magô

magô (nominative singular)
maganiz (nominative plural)
magô (singular vocative)
maganiz (plural vocative)
maganų (accusative singular)
maganunz (accusative plural)
maginiz (genitive singular)
maganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magini (dative singular)
magammaz (dative plural)
maginē (instrumental singular)
magammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *magō
Old English: maga
Middle English: maȝe, maghe, mawe
English: maw
Scots: mawe, maw
Old Frisian: maga
Saterland Frisian: Moage
West Frisian: mage
Old Saxon: mago
Middle Low German: māge
Low German:
German Low German: Mage, Maag
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Māge
Sauerländisch: Māge
Westmünsterländian: Maagen, Maage
Plautdietsch: Moag
Old Dutch: *mago
Middle Dutch: māge
Dutch: maag
Afrikaans: maag
Negerhollands: maag
→ Indonesian: mag
Limburgish: maag
Old High German: mago
Middle High German: mage
Bavarian: Mågn
German: Magen
Hunsrik: Maaghe, Maan
Luxembourgish: Mo
Vilamovian: maoga
Yiddish: מאָגן (mogn)
→ Italian: magone
→ Venetan: magon

Old Norse: magi
Icelandic: magi
Faroese: magi
Norwegian Nynorsk: mage; (dialectal) magi, maga, mågå
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mage
Jamtish: maga
Elfdalian: magi
Old Swedish: maghi
Swedish: mage
Old Danish: maghæ
Danish: mave
Norwegian Bokmål: mave
Gutnish: mage
Scanian: mawe

East Germanic:

→ Galician: maga

→ Proto-Finnic: *mako
Estonian: magu
Finnish: mako (dialectal)
Ingrian: mako
Livonian: ma'g, mag
Võro: mago
Votic: mako

→ Proto-Finnic: *maha
Finnish: maha
→ Votic: maha
Karelian:
North Karelian: maha
South Karelian: maha
Livvi: maha
Ludian: maha
⇒ Veps: mahud

From Proto-Indo-European *mak- (“small bag, bellows, belly”) (alternatively reconstructed as *maks-), which appears to be a European substrate term borrowed into multiple Indo-European branches. Compare Lithuanian mãkas (“purse, wallet, scrotum”), Proto-Slavic *mošьnà (“small bag, purse”), Proto-Celtic *makīnā (“bellows”) (whence Welsh megin (“bellows”), Breton megin (“bellows”)).


leuhtą

leuhtą (nominative singular)
leuhtō (nominative plural)
leuhtą (singular vocative)
leuhtō (plural vocative)
leuhtą (accusative singular)
leuhtō (accusative plural)
leuhtas (genitive singular)
liuhtis (genitive singular)
leuhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leuhtai (dative singular)
leuhtamaz (dative plural)
leuhtō (instrumental singular)
leuhtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leuht
Old English: lēoht, lēht — Anglian, līht
Middle English: leoht, liht, light
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Frisian: liācht
Saterland Frisian: Ljoacht, Lucht
West Frisian: ljocht
Old Saxon: lioht
Middle Low German: licht, lucht
Low German: Licht
German Low German: Licht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Lecht
Lippisch: Lecht, Lucht
Sauerländisch: Lecht, Licht
Westmünsterländisch: Lecht, Lech
Plautdietsch: Licht
Old Dutch: lieht
Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lèch
Old High German: lioht
Middle High German: liecht, licht
Alemannic German: Liecht (north Alsatian), Liacht (south Alsatian)
Bavarian: Liacht
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Licht
Kölsch: Leesch
Luxembourgish: Liicht
East Central German:
Vilamovian: łicht
East Franconian: Lieacht
German: Licht
Rhine Franconian: Licht, Liecht, Lischt
Frankfurterisch: [liʃt]
Pennsylvania German: Licht
Yiddish: ליכט (likht)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, ultimately from the root *lewk- (“to shine”) and the suffix *-tós.


missadēdiz

missadēdiz (nominative singular)
missadēdīz (nominative plural)
missadēdi (singular vocative)
missadēdīz (plural vocative)
missadēdį (accusative singular)
missadēdinz (accusative plural)
missadēdīz (genitive singular)
missadēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
missadēdī (dative singular)
missadēdimaz (dative plural)
missadēdī (instrumental singular)
missadēdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *missadādi

Old English: misdǣd

Middle English: misdede

Scots: misdede, misdeid

English: misdeed

Old Frisian: misdēd, misdēde

Saterland Frisian: Misdoat

West Frisian: misdied

Old Saxon: misdād

Middle Low German: misdât

German Low German: Missdaad

Old Dutch: misdād, *misdāt

Middle Dutch: misdaet

Dutch: misdaad

Afrikaans: misdaad

Old High German: missitāt, mistāt

Middle High German: missetāt

German: Missetat

Old Norse: *misdáð

Danish: misdåd

Swedish: missdåd

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃 (missadēþs)


fōdrą

fōdrą (nominative singular)
fōdrō (nominative plural)
fōdrą (singular vocative)
fōdrō (plural vocative)
fōdrą (accusative singular)
fōdrō (accusative plural)
fōdras (genitive singular)
fōdris (genitive singular)
fōdrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōdrai (dative singular)
fōdramaz (dative plural)
fōdrō (instrumental singular)
fōdramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdr
Old English: fōdor
Middle English: fodder, foddre, fodre, foder, fodyr, foddur, voddur
English: fodder
Middle Scots: foder, fodder, fother, fothir
Scots: fother
Old Frisian: fōder
North Frisian: Fođer, fooder
Saterland Frisian: Fodder
West Frisian: foer
Old Saxon: *fōdar
Middle Low German: vōder
Old Dutch: *fuodar
Dutch: voeder, voer
Afrikaans: voer
Limburgish: voder, voor
Old High German: fuotar
Middle High German: vuoter
Cimbrian: fuutar
German: Futter
Luxembourgish: Fudder
→ Old French: fuerre (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: fóðr
Icelandic: fóður
Faroese: fóður
Norwegian Nynorsk: fôr, foder
Norwegian Bokmål: fôr
Old Swedish: fōþer, ᚠᚮᚦᚽᚱ
Swedish: foder
Danish: foder
→ Middle English: fother, foður, fothir, fothyr, futher, fodyr, fooder, foþer, foþere, foðer, voðer, ffoder
English: fother
Scots: fother

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect, guard; to graze, feed”) + *-dʰrom or *-tróm, the suffix equivalent to *-drą; or directly from the root of *fōdijaną (“to feed”) and *fōdô (“food”) (including the *d), from an extended form *peh₂-dʰ(h₁)- or *peh₂-t- of the same PIE root, + *-r-om. Cognate with Latin pābulum (“food, fodder”) and possibly pānis (“bread, food”).


fōdrą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdr
Old English: fōdor
Old Dutch: *fuodar
Middle Dutch: voeder
Dutch: voer
Old High German: fuotar
Middle High German: vuoter
German: Futter
→ Polish: futro
Luxembourgish: Fudder
→ Venetan: fódro
→? Cimbrian: fòdara
→ Italian: fodero

Old Norse: fóðr

Faroese: fóður (“lining”)

Icelandic: fóður

Danish: for

Norwegian Nynorsk: foder

Swedish: foder

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂 (fōdr)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hootra

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect, guard, graze, feed”) + *-dʰrom or *-tróm, the suffix equivalent to *-drą; ultimately of the same origin as the "fodder" sense of Etymology 2, via a different semantic evolution from the basic sense of "to protect" rather than "to make protected" > "to feed".


sīdǭ

sīdǭ (nominative singular)
sīdōniz (nominative plural)
sīdǭ (singular vocative)
sīdōniz (plural vocative)
sīdōnų (accusative singular)
sīdōnunz (accusative plural)
sīdōniz (genitive singular)
sīdōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīdōni (dative singular)
sīdōmaz (dative plural)
sīdōnē (instrumental singular)
sīdōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sīdā
Old English: sīde
Middle English: side, zide (Kent)
English: side
Scots: side, syde
Yola: zeide
Old Frisian: sīde
Saterland Frisian: Siede
West Frisian: side
Old Saxon: sīda
Middle Low German: sîde
Low German: Siede
German Low German: Sied, Siet, Side
Old Dutch: sīda
Middle Dutch: side
Dutch: zijde, zij
Afrikaans: sye, sy
Negerhollands: sie, śi
Old High German: sīta
Middle High German: sīte
Alemannic German: Siite
Central Franconian: Seck
Cimbrian: sait
German: Seite
Luxembourgish: Säit
Yiddish: זײַט (zayt)

Old Norse: síða
Icelandic: síða
Faroese: síða
Norwegian Bokmål: side
Norwegian Nynorsk: side
Old Swedish: sīþa
Swedish: sida
Danish: side

Derived from *sīdaz (“long”), with sense development "long" > "broad (surface)" > "side".


siuniz

siuniz (nominative singular)
siunīz (nominative plural)
siuni (singular vocative)
siunīz (plural vocative)
siunį (accusative singular)
siuninz (accusative plural)
siunīz (genitive singular)
siunijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
siunī (dative singular)
siunimaz (dative plural)
siunī (instrumental singular)
siunimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *siuni
Old English: sīen, sȳn, sēon, sīn
Middle English: sene
Old Frisian: siōne, siūne
Saterland Frisian: Sjune, Sjün, Sün
Old Saxon: siun
Middle Low German: sune, süne
Old Dutch: *siun
Middle Dutch: siene, sien, ziene
Old High German: siun
Middle High German: siune, sūne

Old Norse: sjón, sýn

Icelandic: sjón, sýn

Faroese: sjón, sýn

Norwegian: syn, sjon

Old Swedish: sȳn

Swedish: syn

Danish: syn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍃 (siuns)

From earlier *segw-niz, the former part from *sehwaną.


sangwaz

sangwaz (nominative singular)
sangwōz (nominative plural)
sangwōs (nominative plural)
sangw (singular vocative)
sangwōz (plural vocative)
sangwōs (plural vocative)
sangwą (accusative singular)
sangwanz (accusative plural)
sangwas (genitive singular)
sangwis (genitive singular)
sangwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sangwai (dative singular)
sangwamaz (dative plural)
sangwō (instrumental singular)
sangwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sangu

Old English: sang, song

Middle English: sang, song

Scots: sang, song

English: song

→ Dutch: song

→ German: Song

Yola: zong

Old Frisian: sang, song

Saterland Frisian: Soang

West Frisian: sang

Old Saxon: sang

Middle Low German: sank

Low German: Sang, Gesang

Plautdietsch: Jesank

Old Dutch: *sang

Middle Dutch: sanc

Dutch: zang

Afrikaans: sang

Limburgish: zank, zaank

Old High German: sang; *gisang, kisanch

Middle High German: sanc; gesanc

German: Sang; Gesang

Yiddish: זאַנג (zang)

Old Norse: sǫngr
Icelandic: söngur
Faroese: songur, sangur
Norn: sang
Norwegian Nynorsk: song
Elfdalian: saungg
Old Swedish: sanger
Swedish: sång
Danish: sang (dial.: sång)
Norwegian Bokmål: sang
Gutnish: sangg, sångg

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (saggws) (i-stem)

[ˈsɑŋʷ.ɡʷɑz]

An o-grade nominal derived from *singwaną (“to sing”), perhaps directly from a Proto-Indo-European *songʷʰ-o-s.


rūmą

rūmą (nominative singular)
rūmō (nominative plural)
rūmą (singular vocative)
rūmō (plural vocative)
rūmą (accusative singular)
rūmō (accusative plural)
rūmas (genitive singular)
rūmis (genitive singular)
rūmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūmai (dative singular)
rūmamaz (dative plural)
rūmō (instrumental singular)
rūmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rūm n
Old English: rūm m or n
Middle English: roum
English: room
→ Fiji Hindi: rum
→ Scottish Gaelic: rùm m
→ Tok Pisin: rum
Scots: rowm, roum
Old Frisian: *rūm
Saterland Frisian: Ruum m
Old Saxon: rūm
Middle Low German: rûm
Low German: Ruum m
German Low German: Ruum m
→ Lower Sorbian: rum m inan
Plautdietsch: Rum
Old Dutch: *rūm
Middle Dutch: ruum
Dutch: ruim n
Afrikaans: ruim
→ Russian: трюм (trjum)
→ Bulgarian: трюм (trjum)
Old High German: rūm
Middle High German: rūm
German: Raum m
Hunsrik: Raum m
Luxembourgish: Raum m
Volga German: Raum m

Old Norse: rúm n

Icelandic: rúm n

Faroese: rúm n

Norn: rum

Old Swedish: rūm

Swedish: rum n

Danish: rum n

Elfdalian: ruom

Gutnish: räum, rum, rom

Norwegian: rom

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌼 n (rūm)

From Proto-Indo-European *rewh₁- (“open space, land”). See *rūmaz for more.


lēkijaz

lēkijaz (nominative singular)
lēkijōz (nominative plural)
lēkijōs (nominative plural)
lēkī (singular vocative)
lēkijōz (plural vocative)
lēkijōs (plural vocative)
lēkiją (accusative singular)
lēkijanz (accusative plural)
lēkijas (genitive singular)
lēkīs (genitive singular)
lēkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēkijai (dative singular)
lēkijamaz (dative plural)
lēkijō (instrumental singular)
lēkijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lākī
Old English: lǣċe
Middle English: leche
English: leech
Old Frisian: lēka, lētza
Old High German: lāhhi

Old Norse:

Old East Norse: *lækir

Old West Norse: læknir
Icelandic: læknir
Faroese: lækni
Old Swedish: lǣkir, lǣkiare
Swedish: läkare
→ Finnish: lääkäri, lääke
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: lækjar
Old Danish: lægæ, legi
Danish: læge
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: lege
Norwegian Nynorsk: lege

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (lēkeis)

Uncertain; possibly from *lēkiz (“healing; medicine; healer”) + *-jaz, or borrowed from Proto-Celtic *leigis (“healer”) of the same root. Perhaps also from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to collect, gather”), and thus related to Latin legō. Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *leg- (“to leak”), with original sense of "blood-letter (leaker)" > "leech (used in therapy)" > "doctor", though this is speculative.


lēkinō

lēkinō (nominative singular)
lēkinôz (nominative plural)
lēkinō (singular vocative)
lēkinôz (plural vocative)
lēkinǭ (accusative singular)
lēkinōz (accusative plural)
lēkinōz (genitive singular)
lēkinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēkinōi (dative singular)
lēkinōmaz (dative plural)
lēkinō (instrumental singular)
lēkinōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: lækn

Icelandic: lækn


rekwaz

rekwaz (nominative singular)
rekwaz (singular vocative)
rekwaz (accusative singular)
rekwiziz (genitive singular)
rekwizi (dative singular)
rekwizē (instrumental singular)

Old Norse: røkkr n

Icelandic: rökkur

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌵𐌹𐍃 (riqis)


hataz

hataz (nominative singular)
hatizō (nominative plural)
hataz (singular vocative)
hatizō (plural vocative)
hataz (accusative singular)
hatizō (accusative plural)
hatiziz (genitive singular)
hatizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hatizi (dative singular)
hatizumaz (dative plural)
hatizē (instrumental singular)
hatizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hati m
Old English: hete
Middle English: hete, het; hate, ate, haate, hat, hatte (influenced by the verb)
English: hate
Scots: hate, hait, heit
Old Frisian: hat
West Frisian: haat
Old Saxon: *hat, heti
Middle Low German: hat, hāte
German Low German: Haat
Plautdietsch: Hot
Old Dutch: *hat
Middle Dutch: hat, hāte
Dutch: haat
Afrikaans: haat
Limburgish: haat
Old High German: haz
Middle High German: haz
German: Hass
Luxembourgish: Haass
Yiddish: האַס (has)
→ Vulgar Latin: *hatina
Old French: haine, haïne; haïnus, haïnos
Bourguignon: haine
Middle French: haine; haineux, haigneux
French: haine; haineux
→ Middle English: heinous, hainous
English: heinous

Old Norse: hatr n

Icelandic: hatur

Faroese: hatur

Norwegian: hat

Old Swedish: hat

Swedish: hat

Danish: had

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃 (hatis)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱh₂d-es-, from *ḱeh₂d- (“strong emotion”).


laistaz

laistaz (nominative singular)
laistōz (nominative plural)
laistōs (nominative plural)
laist (singular vocative)
laistōz (plural vocative)
laistōs (plural vocative)
laistą (accusative singular)
laistanz (accusative plural)
laistas (genitive singular)
laistis (genitive singular)
laistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laistai (dative singular)
laistamaz (dative plural)
laistō (instrumental singular)
laistamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laist
Old English: lāst
Middle English: last
English: last
Scots: last
Old Frisian: *lāst, *lēst
Saterland Frisian: Läist
West Frisian: least
Old Saxon: *lēst
Middle Low German: lêst, leist
Old Dutch: *lēst
Middle Dutch: lêest
Dutch: leest
Afrikaans: lees
Old High German: leist
Middle High German: leist
German: Leisten

Old Norse: leistr

Icelandic: leistur

Faroese: leistur

Norwegian Nynorsk: leist

Swedish: läst

Danish: læst

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (laists) (i-stem)

From Proto-Indo-European *loystos, from the root *leys- (“to track, pursue; track, furrow, trace, trail”) (see there for cognates). Along with *laistiz, has been often compared to Ancient Greek λοῖσθος (loîsthos, “left behind, last, utmost”), but this etymology for the Greek word has no formal explanation.


salbō

salbō (nominative singular)
salbôz (nominative plural)
salbō (singular vocative)
salbôz (plural vocative)
salbǭ (accusative singular)
salbōz (accusative plural)
salbōz (genitive singular)
salbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salbōi (dative singular)
salbōmaz (dative plural)
salbō (instrumental singular)
salbōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *salbu
Old English: sealf
Middle English: salve, salf, salfe, salff, salffe, salwe, selve, scealfe, sealfe, sealve (Early Middle English), sallfe (Ormulum)
English: salve
Scots: saw
Old Frisian: *salf; *salve (suggested by derivative salva)
Saterland Frisian: Soolve
West Frisian: salve
Old Saxon: salva
Middle Low German: salve
German Low German: Saalv
→ Old Swedish: salva
Swedish: salva
→ Danish: salve
→ Icelandic: salvi
→ Faroese: salva, sálva
Old Dutch: salva
Middle Dutch: salve
Dutch: zalf
Afrikaans: salf
Negerhollands: salv
→ Caribbean Javanese: salep
→ Indonesian: salep
Old High German: salba
Middle High German: salp
German: Salbe
Hunsrik: Salleb
Luxembourgish: Sallef
Yiddish: זאַלב (zalb)

From Proto-Indo-European *solp-éh₂, from *selp- (“salve, ointment”). Cognate with Sanskrit सर्पिस् (sarpís), Ancient Greek ἔλπος (élpos).


laþō

laþō (nominative singular)
laþôz (nominative plural)
laþō (singular vocative)
laþôz (plural vocative)
laþǭ (accusative singular)
laþōz (accusative plural)
laþōz (genitive singular)
laþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþōi (dative singular)
laþōmaz (dative plural)
laþō (instrumental singular)
laþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laþu

Old English: *laþu

⇒ Old English: frēondlaþu

⇒ Old English: nēodlaþu

⇒ Old English: wordlaþu

Old High German: *lada

⇒ Old High German: ladalīh

⇒ Old High German: inladalīh

Proto-Norse: ᛚᚨᚦᚢ (laþu)
Old Norse: lǫð
Icelandic: löð

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰 (*laþa) (sometimes supposed to have existed based on 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍉 (laþaleikō))

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂lot-eh₂, an isogloss that only appears to be found in Germanic and Hittite. Anatolian cognates include Luwian [script needed] (ḫalta, “to call”), Hittite [script needed] (halzai, “to invoke, recite, call out”), both from Proto-Anatolian *halt-. Not related to *hlōaną (“to shout”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis


sibjō

sibjō (nominative singular)
sibjôz (nominative plural)
sibjō (singular vocative)
sibjôz (plural vocative)
sibjǭ (accusative singular)
sibjōz (accusative plural)
sibjōz (genitive singular)
sibjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sibjōi (dative singular)
sibjōmaz (dative plural)
sibjō (instrumental singular)
sibjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sibbju
Old English: sibb
Middle English: sibbe, sib
English: sib
Scots: sib
→ Norn: sib (?)
Old Frisian: sibbe
West Frisian: sibbe
Old Saxon: sibbia
Middle Low German: sibbe
Low German: Sibbe
Old Dutch: *sibba
Middle Dutch: sibbe
Dutch: sibbe (possibly a loanword from Frisian)
Old High German: sippea, sibba, sippa
Middle High German: sippe
German: Sippe

Old Norse: Sif; sifjar pl

Icelandic: Sif; sifjar pl

Faroese: Siv

Old Swedish: sif (in compounds, e.g. guþsif)

Danish: Sif

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰 (sibja)

Likely derived from pre-Germanic *sebʰi/*sebʰyo, dative singular of reflexive pronoun Proto-Indo-European *s(w)e.


sweglō

sweglō (nominative singular)
sweglôz (nominative plural)
sweglō (singular vocative)
sweglôz (plural vocative)
sweglǭ (accusative singular)
sweglōz (accusative plural)
sweglōz (genitive singular)
sweglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sweglōi (dative singular)
sweglōmaz (dative plural)
sweglō (instrumental singular)
sweglōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sweglu
Old English: *sweġel, *sweġl
⇒ Old English: sweġelhorn, sweġlhorn
Old High German: swegala
Middle High German: swegele, swegel
German: Schwegel

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌻𐌰 (*swigla)

→? Proto-Finnic: *šuilu

Finnish: huilu

Uncertain. Potentially from *swōgiz (“noise, sound”).


aljaną

aljaną (nominative singular)
aljanō (nominative plural)
aljaną (singular vocative)
aljanō (plural vocative)
aljaną (accusative singular)
aljanō (accusative plural)
aljanas (genitive singular)
aljanis (genitive singular)
aljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aljanai (dative singular)
aljanamaz (dative plural)
aljanō (instrumental singular)
aljanamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *alljan
Old English: ellen
Middle English: ellen
English: ellen, elne
Old Saxon: ellian
Middle Low German: ellen, ellent
Old High German: ellan, eillan, ellian
Middle High German: ellen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: eljan, eljun

Icelandic: eljan, eljun, elja

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (aljan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”). Alternative etymology derives from *h₁elh₂- (“to spur, drive”). If so, then related to *lanō (“lane”).


aþalą

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

aþalą (nominative singular)
aþalō (nominative plural)
aþalą (singular vocative)
aþalō (plural vocative)
aþalą (accusative singular)
aþalō (accusative plural)
aþalas (genitive singular)
aþalis (genitive singular)
aþalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþalai (dative singular)
aþalamaz (dative plural)
aþalō (instrumental singular)
aþalamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aþal
Old English: æþele
Old Frisian: *athel, *ethel
Saterland Frisian: Oadel
West Frisian: adel
Old Saxon: *athal
Middle Low German: adel, adele, addel
Low German: Adel
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: iadel
→ Norwegian: adel
→ Swedish: adel
→ Finnish: aateli
Old Dutch: *athal
Middle Dutch: adel
Dutch: adel
Afrikaans: adel
→ Estonian: aadel
→ Javanese: adhel
→ Papiamentu: adel
Old High German: adal
Middle High German: adel
German: Adel
→ Estonian: aadel
Yiddish: אַדל (adl)

Old Norse: aðal
Icelandic: aðal
Faroese: aðal

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-olo- (“family, race”), from *h₂et- (“beyond, over”) + *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”).


markō

markō (nominative singular)
markôz (nominative plural)
markō (singular vocative)
markôz (plural vocative)
markǭ (accusative singular)
markōz (accusative plural)
markōz (genitive singular)
markǫ̂ (genitive plural)
markōi (dative singular)
markōmaz (dative plural)
markō (instrumental singular)
markōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *marku
Old English: mearc, merc
Middle English: marke, merke, mark
English: mark
Scots: merk, mark
Old Frisian: merk
Saterland Frisian: Maak, Määrk
West Frisian: mark
Old Saxon: marka
Middle Low German: marke
German Low German: Mark
Old Dutch: *marka
Middle Dutch: marke
Dutch: mark
Old High German: marka
Middle High German: marke, march, marc
German: Mark
Suevic:
→ Galician: marco
→ Portuguese: marco
→ Medieval Latin: marca (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚱᚲᚢ (*marku)

Old Norse: mǫrk
Icelandic: mörk
Faroese: mørk
Norwegian Nynorsk: mork, mark
Old Swedish: mark
Swedish: mark
Danish: mark
Norwegian Bokmål: mark
→ Old Irish: marg
Irish: marg

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 (marka)

From Proto-Indo-European *mórǵs (“edge, boundary, border”), possibly from *merǵ- (“to divide”). Cognate with Persian مَرْز (marz, “boundary, frontier”), Latin margō (“border, edge”), Proto-Celtic *mrogis (“region, country”).


daniz

daniz (nominative singular)
danīz (nominative plural)
dani (singular vocative)
danīz (plural vocative)
danį (accusative singular)
daninz (accusative plural)
danīz (genitive singular)
danjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
danī (dative singular)
danimaz (dative plural)
danī (instrumental singular)
danimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Danī pl
Old English: Dene
Middle English: Dene, Dane
Old Saxon: *Denī
Middle Low German: dēne, denne
Low German: Dään
Old Dutch: *Denī
Middle Dutch: Dene
Dutch: Deen, Deens, Deensch (obsolete)
Negerhollands: Deen
Sranan Tongo: Deinsi
Old High German: *Tenī
Middle High German: Tene
German: Däne

Old Norse: danir pl
Icelandic: Dani
Faroese: dani
Norwegian Nynorsk: dane, dan
Old Swedish: dan, dæn
Swedish: dan (plural daner)
Danish: dan, dane (plural daner)
Norwegian Bokmål: dane
→ Middle English: Dane
English: Dane
→ Old Irish: danar
Irish: danar
→ Latin: Danī pl

→ Latin: Dānī pl (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *tāńčë (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“run, flow”). Or possibly from the same root as den (i.e. "lowland").


mundō

mundō (nominative singular)
mundôz (nominative plural)
mundō (singular vocative)
mundôz (plural vocative)
mundǭ (accusative singular)
mundōz (accusative plural)
mundōz (genitive singular)
mundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mundōi (dative singular)
mundōmaz (dative plural)
mundō (instrumental singular)
mundōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mundu
Old English: mund
Middle English: mund, mound
English: mound, mund
Old Frisian: mund (“guardian, guardianship”)
Old Saxon: mund (“hand”)
Middle Low German: munt
⇒ German Low German: Vörmundskupp
Old Dutch: *mund
Middle Dutch: mond
Dutch: mond (obsolete)
Old High German: munt (“hand, protection”)
Middle High German: munt
German: Mund, Munt (“legal power of protection”)

Old Norse: mund
Icelandic: mund
Old Swedish: mund
Old Danish: mund

From Proto-Indo-European *mh₂-nt-éh₂ (“the beckoning one”), from *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *manus (“hand”).


barilaz

barilaz (nominative singular)
barilōz (nominative plural)
barilōs (nominative plural)
baril (singular vocative)
barilōz (plural vocative)
barilōs (plural vocative)
barilą (accusative singular)
barilanz (accusative plural)
barilas (genitive singular)
barilis (genitive singular)
barilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barilai (dative singular)
barilamaz (dative plural)
barilō (instrumental singular)
barilamiz (instrumental plural)
*barulaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *baril (Frankish)

→ Vulgar Latin: *barilus

Old French: baril, bareil

French: baril

→ Middle English: barrell

English: barrel

→ Dutch: barrel

gl

possible merger with Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">biril</i>

→? Middle Low German: baril, barill (possible merger with Old Saxon biril)

Italian: barile

Spanish: barril

Portuguese: barril

Old High German: *barul, *parul (< *barulą, *barulaz)

Middle High German: barel, parel

⇒ Middle High German: barellīn

Old Norse: berill

Icelandic: berill

From *beraną (“to carry, transport”) + *-ilaz.

suffix

vessel for transport, container, jug; basket


ferþuz

ferþuz (nominative singular)
firþiwiz (nominative plural)
ferþu (singular vocative)
firþiwiz (plural vocative)
ferþų (accusative singular)
ferþunz (accusative plural)
ferþauz (genitive singular)
firþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firþiwi (dative singular)
ferþumaz (dative plural)
ferþū (instrumental singular)
ferþumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚱᚦᚢᛉ (*ferþuʀ), *ᚠᛡᛖᚱᚦᚢᛦ (*fᴀerþuʀ /fearþuʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: fjǫrðr
Icelandic: fjörður
Faroese: fjørður
Norn: fjord
Norwegian: fjord (see there for further descendants)
Old Swedish: fiorþer, fiordher
Swedish: fjord
⇒ Old Swedish: fiærdher
Swedish: fjärd, (dialectal) fjäl
Old Danish: fiorth
Danish: fjord
→ Middle English: fyrth
Scots: firth
→ English: firth
Gutnish: fjäd

From Proto-Indo-European *pértus, equivalent to *feraną (“to cross”) + *-þuz. The oblique stem *pr̥téw- gave rise to *furduz.


furduz

furduz (nominative singular)
furdiwiz (nominative plural)
furdu (singular vocative)
furdiwiz (plural vocative)
furdų (accusative singular)
furdunz (accusative plural)
furdauz (genitive singular)
furdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furdiwi (dative singular)
furdumaz (dative plural)
furdū (instrumental singular)
furdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furdu
Old English: ford
Middle English: ford, furd, foord
English: ford
Scots: furde, furd, fuird
⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣres + ford)
→ Proto-Brythonic: *forð (“road”) (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: forda
West Frisian: furde
Old Saxon: ford
Middle Low German: furd, vōrde, vōrt
German Low German: Föörd
Old Dutch: furda, *ford
Middle Dutch: vort, vōort
Dutch: voorde f, voord m, (archaic) voort m
Old High German: furt
Middle High German: vurt
German: Furt
→ Saterland Frisian: Fúurt

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥téw-, the oblique stem of *pértus (“crossing”), equivalent to unattested *feraną (“to cross”) + *-þuz. The nominative stem gave rise to *ferþuz. In the nominative the stress fell on the root, and as such *ferþuz does not display the effects of Verner's Law seen in *furduz, which has generalized the oblique stem.


fraisō

fraisō (nominative singular)
fraisôz (nominative plural)
fraisō (singular vocative)
fraisôz (plural vocative)
fraisǭ (accusative singular)
fraisōz (accusative plural)
fraisōz (genitive singular)
fraisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fraisōi (dative singular)
fraisōmaz (dative plural)
fraisō (instrumental singular)
fraisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frāse
West Frisian: freze

Old Saxon: frēsa

Old Dutch: frēsa
Middle Dutch: vrêse
Dutch: vrees
Afrikaans: vrees

Old High German: freisa

Middle High German: vreise

German: Freise (dialectal)

/ˈɸrɑi̯.sɔː/


wrōts

wrōts (nominative singular)
wrōtiz (nominative plural)
wrōt (singular vocative)
wrōtiz (plural vocative)
wrōtų (accusative singular)
wrōtunz (accusative plural)
wurtiz (genitive singular)
wurtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurti (dative singular)
wurtumaz (dative plural)
wurtē (instrumental singular)
wurtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wurti
Old English: wyrt (“plant, herb”)
Middle English: wurt, worte, wort
English: wort
Middle Scots: *wort (attested in plural wortis)
Scots: wirt
⇒ Middle English: wurten, worten (“resembling or pertaining to spice, herbal”, adjective)
Old English: wyrt (“brewer's wort”) (merged with descendant of *wurtiju)
Middle English: wort, worte
English: wort
Scots: wirt
Old Saxon: wurt
Middle Low German: wort, wurt
Old Dutch: wurt
Middle Dutch: wort
Old High German: wurz
Middle High German: wurz
Cimbrian: burtz, buurtza (Sette Comuni)
German: Wurz
Vilamovian: wiyc
⇒ Old High German: giwurz f
Middle High German: *gewürze (attested 15th c.)
German: Gewürz n
→ German Low German: Gewürz
Luxembourgish: Gewierz

Old Norse: rót
Icelandic: rót
Faroese: rót
Norwegian: rot
Old Swedish: rōt
Swedish: rot
Danish: rod
Gutnish: rot
→ Old English: rōt
Middle English: rote, root, roote, rot, rotæ
English: root, wrout, rout (dialectal), wroot (obsolete)
→ Irish: rúta
Scots: ruit, rute

→ Proto-Samic: *ruottës (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”).

⇒ Old English: bisċopwyrtel

Old English: wyrtwalu f, wyrtwala m, *wyrtel

woartel

Old Frisian: wirtel, wortel; West Frisian

Middle Dutch: worteleDutch: wortelAfrikaans: wortel ()Negerhollands: wortel

carrot; square root, root; carrot; semantic loan

wolterSkepi Creole Dutch: wotl→ Indonesian: akar ()→ Indonesian: wortel ()

bortel→ Tausug: bultilLimburgish: wórtel


wurt-

Old Norse: urt (or from *urtiz)

Icelandic: urt, jurt

Faroese: urt

q

Norn: virt (perhaps influenced by Old or Middle English)

Norwegian: urt

Old Swedish: yrt

Swedish: ört

→ Finnish: yrtti

Danish: urt

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (waurts)


waluz

waluz (nominative singular)
waliwiz (nominative plural)
walu (singular vocative)
waliwiz (plural vocative)
walų (accusative singular)
walunz (accusative plural)
walauz (genitive singular)
waliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waliwi (dative singular)
walumaz (dative plural)
walū (instrumental singular)
walumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: walu f, wala m

desctree

Middle English: wale, wælh
English: wale, weal
Scots: wale, wail

Old Frisian: *wale

North Frisian: waal

Frankish: *walu, *wala

→ Old French: waule, waulle, gaule

Middle French: gaulle, gaule

French: gaule

Old Norse: vǫlr
Icelandic: völur
Faroese: vølur
Norn: vol
Norwegian Nynorsk: vol
Norwegian Bokmål: vol
Old Swedish: val
Swedish: val (dial.)
Danish: ol, vol

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (walus)

From Proto-Indo-European *wolH-u-s (“stick, stake”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, roll”). Cognate with Lithuanian apvalùs (“round”), Latin vallus (“stake, pale”).

der

wurtwaluz

compound with *wrōts; see there for further descendants


natją

natją (nominative singular)
natjō (nominative plural)
natją (singular vocative)
natjō (plural vocative)
natją (accusative singular)
natjō (accusative plural)
natjas (genitive singular)
natis (genitive singular)
natjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
natjai (dative singular)
natjamaz (dative plural)
natjō (instrumental singular)
natjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nati
Old English: nett, net
Middle English: nett
Scots: net
English: net
Old Frisian: nette, nitte
North Frisian: net
Saterland Frisian: Nät
West Frisian: net
Old Saxon: net, nett, netti
Middle Low German: nette, net
Low German: Nett
Old Dutch: *net, *netti
Middle Dutch: net, nette
Dutch: net
Old High German: nezzi
Middle High German: netze
German: Netz
Luxembourgish: Netz
Yiddish: נעץ (nets)

Old Norse: net
Icelandic: net
Faroese: net
Norwegian: nett, net
Old Swedish: næt
Swedish: nät
Danish: net

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹 (nati)

From western Proto-Indo-European *neHd- (“to turn, twist, knot”). Perhaps related to Latin nassa (“fish trap”), nōdus (“knot, node”), Old Irish nascaid (“to bind”).


unmahtiz

unmahtiz (nominative singular)
unmahtīz (nominative plural)
unmahti (singular vocative)
unmahtīz (plural vocative)
unmahtį (accusative singular)
unmahtinz (accusative plural)
unmahtīz (genitive singular)
unmahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unmahtī (dative singular)
unmahtimaz (dative plural)
unmahtī (instrumental singular)
unmahtimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: unmeaht, unmieht, unmeht, unmiht

Middle English: unmight, onmiȝt

English: unmight

Old Dutch: *unmaht

Dutch: onmacht

Afrikaans: onmag

Old High German: unmaht

Middle High German: unmacht

German: Unmacht

German: Ohnmacht

Old Norse: úmáttr, ómáttr

Icelandic: ómáttur

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (unmahts)


-þuz

-þuz (nominative singular)
-þiwiz (nominative plural)
-þu (singular vocative)
-þiwiz (plural vocative)
-þų (accusative singular)
-þunz (accusative plural)
-þauz (genitive singular)
-þiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-þiwi (dative singular)
-þumaz (dative plural)
-þū (instrumental singular)
-þumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

desctree

Old English: -þ, -d, -t
Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe, -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þiz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Old Saxon: -th

Old Dutch: *-t

Dutch: -t, -d, -de

Old High German: -d; -t

Middle High German: -?; -t

German: -de, -d; -t

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ðr

Icelandic: -ður

Faroese: -ður

Swedish: -d

Danish: -d

Gothic: -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus)

Forms result nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.


-þiz

-þiz (nominative singular)
-þīz (nominative plural)
-þi (singular vocative)
-þīz (plural vocative)
-þį (accusative singular)
-þinz (accusative plural)
-þīz (genitive singular)
-þijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-þī (dative singular)
-þimaz (dative plural)
-þī (instrumental singular)
-þimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-þi

Old English: -þ, -d, -t
Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe, -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þuz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Old Saxon: -th

Low German: -d

Old Dutch: *-t

Dutch: -d, -t, -st

Old High German: -d

German: -d

Old Norse: -ðr

Icelandic: -ður

Faroese: -ður

Swedish: -d

Danish: -d

Gothic: -𐌸𐍃 (-þs)

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis. See also *-iþō.

Forms abstract nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.


lustuz

lustuz (nominative singular)
lustiwiz (nominative plural)
lustu (singular vocative)
lustiwiz (plural vocative)
lustų (accusative singular)
lustunz (accusative plural)
lustauz (genitive singular)
lustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lustiwi (dative singular)
lustumaz (dative plural)
lustū (instrumental singular)
lustumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lustu
Old English: lust
Middle English: lust
Scots: lust
English: lust
Old Frisian: lust
Saterland Frisian: Lust
West Frisian: lust
Old Saxon: lust
Middle Low German: lust, lüst, lyst
German Low German: Lüst
→ Old Norse: lyst
Icelandic: lyst
Norwegian: lyst
Danish: lyst
Faroese: lyst
Old Swedish: lyst
Swedish: lust
→ Estonian: lust
Old Dutch: *lust
Middle Dutch: lust
Dutch: lust
Afrikaans: lus
Negerhollands: lyst
Old High German: lust
Middle High German: lust
German: Lust
Luxembourgish: Loscht

Old Norse: losti

Icelandic: losti

Faroese: losti

Old Swedish: luste

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (lustus)

A tu-stem nominal formation from a root *lus-, whose further origin is disputed:
* Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂s- (“to be eager”), and compared with Ancient Greek λῐλαίομαι (lĭlaíomai, “to desire, long for”), Latin lascīvus (“wanton, lustful, lascivious”), Old Irish lainn (“avaricious”), Proto-Slavic *lasъ (“greedy, eager”), Lithuanian lokšnùs (“sensitive”). However, this assumes an awkward secondary zero-grade form of *lh₂s- for the Germanic and all potential cognates except the Balto-Slavic.
* Possibly derived from *leusaną (“to lose, empty”) + *-þuz, with semantic shift "lost, empty" > "idle" > "frivolous" > "lustful". In this case, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to separate, loosen, release”). This derivation is tentatively favored by Kroonen.


unlustuz

unlustuz (nominative singular)
unlustiwiz (nominative plural)
unlustu (singular vocative)
unlustiwiz (plural vocative)
unlustų (accusative singular)
unlustunz (accusative plural)
unlustauz (genitive singular)
unlustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unlustiwi (dative singular)
unlustumaz (dative plural)
unlustū (instrumental singular)
unlustumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *unlust

Old English: unlust

Middle English: unlust

English: unlust

Old Saxon: unlust

Middle Low German: unlust

→ Old Norse: úlyst

Danish: ulyst

Swedish: olust

Old Dutch: *unlust

desctree

Middle Dutch: onlust
Dutch: onlust
Afrikaans: onlus

Old High German: unlust

German: Unlust

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (unlustus)


fullį̄

fullį̄ (nominative singular)
fullīniz (nominative plural)
fullį̄ (singular vocative)
fullīniz (plural vocative)
fullīnų (accusative singular)
fullīnunz (accusative plural)
fullīniz (genitive singular)
fullīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fullīni (dative singular)
fullīmaz (dative plural)
fullīnē (instrumental singular)
fullīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fullī
Old English: fyllu, fyll, fyllo
Middle English: fille, fell, felle, fil, fill, fyll, fylle; fulle, ffolle, folle, ful, volle, vulle
English: fill; full
Scots: full, fou
Yola: vill
Old Saxon: *fulli
Middle Low German: vulle, vülle
German Low German: Füll
Old High German: fullī, follī, vollī — by analogy with foll
Middle High German: vülle, völle
Alemannic German: Fülli, Völli
German: Fülle, Völle

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fylli

Icelandic: fylli

Faroese: fylli

Norwegian Nynorsk: fylle

Old Swedish: fylle

Swedish: fylle

Danish: fylde

→ Norwegian Bokmål: fylde


managį̄

managį̄ (nominative singular)
managīniz (nominative plural)
managį̄ (singular vocative)
managīniz (plural vocative)
managīnų (accusative singular)
managīnunz (accusative plural)
managīniz (genitive singular)
managīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
managīni (dative singular)
managīmaz (dative plural)
managīnē (instrumental singular)
managīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *managī
Old English: maneġu, maniġu, meniġu, meniġeo, menġu
Middle English: manye, *menye
Scots: monie
English: many
Old Frisian: menī, menie, mene
Old Saxon: menegī, menigī
Old High German: managī, managīn, manegī, menigī, manakī, menikī
Middle High German: menege, mengi, menige
German: Menge
Rhine Franconian: Meng, Menge
Palatine German: Meng
Pennsylvania German: Meng
Vilamovian: meń
Yiddish: מענגע (menge)

Old Norse: mengi n

Icelandic: mengi n

Faroese: meingi n

Swedish: mänge (dialectal)

Danish: mænge c (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 (managei)

/ˈmɑ.nɑ.ɣĩː/

From *managaz (“many”) + *-į̄ (“nominal suffix”).


hnuts

hnuts (nominative singular)
hnutiz (nominative plural)
hnut (singular vocative)
hnutiz (plural vocative)
hnutų (accusative singular)
hnutunz (accusative plural)
hnutiz (genitive singular)
hnutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnuti (dative singular)
hnutumaz (dative plural)
hnutē (instrumental singular)
hnutumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnut
Old English: hnutu
Middle English: nute, note
English: nut
→ Japanese: ナット (natto)
Scots: nute, nuit, nit
Old Frisian: *nutu
Saterland Frisian: Nuute
West Frisian: nút
Old Saxon: hnut, *hnutu
Middle Low German: nōte
German Low German: Nööt
Plautdietsch: Nät
Old Dutch: *nuto
Middle Dutch: nōte
Dutch: noot
Afrikaans: neut
Jersey Dutch: nœüt, nût
Negerhollands: neet, noot
Skepi Creole Dutch: noot
→ Papiamentu: nechi, neetsje, neetsjie (from the diminutive)
→ Saramaccan: notò
Limburgish: noeat (with unexpected oea)
Old High German: nuz
Middle High German: nuz
Alemannic German: Nuss
German: Nuss
Hunsrik: Nuss
Luxembourgish: Noss
Pennsylvania German: Nuss
Yiddish: נוס (nus)

Old Norse: hnot
Icelandic: hnot
Faroese: nøt, nøta, nytur
Norwegian Nynorsk: nòt
⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: nate-
Norwegian Bokmål: nøtt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: nøtt
Old Swedish: nut, not
Swedish: nöt
Danish: nød

From Pre-Proto-Germanic *knuds, from a root *knu- also seen in Proto-Celtic *knūs (source of Irish cnó) and Latin nux (“nut”). Based on the form of the nouns and the restriction of the root to Germanic, Celtic and Italic, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European origin.


mundiz

mundiz (nominative singular)
mundīz (nominative plural)
mundi (singular vocative)
mundīz (plural vocative)
mundį (accusative singular)
mundinz (accusative plural)
mundīz (genitive singular)
mundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mundī (dative singular)
mundimaz (dative plural)
mundī (instrumental singular)
mundimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mundi

Old English: mynd (in derivatives)

Middle English: mund, mynd, mend, mind

Scots: mynd, mind

English: mind
→ Japanese: マインド (maindo)
→ Malay: minda

Old High German: *munt

>? Middle High German: mun

⇒ Old High German: gimunt (see *gamundiz)

Old Norse: mynd
Icelandic: mynd
Faroese: mynd
Swedish: mynd

From Proto-Indo-European *mén-ti-s ~ *mn̥-téy-s (“thought”). Equivalent to *munaną (“to think”) + *-þiz (“nominal suffix”).


gamundiz

gamundiz (nominative singular)
gamundīz (nominative plural)
gamundi (singular vocative)
gamundīz (plural vocative)
gamundį (accusative singular)
gamundinz (accusative plural)
gamundīz (genitive singular)
gamundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gamundī (dative singular)
gamundimaz (dative plural)
gamundī (instrumental singular)
gamundimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gamundi
Old English: ġemynd
Middle English: ȝemünd, imunde, ymunde, mynde, minde
Scots: mind
English: mind
Old High German: gimunt
>? Middle High German: mun m (“thought, intent, attitude, memory”)
⇒ Old High German: gimunten (verb)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (gamunds)


maguz

maguz (nominative singular)
magiwiz (nominative plural)
magu (singular vocative)
magiwiz (plural vocative)
magų (accusative singular)
magunz (accusative plural)
magauz (genitive singular)
magiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magiwi (dative singular)
magumaz (dative plural)
magū (instrumental singular)
magumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *magu
Old English: magu, mago
Old Frisian: *mago, mage
Old Saxon: magu
Old High German: *mago
⇒ Old High German: *magozogo, magazogo
Middle High German: magezoge

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚷᚢᛉ (*maguʀ) (attested in ᛗᚨᚷᚢ (magu, accusative singular), ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉ (magoʀ, genitive singular))

Old Norse: mǫgr

Icelandic: mögur

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (magus)

From Proto-Indo-European *mogʰus (“boy”), which appears to be restricted to western Indo-European branches. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *mogus (“boy, servant”) (whence Old Irish mug, Cornish maw (“servant”)). Unrelated to Proto-Celtic *makʷos (“son”).


mawī

mawī (nominative singular)
mawjôz (nominative plural)
mawī (singular vocative)
mawjôz (plural vocative)
mawjǭ (accusative singular)
mawjōz (accusative plural)
mawjōz (genitive singular)
mawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mawjōi (dative singular)
mawjōmaz (dative plural)
mawjō (instrumental singular)
mawjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: mær, mey, meyja (the latter two from the paradigm of the former)

Icelandic: mær, mey, meyja

Faroese: moy, moyggj (< mey)

Norwegian Bokmål: møy (< mey)

Norwegian Nynorsk: møy (< mey)

Old Swedish: mø̄ (< mey)

Swedish: mö

Old Danish: mø̄ (< mey)

Danish: mø

Gutnish: måi (< mey)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌹 (mawi)

From earlier *magwī, from *maguz (“boy”), with feminine suffix; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ- (“young”).


gunþiz

gunþiz (nominative singular)
gunþīz (nominative plural)
gunþi (singular vocative)
gunþīz (plural vocative)
gunþį (accusative singular)
gunþinz (accusative plural)
gunþīz (genitive singular)
gunþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gunþī (dative singular)
gunþimaz (dative plural)
gunþī (instrumental singular)
gunþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gunþi
Old English: gūþ
Middle English: gūth
Old Dutch: *gunth (in compounds)
Old Saxon: gūthia
Old High German: *gundia, *gunda (in compounds)

Old Norse: guðr, gunnr

⇒ Old Norse: Guðr, Gunnr, Guðr
Faroese: Gunn
Icelandic: Gunnur
→ Middle English: Gunn
Scots: Gunn
English: Gunn
→ Old French: Gunnor
Norwegian: Gunn
Swedish: Gun
 (name of a Valkyrie)

Icelandic: guður, gunnur

Norwegian: gunn (name element)

Vandalic: *gunþ/*gunðV-

From post-Proto-Indo-European / pre-Proto-Germanic *gʷʰn̥tis → *gʷʰuntis → *gʰuntis (with the u causing delabialization of the labial, and hence Germanic *g- rather than *b- as in the other descendants of *gʷʰen- and of *gʷʰ- more generally), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéntis (“act of killing, blow”), from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”).


kumiz

kumiz (nominative singular)
kumīz (nominative plural)
kumi (singular vocative)
kumīz (plural vocative)
kumį (accusative singular)
kuminz (accusative plural)
kumīz (genitive singular)
kumjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumī (dative singular)
kumimaz (dative plural)
kumī (instrumental singular)
kumimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cyme
Middle English: come, cume, coom, coome, kime, keome (Early Middle English)
English: come (obsolete)
Scots: come

Old Frisian: keme

Old Saxon: kumi

Old High German: kumi

Gothic: 𐌵𐌿𐌼𐍃 (qums)


farhaz

farhaz (nominative singular)
farhōz (nominative plural)
farhōs (nominative plural)
farh (singular vocative)
farhōz (plural vocative)
farhōs (plural vocative)
farhą (accusative singular)
farhanz (accusative plural)
farhas (genitive singular)
farhis (genitive singular)
farhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farhai (dative singular)
farhamaz (dative plural)
farhō (instrumental singular)
farhamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *farh
Old English: fearh
Middle English: *farow, *fargh (attested only in plural form faren)
English: farrow
Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry
Yola: farragh
Old Frisian: *farch
Saterland Frisian: Faarich, Farig
West Frisian: farken
Old Saxon: for, *farh
Middle Low German: var, vare, vôr, ferch, verk
⇒ Old Saxon: *farkīn (diminutive)
Middle Low German: verken, varken
Low German: Farken
Old Dutch: *far, *fare
⇒ Old Dutch: farkīn, ferkīn (diminutive)
Middle Dutch: verkin, varekin, varkin
Dutch: varken, verken (dialectal)
Afrikaans: vark
Jersey Dutch: vārk
Negerhollands: varki, fergi, farki, ferkikin, verken
Skepi Creole Dutch: fark
Old High German: farah
Middle High German: varch
⇒ Old High German: farhīli, farheli (diminutive)
Middle High German: verkel, verhel
Alemannic German: Färli
German: Ferkel
Luxembourgish: Fierkel

Old Norse: *farr

Old Swedish: *far

⇒ Old Swedish: fargalter

Swedish: fargalt


þarmaz

þarmaz (nominative singular)
þarmōz (nominative plural)
þarmōs (nominative plural)
þarm (singular vocative)
þarmōz (plural vocative)
þarmōs (plural vocative)
þarmą (accusative singular)
þarmanz (accusative plural)
þarmas (genitive singular)
þarmis (genitive singular)
þarmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þarmai (dative singular)
þarmamaz (dative plural)
þarmō (instrumental singular)
þarmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þarm
Old English: þearm
Middle English: tharm, therm
English: tharm
Scots: thairm, tharm
Old Frisian: therm
North Frisian: teerm
Saterland Frisian: Tíerm
West Frisian: term
Old Saxon: tharm
Middle Low German: darm
German Low German:
Plautdietsch: Doarm
Old Dutch: *tharm
Middle Dutch: darm, dāerm, derm
Dutch: darm (dialectal derm)
Afrikaans: derm
→ English: derm
Limburgish: derm
West Flemish: derm
Old High German: darm
Middle High German: darm
German: Darm
Hunsrik: Daarem
Luxembourgish: Daarm
Vilamovian: diüem
Yiddish: דאַרם (darm)
→ English: derma

Old Norse: þarmr

Icelandic: þarmur

Faroese: tarmur

Norwegian: tarm

Old Swedish: tharmber

Swedish: tarm

Danish: tarm

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *tórmos (“borehole”), and cognate with Ancient Greek τράμις (trámis, “space between anus and genitals; perineum”). Though Kroonen explicitly adduces no further cognates, Orel appears to consider the root further derived from *terh₁- (“to bore, pierce”), and additionally compares Ancient Greek τόρμος (tórmos, “hole”), τείρω (teírō, “to wear out, distress”), τερέω (teréō, “to drill, bore”).


hertô

hertô (nominative singular)
hertōnō (nominative plural)
hertô (singular vocative)
hertōnō (plural vocative)
hertô (accusative singular)
hertōnō (accusative plural)
hirtiniz (genitive singular)
hertanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirtini (dative singular)
hertammaz (dative plural)
hirtinē (instrumental singular)
hertammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hertā
Old English: heorte, herte — Northumbrian, hearte, hiorte
Middle English: herte, hert, hertt, hirte, heortæ, hierte (Early Middle English), hart, harte (Late Middle English), herrte, heorrte (Ormulum), heorte, horte, huerte, hurte (West Midland, Southern)
English: heart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hert, hart, hairt
Yola: hearth, hart
Old Frisian: herte, hirte
Saterland Frisian: Haat
West Frisian: hert
Old Saxon: herta
Middle Low German: herte, harte
Low German: Hart, Hiärt, Hert
German Low German: Hart
Plautdietsch: Hoat
Old Dutch: herta
Middle Dutch: herte, harte
Dutch: hart
Afrikaans: hart
Limburgish: hert
West Flemish: erte
Old High German: hërza
Middle High German: hërze
Alemannic German: Härz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hèrtz, hèertze (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hèrz
Central Franconian: Hätz, Hetz (variant spelling), Hatz (Ripuarian), Herz (Ripuarian variant), Hearz (Moselle Franconian variant), Häerz
Hunsrik: Herz
German: Herz
Luxembourgish: Häerz
Silesian East Central German: Herze / Härze (Breslauisch) / Harze n
⇒ Silesian East Central German: / harzlich
Vilamovian: haoc
Yiddish: האַרץ (harts)

Old Norse: hjarta
Icelandic: hjarta
Faroese: hjarta
Norn: hjarta
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjarta, hjarte, hjerta
Jamtish: hjarte
Elfdalian: järta
Old Swedish: hiærta
Swedish: hjärta, hjerta, järta (obsolete)
→ Finnish: hertta
Old Danish: hiartæ, hiærtæ
Scanian: hjarta
Danish: hjerte
Norwegian Bokmål: hjerte
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hjerte
Jutish: jaart
Gutnish: hjärte

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱérd (“heart”), reanalyzed as a neuter an-stem.


haþuz

haþuz (nominative singular)
haþiwiz (nominative plural)
haþu (singular vocative)
haþiwiz (plural vocative)
haþų (accusative singular)
haþunz (accusative plural)
haþauz (genitive singular)
haþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haþiwi (dative singular)
haþumaz (dative plural)
haþū (instrumental singular)
haþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haþu

Old English: *heaþu (in compounds)

Old Saxon: *hathu

⇒ Middle Low German: hader, hadder

⇒ Middle Low German: hāderen

Old High German: *hadu

⇒ Middle High German: hader

German: Hader

desc

⇒ Middle High German: haderen, hadern, hadren

German: hadern

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚦᚢᛉ (*haþuʀ)

Old Norse: Hǫðr, hǫð-

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“fight”).


huzdą

huzdą (nominative singular)
huzdō (nominative plural)
huzdą (singular vocative)
huzdō (plural vocative)
huzdą (accusative singular)
huzdō (accusative plural)
huzdas (genitive singular)
huzdis (genitive singular)
huzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
huzdai (dative singular)
huzdamaz (dative plural)
huzdō (instrumental singular)
huzdamiz (instrumental plural)

Uncertain. Possibly from pre-Germanic *kudʰ-tó-m, with *-zd- perhaps arising from a special Germanic case of Bartholomae's law (but *-ss- is expected; cf. *(ga)wissiz < *wédʰtis), from Proto-Indo-European *kewdʰ- (“to cover, conceal, hide”) (compare Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to cover, hide”), Proto-Brythonic *kʉðɨd (“to hide”) and Proto-Germanic *hūdijaną (“to hide”)) + *-tóm, thus the original meaning would be “that which is concealed or hidden”.
Compare typologically Russian сокро́вище (sokróvišče) (< сокры́ть (sokrýtʹ), akin to скрыва́ть (skryvátʹ)).

cog

Proto-West Germanic: *hoʀdOld English: hordMiddle English: hord

hurdeOld Frisian: *hordWest Frisian: hoerde

huordeOld Saxon: hordMiddle Low German: hōrtOld Dutch: *hordMiddle Dutch: hoordOld High German: hortMiddle High German: hortGerman: Hort


uzdaz

uzdaz (nominative singular)
uzdōz (nominative plural)
uzdōs (nominative plural)
uzd (singular vocative)
uzdōz (plural vocative)
uzdōs (plural vocative)
uzdą (accusative singular)
uzdanz (accusative plural)
uzdas (genitive singular)
uzdis (genitive singular)
uzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzdai (dative singular)
uzdamaz (dative plural)
uzdō (instrumental singular)
uzdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *oʀd

desctree

Old English: ord
Middle English: ord
English: ord, orde
Scots: ord

Old Frisian: ord

North Frisian: od

Saterland Frisian: Oud

West Frisian: oerd, oarde

Old Saxon: ord

Middle Low German: ort

German Low German: Oort

→ Swedish: ort

Old Dutch: ort

Middle Dutch: ort, oort

Dutch: oord

Afrikaans: oord

→⇒ Old French: ordé, urdee

→ Middle English: urde, urdy

English: urdé, urdy

Old High German: ort
Middle High German: ort
Bavarian: Oat
German: Ort
Luxembourgish: Uert
Yiddish: אָרט (ort)

Old Norse: oddr
Icelandic: oddur
Faroese: oddur
Norwegian Bokmål: odd, odde
Norwegian Nynorsk: odd, odde
Old Swedish: udder, odder
Swedish: udd, udde
Danish: od, odde
→ Middle English: od, odde
Scots: odd, od, ode
English: odd

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Brill Publishers
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *úd-s (“up, off”) (> *uz (“out of”)) + *dʰeh₁- (“to set, put, place”). Alternatively connected to the root *wes- (“to prick”) (connected to Albanian usht (“thistle”)).


halsaz

halsaz (nominative singular)
halsōz (nominative plural)
halsōs (nominative plural)
hals (singular vocative)
halsōz (plural vocative)
halsōs (plural vocative)
halsą (accusative singular)
halsanz (accusative plural)
halsas (genitive singular)
halsis (genitive singular)
halsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halsai (dative singular)
halsamaz (dative plural)
halsō (instrumental singular)
halsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hals
Old English: heals
Middle English: hals
English: halse, hawse
Scots: hause
Old Frisian: hals
Saterland Frisian: Hoals
West Frisian: hals
Old Saxon: hals
Middle Low German: hals
German Low German: Hals
Plautdietsch: Hauls
Old Dutch: hals
Middle Dutch: hals
Dutch: hals
Old High German: hals
Middle High German: hals
Cimbrian: hals, haltz (Sette Comuni)
German: Hals
Luxembourgish: Hals
Yiddish: האַלדז (haldz)

Old Norse: hals
Icelandic: háls
Faroese: hálsur
Norn: hals, håls, hwåls
Norwegian Nynorsk: hals; (dialectal) håls’e, hås
Old Swedish: hals
Swedish: hals
Danish: hals
Norwegian Bokmål: hals
Gutnish: hals

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals)

From Proto-Indo-European *kólsos (“neck”), and cognate with Latin collum (“neck”). The formation is traditionally further derived from the root *kʷel- (“to turn”), though the loss of the labial *kʷ- > *k- is irregular.


hwīlō

hwīlō (nominative singular)
hwīlôz (nominative plural)
hwīlō (singular vocative)
hwīlôz (plural vocative)
hwīlǭ (accusative singular)
hwīlōz (accusative plural)
hwīlōz (genitive singular)
hwīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwīlōi (dative singular)
hwīlōmaz (dative plural)
hwīlō (instrumental singular)
hwīlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwīlu
Old English: hwīl, huīl
Middle English: whyle, while, hwile, qhyle, wile
English: while
Scots: while
Yola: while
Old Frisian: hwīle
West Frisian: wile
Old Saxon: hwīla
Middle Low German: wīle
German Low German: Wiel
Old Dutch: wīla
Middle Dutch: wile
Dutch: wijl
Afrikaans: wyl
Limburgish: wiel
Old High German: wīla, hwīla
Middle High German: wīle
Bavarian: Wäu, Wei, Weil
Cimbrian: baille, baila (Luserna)
German: Weile, weil
Yiddish: ווײַלע (vayle)
→ Old Czech: chvíle, chvíľe (alternative writing)
Czech: chvíle
→ Old Polish: chwila (“moment”), fila
Polish: chwila, chfila (Middle Polish), chwiła (Central Greater Poland, Poznań)
→ Belarusian: хві́ля (xvílja)
→ Kashubian: chwila
→ Ukrainian: хви́ля (xvýlja)
Silesian: chwila
→ Old Slovak: chvíľa, chvieľa
Pannonian Rusyn: хвиля (xvilja)
Slovak: chvíľa (“moment”)

Old Norse: hvíla

Icelandic: hvíla

Faroese: hvíla

Old Swedish: hvīla

Swedish: vila

→ Finnish: huilata

Danish: hvile

Norwegian Bokmål: hvile

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvila

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvile

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 (ƕeila)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₁-tl-éh₂, from *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”).


swefnaz

swefnaz (nominative singular)
swefnōz (nominative plural)
swefnōs (nominative plural)
swefn (singular vocative)
swefnōz (plural vocative)
swefnōs (plural vocative)
swefną (accusative singular)
swefnanz (accusative plural)
swefnas (genitive singular)
swifnis (genitive singular)
swefnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swefnai (dative singular)
swefnamaz (dative plural)
swefnō (instrumental singular)
swefnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swefn
Old English: swefn, swefen
Middle English: sweven, swevyn, swevon, swevene, swevne, swheven, squeven, sueven, seven, swene, swefen, suefen, sweoven
English: sweven
Scots: sweven, swevyn
Old Saxon: swevan

Old Norse: svefn, sömn — non, Trønder dialect of Old Norwegian
Icelandic: svefn, svöfn
Faroese: svøvnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svebn, svemn, svevn, svøbn, svømn, sømn, søvn
Elfdalian: swemmen
Old Swedish: syfn, sømn
Swedish: sömn
Old Danish: syfn, søfn
Danish: søvn
Norwegian Bokmål: søvn
Gutnish: svivn, syvn, svämn, svömn

From Proto-Indo-European *swépnos (“sleep”). Related to *swefaną (“to sleep”).


nefô

nefô (nominative singular)
nefaniz (nominative plural)
nefô (singular vocative)
nefaniz (plural vocative)
nefanų (accusative singular)
nefanunz (accusative plural)
nifiniz (genitive singular)
nefanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nifini (dative singular)
nefammaz (dative plural)
nifinē (instrumental singular)
nefammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nefō
Old English: nefa
Middle English: neve, neave, neva, nefa, newe, neafe, nefe
English: neve
Old Frisian: neva
Old Saxon: nevo
Middle Low German: nēve
German Low German: Neev
Old Dutch: nevo
Middle Dutch: nēve
Dutch: neef
Afrikaans: neef
→ Papiamentu: neefie (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: nefo, neifo
→ Dutch: niffo
→ West Frisian: neef
Limburgish: naef
Old High German: nevo, nefo
Middle High German: nëfe, nëve, nëf, nebe
Cimbrian: néf
German: Neffe, Nefe (obsolete)
→? German Low German: Neffe

Old Norse: nefi
Icelandic: nefi

From earlier *nefōd, from Proto-Indo-European *népōts (“descendant, nephew”).


wistiz

wistiz (nominative singular)
wistīz (nominative plural)
wisti (singular vocative)
wistīz (plural vocative)
wistį (accusative singular)
wistinz (accusative plural)
wistīz (genitive singular)
wistijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wistī (dative singular)
wistimaz (dative plural)
wistī (instrumental singular)
wistimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wisti
Old English: wist
Old Saxon: wist
Middle Low German: wist
Old High German: wist
Middle High German: wist

Old Norse: vist

Icelandic: vist

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (wists)


wistiz

Proto-West Germanic: *wisti
Old English: wist
Middle English: wist, wiste, wyste
Old Saxon: wist
Middle Low German: wist
Old High German: wist
Middle High German: wist

Old Norse: vist

Icelandic: vist

Faroese: vist

Old Swedish: vist

⇒ Swedish: hemvist

Suevic or Gothic:

→ Galician: gueste

From *wesaną (“to consume, feast”) + *-þiz.


frōdį̄

frōdį̄ (nominative singular)
frōdīniz (nominative plural)
frōdį̄ (singular vocative)
frōdīniz (plural vocative)
frōdīnų (accusative singular)
frōdīnunz (accusative plural)
frōdīniz (genitive singular)
frōdīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frōdīni (dative singular)
frōdīmaz (dative plural)
frōdīnē (instrumental singular)
frōdīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: fruoti

Middle High German: vruote

Old Norse: frœði, frǿði

Icelandic: fræði

Faroese: frøði

Swedish: frode, fröde

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹 (frōdei)

From *frōdaz (“wise, experienced”) + *-į̄ (“stative noun suffix”).


wahstuz

wahstuz (nominative singular)
wahstiwiz (nominative plural)
wahstu (singular vocative)
wahstiwiz (plural vocative)
wahstų (accusative singular)
wahstunz (accusative plural)
wahstauz (genitive singular)
wahstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahstiwi (dative singular)
wahstumaz (dative plural)
wahstū (instrumental singular)
wahstumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wahstu

desc

Old English: *wæhst, *wæxt, *wæst, *weahst, *wǣst

m+

>? Middle English: wacste (“growth, increase, might, power”) (alternatively from Old Norse vǫxtr (“growth, increase, size, stature”))

desctree

Middle English: wast, waast, waist, waste, wacst (Early Middle English)
English: waist, waste, wast (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ウエスト (uesuto)
Scots: waist
⇒ Yola: wauscoat, wazcoote

Old Frisian: wehst

Old High German: wahst

Middle High German: wahst

Old Norse: vǫxtr

Icelandic: vöxtur

Faroese: vøkstur

Old Swedish: vaxter, væxter

Swedish: växt

Danish: vækst

Norwegian: vekst

Scanian: vǫğst

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (wahstus)


landą

landą (nominative singular)
landō (nominative plural)
landą (singular vocative)
landō (plural vocative)
landą (accusative singular)
landō (accusative plural)
landas (genitive singular)
landis (genitive singular)
landǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landai (dative singular)
landamaz (dative plural)
landō (instrumental singular)
landamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *land
Old English: land, lond, lænd
Middle English: lond
English: land
Scots: laund, land
Yola: lhoan, lone
Old Frisian: land, lond
North Frisian:
Fohr: lun
Hallig: löön
Heligoland: Lun
Mooring: lönj
Saterland Frisian: Lound
West Frisian: lân
Old Saxon: land
Middle Low German: lant
Low German: Land
Dutch Low Saxon: laand
German Low German: Land
Plautdietsch: Launt
Old Dutch: lant
Middle Dutch: lant
Dutch: land, (obsolete) landt, lant
Afrikaans: land
Berbice Creole Dutch: alanda, landi
Negerhollands: land, lant, lan
Skepi Creole Dutch: land, lantta
→ Sranan Tongo: lanti (see there for further descendants)
>? Javanese: ꦭꦤ꧀ (lan)
Limburgish: landj
Zealandic: land
Old High German: lant
Middle High German: lant
Alemannic German: Land, Lånd
Swabian: Lahnd
Bavarian: Lånd
Cimbrian: lant, lånt (Luserna)
Central Franconian: Land, Lannt
Hunsrik: Land
Luxembourgish: Land
German: Land (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Lond
Pennsylvania German: Land, Lond
Vilamovian: łaond
Yiddish: לאַנד (land)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛚᚨᛞᚨ (*lada), *ᛚᚨᚾᛞ (*land)

desctree

Old Norse: land
Icelandic: land
Faroese: land
Norn: land
Norwegian Nynorsk: land
Russenorsk: лань (lanʹ)
Old Swedish: land
Elfdalian: land
Swedish: land
Old Danish: land
Danish: land
Norwegian Bokmål: land
Scanian: lann
Old Gutnish: land
Gutnish: land, lande, landi

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (land)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Germanic *landą
From Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”).


silubrą

silubrą (nominative singular)
silubrō (nominative plural)
silubrą (singular vocative)
silubrō (plural vocative)
silubrą (accusative singular)
silubrō (accusative plural)
silubras (genitive singular)
silubris (genitive singular)
silubrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
silubrai (dative singular)
silubramaz (dative plural)
silubrō (instrumental singular)
silubramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *silubr
Old English: seolfor, seolfer, seolofor, siolfor, siolufr, silofr, sylfor, sylfur — Mercian
Middle English: silver, selver, sylver, seolver, sulver, soelver (Herebert)
English: silver
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva
Scots: silver, siller
Old Frisian: selover, selver
North Frisian: Salwer (Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: Sälver
West Frisian: sulver
Old Saxon: siluvar
Middle Low German: selver, sulver
German Low German: Sülver, Silver
Plautdietsch: Selwa
Old Dutch: silver
Middle Dutch: silver
Dutch: zilver
Afrikaans: silwer
Negerhollands: silver, zelva, selvu
Skepi Creole Dutch: solfer
→ Caribbean Javanese: silfer
→ Loup A: sinibat, chinebat, chinibat
→ Mahican: sehnpatt, senpett
→ Munsee: shulpul
→ Sranan Tongo: sorfu, solfru, sorfru
→ Saramaccan: sólófu, sóófu
→ Unami: silpël
Limburgish: zèlver
Old High German: silbar, silabar
Middle High German: silber
Bavarian: Süber, Suiber
Cimbrian: silbar
Mòcheno: silber
German: Silber
Kölsch: Seleve
Luxembourgish: Sëlwer
Pennsylvania German: Silwer
Vilamovian: zyłwer
Yiddish: זילבער (zilber)

Old Norse: silfr, sylfr
Icelandic: silfur
Faroese: silvur
Norwegian: sylv; (dialectal) silv
Old Swedish: silver, sylver, sølver
Swedish: silver
Old Danish: silf, sylf, sølf
Danish: sølv
Norwegian Bokmål: sølv
→ Greenlandic: sølvi
Elfdalian: silver
Gutnish: sylvar
Scanian: sølver
→ Proto-Samic: *silpë (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍂 (silubr)

Crimean Gothic: silvir

Uncertain. Likely a Wanderwort of non-Indo-European origin. Compare Proto-Slavic *sьrebro, Latvian sudrabs, Lithuanian sidãbras, Latgalian sudobrys, Basque zilar, Proto-Berber *a-ẓrəf, Celtiberian silabur "money".
A Semitic origin has been suggested (Akkadian 𒀫𒁍𒌝 (ṣur-pu-um /ṣurpum/, “silver”), from 𒍝𒊏𒁍𒌝 (ṣa-ra-pu-um /ṣarāpum/, “to smelt or refine”)). However, at least one scholar has considered this phonologically and geographically improbable.
The replacement of hypothetical Pre-Germanic *urguntóm from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (which would've resulted in **urkundą had it survived in the language) in Proto-Germanic has been thought to be linked to increasing metallurgical sophistication.


flugiz

flugiz (nominative singular)
flugīz (nominative plural)
flugi (singular vocative)
flugīz (plural vocative)
flugį (accusative singular)
fluginz (accusative plural)
flugīz (genitive singular)
flugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flugī (dative singular)
flugimaz (dative plural)
flugī (instrumental singular)
flugimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: flyge

Middle English: flye

English: fly

Old Saxon: flugi

Old Dutch: *flugi, *fluge

Middle Dutch: vloge, vleuge

Dutch: vleug

⇒ Middle Dutch: vloechs

Dutch: fluks

Old High German: flugi

German: Flug

→ Esperanto: flugo

Luxembourgish: Fluch

→ Walloon: flouxhe

Old Norse: flugr

Icelandic: flugur

Gothic: 𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃 (þlauhs)


habanō

habanō (nominative singular)
habanôz (nominative plural)
habanō (singular vocative)
habanôz (plural vocative)
habanǭ (accusative singular)
habanōz (accusative plural)
habanōz (genitive singular)
habanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habanōi (dative singular)
habanōmaz (dative plural)
habanō (instrumental singular)
habanōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *habanu
Old English: hæfen, hæfene (possibly a loanword from Old Norse)
Middle English: haven, havene
Scots: havin, hevin, heavin
English: haven
Old Frisian: *hafen, *haven
Saterland Frisian: Hauenge, Hoawen (possibly loaned from Low German)
West Frisian: haven
Old Saxon: *havana; *havan m
Middle Low German: hāvene, hāven f or m
German Low German: Haven
→ Middle High German: habene f (also m?)
German: Hafen m (under direct Middle Low German influence)
Luxembourgish: Hafen
Yiddish: האַוון m (havn)
Old Dutch: *havana
Middle Dutch: hāvene
Dutch: haven
Afrikaans: hawe
→ Papiamentu: haf, haaf
→ Russian: гавань (gavanʹ)
→ Ukrainian: гавань (havanʹ)
→ Old French: havene, havre, hafne
Middle French: havre
French: havre
→ Spanish: abra
→ English: abra
→ Galician: abra

Old Norse: hǫfn
Icelandic: höfn
Faroese: havn, høvn
Norwegian Nynorsk: hamn
Norwegian Bokmål: hamn
Old Swedish: hamn, hafn
Swedish: hamn
Danish: havn
Norwegian Bokmål: havn
→ Latin: Hafnia (“Copenhagen”) (learned)

/ˈxɑ.βɑ.nɔː/

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂póneh₂ or *kh₂pnéh₂, from the root *keh₂p- (“to take, seize, grasp”). Close cognate with Old Irish cúan m (“port, harbor”), however this may be due to borrowing at an early stage.


hufą

hufą (nominative singular)
hufō (nominative plural)
hufą (singular vocative)
hufō (plural vocative)
hufą (accusative singular)
hufō (accusative plural)
hufas (genitive singular)
hufis (genitive singular)
hufǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hufai (dative singular)
hufamaz (dative plural)
hufō (instrumental singular)
hufamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hof

Old English: hof
Middle English: *hof, *hove
Scots: hoff, howf, hoif, hoiff
⇒ Middle English: hovel, hovil, hovylle (diminutive)
English: hovel

Old Frisian: hof

North Frisian: hof, höf, haaf

Saterland Frisian: Hoaf

West Frisian: hôf, hou

Old Saxon: hof
Middle Low German: hof
German Low German: Hoff
Plautdietsch: Hoff
→ Danish: hof
→ Estonian: hoov
→ Norwegian: hoff
→ Old Swedish: hof
Swedish: hov, hof (up until the 1906 spelling reform)
→ Finnish: hovi
→ Finnish: huovi
→ Finnish: hovi

Frankish: *huf, *hof

Old Dutch: *hof
Middle Dutch: hof
Dutch: hof
Afrikaans: hof
Negerhollands: hofje, hofi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
→ Papiamentu: hòfi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haof, hoof
→ Scots: howf, hauf, houf, houff, houffe, hooff, howff
→ English: howf

→⇒ Old French: huvelet

Old High German: hof

Middle High German: hof

Bavarian: Hof

Cimbrian: hof, hoff

Mòcheno: hof

Central Franconian: Hoff, Hof, Hoaf

Luxembourgish: Haff

German: Hof, Hoff (in family names, otherwise obsolete)
→ English: hof

Pennsylvania German: Hof

Yiddish: הויף (hoyf)

Old Norse: hof
Icelandic: hof
Faroese: hov
Norwegian Nynorsk: hov, hov
Danish: hov
Swedish: hov
→ English: hof

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂wp-os, from *keh₂wp- (“to bend, arch, vault”). Related to *haupaz (“heap”); see there for more.


sweblaz

sweblaz (nominative singular)
sweblōz (nominative plural)
sweblōs (nominative plural)
swebl (singular vocative)
sweblōz (plural vocative)
sweblōs (plural vocative)
sweblą (accusative singular)
sweblanz (accusative plural)
sweblas (genitive singular)
swiblis (genitive singular)
sweblǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sweblai (dative singular)
sweblamaz (dative plural)
sweblō (instrumental singular)
sweblamiz (instrumental plural)

Uncertain. Compare Proto-Indo-European *swelplos (whence probably Latin sulfur), from the root *swel- (“to burn, smoulder”) (de Vaan); Kluge instead suggests that the Germanic and Latin, while from *swelplos, are borrowed from a pre-Indo-European substrate. This is supported by Kroonen, who additionally adduces Serbo-Croatian sȗmpor (“sulfur”), Old Armenian ծծումբ (ccumb, “sulfur”), Turkish kükürt (“sulfur”), Hebrew גופרית (gofrít, “sulfur”), Mongolian хухэр (xuxer, “sulfur”) as cognates from the same source.

sweavel

Middle Low German: swevel, swavel; Low German

Middle Dutch: swēvelDutch: zwavelAfrikaans: swawelNegerhollands: swafel→ Sranan Tongo: swafru

swarfu→ Aukan: swalufu→ Kari'na: suwapulu→ Saramaccan: suwálufuLimburgish: zwaevel→ West Frisian: swevel

→ Russian: жу́пел

→ Old Church Slavonic: жоупелъ (župelŭ), зюпелъ (zjupelŭ)


blīwiją

blīwiją (nominative singular)
blīwijō (nominative plural)
blīwiją (singular vocative)
blīwijō (plural vocative)
blīwiją (accusative singular)
blīwijō (accusative plural)
blīwijas (genitive singular)
blīwīs (genitive singular)
blīwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blīwijai (dative singular)
blīwijamaz (dative plural)
blīwijō (instrumental singular)
blīwijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blīwī
Old Frisian: *blī
Saterland Frisian: Bläi (possibly borrowed from Low German)
Old Saxon: blī, blīo, blīu, *blīg
Middle Low German: blî, blig, blige
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Bli
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bluich
Lippisch: Blüch, Bluig
Sauerländisch: Bley, Blǖ, Blī
Westmünsterländisch: Blij
Plautdietsch: Blie
→ Middle English: *bli
⇒ Middle English: bligeter (“lead founder”)
Old Dutch: *blī
Middle Dutch: bli
Dutch: blij, blei (with unetymological ei)
Limburgish: blie
Old High German: blīo, blīwo, blīoh (< *blīu or *blīwō)
Middle High German: blī
German: Blei
Luxembourgish: Bläi
Vilamovian: błaj
Yiddish: בלײַ (blay)

Old Norse: blý
Icelandic: blý
Faroese: blýggj, blý
Norwegian: bly
Old Swedish: blȳ
Swedish: bly
→ Finnish: lyijy
Old Danish: blȳ
Danish: bly
Scanian: blý
Elfdalian: bly
Gutnish: blöi

→ Estonian: plii

Unknown; possibly from a pre-form of Proto-Indo-European *mliH-wó-s, which appears to be a regional Wanderwort of substrate origin. Compare Ancient Greek μόλῠβδος (mólŭbdos, “lead”), Latin plumbum (“lead”).
Older theories tentatively derived the word from *mleh₁y- (“to be weak, weary, tired”); compare *blīþiz (“soft, mild”), and, outside of Germanic, Sanskrit म्लायति (mlā́yati, “to be weary”), Proto-Celtic *mlīnos (“weary, tired”).


teldą

teldą (nominative singular)
teldō (nominative plural)
teldą (singular vocative)
teldō (plural vocative)
teldą (accusative singular)
teldō (accusative plural)
teldas (genitive singular)
tildis (genitive singular)
teldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
teldai (dative singular)
teldamaz (dative plural)
teldō (instrumental singular)
teldamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *teld

Old English: teld

Middle English: teld, tield, telte

Scots: tild, tyld, teill

English: teld, tilt

⇒ Old English: ġeteld

→ English: geteld

Old Frisian: *teld

Saterland Frisian: Tält; Tälte f

Old Saxon: *teld

Middle Low German: telt

Low German: Teld

German Low German: Telt

→ Norwegian: telt

→ Swedish: tält

→ Finnish: teltta

→ Danish: telt

→ Middle English: telte (possibly)

English: tilt

Old Dutch: *teld

Middle Dutch: telt, telde

Dutch: telde (obsolete)

⇒ Middle Dutch: getelde, getelt

Old High German: zëlt

Middle High German: zëlt

German: Zelt

Luxembourgish: Zelt

Old Norse: tjald

Icelandic: tjald

Faroese: tjald

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjeld

Old Swedish: tiæld

Swedish: tjäll

Danish: tjæld

Norwegian Bokmål: tjeld

Finland lects: tjäld (Northern Quark islands)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tëlta

Finnish: telta


unwedrą

unwedrą (nominative singular)
unwedrō (nominative plural)
unwedrą (singular vocative)
unwedrō (plural vocative)
unwedrą (accusative singular)
unwedrō (accusative plural)
unwedras (genitive singular)
unwidris (genitive singular)
unwedrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unwedrai (dative singular)
unwedramaz (dative plural)
unwedrō (instrumental singular)
unwedramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unwedr
Old English: unweder
Middle English: unweder (hapax)
→ English: unweather (calque)
Old Frisian: unweder
Saterland Frisian: Uunweeder
West Frisian: ûnwaar
Old Saxon: unwedar
Old Saxon: unweder
Low German: unweder
Old Dutch: *unwedar
Middle Dutch: onweder
Dutch: onweder, onweer
Old High German: unwetar
Middle High German: unweter, unwiter
German: Unwetter

Old Norse: úveðr, óveðr

Icelandic: óveður

Faroese: óveður

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: uvær

Norwegian Nynorsk: uvêr

Old Swedish: ovædher

Swedish: oväder

Danish: uvejr


siduz

siduz (nominative singular)
sidiwiz (nominative plural)
sidu (singular vocative)
sidiwiz (plural vocative)
sidų (accusative singular)
sidunz (accusative plural)
sidauz (genitive singular)
sidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sidiwi (dative singular)
sidumaz (dative plural)
sidū (instrumental singular)
sidumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sidu
Old English: sidu, seodu
Middle English: side
Old Frisian: side
North Frisian: side, sede
Saterland Frisian: Sidde
West Frisian: sede
Old Saxon: sidu
Middle Low German: side
Old Dutch: sido
Middle Dutch: sēde
Dutch: zede
Afrikaans: sede
Old High German: situ
Middle High German: site
German: Sitte
Luxembourgish: Sitt

Old Norse: siðr
Icelandic: siður
Faroese: siður
Norwegian: sed
Jamtish: sið
Old Swedish: siþer, sedher
Swedish: sed
Danish: sæd

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (sidus)

Uncertain. On the suggestion that the meaning "custom" developed from "band, bond", Kroonen tentatively reconstructs Pre-Germanic *sh₂itús (“bond, rule, tradition”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind”).
Another possibility, though implausible because it would require *swid-, lies in derivation from Proto-Indo-European *swedʰ- (“wont, habit, custom”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἦθος (êthos, “character; custom, habit”), Sanskrit स्वधा (svadhā, “wont, custom, pleasure”), Latin suēscō (“grow accustomed, habituate, acclimate, train”), Latin sodālis (“mate, companion, comrade”).


spīwaną

spīwō (active first-person indicative singular)
spīwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spīwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spīwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spīwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spīw (active imperative second-person singular)
spīwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spīwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spīwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spīwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spīwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spīwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spīwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spīwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spīwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spīwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spīwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spīwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spīwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spīwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spīwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spīwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spīwid (active indicative plural second-person)
spīwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spīwid (active imperative plural second-person)
spīwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spīwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spīwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spīwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spīwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spīwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spīwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spaiw (active first-person indicative singular)
spiwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spaiwt (active indicative second-person singular)
spiwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spaiw (active indicative singular third-person)
spiwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spiwū (active dual first-person indicative)
spiwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spiwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spiwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spiwum (active first-person indicative plural)
spiwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spiwud (active indicative plural second-person)
spiwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spiwun (active indicative plural third-person)
spiwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spīwandz (active participle present)
spiwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spīwan
Old English: spīwan
Middle English: spewen, speouwen, spew, spewe, spiewen, spiwan, spue, spuen, spuwe
English: spew
Scots: spew
Old Frisian: spīa
Saterland Frisian: späie
West Frisian: spije
Old Saxon: spīwan
Middle Low German: spîgen, spîen, spiggen
Low German: spiien, speen
Plautdietsch: spieen
Old Dutch: *spīwan
Middle Dutch: spuwen
Dutch: spuwen, spouwen, spuien, spugen
Afrikaans: spu, spuug, spoeg
Limburgish: spieje
Old High German: spīwan
Middle High German: spīen
Alemannic German: spiiwe
German: speien
Yiddish: שפּײַען (shpayen)

Old Norse: spýja, *spía
Icelandic: spýja
Faroese: spýggja
Norwegian: spy
Old Swedish: spȳia
Swedish: spy
Old Danish: spȳ, spī
Danish: spy, spi
Elfdalian: spaja
Gutnish: spöi
Scanian: spý, spí

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (speiwan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ptēiw-, *(s)ptyēw- (“to spit, vomit”). Cognate with Latin spuō (“spit”, verb), Ancient Greek πτύω (ptúō, “spit, vomit”), Old Armenian թուք (tʻukʻ), Old Church Slavonic пльвати (plĭvati), Sanskrit ष्ठीवति (ṣṭhīvati).


hangistaz

hangistaz (nominative singular)
hangistōz (nominative plural)
hangistōs (nominative plural)
hangist (singular vocative)
hangistōz (plural vocative)
hangistōs (plural vocative)
hangistą (accusative singular)
hangistanz (accusative plural)
hangistas (genitive singular)
hangistis (genitive singular)
hangistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hangistai (dative singular)
hangistamaz (dative plural)
hangistō (instrumental singular)
hangistamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hangist
Old English: hengest, hengst
⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman
English: henchman
→ Scots: hanchman
Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)
Old Frisian: hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst
North Frisian: hingst
Saterland Frisian: Houngst, Hoangst
West Frisian: hynst
⇒ West Frisian: hynder
Old Saxon: hengist
Middle Low German: hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst
German Low German: Hingst
→ Danish: hingst
→ Lower Sorbian: hengist
→ Norwegian: hingst
→ Old Swedish: hingist
Swedish: hingst
Old Dutch: hengist
Middle Dutch: hengest, hinxt, henxt
Dutch: hengst
Afrikaans: hings
Old High German: hengist
Middle High German: hengest, hengst
Alemannic German: Hengscht
German: Hengst
Luxembourgish: Hengscht
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Hengscht

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ /hangistumʀ/) (dative plural)

desctree

Old Norse: hestr (< *hanhistaz)
Icelandic: hestur
Faroese: hestur
Norn: hest
Middle Norwegian: hester
Norwegian Nynorsk: hest; (dialectal) hest’e, heist
Elfdalian: est
Old Swedish: hæster
Swedish: häst
Old Danish: hæst
Danish: hest
Norwegian Bokmål: hest
→ Greenlandic: hiisti, hesti
Scanian: hæst
Gutnish: häst
→ Scots: hest, hesten

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱanḱestos, *kankestos (“horse”), with further analysis rather uncertain; the word appears to trace back further to a root *ḱenk- (“to gallop, move agilely”), though the morphology is not exactly clear, and may be cognate with Lithuanian šankùs (“nimble”), as well as Welsh caseg (“mare”) and Persian خنگ (xeng, “gray horse”). Compare also *hanhaz (“heel”).


lubą

lubą (nominative singular)
lubō (nominative plural)
lubą (singular vocative)
lubō (plural vocative)
lubą (accusative singular)
lubō (accusative plural)
lubas (genitive singular)
lubis (genitive singular)
lubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lubai (dative singular)
lubamaz (dative plural)
lubō (instrumental singular)
lubamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lob
Old English: lof
Middle English: lof, lofe
Scots: lofe
English: lofe, loff
Old Frisian: lof
North Frisian: lof
West Frisian: lof
Old Saxon: lof
Old Dutch: lof
Middle Dutch: lof
Dutch: lof
Old High German: lob
German: Lob
Luxembourgish: Luef

Old Norse: lof
Icelandic: lof
Faroese: lov
Norwegian Nynorsk: lov
Norwegian Bokmål: lov
Old Swedish: lof
Swedish: lov, lof (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: lov

→ Proto-Finnic: *lupa (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lopē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to desire, praise, love”).


wabją

wabją (nominative singular)
wabjō (nominative plural)
wabją (singular vocative)
wabjō (plural vocative)
wabją (accusative singular)
wabjō (accusative plural)
wabjas (genitive singular)
wabis (genitive singular)
wabjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wabjai (dative singular)
wabjamaz (dative plural)
wabjō (instrumental singular)
wabjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wabi
Old English: webb
Middle English: web, webb, webbe, webe, weob
English: web
Scots: wab, wob
Old Frisian: webb, wobb, web, wob
Saterland Frisian: Wäb
West Frisian: web
Old Saxon: webbi
Middle Low German: webbe, wobbe
⇒ Low German: Spinnenwebb, Spinnenwubb, Spinnenwübb
Old Dutch: *webbi
Middle Dutch: webbe
Dutch: web
Old High German: webbi, weppi
Middle High German: webbe, weppe
⇒ German: Spinnwebe

Old Norse: vefr m

Danish: væv

Faroese: vevur

Icelandic: vefur

Norwegian: vev

Old Swedish: væver

Swedish: väv

A collective ja-stem nominal from *webaną (“to weave”).


wargaz

wargaz (nominative singular)
wargōz (nominative plural)
wargōs (nominative plural)
warg (singular vocative)
wargōz (plural vocative)
wargōs (plural vocative)
wargą (accusative singular)
warganz (accusative plural)
wargas (genitive singular)
wargis (genitive singular)
wargǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wargai (dative singular)
wargamaz (dative plural)
wargō (instrumental singular)
wargamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *warg
Old English: wearg, warg, werg, wearh
Middle English: wari, weri
→ Medieval Latin: wargus, vargus
→ English: wargus
Old Saxon: warg, warag
Old Dutch: *warg
Middle Dutch: werch, warch
Dutch: warg
Old High German: warg
Middle High German: warc

Old Norse: vargr, *wargʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: vargur
Faroese: vargur
Norn: varg
Norwegian Nynorsk: varg
Elfdalian: warg
Old Swedish: vargher
Swedish: varg
Danish: varg
Norwegian Bokmål: varg
→ English: warg (learned)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*wargs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (launawargs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vargas (see there for further descendants)

An assumed inheritance supposes a Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ- (“to turn, twist, press, constrict, strangle”), but it derives easily in Proto-Slavic *vorgъ, e.g. *izъvьrgnǫti (“to cast out”), regularly cognate to Latin urgēre and in Germanic *wrekaną (“to pursue, to persecute”). See also *argaz.


funkô

funkô (nominative singular)
funkaniz (nominative plural)
funkô (singular vocative)
funkaniz (plural vocative)
funkanų (accusative singular)
funkanunz (accusative plural)
funkiniz (genitive singular)
funkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
funkini (dative singular)
funkammaz (dative plural)
funkinē (instrumental singular)
funkammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *funkō
Old English: *funca
Middle English: funke, fonke
English: funk
⇒? English: spunk (possibly blent with spark)
⇒? Scots: spunk, sponk (possibly blent with spark)
Old Frisian: *funka
Saterland Frisian: Funke
West Frisian: fonk, fûnk
Old Saxon: *funko
Middle Low German: vunke
German Low German: Funk
Low German: Fonk
→ Danish: funke
→ Norwegian Bokmål: funke
Old Dutch: *funko
Middle Dutch: vonke
Dutch: vonk
Limburgish: vónk
Old High German: funcho, funko, funco
Middle High German: vunke
German: Funke
Luxembourgish: Fonk
Yiddish: פֿונק (funk)

Two possibilities have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂un-, oblique stem of *péh₂wr̥ (“fire”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)peng- (“to shine”).


harpǭ

harpǭ (nominative singular)
harpōniz (nominative plural)
harpǭ (singular vocative)
harpōniz (plural vocative)
harpōnų (accusative singular)
harpōnunz (accusative plural)
harpōniz (genitive singular)
harpōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harpōni (dative singular)
harpōmaz (dative plural)
harpōnē (instrumental singular)
harpōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harpā
Old English: hearpe
Middle English: harpe
English: harp
Scots: harpe, herp, hairp
Old Frisian: *herpe
West Frisian: harpe, harp
Old Saxon: harpa
Middle Low German: harpe
Low German: Harp
Plautdietsch: Hoap
Old Dutch: harpa
Middle Dutch: harpe, herpe
Dutch: harp
Afrikaans: harp
Old High German: harfa, *harpha
Middle High German: harfe, harpfe
Bavarian: Harpfn
German: Harfe, Harpfe
→ Saterland Frisian: Harfe
Luxembourgish: Harf
→ Kashubian: harfa, arfa
→ Old Polish: arfa (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian: Haf, Harf
Pennsylvania German: Harf
→ Czech: harfa
→ Russian: а́рфа (árfa) (see there for further descendants)
→ Serbo-Croatian: hȃrfa, ха̑рфа
→ Slovak: harfa
→ Slovene: harfa
→ Ukrainian: а́рфа (árfa)
→ Late Latin: harpa (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: harpa

Icelandic: harpa

Faroese: harpa, hørpa

Norn: harpa

Norwegian: harpe

Elfdalian: arpa

Old Swedish: harpa

Swedish: harpa

Danish: harpe

Uncertain. Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”). Compare Proto-Germanic *hrapōną (“to touch; strum”); note also Latin corbis (“basket”).


flaskǭ

flaskǭ (nominative singular)
flaskōniz (nominative plural)
flaskǭ (singular vocative)
flaskōniz (plural vocative)
flaskōnų (accusative singular)
flaskōnunz (accusative plural)
flaskōniz (genitive singular)
flaskōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flaskōni (dative singular)
flaskōmaz (dative plural)
flaskōnē (instrumental singular)
flaskōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flaskā, *flahskā
Old English: flasce, flaxe
Middle English: flask, flaske (partly)
English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg
Scots: flask, flas
Old Frisian: *fleske, *flesche
West Frisian: flesse
Old Saxon: *flaska
Middle Low German: vlasche
German Low German: Fless
Old Dutch: *flasca
Middle Dutch: flassce, flesce, vlessche, vlesch, vles
Dutch: fles
Afrikaans: fles
Old High German: flasca, flaska
Middle High German: vlasche, flesche
Alemannic German: Fläsche
Swabian: Flasch
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Fläsch
German: Flasche
→ Macedonian: флаша (flaša)
→ Old Slovak: fľaša, fľäša
Pannonian Rusyn: фляша (fljaša)
Slovak: fľaša
→ Polish: flasza
⇒ Polish: flaszka
→ Belarusian: пля́шка (pljáška)
→ Russian: фля́жка (fljážka)
→ Ukrainian: пля́шка (pljáška)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: флаша
Latin script: flaša
Luxembourgish: Fläsch
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Flasch
Vilamovian: fłoś
Yiddish: פֿלאַש (flash)
→ Russian: фля́жка (fljážka)
→ Late Latin: flascō, flasca (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: flaska

Icelandic: flaska

Faroese: fløska

Norwegian Nynorsk: flaske, flaska

Swedish: flaska

Danish: flaske

Norwegian Bokmål: flaske

/ˈɸlɑs.kɔ̃ː/

Possibly from earlier *flahtskō, from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to weave”). Orel alternatively compares the word to Lithuanian plókščias (“flat”), Proto-Slavic *ploskъ (“idem”), with these terms possibly also stemming from *pleḱ-.


stukkiją

stukkiją (nominative singular)
stukkijō (nominative plural)
stukkiją (singular vocative)
stukkijō (plural vocative)
stukkiją (accusative singular)
stukkijō (accusative plural)
stukkijas (genitive singular)
stukkīs (genitive singular)
stukkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stukkijai (dative singular)
stukkijamaz (dative plural)
stukkijō (instrumental singular)
stukkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stukkī
Old English: styċċe, stiċċe, stiċ (sometimes in compounds), styċġċe — Anglian
Middle English: stucche, stecche, stech, steche, sticche, stitche, stuche
⇒ English: stitch meale, stitchmeal (“by piece, in separate pieces”) (possibly continuing Old English styċċemǣlum)
→ English: styca (possibly via Middle Latin styca)
⇒? English: stuckling
Old Frisian: stekk
Saterland Frisian: Stuk
West Frisian: stik
Old Saxon: stukki
Middle Low German: stücke
German Low German: Stück
Plautdietsch: Stekj
Old Dutch: *stukki, *stikki, -stic (in toponyms)
Middle Dutch: stucke, stuc, sticke, stic
Dutch: stuk, stik (in compounds)
Afrikaans: stuk
West Flemish: stik
→ Middle English: stic
English: stick, steck
Scots: stick, steck
Old High German: stucki, stukki, stucchi, stuhhi
Middle High German: stucke, stück, stuck
Alemannic German: Stuck, Stucke, Stucki, Stück, Stücke, Stücki
Bavarian: Stuck, Stick (latter influenced by diminutive and/or Standard German)
Central Franconian: Stöck, Steck
Luxembourgish: Stéck
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Stigg, Stigge
German: Stück
Yiddish: שטיק (shtik)
→ English: shtick
→ Old Polish: sztuka
Polish: sztuka, śtuka (Near Masovian, Lasovia)
→ Russian: шту́ка (štúka)
Silesian: sztuka
→ Italian: stucco
→ English: stucco
→ Spanish: estuco
→ French: stuc
→ Dutch: stuc
→ Portuguese: estuque
→ German: Stuck

Old Norse: stykki

Icelandic: stykki

Faroese: stykki

Norwegian Bokmål: stykke

Norwegian Nynorsk: stykke

Old Swedish: stykke

Swedish: stycke

Danish: stykke

Scanian: stikke

A ja-stem nominal derived either from *stikaną (“to stick”) or its iterative *stukkōną (“idem”).
An alternative theory, as follows, derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to shock, butt, impact”). The geminate -kk- is assumed based on *stukkaz (“stick”) (whence Old English stocc, Old Norse stokkr).


albiz

albiz (nominative singular)
albīz (nominative plural)
albi (singular vocative)
albīz (plural vocative)
albį (accusative singular)
albinz (accusative plural)
albīz (genitive singular)
albijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
albī (dative singular)
albimaz (dative plural)
albī (instrumental singular)
albimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *albi
Old English: ielf, ælf, ylf
Middle English: elf, elfe, helfe
English: elf (see there for further descendants)
Scots: elf
Yola: elf
Old Frisian: *alf, *elf
West Frisian: alve
Old Saxon: alf
Middle Low German: alf
Old Dutch: *alf
Middle Dutch: alf
Dutch: alf
Old High German: alb, alp
German: Alb, Alp

Old Norse: alfr, álfr
Icelandic: álfur
Faroese: álvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: alv, elv; (dialectal) alg
Norwegian Bokmål: alv, elv
Old Swedish: ælf, ælva
Swedish: älva; alf, alv (reborrowed from Old Norse)
Danish: elver (now only poetic); → alf (learned)
→ Arabic: آلْف (ʔālf)
→ English: auf, oaf
→ Scottish Gaelic: ealbhar
→ Belarusian: альв (alʹv)
→ Russian: альв (alʹv)
→ Ukrainian: альв (alʹv)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”).


albī

albī (nominative singular)
albijôz (nominative plural)
albī (singular vocative)
albijôz (plural vocative)
albijǭ (accusative singular)
albijōz (accusative plural)
albijōz (genitive singular)
albijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
albijōi (dative singular)
albijōmaz (dative plural)
albijō (instrumental singular)
albijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *albī

Old English: Ælf

Old Dutch: *Elba, Elva

Middle Dutch: Elve

Old High German: Elba

Middle High German: Elbe

German: Elbe

Old Norse: elfr
Icelandic: elfur, elfa
Faroese: elvur m, elv f
Norwegian Nynorsk: elv; (dialectal) alv, ålv, olv, ølv
Old Swedish: ælf
Swedish: älv, älf (pre-1906 spelling)
Old Danish: ælf, ælv
Danish: elv
Norwegian Bokmål: elv

→ Latin: Albia, Albis

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄλβις (Álbis)

→ Proto-Slavic: *olba

Czech: Labe

Kashubian: Łaba

Polabian: Låbü

Polish: Łaba

Russian: Ла́ба (Lába)

Serbo-Croatian: Laba

Silesian: Łaba

Slovak: Labe

Slovene: Laba

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: Łobjo

Upper Sorbian: Łobjo

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *albʰih₂, derived from *albʰós (“white”).


twisilą

twisilą (nominative singular)
twisilō (nominative plural)
twisilą (singular vocative)
twisilō (plural vocative)
twisilą (accusative singular)
twisilō (accusative plural)
twisilas (genitive singular)
twisilis (genitive singular)
twisilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twisilai (dative singular)
twisilamaz (dative plural)
twisilō (instrumental singular)
twisilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: twisla, twisel

Middle English: twisel, twisil

English: twissel, twistle, twizzle

Old Saxon: *twisil

Middle Low German: twil (?)

German Low German: Twille, Twill

Old High German: *zwisila

Middle High German: zwisele, zwisel

German: Zwiesel

From Proto-Indo-European *dwis- (“twice, in two”).


gautaz

gautaz (nominative singular)
gautōz (nominative plural)
gautōs (nominative plural)
gaut (singular vocative)
gautōz (plural vocative)
gautōs (plural vocative)
gautą (accusative singular)
gautanz (accusative plural)
gautas (genitive singular)
gautis (genitive singular)
gautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gautai (dative singular)
gautamaz (dative plural)
gautō (instrumental singular)
gautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gaut

Old English: Gēat
→ English: Geat

Old Norse: gautar pl; Gautr

Icelandic: Gautur, Gauti

Norwegian Nynorsk: gaut

Old Swedish: gø̄tar pl

Swedish: göt

Gothic:

→ Latin: Gapt [Jordanes]

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Γοῦται pl (Goûtai), Γαῦτοι pl (Gaûtoi)

→ Latin: Gautae pl, Gautigothi pl

The theonym (“heiti of Odin”) is likely derived from the third-person singular past tense *gaut of the Proto-Germanic verb *geutaną (“to pour”), thus making also the mythical ancestor *Gautaz (“he who has poured (out libations)”), while the ethnonym was derived from this meaning. It is directly related to *gudą (“god”), *gudjô (“priest”), and *gutô (“Goth”), all being descended from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Vedic Sanskrit होतृ (hótṛ, “priest (hotr), sacrifice”).


eutaz

eutaz (nominative singular)
eutōz (nominative plural)
eutōs (nominative plural)
eut (singular vocative)
eutōz (plural vocative)
eutōs (plural vocative)
eutą (accusative singular)
eutanz (accusative plural)
eutas (genitive singular)
iutis (genitive singular)
eutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
eutai (dative singular)
eutamaz (dative plural)
eutō (instrumental singular)
eutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *eut

Old English: Ēotas (plural)

German: Jüte

→? Pictish: *ᚓᚑᚈᚈ

desctree

Old Norse: jótar (plural)
Icelandic: Jóti
Faroese: júti
Norwegian Nynorsk: jute
Old Danish: iutæ
Danish: jyde
Norwegian Bokmål: jyde
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jyde
Old Swedish: iūte
Swedish: jute (pl. jutar)

→ Latin: Iutae, Iutī (both plural)

→ English: Jute

→ Dutch: Juut

Of uncertain and disputed origin, the name has been connected to several different Germanic names and words, such as Old Saxon Eucii, Old Norse jǫtunn (“jotun”), Old English eoten (“monster, giant”), from Proto-Germanic *etunaz, from Proto-Germanic *etaną (“to eat”), or possibly related to Proto-Germanic *gautaz (“Geat”).


þeudanaz

þeudanaz (nominative singular)
þeudanōz (nominative plural)
þeudanōs (nominative plural)
þeudan (singular vocative)
þeudanōz (plural vocative)
þeudanōs (plural vocative)
þeudaną (accusative singular)
þeudananz (accusative plural)
þeudanas (genitive singular)
þeudanis (genitive singular)
þeudanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeudanai (dative singular)
þeudanamaz (dative plural)
þeudanō (instrumental singular)
þeudanamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þeudan
Old English: þēoden
Old Saxon: thiodan

Old Norse: þjóðann

Icelandic: þjóðann, Þjóðann

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þiudans)


þahsuz

þahsuz (nominative singular)
þahsiwiz (nominative plural)
þahsu (singular vocative)
þahsiwiz (plural vocative)
þahsų (accusative singular)
þahsunz (accusative plural)
þahsauz (genitive singular)
þahsiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þahsiwi (dative singular)
þahsumaz (dative plural)
þahsū (instrumental singular)
þahsumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þahs
Old Frisian: *thaks
Saterland Frisian: Taks
Old Saxon: thahs
Middle Low German: das, dasse
German Low German: Dass
Old Dutch: *thas
Middle Dutch: das
Dutch: das
Afrikaans: das, dassie
→ English: dassie
Jersey Dutch: dās
→ West Frisian: das
Limburgish: dasj
West Flemish: das
Old High German: dahs
Middle High German: dahs
Cimbrian: daks
German: Dachs
→ German Low German: Dacks
→ Luxembourgish: Dachs
→ Saterland Frisian: Daks
Hunsrik: Dachs
Luxembourgish: Duess (archaic)
Yiddish: דאַקס (daks)
→ Late Latin: taxus, taxō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þax, þǫx

Norwegian Nynorsk: toks

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: svintoks

Swedish: tax

Danish: taks (obsolete)

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐍃 (*þahsus)

⇒ Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐍃 (*þahsuks) (diminutive)
→ Vulgar Latin: *taxūcus (Hispania)
Aragonese: taxugo, taxubo, taxudo, texugo, texudo, texubo
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: teixugo
Portuguese: texugo, teixugo
Spanish: tasugo

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *tótḱ-us, from *tetḱ- (“to weave, braid, add, establish, construct”), likely owing to the badger's propensity to dig and thus construct tunnels. In this case, cognate with Latin texō (“weave, braid, build, compose”), Ancient Greek τίκτω (tíktō), τέχνη (tékhnē), τέκτων (téktōn).
However, later scholarship rejects the above relation and, in light of Proto-Celtic *taskos, has been derived from a Proto-Indo-European *toskos (“badger”), which Kroonen considers to be a loanword from some unidentified western European substrate.