative singular)
dribō (accusative plural)
dribas (genitive singular)
dribis (genitive singular)
dribǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dribai (dative singular)
dribamaz (dative plural)
dribō (instrumental singular)
dribamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drib m

Old English: drif m or n

Old Saxon: *drif

Middle Low German: drif, drīf, drēf n

Old High German: *trib

⇒? Middle High German: anetrip, antrip m

German: Antrieb m

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gadrib n
Old English: ġedrif
Old High German: *gitrib
Middle High German: getrip
⇒ Old High German: anagitrib m

Old Norse: drif

Icelandic: drif

Old Swedish: drif

Swedish: drev

Old Danish: drif

Danish: drev


bidą

bidą (nominative singular)
bidō (nominative plural)
bidą (singular vocative)
bidō (plural vocative)
bidą (accusative singular)
bidō (accusative plural)
bidas (genitive singular)
bidis (genitive singular)
bidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bidai (dative singular)
bidamaz (dative plural)
bidō (instrumental singular)
bidamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bid

⇒ Old English: anbid, onbid; bidfæst; bidsteal

Old Norse: bið

Icelandic: bið

Old Swedish: bidh

Zero-grade action noun derived from *bīdaną.


gripą

gripą (nominative singular)
gripō (nominative plural)
gripą (singular vocative)
gripō (plural vocative)
gripą (accusative singular)
gripō (accusative plural)
gripas (genitive singular)
gripis (genitive singular)
gripǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gripai (dative singular)
gripamaz (dative plural)
gripō (instrumental singular)
gripamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: grip, ágrip, handargrip

Icelandic: grip

Old Swedish: grip

Swedish: grepp

Zero-grade action noun derived from *grīpaną.


snidą

snidą (nominative singular)
snidō (nominative plural)
snidą (singular vocative)
snidō (plural vocative)
snidą (accusative singular)
snidō (accusative plural)
snidas (genitive singular)
snidis (genitive singular)
snidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snidai (dative singular)
snidamaz (dative plural)
snidō (instrumental singular)
snidamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: snid

Old Norse: snið

Icelandic: snið

Faroese: snið

Old Swedish: snidh

Zero-grade action noun derived from *snīþaną.


trudą

trudą (nominative singular)
trudō (nominative plural)
trudą (singular vocative)
trudō (plural vocative)
trudą (accusative singular)
trudō (accusative plural)
trudas (genitive singular)
trudis (genitive singular)
trudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trudai (dative singular)
trudamaz (dative plural)
trudō (instrumental singular)
trudamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *trod

Old English: trod

Middle English: trod, trode

⇒ Middle English: trodden

Old Norse: *troð, átroð

Old Swedish: troþ (in compounds)

Zero-grade action noun derived from *trudaną.


nezą

nezą (nominative singular)
nezō (nominative plural)
nezą (singular vocative)
nezō (plural vocative)
nezą (accusative singular)
nezō (accusative plural)
nezas (genitive singular)
nizis (genitive singular)
nezǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nezai (dative singular)
nezamaz (dative plural)
nezō (instrumental singular)
nezamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ner

Functional zero-grade action noun derived from *nesaną.


grimmiþō

grimmiþō (nominative singular)
grimmiþôz (nominative plural)
grimmiþō (singular vocative)
grimmiþôz (plural vocative)
grimmiþǭ (accusative singular)
grimmiþōz (accusative plural)
grimmiþōz (genitive singular)
grimmiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grimmiþōi (dative singular)
grimmiþōmaz (dative plural)
grimmiþō (instrumental singular)
grimmiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grimmiþu
Old High German: grimmida
Middle High German: grimmede

Old Norse: grimmd, grimd

Icelandic: grimmd

Faroese: grimd

>? Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (*grimmiþa)

→? Italian: grinta (“wrath”)
→? Albanian: grindë (“quarrel”)


tumftō

tumftō (nominative singular)
tumftôz (nominative plural)
tumftō (singular vocative)
tumftôz (plural vocative)
tumftǭ (accusative singular)
tumftōz (accusative plural)
tumftōz (genitive singular)
tumftǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tumftōi (dative singular)
tumftōmaz (dative plural)
tumftō (instrumental singular)
tumftōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Norse: *tóft, tomt, topt, tupt, tuft

Icelandic: topt, tuft

Faroese: toft

Norwegian Nynorsk: tuft, tomt; (dialectal) toft

Norwegian Bokmål: tomt, tuft

Old Swedish: topt, toft, tompt

Swedish: tomt

Scanian: tøvt

Danish: toft

From a compound of Proto-Indo-European *dm̥- (“to build”) and *ped- (“to walk, to step”), assuming a relationship with at least Ancient Greek δάπεδον (dápedon, “floor”). However, this word may simply be equivalent to *tumþiz ~ *tumþō; see there.

cog

(North Germanic) ground around a building


uzanþą

uzanþą (nominative singular)
uzanþō (nominative plural)
uzanþą (singular vocative)
uzanþō (plural vocative)
uzanþą (accusative singular)
uzanþō (accusative plural)
uzanþas (genitive singular)
uzanþis (genitive singular)
uzanþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzanþai (dative singular)
uzanþamaz (dative plural)
uzanþō (instrumental singular)
uzanþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: oroþ

Derived from *uzananą, presumably from the original past participle **uzandaz ("breathed out, exhaled" > "that which is exhaled: breath") with derivational stress shift. Equivalent to *uz + *anþą


bilją

bilją (nominative singular)
biljō (nominative plural)
bilją (singular vocative)
biljō (plural vocative)
bilją (accusative singular)
biljō (accusative plural)
biljas (genitive singular)
bilis (genitive singular)
biljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
biljai (dative singular)
biljamaz (dative plural)
biljō (instrumental singular)
biljamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bill, bil n

Middle English: bil, bille, bill

Scots: bill

English: bill

(Old Frisian: *bile)

(West Frisian: bile)

Old Saxon: bil n; (*bīhal; *bīhala)

Middle Low German: bil n; (bīl n; bīle f)

(German Low German: Biel n or f)

→ Danish: bil (“axe”)

→ Swedish: bila (“axe”)

Old Dutch: *billi; (*bīal; *bīala)

Middle Dutch: bille; (bīle, bijl)

Dutch: bil, (bijl)

(Afrikaans: byl)

Old High German: billi n; (bīhal n; bīhala f)

Middle High German: bille, bil n; (bīhel, bīel, pīel, bīl, bīle n)

German: Bille f; (Beil n)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to strike; beat”).


fōrō

fōrō (nominative singular)
fōrôz (nominative plural)
fōrō (singular vocative)
fōrôz (plural vocative)
fōrǭ (accusative singular)
fōrōz (accusative plural)
fōrōz (genitive singular)
fōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōrōi (dative singular)
fōrōmaz (dative plural)
fōrō (instrumental singular)
fōrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fōr

Middle English: fore, foore

Old High German: fuora

Middle High German: vuore

German: Fuhre

Luxembourgish: Fouer

Functional o-grade ō-stem derived from *faraną.

(West Germanic) a going, traveling, journey


grōbō

grōbō (nominative singular)
grōbôz (nominative plural)
grōbō (singular vocative)
grōbôz (plural vocative)
grōbǭ (accusative singular)
grōbōz (accusative plural)
grōbōz (genitive singular)
grōbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grōbōi (dative singular)
grōbōmaz (dative plural)
grōbō (instrumental singular)
grōbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grōbu

Old English: *grōf

Middle English: grofe, groof

English: groove

Old Frisian: *grōf; (grōpe)

West Frisian: groef

Old Saxon: grōƀa, grōva

Middle Low German: grôve

desctree

Old Dutch: gruova
Middle Dutch: grove, groeve
Dutch: groeve, groef
Afrikaans: groef

Old High German: gruoba

Middle High German: gruobe

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: gruuba

Mòcheno: gruab

German: Grube (see there for further descendants)

→ Saterland Frisian: Gruube

Luxembourgish: Grouf

Old Norse: gróf

Icelandic: gróf

Norwegian Nynorsk: gróv

→ Scots: grüvi

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌰 (grōba)
→ Galician: groba
→ Asturian: engrueba

Functional o-grade ō-stem derived from *grabaną.


swainaz

swainaz (nominative singular)
swainōz (nominative plural)
swainōs (nominative plural)
swain (singular vocative)
swainōz (plural vocative)
swainōs (plural vocative)
swainą (accusative singular)
swainanz (accusative plural)
swainas (genitive singular)
swainis (genitive singular)
swainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swainai (dative singular)
swainamaz (dative plural)
swainō (instrumental singular)
swainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swain

Old English: swān

desc

Middle English: swan, swane, swon, swone

Old Saxon: swēn

Middle Low German: swên, swein

Old High German: swein

Middle High German: swein

German: Schwein m (obsolete or dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: sveinn
Icelandic: sveinn
Faroese: sveinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svein; (dialectal) sveidn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: svein
Old Swedish: svēn, svæn
Swedish: sven
Old Danish: swen
Danish: svend
Norwegian Bokmål: svenn
→ Old English: sweġen
Middle English: swayn, sweine, sweyn, sueyn, swain, sweyn, swein, swaine, sweyne, swane
English: swain
Scots: swaine, swane

→ Proto-Samic: *svājnës (see there for further descendants)

Either from Proto-Indo-European *s(w)e- (“separate; apart; oneself; one's own”), or derived from *swīną (“pig, swine”), that is, a "pig herder" > "young man, relative". It is also possible that both derivations converged and conflated in the descendant languages.


nabalô

nabalô (nominative singular)
nabalaniz (nominative plural)
nabalô (singular vocative)
nabalaniz (plural vocative)
nabalanų (accusative singular)
nabalanunz (accusative plural)
nabaliniz (genitive singular)
nabalanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabalini (dative singular)
nabalammaz (dative plural)
nabalinē (instrumental singular)
nabalammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nabulō
Old English: nafola, nabula, nafela, navela
Middle English: navel, navele, navill, navyll, navle, naule, nawle, novel, novle, novele, nowle
English: navel
Scots: nyvel
Old Frisian: navla
North Frisian: nawel
Saterland Frisian: Nauel
West Frisian: nâle
Old Saxon: *navalo
Middle Low German: nâvel
German Low German: Naffel
Plautdietsch: Nowel
Old Dutch: *navalo
Middle Dutch: navele, navel
Dutch: navel
Afrikaans: nawel, nauel
Limburgish: navel
Old High German: nabalo, nabulo
Middle High German: nabele, nabel
German: Nabel
Hunsrik: Nawel
Luxembourgish: Nuebel
Vilamovian: nowuł
Yiddish: נאָפּל (nopl)

Old Norse: nafli
Icelandic: nafli
Faroese: nalvi
Norwegian: navle
Old Swedish: nafle
Swedish: navel
Old Danish: navle
Danish: navle
Elfdalian: navel
Gutnish: navel, navle, navli

/ˈnɑ.βɑ.lɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃nóbʰol-ō ~ *h₃m̥bʰl̥-nés, from *h₃nóbʰōl.


waizdaz

waizdaz (nominative singular)
waizdōz (nominative plural)
waizdōs (nominative plural)
waizd (singular vocative)
waizdōz (plural vocative)
waizdōs (plural vocative)
waizdą (accusative singular)
waizdanz (accusative plural)
waizdas (genitive singular)
waizdis (genitive singular)
waizdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waizdai (dative singular)
waizdamaz (dative plural)
waizdō (instrumental singular)
waizdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waiʀd, *waid
Old English: wād, weard, *weald
Middle English: wad, wod, wadde, wode
Scots: wad, waid
English: woad
Middle English: welde, wolde
English: weld, wold
Old Frisian: wēd
Old Saxon: wēd
Middle Low German: wêt, weit
Old Dutch: *wēd, *weid
Middle Dutch: wede, weet
Dutch: wede
Old High German: weit
Middle High German: weit
German: Waid
→ Danish: vajd
→ Swedish: vejde
→ Czech: vejt
→ Russian: ва́йда (vájda)
→? Medieval Latin: waisdum, guaisdium, waisda, waida
Old French: guesde, gaide, waisde, waide
Middle French: guede
French: guède
Italian: guado
Piedmontese: vaud

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌳𐍃 (*waisds)

→ Medieval Latin: waisdus; waisdum; waisdo

→ Old French: guesde

Middle French: guede

French: guède

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *weydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *wey- (“to wither; fade”). Or, from a substrate source in common with Latin vitrum (“woad”). Compare also Ancient Greek ἰσάτις (isátis, “woad”).


midjasumaraz

midjasumaraz (nominative singular)
midjasumarōz (nominative plural)
midjasumarōs (nominative plural)
midjasumar (singular vocative)
midjasumarōz (plural vocative)
midjasumarōs (plural vocative)
midjasumarą (accusative singular)
midjasumaranz (accusative plural)
midjasumaras (genitive singular)
midjasumaris (genitive singular)
midjasumarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjasumarai (dative singular)
midjasumaramaz (dative plural)
midjasumarō (instrumental singular)
midjasumaramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: midsumor, midsumer
Middle English: mydsomer, mesomur, middsomere, midsomer, midsumer, missomer, missomere, mydsomyre, mysomer, myssomer, myssomere, myssomur, myssommyr
English: midsummer, Midsummer
Middle Scots: midsomer, midsymmer
Scots: midsimmer

Old Frisian: midsumur

West Frisian: midsimmer

Old Saxon: *middisumar

desc

Middle Low German: midsōmer, mitsōmer, mitsommer

Low German: Mitsömmer, Midsömmer

Old Dutch: *midsumar

Middle Dutch: midsomer

Dutch: midzomer

Old High German: *mittisumar

Middle High German: mittersumer

German: Mittsommer

Yiddish: מיטזומער (mitzumer)

Old Norse: miðsumar

Icelandic: miðsumar

Faroese: midsummar

Norwegian Nynorsk: midsumar

Old Swedish: miþsumar, midhsomar

Swedish: midsommar

Danish: midsommer

Norwegian Bokmål: midsommer

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: midsommar

Elfdalian: missåmår

Gutnish: missåmmar

From *midjaz (“mid”) + *sumaraz (“summer”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *medyosamonyos.


helpō

helpō (nominative singular)
helpôz (nominative plural)
helpō (singular vocative)
helpôz (plural vocative)
helpǭ (accusative singular)
helpōz (accusative plural)
helpōz (genitive singular)
helpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
helpōi (dative singular)
helpōmaz (dative plural)
helpō (instrumental singular)
helpōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: help
Middle English: help
English: help
Scots: help

Old Frisian: helpe

Saterland Frisian: Hälpe

West Frisian: help

Old Saxon: helpa
Middle Low German: helpe

Old Dutch: helpa

Middle Dutch: helpe

Old High German: helfa, hilfa

Middle High German: helfe, hilfa

Bavarian: Hülf

Cimbrian: hölfe

Mòcheno: hilf

German: Hilfe

Hunsrik: Hellef

Luxembourgish: Hëllef

Vilamovian: hyłf

Yiddish: הילף (hilf)

Old Norse: hjǫlp
Icelandic: hjálp
Faroese: hjálp
Elfdalian: jåp
Old Swedish: hiælp
Swedish: hjälp
Danish: hjælp
Norwegian Bokmål: hjelp
Gutnish: hjälp
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjelp

→ Proto-Finnic: *hëlppo (see there for further descendants)


hulpiz

hulpiz (nominative singular)
hulpīz (nominative plural)
hulpi (singular vocative)
hulpīz (plural vocative)
hulpį (accusative singular)
hulpinz (accusative plural)
hulpīz (genitive singular)
hulpijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulpī (dative singular)
hulpimaz (dative plural)
hulpī (instrumental singular)
hulpimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hulp (?)

Middle Low German: hülpe

Low German: Hülp

Old Dutch: hulpa

Middle Dutch: hulpe

Dutch: hulp

Afrikaans: hulp

Old High German: hulpa (Central German), *hulfa

Middle High German: hulfe, hülfe, hülpe

desc

Central Franconian: Hölp, Höllep, Höllef, Hellef

Luxembourgish: Hëllef

German: Hülfe (obsolete)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱelb- (“help”).


jukuzī

jukuzī (nominative singular)
jukuzijôz (nominative plural)
jukuzī (singular vocative)
jukuzijôz (plural vocative)
jukuzijǭ (accusative singular)
jukuzijōz (accusative plural)
jukuzijōz (genitive singular)
jukuzijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jukuzijōi (dative singular)
jukuzijōmaz (dative plural)
jukuzijō (instrumental singular)
jukuzijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jukuʀi

gl

>? Old English: ġycer, ġicer (alternatively, rendered as ġȳcer and allied to Old High German jūhhart, *jiuhhart)

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌺𐌿𐌶𐌹 (jukuzi)

From pre-Germanic *yugusíh₂, presumably a fossilized perfect participle meaning "what has joined". Derived from Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join”).


nēmō

nēmō (nominative singular)
nēmôz (nominative plural)
nēmō (singular vocative)
nēmôz (plural vocative)
nēmǭ (accusative singular)
nēmōz (accusative plural)
nēmōz (genitive singular)
nēmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nēmōi (dative singular)
nēmōmaz (dative plural)
nēmō (instrumental singular)
nēmōmiz (instrumental plural)

i

Old English: nǣm; nām (nām possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse)

Middle English: nam, naam

English: naam

Old Frisian: nōme

⇒ Old Frisian: ofnōme

Old Saxon: *nāma

Middle Low German: nâme

⇒ Middle Low German: innâme

⇒ Middle Low German: ervenâme

Old High German: nāma

Middle High German: nāme, nām

German: Nahme (archaic)

⇒ Middle High German: innāme, īnnāme

German: Einnahme

The functional o-grade ō-stem derived from *nemaną. **namō would normally be expected, but class 4 and 5 strong verbs show some tendency to use -ē- in places where o-grade -a- is expected.


seuhslō

seuhslō (nominative singular)
seuhslôz (nominative plural)
seuhslō (singular vocative)
seuhslôz (plural vocative)
seuhslǭ (accusative singular)
seuhslōz (accusative plural)
seuhslōz (genitive singular)
seuhslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
seuhslōi (dative singular)
seuhslōmaz (dative plural)
seuhslō (instrumental singular)
seuhslōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sūsl f; sūsl n

Old Norse: sýsla f; sýsl f

Icelandic: sýsla

(Norwegian: sysle (verb))

Old Swedish: sȳsla

Swedish: syssla

From Proto-Indo-European *sewg- (“grievous; sorrowful; ill”).

der

pain; torment; affliction; suffering; agony


burô

burô (nominative singular)
buraniz (nominative plural)
burô (singular vocative)
buraniz (plural vocative)
buranų (accusative singular)
buranunz (accusative plural)
buriniz (genitive singular)
buranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burini (dative singular)
burammaz (dative plural)
burinē (instrumental singular)
burammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *borō

Old English: bora (more frequent in compounds)

Old Frisian: bora

Old Dutch: *boro

Middle Dutch: bore

Dutch: boor

⇒ Old High German: muntboro

Old Norse: Buri

Derived from the zero-grade of *beraną + *-ô.


slagô

slagô (nominative singular)
slaganiz (nominative plural)
slagô (singular vocative)
slaganiz (plural vocative)
slaganų (accusative singular)
slaganunz (accusative plural)
slaginiz (genitive singular)
slaganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slagini (dative singular)
slagammaz (dative plural)
slaginē (instrumental singular)
slagammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: slaga

Old High German: manslago

desc

Old Norse: *slagi, harpslagi, hǫrpuslagi

Icelandic: slagi, harpslagi, hörpuslagi

Zero-grade agentive n-stem derived from *slahaną.

striker, slayer; he who strikes or slays


wigô

wigô (nominative singular)
wiganiz (nominative plural)
wigô (singular vocative)
wiganiz (plural vocative)
wiganų (accusative singular)
wiganunz (accusative plural)
wiginiz (genitive singular)
wiganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wigini (dative singular)
wigammaz (dative plural)
wiginē (instrumental singular)
wigammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiga

Old High German: widarwīgo (analogical if actually long)

fighter, warrior; he who fights or contends


kwedô

kwedô (nominative singular)
kwedaniz (nominative plural)
kwedô (singular vocative)
kwedaniz (plural vocative)
kwedanų (accusative singular)
kwedanunz (accusative plural)
kwidiniz (genitive singular)
kwedanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwidini (dative singular)
kwedammaz (dative plural)
kwidinē (instrumental singular)
kwedammiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: folkweto, widarkweto

Old Norse: frumkveði


farô

farô (nominative singular)
faraniz (nominative plural)
farô (singular vocative)
faraniz (plural vocative)
faranų (accusative singular)
faranunz (accusative plural)
fariniz (genitive singular)
faranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farini (dative singular)
farammaz (dative plural)
farinē (instrumental singular)
farammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *fara, ġefara, niwfara

Old Norse: -fari (as in e.g. "jórsalafari")

Icelandic: -fari

Old Swedish: -fari


þegô

þegô (nominative singular)
þeganiz (nominative plural)
þegô (singular vocative)
þeganiz (plural vocative)
þeganų (accusative singular)
þeganunz (accusative plural)
þiginiz (genitive singular)
þeganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þigini (dative singular)
þegammaz (dative plural)
þiginē (instrumental singular)
þegammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *þegi, arfþegi, farþegi

Icelandic: -þegi

(North Germanic) accepter, receiver; he who accepts or receives


kumô

kumô (nominative singular)
kumaniz (nominative plural)
kumô (singular vocative)
kumaniz (plural vocative)
kumanų (accusative singular)
kumanunz (accusative plural)
kuminiz (genitive singular)
kumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumini (dative singular)
kumammaz (dative plural)
kuminē (instrumental singular)
kumammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cuma


kuningarīkiją

kuningarīkiją (nominative singular)
kuningarīkijō (nominative plural)
kuningarīkiją (singular vocative)
kuningarīkijō (plural vocative)
kuningarīkiją (accusative singular)
kuningarīkijō (accusative plural)
kuningarīkijas (genitive singular)
kuningarīkīs (genitive singular)
kuningarīkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuningarīkijai (dative singular)
kuningarīkijamaz (dative plural)
kuningarīkijō (instrumental singular)
kuningarīkijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kuningarīkī
Old Frisian: keningrīke
Saterland Frisian: Köönichriek
West Frisian: keninkryk
Old Saxon: kuningrīki
Middle Low German: könninkreik
Low German: Königriek
Plautdietsch: Kjennichrikj
Old Dutch: *kuningrīki
Middle Dutch: koninkrike
Dutch: koninkrijk
Afrikaans: koninkryk
Limburgish: keuninkriek
Old High German: kuningrīhhi
Middle High German: künicriche
German: Königreich
Luxembourgish: Kinnekräich
Hunsrik: Keenichreich

Old Norse: konungríki

Icelandic: konungsríki

Faroese: kongsríki

Norwegian: kongerike

Swedish: kungarike, konungarike

Danish: kongerige

From *kuningaz + *rīkiją, *kunirīkī, *kuningadōm and rīkī mostly replaced the term in West Germanic languages.


setô

setô (nominative singular)
setaniz (nominative plural)
setô (singular vocative)
setaniz (plural vocative)
setanų (accusative singular)
setanunz (accusative plural)
sitiniz (genitive singular)
setanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sitini (dative singular)
setammaz (dative plural)
sitinē (instrumental singular)
setammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: angseta

Old High German: *sezzo, anasezzo

Old Norse: *seti, dróttseti, landseti


witōþą

witōþą (nominative singular)
witōþō (nominative plural)
witōþą (singular vocative)
witōþō (plural vocative)
witōþą (accusative singular)
witōþō (accusative plural)
witōþas (genitive singular)
witōþis (genitive singular)
witōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
witōþai (dative singular)
witōþamaz (dative plural)
witōþō (instrumental singular)
witōþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *witōþ

Old Frisian: witut, witat

Old Saxon: *witōth

Middle Low German: wette, wet, wit

Low German: Wet

Old Dutch: witat, witut

Middle Dutch: wet, wette, wit, weet

Dutch: wet

Afrikaans: wet

→ West Frisian: wet

→ Middle High German: wette

Central Franconian: Wett (obsolete)

Old High German: wizzōd, wizzid

Middle High German: wizzōt, wizōt

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 (witōþ)

Probably derived from *witōdaz, past participle of *witōną.

law; (literally) what is known or observed


kultaz

kultaz (nominative singular)
kultōz (nominative plural)
kultōs (nominative plural)
kult (singular vocative)
kultōz (plural vocative)
kultōs (plural vocative)
kultą (accusative singular)
kultanz (accusative plural)
kultas (genitive singular)
kultis (genitive singular)
kultǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kultai (dative singular)
kultamaz (dative plural)
kultō (instrumental singular)
kultamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kolt

Old English: colt

Middle English: colt

English: colt

Scots: colt, cout, cowt

Yola: caule

Old Norse: *kultr

Norwegian: kult

Swedish: kult

Danish: kuld

From Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to amass; swell; ball up”).


pundą

pundą (nominative singular)
pundō (nominative plural)
pundą (singular vocative)
pundō (plural vocative)
pundą (accusative singular)
pundō (accusative plural)
pundas (genitive singular)
pundis (genitive singular)
pundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pundai (dative singular)
pundamaz (dative plural)
pundō (instrumental singular)
pundamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *pund
Old English: pund
Middle English: pund, punde, pounde, pound
English: pound
Northumbrian: pund
→ Middle Irish: punt
Irish: punt
Manx: punt
Scots: pund, poond
→ Middle Welsh: punt
Welsh: punt
Old Frisian: pund
Saterland Frisian: Puund
West Frisian: pûn
Old Saxon: pund
Middle Low German: punt
German Low German: Pund
Old Dutch: punt
Middle Dutch: pont, pond
Dutch: pond
Old High German: pfunt
Middle High German: pfunt
German: Pfund
Yiddish: פֿונט (funt)

Old Norse: pund

Faroese: pund

Icelandic: pund

Faroese: pund

Norwegian: pund

Old Swedish: pund

Swedish: pund

Danish: pund

Gothic: 𐍀𐌿𐌽𐌳 (pund)


hauhahirtį̄

hauhahirtį̄ (nominative singular)
hauhahirtīniz (nominative plural)
hauhahirtį̄ (singular vocative)
hauhahirtīniz (plural vocative)
hauhahirtīnų (accusative singular)
hauhahirtīnunz (accusative plural)
hauhahirtīniz (genitive singular)
hauhahirtīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hauhahirtīni (dative singular)
hauhahirtīmaz (dative plural)
hauhahirtīnē (instrumental singular)
hauhahirtīmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐌴𐌹 (hauhhairtei)


fulkiją

fulkiją (nominative singular)
fulkijō (nominative plural)
fulkiją (singular vocative)
fulkijō (plural vocative)
fulkiją (accusative singular)
fulkijō (accusative plural)
fulkijas (genitive singular)
fulkīs (genitive singular)
fulkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulkijai (dative singular)
fulkijamaz (dative plural)
fulkijō (instrumental singular)
fulkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fulkī, *fulki

desc

Old English: ġefylċe, ġefilċ, ġefilċe, ġefylċ

desctree

Old Norse: fylki
Icelandic: fylki
Faroese: fylki
Norwegian Nynorsk: fylke, fylkje; (dialectal) fylki
Swedish: fylke
Danish: fylke
Norwegian Bokmål: fylke

A collection of people; band; company; troop


snūtaz

snūtaz (nominative singular)
snūtōz (nominative plural)
snūtōs (nominative plural)
snūt (singular vocative)
snūtōz (plural vocative)
snūtōs (plural vocative)
snūtą (accusative singular)
snūtanz (accusative plural)
snūtas (genitive singular)
snūtis (genitive singular)
snūtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snūtai (dative singular)
snūtamaz (dative plural)
snūtō (instrumental singular)
snūtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snūt
Old Frisian: *snūt
Saterland Frisian: Snuute
West Frisian: snút
Old Saxon: *snūt
Middle Low German: snûte, snuut, snuyt
Low German: Schnute, Snuut
→ German: Schnute
Old Dutch: *snūt
Middle Dutch: snute
Dutch: snuit
Afrikaans: snuit
→ Middle English: snowte, snoute, snout, snute, snowth
English: snout
Scots: snout, snoot
→ English: snoot
Old High German: *snūz
Middle High German: *snuze
German: Schnauze, Schnauße
→ Plautdietsch: Schnuz
Yiddish: שנויץ (shnoyts)

According to Watkins, of imitative origin and related to *snuttuz (“snot, mucus”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


maitilaz

maitilaz (nominative singular)
maitilōz (nominative plural)
maitilōs (nominative plural)
maitil (singular vocative)
maitilōz (plural vocative)
maitilōs (plural vocative)
maitilą (accusative singular)
maitilanz (accusative plural)
maitilas (genitive singular)
maitilis (genitive singular)
maitilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maitilai (dative singular)
maitilamaz (dative plural)
maitilō (instrumental singular)
maitilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maitil

Old High German: meizil

Middle High German: meizel

German: Meißel, Meissel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: meisel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: meisel

→ Swedish: mejsel

→ Danish: mejsel

→ Gutnish: maisl

Old Norse: meitill

Icelandic: meitill

Faroese: meitil

Norwegian Nynorsk: meitel