gans

gans (nominative singular)
gansiz (nominative plural)
gans (singular vocative)
gansiz (plural vocative)
gansų (accusative singular)
gansunz (accusative plural)
gansiz (genitive singular)
gansǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gansi (dative singular)
gansumaz (dative plural)
gansē (instrumental singular)
gansumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gans
Old English: gōs
Middle English: gos, goce, goos, gose, gosse
English: goose
Scots: guise
Old Frisian: *gōs
North Frisian:
Most dialects: gus
Sylt: Guus
Wiedingharde: goos
Saterland Frisian: Gous
West Frisian: goes
Old Saxon: *gās, *gōs
Middle Low German: gās, gōs, gūs
Low German: Gans, Goos
⇒ Middle Low German: *gösel
Low German: Gössel
→ German: Gössel
Old Dutch: *gans, *guos
Middle Dutch: gans, goes
Dutch: gans, goes (dialectal)
Afrikaans: gans
→ Xhosa: urhanisi
→ Zulu: ihansi
Jersey Dutch: xânz
Negerhollands: gans
→ Lokono: kansa
→ Caribbean Hindustani: hans
→ Papiamentu: gans (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: gansi
→ Aukan: gansi
→ Saramaccan: gánsi
Old High German: gans, cans
Middle High German: gans, gas
Alemannic German: Gaas, Gants (Uri)
German: Gans
Luxembourgish: Gäns, Gaus
Vilamovian: gaons
Yiddish: גאַנדז (gandz)

Old Norse: gás (gȧs)
Icelandic: gás, ⇒ gæs (analogously after plural gæss)
Faroese: gás
Norwegian Nynorsk: gås
Elfdalian: gą̊s
Old Swedish: gās, ᚵᛆᛋ
Swedish: gås
Old Danish: gās
Danish: gås
Norwegian Bokmål: gås
Scanian: gás
Gutnish: gas

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*gans)

→ Asturian: gansu

→ Galician: ganso

→ Portuguese: ganso

→ Spanish: ganso

→? Proto-Slavic: *gǫ̑sь (see there for further descendants)

→ Latin: ganta

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”). Compare Albanian gatë, Ancient Greek χήν (khḗn), Avestan 𐬰𐬁 (zā), Irish gé, Latin ānser, Latvian zùoss, Russian гусь (gusʹ), and Sanskrit हंस (haṃsá). Proto-Slavic *gǫ̑sь, however, does not exhibit the regular satem development as Baltic does and is therefore better explained as a Germanic loan, or at least influenced by the Germanic cognate.


mari

mari (nominative singular)
marī (nominative plural)
mari (singular vocative)
marī (plural vocative)
mari (accusative singular)
marī (accusative plural)
marīz (genitive singular)
marjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marī (dative singular)
marimaz (dative plural)
marī (instrumental singular)
marimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mari
Old English: mere m
Middle English: mere
English: mere
Scots: mere
Old Frisian: mere n
Saterland Frisian: Meer
West Frisian: mar
Old Saxon: meri f
Middle Low German: mer n
Low German: Meer
German Low German: Meer
Plautdietsch: Mäa
Old Dutch: meri n
Middle Dutch: mēre f or n
Dutch: meer
Afrikaans: meer
Old High German: meri m or n
Middle High German: mer
German: Meer

Old Norse: marr m

Icelandic: mar

Faroese: marur

Norn: mar

Norwegian: mar- (in compounds)

Swedish: mar- (in compounds)

Danish: mar- (in compounds)

→ Scots: mar

→ Old French: mare

Middle French: mare

French: mare

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 f (marei)


ili

ili (nominative singular)
iliþ (nominative plural)
ili (singular vocative)
iliþ (plural vocative)
ili (accusative singular)
iliþ (accusative plural)
iliþiz (genitive singular)
iliþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
iliþi (dative singular)
iliþumaz (dative plural)
iliþē (instrumental singular)
iliþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ili
Old English: ill n, ile m
Old Frisian: ili, ile, il
North Frisian: il, eel
Saterland Frisian: Íelt
West Frisian: yl, ylt
Old Saxon: *ili, *ilthi
Middle Low German: īle, ēle, ēlde, ēlt n
Low German: Elt, Eelt
Old Dutch: *ili, *ilithi, *ilthi
Middle Dutch: *ele, *elede, *elde, *elet, *ēlt (alternatively, borrowed from Middle Low German)
Dutch: eelt
Afrikaans: eelt

Old Norse: il f (< *iljō)
Icelandic: il
Faroese: il
Norwegian Nynorsk: il
Norwegian Bokmål: il
Old Swedish: il

Likely an old t-stem, from earlier *ilit, from Pre-Germanic *ilid.


alu

alu (nominative singular)
aluþ (nominative plural)
alu (singular vocative)
aluþ (plural vocative)
alu (accusative singular)
aluþ (accusative plural)
aluþiz (genitive singular)
aluþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aluþi (dative singular)
aluþumaz (dative plural)
aluþē (instrumental singular)
aluþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *alu
Old English: ealu, alu, ealo
Middle English: ale, ail
English: ale
Geordie English: yel
Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll
⇒ Yola: aalhouse
Old Saxon: *alu, *alo
⇒ Old Saxon: alufat, alofat
Old Dutch: *alu, *alo
Middle Dutch: āle
Dutch: aal
⇒ Middle Dutch: godale, goedale
→ Old French: godale
Middle French: goudale, godaille
French: godaille
Old High German: *alu, elo
⇒? Middle High German: alschaf (“drinkware”)
⇒ Old High German: *alufaz

Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᚢ (alu)

Old Norse: ǫl
Icelandic: öl
Faroese: øl
Norwegian Nynorsk: øl, ol
Old Swedish: øl
Swedish: öl
Old Danish: øl
Danish: øl
Norwegian Bokmål: øl, (obsolete) øll
Elfdalian: öl
Old Gutnish: öl, ööl
Gutnish: öl

→? Proto-Finnic: *olut

Estonian: õlu

Finnish: olut

Ingrian: olut

Karelian: olut

Livonian: vȯl

Veps: olud

Votic: õlud

→? Latvian: alus

→? Ossetian: ӕлутон (æluton)

From earlier *álut, from Pre-Germanic *álud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut- (“beer; ruddy”), a root of disputed interpretation and descendants. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *olъ, Old Armenian աւղի (awłi).


matiz

matiz (nominative singular)
matīz (nominative plural)
mati (singular vocative)
matīz (plural vocative)
matį (accusative singular)
matinz (accusative plural)
matīz (genitive singular)
matjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
matī (dative singular)
matimaz (dative plural)
matī (instrumental singular)
matimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mati
Old English: mete, met, mett, mette
Middle English: mete, mæte, meet, meete, meate, mette, met
English: meat
Scots: mete, met, meit, mait
Yola: maate, met
Old Frisian: mete, meit, met
North Frisian: meet
Old Saxon: meti, mat
Middle Low German: met
Low German: met, Mett
→ German: Mett
Old Dutch: *mat, *meti
Middle Dutch: met
Dutch: met
Old High German: maz
Middle High German: maz

Old Norse: matr
Icelandic: matur
Faroese: matur
Norn: mader
Norwegian: mat
Old Swedish: mater
Swedish: mat
Danish: mad
Gutnish: mat

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐍃 (mats)

An ablaut variant of the root *mēs-, mōs, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to drip, ooze; grease, fat”). Contrary to Pokorny and followers, Kroonen separates the Germanic food words from this root, instead linking Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”) for a root *med- (“to satiate”).


hrōþiz

hrōþiz (nominative singular)
hrōþīz (nominative plural)
hrōþi (singular vocative)
hrōþīz (plural vocative)
hrōþį (accusative singular)
hrōþinz (accusative plural)
hrōþīz (genitive singular)
hrōþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōþī (dative singular)
hrōþimaz (dative plural)
hrōþī (instrumental singular)
hrōþimiz (instrumental plural)
*hrōþaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōþi
Old English: hrēþ
Old Saxon: hrōth-
Old High German: hruod, (early) hrōd, (Freising) hroad, (early 9th C.) rōd, (Freising) road, (from 9th C.) ruod

Old Norse: hróðr, hróð-, Hróð-

Icelandic: hróður, hróð-, Hróð-

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍃 (*hrōþs) (in personal names)

From Pre-Germanic *kréh₂tis or *kréh₃tis, from Proto-Indo-European *kreH- (“to shout, to cry”). Cognate with Sanskrit कीर्ति (kīrti, “speech, report; fame, renown”).


gudą

gudą (nominative singular)
gudō (nominative plural)
gudą (singular vocative)
gudō (plural vocative)
gudą (accusative singular)
gudō (accusative plural)
gudas (genitive singular)
gudis (genitive singular)
gudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudai (dative singular)
gudamaz (dative plural)
gudō (instrumental singular)
gudamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *god
Old English: god
Middle English: god
Scots: god, God
English: god, God
Yola: gud, Gud
Old Frisian: god
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: God
Saterland Frisian: God
West Frisian: god, God
Old Saxon: god
Middle Low German: gad, god
Low German: Gott
Plautdietsch: Gott
Old Dutch: got
Middle Dutch: got
Dutch: god, God
Afrikaans: god, God
Limburgish: gód, Gód
Old High German: got, cot
Middle High German: got
Alemannic German: Gott
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: Gott
Mòcheno: Gott
Central Franconian: Jott
Hunsrik: Gott
Luxembourgish: Gott
German: Gott
Low German:
German Low German:
Plautdietsch: Gott
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Gott
Yiddish: גאָט (got)

Old Norse: goð n, guð m, ᚴᚢᚦ (kuþ), ᚷᚢᛞ (ɢuᴅ), ᚷᚢᚦ (ɢuþ) — Runic form
Icelandic: goð n
Icelandic: guð m
Faroese: Gud, gudur
Norwegian Nynorsk: gud m
Elfdalian: guð
Old Swedish: guþ n or m
Swedish: gud
Danish: gud c
Norwegian Bokmål: gud
→ Greenlandic: guuti
Gutnish: gud, gu

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌸 (guþ)

Unknown. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰutóm (neuter past participle), either meaning “(that which is) invoked”, from *ǵʰewH- (“to call, to invoke”), or “libated, poured as part of a liquid offering”, from *ǵʰew- (“to pour”), perhaps via the earlier meaning of “[libation made to an] idol” or “spirit immanent in a burial mound”. However, the derivation from *ǵʰewH- would normally result in long ū, and the root *ǵʰew- only occurs in Germanic in the extended form *ǵʰewd-.
Another hypothesis is a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰutóm, connected to Old Church Slavonic говѣти (gověti, “to revere”) (see Proto-Slavic *gověti). A non-Indo-European origin has also been proposed.


haglaz

haglaz (nominative singular)
haglōz (nominative plural)
haglōs (nominative plural)
hagl (singular vocative)
haglōz (plural vocative)
haglōs (plural vocative)
haglą (accusative singular)
haglanz (accusative plural)
haglas (genitive singular)
haglis (genitive singular)
haglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haglai (dative singular)
haglamaz (dative plural)
haglō (instrumental singular)
haglamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hagl

desctree

Old English: hæġl, hæġel, hagal, hagol
Middle English: hayle, hail, hayl, haile, haiel, ail, hale, haul, hawle, hawel (< Old English hagol), hagol, haȝel, haȝol, hahȝel, haghil (chiefly early)
English: hail
Scots: hail

Old Frisian: heil

North Frisian:

Sylt: Hail

Old Saxon: hagal
Middle Low German: hagel
German Low German: Hagel
Plautdietsch: Hoagel

Old Dutch: *hagal
Middle Dutch: hagel
Dutch: hagel
Afrikaans: hael
Berbice Creole Dutch: hagli
Negerhollands: hagel
→ Papiamentu: hagel
→ Sranan Tongo: agra
→ Caribbean Javanese: agrah
→ Saramaccan: hága, ága
Limburgish: hagel, haachel

Old High German: hagal
Middle High German: hagel
German: Hagel
Luxembourgish: Hol (obsolete)
Yiddish: האָגל (hogl)

→ English: haglaz (learned)

Unknown. Traditionally compared to Ancient Greek κόχλαξ (kókhlax), κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble(s), small stone(s), gravel (in a riverbed)”) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (“pebble”). Beekes instead asserts that the Greek is of substrate origin, on the basis of its irregular variation and the infix -ακ- (-ak-). Alternatively, *haglaz may be:
* From pre-Germanic *ḱo-ḱl(h₁)-ó-m, similar to *hehlǭ (“hoarfrost”), from a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *ḱel(h₁)- (“cold”), thus similar in formation to Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold; hoarfrost”) (perhaps from *ḱí-ḱl̥h₁-o-).
* Derived from a verb *hag(g)ōną (“to torment, agonize”), in view of the Faroese meaning “pain, inconvenience”.
Attested as haal in the Codex Vindobonensis, despite all of the other names preserving -z, so in Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌻 was the name of 𐌷 (compare daaz for dags)

cog

(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚺ,ᚻ (h)


gaits

gaits (nominative singular)
gaitiz (nominative plural)
gait (singular vocative)
gaitiz (plural vocative)
gaitų (accusative singular)
gaitunz (accusative plural)
gaitiz (genitive singular)
gaitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaiti (dative singular)
gaitumaz (dative plural)
gaitē (instrumental singular)
gaitumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gait
Old English: gāt
Middle English: got, gat, gathe, goth, goet, gote, gothe, goot (Late Middle English)
English: goat (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gait, gayt
Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth
Old Frisian: *gāt, *gēt
North Frisian: giet
Saterland Frisian: Geet
→ German Low German: Jitt (dialectal)
West Frisian: geit
Old Saxon: gēt
Middle Low German: gete, geite
→ Walloon: gade
Old Dutch: *geit
Middle Dutch: geit
Dutch: geit
Afrikaans: geit
Limburgish: geit
Old High German: geiȥ
Middle High German: geiȥ
Alemannic German: Geiss
Bavarian: Goaß
Cimbrian: goaz, gòas (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: goas
German: Geiß
Luxembourgish: Geess

Old Norse: geit
Icelandic: geit
Faroese: geit
Norwegian Nynorsk: geit
→ Norwegian Bokmål: geit
Old Swedish: gēt, ᚵᚽᛏ
Swedish: get
Old Danish: gēt
Danish: ged
Norwegian Bokmål: gjet (obsolete)
Elfdalian: djiet
Gutnish: gait

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (gaits)

→ Proto-Samic: *kājccë (see there for further descendants)

Cognate with Proto-Italic *haidos, but cannot be traced back to Proto-Indo-European. According to Bjørn, from the same source as Proto-Semitic *gady-, Proto-Berber *a-ɣăyd, Proto-Nakh *gaaʒaᶰ.
See also *kittīną (“young animal”) and *kidją (“goatling”).


mili

mili (nominative singular)
mili (singular vocative)
mili (accusative singular)
milidiz (genitive singular)
milidi (dative singular)
milidē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *mili (only in compounds)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 (miliþ)

From earlier *milit, from Pre-Germanic *melid, from Proto-Indo-European *mélit (“honey”).


halmaz

halmaz (nominative singular)
halmōz (nominative plural)
halmōs (nominative plural)
halm (singular vocative)
halmōz (plural vocative)
halmōs (plural vocative)
halmą (accusative singular)
halmanz (accusative plural)
halmas (genitive singular)
halmis (genitive singular)
halmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halmai (dative singular)
halmamaz (dative plural)
halmō (instrumental singular)
halmamiz (instrumental plural)
*helmaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *halm
Old English: healm n, halm
Middle English: healm, halm, helm, holm
English: halm, haulm
Scots: haulm
Old Frisian: *halm
Saterland Frisian: Hoolm
West Frisian: haal
Old Saxon: halm
Middle Low German: halm
German Low German: Halm
Old Dutch: *halm
Middle Dutch: halm
Dutch: halm
Afrikaans: halm
Old High German: halm
Middle High German: halm, halme, helm
German: Halm
Luxembourgish: Hallem

Old Norse: halmr

Icelandic: hálmur

Faroese: hálmur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: halm; (dialectal) hålm’e, håm’e

Swedish: halm

Danish: halm

Norwegian Bokmål: halm

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱolh₂mos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₂- (“to stick; prick; stab”). Cognate with Latin culmus, Ancient Greek κάλαμος (kálamos). Kroonen, who adds Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”) as a cognate, reconstructs the original athematic paradigm as *ḱélh₂-m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂-m-ós (cf. *elm-, *alm-, *ulm- (“elm”)), rejecting Beekes' *ḱólh₂-m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂-ém-.


lambaz

lambaz (nominative singular)
lambizō (nominative plural)
lambaz (singular vocative)
lambizō (plural vocative)
lambaz (accusative singular)
lambizō (accusative plural)
lambiziz (genitive singular)
lambizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lambizi (dative singular)
lambizumaz (dative plural)
lambizē (instrumental singular)
lambizumiz (instrumental plural)
*lambą (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lamb
Old English: lamb, lomb
Middle English: lamb, lam
Scots: lam, lamb
English: lamb
Yola: lhawmb
Old Frisian: lamb, lam
North Frisian:
Föhr: lum
Hallig: lööm
Heligoland: Lum
Mooring: löm
Saterland Frisian: Loum
West Frisian: laam
Old Saxon: lamb
Middle Low German: lamp, lam
Low German: Lamm
Plautdietsch: Laum
Old Dutch: *lamb (possibly also in placename lampanesse)
Middle Dutch: lamp, lam
Dutch: lam
Afrikaans: lam
Limburgish: laam
Old High German: lamb
Middle High German: lamp, lam
Cimbrian: lamp
German: Lamm
Luxembourgish: Lamm
Vilamovian: łamm
Yiddish: לאַם (lam)

Old Norse: lamb
Icelandic: lamb
Faroese: lamb
Norn: lamb
Norwegian Nynorsk: lamb, lam; (dialectal) låm
Old Swedish: lamb
Swedish: lamm, lamb
Old Danish: lamb
Danish: lam
Norwegian Bokmål: lam
Gutnish: lamb
Scanian: lǫm

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌱 (lamb)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lambas (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lāmpēs (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁l̥h₁-on-bʰ-os- (related to Scottish Gaelic lon (“elk”), Ancient Greek ἔλαφος (élaphos, “red deer”)), enlargement of *h₁elh₁én, from *h₁el- (“deer, elk”).


dagaz

dagaz (nominative singular)
dagōz (nominative plural)
dagōs (nominative plural)
dag (singular vocative)
dagōz (plural vocative)
dagōs (plural vocative)
dagą (accusative singular)
daganz (accusative plural)
dagas (genitive singular)
dagis (genitive singular)
dagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dagai (dative singular)
dagamaz (dative plural)
dagō (instrumental singular)
dagamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dag
Old English: dæġ, deġ — Mercian, Kentish, deag, dæiġ, daig, dag, daġ
Middle English: day, dai, dæi, dey, daȝ, dæȝ, dei, daye, daȝȝ, daȝh, daiȝ, *dah
English: day
Scots: day
Yola: die, dei, dey, daie
Old Frisian: dei, dī
North Frisian: däi
Föhr-Amrum: dai
Saterland Frisian: Dai
West Frisian: dei
Old Saxon: dag
Middle Low German: dach
Low German: Dag
Dutch Low Saxon: dag
German Low German: Dag
Hamburgisch: Dag
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Dag
Ravensbergisch: Dach
Sauerländisch: Dag, Dāg
Westmünsterländisch: Dagg
Plautdietsch: Dach
Old Dutch: dag
Middle Dutch: dach
Dutch: dag, dagge, dagh (obsolete)
Afrikaans: dag
Berbice Creole Dutch: daka
Jersey Dutch: dâx
Negerhollands: dag, dak
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dak (archaic)
Petjo: dah
Skepi Creole Dutch: dak, dagka
→ Saramaccan: dáka
Limburgish: daag
West Flemish: dag
Zealandic: dag
Old High German: tag, tac, tak, dac, *dag — northern
Middle High German: tac, tag, dach
Alemannic German: Tag
Alsatian: Dàà (north), Dàj (center), Dàg (south)
Italian Walser: tag, tog, tàg
Swabian: Dag
Bavarian: Da, Dåg, Doch
Cimbrian: tak, ta, tag, tage
Mòcheno: ta
Udinese: tach, ti
Central Franconian: Daach
Hunsrik: Daagh, taach (Wiesemann spelling system), Tóch, Tooch (Altenhofen spelling)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dag
German: Tag
Esperanto: tago
Luxembourgish: Dag, Do
Rhine Franconian: Tach
Pennsylvania German: Daag
Transylvanian Saxon: Dåch
Vilamovian: taog
Yiddish: טאָג (tog)

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚨᚷᚨᛉ (*dagaʀ)

Old Norse: dagr
Icelandic: dagur
Faroese: dagur
Norn: dagh
→ Scots: dag (Orkney, Shetlandic)
Norwegian Nynorsk: dag; (dialectal) dag’e
Elfdalian: dag
Old Swedish: dagher, ᚦᛆᚵᚼᚽᚱ
Swedish: dag
Old Danish: dagh
Danish: dag
Norwegian Bokmål: dag
Scanian: dağ
Gutnish: dag

Crimean Gothic: tag

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags)

Vandalic: *dag-

Uncertain. Often explained as derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), but the loss of the labialization would be irregular; *dawaz would be expected. Kroonen posits instead a root *dʰeǵʰ- (“day”), from which he says a heteroclitic noun *dʰṓǵʰ-r/n- (“day”) is also derived, the source of Proto-Germanic *dōgera-/*dōgena- (see *dōg-) and Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háȷ́ʰr̥ (from which Sanskrit अहर् (ahar)) with irregular loss of the initial consonant, possibly in the zero grade. For this root, see also *gēz, Gothic 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis) and Proto-West Germanic *gesteran (“yesterday”), all deriving from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyés.

cog

day (the period between sunrise and sunset)


wulfaz

wulfaz (nominative singular)
wulfōz (nominative plural)
wulfōs (nominative plural)
wulf (singular vocative)
wulfōz (plural vocative)
wulfōs (plural vocative)
wulfą (accusative singular)
wulfanz (accusative plural)
wulfas (genitive singular)
wulfis (genitive singular)
wulfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulfai (dative singular)
wulfamaz (dative plural)
wulfō (instrumental singular)
wulfamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wulf
Old English: wulf
Middle English: wolf, wolfe, woulf, wulf
English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)
→ Marshallese: oļip
Middle Scots: wolf, woulf
Scots: wouf, oof, ouf, woof
Old Frisian: wolf
Saterland Frisian: Wulf
West Frisian: wolf
Old Saxon: wulf
Middle Low German: wulf
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Wulf
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wulf
Suerländer-Märkisch: Wulf
Westmünsterländisch: Wulf
Plautdietsch: Wulf
Old Dutch: *wulf
Middle Dutch: wolf
Dutch: wolf
Afrikaans: wolf
Jersey Dutch: wâlf
Negerhollands: wuluwuluk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: wuluwuluk (dated)
Limburgish: wólf
Old High German: wolf
Middle High German: wolf
Alemannic German: wolf (Italian Walser)
Bavarian: Woif, Wolf
Cimbrian: bolf
Mòcheno: bolf
Udinese: bolf, bölf
German: Wolf
Hunsrik: Wollef
Luxembourgish: Wollef
Pennsylvania German: Wolf
Vilamovian: wūf
Yiddish: וואָלף (volf)

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ (*wulfaʀ)

Old Norse: ulfr, úlfr
Icelandic: úlfur
Faroese: úlvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ulv; (dialectal) úv'e, olv, ålv
Norwegian Bokmål: ulv
Elfdalian: ulv
Old Swedish: ulver
Swedish: ulv
Old Danish: ulv
Danish: ulv
Gutnish: ulv, ålv

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 (wulfs)

From Pre-Germanic *wúlpos, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”). Changes: *wúlkʷos > *wúlpos > *wulfaz (analogically: *pénkʷe > *pémpe > *fimf). If *wúlkʷos didn't change to *wúlpos, it would look like **wulhwaz in Proto-Germanic.


banjō

banjō (nominative singular)
banjôz (nominative plural)
banjō (singular vocative)
banjôz (plural vocative)
banjǭ (accusative singular)
banjōz (accusative plural)
banjōz (genitive singular)
banjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
banjōi (dative singular)
banjōmaz (dative plural)
banjō (instrumental singular)
banjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bannju
Old English: benn
Old Saxon: beni

Old Norse: ben

Icelandic: ben

Faroese: ben

Norwegian: ben

Old Swedish: bæn

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰 (banja)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰon-yeh₂, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”), although disputed by Kroonen due to the odd-in-Germanic sound change required from *gʷʰ > *b, who instead derives it from *bʰon-eye-, and adduces no further cognates in this latter theory.


audaz

audaz (nominative singular)
audōz (nominative plural)
audōs (nominative plural)
aud (singular vocative)
audōz (plural vocative)
audōs (plural vocative)
audą (accusative singular)
audanz (accusative plural)
audas (genitive singular)
audis (genitive singular)
audǫ̂ (genitive plural)
audai (dative singular)
audamaz (dative plural)
audō (instrumental singular)
audamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aud
Old English: ēad
Middle English: ead, ed
Old Saxon: ōd
Old High German: ōt

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: auðr

Icelandic: auður

Faroese: eyður

Old Swedish: ø̄þer

Swedish: öd

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (audahafts)


agraz

agraz (nominative singular)
agrōz (nominative plural)
agrōs (nominative plural)
agr (singular vocative)
agrōz (plural vocative)
agrōs (plural vocative)
agrą (accusative singular)
agranz (accusative plural)
agras (genitive singular)
agris (genitive singular)
agrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agrai (dative singular)
agramaz (dative plural)
agrō (instrumental singular)
agramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *agr
Old English: ēagor
English: eagre
Old Dutch: *aggar
Middle Dutch: *agger
Dutch: agger

Plausibly from Pre-Germanic *h₂(e)kʷrós: Proto-Indo-European *h₂ekʷ-, the same root which gave *h₂ékʷeh₂ (whence Germanic *ahwō), with the suffix *-rós. Thus equivalent to *ahwō + *-raz.


kinō

kinō (nominative singular)
kinôz (nominative plural)
kinō (singular vocative)
kinôz (plural vocative)
kinǭ (accusative singular)
kinōz (accusative plural)
kinōz (genitive singular)
kinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kinōi (dative singular)
kinōmaz (dative plural)
kinō (instrumental singular)
kinōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċinu; ċine

Middle English: chyne, chene, cheyne, chine, chyn, chynne
English: chine (chink)
Scots: chin, chun

(Old Frisian: *kīn)

(Saterland Frisian: Kien n)

Old Saxon: *kina; kin; kinislo; (*kīn m)

Middle Low German: kinst m ?

→ Danish: kin (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *kina

Middle Dutch: kene

Dutch: keen

From Pre-Germanic *ǵi-n-, originally a nasal-present from Proto-Indo-European *ǵey- (“to split; sprout”).


mann-

mann- (nominative singular)
manô (nominative singular)
mannô (nominative singular)
manniz (nominative plural)
mann (singular vocative)
manniz (plural vocative)
mannų (accusative singular)
mannunz (accusative plural)
manniz (genitive singular)
mannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
manni (dative singular)
mannumaz (dative plural)
mannē (instrumental singular)
mannumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mann
Old English: mann, ᛗ (m), man, monn, mon, manna
Middle English: man, manne, mæn, mon, monne
English: man, -man (see there for further descendants)
Scots: man
Yola: man
Old Frisian: man, mon
North Frisian: maan
Saterland Frisian: Mon
West Frisian: man
Old Saxon: mann, man
Middle Low German: man
German Low German: Mann
Plautdietsch: Maun
Old Dutch: man
Middle Dutch: man
Dutch: man
Limburgish: man
Zealandic: man
Old High German: man
Middle High German: man
Alemannic German: ma, mà, Maa, Mann, Mànn, mo, ma'
Swabian: Ma, Mâ, Mô, Mâo, Mâu
Bavarian: mon, mònn, moon, ma'
Cimbrian: man, mann, månn
Mòcheno: mònn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Mann
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Moan
German: Mann, man
Luxembourgish: Mann
Transylvanian Saxon: Mouen, Mäun
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Mann
Yiddish: מאַן (man)

Old Norse: maðr
Icelandic: maður
Faroese: maður
Norn: mann
Norwegian Nynorsk: mann; (dialectal) mann’e, (dialectal) mainnj
Russenorsk: мань (manʹ)
Jamtish: mǫnn (1000s Runic ᛘᚭᚦᚱ (mąþr))
Elfdalian: mað (accusative mann)
Old Swedish: maþer, madher, mander, man
Swedish: man
Old Danish: man
Scanian: manð
Danish: mand, man
Norwegian Bokmål: mann, man
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: man
Old Gutnish: maþr, mandr
Gutnish: man

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 (manna)

From Proto-Indo-European *mon- (“man”) or *men- (“to mind; to stay”). Alternatively, Kroonen favors the word splitting off from Proto-Indo-European *(dʰ)ǵʰmō, *(dʰ)ǵʰmon- (“human”) in the cases where the -m- wasn't syllabic (which otherwise gave *gum-, see *gumô); since the initial cluster would have been unpronounceable in Germanic, the result is a reduced *(-)man-.

Mannz

Mannus, the mythical ancestor of the Germanic peoples


gastiz

gastiz (nominative singular)
gastīz (nominative plural)
gasti (singular vocative)
gastīz (plural vocative)
gastį (accusative singular)
gastinz (accusative plural)
gastīz (genitive singular)
gastijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gastī (dative singular)
gastimaz (dative plural)
gastī (instrumental singular)
gastimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gasti
Old English: ġiest
Old Frisian: jest
Old Saxon: gast
Middle Low German: gast
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Gast
Sauerländisch: Gast
Westmünsterländisch: Gast
Plautdietsch: Gaust
→ Saterland Frisian: Gast
→ West Frisian: gast
Old Dutch: *gast
Middle Dutch: gast
Dutch: gast
Afrikaans: gas
Old High German: gast
Middle High German: gast
Bavarian: Gåst
German: Gast
→ Esperanto: gasto
Luxembourgish: Gaascht
Yiddish: גאַסט (gast)

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (*gastiʀ) (attested in several personal names)

Old Norse: gestr
Icelandic: gestur
Faroese: gestur
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjest
Norwegian Bokmål: gjest
Old Swedish: gæster
Swedish: gäst
Old Danish: gæst
Danish: gæst
→ Middle English: gest, geste, gist, geast, gyst
English: guest
Scots: guest

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gasts)

Possibly attested as -gasti- (in Harigasti-, 450–350 BCE, Negau), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis (“stranger, guest”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *gastis, Latin hostis.


gumô

gumô (nominative singular)
gumaniz (nominative plural)
gumô (singular vocative)
gumaniz (plural vocative)
gumanų (accusative singular)
gumanunz (accusative plural)
guminiz (genitive singular)
gumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gumini (dative singular)
gumammaz (dative plural)
guminē (instrumental singular)
gumammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gumō
Old English: guma
Middle English: gome, gom, gomme, gone, goom, goome, gume
English: gome
Scots: gome
Old Frisian: goma
Old Saxon: gumo, gomo
Old Dutch: *gomo
Middle Dutch: gome
Old High German: gomo
Middle High German: gome

Old Norse: gumi
Danish: brudgom, gom
Icelandic: gumi
Norwegian: gume
Swedish: brudgum

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌼𐌰 (guma)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰm̥mṓ (“human”). Cognate with Latin homō (“human being”).


sunuz

sunuz (nominative singular)
suniwiz (nominative plural)
sunu (singular vocative)
suniwiz (plural vocative)
sunų (accusative singular)
sununz (accusative plural)
sunauz (genitive singular)
suniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suniwi (dative singular)
sunumaz (dative plural)
sunū (instrumental singular)
sunumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sunu
Old English: sunu
Middle English: sone, sune
English: son
Scots: son
Old Frisian: sunu
Saterland Frisian: Súun
West Frisian: soan
Old Saxon: sunu
Middle Low German: sune, sȫne
Low German: Söhn
German Low German: Söhn
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Suhne m
Ravensbergisch: Suone
Sauerländisch: Suen, Seyen, Sōn
Westmünsterländisch: Sönn, Sonn, Sonne
Plautdietsch: Sän
Old Dutch: *sunu
Middle Dutch: sōne
Dutch: zoon
Afrikaans: seun
Jersey Dutch: zőn
Limburgish: zoon, zoean
West Flemish: zeune
Old High German: sunu, sun
Middle High German: sun, suon, sūn, son
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: su, ŝchu
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zun, sun, sunn
Mòcheno: su'
Udinese: sun, sunn, suun
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Sohn
German: Sohn
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Soh
Yiddish: זון (zun)

Old Norse: sonr, sunr
Icelandic: sonur, -son
Faroese: sonur, -son
Norn: son
Norwegian Nynorsk: son, -son; (dialectal) sun’e, sun
Elfdalian: sun
Old Swedish: sun, son
Swedish: son, -son
Danish: søn, -sen
Norwegian Bokmål: sønn
German: -sen
Gutnish: sun
→ Middle English: *-son
English: -son

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 (sunus)

From Proto-Indo-European *suHnús (“son”), with a long vowel contraction in a pre-stressed position, per Dybo's law.


þunraz

þunraz (nominative singular)
þunr (singular vocative)
þunrą (accusative singular)
þunras (genitive singular)
þunris (genitive singular)
þunrai (dative singular)
þunrō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *þunr, *þunar, *þonar
Old English: þunor, þunar, þunur, þuner, þonor
Middle English: thonder
English: thunder
Scots: thunner, thuner, thunder, thundir
Yola: dhunder, dunder
Old Frisian: thuner, thonger
West Frisian: tonger
Old Saxon: thunar, thuner
Middle Low German: dunner, donner, donre, donder, dōner
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dunner
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Donner
Sauerländisch: Duener, Dūner, Dunner, Dōener
Westmünsterländisch: Dunder, Dunner
Plautdietsch: Donna
Old Dutch: *thonar
Middle Dutch: donre
Dutch: donder
Afrikaans: donder
Negerhollands: donner, dondu
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dondu (dated)
→ Papiamentu: dònder, donder
→ Sranan Tongo: dondru
Aukan: dondoo, donduu
Limburgish: dónder, dónjer
West Flemish: dunder
Old High German: donar, thonar
Middle High German: toner, doner
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dunner
Luxembourgish: Donner
German: Donner
Rhine Franconian: Dunner
Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥onæ̆], (possible pre-1825 pronunciation) [d̥unæ̆]
Vilamovian: dunyn (likely a plural form of *duner)
Yiddish: דונער (duner)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*þonaraʀ), *ᚦᛟᚱᚨᛉ (*þoraʀ /þǭraʀ/)

Old Norse: þórr

⇒ Old Norse: *þórdynr

Swedish: tordön

Danish: torden

Norwegian Bokmål: torden

Faroese: tora

Norwegian Nynorsk: tor m, tore, tora f; (dialectal) torde (influenced by Þórðr)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tore

Swedish: tor

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *toranos (“thunder”), Latin tonō (“to thunder”), Persian تندر (tondar, “thunder”), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, “to resound; to thunder; to roar”), and Proto-Germanic *stenaną.


fehu

fehu (nominative singular)
fehu (singular vocative)
fehu (accusative singular)
fehauz (genitive singular)
fehiwi (dative singular)
fehū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fehu
Old English: feoh, fioh, feh
Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)
English: fee
Scots: fe, fee, fiel
Old Frisian: fia
Saterland Frisian: Fäi
West Frisian: fee
Old Saxon: fehu, feho, feu
Middle Low German: vehe, veh, vê, vie
German Low German: Veeh, Veh, Veih n (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch)
Plautdietsch: Fee
Old Dutch: fē, fio, fiu
Middle Dutch: vêe
Dutch: vee
Afrikaans: vee
Negerhollands: vee
Limburgish: vieë, vieëch
Old High German: fihu
Middle High German: vihe, vëhe, vich, viech, vech, vie, vē
Alemannic German: Vëh
Swabian: Viech
Bavarian: Viech
Cimbrian: viighe, biighe (Mezzaselva)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Viech
German: Vieh; Viech (with distinction)
Luxembourgish: Véi
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Veh, Veih, Vieh
Palatine: Veh, Vieh, Viech
Yiddish: פֿיך (fikh)
→ Vulgar Latin: *feus
Old French: fieu (dated 11th-century) (see there for further descendants)
Old Occitan: feu
Catalan: feu
Occitan: fèu
Medieval Latin: fevum (dated 899, La Garde-Freinet, France)
Old French: fief m (dated 13th-century)
Middle French: fief
French: fief
→ Romanian: fief
→ English: fief
Old French: feffe, feoffe f
Middle French: fieffe
→ Middle English: feffe, feoffe
English: feoff
⇒ Medieval Latin: feudum, feodum (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚺᚢ (*fehu /fehu, fēhu/), *ᚠᛖᚺ (*feh /fēh/)

desctree

Old Norse: fé
Icelandic: fé
Faroese: fæ
Norwegian Nynorsk: fe; (dialectal) fi
Norwegian Bokmål: fe
Old Swedish: fǣ
Swedish: fä
Danish: fæ

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu), 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍉 (faihō)

From early *péku, from Proto-Indo-European *péḱu (“livestock”).


tanþs

tanþs (nominative singular)
tanþiz (nominative plural)
tanþ (singular vocative)
tanþiz (plural vocative)
tanþų (accusative singular)
tanþunz (accusative plural)
tundiz (genitive singular)
tundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tundi (dative singular)
tundumaz (dative plural)
tundē (instrumental singular)
tundumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tanþ, *tą̄þ (North Sea Germanic)
Old English: tōþ
Middle English: tothe, toth, tooth
Scots: tuth, tutht, tuith
English: tooth
Old Frisian: tōth
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tus
Sylt: Ter
Old Saxon: tand, tōth
Middle Low German: tant, tan
Low German: Tähn
German Low German: Tand
Plautdietsch: Tän
→ Saterland Frisian: Tiende
Old Dutch: tant, tand
Middle Dutch: tant
Dutch: tand
Old High German: zand, zan, zant, tænd
Middle High German: zan, zant
Alemannic German: Zah
Bavarian: Zåhn, Zant
Central Franconian: Zank, Zand
Kölsch: Zant
German: Zahn
→ Central Franconian: Zahn
Hunsrik: Zaan
Luxembourgish: Zant
Pennsylvania German: Zaah
Swabian: Zah, Zai
Vilamovian: cōn
Yiddish: צאָן (tson)
→ Italian: zanna (via Lombardic)

Old Norse: tǫnn

Icelandic: tönn

Faroese: tonn

Norn: tann, tannj

Norwegian: tann, tonn

Old Swedish: tan

Swedish: tand

Danish: tand

Gutnish: tann, tand

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth”).


mūs

mūs (nominative singular)
mūsiz (nominative plural)
mūs (singular vocative)
mūsiz (plural vocative)
mūsų (accusative singular)
mūsunz (accusative plural)
mūsiz (genitive singular)
mūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūsi (dative singular)
mūsumaz (dative plural)
mūsē (instrumental singular)
mūsumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mūs
Old English: mūs
Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose
Old Frisian: mūs
North Frisian: müs
Saterland Frisian: Múus
West Frisian: mûs
Old Saxon: mūs
Middle Low German: mûs
Low German: Muus
Plautdietsch: Mus
Old Dutch: *mūs
Middle Dutch: muus
Dutch: muis
Afrikaans: muis
Jersey Dutch: mäus
Negerhollands: mischi, miśi, muśi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mus
→ Sranan Tongo: moismoisi
Limburgish: moes
Old High German: mūs
Middle High German: mūs
Alemannic German: Muus, Müss (Uri)
Central Franconian: Muus, Mus (variant spelling), Maus, Mous (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Maus
Luxembourgish: Maus
Cimbrian: maus
German: Maus
Vilamovian: maojs
Yiddish: מויז (moyz)

Old Norse: mús

Icelandic: mús

Faroese: mús

Norn: mus

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: mus

Norwegian Nynorsk: mus

Old Swedish: mūs

Swedish: mus

Old Danish: mūs

Danish: mus

Elfdalian: maus

Gutnish: mäus

From Proto-Indo-European *múHs. Cognates include Proto-Slavic *myšь (“mouse”). More cognates: see there.


segaz

segaz (nominative singular)
sigizō (nominative plural)
segaz (singular vocative)
sigizō (plural vocative)
segaz (accusative singular)
sigizō (accusative plural)
sigiziz (genitive singular)
sigizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sigizi (dative singular)
sigizumaz (dative plural)
sigizē (instrumental singular)
sigizumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *sigʀ, *sigu, *sigi

Old English: sigor, siġe

Middle English: siȝe, sige

Old Frisian: sige, sī

Saterland Frisian: Siech

West Frisian: sege

Old Saxon: sigi

Middle Low German: sēge

German Low German: Sieg

Old Dutch: sigi (in compounds)

Middle Dutch: sēge

Dutch: zege

desctree

Old High German: sigu, sigo, sigi
Middle High German: sige
German: Sieg
Hunsrik: Siegh

Old Norse: sigr m
Icelandic: sigur
Faroese: sigur
Norwegian Nynorsk: siger
Old Swedish: sigher
Swedish: seger
Old Danish: sighær
Danish: sejr
Norwegian Bokmål: seier

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 (sigis)

Vandalic: *sigis

From Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰos (“the overpowering”), from root *seǵʰ- (“to hold, overpower”). Cognate with Sanskrit सहस् (sáhas, “force, power, victory”), as well as Ancient Greek ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, I own”). The alternate forms are a result of syncopation and subsequent re-analysis of the z-declension.


friþuz

friþuz (nominative singular)
friþiwiz (nominative plural)
friþu (singular vocative)
friþiwiz (plural vocative)
friþų (accusative singular)
friþunz (accusative plural)
friþauz (genitive singular)
friþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
friþiwi (dative singular)
friþumaz (dative plural)
friþū (instrumental singular)
friþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *friþu
Old English: friþ, ferþ
Middle English: frith, ffryth, firth, freth, freþ, frið, friþ, friþþ, fryth, fryþ
English: frith
⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + es or 's)
Old Frisian: fretho
Saterland Frisian: Free
West Frisian: frede
Old Saxon: frithu
Middle Low German: vrēde
Low German:
German Low German: Freed
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Frää, Frääden, Frääde, Frääne, Freeden (Westmünsterländisch)
Münsterländisch: Friäde, Friäden; tefriäden
East Westphalian: Friae (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: Fräd
Old Dutch: fritho
Middle Dutch: vrēde
Dutch: vrede, vree, vreed
Afrikaans: vrede
Negerhollands: vreed, vrede, vreede
Sranan Tongo: vrede, freide
Limburgish: vrieëd
Old High German: fridu
Middle High German: vride, vrit
Cimbrian: friide
German: Friede, Frieden
Luxembourgish: Fridden
Yiddish: פֿרידן (fridn)
→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *exfridō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: friðr
Icelandic: friður
Faroese: friður
Norwegian Bokmål: fred
Norwegian Nynorsk: fred
Old Swedish: friþer
Swedish: fred, frid
Danish: fred

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (*friþus)

Vandalic: *friðV-


hundą

hundą (nominative singular)
hundō (nominative plural)
hundą (singular vocative)
hundō (plural vocative)
hundą (accusative singular)
hundō (accusative plural)
hundas (genitive singular)
hundis (genitive singular)
hundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hundai (dative singular)
hundamaz (dative plural)
hundō (instrumental singular)
hundamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hund

Middle English: hund

Old Frisian: hund (in compounds)

Old Saxon: hund

Middle Low German: hunt

Old Dutch: *hunt
Middle Dutch: hont
Dutch: hond

Old High German: hund

Middle High German: hunt

German: hunt (obsolete)

Old Norse: hund-

desc

⇒ Old Norse: Áttundaland, Fjaðryndaland, Tíundaland

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (hund)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *kunta

Proto-Finnic: *kunta (see there for further descendants)

Old Hungarian: hodu

Hungarian: had

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”). Cognate with Latin centum, Old Irish cét, Lithuanian šimtas, Sanskrit शत (śatá).

a hundred (an administrative division and a group of a hundred men sent out to fight as noted by Tacitus in his Germania)


þūsundī

þūsundī (nominative singular)
þūsundijôz (nominative plural)
þūsundī (singular vocative)
þūsundijôz (plural vocative)
þūsundijǭ (accusative singular)
þūsundijōz (accusative plural)
þūsundijōz (genitive singular)
þūsundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þūsundijōi (dative singular)
þūsundijōmaz (dative plural)
þūsundijō (instrumental singular)
þūsundijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Either from Proto-Indo-European *tuHsont-, *tuHsenti-, cf. also Proto-Slavic *tysǫti / *tysęti (“thousand”) and Lithuanian tūkstantis, or – as Kroonen suggests – from Proto-Indo-European *tuHsdḱmto-, compounded from a prefix *tuHs- (from *tewh₂-) and *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”).

Proto-West Germanic: *þūsundiOld English: þūsendMiddle English: thusand

thousendEnglish: thousand→ Hawaiian: kaukani

thoosandOld Frisian: thūsendSaterland Frisian: duusend

duzendWest Frisian: tûzenOld Saxon: thūsundMiddle Low German: dûsentGerman Low German: dusendPlautdietsch: dusentOld Dutch: thūsuntMiddle Dutch: dusentDutch: duizendAfrikaans: duisendBerbice Creole Dutch: dwesuNegerhollands: dusend

dysent→ Sranan Tongo: dusun→ Dutch: doezoe→ Saramaccan: dúsu→ Trió: duizendLimburgish: doezjend

thūsuntMiddle High German: tūsentCimbrian: tauzing

duusendGerman: tausendLuxembourgish: dausendVilamovian: taojzyt

Norwegian Bokmål: tusende

Danish: tusinde, tusind→ Greenlandic: tuusinti→ Inuktun: tussinti


teguz

teguz (nominative singular)
tigiwiz (nominative plural)
tegu (singular vocative)
tigiwiz (plural vocative)
tegų (accusative singular)
tegunz (accusative plural)
tegauz (genitive singular)
tigiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tigiwi (dative singular)
tegumaz (dative plural)
tegū (instrumental singular)
tegumiz (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱ-, related to *tehun.

tjog

Old Swedish: tiugher, -tighi in numbers; Swedish


swerdą

swerdą (nominative singular)
swerdō (nominative plural)
swerdą (singular vocative)
swerdō (plural vocative)
swerdą (accusative singular)
swerdō (accusative plural)
swerdas (genitive singular)
swirdis (genitive singular)
swerdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swerdai (dative singular)
swerdamaz (dative plural)
swerdō (instrumental singular)
swerdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swerd
Old English: sweord, suord, swyrd, swurd
Middle English: swerd, sword
English: sword
Scots: swuird, swerd, sword
Old Frisian: swerd
North Frisian: swird, Swiirt
Sylt: Swērt
Saterland Frisian: Swäid, Swid
West Frisian: swurd
Old Saxon: swerd
Middle Low German: swert
German Low German: Sweerd, Schweerd, Schwert
Plautdietsch: Schwieet
Old Dutch: swert, suert
Middle Dutch: swert
Dutch: zwaard
Afrikaans: swaard
Negerhollands: sweerd
Limburgish: zwerd
West Flemish: zwoard
Zealandic: zwaerd
Old High German: swert
Middle High German: swert
German: Schwert
Hunsrik: Schweert
Luxembourgish: Schwäert
Vilamovian: świert
Yiddish: שווערד (shverd)

Old Norse: sverð
Icelandic: sverð
Faroese: svørð
Norwegian Nynorsk: sverd; (dialectal) svørd
Norwegian Bokmål: sverd
Old Swedish: sværþ
Swedish: svärd
Old Danish: swærth
Danish: sværd

Nikolaev (2015) suggests derivation from Proto-Indo-European *sw-er, locative of *seh₂w- (“sharp”) (with a loss of *h₂ between *s and *w) and cognate to Luwian [script needed] (šiḫual-, šiwal-, “sword”), [script needed] (šiwa-, “sharp”). Derivation from Proto-Indo-European *swer- has been proposed, but is uncertain since all other descendants, such as *sweraną, only suggest an original meaning 'to ache, hurt, fester'.


fadēr

fadēr (nominative singular)
fadriz (nominative plural)
fader (singular vocative)
fadriz (plural vocative)
faderų (accusative singular)
fadrunz (accusative plural)
fadurz (genitive singular)
fadrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fadri (dative singular)
fadrumaz (dative plural)
fadrē (instrumental singular)
fadrumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fader
Old English: fæder
Middle English: fader, fæder, faderr, fadir, fadyr, fadur, feder, vader, veder, faðer, father, ffader
English: father
→ Marshallese: bata
Gullah: farruh
Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither
Yola: vather
→ English: faeder
Old Frisian: feder, fader
North Frisian:
Goesharde:
Hoolmer: fooje
Hoorninger: fååje
Heligoland: Foor
Sylt: Faađer
Saterland Frisian: Foar
West Frisian: fader, faar
Old Saxon: fadar, fader
Middle Low German: vāder
German Low German: Vader, Vaar
Plautdietsch: Voda
Old Dutch: fadar
Middle Dutch: vāder, vaer (loss of -d-)
Dutch: vader, (obsolete) vaeder, vaar, vaâr, vaêr
Afrikaans: vader
Berbice Creole Dutch: fadir
Javindo: fader
Jersey Dutch: vâder
Negerhollands: vader
Skepi Creole Dutch: father
Limburgish: vajer, vader
Old High German: fater
Middle High German: vater
Alemannic German: Vatter, Vater, Fatter
Italian Walser: fater, vàtter
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vatar, vaatar, baatar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno:
Udinese: votar, voter
Central Franconian: Vader
Hunsrik: Fatter
Transylvanian Saxon: Foater
East Central German: Voater
Vilamovian: foter, fōter
East Franconian:
German: Vater, Vatter
→ Central Franconian: Vatter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German:
Yiddish: פֿאָטער (foter)

Old Norse: faðir, ᚠᛅᚦᛁᛦ (faþiʀ)
Icelandic: faðir
Faroese: faðir
Norn:
Orkney: fa
Shetland: fy
Norwegian Nynorsk: far, fader; (dialectal) fade, fair, fai
→ Kven: faari
Elfdalian: faðer
Old Swedish: faþir, fadher, fadhir, ᚠᛆᚦᛁᚱ
Swedish: fader, far
Old Danish: faþir, fathær
Danish: fader, far
Norwegian Bokmål: far, fader
Scanian: faðer
Gutnish: far, fadar, fadur

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar)

From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr (“father”).


mōdēr

mōdēr (nominative singular)
mōdriz (nominative plural)
mōder (singular vocative)
mōdriz (plural vocative)
mōderų (accusative singular)
mōdrunz (accusative plural)
mōdurz (genitive singular)
mōdrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōdri (dative singular)
mōdrumaz (dative plural)
mōdrē (instrumental singular)
mōdrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōder
Old English: mōdor, mōdur, mōder, mōddor
Middle English: moder
English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)
Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother
Yola: moodher, moother, moothar
Old Frisian: mōder
North Frisian: (Sytl) Mooter
Saterland Frisian: Múur, Mour, Mouer (Strukelje)
West Frisian: moer
Old Saxon: mōdar
Middle Low German: mōder
Low German: Moder, Moor
Old Dutch: muoder
Middle Dutch: moeder
Dutch: moeder, moer
Afrikaans: moeder
Negerhollands: muder, moeder
→ Papiamentu: moer (dated)
Limburgish: moder
Zealandic: moeder
Old High German: muoter
Middle High German: muoter
Alemannic German: Mueter, Muetter, Mueder
Swabian: Muadr, Mudder, Muddr, Muadar, Muddar
Walser: muater, möter
Bavarian: muatar, Muada, mueter, muiter
Cimbrian: muatar, muutar (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian: Modder, Motter (most of Central Franconian, changed from the dialectical form under influence from German)
Hunsrik: Mutter
Luxembourgish: Mudder
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Muddor
Vilamovian: mütter
East Franconian: Motter
German: Mutter, Mueter, Muetter, Muoter, Muotter, Muter
→ Central Franconian: Motter
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: muttern
Rhine Franconian: Modder, Mudder, Morrer, Murrer
Frankfurterisch: [mud̥æ̆]
Pennsylvania German: Mudder
Yiddish: מוטער (muter)

Old Norse: móðir
Icelandic: móðir
Faroese: móðir
Norwegian: mor, moder
Old Swedish: mōþir
Swedish: moder, mor
Scanian: moðer
Danish: mor, moder
Gutnish: mor, moder

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr (“mother”), via the suffix-stressed variant *meh₂tḗr.


brōþēr

brōþēr (nominative singular)
brōþriz (nominative plural)
brōþer (singular vocative)
brōþriz (plural vocative)
brōþerų (accusative singular)
brōþrunz (accusative plural)
brōþurz (genitive singular)
brōþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brōþri (dative singular)
brōþrumaz (dative plural)
brōþrē (instrumental singular)
brōþrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brōþer
Old English: brōþor, brōþer, brōþur, brōðer, brōður
Middle English: brother
English: brother (see there for further descendants)
Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder
Yola: brover, brower
Old Frisian: brōther
North Frisian:
Amrum: bruder
Föhr: bruler
Northern Goesharder: (Hoolmer) broor, (Hoorninger) brår
Southern Goesharder: brööðer
Hallig: bröör
Halunder: Bruur
Mooring: brouder
Sylt: Bröđer
Saterland Frisian: Brúur, Brour (Strukelje)
West Frisian: broer
Old Saxon: brōthar
Middle Low German: brôder, brûder
German Low German: Broder, Broor, Bröör
Plautdietsch: Brooda
Old Dutch: bruother, *bruothar
Middle Dutch: broeder
Dutch: broeder, broer
Afrikaans: broeder, broer
Limburgish: broor
Old High German: bruoder
Middle High German: bruoder
Alemannic German: Brüeder, Brueder
Italian Walser: briöder, bruder, brueder, bröder
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pruudar, pruadar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: pruader
Northern Bavarian: [ˈb̥rou̯d̥ɐ], [ˈb̥rei̯d̥ɐ]
Udinese: pruadar, prueder, pruider
Central Franconian: Broder, Bruder
Hunsrik: Bruder
Luxembourgish: Brudder
German: Bruder
Rhine Franconian: Bruder
Frankfurterisch: [pʀuːd̥æ̆], [prɔurə]
Pennsylvania German: Bruder
Vilamovian: brüder
Yiddish: ברודער (bruder)

Old Norse: bróðir
Icelandic: bróðir
Faroese: bróðir
Norn: brui
Norwegian Bokmål: bror
Elfdalian: bruoðer
Old Swedish: brōþir, ᛒᚱᚮᚦᛁᚱ
Swedish: broder, bror
Old Danish: brōthær
Danish: bror, broder
Norwegian Bokmål: broder
Gutnish: bródar, brór

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂 (brōþar)

Crimean Gothic: bruder

/ˈbrɔː.θɛːr/

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”).


swestēr

swestēr (nominative singular)
swistriz (nominative plural)
swester (singular vocative)
swistriz (plural vocative)
swesterų (accusative singular)
swestrunz (accusative plural)
swesturz (genitive singular)
swestrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swistri (dative singular)
swestrumaz (dative plural)
swestrē (instrumental singular)
swestrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swester

Old English: sweostor, swustor — Mercian, swester, suoester, soester — Northumbrian, swuster — West Saxon, swæstar, swestar, swystor, swystar — Anglian, sweoster, swystar, swyster
Middle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)
English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)
Scots: sister, syster
Yola: zister

Old Frisian: swester

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: Sester

Fering: saster

Öömrang: saster

Halunder: Söster

Bökingharde: süster

Saterland Frisian: Suster

West Frisian: suster

Old Saxon: swestar
Middle Low German: süster, swester
Low German: Swester, Süster
Plautdietsch: Sesta

Old Dutch: *swestar, *sustar

Middle Dutch: suster
Dutch: zuster
Afrikaans: suster
Berbice Creole Dutch: sosro, sosoro
Skepi Creole Dutch: soster
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sester
→ Caribbean Javanese: soster, sester
→ Indonesian: suster
→ Saramaccan: soosútu
Limburgish: zöster

Old High German: swester
Middle High German: swëster, suster, süster
Alemannic German: Schwöschter
Italian Walser: schweschter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: sbestar, sbéstar, sbeistar
Mòcheno: schbester
Udinese: schbeschter, schbeister, sghbeistar
Central Franconian: Sester, Söster (obsolete)
German: Schwester
→ Central Franconian: Schwester
→ Luxembourgish: Schwëster
Hunsrik: Schwesder
Luxembourgish: Sëschter (archaic)
Pennsylvania German: Schweschder
Vilamovian: syster
Yiddish: שוועסטער (shvester)

Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (swestar)

Old Norse: systir
Icelandic: systir
Faroese: systir
Norwegian Bokmål: søster
Norwegian Nynorsk: syster
Old Swedish: systir
Swedish: syster
Danish: søster
Old Gutnish: systir
Gutnish: systar

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂 (swistar)

Crimean Gothic: schwester

Remodeled based on analogy with *-tēr kinship words, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. This may well have been triggered by the insertion of *-t- in the cluster *-sr- that arose in several oblique case forms, a change which is also found in *þimstr (“dark, dusky”) and *Austrǭ (“springtime, Easter; a goddess of spring and fertility”) and is therefore likely a regular sound change in Proto-Germanic.


duhtēr

duhtēr (nominative singular)
duhtriz (nominative plural)
duhter (singular vocative)
duhtriz (plural vocative)
duhterų (accusative singular)
duhtrunz (accusative plural)
duhturz (genitive singular)
duhtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duhtri (dative singular)
duhtrumaz (dative plural)
duhtrē (instrumental singular)
duhtrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dohter
Old English: dohtor, dohtur — Mercian, dohter — Northumbrian, dochtor, dæhter
Middle English: doughter
English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda
Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter
Yola: doughtere, daughtere
Old Frisian: dochter
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring: doochter
Sylt: Daachter
Saterland Frisian: Dochter
West Frisian: dochter
Old Saxon: dohtar
Middle Low German: dochter
German Low German: Dochter
Old Dutch: dohtar, dohter
Middle Dutch: dochter
Dutch: dochter
Afrikaans: dogter
Jersey Dutch: doxter
Negerhollands: dochter, dogter
Petjo: dohter
Limburgish: dóchter
Old High German: tohter
Middle High German: tohter
Alemannic German: Tochter
Italian Walser: techter, töchter, tachter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: tochtar, toustar, tochtar
Mòcheno: tochter
Udinese: tochter, touchter, toachtar
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Dochter
German: Tochter
Luxembourgish: Duechter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Dochder
Vilamovian: tohter
Yiddish: טאָכטער (tokhter)
→ Piedmontese: tota

Proto-Norse: ᛞᛟᚺᛏᚱᛁᛉ pl (dohtriʀ), *ᛞᛟᚺᛏᛖᚱ (*dohter)
Old Norse: dóttir f sg
Icelandic: dóttir
Faroese: dóttir
Norwegian Nynorsk: dotter
Elfdalian: duotter
Old Swedish: dōttir, (Dalian law) doctir
Swedish: dotter
Danish: datter
Norwegian Bokmål: datter

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 (dauhtar)

From Pre-Germanic *dʰuktḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr.


kuningaz

kuningaz (nominative singular)
kuningōz (nominative plural)
kuningōs (nominative plural)
kuning (singular vocative)
kuningōz (plural vocative)
kuningōs (plural vocative)
kuningą (accusative singular)
kuninganz (accusative plural)
kuningas (genitive singular)
kuningis (genitive singular)
kuningǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuningai (dative singular)
kuningamaz (dative plural)
kuningō (instrumental singular)
kuningamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kuning
Old English: cyning, cining, cyng, cyneg, cynig, cuning, kyning, kining, king, kuning, cyncg, cyngc, kyningc, kung — Northumbrian
Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic), gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)), knyng (transmission error), chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
English: king (see there for further descendants)
Scots: keeng, king
Yola: kinge, king
→ English: cyning (learned)
Old Frisian: kening, kining, kinig, keneng, koning
North Frisian: köning, kining (Mooring), Köning (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Kening
West Frisian: kening
Old Saxon: kuning
Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig
Low German: Köning
Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning
German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig
Plautdietsch: Kjennich
→ Latgalian: kieneņš
→ Latvian: ķēniņš
→ Saterland Frisian: König, Köänig
→ West Frisian: keuning
Old Dutch: cuninc
Middle Dutch: cōninc
Dutch: koning
Afrikaans: koning
Negerhollands: koning, kiniṅ
→ Mohegan-Pequot: kunnung
→ Sranan Tongo: kownu
→ Lokono: kónoe
→ Aukan: konu
→ Kari'na: konu
Limburgish: keuning
Old High German: kuning, cuning, chuninc, chuning
Middle High German: künic, künec
Alemannic German: Künig, Chüng, Keenig
Bavarian: Kine, Kini, Kenig, Kineng
Central Franconian: Kinnik, Künning, Künnik
Cimbrian: khuuneg
German: König
Luxembourgish: Kinnek
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Keenich
Vilamovian: kyng
Yiddish: קיניג (kinig), קעניג (kenig)

Old Norse: konungr, kongr — later form, ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛁ (kunuki) — dative singular, ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛋ (kunuks) — genitive singular, ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛅᛦ (kunukaʀ), ᚴᚢᚿᚢᚴᛆᛧ (kunukaʀ) — nominative plural
Icelandic: konungur, kóngur
Faroese: kongur, konungur
Norn: konung
Norwegian Nynorsk: konge, kong, konung; (dialectal) kung, kunge, kunnje, kång
Jamtish: kung
Elfdalian: kunungg
Old Swedish: konunger, kununger, kunger
Swedish: konung, kung, kong
Old Danish: kung, konung
Scanian: káng
Danish: konge, kong, konning
Norwegian Bokmål: konge
→ Greenlandic: kunngi
Old Gutnish: kunungr
Gutnish: kuningg, kungg

desc

→ Lithuanian: kunigas, kuningas, kunigaikštis

→ Latvian: kungs

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuningas (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *konëŋkēs (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kъnędzь (see there for further descendants)

From *kunją (“clan”) + *-ingaz (“suffix of belonging”), with semantic shift from "someone of the family" > "someone that inherits (from their family)" > "king".


augô

augô (nominative singular)
augōnō (nominative plural)
augô (singular vocative)
augōnō (plural vocative)
augô (accusative singular)
augōnō (accusative plural)
auginiz (genitive singular)
auganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
augini (dative singular)
augammaz (dative plural)
auginē (instrumental singular)
augammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *augā
Old English: ēage, ēge — Anglian
Middle English: eie, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eye, eȝhe, eȝe, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe
English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai
Geordie English: ee, eye
Scots: ee
Yola: ieen, eeen, een, eyen, ein, eein (plural)
Old Frisian: āge, āg
North Frisian:
Most dialects: uug
Goesharde: uug, uuch
Halligen: uuch
Heligoland: Oog
Sylt: Oog
Saterland Frisian: Oge
West Frisian: each
Old Saxon: ōga
Middle Low German: ôge
Low German: Oge
German Low German: Oog
Hamburgisch: Oog
Westphalian:(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Äuge
Lippisch: Auge, Äoge
Ravensbergisch: äuge (scientific), Auge
Sauerländisch: Äoge, Auge, Eyege, Ouge, Oue
Westmünsterländisch: Ooge, Oog
Plautdietsch: Uag
Old Dutch: ōga, ouga
Middle Dutch: ôge
Dutch: oog
Limburgish: oug
Old High German: ouga, ouca, auca
Middle High German: ouge
Alemannic German: Aug
Swabian: Aug
Bavarian: Aug
Cimbrian: óoge
Mòcheno: ag
Central Franconian: Ooch, Auch, Au
Hunsrik: Au
Kölsch: Ouch
Luxembourgish: A
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Ooche
Vilamovian: aojg
East Franconian:
German: Auge
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Aag
Pennsylvania German: Aag
Yiddish: אויג (oyg)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚢᚷᛟ (*augo)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᚢᚷᛁᛉ (augiʀ)

Old Norse: auga
Icelandic: auga
Faroese: eyga
Norwegian Nynorsk: auga n
Norwegian: (dialectal) auga, aua, aue f or n, auwe, ouwe, ouga
Jamtish: ouge
Elfdalian: oga
Old Swedish: ø̄gha
Swedish: öga
→ Finnish: ööga
Scanian: yva
Old Danish: ø̄ghæ
Danish: øje
Norwegian Bokmål: øye
Gutnish: auge

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō)

Crimean Gothic: oeghene (plural)

→? Proto-Finnic: *aukko

Finnish: aukko

Estonian: auk

Votic: aukko

From an n-suffixed form of Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”), with analogical introduction of the diphthong -au- from *auzô (“ear”), or alternatively metathesized from earlier *agwô (→ *awgô). The voicing due to Verner's law points to an originally accented suffix, which may have been introduced from the oblique forms of a pre-Proto-Germanic paradigm *ahwô ~ *agwnes (→ *augnes, whence back-formed *augô), which must have been formed at a late stage as it evaded Kluge's law; or it may be analogical with agent nouns in *-ô (like *slagô, *tugô; “eye” would have been “that which sees”), the paradigm of which in any case *augô may have been partly leveled to.


tīmô

tīmô (nominative singular)
tīmaniz (nominative plural)
tīmô (singular vocative)
tīmaniz (plural vocative)
tīmanų (accusative singular)
tīmanunz (accusative plural)
tīminiz (genitive singular)
tīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīmini (dative singular)
tīmammaz (dative plural)
tīminē (instrumental singular)
tīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tīmō

desctree

Old English: tīma
Middle English: tyme, teme, teyme, tim, time, tym, tima, timæ, tyma (Early Middle English)
English: time (see there for further descendants)
Scots: time, teime, tim
Yola: deemes (plural)

Old High German: *zīmo

Middle High German: *zīme

Alemannic German: Zimmän

Old Norse: tími
Icelandic: tími
Faroese: tími
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: time
Norwegian Nynorsk: time
Elfdalian: taime
Old Swedish: tīme
Swedish: timme, timma (from oblique)
Danish: time

From Proto-Indo-European *dh₂i-mon-, from *deh₂y- (“to divide”). Exact cognate to Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn, “daemon”).


handuz

handuz (nominative singular)
handiwiz (nominative plural)
handu (singular vocative)
handiwiz (plural vocative)
handų (accusative singular)
handunz (accusative plural)
handauz (genitive singular)
handiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
handiwi (dative singular)
handumaz (dative plural)
handū (instrumental singular)
handumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *handu
Old English: hand, hond
Middle English: hond, hand
English: hand
Scots: hand, haund
Yola: hoane
Old Frisian: hond, hand
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hun
Hallig: höön
Heligoland: Hun
Mooring: hönj
North Goesharde: houn
Saterland Frisian: Hounde
West Frisian: hân
Old Saxon: hand
Middle Low German: hant
German Low German: Hand
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Hand
Lippisch: Hand
Ravensbergisch: Hand
Plautdietsch: Haunt
Old Dutch: hant
Middle Dutch: hant
Dutch: hand
Limburgish: handj
Zealandic: and
Old High German: hant
Middle High German: hant
Bavarian: Hånd
Cimbrian: hant
Mòcheno: hònt
German: Hand
Hunsrik: Hand
Luxembourgish: Hand
Vilamovian: haond
Yiddish: האַנט (hant)

Old Norse: hǫnd, hand
Icelandic: hönd
Faroese: hond
Norn: hanjd
Norwegian Nynorsk: hand, hond; hainn, hæinn, hònd, hønd (dialectal)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hand
Elfdalian: and
Old Swedish: hand
Swedish: hand
Old Danish: haand
Danish: hånd
Norwegian Bokmål: hånd
Gutnish: hand

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (handus)

Crimean Gothic: handa

Uncertain. Conjectured to be from Pre-Germanic *(k/ḱ)ontús, related to and possibly derived from the strong verb *hinþaną (“to reach for, obtain, catch”), making the word's literal meaning be "the catcher" or "the obtainer". Alternatively, it has been suggested to derive from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥t, possibly from *ḱomt (“hand”) (whence *déḱm̥). Finally, it is often considered of non Indo-European origin.


hundaz

hundaz (nominative singular)
hundōz (nominative plural)
hundōs (nominative plural)
hund (singular vocative)
hundōz (plural vocative)
hundōs (plural vocative)
hundą (accusative singular)
hundanz (accusative plural)
hundas (genitive singular)
hundis (genitive singular)
hundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hundai (dative singular)
hundamaz (dative plural)
hundō (instrumental singular)
hundamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hund
Old English: hund
Middle English: hound, hund, honde
English: hound
Scots: hoond
Old Frisian: hund
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hünj
Helgoland: Hin
Mooring: hün
Saterland Frisian: Húund
West Frisian: hûn
Old Saxon: hund
Middle Low German: hund
Low German: Hund
German Low German: Hund, Hond, Hunt
East Frisian: Hund
Hamburgisch: Hond
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Hund
Westmünsterländisch: Hund
Plautdietsch: Hunt
→ Estonian: hunt
Old Dutch: hund
Middle Dutch: hont
Dutch: hond
Afrikaans: hond
Berbice Creole Dutch: hondo
Jersey Dutch: hônt
Negerhollands: hond, hon, hont, hun
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hont (dated)
Limburgish: hóndj
Old High German: hunt
Middle High German: hunt
Alemannic German: Hund
Alsatian: Hund
Swabian: Hond
Walser: hun, hund, hunn, hònn
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hunt
Mòcheno: hunt
Udinese: hunt
Central Franconian: Hond, Honk (most dialects of Ripuarian), Hongk (Aachen), Hunk (Kölsch)
Hunsrik: Hund
Kölsch: Hunk, Hungk
Luxembourgish: Hond
German: Hund
→ Esperanto: hundo
→ Ido: hundo
Mòcheno: hunt
Vilamovian: hund
Yiddish: הונט (hunt)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*hudaʀ /hundaʀ/)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (widuhudaʀ /widuhundaʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: hundr
Icelandic: hundur
Faroese: hundur
Norn: hund
Norwegian Nynorsk: hund, (dialectal) hund’e, hónd’e
Old Swedish: hunder
Swedish: hund
→ Finnish: hunttu
Old Danish: hund
Danish: hund
Norwegian Bokmål: hund
Scanian: hońń
Gutnish: hund

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (hunds)

From Pre-Germanic *kun-tós, *ḱwn̥tós, an enlargement of Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). For the enlargement compare Old Armenian սկունդ (skund, “dog, puppy”).


-ingaz

-ingaz (nominative singular)
-ingōz (nominative plural)
-ingōs (nominative plural)
-ing (singular vocative)
-ingōz (plural vocative)
-ingōs (plural vocative)
-ingą (accusative singular)
-inganz (accusative plural)
-ingas (genitive singular)
-ingis (genitive singular)
-ingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ingai (dative singular)
-ingamaz (dative plural)
-ingō (instrumental singular)
-ingamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ing

Old English: -ing

Middle English: -ing, -yng

English: -ing

Scots: -ing, -in, -een

Old Frisian: -ing

Saterland Frisian: -ing

West Frisian: -ing

Old Saxon: -ing

Middle Low German: -inc

German Low German: -ing

Old Dutch: -ing

Middle Dutch: -inc

Dutch: -ing (also -ink in names)

Old High German: -ing

Middle High German: -inc

German: -ing

desctree

Old Norse: -ingr
Icelandic: -ingur
Faroese: -ingur
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ing
Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
Old Swedish: -inger
Swedish: -ing, -ling
Danish: -ing

→ Vulgar Latin: *-ingus, *-engus

Spanish: -(l)engo, -ingo

desc

French: -(l)ingien, -(l)ange, -(l)ans, -(l)ine, -(l)ingues

Italian: -ingo, -engo, -lengo

Galician: -(l)engo

Portuguese: -engo

Occitan: -enc

Catalan: -enc

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷo-, or possibly from *-īnaz + *-gaz. Compare *-ungō (suffix forming gerunds).

Forms derivatives of nouns with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from'.


-į̄

-į̄ (nominative singular)
-īniz (nominative plural)
-į̄ (singular vocative)
-īniz (plural vocative)
-īnų (accusative singular)
-īnunz (accusative plural)
-īniz (genitive singular)
-īnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-īni (dative singular)
-īmaz (dative plural)
-īnē (instrumental singular)
-īmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ī
Old English: -u (even after long syllables, e.g. ieldu, brǣdu)
Middle English: -e
Old Frisian: -e
North Frisian: -e
Saterland Frisian: -e
Old Saxon: -i
Middle Low German: -e
Old Dutch: *-i
Middle Dutch: -e
Dutch: -e
Old High German: -ī
Middle High German: -e
German: -e

Old Norse: -i

Icelandic: -i

Faroese: -i

Norwegian: -e, -a

Gothic: -𐌴𐌹 (-ei)

Compare Proto-Indo-European *-i-h₂, whence Proto-Germanic *-ī.

-th. Forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent 'the state, quality or measure of' the adjective.


hūsą

hūsą (nominative singular)
hūsō (nominative plural)
hūsą (singular vocative)
hūsō (plural vocative)
hūsą (accusative singular)
hūsō (accusative plural)
hūsas (genitive singular)
hūsis (genitive singular)
hūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūsai (dative singular)
hūsamaz (dative plural)
hūsō (instrumental singular)
hūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hūs
Old English: hūs
Middle English: hous, hus, hows, house
English: house (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: hoose
Scots: hoose
Yola: heouse, houze, howze
Old Frisian: hūs
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring: hüs
Saterland Frisian: Húus, Huus
West Frisian: hûs
Old Saxon: hūs
Middle Low German: hûs
German Low German: Huus, Hus, Hûs, Hius
Dutch Low Saxon: huus, hoes (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Sallands, Twents)
Plautdietsch: Hus
Old Dutch: hūs
Middle Dutch: huus
Dutch: huis
Afrikaans: huis
Javindo: guis, huis, geis, heis
Jersey Dutch: häus
Negerhollands: hoes, hus, huus
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hus (dated)
Petjo: heis
Skepi Creole Dutch: huis, hoose
Limburgish: hoes
Old High German: hūs
Middle High German: hūs, hous
Alemannic German: Hus, Huus
Alsatian: Hüs
Walser: hus, hüs, husch, hüüsch, hous
Bavarian: Haus
Cimbrian: haus
Mòcheno: haus
Udinese: haus
Central Franconian: Haus (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Haus
Luxembourgish: Haus
Britten: [haʊ̯s]
Central Franconian: Huus (Ripuarian)
Kölsch: Huus [huːs]
German: Haus
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haus
Vilamovian: haojs
Yiddish: הויז (hoyz)

Old Norse: hús
Icelandic: hús
Faroese: hús
Norn: hus
Norwegian Nynorsk: hus
Norwegian Bokmål: hus
Elfdalian: aus
Old Swedish: hūs
Swedish: hus
Old Danish: hūs
Danish: hus
Gutnish: heus

Crimean Gothic: hus

→ Proto-Slavic: *xyža (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kuH-s-o-m, from *(s)kewH- (“cover, hide”), referring to a "covered shelter" > "house".


wintruz

wintruz (nominative singular)
wintriwiz (nominative plural)
wintru (singular vocative)
wintriwiz (plural vocative)
wintrų (accusative singular)
wintrunz (accusative plural)
wintrauz (genitive singular)
wintriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wintriwi (dative singular)
wintrumaz (dative plural)
wintrū (instrumental singular)
wintrumiz (instrumental plural)
wintruz (nominative singular)
wintriz (nominative plural)
wintru (singular vocative)
wintriz (plural vocative)
wintrų (accusative singular)
wintrunz (accusative plural)
wintriz (genitive singular)
wintrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wintri (dative singular)
wintrumaz (dative plural)
wintrē (instrumental singular)
wintrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wintru
Old English: winter
Middle English: winter, wintere, wintre, wynter
English: winter
Scots: winter
Yola: wonter
Old Frisian: winter
Saterland Frisian: Winter
West Frisian: winter
Old Saxon: wintar
Middle Low German: winter
Dutch Low Saxon: winter (Gronings)
German Low German: Winter
Plautdietsch: Winta
Old Dutch: winter
Middle Dutch: winter
Dutch: winter
Afrikaans: winter
Negerhollands: winter
→ Sranan Tongo: wenter
Limburgish: wintjer
Old High German: wintar
Middle High German: winter, winder
Alemannic German: Winter
Italian Walser: wénter, winter, wenter
Swabian: Wender
Bavarian: Winta
Cimbrian: bintar
Mòcheno: binter
Udinese: binter, bintar
Central Franconian: Wenter, Wengter (Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects), Wonter, Wönter (Eifel)
Hunsrik: Winter
Luxembourgish: Wanter
German: Winter
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Winter
Vilamovian: wynter
Yiddish: ווינטער (vinter)

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᚾᛏᚱᚢᛉ (*wintruʀ)

Old West Norse: vetr
Icelandic: vetur
Faroese: vetur
Norwegian Nynorsk: vetter; (dialectal) vetr, vøtur
Elfdalian: witter
Old Swedish: vitter, vætter ?
Gutnish: vittur ?

Old East Norse: vintr
Norwegian Nynorsk: (dialectal) ventr, ventre, vintæ, vintre
Old Swedish: vinter
Swedish: vinter
Old Danish: wintær
Danish: vinter
Norwegian Bokmål: vinter
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vinter

Old Gutnish: wintr

Gutnish: vintar, vintur

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 (wintrus)

Unknown. Several possibilities have been proposed, although none are particularly convincing:
* Relation to Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”), whence also Proto-Germanic *watōr.
* Relation to Proto-Celtic *windos (“white”).
The first theory involves an analysis of Latin unda continuing *u-n-deh₂ rather than *ud-neh₂, while there is little semantic evidence for the second theory.


kunją

kunją (nominative singular)
kunjō (nominative plural)
kunją (singular vocative)
kunjō (plural vocative)
kunją (accusative singular)
kunjō (accusative plural)
kunjas (genitive singular)
kunis (genitive singular)
kunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kunjai (dative singular)
kunjamaz (dative plural)
kunjō (instrumental singular)
kunjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kuni
Old English: cynn, cyn
Middle English: kin, kyn, ken, kun
English: kin
Scots: kin
Old Frisian: ken, kenn, kin
North Frisian: kinne, kenne
Old Saxon: kunni, cunni
Middle Low German: künne
Low German: Künne
Old Dutch: cunni
Middle Dutch: cunne, conne, kunne
Dutch: kunne
Old High German: kunni, chunni
Middle High German: künne, konne, kunne
German: Künne, Kunne (both obsolete)

Old Norse: kyn
Icelandic: kyn n
Faroese: kyn n
Norwegian Nynorsk: kyn n
Old Swedish: kyn n
Swedish: kön n
Danish: køn n
Norwegian Bokmål: kjønn n
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kjønn n

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 (kuni)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kunnia

Finnish: kunnia

Ingrian: kunnia

Nomininalized from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁-yó-m (“begotten, birthed”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, give birth”) + *-yóm.


kunją

Old Norse: kyn

Icelandic: kyn

→ Proto-Finnic: *konëh (“magic”) (Pre-Germanic borrowing)

Finnish: kone (“machine”)

Karelian: koneh

Nomininalized from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃-yó-m (“known”), from *ǵneh₃- (“to know”) + *-yóm.


winiz

winiz (nominative singular)
winīz (nominative plural)
wini (singular vocative)
winīz (plural vocative)
winį (accusative singular)
wininz (accusative plural)
winīz (genitive singular)
winjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
winī (dative singular)
winimaz (dative plural)
winī (instrumental singular)
winimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wini
Old English: wine
Middle English: wine
⇒ English: (a component found in names – Baldwin, Godwin, Irwin, etc.)
Old Frisian: wine
North Frisian: wenn
Old Saxon: wini
Old Dutch: wini
Old High German: wini
Middle High German: wine, win

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛁᚾᛁᛉ (winiʀ), ᚢᛁᚾᛁᛉ (uiniʀ) — alternative spelling
Old Norse: vinr
Icelandic: vinur
Faroese: vinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ven, vin
Russenorsk: væn, ven, venn
Old Swedish: vin
Swedish: vän
Old Danish: win
Danish: ven
Norwegian Bokmål: venn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: venn

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍃 (batwins)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-i-s, an i-stem nominal formation from *wenh₁- (“to wish, seek, desire, love, win”). Cognate with Latin Venus (“love, beauty, grace, charm”).


meduz

meduz (nominative singular)
midiwiz (nominative plural)
medu (singular vocative)
midiwiz (plural vocative)
medų (accusative singular)
medunz (accusative plural)
medauz (genitive singular)
midiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midiwi (dative singular)
medumaz (dative plural)
medū (instrumental singular)
medumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *medu
Old English: medu, medo, meodo, meodu
Middle English: mede, methe (influenced by Old Norse mjǫðr)
English: mead
Scots: mede, meid
Old Frisian: mede
Saterland Frisian: Meede
West Frisian: mea
Old Saxon: medu
Middle Low German: mēde, medde
Low German: Mia (Westphalian dialects)
Old Dutch: *medo
Middle Dutch: mēde, meede, mee
Dutch: mede, mee
Old High German: metu
Middle High German: mete, met
German: Met

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛖᛞᚢᛉ (*meduʀ)

Old Norse: mjǫðr
Icelandic: mjöður
Faroese: mjøður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjød; (dialectal) mjør, mjøyr’e
Old Swedish: miødher, mioþer
Swedish: mjöd
Old Danish: mioth, miøth, møth
Danish: mjød
Norwegian Bokmål: mjød

→? Proto-Finnic: *mëtu (see there for further descendants)

→? Ancient Greek: μέδος (médos)

desc

→? Hunnic: μέδος (médos, “beverage akin to mead”)

→ Latin: mēdus

From Proto-Indo-European *médʰu. Cognate with Sanskrit मधु (madhu), Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬜𐬎 (maδu), Ancient Greek μέθυ (méthu).


helmaz

helmaz (nominative singular)
helmōz (nominative plural)
helmōs (nominative plural)
helm (singular vocative)
helmōz (plural vocative)
helmōs (plural vocative)
helmą (accusative singular)
helmanz (accusative plural)
helmas (genitive singular)
hilmis (genitive singular)
helmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
helmai (dative singular)
helmamaz (dative plural)
helmō (instrumental singular)
helmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *helm
Old English: helm
Middle English: helm
English: helm
Old Frisian: helm
Saterland Frisian: Hälm
West Frisian: helm
Old Saxon: helm
Middle Low German: helm
Low German: Helm
Old Dutch: helm
Middle Dutch: helm
Dutch: helm
Afrikaans: helm
Old High German: helm, halm (10th C. compounds)
Middle High German: helm
German: Helm
Polish: hełm
Luxembourgish: Helm
→ Latin: helmus [8th century, Reichenau Glossary] (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Slavic: *šelmъ (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hjalmr
Icelandic: hjálmur m
Faroese: hjálmur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjelm m; (dialectal) hjalm m, kjålm m, kjelm m, sjælm m
Old Swedish: hiælmber
Swedish: hjälm c
Danish: hjelm c
Norwegian Bokmål: hjelm m

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 (hilms)

desc

→? Proto-Finnic: *hëlma (“hem, margin of cloth”)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelmos (“covering”), from the root *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, protect”).
Cognate to Proto-Germanic *helaną, Latin clam, Latin celo.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


stadiz

stadiz (nominative singular)
stadīz (nominative plural)
stadi (singular vocative)
stadīz (plural vocative)
stadį (accusative singular)
stadinz (accusative plural)
stadīz (genitive singular)
stadjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stadī (dative singular)
stadimaz (dative plural)
stadī (instrumental singular)
stadimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stadi
Old English: stede
Middle English: stede, stad, sted, stedd, stedde, steed, steede, steyd, stid, stide, styd, stydde, styde, steode, stoede, stud, stude (West Midlands), stode (Ireland)
English: stead
Scots: steid, sted
Old Frisian: stede
Saterland Frisian: Steede, Stääd
West Frisian: stêd
Old Saxon: stedi
Middle Low German: stēde
German Low German: Stee
Old Dutch: stat, stedi
Middle Dutch: stat, stede
Dutch: stad, stede, stee
Old High German: stat
Middle High German: stat
Central Franconian: Stadt
Hunsrik: xtat
Luxembourgish: Stad
German: Stadt, Statt, Stätte (doublets)
Rhine Franconian: Stadt
Pennsylvania German: Schtadt, Schtedt
Vilamovian: śtaod
Yiddish: שטאָט (shtot), שטעטל (shtetl)
→ English: shtetl

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᛏᚨᛞᛁᛉ (stadiʀ)

Old Norse: staðr
Icelandic: staður
Faroese: staður
Norn: sta
Norwegian Nynorsk: stad, (dialectal) stad’e
Elfdalian: stað
Old Swedish: staþer
Swedish: stad
→ Finnish: Stadi
Old Danish: stath n, stæth n
Danish: stad c (“city”), sted n (“place”)
Norwegian Bokmål: stad m, sted n
Scanian: stað
Old Gutnish: steþr
Gutnish: städ

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (staþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis (“standing, position”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στάσις (stásis). Equivalent to *stāną + *-þiz. Piecewise doublet of *stassiz.


fiskaz

fiskaz (nominative singular)
fiskōz (nominative plural)
fiskōs (nominative plural)
fisk (singular vocative)
fiskōz (plural vocative)
fiskōs (plural vocative)
fiską (accusative singular)
fiskanz (accusative plural)
fiskas (genitive singular)
fiskis (genitive singular)
fiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fiskai (dative singular)
fiskamaz (dative plural)
fiskō (instrumental singular)
fiskamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fisk
Old English: fisċ, fix, ᚠᛁᛋᚳ (fisc) — Runic
Middle English: fisch, fysshe, fysch, fish, fische, fis, fyshe, fissh, vish
English: fish (see there for further descendants)
Scots: fish, fysch, fisch
Yola: wish
Old Frisian: fisk
North Frisian:
Mooring: fasch
Fering-Öömrang: fask
Söl'ring: fesk
Halunder: fesk
Saterland Frisian: Fisk
West Frisian: fisk
Old Saxon: fisk, fisc, visk, visc
Middle Low German: visch, vis
Low German: Fisch
Dutch Low Saxon: visch
German Low German: Fisk, Fiss, Fisch, Fösch
Plautdietsch: Fesch
Old Dutch: fisc, visc
Middle Dutch: visch, visc, vis, vesch, fisch, fisc
Dutch: vis, visch (before 1934)
Afrikaans: vis
Berbice Creole Dutch: fesi
Jersey Dutch: väśe
Negerhollands: visch, vesch, fes, fis, vis
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fis (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: fesi, fisse, fiche
Petjo: fis
→? Aukan: fisi
Limburgish: visj, vèsj
West Flemish: vissch
Old High German: fisk, fisc
Middle High German: visch, fisch, visc, vesc
Bavarian: Fiisch
Cimbrian: viss, biss, visch
Mòcheno: visch
Central Franconian: Fesch
Hunsrik: Fisch
Kölsch: Fesch
Luxembourgish: Fësch
Transylvanian Saxon: Fäsch
German: Fisch
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Fusch, Fisch
Pennsylvania German: Fisch
Vilamovian: fejś
Yiddish: פֿיש (fish)

Old Norse: fiskr
Icelandic: fiskur
Faroese: fiskur
Norn: fisk
Norwegian Bokmål: fisk
Norwegian Nynorsk: fisk
Elfdalian: fisk
Old Swedish: fisker, ᚠᛁᛋᚴᚽᚱ
Swedish: fisk
Old Danish: fisk
Danish: fisk
Old Gutnish: *fiskr
Gutnish: fisk

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks)

Crimean Gothic: fisct


fuglaz

fuglaz (nominative singular)
fuglōz (nominative plural)
fuglōs (nominative plural)
fugl (singular vocative)
fuglōz (plural vocative)
fuglōs (plural vocative)
fuglą (accusative singular)
fuglanz (accusative plural)
fuglas (genitive singular)
fuglis (genitive singular)
fuglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuglai (dative singular)
fuglamaz (dative plural)
fuglō (instrumental singular)
fuglamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fugl
Old English: fugol, fugel, fugul, *flugol — attested as fluglas (pl)
Middle English: fowel, fowele, foul, foghel, fuȝel, foȝel, foughel, fouel, fowl
English: fowl
Scots: foul, fule
Yola: fowlès (plural)
Old Frisian: fugel
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fögel
Hallig: fugel
Goesharde and Mooring: föögel
Saterland Frisian: Fúgel, Fuugel
West Frisian: fûgel
Old Saxon: fugal
Middle Low German: vōgel
German Low German: Vogel, Vögel
Low German: Vagel, Vögel
Plautdietsch: Voagel
Old Dutch: fogal, vogal
Middle Dutch: vōgel
Dutch: vogel, veugel (obsolete)
Afrikaans: voël
→ English: voël
Jersey Dutch: fœüxel
Negerhollands: vogel
Skepi Creole Dutch: fogul
→? Sranan Tongo: fowru, vol, vool
→ Saramaccan: fóu
Limburgish: vogel, voeagel
West Flemish: veugel
Zealandic: veugel
Old High German: fogal, fugal
Middle High German: vogel
Alemannic German: Fogel, Vogel
Central Franconian: Vuggel, Vugel (Colognian Academy spelling), Vuul (scattered variant in Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Foghel
Kölsch: Furrel
Cimbrian: vóoghel, bóoghel, vogl
German: Vogel
Luxembourgish: Vugel, Vull
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Voggel
Vilamovian: föguł
Yiddish: פֿויגל (foygl)

Old Norse: fogl, fugl
Icelandic: fugl
Faroese: fuglur
Norn: fugl, ful
Norwegian Nynorsk: fugl; (dialectal) fogl, føgl, faugl
Jamtish: fugł
Elfdalian: fugel
Old Swedish: fughl, foghl, ᚠᚢᚵᚼᛚ
Swedish: fågel, fogel
→ Finnish: fogeli (Helsinki)
Old Danish: fughl
Danish: fugl
Norwegian Bokmål: fugl
Scanian: fuğl
Gutnish: fäugel

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 (fugls)

Likely dissimilated from earlier *fluglaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *pluk-ló-s, from *pleuketi (“to fly”) (whence Proto-Germanic *fleuganą) + *-lós (agent noun suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly”). Parallel construction with *flugilaz (“wing”), from *fleuganą + *-ilaz. Alternatively cognate with Lithuanian paũkštis (“bird”), itself perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *powk-sti-s, from presumed root *pewk-.

flogall

*flugulaz (“able to fly; flying (swiftly)”)


habukaz

habukaz (nominative singular)
habukōz (nominative plural)
habukōs (nominative plural)
habuk (singular vocative)
habukōz (plural vocative)
habukōs (plural vocative)
habuką (accusative singular)
habukanz (accusative plural)
habukas (genitive singular)
habukis (genitive singular)
habukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habukai (dative singular)
habukamaz (dative plural)
habukō (instrumental singular)
habukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *habuk
Old English: hafuc, hafoc, heafoc, heafuc
Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka
Scots: hawk
→ Old Irish: sebac
Irish: seabhac
Manx: shawk
Scottish Gaelic: seabhag
Old Frisian: havek, hauk
North Frisian: hafk, häfk
Saterland Frisian: Hauk
West Frisian: hauk
Old Saxon: havuk, haƀuk
Middle Low German: hāvek, hāvik
German Low German: Haavke
Low German: Haavk, Havik, Haav, Hoovk
→ Polabian: ofkă
Old Dutch: *havuk, havek
Middle Dutch: hāvec, hāvic
Dutch: havik
Afrikaans: hawik
Old High German: habuch, habuh
Middle High German: habech, habeh, habich, habch, hebech, hebich, hock
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Hawich
German: Habicht
Swabian: Hack

Old Norse: haukr
Icelandic: haukur
Faroese: heykur
Norwegian Nynorsk: hauk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hauk
Elfdalian: ok
Old Swedish: hø̄ker
Swedish: hök
Old Danish: høk
Danish: høg
Norwegian Bokmål: høk (obsolete)

→ Proto-Finnic: *habukka, *habuk'as

Estonian: haugas

Finnish: haukka, (dialectal) havukka

Karelian: haukka

Veps: habuk

Possibly ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“seize”), but in view of Proto-Slavic *kobь̀cь, *kobъzъ (“small bird of prey: falcon ~ sparrowhawk ~ merlin ~ buzzard”) apparently from a word along the lines of *kobʰuǵos. Kroonen (2013), however, considers the sound correspondences between the words in different Indo-European branches to be too irregular and thus views it as a Wanderwort rather than a common PIE inheritance. Note also Latin capys, capus (“bird of prey”) and Albanian gabonjë (“eagle, griffon vulture, hawk”), themselves of unknown and likely substrate origin. If the Slavic cognate is a native formation, the Germanic may have been borrowed from it at an early stage prior to Grimm's law.


snaiwaz

snaiwaz (nominative singular)
snaiwōz (nominative plural)
snaiwōs (nominative plural)
snaiw (singular vocative)
snaiwōz (plural vocative)
snaiwōs (plural vocative)
snaiwą (accusative singular)
snaiwanz (accusative plural)
snaiwas (genitive singular)
snaiwis (genitive singular)
snaiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snaiwai (dative singular)
snaiwamaz (dative plural)
snaiwō (instrumental singular)
snaiwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snaiw
Old English: snāw
Middle English: snow, snaw, snowe, snawe, snowȝ, snoȝ, snogh, snou
English: snow
Scots: snaw
Yola: sneew, sneow, snowe, snow
Old Frisian: snē
North Frisian: snä
Saterland Frisian: Snee
West Frisian: snie
Old Saxon: snēo, snēu
Middle Low German: snê
Low German: Snee
German Low German: Snei, Snee, Sneei
Plautdietsch: Schnee
Old Dutch: snēo
Middle Dutch: snêe
Dutch: sneeuw, snee (now dialectal, otherwise obsolete)
Afrikaans: sneeu
Negerhollands: sneew
→ Papiamentu: sneu, sneeuw
→ Sranan Tongo: snew
Limburgish: snieë
Old High German: snēo
Middle High German: snē
Alemannic German: Schnee
Swabian: Schnéa, Schnéé
Italian Walser: schnee, schnei, schnia, schné, schnìj
Bavarian: Schnää, Schnèj, schnea, sghneab
Cimbrian: snea, snèa
Mòcheno: schnea
Central Franconian: Schnie
Hunsrik: Schnee
German: Schnee
Luxembourgish: Schnéi
Rhine Franconian: Schnäi, Schnee, Schnei, Schnie
Pennsylvania German: Schnee
Vilamovian: śnej
Yiddish: שניי (shney)

Old Norse: snjór, snjár, snær
Icelandic: snjór, snjár, snær
Faroese: snjógvur
Norn: snju, snaa
Norwegian Nynorsk: snjo, snø; (dialectal) snjór'e, sny
Norwegian Bokmål: snø
Jamtish: snǿ
Elfdalian: sniųo
Old Swedish: sniōr
Swedish: snö
Old Danish: sniō, snø̄, snē
Danish: sne
Norwegian Bokmål: sne
Scanian: sný
Gutnish: snåi

Gothic: 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (snaiws)

From Proto-Indo-European *snóygʷʰos (“snow”).


dailiz

dailiz (nominative singular)
dailīz (nominative plural)
daili (singular vocative)
dailīz (plural vocative)
dailį (accusative singular)
dailinz (accusative plural)
dailīz (genitive singular)
dailijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dailī (dative singular)
dailimaz (dative plural)
dailī (instrumental singular)
dailimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daili m
Old English: dǣl
Middle English: dele
Scots: dele
English: deal
→ German: Deal
Old Frisian: dēl
North Frisian: deel
Saterland Frisian: Deel
West Frisian: diel
Old Saxon: dēl
Middle Low German: dēl, deil
German Low German: Deel
→ Norwegian: del
→ Old Swedish: del
Swedish: del
→ Danish: del
Old Dutch: deil
Old High German: teil
Middle High German: teil
Central Franconian: Dääl
German: Teil
Luxembourgish: Deel
Yiddish: טייל (teyl)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 f (dails)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰ(h₁)-oy-lo- (“part, watershed”) (alternatively reconstructed as *dʰayl-), itself tentatively derived from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, do”), though this is highly uncertain due to lack of morphological parallels in other Indo-European languages. Cognate with *dailą, *dailǭ; outside of Germanic, cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *dail- (whence Lithuanian dalýti (“to divide”)), Proto-Slavic *dělъ (Old Church Slavonic дѣлити (děliti), Russian дели́ть (delítʹ)).


harjaz

harjaz (nominative singular)
harjōz (nominative plural)
harjōs (nominative plural)
hari (singular vocative)
harjōz (plural vocative)
harjōs (plural vocative)
harją (accusative singular)
harjanz (accusative plural)
harjas (genitive singular)
haris (genitive singular)
harjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harjai (dative singular)
harjamaz (dative plural)
harjō (instrumental singular)
harjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hari
Old English: here
Middle English: here
Scots: here, heir, heyr
Old Frisian: here, hire
Saterland Frisian: Heer
West Frisian: hear
Old Saxon: heri
Middle Low German: hēre, hēr
Low German: Her
Old Dutch: heri (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: here
Dutch: heer, heir
Afrikaans: heer
Old High German: heri
Middle High German: here, her
German: Heer

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*harjaʀ) (attested in ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ (harja) and ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ /Swābaharjaz/))

Old Norse: herr, -arr (in names)
Icelandic: her
Faroese: herur
Norwegian Nynorsk: her
Old Swedish: hær
Swedish: här
Danish: hær
Norwegian Bokmål: hær
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hær

East Germanic:

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (harjis)

Vandalic: *haris

→? Proto-Finnic: *karja (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kóryos (“war, troops”), from *ker- (“army”). Cognate with Old Irish cuire (“troop, host, company; muster”), Lithuanian kãras, kãrias (“war”), Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos, “ruler, commander, military leader”), Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (k-a-r /kāra/, “people of war, army”).
Possibly attested as a vocative or combining form hari on Negau B, a helmet dated to 450–350 BCE (although the inscription may have been added much later with a terminus ante quem of 50 BCE, when the hoard was buried). First attested with certainty as runic harja (2nd century, Vimose), although the latter inscription may be considered to postdate Proto-Germanic.


munþaz

munþaz (nominative singular)
munþōz (nominative plural)
munþōs (nominative plural)
munþ (singular vocative)
munþōz (plural vocative)
munþōs (plural vocative)
munþą (accusative singular)
munþanz (accusative plural)
munþas (genitive singular)
munþis (genitive singular)
munþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
munþai (dative singular)
munþamaz (dative plural)
munþō (instrumental singular)
munþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *munþ
Old English: mūþ
Middle English: mouth, moueþ, mouthe, mouþ, mouþe, muð, muth, muþ (Early Middle English)
English: mouth
Scots: mooth
Yola: meouth, moweth, mouth
Old Frisian: mūth; mund, mond (forms with n likely from Low German)
North Frisian: Mür, müs, mös, müd
West Frisian: mûn
Saterland Frisian: *Mund (in derivatives, e.g. mundpaas, mundelk)
→⇒ Middle Dutch: mûde, mûye f (“mouth (of a river)”)
Dutch: muide, mui
Old Saxon: mūth, mund
Middle Low German: munt, mont
Low German: Mund
German Low German: Mund
→ Scots: mund, mun
Old Dutch: munt, mūth
Middle Dutch: mont
Dutch: mond, (obsolete) mondt, mont
Afrikaans: mond
Javindo: mon
Negerhollands: mond, mon, mun, mont
→ Virgin Islands Creole: mon, mout (dated)
Petjo: mon
Skepi Creole Dutch: mont
Limburgish: móndj
Old High German: mund
Middle High German: munt
German: Mund
Luxembourgish: Mond

Old Norse: muðr, munnr

Icelandic: munnur

Faroese: munnur, muður

Norn: moinnj

Norwegian: munn

Old Swedish: munder

Swedish: mun

Old Danish: mun

Danish: mund

Elfdalian: muð (acc. munn)

Gutnish: mun

→ English: mun (obsolete)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-tó-s (“mouth, jaw”), from *men- (“chin”) + *-tós. Cognate with Latin mentum (“chin”), Welsh mant (“mandible, gums”), Hittite 𒈨𒂊𒉌𒄿 (me-e-ni-i /mēni/, “face, cheek”). More speculatively, possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *stemn- (“mouth, muzzle”), whence *stamnijō (“voice, sound”) (compare Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma)), via earlier *stment-, in which case resemblance to the suffix *-mn̥ would be accidental. Compare also Ancient Greek μάσαομαι (másaomai, “to chew, bite”), Latin mandō (“to chew”), though some details are disputed.


dailą

dailą (nominative singular)
dailō (nominative plural)
dailą (singular vocative)
dailō (plural vocative)
dailą (accusative singular)
dailō (accusative plural)
dailas (genitive singular)
dailis (genitive singular)
dailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dailai (dative singular)
dailamaz (dative plural)
dailō (instrumental singular)
dailamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dāl

Middle English: dal, dol

Scots: dale, dail

English: dole, deal

Old Frisian: dēl

Saterland Frisian: Deel

West Frisian: diel

Old Saxon: dēl, deil

Middle Low German: dēl, deil

German Low German: Deel n

Low German: Deel

Old Dutch: *dēl, deil

Middle Dutch: dele, deel

Dutch: deel

Afrikaans: deel

Old High German: teil

Middle High German: teil

German: Teil

Luxembourgish: Deel

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰaylom, *dʰayl- (“part, watershed”). Cognate with *dailiz, *dailǭ.


dailǭ

dailǭ (nominative singular)
dailōniz (nominative plural)
dailǭ (singular vocative)
dailōniz (plural vocative)
dailōnų (accusative singular)
dailōnunz (accusative plural)
dailōniz (genitive singular)
dailōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dailōni (dative singular)
dailōmaz (dative plural)
dailōnē (instrumental singular)
dailōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: deila

Old Gutnish: deila

Old Swedish: dēla

Swedish: dela, delo

Norwegian: del

Danish: del

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 (daila)

/ˈdɑi̯.lɔ̃ː/

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰayleh₂, *dʰayl- (“part, watershed”). Cognate with *dailiz, *dailą.


kōz

kōz (nominative singular)
kōiz (nominative plural)
kō (singular vocative)
kōiz (plural vocative)
kōǭ (accusative singular)
kōnz (accusative plural)
kūiz (genitive singular)
kūǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūī (dative singular)
kūmaz (dative plural)
kūē (instrumental singular)
kūmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kō
Old English: cū
Middle English: cou, cow, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku
English: cow (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: coo
Scots: coo, coe, cou
Yola: keow
Old Frisian: kū
North Frisian: ko, kø, kü
Sylt: Kü
Saterland Frisian: Ku
West Frisian: ko
Old Saxon: kō, kuo
Middle Low German: kô, ko, koo, kou, koe, koh, koy, ku
Low German: Koh
German Low German: Koh, Kauh, Ko, Koo, Kuh
Plautdietsch: Koo
Old Dutch: cuo
Middle Dutch: coe
Dutch: koe (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: ków
West Flemish: koe
Old High German: kuo, chuo
Middle High German: kuo, kū, kō, chuo
Alemannic German: Chue
Alsatian: Küeh
Walser: Chua
Bavarian: Kuah, Kouh (Northern Bavarian), Kua (spelling variant)
Cimbrian: khua
Mòcheno: kua
Central Franconian: Kuh, Koh
Hunsrik: Kuh
Luxembourgish: Kou
East Franconian: Kou, Kua, Kuu
German: Kuh
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Kuh
Vilamovian: kü
Yiddish: קו (ku)

Proto-Norse:

Old West Norse: kýr, *kōʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: kýr
Faroese: kúgv, kú
Norwegian Nynorsk: ku
Norwegian Bokmål: ku
Jamtish: kú
Elfdalian: tjyr

Old East Norse: *kōʀ

Old Swedish: kō

Swedish: ko

Old Danish: kō

Danish: ko

From earlier *kwōz ~ *kwūiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéh₃u-s ~ *gʷuh₃-és.


saltą

saltą (nominative singular)
saltō (nominative plural)
saltą (singular vocative)
saltō (plural vocative)
saltą (accusative singular)
saltō (accusative plural)
saltas (genitive singular)
saltis (genitive singular)
saltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saltai (dative singular)
saltamaz (dative plural)
saltō (instrumental singular)
saltamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *salt
Old English: sealt
Middle English: salt
English: salt
Scots: sawt, salt, saut
Yola: zall
Old Frisian: salt
North Frisian: saalt
Saterland Frisian: Soalt, Saalt (Skäddel, Strukelje)
West Frisian: sâlt
Old Saxon: salt
Middle Low German: solt
Low German: Solt
German Low German: Solt
Plautdietsch: Solt
Old Dutch: *salt
Middle Dutch: sout
Dutch: zout (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zaat
Old High German: salz
Middle High German: salz
Alemannic German: Sàlz (Alsatian)
Bavarian: Sålz, Soiz
Cimbrian: saltz
Mòcheno: sòlz
German: Salz
Luxembourgish: Salz
Vilamovian: zaołc
Yiddish: זאַלץ (zalts)

Old Norse: salt

Icelandic: salt

Faroese: salt

Norn: salt

Norwegian: salt

Old Swedish: salt

Swedish: salt

Danish: salt

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄 (salt)

Crimean Gothic: salt

→ Proto-Samic: *sālttē (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *sh₂eldóm, ultimately from *séh₂ls (“salt”). Kroonen takes the exact derivational path as a neuter collective noun from *saltaną (“to salt”). The closest cognate is Old Armenian աղտ (ałt) (cf. also Proto-Slavic *soldъ, Lithuanian saldus). Other cognates include Latin sāl, Latvian sāls, Proto-Slavic *solь, Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls) and Welsh halen.


mimzą

mimzą (nominative singular)
mimzō (nominative plural)
mimzą (singular vocative)
mimzō (plural vocative)
mimzą (accusative singular)
mimzō (accusative plural)
mimzas (genitive singular)
mimzis (genitive singular)
mimzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mimzai (dative singular)
mimzamaz (dative plural)
mimzō (instrumental singular)
mimzamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶 (mimz)

Crimean Gothic: menus

Thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *mḗms (“meat, flesh”). Cognate with Latin membrum (“member, limb”), Sanskrit मांस (māṃsa, “meat, flesh”), Old Armenian միս (mis, “meat”). More at member.


braudą

braudą (nominative singular)
braudō (nominative plural)
braudą (singular vocative)
braudō (plural vocative)
braudą (accusative singular)
braudō (accusative plural)
braudas (genitive singular)
braudis (genitive singular)
braudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
braudai (dative singular)
braudamaz (dative plural)
braudō (instrumental singular)
braudamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *braud
Old English: brēad, brēod
Middle English: bred, bredd, brede, breed, breede, breid, brid, bread, bræd, bryad, bryead
English: bread
Geordie English: breed
Scots: breid
Yola: breed
Old Frisian: brād
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: braud
Karrharder: brüdj
Helgoland: Brooad
Mooring: brüüdj
Nordergoesharder: bruud
Sylt: Bruar
Wiedingharder: bruuid
Saterland Frisian: Brood
West Frisian: brea
Old Saxon: brōd
Middle Low German: brôt
Low German: Brod
German Low German: Broot
Plautdietsch: Broot
Old Dutch: *brōt
Middle Dutch: brôot
Dutch: brood
Afrikaans: brood
Berbice Creole Dutch: broto
Jersey Dutch: brôt
Negerhollands: brood, brot
Skepi Creole Dutch: brot
Limburgish: broead
Old High German: brōt, prōt, prooth, *brōd — northern variant
Middle High German: brōt, brōd
Alemannic German: Brot
Italian Walser: brot, broud, bruat, bròt, bröt
Bavarian: Brout, proat
Cimbrian: proat, pròat (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: proat
Central Franconian: Brot
Hunsrik: Brod
Luxembourgish: Brout
German: Brot
Pennsylvania German: Brot
Vilamovian: brūt
Yiddish: ברויט (broyt)

Old Norse: brauð
Icelandic: brauð
Faroese: breyð
Norn: brow, brau
Norwegian Nynorsk: braud
Elfdalian: broð
Old Swedish: brø̄þ
Swedish: bröd
Elfdalian: bröð
Old Danish: brøth
Danish: brød
Norwegian Bokmål: brød
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: brød (also through Bokmål)

Crimean Gothic: broe

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸 (*brauþ)

→ Catalan: broa

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: borõa
Galician: broa, boroa
Portuguese: broa, boroa
→ English: broa

/ˈbrɑu̯.ðɑ̃/

Disputed. Probably a conflation of Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw-, *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, seethe”) (compare brew, broth) and Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce; to strike”). According to Kroonen, however, derived from *brewwaną (“to brew”) directly, with a pre-form *bʰrowh₁-tó-s.