wihslaz

wihslaz (nominative singular)
wihslōz (nominative plural)
wihslōs (nominative plural)
wihsl (singular vocative)
wihslōz (plural vocative)
wihslōs (plural vocative)
wihslą (accusative singular)
wihslanz (accusative plural)
wihslas (genitive singular)
wihslis (genitive singular)
wihslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wihslai (dative singular)
wihslamaz (dative plural)
wihslō (instrumental singular)
wihslamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wrixl f, wrixle n

Old Frisian: wixle wixele

Saterland Frisian: Wiksel

West Frisian: wiksel, wissel

Old Saxon: *wehsal, *wesl

Middle Low German: wessele, wesle

German Low German: Wessel

Old Dutch: *wehsel, *wihsil

Middle Dutch: wessel, wixel, wissele, wissel

desctree

Dutch: wissel
→ Indonesian: wesel
→ Peranakan Indonesian: wissel

Afrikaans: wissel

Old High German: wehsal

Middle High German: wëhsel

German: Wechsel

→ Russian: ве́ксель (vékselʹ)

→ English: veksel

Luxembourgish: Wiessel

Old Norse: víxl

Icelandic: víxl

Norwegian: veksel (likely borrowed from German)

Swedish: växel

→ Finnish: vekseli

Danish: veksel (possibly borrowed from German)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk-slo-s, from *weyk- (“to exchange, curve”). Related to *wikǭ (“week”) and *wīkwaną (“to yield, to fold”); outside of Germanic, compare Latin vicis (“change”), Sanskrit विष्टी (viṣṭī, “changeable, changing”).


frijahalsaz

frijahalsaz (nominative singular)
frijahalsōz (nominative plural)
frijahalsōs (nominative plural)
frijahals (singular vocative)
frijahalsōz (plural vocative)
frijahalsōs (plural vocative)
frijahalsą (accusative singular)
frijahalsanz (accusative plural)
frijahalsas (genitive singular)
frijahalsis (genitive singular)
frijahalsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijahalsai (dative singular)
frijahalsamaz (dative plural)
frijahalsō (instrumental singular)
frijahalsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frijahals
Old English: frēols
Middle English: freols
Old High German: frīhals
Middle High German: vrīhals

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (freihals)

From *frijaz (“free”) + *halsaz (“neck”), thus "having a free (unhampered by a yoke, chain, etc.) neck" > "being free, freedom".

freedom, liberty, the state of not being constrained or imprisoned


fardiz

fardiz (nominative singular)
fardīz (nominative plural)
fardi (singular vocative)
fardīz (plural vocative)
fardį (accusative singular)
fardinz (accusative plural)
fardīz (genitive singular)
fardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fardī (dative singular)
fardimaz (dative plural)
fardī (instrumental singular)
fardimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fardi
Old English: ferd, feord, fierd, fyrd
Middle English: ferd, verd, færd, værde, varde
>? English: ferd
>? Scots: ferd, fard, faird
→ English: fyrd
Old Frisian: ferd
Old Saxon: fard
Middle Low German: vart
→ Danish: fart
→ Icelandic: fart
→ Faroese: fart
→ Norwegian Bokmål: fart
→ Swedish: fart
Old Dutch: farth
Middle Dutch: vāert
Dutch: vaart
Afrikaans: vaart
Limburgish: vaart, vaartj
→ West Frisian: feart
→ Walloon: vårt
Old High German: fart, vart
Middle High German: fart
German: Fahrt (“journey”), Fährte (“trail”)
→ Saterland Frisian: Foart
→ Danish: fært
Luxembourgish: Faart

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ferð

Icelandic: ferð

Faroese: ferð

Norwegian: ferd

Old Swedish: færþ

Swedish: färd

Old Danish: færth

Danish: færd

A ti-stem derived from *faraną (“to go, travel”), representing pre-Germanic *portís.

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


ganistiz

ganistiz (nominative singular)
ganistīz (nominative plural)
ganisti (singular vocative)
ganistīz (plural vocative)
ganistį (accusative singular)
ganistinz (accusative plural)
ganistīz (genitive singular)
ganistijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganistī (dative singular)
ganistimaz (dative plural)
ganistī (instrumental singular)
ganistimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganisti

Old Saxon: ginist

Middle Low German: genist

Old High German: *ginist

Middle High German: genist, gnist

German: Genist

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ganists)

From *ga- + *nesaną (“to save”) + *-þiz.


graftuz

graftuz (nominative singular)
graftiwiz (nominative plural)
graftu (singular vocative)
graftiwiz (plural vocative)
graftų (accusative singular)
graftunz (accusative plural)
graftauz (genitive singular)
graftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
graftiwi (dative singular)
graftumaz (dative plural)
graftū (instrumental singular)
graftumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: græft

Middle English: græf, graf, grave (partially)

Old Frisian: greft

Saterland Frisian: Grääft

West Frisian: grêft

Old Saxon: *graft

Middle Low German: graft, gracht

German Low German: Gracht

Old Dutch: *graft (in placenames)

desc

Middle Dutch: gracht, graft, grecht, greft

Dutch: gracht

Afrikaans: grag

→ German: Gracht

Old High German: graft

Middle High German: graft; (northwestern) graht, *greht

German: Graft (archaic)

Luxembourgish: Griecht, Gruecht

Old Norse: grǫptr, grǫftr

Icelandic: gröftur


kundiz

(Ablaut and Verner variant) alternative form of *kinþiz


kinþiz

kinþiz (nominative singular)
kinþīz (nominative plural)
kinþi (singular vocative)
kinþīz (plural vocative)
kinþį (accusative singular)
kinþīnz (accusative plural)
kundīz (genitive singular)
kundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kundī (dative singular)
kundimaz (dative plural)
kundī (instrumental singular)
kundimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kundi

Old English: cynd

Middle English: cunde, kunde, kynde

English: kind

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gakundi

Old English: ġecynd

Old High German: gikunt

Old Norse: kind

Icelandic: kind

Faroese: kind

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis, oblique *ǵn̥h₁tí-.


kindą

kindą (nominative singular)
kindō (nominative plural)
kindą (singular vocative)
kindō (plural vocative)
kindą (accusative singular)
kindō (accusative plural)
kindas (genitive singular)
kindis (genitive singular)
kindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kindai (dative singular)
kindamaz (dative plural)
kindō (instrumental singular)
kindamiz (instrumental plural)


slahtuz

slahtuz (nominative singular)
slahtiwiz (nominative plural)
slahtu (singular vocative)
slahtiwiz (plural vocative)
slahtų (accusative singular)
slahtunz (accusative plural)
slahtauz (genitive singular)
slahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slahtiwi (dative singular)
slahtumaz (dative plural)
slahtū (instrumental singular)
slahtumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: sliht, sleaht, sleht, slieht, slyht, slīet
Middle English: slaht, slæht, slauȝt, slaught, slehte, sleȝte, sleiȝt
English: slaught

Old Norse: sláttr

Icelandic: sláttur

Old Swedish: slāt f

Swedish: slåtter

From *slahaną (“to hit, strike”) + *-þuz.


ambahtaz

ambahtaz (nominative singular)
ambahtōz (nominative plural)
ambahtōs (nominative plural)
ambaht (singular vocative)
ambahtōz (plural vocative)
ambahtōs (plural vocative)
ambahtą (accusative singular)
ambahtanz (accusative plural)
ambahtas (genitive singular)
ambahtis (genitive singular)
ambahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ambahtai (dative singular)
ambahtamaz (dative plural)
ambahtō (instrumental singular)
ambahtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ambaht
Old English: ambiht, ambeht, ambeaht
Old Frisian: *ambaht
West Frisian: ambacht
Old Saxon: ambaht
Old Dutch: *ambaht
Middle Dutch: ambacht
Dutch: ambacht
Old High German: ambaht
⇒ Old High German: ambatāri
Middle High German: ambahtære

Old Norse: ambátt, ambǫ́tt, ambótt (< *ambahtō)
Icelandic: ambátt
Old Swedish: ambot, ambut, ambat
Old Gutnish: ambatn
→ Middle English: ammbohht

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (andbahts)

Borrowed from Gaulish ambaxtos (“vassal”), from Proto-Celtic *ambaxtos (“servant”). Unlike *rīks (“ruler, king”), which was also borrowed from Celtic, this word entered Germanic after the characteristic Germanic sound shifts took place.


ambahtiją

ambahtiją (nominative singular)
ambahtijō (nominative plural)
ambahtiją (singular vocative)
ambahtijō (plural vocative)
ambahtiją (accusative singular)
ambahtijō (accusative plural)
ambahtijas (genitive singular)
ambahtīs (genitive singular)
ambahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ambahtijai (dative singular)
ambahtijamaz (dative plural)
ambahtijō (instrumental singular)
ambahtijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ambahtī
Old English: ambeht, ambiht, ambieht, ambyht
Old Frisian: ambecht, ambet, ambt
Saterland Frisian: Amt
West Frisian: ambacht
Old Saxon: ambaht, *ambehti
Middle Low German: ambacht, ambecht, ambet, ambt, amt
German Low German: Ambacht, Amt
→ Danish: amt
Old Dutch: *ambaht
Middle Dutch: ambacht
Dutch: ambacht
Afrikaans: ambag
→ Indonesian: ambah
Negerhollands: ambacht
Old High German: ambaht, ambahti, ampaht
Middle High German: ambahte, ambehte, ambet, ammet, ampt, amt
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: åmt
Mòcheno: omt
German: Amt, Ambt, Ammt, Ampt (obsolete)
Kölsch: Amp
Vilamovian: amt, aomt
→ Middle Dutch: ampt, amt
Dutch: ambt
Afrikaans: amp
Limburgish: amb

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: embætti
Danish: embede
Faroese: embæti, ambæti
Icelandic: embætti
Norwegian: embete
Old Swedish: æmbiti, æmbæti
Swedish: ämbete
→⇒ Old East Slavic: ѧбетьникъ (jębetĭnikŭ), ѩбедьникъ (jębedĭnikŭ)
Old Ruthenian: ѧбедникъ (jabednik)
Ukrainian: я́бедник (jábednyk)
⇒ Ukrainian: я́беда (jábeda)
Russian: я́бедник (jábednik)
⇒ Russian: я́беда (jábeda)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌹 (andbahti)

→ Latin: ambactia (“service rendered”)

Old Occitan: ambaissa (“message”)

⇒ Old Occitan: ambaissada (“embassy”)

Catalan: ambaixada

Occitan: ambaissada, ambaishada

→ Asturian: embaxada

→ Gallurese: imbasciada

→ Old Italian: ambasciata (see there for further descendants)

→ Portuguese: embaixada

→ Sardinian: imbasciada, imbassiada

→ Sassarese: imbasciada

→ Spanish: embajada
→ Hiligaynon: embahada
→ Tagalog: embahada

>? Old Italian: ambascia (“anguish”)


wuldrą

wuldrą (nominative singular)
wuldrō (nominative plural)
wuldrą (singular vocative)
wuldrō (plural vocative)
wuldrą (accusative singular)
wuldrō (accusative plural)
wuldras (genitive singular)
wuldris (genitive singular)
wuldrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wuldrai (dative singular)
wuldramaz (dative plural)
wuldrō (instrumental singular)
wuldramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wuldr

Old English: wuldor, wulder

Middle English: wulder

Old High German: Vuldar

From Pre-Germanic *wl̥tróm or *wl̥dʰrom, from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”).


wiljô

wiljô (nominative singular)
wiljaniz (nominative plural)
wiljô (singular vocative)
wiljaniz (plural vocative)
wiljanų (accusative singular)
wiljanunz (accusative plural)
wiljiniz (genitive singular)
wiljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiljini (dative singular)
wiljammaz (dative plural)
wiljinē (instrumental singular)
wiljammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *willjō
Old English: willa
Middle English: wille
English: will
Scots: wil, will
Old Frisian: willa, wella
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel
Mooring: wale
Saterland Frisian: wolle
West Frisian: wolle
Old Saxon: willio
Middle Low German: wille
German Low German: Wille, Will
Old Dutch: willo
Middle Dutch: wille
Dutch: wil
Afrikaans: wil
Negerhollands: wil, wille
Limburgish: wil
Old High German: willo, willio
Middle Low German: wille
Cimbrian: bill
German: Wille
Luxembourgish: Wëllen

Old Norse: vili (stem vilj-)
Icelandic: vilji m
Faroese: vilji m
Norwegian Bokmål: vilje m
Norwegian Nynorsk: vilje m, vile m (nonstandard, dialectal)
Jamtish: vili m
Elfdalian: wile m
Old Swedish: vili m, vilie m, vilia f
Swedish: vilja f, vilje
→ Elfdalian: wila f
Old Danish: vilje, vilge, vilgie
Danish: vilje
Gutnish: vilä m

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (wilja)

Vandalic: *wilja- (in personal names)


baltijaz

baltijaz (nominative singular)
baltijōz (nominative plural)
baltijōs (nominative plural)
baltī (singular vocative)
baltijōz (plural vocative)
baltijōs (plural vocative)
baltiją (accusative singular)
baltijanz (accusative plural)
baltijas (genitive singular)
baltīs (genitive singular)
baltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baltijai (dative singular)
baltijamaz (dative plural)
baltijō (instrumental singular)
baltijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baltī̆

Old English: belt
Middle English: belt
English: belt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: belt

Old Saxon: *balti

Middle Low German: *belte

Plautdietsch: Belt

Frankish: *balti, *balt

⇒ Frankish: *baltiraidī, *baltgaraidī

→ Vulgar Latin: *balterād, *balterāt

Old French: baldrei, baldré, baudré

⇒ Middle French: baudrier

French: baudrier

→ Italian: budriere

desc

→ Middle English: baudry, bauderik, baudrik

English: baldric

→ Middle High German: balderich, belderich

Old Occitan: baldrat, baldrei

→ Spanish: baldrés

→ Portuguese: baldreu

→ Galician: baldreu

desctree

Old High German: balz, palz
>? Middle High German: balz, balzer
German: Balz (etymology disputed)

Old Norse: belti
Icelandic: belti
Faroese: belti
Danish: bælte
Norwegian: belte
Old Swedish: bælte
Swedish: bälte

An early borrowing from Latin balteus (“girdle, sword belt”).


kaisaraz

kaisaraz (nominative singular)
kaisarōz (nominative plural)
kaisarōs (nominative plural)
kaisar (singular vocative)
kaisarōz (plural vocative)
kaisarōs (plural vocative)
kaisarą (accusative singular)
kaisaranz (accusative plural)
kaisaras (genitive singular)
kaisaris (genitive singular)
kaisarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaisarai (dative singular)
kaisaramaz (dative plural)
kaisarō (instrumental singular)
kaisaramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaisar
Old English: cāsere, cāsaer, cāser, kāsere
Middle English: casere, kasere, caser, casare, kasar (Northern)
Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard
Old Frisian: kaiser, keiser
Saterland Frisian: Kaiser
West Frisian: keizer
Old Saxon: kēsar, *keisari
Middle Low German: *keisere
Plautdietsch: Kjeisa
→ Old Norse: keisari
Icelandic: keisari
Faroese: keisari
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: keiser
Norwegian Nynorsk: keisar
Old Swedish: keysar, keysare
Swedish: kejsare
→ Finnish: keisari
Danish: kejser
Gutnish: kaisare
Old Dutch: keiser
Middle Dutch: keiser
Dutch: keizer
Old High German: keisar, keisur
Middle High German: keiser
German: Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser (obsolete)
→ Russian: ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)
→ Upper Sorbian: kejžor
Luxembourgish: Keeser
Yiddish: קייסער (keyser)
→ Middle English: kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser
⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser
→ Scots: Kaiser

Old Norse: Kjárr, *Kéarr

qualifier

→ Proto-Slavic: *cěsařь (from an uncertain Germanic language; not directly from Proto-Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed at a post-Proto-Germanic stage from Latin Caesar. According to Ringe, the Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar) is an independent borrowing.


-ōniz

-ōniz (nominative singular)
-ōnīz (nominative plural)
-ōni (singular vocative)
-ōnīz (plural vocative)
-ōnį (accusative singular)
-ōninz (accusative plural)
-ōnīz (genitive singular)
-ōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ōnī (dative singular)
-ōnimaz (dative plural)
-ōnī (instrumental singular)
-ōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Frisian: -ene

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -an, -un

Faroese: -an

Icelandic: -an, -un

Swedish: -an

Gothic: -𐍉𐌽𐍃 (-ōns)

From *-ō- (weak class 2 thematic vowel) + *-niz (abstract deverbal ending).

Forms abstract nouns from weak class 2 verbs.


laþōniz

laþōniz (nominative singular)
laþōnīz (nominative plural)
laþōni (singular vocative)
laþōnīz (plural vocative)
laþōnį (accusative singular)
laþōninz (accusative plural)
laþōnīz (genitive singular)
laþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþōnī (dative singular)
laþōnimaz (dative plural)
laþōnī (instrumental singular)
laþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lathene, ladene

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (laþōns)

Old Norse: *laðan, lǫðun

Icelandic: laðan, löðun

Derived from *laþōną (“to call, invite”).


sunjō

sunjō (nominative singular)
sunjôz (nominative plural)
sunjō (singular vocative)
sunjôz (plural vocative)
sunjǭ (accusative singular)
sunjōz (accusative plural)
sunjōz (genitive singular)
sunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunjōi (dative singular)
sunjōmaz (dative plural)
sunjō (instrumental singular)
sunjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sunnju, *sunni
Old English: synn, sinn, senn
Middle English: synne, cynne, sin, sine, sinne, sunne, syn, synn, senne, zen, zenne (Kent), seonne (Early Middle English)
English: sin
Scots: sin
Old Saxon: sunnea
Old High German: sunna, sunne
→ Late Latin: sonium (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: syn

Icelandic: syn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (sunja)

Derived from or related to *sunjaz (“true, real”).


-īniz

-īniz (nominative singular)
-īnīz (nominative plural)
-īni (singular vocative)
-īnīz (plural vocative)
-īnį (accusative singular)
-īninz (accusative plural)
-īnīz (genitive singular)
-īnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-īnī (dative singular)
-īnimaz (dative plural)
-īnī (instrumental singular)
-īnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -en (fell together with *-injō)

Old Frisian: -ene

Old High German: -ī (fell together with *-į̄)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -n (only in relics)

Gothic: -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins)

From *-ij(i)- (interpreted as the weak class 1 thematic vowel) + *-niz (abstract deverbal ending).

Forms abstract nouns from weak class 1 verbs.


-ōþuz

-ōþuz (nominative singular)
-ōþiwiz (nominative plural)
-ōþu (singular vocative)
-ōþiwiz (plural vocative)
-ōþų (accusative singular)
-ōþunz (accusative plural)
-ōþauz (genitive singular)
-ōþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ōþiwi (dative singular)
-ōþumaz (dative plural)
-ōþū (instrumental singular)
-ōþumiz (instrumental plural)
*-ōduz (alternative)

Old English: -aþ, -oþ

Old Norse: -aðr, -naðr, -uðr?

Gothic: -𐍉𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-ōþus), -𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (-ōdus) (but note the etymology at -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus))

Presumably from *-ō- (weak class 2 thematic vowel) + *-þuz (deverbal suffix). But compare Latin -ātus in nouns such as senātus.

Forms nouns from weak class 2 verbs, possibly attached to other classes as well.


sunjōniz

sunjōniz (nominative singular)
sunjōnīz (nominative plural)
sunjōni (singular vocative)
sunjōnīz (plural vocative)
sunjōnį (accusative singular)
sunjōninz (accusative plural)
sunjōnīz (genitive singular)
sunjōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunjōnī (dative singular)
sunjōnimaz (dative plural)
sunjōnī (instrumental singular)
sunjōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: synjan

Icelandic: synjun, synjan

Faroese: synjan

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 (sunjōns)

Derived from *sunjōną (“to put right, deny a charge”).

a defense, answer, setting oneself right


gaumaz

gaumaz (nominative singular)
gaumōz (nominative plural)
gaumōs (nominative plural)
gaum (singular vocative)
gaumōz (plural vocative)
gaumōs (plural vocative)
gaumą (accusative singular)
gaumanz (accusative plural)
gaumas (genitive singular)
gaumis (genitive singular)
gaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaumai (dative singular)
gaumamaz (dative plural)
gaumō (instrumental singular)
gaumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaum

Old Saxon: *gōm

Middle Low German: gôm, goum

→? Old Frisian: gōm

Old Dutch: *gōm

Middle Dutch: gôom

Dutch: goom

Old High German: *goum m; goum f

Middle High German: goum, gām m; goume f

German: Gaum f

Old Norse: gaumr, gaum

Icelandic: gaumur, gaum

Faroese: geymur, geymi

Norwegian Nynorsk: gaum, åtgaum

→ Middle English: gome

English: gaum, gorm (dialectal)

Scots: goam

→ English: gumption

Kroonen reconstructs this word from earlier *gaugmaz (compare *draumaz), and connects it with Sanskrit गूहति (gūhati, “to hide”) (with analogical -ū-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰewǵʰ-, *gʷʰewǵʰ-, assuming the original meaning was "to heed, guard".
Alternatively, Mayrhofer connects this word with Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰáwšas (“noise, sound”) (whence Persian گوش (gôš, “ear”) and Sanskrit घुष् (ghuṣ, “sound”)), assuming an original form of Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew- (“to perceive”) from which both roots derive.


ambô

ambô (nominative singular)
ambaniz (nominative plural)
ambô (singular vocative)
ambaniz (plural vocative)
ambanų (accusative singular)
ambanunz (accusative plural)
ambiniz (genitive singular)
ambanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ambini (dative singular)
ambammaz (dative plural)
ambinē (instrumental singular)
ambammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ambō
Old Saxon: *ambo (attested as ambon (plural))
Middle Low German: amme
Old High German: ambo, amban (< *ambanaz), ambana (< *ambanō) (secondary thematicization)
German: Amen (Hessian)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émbʰō ~ *h₃m̥bʰnés (< *h₃énbʰ-on-), variant of *h₃nobʰ-, whence also *nabō (“nave”) and *nabalô ~ *nabulô (“navel”). Compare Latin umbō (“boss (of a shield)”) (< *h₃nbʰ-n-).


þurnaz

þurnaz (nominative singular)
þurnōz (nominative plural)
þurnōs (nominative plural)
þurn (singular vocative)
þurnōz (plural vocative)
þurnōs (plural vocative)
þurną (accusative singular)
þurnanz (accusative plural)
þurnas (genitive singular)
þurnis (genitive singular)
þurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurnai (dative singular)
þurnamaz (dative plural)
þurnō (instrumental singular)
þurnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þorn
Old English: þorn, *ᚦᚩᚱᚾ (*þórn)
Middle English: thorn, thorne, thron, thurne, þorn, þorne, þron
English: thorn
Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)
Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns
Old Frisian: thorn
North Frisian: Tuurn (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Touden, Tudden
West Frisian: toarne
Old Saxon: thorn
Middle Low German: dōrn
German Low German: Däörn, Doorn, Dorn, Durn
Old Dutch: thorn
Middle Dutch: dorn, dōorn, dōren
Dutch: doren, doorn
Afrikaans: doring
Negerhollands: dorn, doorn
Old High German: dorn
Middle High German: dorn
Alemannic German: Torn
Cimbrian: dòrn
German: Dorn
Hunsrik: Dorn
Luxembourgish: Dar
Yiddish: דאָרן (dorn)

Old Norse: þorn
Icelandic: þorn
Faroese: torn
Old Swedish: þorn
Swedish: torn
Norwegian: torn
Danish: torn

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós (“sharp, stiff; thorn”). Related to Sanskrit तृण (tṛ́ṇa, “grass”), Proto-Slavic *tьrnъ (“thorn”).

inh

Old Norse: þyrnirIcelandic: þyrnirFaroese: tyrni-Norwegian: tyrnerOld Swedish: thø̄rne


waigaz

waigaz (nominative singular)
waigōz (nominative plural)
waigōs (nominative plural)
waig (singular vocative)
waigōz (plural vocative)
waigōs (plural vocative)
waigą (accusative singular)
waiganz (accusative plural)
waigas (genitive singular)
waigis (genitive singular)
waigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waigai (dative singular)
waigamaz (dative plural)
waigō (instrumental singular)
waigamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wāg, wāh

desc

Middle English: waȝ, wah, woȝ, wawe, wowe, wouh, wough

Scots: wauch

English: waw

Old Frisian: wāch, wāg

qualifier

Saterland Frisian: Wooge (other Eastern Frisian varieties used wāge)

Old Saxon: wēg; wēglūs

Old Dutch: *weig, *wēg

Middle Dutch: weech, weegh; weechluus, weechluys

Dutch: weeg, and weech (dialectal); weeluis

From Proto-Indo-European *uh₁ikós, from *weh₁y- (“to twist, plait; to wrap, enclose”).


wardīniz

wardīniz (nominative singular)
wardīnīz (nominative plural)
wardīni (singular vocative)
wardīnīz (plural vocative)
wardīnį (accusative singular)
wardīninz (accusative plural)
wardīnīz (genitive singular)
wardīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardīnī (dative singular)
wardīnimaz (dative plural)
wardīnī (instrumental singular)
wardīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: werdene, werden

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*wardeins)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (frawardeins)

From *wardijaną (“to corrupt”) + *-īniz.


burgīniz

burgīniz (nominative singular)
burgīnīz (nominative plural)
burgīni (singular vocative)
burgīnīz (plural vocative)
burgīnį (accusative singular)
burgīninz (accusative plural)
burgīnīz (genitive singular)
burgīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burgīnī (dative singular)
burgīnimaz (dative plural)
burgīnī (instrumental singular)
burgīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: byrġen

desc

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*baurgeins), 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (bibaurgeins)

From *burgijaną (“to keep safe”) + *-īniz.


blōstrą

blōstrą (nominative singular)
blōstrō (nominative plural)
blōstrą (singular vocative)
blōstrō (plural vocative)
blōstrą (accusative singular)
blōstrō (accusative plural)
blōstras (genitive singular)
blōstris (genitive singular)
blōstrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōstrai (dative singular)
blōstramaz (dative plural)
blōstrō (instrumental singular)
blōstramiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: bluostar

𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌱𐌻𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌱𐌻𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (gudblōstreis)

Derived from *blōt- (“to sacrifice”) + *-þrą.


rōdīniz

rōdīniz (nominative singular)
rōdīnīz (nominative plural)
rōdīni (singular vocative)
rōdīnīz (plural vocative)
rōdīnį (accusative singular)
rōdīninz (accusative plural)
rōdīnīz (genitive singular)
rōdīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōdīnī (dative singular)
rōdīnimaz (dative plural)
rōdīnī (instrumental singular)
rōdīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: rēdene

Gothic: *𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*rōdeins), 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (birōdeins)

From *rōdijaną (“to speak, talk about”) + *-īniz.


paþaz

paþaz (nominative singular)
paþōz (nominative plural)
paþōs (nominative plural)
paþ (singular vocative)
paþōz (plural vocative)
paþōs (plural vocative)
paþą (accusative singular)
paþanz (accusative plural)
paþas (genitive singular)
paþis (genitive singular)
paþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
paþai (dative singular)
paþamaz (dative plural)
paþō (instrumental singular)
paþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *paþ
Old English: pæþ m
Middle English: path, paath, paaþ, pathe, paththe, paþ, paþþe, pað, peþ (Early Middle English)
English: path
Scots: peth, paith
Old Frisian: path
Saterland Frisian: Paad, Pad (Skäddel)
West Frisian: paad
Old Saxon: path
Middle Low German: pat, pāt, paet
Low German: Pad, Paad, Padd
German Low German: Padd
Old Dutch: path
Middle Dutch: pat m or n
Dutch: pad n
Old High German: pfad, phad
Middle High German: pfat, pat, phat
German: Pfad m
Luxembourgish: Pad, Paad

→ Proto-Finnic: *padëh (see there for further descendants)

Possibly borrowed from Iranian during the Alan invasion (compare Old Persian 𐎱𐎰 (p-θ /paθi/)), from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs, from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s, from *pent- (“path”). Compare native Germanic *funsaz (“ready, willing”) and *finþaną (“to find, to discover, to come upon”), and additionally cognate with Sanskrit पन्था (pánthā, “way, path”).
However, the above theory has been disputed, with alternative theories taking the word as borrowed from Proto-Celtic *batos (“death, pestilence”) (whence Old Irish bath (“death”), Welsh bad (“pest, plague”)), itself from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“to step, go”); this theory has the constraint that the borrowing must have happened before the Celtic underwent the semantic shift "to go" > "to pass away" > "death", and Kroonen appears to ultimately favor Iranian over Celtic origin, despite suggesting both.


friþōniz

friþōniz (nominative singular)
friþōnīz (nominative plural)
friþōni (singular vocative)
friþōnīz (plural vocative)
friþōnį (accusative singular)
friþōninz (accusative plural)
friþōnīz (genitive singular)
friþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
friþōnī (dative singular)
friþōnimaz (dative plural)
friþōnī (instrumental singular)
friþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: friþian

desctree

Middle English: frithen, ffryþe, frethen, frythen, fyrthe, vreþie, friðen, friþian, fruðien (Early Middle English)
Scots: freeth

Old Norse: friðan

Icelandic: friðan, friðun

desc

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (*friþōns), 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (gafriþōns)

Derived from *friþōną (“to make peace”).


laugiz

laugiz (nominative singular)
laugīz (nominative plural)
laugi (singular vocative)
laugīz (plural vocative)
laugį (accusative singular)
lauginz (accusative plural)
laugīz (genitive singular)
laugijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laugī (dative singular)
laugimaz (dative plural)
laugī (instrumental singular)
laugimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laugi
Old English: līg, līeg, lēg
Middle English: lye, lei, lyȝ
Old Frisian: lōga (< *laugô)
Old Dutch:
Middle Dutch: laeye
Dutch: laai
Old High German: loug

Old Norse: leygr

Icelandic: leygur

Probably from pre-Germanic *lowkís, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“to shine”). Compare Old Norse logi, from the zero-grade masculine n-stem noun *lugô. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *lučь.


krammiþō

krammiþō (nominative singular)
krammiþôz (nominative plural)
krammiþō (singular vocative)
krammiþôz (plural vocative)
krammiþǭ (accusative singular)
krammiþōz (accusative plural)
krammiþōz (genitive singular)
krammiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krammiþōi (dative singular)
krammiþōmaz (dative plural)
krammiþō (instrumental singular)
krammiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌵𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (qrammiþa)


flaumaz

flaumaz (nominative singular)
flaumōz (nominative plural)
flaumōs (nominative plural)
flaum (singular vocative)
flaumōz (plural vocative)
flaumōs (plural vocative)
flaumą (accusative singular)
flaumanz (accusative plural)
flaumas (genitive singular)
flaumis (genitive singular)
flaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flaumai (dative singular)
flaumamaz (dative plural)
flaumō (instrumental singular)
flaumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flaum

Old English: flēam
Middle English: flem, fleem, fleme, flæm, fleam, vlem (Early Middle English)
English: fleam (dialectal)
Scots: fleem

Old Frisian: *flām; (*flēna, fleina)

⇒ Old Frisian: flāmisk, flāmsk

→ Old Dutch: *flāmisk

Middle Dutch: vlaemsch, vleemsch

Dutch: Vlaams

West Flemish: Vlemsch, Vloms (hypercorrection?)

→ Middle High German: vlæmisch

German: flämisch

→ Old English: flēmisċ

Middle English: flemmish

English: Flemish

Old High German: *floum

⇒ Old High German: weraltfloum

Old Norse: flaumr

Icelandic: flaumur

Faroese: floymur

Norwegian Bokmål: flom

Norwegian Nynorsk: flaum

From Pre-Germanic *plowmos, from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to sail”).


flawją

flawją (nominative singular)
flawjō (nominative plural)
flawją (singular vocative)
flawjō (plural vocative)
flawją (accusative singular)
flawjō (accusative plural)
flawjas (genitive singular)
flawis (genitive singular)
flawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flawjai (dative singular)
flawjamaz (dative plural)
flawjō (instrumental singular)
flawjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fley

Icelandic: fley

Faroese: floy

→ Old English: flōeġe

→ Proto-Finnic: *laiva

From pre-Germanic *plowyom, from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to sail, flow”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πλοῖον (ploîon, “floating vessel”).


hwalbą

hwalbą (nominative singular)
hwalbō (nominative plural)
hwalbą (singular vocative)
hwalbō (plural vocative)
hwalbą (accusative singular)
hwalbō (accusative plural)
hwalbas (genitive singular)
hwalbis (genitive singular)
hwalbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwalbai (dative singular)
hwalbamaz (dative plural)
hwalbō (instrumental singular)
hwalbamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwalb

Old English: hwealf

Middle English: wholve

English: hull- (in place names)

Old Norse: hvalf, hválf

Icelandic: hválf, hvolf

Faroese: hválv

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: kvelv

Old Swedish: hvalf

Swedish: valv, hvalf (pre-1906 spelling)

→? Danish: hvælv

→? Norwegian Bokmål: hvelv

→ Finnish: holvi

From Pre-Germanic *kʷólpo-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷelp- (“to curve”). Related to Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos, “bosom, lap”), Latin culpa (“mistake, fault”), and Persian کلبه (kolbe, “cottage”).


murþrijô

murþrijô (nominative singular)
murþrijaniz (nominative plural)
murþrijô (singular vocative)
murþrijaniz (plural vocative)
murþrijanų (accusative singular)
murþrijanunz (accusative plural)
murþrijiniz (genitive singular)
murþrijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murþrijini (dative singular)
murþrijammaz (dative plural)
murþrijinē (instrumental singular)
murþrijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *murþrijō

Old English: myrþra

Old High German: murdreo, murdiro (possibly attested once as myrdhra)

desc

𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰

Gothic: *𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰 (*maurþrja), 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰 (manamaurþrja)


farjǭ

farjǭ (nominative singular)
farjōniz (nominative plural)
farjǭ (singular vocative)
farjōniz (plural vocative)
farjōnų (accusative singular)
farjōnunz (accusative plural)
farjōniz (genitive singular)
farjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farjōni (dative singular)
farjōmaz (dative plural)
farjōnē (instrumental singular)
farjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Middle Low German: vere

Old Dutch: *feri (in toponyms)

Middle Dutch: vere

Dutch: veer

Old High German: *fera

Middle High German: vere

German: Fähre

Luxembourgish: Fuer

desctree

Old Norse: ferja
Icelandic: ferja
Faroese: ferja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ferje, ferja f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ferje m or f
Norwegian: (dialectal) farje, ferri
Old Swedish: færia
Swedish: färja
Old Danish: færje
Danish: færge
Norwegian Bokmål: ferge
→ Middle English: ferie, fery, ferye, ffery, verye
English: ferry (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ferry

Nominal derivative from *farjaną (“to ferry, travel by boat”).


farą

farą (nominative singular)
farō (nominative plural)
farą (singular vocative)
farō (plural vocative)
farą (accusative singular)
farō (accusative plural)
faras (genitive singular)
faris (genitive singular)
farǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farai (dative singular)
faramaz (dative plural)
farō (instrumental singular)
faramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: fær

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">faru</i>

Middle English: fare (merged with descendant of Old English faru)

English: fare

Old High German: far

Middle High German: var

German: Fahr

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚨᚱᚨ (*fara)

Old Norse: far

Icelandic: far

Faroese: far

Norn: far

Old Swedish: far

⇒ Old Norse: farkostr

→ Middle English: farcost

From Pre-Germanic *poro-, from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth, cross”). Related to Ancient Greek πόρος (póros, “means of passing a river, ford, ferry”).


farō

farō (nominative singular)
farôz (nominative plural)
farō (singular vocative)
farôz (plural vocative)
farǭ (accusative singular)
farōz (accusative plural)
farōz (genitive singular)
farǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farōi (dative singular)
farōmaz (dative plural)
farō (instrumental singular)
farōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faru
Old English: faru
Middle English: fare
English: fare
Old High German: fara
Middle High German: var
German: Fahr

Old Norse: fǫr

Icelandic: för

Old Swedish: far

→ Proto-Samic: *fārō (see there for further descendants)


murþrą

murþrą (nominative singular)
murþrō (nominative plural)
murþrą (singular vocative)
murþrō (plural vocative)
murþrą (accusative singular)
murþrō (accusative plural)
murþras (genitive singular)
murþris (genitive singular)
murþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murþrai (dative singular)
murþramaz (dative plural)
murþrō (instrumental singular)
murþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *morþr, *murþr
Old English: morþor
Middle English: morther, murther, murthre, mourdre, mudre, murder
English: murther, murder
Scots: murther, morther, murder
Old Dutch: *morthor, mordor
Old High German: mordor
→ Latin: murdrum
Old French: murdre, mordre, murtre
Middle French: meurtre
French: meurtre

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr)

From Pre-Germanic *mŕ̥trom, an instrumental formation to Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).


laibō

laibō (nominative singular)
laibôz (nominative plural)
laibō (singular vocative)
laibôz (plural vocative)
laibǭ (accusative singular)
laibōz (accusative plural)
laibōz (genitive singular)
laibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laibōi (dative singular)
laibōmaz (dative plural)
laibō (instrumental singular)
laibōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laibu
Old English: lāf
Middle English: love, lave, leve, loove, lafe, læve, loave (Early Middle English)
English: lave
Scots: lave
Old Frisian: lāva
Old Saxon: lēba, lēva
Old High German: leiba, leipa
Middle High German: leibe

Proto-Norse: *ᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*laibaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*ainalaibaʀ), *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*aiwalaibaʀ)

Old Norse: leif

Icelandic: leif

Norwegian Nynorsk: leiv, (leivd)

(Faroese: leivd)

Old Swedish: lēf

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰 (laiba)


laisō

laisō (nominative singular)
laisôz (nominative plural)
laisō (singular vocative)
laisôz (plural vocative)
laisǭ (accusative singular)
laisōz (accusative plural)
laisōz (genitive singular)
laisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laisōi (dative singular)
laisōmaz (dative plural)
laisō (instrumental singular)
laisōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laisu
Old Dutch: *lēs
Middle Dutch: lêes
Old High German: leisa
Middle High German: leise
German: Leise
⇒ German: Geleise, Gleise

From Proto-Indo-European *lóyseh₂. Cognate with Latin līra (“furrow”). Piecewise doublet of *laizō.


krabbô

krabbô (nominative singular)
krabbaniz (nominative plural)
krabbô (singular vocative)
krabbaniz (plural vocative)
krabbanų (accusative singular)
krabbanunz (accusative plural)
krabbiniz (genitive singular)
krabbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krabbini (dative singular)
krabbammaz (dative plural)
krabbinē (instrumental singular)
krabbammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krabbō
Old English: crabba
Middle English: crabbe
Scots: crab, craib
English: crab
Old Frisian: *krabba
North Frisian: kraab
Saterland Frisian: Krabbe
West Frisian: kraab, krab
Old Saxon: *krabbo
Middle Low German: krabbe
German Low German: Krabbe, Krabb
Low German: Krabbe
→ German: Krabbe
→ Lower Sorbian: kraba
Old Dutch: *crabbo
Middle Dutch: crabbe
Dutch: krab
Afrikaans: krap
Limburgish: krab
→ Walloon: crappe, crape
→ Picard: crape
Old High German: *chrappo, *krappo
Middle High German: krappe
German: Krappe
Luxembourgish: Krabb

Old Norse: krabbi

Icelandic: krabbi

Faroese: krabbi

Norn: krabbi

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: krabbe; (dialectal) krabbi, kræbbe

Old Swedish: krabbe

Swedish: krabba

Danish: krabbe

Norwegian Bokmål: krabbe

→ Old French: crabe

Middle French: crabe

French: crabe

Norman: crabe (Jèrriais)

→ Romanian: crab

others:

→ Latvian: krabis

→ Lithuanian: krabas

→ Belarusian: краб (krab)

→ Russian: краб (krab)

→ Ukrainian: краб (krab)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кра̏ба

Latin script: krȁba

→ Macedonian: крабар (krabar)

→ Czech: krab

→ Kashubian: krab, kraba

→ Polish: krab

→ Slovak: krab

→ Lower Sorbian: kraba

→ Upper Sorbian: kraba

→ Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: krabi

Finnish: rapu

Ingrian: krapu

Votic: krapu

An agent noun formation from *krabbōną (“to scratch”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch, crawl”).


glitmô

glitmô (nominative singular)
glitmaniz (nominative plural)
glitmô (singular vocative)
glitmaniz (plural vocative)
glitmanų (accusative singular)
glitmanunz (accusative plural)
glitminiz (genitive singular)
glitmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glitmini (dative singular)
glitmammaz (dative plural)
glitminē (instrumental singular)
glitmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glitmō
Old High German: glizemo
Middle High German: *glitzme
⇒ Alemannic German: glitzme

From Pre-Germanic *gʰlidmon-; thus equivalent to *glītaną (“to shine”) + *-mô.


glaumaz

glaumaz (nominative singular)
glaumōz (nominative plural)
glaumōs (nominative plural)
glaum (singular vocative)
glaumōz (plural vocative)
glaumōs (plural vocative)
glaumą (accusative singular)
glaumanz (accusative plural)
glaumas (genitive singular)
glaumis (genitive singular)
glaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glaumai (dative singular)
glaumamaz (dative plural)
glaumō (instrumental singular)
glaumamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: glēam

Middle English: glam

Scots: glamer

Old Norse: glaumr
Icelandic: glaumur

From Pre-Germanic *gʰlow-mo-s, a mo-stem noun from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlew- (“to be merry”). Related to Ancient Greek χλεύη (khleúē, “joke, jest”), Proto-Slavic *glumъ (“joke, jest, mockery”), Old Armenian ձաղ (jał, “derision, mockery”).


þurftiz

þurftiz (nominative singular)
þurftīz (nominative plural)
þurfti (singular vocative)
þurftīz (plural vocative)
þurftį (accusative singular)
þurftinz (accusative plural)
þurftīz (genitive singular)
þurftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurftī (dative singular)
þurftimaz (dative plural)
þurftī (instrumental singular)
þurftimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *threft (in nēdthreft)

West Frisian: needdrift

Old Saxon: thurft, thuruft; nōdthurft

desctree

Old Dutch: thurft
⇒ Middle Dutch: nooddurft, nooddorft, nooddruft, nooddroft, nooddorst
Dutch: nooddruft
Afrikaans: nooddruf

Old High German: durft, duruft; nōtdurft, nōtduruft

Middle High German: durft

German: Durft; Notdurft

Old Norse: þurft, þyrft; nauðþurft

Icelandic: þurft; nauðþurft

Old Swedish: þorft, þyrft

Swedish: -torft in nödtorft

Norwegian Nynorsk: turft

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 (þaurfts); 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 (naudiþaurfts)

From *þurbaną (“to need”) + *-þiz. Cognate with Sanskrit तृप्ति (tṛpti, “satisfaction, contentment”).


wiskaz

wiskaz (nominative singular)
wiskōz (nominative plural)
wiskōs (nominative plural)
wisk (singular vocative)
wiskōz (plural vocative)
wiskōs (plural vocative)
wiską (accusative singular)
wiskanz (accusative plural)
wiskas (genitive singular)
wiskis (genitive singular)
wiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiskai (dative singular)
wiskamaz (dative plural)
wiskō (instrumental singular)
wiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *wisk

Middle Dutch: wisch

Dutch: wis

Old High German: wisk

German: Wisch

Luxembourgish: Wësch

Old Norse: visk f (< *wiskō)

Icelandic: visk f

Old Swedish: visk

Swedish: viska

Danish: visk

→ Middle English: wisk

English: whisk

→ Proto-Finnic: *vihko (< *wiskō) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wisgéh₂ (“flexible rod”) (cf. the feminine ō-stem variant *wiskō); cognate with Latin virga (“twig, shoot, rod”). The root may further derive from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to produce, procreate”), though this is uncertain.


hōbō

hōbō (nominative singular)
hōbôz (nominative plural)
hōbō (singular vocative)
hōbôz (plural vocative)
hōbǭ (accusative singular)
hōbōz (accusative plural)
hōbōz (genitive singular)
hōbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōbōi (dative singular)
hōbōmaz (dative plural)
hōbō (instrumental singular)
hōbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōva

Middle Low German: hōve

Low German: Hoov

desctree

Old Dutch: *huova
Middle Dutch: hoeve
Dutch: hoeve

desc

Old High German: huoba, (Central German also) huova, hōva

Middle High German: huobe, hūbe; hūve, hōve

German: Hufe, (archaic) Hube

From Pre-Germanic *keh₂péh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂po- (“land, garden”), from *keh₂p- (“to seize”). Related to Ancient Greek κῆπος (kêpos, “garden, orchard”) and possibly Albanian kopsht (“garden”).


hrīþô

hrīþô (nominative singular)
hrīþaniz (nominative plural)
hrīþô (singular vocative)
hrīþaniz (plural vocative)
hrīþanų (accusative singular)
hrittunz (accusative plural)
hrittaz (genitive singular)
hrittǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hridini (dative singular)
hridummaz (dative plural)
hrittē (instrumental singular)
hridummiz (instrumental plural)
*hrittô (alternative)

Old Saxon: hrido

Middle Dutch: ridde, rede

Old High German: rīdo, (dative) riten, ritto

Middle High German: rite, ritte

/ˈxriː.θɔːː/

An originally ablauting n-stem derived from *hriþaną (“to sift”), originally ("to shake").


snaidō

snaidō (nominative singular)
snaidôz (nominative plural)
snaidō (singular vocative)
snaidôz (plural vocative)
snaidǭ (accusative singular)
snaidōz (accusative plural)
snaidōz (genitive singular)
snaidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snaidōi (dative singular)
snaidōmaz (dative plural)
snaidō (instrumental singular)
snaidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snaidu

Old English: *snād

Middle English: snode

Old Frisian: snēthe

Old Saxon: *snēda

Middle Low German: snêde

German Low German: Snee

Old Dutch: snetha, snethe, snede

Middle Dutch: snede

Dutch: snede, snee

Old High German: *sneita

Middle High German: sneite

Old Norse: sneið

Icelandic: sneið

Faroese: sneið

/ˈsnɑi̯.ðɔː/

Nominal derivative from *snīþaną (“to cut”).


furhtō

furhtō (nominative singular)
furhtôz (nominative plural)
furhtō (singular vocative)
furhtôz (plural vocative)
furhtǭ (accusative singular)
furhtōz (accusative plural)
furhtōz (genitive singular)
furhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhtōi (dative singular)
furhtōmaz (dative plural)
furhtō (instrumental singular)
furhtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *forhtu, *furhtu
Old Saxon: forhta
Middle Low German: vruchte, vrochte
⇒ Old Saxon: furhtuwerth
Old Dutch: forhta
Middle Dutch: vrucht
Dutch: vrucht
Old High German: forhta
Middle High German: vorhte, vorht
German: Furcht, (obsolete) Forcht

From Pre-Germanic *pr̥kteh₂, probably derived from *furhtaz (“fearful”).


hlammiz

hlammiz (nominative singular)
hlammīz (nominative plural)
hlammi (singular vocative)
hlammīz (plural vocative)
hlammį (accusative singular)
hlamminz (accusative plural)
hlammīz (genitive singular)
hlammijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlammī (dative singular)
hlammimaz (dative plural)
hlammī (instrumental singular)
hlammimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlemm, hlem

Old Frisian: hlemm, hlem

Old Norse: hlemmr

Icelandic: hlemmur

Faroese: lemmur

Norwegian: lem

Swedish: läm

Danish: lem

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 (hlamma)

From Proto-Indo-European *klem- (“to cry; shout; scream; make a noise”).


galigriją

galigriją (nominative singular)
galigrijō (nominative plural)
galigriją (singular vocative)
galigrijō (plural vocative)
galigriją (accusative singular)
galigrijō (accusative plural)
galigrijas (genitive singular)
galigrīs (genitive singular)
galigrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galigrijai (dative singular)
galigrijamaz (dative plural)
galigrijō (instrumental singular)
galigrijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galigrī
Old English: ġeliġre, ġeliġere, ġeliġer
Old High German: *giligari
Middle High German: geligere

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌲𐍂𐌹 (galigri)

sexual intercourse, consummation (of marriage)


daupīniz

daupīniz (nominative singular)
daupīnīz (nominative plural)
daupīni (singular vocative)
daupīnīz (plural vocative)
daupīnį (accusative singular)
daupīninz (accusative plural)
daupīnīz (genitive singular)
daupīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daupīnī (dative singular)
daupīnimaz (dative plural)
daupīnī (instrumental singular)
daupīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daupīni
Old Frisian: dēpene
Old Saxon: dōpi
Middle Low German: dōpe, dōp
→ Danish: dåb
→ Norwegian: dåp
→ Swedish: dop
Old Dutch: douphe, *doupe
Middle Dutch: dope
Dutch: doop
Old High German: toufī; *doufī (Central German)
Middle High German: toufe, töufe; dōfe (Central German)
German: Taufe
Hunsrik: Daaf
Luxembourgish: Daf
Pennsylvania German: Daaf

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (daupeins)


lagīniz

lagīniz (nominative singular)
lagīnīz (nominative plural)
lagīni (singular vocative)
lagīnīz (plural vocative)
lagīnį (accusative singular)
lagīninz (accusative plural)
lagīnīz (genitive singular)
lagīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lagīnī (dative singular)
lagīnimaz (dative plural)
lagīnī (instrumental singular)
lagīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *legen, onlegen

Old High German: *legī, analegī

Old Norse: lǫgn

Icelandic: lögn

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*lageins)


sōkīniz

sōkīniz (nominative singular)
sōkīnīz (nominative plural)
sōkīni (singular vocative)
sōkīnīz (plural vocative)
sōkīnį (accusative singular)
sōkīninz (accusative plural)
sōkīnīz (genitive singular)
sōkīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sōkīnī (dative singular)
sōkīnimaz (dative plural)
sōkīnī (instrumental singular)
sōkīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sēkene

Old High German: *suohhī (gloss)

German: Suche

Gothic: 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sōkeins)


laizīniz

laizīniz (nominative singular)
laizīnīz (nominative plural)
laizīni (singular vocative)
laizīnīz (plural vocative)
laizīnį (accusative singular)
laizīninz (accusative plural)
laizīnīz (genitive singular)
laizīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laizīnī (dative singular)
laizīnimaz (dative plural)
laizīnī (instrumental singular)
laizīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: lērī

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (laiseins)


wandīniz

wandīniz (nominative singular)
wandīnīz (nominative plural)
wandīni (singular vocative)
wandīnīz (plural vocative)
wandīnį (accusative singular)
wandīninz (accusative plural)
wandīnīz (genitive singular)
wandīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wandīnī (dative singular)
wandīnimaz (dative plural)
wandīnī (instrumental singular)
wandīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wenden, edwenden

Old Frisian: wendene

Old High German: wentī, wendī

Middle High German: wende

German: Wende

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*wandeins)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (gawandeins)


walīniz

walīniz (nominative singular)
walīnīz (nominative plural)
walīni (singular vocative)
walīnīz (plural vocative)
walīnį (accusative singular)
walīninz (accusative plural)
walīnīz (genitive singular)
walīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walīnī (dative singular)
walīnimaz (dative plural)
walīnī (instrumental singular)
walīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *welī, selbwelī

desc

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*waleins), 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (gawaleins)


nazīniz

nazīniz (nominative singular)
nazīnīz (nominative plural)
nazīni (singular vocative)
nazīnīz (plural vocative)
nazīnį (accusative singular)
nazīninz (accusative plural)
nazīnīz (genitive singular)
nazīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nazīnī (dative singular)
nazīnimaz (dative plural)
nazīnī (instrumental singular)
nazīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *nerī, suhtnerī (hapax)

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (naseins)

From *nazjaną (“to save, heal”) + *-īniz.


satīniz

satīniz (nominative singular)
satīnīz (nominative plural)
satīni (singular vocative)
satīnīz (plural vocative)
satīnį (accusative singular)
satīninz (accusative plural)
satīnīz (genitive singular)
satīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
satīnī (dative singular)
satīnimaz (dative plural)
satīnī (instrumental singular)
satīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: seten

Middle English: sete, set

English: set

Old Frisian: setten

Old High German: sezzī

Middle High German: setze (possibly, irregular)

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*sateins) (in compounds)

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (afsateins)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (gasateins)

From *satjaną (“to set, cause to sit”) + *-īniz.


dōmīniz

dōmīniz (nominative singular)
dōmīnīz (nominative plural)
dōmīni (singular vocative)
dōmīnīz (plural vocative)
dōmīnį (accusative singular)
dōmīninz (accusative plural)
dōmīnīz (genitive singular)
dōmīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōmīnī (dative singular)
dōmīnimaz (dative plural)
dōmīnī (instrumental singular)
dōmīnimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Gothic: *𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*dōmeins), 𐌰𐍆𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (afdōmeins), 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (faurdōmeins)


swallīniz

swallīniz (nominative singular)
swallīnīz (nominative plural)
swallīni (singular vocative)
swallīnīz (plural vocative)
swallīnį (accusative singular)
swallīninz (accusative plural)
swallīnīz (genitive singular)
swallīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swallīnī (dative singular)
swallīnimaz (dative plural)
swallīnī (instrumental singular)
swallīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *swellī, *būhswellī (attested once)

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*swalleins), 𐌿𐍆𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ufswalleins)

From *swallijaną (“to cause to swell”) + *-īniz.


lausīniz

lausīniz (nominative singular)
lausīnīz (nominative plural)
lausīni (singular vocative)
lausīnīz (plural vocative)
lausīnį (accusative singular)
lausīninz (accusative plural)
lausīnīz (genitive singular)
lausīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lausīnī (dative singular)
lausīnimaz (dative plural)
lausīnī (instrumental singular)
lausīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lausīni

Old Frisian: lēsene

Old Norse: lausn

Icelandic: lausn

Faroese: leysn, loysn (perhaps influenced by the verb loysa < *lausijaną)

Old Swedish: lø̄sn

Swedish: lösen

Old Danish: løsn

Danish: løsen

desc

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*lauseins), 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (uslauseins)

From *lausijaną (“to make loose, release”) + *-īniz.


fōdīniz

fōdīniz (nominative singular)
fōdīnīz (nominative plural)
fōdīni (singular vocative)
fōdīnīz (plural vocative)
fōdīnį (accusative singular)
fōdīninz (accusative plural)
fōdīnīz (genitive singular)
fōdīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōdīnī (dative singular)
fōdīnimaz (dative plural)
fōdīnī (instrumental singular)
fōdīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *fuotī

Middle High German: vüete

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (fōdeins)

From *fōdijaną (“to feed, make to eat”) + *-īniz.


bruzdaz

bruzdaz (nominative singular)
bruzdōz (nominative plural)
bruzdōs (nominative plural)
bruzd (singular vocative)
bruzdōz (plural vocative)
bruzdōs (plural vocative)
bruzdą (accusative singular)
bruzdanz (accusative plural)
bruzdas (genitive singular)
bruzdis (genitive singular)
bruzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bruzdai (dative singular)
bruzdamaz (dative plural)
bruzdō (instrumental singular)
bruzdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *broʀd
Old English: brord
Middle English: brodd (partly)
English: brod
Old Saxon: brord
Old High German: brort, prort
Middle High German: brort
German: Brort

Old Norse: broddr
Icelandic: broddur
Faroese: broddur
→ Middle English: brodd, brod, brad (partly)
English: brod, brad
Norwegian: brodd (“tip, shoot; elk hair; sting, stinger”), brodde
Old Swedish: brodder
Swedish: brodd
Danish: brod

A zero-grade variant of *brazdaz (“edge, brim”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰros-dʰ(h₁)-o-, from the root *bʰers- (“top, point”). Cognate with Old Irish brot (“goad, spike”).
May be (along with related terms) from an original n-stem *brezdô ~ *burzdiniz, in view of the ablaut.

borði

Old Norse: borði (“tapestry”); Icelandic


wadjōniz

wadjōniz (nominative singular)
wadjōnīz (nominative plural)
wadjōni (singular vocative)
wadjōnīz (plural vocative)
wadjōnį (accusative singular)
wadjōninz (accusative plural)
wadjōnīz (genitive singular)
wadjōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadjōnī (dative singular)
wadjōnimaz (dative plural)
wadjōnī (instrumental singular)
wadjōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: veðjan

Icelandic: veðjan, veðjun

Swedish: vädjan (?)

Derived from *wadjōną (“to pledge, promise”).


leuþōniz

leuþōniz (nominative singular)
leuþōnīz (nominative plural)
leuþōni (singular vocative)
leuþōnīz (plural vocative)
leuþōnį (accusative singular)
leuþōninz (accusative plural)
leuþōnīz (genitive singular)
leuþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leuþōnī (dative singular)
leuþōnimaz (dative plural)
leuþōnī (instrumental singular)
leuþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ljóðan

Icelandic: ljóðan, ljóðun

Derived from *leuþōną (“to sing, make verses”).


wainōniz

wainōniz (nominative singular)
wainōnīz (nominative plural)
wainōni (singular vocative)
wainōnīz (plural vocative)
wainōnį (accusative singular)
wainōninz (accusative plural)
wainōnīz (genitive singular)
wainōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wainōnī (dative singular)
wainōnimaz (dative plural)
wainōnī (instrumental singular)
wainōnimiz (instrumental plural)

(Old English: wānung) (with change of suffix)

Old Norse: veinan

Icelandic: veinan, veinun

Old Swedish: vēnan


werþōniz

werþōniz (nominative singular)
werþōnīz (nominative plural)
werþōni (singular vocative)
werþōnīz (plural vocative)
werþōnį (accusative singular)
werþōninz (accusative plural)
werþōnīz (genitive singular)
werþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
werþōnī (dative singular)
werþōnimaz (dative plural)
werþōnī (instrumental singular)
werþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

(Old English: weorþung) (with change of suffix)

Old Frisian: werthene

Derived from *werþōną (“to estimate, value”).


wlaitōniz

wlaitōniz (nominative singular)
wlaitōnīz (nominative plural)
wlaitōni (singular vocative)
wlaitōnīz (plural vocative)
wlaitōnį (accusative singular)
wlaitōninz (accusative plural)
wlaitōnīz (genitive singular)
wlaitōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wlaitōnī (dative singular)
wlaitōnimaz (dative plural)
wlaitōnī (instrumental singular)
wlaitōnimiz (instrumental plural)

(Old English: wlātung) (with change of suffix)

desc

Old Norse: *leitan, umleitan, ráðaleitan

Icelandic: leitan, leitun

Faroese: leitan

Old Swedish: atlētan

Swedish: letan


sanþōniz

sanþōniz (nominative singular)
sanþōnīz (nominative plural)
sanþōni (singular vocative)
sanþōnīz (plural vocative)
sanþōnį (accusative singular)
sanþōninz (accusative plural)
sanþōnīz (genitive singular)
sanþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sanþōnī (dative singular)
sanþōnimaz (dative plural)
sanþōnī (instrumental singular)
sanþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: sannan, sǫnnun

Icelandic: sannan, sönnun

Faroese: sannan

Derived from *sanþōną (“to show to be true”).


kwildiz

kwildiz (nominative singular)
kwildīz (nominative plural)
kwildi (singular vocative)
kwildīz (plural vocative)
kwildį (accusative singular)
kwildinz (accusative plural)
kwildīz (genitive singular)
kwildijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwildī (dative singular)
kwildimaz (dative plural)
kwildī (instrumental singular)
kwildimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwildi

Old English: cwild m or f or n

⇒ Old English: cwildtīd

Old High German: kwiltiwerk, quiltiwerc

Middle High German: *quilt, *kilt

German: Kilt m,

⇒ German: Kiltgang m

(Old Norse: kveld n < Proto-Germanic byform *kweldą)

(Icelandic: kveld, kvöld)

(Faroese: kvøld)

(Norwegian: kveld)

(Old Swedish: qvæld n; qvälder m)

(Swedish: kväll; kväller)

(Old Danish: kwæld)

(Danish: kvæld)

A participial formation from *kwelaną (“to suffer”); compare in particular Latvian dzelts (“stung”).


-niz

-niz (nominative singular)
-nīz (nominative plural)
-ni (singular vocative)
-nīz (plural vocative)
-nį (accusative singular)
-ninz (accusative plural)
-nīz (genitive singular)
-njǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-nī (dative singular)
-nimaz (dative plural)
-nī (instrumental singular)
-nimiz (instrumental plural)
-niz (nominative singular)
-nīz (nominative plural)
-ni (singular vocative)
-nīz (plural vocative)
-nį (accusative singular)
-ninz (accusative plural)
-nīz (genitive singular)
-nijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-nī (dative singular)
-nimaz (dative plural)
-nī (instrumental singular)
-nimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: -𐌽𐍃 (-ns), -𐍃𐌽𐍃 (-sns)

From Proto-Indo-European *-nis, a rare abstract noun-forming suffix.

Forms abstract nouns from verbal roots and stems.


furaidurją

furaidurją (nominative singular)
furaidurjō (nominative plural)
furaidurją (singular vocative)
furaidurjō (plural vocative)
furaidurją (accusative singular)
furaidurjō (accusative plural)
furaidurjas (genitive singular)
furaiduris (genitive singular)
furaidurjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furaidurjai (dative singular)
furaidurjamaz (dative plural)
furaidurjō (instrumental singular)
furaidurjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furaduri

Old English: foredyre

Old Norse: fordyri

Icelandic: fordyri

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (fauradauri)

porch, vestibule; the place before a door


fraburþiz

Old English: forbyrd

⇒ Old High German: unfarburtlīh (attested once)

Derived from *fraberaną + *-þiz. Equivalent to *fra- + *burþiz (“bearing”).


buttaz

buttaz (nominative singular)
buttōz (nominative plural)
buttōs (nominative plural)
butt (singular vocative)
buttōz (plural vocative)
buttōs (plural vocative)
buttą (accusative singular)
buttanz (accusative plural)
buttas (genitive singular)
buttis (genitive singular)
buttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
buttai (dative singular)
buttamaz (dative plural)
buttō (instrumental singular)
buttamiz (instrumental plural)
*butaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *butt

Old English: *butt (attested in diminutive buttuc); bytt, byt

Middle English: butte, but

Scots: butt

English: but, butt

Anglo-Latin: butta

Old Frisian: butie

Old Saxon: *butt

Middle Low German: *butt, butken

Low German: butt; Butte, Bütte

→ German: Butt, Steinbutt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: butt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: butt

→ Danish: but

desctree

Old Dutch: *but, *butt
Middle Dutch: butte, but, bot
Dutch: bot

→ Old French: bot, bout; bote

Middle French: bute, butte

French: butte

→ English: butte

→ Dutch: bot

→ Middle English: bote

English: boot

→ Spanish: boto

Old High German: *butz, *buz; *butzo, *buzzo

Middle High German: butze

German: Butzen; (putzen?)

Old Norse: butr, bútr

Icelandic: bútur

Old Swedish: buter

Swedish: but (archaic)

→ Old French: but

Middle French: but

French: but

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰnós (“bottom”), later thematic variant of *bʰudʰmḗn ~ *bʰudʰn-, perhaps from *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”).


mawilǭ

mawilǭ (nominative singular)
mawilōniz (nominative plural)
mawilǭ (singular vocative)
mawilōniz (plural vocative)
mawilōnų (accusative singular)
mawilōnunz (accusative plural)
mawilōniz (genitive singular)
mawilōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mawilōni (dative singular)
mawilōmaz (dative plural)
mawilōnē (instrumental singular)
mawilōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mawilā
Old English: mēowle
>? Plautdietsch: Mejal

Old Norse: meyla

Icelandic: meyla

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍉 (mawilō)


mulkną

mulkną (nominative singular)
mulknō (nominative plural)
mulkną (singular vocative)
mulknō (plural vocative)
mulkną (accusative singular)
mulknō (accusative plural)
mulknas (genitive singular)
mulknis (genitive singular)
mulknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mulknai (dative singular)
mulknamaz (dative plural)
mulknō (instrumental singular)
mulknamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: molcen

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: molcken

Old High German: *molkan, *molchan

Middle High German: molken, molchen


stankwiz

stankwiz (nominative singular)
stankwīz (nominative plural)
stankwi (singular vocative)
stankwīz (plural vocative)
stankwį (accusative singular)
stankwinz (accusative plural)
stankwīz (genitive singular)
stankwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stankwī (dative singular)
stankwimaz (dative plural)
stankwī (instrumental singular)
stankwimiz (instrumental plural)
*stankwaz (alternative)
*stankiz (alternative Germanic West)

Old English: stenċ
Middle English: stench, stenche, stinche, stunch, stynche, stænc, stinnch (Early Middle English)
English: stench
Scots: stench, stinch

Old Frisian: *stank, *stenk

Saterland Frisian: Stoank

Old Saxon: stank

Middle Low German: stank

German Low German: Stank

Old Dutch: stank

Middle Dutch: stanc

Dutch: stank

Old High German: *stank, stanc, stanch

Middle High German: stanc

German: Stank

⇒ Middle High German: gestanc

Cimbrian: gastànkh

German: Gestank

⇒ Old High German: *stenki

Middle High German: stenke

q

Old Norse: stǫkkr (descendants perhaps from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: stökkur

>? Norwegian: stank

>? Swedish: stank

>? Danish: stank

From Proto-Indo-European *stengʷ- (“to push, thrust”).


stunkwiz

stunkwiz (nominative singular)
stunkwīz (nominative plural)
stunkwi (singular vocative)
stunkwīz (plural vocative)
stunkwį (accusative singular)
stunkwinz (accusative plural)
stunkwīz (genitive singular)
stunkwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stunkwī (dative singular)
stunkwimaz (dative plural)
stunkwī (instrumental singular)
stunkwimiz (instrumental plural)
*stunkiz (alternative Germanic West)

Old English: stync, stynċ

desctree

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*stankwiz</i>

Middle English: stench, stenche, stinche, stunch, stynche, stænc, stinnch (Early Middle English) (conflated with *stankwiz)
English: stench
Scots: stench, stinch

Old Saxon: stunk

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌵 (*stugq) (in 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌵 (bistugq), from *stunkwą?)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to push, hit”).


brandaz

brandaz (nominative singular)
brandōz (nominative plural)
brandōs (nominative plural)
brand (singular vocative)
brandōz (plural vocative)
brandōs (plural vocative)
brandą (accusative singular)
brandanz (accusative plural)
brandas (genitive singular)
brandis (genitive singular)
brandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brandai (dative singular)
brandamaz (dative plural)
brandō (instrumental singular)
brandamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brand
Old English: brand, brond
Middle English: brand, brond
English: brand
Scots: brand
Old Frisian: brand, brond
Saterland Frisian: Bround
West Frisian: brân
Old Saxon: brand
Middle Low German: brant
German Low German: Brand
Old Dutch: *brant
Middle Dutch: brant
Dutch: brand
Afrikaans: brand
Limburgish: brandj
Old High German: brant
Middle High German: brant
German: Brand
Luxembourgish: Brand
→ Vulgar Latin: *brandus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: brandr
Icelandic: brandur
Faroese: brandur
Norwegian Bokmål: brand, brann
Norwegian Nynorsk: brann
Old Swedish: brander
Swedish: brand
Old Danish: brand
Danish: brand

→ Proto-Samic: *(p)rāntē (see there for further descendants)


nabją

nabją (nominative singular)
nabjō (nominative plural)
nabją (singular vocative)
nabjō (plural vocative)
nabją (accusative singular)
nabjō (accusative plural)
nabjas (genitive singular)
nabis (genitive singular)
nabjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabjai (dative singular)
nabjamaz (dative plural)
nabjō (instrumental singular)
nabjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nabi

Old English: nebb, neb; nypel

Middle English: neb; *neble, *nypil, *neple

Scots: neb; nebbie; nebbock

English: neb; nib; nipple

→ Dutch: nippel

→ German: Nippel
→ Danish: nippel

Old Frisian: *neb, *nib

Saterland Frisian: Nib

West Frisian: neb

Old Saxon: *nebbi

Middle Low German: nebbe, nibbe

desc

German Low German: Nibbe, Nipp, Niff, Nüff

→ Occitan: nefa

→ Italian: niffo, niffa

→ Picard: nifler; niflette

→ Walloon: r'nonflé

→ French: nifler

⇒ French: renifler

→ Galician: nifrar

→ Old Swedish: næb n, næbber m

Swedish: näbb

Old Dutch: *nebbi

Middle Dutch: nebbe, neb, nyb

Dutch: nebbe, neb

Old High German: *nebbi, *neppi

Middle High German:

Alemannic German: niffen

Bavarian: niffela

→ Galician: napia

Old Norse: nef; nebbi

Icelandic: nef; nebbi

Faroese: nev, nebb, nebbi

Norn: nev

Norwegian: nebb

Old Swedish: næf

Swedish: näv (dialectal)

Danish: næb

Uncertain. Has been taken as a derivative from *nabō (“nave”), with sense development "nave" > "protuberance, knob" > "nose, beak", as well as to Gaulish nebba (“bill”). Compare also Proto-Germanic *snabulaz (“snout”), Lithuanian snãpas (“snout”).


malmaz

malmaz (nominative singular)
malmōz (nominative plural)
malmōs (nominative plural)
malm (singular vocative)
malmōz (plural vocative)
malmōs (plural vocative)
malmą (accusative singular)
malmanz (accusative plural)
malmas (genitive singular)
malmis (genitive singular)
malmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
malmai (dative singular)
malmamaz (dative plural)
malmō (instrumental singular)
malmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mealm; mealmstān

Middle English: malme

Scots: maum; maumie

English: malm, maulm, maum, mawm

→ Dutch: malm

Old High German: *malm

Middle High German: malm

German: Malm (dialectal); malmen, zermalmen

Old Norse: malmr

Icelandic: málmur

Faroese: málmur

Norwegian: malm

Old Swedish: malmer

Swedish: malm

Danish: malm

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌼𐌰 (malma)

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind”).


þegō

þegō (nominative singular)
þegôz (nominative plural)
þegō (singular vocative)
þegôz (plural vocative)
þegǭ (accusative singular)
þegōz (accusative plural)
þegōz (genitive singular)
þegǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þegōi (dative singular)
þegōmaz (dative plural)
þegō (instrumental singular)
þegōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þegu

Old English: *þegu, (found in compounds, bēahþegu, bēorþegu)

Derived from *þigjaną (“to accept, receive”).

(West Germanic) a taking, receiving, acceptance


kuddô

kuddô (nominative singular)
kuddaniz (nominative plural)
kuddô (singular vocative)
kuddaniz (plural vocative)
kuddanų (accusative singular)
kuddanunz (accusative plural)
kuddiniz (genitive singular)
kuddanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuddini (dative singular)
kuddammaz (dative plural)
kuddinē (instrumental singular)
kuddammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kuddō

Old English: *codda; codd, cod

Middle English: codde; cod

English: cod

Scots: codd, cod, coad, kod

Old Frisian: kudda, kuda

Old Saxon: *koddo; *kod

Middle Low German: kudde, kodde; *kode

German Low German: Koden, Kon

Old Dutch: *koddo

Middle Dutch: codde, cudse

Dutch: kodde

>? Old High German: kutto

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *kuddijā

desctree

Old English: *cydde, *cyde
Middle English: *kidde, *kide
English: kid (“seed-pod”)
⇒? Middle English: kidenere, kidnere, kydeney, kedney
English: kidney

Old Norse: koddi
Icelandic: koddi
Faroese: koddi
Norwegian Bokmål: kodde
Norwegian Nynorsk: kodde
Old Swedish: kodde
Swedish: kudde
Old Danish: koddæ
Danish: kodde

→ Proto-Finnic: *kotti (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”).


wōdaz

wōdaz (nominative singular)
wōdōz (nominative plural)
wōdōs (nominative plural)
wōd (singular vocative)
wōdōz (plural vocative)
wōdōs (plural vocative)
wōdą (accusative singular)
wōdanz (accusative plural)
wōdas (genitive singular)
wōdis (genitive singular)
wōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wōdai (dative singular)
wōdamaz (dative plural)
wōdō (instrumental singular)
wōdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wōd
Old English: wōd
Middle English: wod, wode
Old Saxon: *wōd
Middle Low German: wôt
German Low German: Woot
Old High German: wuot
Middle High German: wuot
German: Wut
→ German Low German: Wut

Old Norse: óðr

Icelandic: óður

From the adjective *wōdaz (“excited, frenzied, furious”).


hrusǭ

hrusǭ (nominative singular)
hrusōniz (nominative plural)
hrusǭ (singular vocative)
hrusōniz (plural vocative)
hrusōnų (accusative singular)
hrusōnunz (accusative plural)
hrusōniz (genitive singular)
hrusōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrusōni (dative singular)
hrusōmaz (dative plural)
hrusōnē (instrumental singular)
hrusōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hruse

Old High German: hrosa, rosa; hroso, roso

From Proto-Indo-European *krus- (“crust”). Cognate with Latin crusta (“crust”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀 (xruzdra, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रूड् (krūḍ, “thicken, make hard”).


bōkō

bōkō (nominative singular)
bōkôz (nominative plural)
bōkō (singular vocative)
bōkôz (plural vocative)
bōkǭ (accusative singular)
bōkōz (accusative plural)
bōkōz (genitive singular)
bōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkōi (dative singular)
bōkōmaz (dative plural)
bōkō (instrumental singular)
bōkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōku
Old English: bōc
Middle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke
English: book (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: buik, beuk
Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
Yola: buke
Old Frisian: bōk
West Frisian: boeck, boek
Old Saxon: bōka
Middle Low German: bôke
Low German: Böök, Böke
Dutch Low Saxon: beuk
→ Dutch: beuk
Old Dutch: *buoka (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: boec
Dutch: boek (only in compounds and placenames, displaced by eastern beuk)
Old High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha
Middle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)
Alemannic German: Buech
German: Buche, Büche
Luxembourgish: Bich
Vilamovian: bih́łiḱ

Old Norse: bók
Icelandic: bók f
>? Icelandic: bæki, beyki
Faroese: bók f
Norwegian Nynorsk: bok f, bøk m or f
Norwegian Bokmål: bøk m, bok m or f
Old Swedish: bōk
Swedish: bok c
Danish: bog, bøg c

Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.
Proto-Germanic *bōkō
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”) and Latin fāgus (“beech”).
The origin of the senses in Gothic (“book, writing”) is unclear, but they may be transferred by conflation from *bōks f (see there for more), or both senses “beech” and “writing” may have been originally present in both words; in the latter case, *bōkō can safely be derived from *bōks in pre-Germanic.


gailō

gailō (nominative singular)
gailôz (nominative plural)
gailō (singular vocative)
gailôz (plural vocative)
gailǭ (accusative singular)
gailōz (accusative plural)
gailōz (genitive singular)
gailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gailōi (dative singular)
gailōmaz (dative plural)
gailō (instrumental singular)
gailōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gailu

Old English: *gāl

>? Middle English: gale (“way, course”)

desc

>? Middle English: gol (“boundary, limit”)

English: goal

Old Norse: geil

Icelandic: geil

Faroese: geil

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰēy- (“to yawn, gape”).


gilją

gilją (nominative singular)
giljō (nominative plural)
gilją (singular vocative)
giljō (plural vocative)
gilją (accusative singular)
giljō (accusative plural)
giljas (genitive singular)
gilis (genitive singular)
giljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
giljai (dative singular)
giljamaz (dative plural)
giljō (instrumental singular)
giljamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gilli

Old High German: *gilli, *gill

Middle High German: gil

Old Norse: gil

Icelandic: gil

Faroese: gil

→ Middle English: gille, gylle

Scots: gil, gill, gyll

English: gill, ghyll


hurnijǭ

hurnijǭ (nominative singular)
hurnijōniz (nominative plural)
hurnijǭ (singular vocative)
hurnijōniz (plural vocative)
hurnijōnų (accusative singular)
hurnijōnunz (accusative plural)
hurnijōniz (genitive singular)
hurnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurnijōni (dative singular)
hurnijōmaz (dative plural)
hurnijōnē (instrumental singular)
hurnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hurnijā
Old English: hyrne
Middle English: hyrne, hürne, hirne, herne
Scots: hirne, hirn
English: hirn, hern
Old Frisian: herne, hirne
North Frisian: heern, hören, hjaarn, jaan
Saterland Frisian: Häidene
West Frisian: herne
Old Saxon: *hurnia, *hornia
Middle Low German: hurn, horne, harn, hoern
German Low German: Hörn
Old Dutch: *hurna
Middle Dutch: horne

Old Norse: hyrna

Icelandic: hyrna

Faroese: hyrna

Middle Norwegian: hyrni

Norwegian Nynorsk: hyrne

Old Swedish: hyrna

Swedish: hörna

Danish: hjørne

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hjørne

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hjørne

⇒ Old Norse: hyrning

⇒ Old Norse: hyrningr

From *hurną (“horn”) + *-jǭ (diminutive suffix).


-ilǭ

-ilǭ (nominative singular)
-ilōniz (nominative plural)
-ilǭ (singular vocative)
-ilōniz (plural vocative)
-ilōnų (accusative singular)
-ilōnunz (accusative plural)
-ilōniz (genitive singular)
-ilōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ilōni (dative singular)
-ilōmaz (dative plural)
-ilōnē (instrumental singular)
-ilōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ilā

Old Norse: -yla

Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐍉 (-ilō)

Vandalic: *-ilū

From *-ilaz (agent and instrumental suffix) + *-ǭ (agent suffix) and from a version incorporating the PIE diminutive suffix Proto-Indo-European *-lós in the weak declension.

Forms feminine agent nouns, especially of plants and animals.


plaggą

plaggą (nominative singular)
plaggō (nominative plural)
plaggą (singular vocative)
plaggō (plural vocative)
plaggą (accusative singular)
plaggō (accusative plural)
plaggas (genitive singular)
plaggis (genitive singular)
plaggǫ̂ (genitive plural)
plaggai (dative singular)
plaggamaz (dative plural)
plaggō (instrumental singular)
plaggamiz (instrumental plural)
*plakką (alternative)
*plakkô (alternative)

Old English: *plæcca; *plecc

Middle English: plack; plek, pleck; *placche, platch

Scots: platch

English: plack, pleck; platch, patch

Old Frisian: *plakka

Saterland Frisian: Plakke, Plak

West Frisian: plak

Old Saxon: *plakko; *plekkia

Middle Low German: plagge; placke; plekke, plecke, plek

Low German: Plagge, Plack, Plak, Plakke; Plek

→ German: Plagge

Old Dutch: *plakko; *plekka

Middle Dutch: plagge; placke; plecke; placken

Dutch: plag; plak; plek

→ Old French: plaquier, plaquer

Middle French: plaquer

French: plaquer

⇒ Middle French: plaque

French: plaque

→ English: plaque

→⇒ Old French: placard

Middle French: placard

French: placard

→ Middle English: placard

English: placard

→ Middle Dutch: placaerd, plackaet

→ Dutch: plakkaat

→ Medieval Latin: placca

→ Italian: placca

→ Scots: plak, plack

desc

Old High German: *phlacko, *phlaggo, (Central German) *plaggo

Middle High German: pflacke, placke

German: Placken

Luxembourgish: Plak, Plack (latter merged with French plaque)

⇒ Luxembourgish: plakeg

Old Norse: plagg

Icelandic: plagg

Faroese: plagg

Norwegian: plagg

Swedish: plagg

→ Scots: plag

Germanic substrate hypothesis
Nicoline van der Sijs

Unknown. Perhaps a borrowing from an unknown pre-Germanic, but possibly Indo-European, substrate language in which the p has not yet undergone Grimm's law, and distantly related to *flahaną (“to flay, skin”) or *flehtaną (“to weave, plait”).


sparrô

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sparrō
Old Frisian: *sperra
West Frisian: spjir
Old Saxon: sparro
Middle Low German: spāre, spār, spare, sparren, sparre
German Low German: Sparr
Old Dutch: *sparro
Middle Dutch: sparre
Dutch: spar
Afrikaans: spar
→ Middle English: sparre, spare, sparr, spere, sperr, sperre (or from Middle Low German)
English: spar
Scots: spar
Old High German: sparro
Middle High German: sparre
German: Sparren
→ Old French: espar f (alternatively borrowed from Gothic)
Middle French: espar, épar f
French: épar m

Old Norse: sparri

Icelandic: sparri

Old Swedish: sparre

Swedish: sparre

From Pre-Germanic *sporHon, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“spear; a kind of tree”); see the related *speru (“spear”) for more.


krūmô

krūmô (nominative singular)
krūmaniz (nominative plural)
krūmô (singular vocative)
krūmaniz (plural vocative)
krūmanų (accusative singular)
krūmanunz (accusative plural)
krūminiz (genitive singular)
krūmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krūmini (dative singular)
krūmammaz (dative plural)
krūminē (instrumental singular)
krūmammiz (instrumental plural)
*krumô (alternative)

Old English: *crūma; cruma

Middle English: crūme, crowme; crume, crome, crumme, cromme

Scots: crum, crumm, cromm

English: crum, crumb

Old Frisian: *krūma; *kruma

Saterland Frisian: Kroume

Old Saxon: *krūmo; *krumo

Middle Low German: *krūme; krome

Low German: Kraume; Krume, Krome, Kröme, Krom, Kröm

Old Dutch: *krūmo; *krumo

Middle Dutch: crume, cruum, kruyme; crome

Dutch: kruim

Old High German: *krūmo; *krumo

Middle High German: *krūme (in compounds); krume

German: Krume

Old Norse: krúmr

Icelandic: krumur

Norwegian: krumme

Swedish: kråm (< Middle Low German?); krumma (dialectal)

Danish: krumme

From Proto-Indo-European *grūmo- (“something scraped together, lumber, junk; to claw, scratch”), from *ger- (“to turn, bend, twist, wind”).


bōkstabô

bōkstabô (nominative singular)
bōkstabaniz (nominative plural)
bōkstabô (singular vocative)
bōkstabaniz (plural vocative)
bōkstabanų (accusative singular)
bōkstabanunz (accusative plural)
bōkstabiniz (genitive singular)
bōkstabanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkstabini (dative singular)
bōkstabammaz (dative plural)
bōkstabinē (instrumental singular)
bōkstabammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōkstabō

Old Saxon: bōkstabo

Middle Low German: *bôkstāve

German Low German: Bookstaav

Old Dutch: *buocstavo, buocstaf (latter from *bōkstabaz)

Middle Dutch: boecstave, boecstaef

Dutch: boekstaaf

Old High German: *buohstabo

desc

Middle High German: buochstabe, puochstabe

German: Buchstabe

→ Saterland Frisian: Buukstoave, Buukstoawe (partial calque)

/ˈbɔːkˌstɑ.βɔːː/


snōdō

snōdō (nominative singular)
snōdôz (nominative plural)
snōdō (singular vocative)
snōdôz (plural vocative)
snōdǭ (accusative singular)
snōdōz (accusative plural)
snōdōz (genitive singular)
snōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snōdōi (dative singular)
snōdōmaz (dative plural)
snōdō (instrumental singular)
snōdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: snōd

Middle English: snod

Scots: snuid

English: snood

→ Dutch: sneu

(Old Saxon: snōva)

Old Norse: *snóð; (snúðr)

(Icelandic: snúður)

Old Swedish: snoþ

Swedish: snod, snodd

From Proto-Indo-European *snoh₁téh₂ (“yarn, thread”), from *sneh₁(i)- (“to twist, wind, weave, plait”). Cognate with Latvian snāte (“linen cover”), Old Irish snáth (“thread”).


tindaz

tindaz (nominative singular)
tindōz (nominative plural)
tindōs (nominative plural)
tind (singular vocative)
tindōz (plural vocative)
tindōs (plural vocative)
tindą (accusative singular)
tindanz (accusative plural)
tindas (genitive singular)
tindis (genitive singular)
tindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tindai (dative singular)
tindamaz (dative plural)
tindō (instrumental singular)
tindamiz (instrumental plural)
*tendaz (alternative)
*tinduz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *tind

Old English: tind

Middle English: tind, tynd

Scots: tynd, teind

English: tind, tine

Old Saxon: *tind

Middle Low German: tint

Old High German: zint

Middle High German: zint

German: Zind, Zint

Old Norse: tindr

Icelandic: tindur

Faroese: tindur

Thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *h₃dénts (“peg, tooth”).


fērō

fērō (nominative singular)
fērôz (nominative plural)
fērō (singular vocative)
fērôz (plural vocative)
fērǭ (accusative singular)
fērōz (accusative plural)
fērōz (genitive singular)
fērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fērōi (dative singular)
fērōmaz (dative plural)
fērō (instrumental singular)
fērōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣr m; (ġefǣr)

Middle English: fer, fere, feer

Scots: fere, feir, fear

English: fear

Old Frisian: *fēr (in fernesse)

Old Saxon: *fāra f; fār m

Middle Low German: vâre; vâr; gevâr; gevêr, gevêre

German Low German: Gefahr

→ Danish: fare c

→ Swedish: fara f

→ Finnish: vaara

→ Norwegian Bokmål: fare m

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fare m

Old Dutch: *fāra; *fār

Middle Dutch: vāre, vaer

Old High German: fāra f; *fār m

Middle High German: vāre f; vār m; gevāre

German: Fahr; Gefahr

→ Dutch: gevaar

→ West Frisian: gefaar

→ German Low German: Gefahr

→ Saterland Frisian: Gefoar

→ Yiddish: [script needed] (gefer)

Luxembourgish: Gefor

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰 (fērja)

From otherwise unattested *fēriz (“risky, dangerous”), vṛddhi gerundive of unattested *feraną (“to risk”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go through”), + *-ō. Compare, in particular, Old Armenian փորձ (pʻorj, “attempt”), Ancient Greek πεῖρᾰ (peîră, “trial”).


risą

risą (nominative singular)
risō (nominative plural)
risą (singular vocative)
risō (plural vocative)
risą (accusative singular)
risō (accusative plural)
risas (genitive singular)
risis (genitive singular)
risǫ̂ (genitive plural)
risai (dative singular)
risamaz (dative plural)
risō (instrumental singular)
risamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *ris (unconfirmed)

Icelandic: ris

Faroese: ris

Shetland Norn: riss


managiþō

managiþō (nominative singular)
managiþôz (nominative plural)
managiþō (singular vocative)
managiþôz (plural vocative)
managiþǭ (accusative singular)
managiþōz (accusative plural)
managiþōz (genitive singular)
managiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
managiþōi (dative singular)
managiþōmaz (dative plural)
managiþō (instrumental singular)
managiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *managiþu

Old English: menigdu

Old Frisian: *manigde, *manichte

West Frisian: mannichte

Old Saxon: *menegda

Middle Low German: mennichte

Old Dutch: *menigde

Middle Dutch: menichte

Dutch: menigte

→ Old French: meinte, mainte

Middle French: maint

French: maint

desc

>? Old High German: managōti, menīgōti, menigōti

Middle High German: mengede

Old Norse: *mǫngd, *mengd

Faroese: mongd

Norwegian Nynorsk: mengd

Swedish: mängd

Danish: mængde

Norwegian Bokmål: mengde


makô

makô (nominative singular)
makaniz (nominative plural)
makô (singular vocative)
makaniz (plural vocative)
makanų (accusative singular)
makanunz (accusative plural)
makiniz (genitive singular)
makanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
makini (dative singular)
makammaz (dative plural)
makinē (instrumental singular)
makammiz (instrumental plural)
*makkô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *makō

Old English: maca, ġemaca; mæċċa, ġemæċċa

Middle English: make, mak, ȝemace, imake; mache, meche, macche, mecche, matche, metche

Scots: mak; mach, match

English: make; match

desctree

→ Russian: матч (matč)
→ Armenian: մատչ (matčʻ)

Old Saxon: gimako

Middle Low German: makkære, makker

German Low German: Macker

Old Dutch: *gimako; *gimakko

Middle Dutch: *gemakke, *ghemacke (>macker)

(Dutch: makker)

(→ German Low German: Macker)

(→ German: Macker)

→ Danish: makker

desc

Old High German: kamahho, gimahho, gimacho; gimahha f

Old Norse: maki

Icelandic: maki

Faroese: maki

Norwegian: make

Old Swedish: maki

Swedish: make, maka

Danish: mage

→ Proto-Samic: *mākë (see there for further descendants)

An old n-stem as evidenced by the Kluge's law variant *makkô, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *móg-ō, from *meg-, *mog- (“to knead, work”) (alternatively *mag-, *meh₂ǵ-, *meh₂ḱ-; various sets of cognates and meanings suggested). In any case from the same root as *makaz (“fitting, suitable, convenient, comfortable”); see there for the root reconstruction.


makkô

makkô (nominative singular)
makkaniz (nominative plural)
makkô (singular vocative)
makkaniz (plural vocative)
makkanų (accusative singular)
makkanunz (accusative plural)
makkiniz (genitive singular)
makkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
makkini (dative singular)
makkammaz (dative plural)
makkinē (instrumental singular)
makkammiz (instrumental plural)

Kluge's law alternant of *makô ~ **umkkaz after paradigmatic leveling of the stem to *makk-, from Proto-Indo-European *mógō ~ *m̥gnós, or perhaps *mōkô ~ **makkaz from *méh₂gō ~ *mh₂gnós; see the main entry for more on the root.


finhlō

finhlō (nominative singular)
finhlôz (nominative plural)
finhlō (singular vocative)
finhlôz (plural vocative)
finhlǭ (accusative singular)
finhlōz (accusative plural)
finhlōz (genitive singular)
finhlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
finhlōi (dative singular)
finhlōmaz (dative plural)
finhlō (instrumental singular)
finhlōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fį̄hlu, *fį̄halu, *fį̄hilu, *fį̄hulu
Old English: fīil, fīol, fēol, fēl
Middle English: file, fyle
English: file
Scots: file, fyle
Old Frisian: *fīle
Saterland Frisian: Fiele
West Frisian: file
Old Saxon: fīla
Middle Low German: vîle
German Low German: File
→ Swedish: fil
Old Dutch: *fīla
Middle Dutch: vile
Dutch: vijl
Afrikaans: vyl
Berbice Creole Dutch: feli
Negerhollands: feile
→ Aukan: fei
→ Caribbean Hindustani: feiri
Old High German: fīhala, fīgila, fīla
Middle High German: vīle
Cimbrian: faila
German: Feile
Luxembourgish: Feil
→ Proto-Slavic: *pĩlà (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þél ( < *fíla, *fél)

Icelandic: þél, þjöl

Faroese: fíla

Norwegian: fil

Old Swedish: fǣl

Danish: fil


ansijō

ansijō (nominative singular)
ansijôz (nominative plural)
ansijō (singular vocative)
ansijôz (plural vocative)
ansijǭ (accusative singular)
ansijōz (accusative plural)
ansijōz (genitive singular)
ansijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ansijōi (dative singular)
ansijōmaz (dative plural)
ansijō (instrumental singular)
ansijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ansiju, *ą̄siju (North Sea Germanic)
Old Frisian: *ōse, *ōs
North Frisian: ous
Saterland Frisian: Oose
West Frisian: oes
Old Saxon: *ōsia
Middle Low German: ö̂se, oese, o̊se, ouse, osse
German Low German:
Dortmunder, Westphalian (Sauerländisch (Niedersfeld, Olpe)): Ööse
Old Prussian, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, East Westphalian (Lippe)): Öse
Sauerländisch: Oise, Öüse (Attendorn, Drolshagen), Ööese (Wenden)
→ Middle High German: ōse
German: Öse
>? Old High German: *ansa, ensa
→ Vulgar Latin: *ansia, *āsia (“loop, eyelet, pot handle, cup handle, arms akimbo, elbow room”) (possibly)
Old French: aise, eise (“elbow room, opportunity”)
Middle French: aise
French: aise
→ Middle English: ese
English: ease

Old Norse: æs

Icelandic: æs

Faroese: æs

Norwegian: æs

→ Proto-Finnic: *ohja (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ens-yeh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἡνία pl (hēnía, “rein”), Latin ānsa (“handle”), Old Irish éisi pl (“reins”), Lithuanian ąsà (“jug handle”), Latvian ùoss (“jug handle”), Old Prussian ansis (“hook”).

handle (of a cup or bowl which forms a loop or half-loop)


stahlą

stahlą (nominative singular)
stahlō (nominative plural)
stahlą (singular vocative)
stahlō (plural vocative)
stahlą (accusative singular)
stahlō (accusative plural)
stahlas (genitive singular)
stahlis (genitive singular)
stahlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stahlai (dative singular)
stahlamaz (dative plural)
stahlō (instrumental singular)
stahlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stahl, *stahlī (northern)
Old Saxon: *stāl
Middle Low German: stâl
German Low German: Stahl
Low German: staal
Plautdietsch: Stol
Old Dutch: stāl
Middle Dutch: stâel
Dutch: staal
Afrikaans: staal
→ Xhosa: isitali
Negerhollands: staal
→ Papiamentu: stal, staal
Limburgish: stjaol
West Flemish: stoal
Old High German: stahal, stāl
Middle High German: stahel, stāl (especially Central German), stachel, stagel (Upper German)
Alemannic German: Staal
German: Stahl (see there for further descendants)
Hunsrik: Staal
Luxembourgish: Stol
Yiddish: שטאָל (shtol)

Old Norse: stál

Icelandic: stál

Faroese: stál

Norwegian: stål

Elfdalian: stą̊l

Old Swedish: stāl

Swedish: stål

Danish: stål

→ Proto-Samic: *stālē (see there for further descendants)

From *stahlaz, *stahalaz (“firm, fast”), from Proto-Indo-European *stek- (“to be firm, stand fast”). Cognate with Old Prussian pannu-staclan (“fire-striker”); an additional connection to Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 (staxra, “strong”) is tenuous.


Raginaharduz

Raginaharduz (nominative singular)
Raginahardu (singular vocative)
Raginahardų (accusative singular)
Raginahardauz (genitive singular)
Raginahardiwi (dative singular)
Raginahardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Raginahardu

Old Saxon: *Reginhard

Middle Low German: Reynārt (borrowed from French ?)

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: Reineke, Reyneke, Reynke

→ German: Reineke

Old Dutch: *Reginhard

Middle Dutch: Reynaerd

Dutch: Reinaart; Reintje

→ English: Reynard

Old High German: Reginhart

Middle High German: Reinhart

German: Reinhard

→ Old French: renart

Middle French: renard

French: renard

→ English: Reynard

→ Latin: Renartus

From *raginą (“decision, advice, counsel”) + *harduz (“hard, brave”).


Rīkaharduz

Rīkaharduz (nominative singular)
Rīkahardu (singular vocative)
Rīkahardų (accusative singular)
Rīkahardauz (genitive singular)
Rīkahardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Rīkahard

desctree

Old High German: Rīcohard, Rīhhart, Richart (8th-11th C. CE), Hrichart (8th or 9th C. CE), Rihart, Hrihhart (9th C. CE)
Middle High German: Rihard, Rihart, Richhart, Richcart, Richkart, Rihcart, Rihkart
→ Medieval Latin: Rihhardus (11th C.), Richardis, Richcardis, Richhardus (12th-13th C.), Richardus (12th-14th C.)
German: Richard, Rikard
→ Estonian: Rihard

→ Latin: Richardus

Old French: Richart, Richard

French: Richard

→ Middle English: Rycharde

English: Richard

Italian: Riccardo

Portuguese: Ricardo

Spanish: Ricardo

Old Norse: Ríkharðr

Icelandic: Ríkharður

From *rīks (“king, ruler”) + *harduz (“hard, brave”).


þinhslō

þinhslō (nominative singular)
þinhslôz (nominative plural)
þinhslō (singular vocative)
þinhslôz (plural vocative)
þinhslǭ (accusative singular)
þinhslōz (accusative plural)
þinhslōz (genitive singular)
þinhslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þinhslōi (dative singular)
þinhslōmaz (dative plural)
þinhslō (instrumental singular)
þinhslōmiz (instrumental plural)
*þinhsilō (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þį̄hslu
Old English: þīxl, þīsl
Old Frisian: *thīxl, *thixl
West Frisian: tiksel
Old Saxon: thīsla, thīhsla, thīhsala, thessalia, thesla
Middle Low German: dîhsele, dîsle, dîsel, dîstel, dîssel
German Low German: Dießel
→ Saterland Frisian: Diesel
Old Dutch: *thīhsala
Middle Dutch: diesele, dissel
Dutch: dissel
West Flemish: dijsel
Old High German: dīhsala, dīhsila
Middle High German: dīhsele, dīhsel, dīsle
German: Deichsel

Old Norse: þísl

Icelandic: þísl

Old Swedish: þistl

Swedish: tistel

/ˈθĩːx.slɔː/

Uncertain. Seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰs(e)leh₂, derived from the root *tengʰ- (“to pull, stretch, tensen”); Kroonen however is skeptical. In any case, compare Latin tēmō (“pole, yoke-beam”) and Old Prussian teansis (“drawbar”).


-atją

-atją (nominative singular)
-atjō (nominative plural)
-atją (singular vocative)
-atjō (plural vocative)
-atją (accusative singular)
-atjō (accusative plural)
-atjas (genitive singular)
-atis (genitive singular)
-atjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-atjai (dative singular)
-atjamaz (dative plural)
-atjō (instrumental singular)
-atjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-atti

Old English: -ett, -et (genitive -ettes)

Old High German: -az, -ez

Suffix denoting the action of verbs ending in *-atjaną, used similarly as Modern English -age, -ation, -isation, -ism.


hleumundaz

hleumundaz (nominative singular)
hleumundōz (nominative plural)
hleumundōs (nominative plural)
hleumund (singular vocative)
hleumundōz (plural vocative)
hleumundōs (plural vocative)
hleumundą (accusative singular)
hleumundanz (accusative plural)
hleumundas (genitive singular)
hleumundis (genitive singular)
hleumundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hleumundai (dative singular)
hleumundamaz (dative plural)
hleumundō (instrumental singular)
hleumundamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hleumund
Old Saxon: *hliumand
Middle Low German: lǖmunt, lîmunt
⇒ Old Saxon: *hliumandig
⇒ Old Saxon: mishliumandig
Old Dutch: *liumund
Middle Dutch: lumont
Old High German: hliumunt, liumunt
Middle High German: liumunt
German: Leumund

Likely originally neuter, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwmn̥tom, extension and thematicization of *ḱléwmn̥, from *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Cognate to Sanskrit श्रोमत (śromata, “fame”).


aihtēr

aihtēr (nominative singular)
aihtriz (nominative plural)
aihter (singular vocative)
aihtriz (plural vocative)
aihterų (accusative singular)
aihtrunz (accusative plural)
aihturz (genitive singular)
aihtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aihtri (dative singular)
aihtrumaz (dative plural)
aihtrē (instrumental singular)
aihtrumiz (instrumental plural)

>? Old Norse: *áttir

Old Swedish: -attari in iorþattari (“landowner”)

→ Proto-Samic: *ājttër (see there for further descendants)

From *aiganą + reflex of Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr. Compare Sanskrit ईशितृ (īśitṛ, “owner, proprietor”).


murhǭ

murhǭ (nominative singular)
murhōniz (nominative plural)
murhǭ (singular vocative)
murhōniz (plural vocative)
murhōnų (accusative singular)
murhōnunz (accusative plural)
murhōniz (genitive singular)
murhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murhōni (dative singular)
murhōmaz (dative plural)
murhōnē (instrumental singular)
murhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *morhā
Old English: more
Middle English: more, moore, morre
English: more (dialectal)
→ Welsh: moron
Old Saxon: morha
Middle Low German: more, mȫre
⇒ German Low German: Mohrenkopp
→⇒ Swedish: morot
Old Dutch: *mora
Middle Dutch: mōre
Dutch: moor (obsolete)
Limburgish: moer
Old High German: morha, moraha
Middle High German: morhe, morche
German: Möhre
⇒ German: Mohrrübe
Luxembourgish: Muert
Yiddish: מייער (meyer)

Old Norse: mura

Icelandic: mura

Faroese: mura

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: mure

Norwegian Nynorsk: mure

Swedish: morot

Uncertain; presumably cognate with Proto-Slavic *mъrky (“carrot”), suggesting Proto-Indo-European *mérkuh₂ ~ *mr̥kwéh₂; however, perhaps instead an indigenous European Wanderwort. A connection to Ancient Greek βράκανα (brákana, “wild vegetables”), βάκανον (bákanon, “cabbage(-seed)”) has been argued but has been disputed; otherwise thought to be of Pre-Greek origin, though given the word's likely Wanderwort status, a connection can still be maintained.


swōnō

swōnō (nominative singular)
swōnôz (nominative plural)
swōnō (singular vocative)
swōnôz (plural vocative)
swōnǭ (accusative singular)
swōnōz (accusative plural)
swōnōz (genitive singular)
swōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swōnōi (dative singular)
swōnōmaz (dative plural)
swōnō (instrumental singular)
swōnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swōnu

Old Frisian: sōne

North Frisian: sone

Saterland Frisian: Soune, Soon

West Frisian: soen

Old Saxon: *swōna, sōna

Middle Low German: swône, sône; swö̂ne, sö̂n

Old Dutch: *suona

Middle Dutch: soene

Dutch: zoen

Afrikaans: soen

Old High German: suona

Middle High German: suone; süene

German: Sühne

Old Norse: són; sonar-

Icelandic: són

Uncertain; one theory derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *swā-n- (“healthy; whole; active; vigorous”), and compares it with Latin sānus (“healthy”).


hleuzą

hleuzą (nominative singular)
hleuzō (nominative plural)
hleuzą (singular vocative)
hleuzō (plural vocative)
hleuzą (accusative singular)
hleuzō (accusative plural)
hleuzas (genitive singular)
hliuzis (genitive singular)
hleuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hleuzai (dative singular)
hleuzamaz (dative plural)
hleuzō (instrumental singular)
hleuzamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hleuʀ

Old English: hlēor

Middle English: leor, ler, lere

English: leer

Scots: lere

Old Saxon: hlior, hleor

Middle Low German: lêr

German Low German: Leer

Old Dutch: *hleura (attested in thunnichleura), *hlior, *lior

Middle Dutch: liere, lier

Dutch: lier

Old Norse: hlýr

Icelandic: hlýr

Swedish: lyra

→ Middle English: lire, lyre

Scots: lire, lyre

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlews- (“side of the head, temple, ear”), that is, the area around the ears (side of the head).

side of the head or face; profile; cheek


lōmaz

lōmaz (nominative singular)
lōmōz (nominative plural)
lōmōs (nominative plural)
lōm (singular vocative)
lōmōz (plural vocative)
lōmōs (plural vocative)
lōmą (accusative singular)
lōmanz (accusative plural)
lōmas (genitive singular)
lōmis (genitive singular)
lōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lōmai (dative singular)
lōmamaz (dative plural)
lōmō (instrumental singular)
lōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *lómr, in compound lómbragð

Icelandic: lómur

Norwegian: lom

From Pre-Germanic *loh₁umos, related to *lēwą.


terwą

terwą (nominative singular)
terwō (nominative plural)
terwą (singular vocative)
terwō (plural vocative)
terwą (accusative singular)
terwō (accusative plural)
terwas (genitive singular)
tirwis (genitive singular)
terwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
terwai (dative singular)
terwamaz (dative plural)
terwō (instrumental singular)
terwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *teru
Old English: teoru
Middle English: ter, terr, tarr
English: tar
Scots: terr, ter, tar
Old Frisian: tere
North Frisian: tjär
Saterland Frisian: Taar
West Frisian: tarre, tar
Old Saxon: *tero
Middle Low German: tēre, tēr
→ German: Teer
→ Rhine Franconian: Zeer (northern Hessian; likely borrowed and adapted)
Old Dutch: *tero
Middle Dutch: terre, teer, tar
Dutch: teer
Afrikaans: teer

Old Norse: tjara (replacing *tjǫrva < *terwǭ)

Danish: tjære

Faroese: tjøra

Icelandic: tjara

Norwegian Bokmål: tjære

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjære

Old Swedish: tiæra

Swedish: tjära

→ Proto-Finnic: *tërva

→ Proto-Samic: *tërvē

From Pre-Germanic *derwom, derived from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”). Related to Lithuanian derva (“resin, tar”).


terwaz

terwaz (nominative singular)
terwōz (nominative plural)
terwōs (nominative plural)
terw (singular vocative)
terwōz (plural vocative)
terwōs (plural vocative)
terwą (accusative singular)
terwanz (accusative plural)
terwas (genitive singular)
tirwis (genitive singular)
terwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
terwai (dative singular)
terwamaz (dative plural)
terwō (instrumental singular)
terwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: tjǫrr

Swedish: tjor, tjur (dialectal)

From Pre-Germanic *derwos, derived from or related to *terwą (“tar”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deru- (“wood”).

(North Germanic) handle of resinous wood


sprutô

sprutô (nominative singular)
sprutaniz (nominative plural)
sprutô (singular vocative)
sprutaniz (plural vocative)
sprutanų (accusative singular)
sprutanunz (accusative plural)
sprutiniz (genitive singular)
sprutanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sprutini (dative singular)
sprutammaz (dative plural)
sprutinē (instrumental singular)
sprutammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sprota

Middle English: sprote

English: sprot

Middle Dutch: sprote, sproot

Old High German: sprozzo
Middle High German: sprozze, sprosse
German: Sprosse
Limburgish: Sprass

Old Norse: sproti

Icelandic: sproti

Faroese: sproti

Old Swedish: spruti, sproti