jehwlamēnōþs

jehwlamēnōþs (nominative singular)
jehwlamēnōþiz (nominative plural)
jehwlamēnōþ (singular vocative)
jehwlamēnōþiz (plural vocative)
jehwlamēnōþų (accusative singular)
jehwlamēnōþunz (accusative plural)
jehwlamēnōþiz (genitive singular)
jehwlamēnōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jehwlamēnōþi (dative singular)
jehwlamēnōþumaz (dative plural)
jehwlamēnōþē (instrumental singular)
jehwlamēnōþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġēolmōnaþ

Old Norse: jólmánaðr, jólmánuðr

Icelandic: jólmánuður, jólamánuður

Faroese: jólamánaður

From *jehwlą (“festivity, celebration”) + *mēnōþs (“month”).


ermungrunduz

ermungrunduz (nominative singular)
ermungrundiwiz (nominative plural)
ermungrundu (singular vocative)
ermungrundiwiz (plural vocative)
ermungrundų (accusative singular)
ermungrundunz (accusative plural)
ermungrundauz (genitive singular)
ermungrundiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ermungrundiwi (dative singular)
ermungrundumaz (dative plural)
ermungrundū (instrumental singular)
ermungrundumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eormengrund

Old Norse: jǫrmungrund

From *ermun- (“great, sacred”) + *grunduz (“ground, foundation”).

af

(poetic) the wide world, the vast expanse


bruhtiwarjaz

bruhtiwarjaz (nominative singular)
bruhtiwarjōz (nominative plural)
bruhtiwarjōs (nominative plural)
bruhtiwari (singular vocative)
bruhtiwarjōz (plural vocative)
bruhtiwarjōs (plural vocative)
bruhtiwarją (accusative singular)
bruhtiwarjanz (accusative plural)
bruhtiwarjas (genitive singular)
bruhtiwaris (genitive singular)
bruhtiwarjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bruhtiwarjai (dative singular)
bruhtiwarjamaz (dative plural)
bruhtiwarjō (instrumental singular)
bruhtiwarjamiz (instrumental plural)

>? Old English: Boruhtware

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Βρούκτεροι (Broúkteroi)

→ Latin: Bructeri

From *bruhtiz (“bay”) + *warjaz (“dweller”). The first element is likely from *brūkiz + *-þiz.


sidusaz

sidusaz (nominative singular)
sidusōz (nominative plural)
sidusōs (nominative plural)
sidus (singular vocative)
sidusōz (plural vocative)
sidusōs (plural vocative)
sidusą (accusative singular)
sidusanz (accusative plural)
sidusas (genitive singular)
sidusis (genitive singular)
sidusǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sidusai (dative singular)
sidusamaz (dative plural)
sidusō (instrumental singular)
sidusamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Sedusiī

From *siduz (“custom, habit”) + *-saz (“-er”).

af

a member of the Sedusii, a Germanic tribe mentioned by Caesar


hattaz

hattaz (nominative singular)
hattōz (nominative plural)
hattōs (nominative plural)
hatt (singular vocative)
hattōz (plural vocative)
hattōs (plural vocative)
hattą (accusative singular)
hattanz (accusative plural)
hattas (genitive singular)
hattis (genitive singular)
hattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hattai (dative singular)
hattamaz (dative plural)
hattō (instrumental singular)
hattamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Chattī

a member of the Chatti, a Germanic tribe that was once considered powerful


awjô

awjô (nominative singular)
awjaniz (nominative plural)
awjô (singular vocative)
awjaniz (plural vocative)
awjanų (accusative singular)
awjanunz (accusative plural)
awjiniz (genitive singular)
awjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awjini (dative singular)
awjammaz (dative plural)
awjinē (instrumental singular)
awjammiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Aviōnēs

>? Old English: Eōwan

a member of a Nerthus-worshipping Germanic tribe mentioned by Tacitus, living in either Öland or on the Jutland Peninsula


swerdô

swerdô (nominative singular)
swerdaniz (nominative plural)
swerdô (singular vocative)
swerdaniz (plural vocative)
swerdanų (accusative singular)
swerdanunz (accusative plural)
swirdiniz (genitive singular)
swerdanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swirdini (dative singular)
swerdammaz (dative plural)
swirdinē (instrumental singular)
swerdammiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Suardōnēs

a member of a Nerthus-worshipping tribe mentioned by Tacitus


raidōwarjaz

raidōwarjaz (nominative singular)
raidōwarjōz (nominative plural)
raidōwarjōs (nominative plural)
raidōwari (singular vocative)
raidōwarjōz (plural vocative)
raidōwarjōs (plural vocative)
raidōwarją (accusative singular)
raidōwarjanz (accusative plural)
raidōwarjas (genitive singular)
raidōwaris (genitive singular)
raidōwarjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raidōwarjai (dative singular)
raidōwarjamaz (dative plural)
raidōwarjō (instrumental singular)
raidōwarjamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Raetovarī

From *raidō (“ride, journey”) + *warjaz (“inhabitant”).

compound

member of a certain Alemannic tribe (mentioned by Ammianus)


angliz

angliz (nominative singular)
anglīz (nominative plural)
angli (singular vocative)
anglīz (plural vocative)
anglį (accusative singular)
anglinz (accusative plural)
anglīz (genitive singular)
anglijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anglī (dative singular)
anglimaz (dative plural)
anglī (instrumental singular)
anglimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: Engle, Ængle, Angle, Ongle

→ Latin: Angliī

Unknown, though possibly derived from *angulaz (“fishhook”).

a member of the Anglii, a tribe mentioned by Tacitus, possibly related (or ancestral) to the Angles who settled Britain


winnilaz

winnilaz (nominative singular)
winnilōz (nominative plural)
winnilōs (nominative plural)
winnil (singular vocative)
winnilōz (plural vocative)
winnilōs (plural vocative)
winnilą (accusative singular)
winnilanz (accusative plural)
winnilas (genitive singular)
winnilis (genitive singular)
winnilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
winnilai (dative singular)
winnilamaz (dative plural)
winnilō (instrumental singular)
winnilamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Vinnili

From *winnaną (“to struggle, win”) + *-ilaz (“-er”).


armalausaz

armalausaz (nominative singular)
armalausōz (nominative plural)
armalausōs (nominative plural)
armalaus (singular vocative)
armalausōz (plural vocative)
armalausōs (plural vocative)
armalausą (accusative singular)
armalausanz (accusative plural)
armalausas (genitive singular)
armalausis (genitive singular)
armalausǫ̂ (genitive plural)
armalausai (dative singular)
armalausamaz (dative plural)
armalausō (instrumental singular)
armalausamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Armalausī

From *armaz (“arm”) + *-lausaz (“-less”).

A member of a Germanic tribe that was named after the type of shirt they were known to wear

a type of shirt, said to be open at the front and back but closed at the shoulders


ermunduliz

ermunduliz (nominative singular)
ermundulīz (nominative plural)
ermunduli (singular vocative)
ermundulīz (plural vocative)
ermundulį (accusative singular)
ermundulinz (accusative plural)
ermundulīz (genitive singular)
ermunduljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ermundulī (dative singular)
ermundulimaz (dative plural)
ermundulī (instrumental singular)
ermundulimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Ἐρμόνδοροι (Ermóndoroi)

→ Latin: Hermundurī

From *ermun- (“great”) + *dulą (“valley”) + *-iz (“-er”). The second element is a variant of *dalą.

af

a member of the Hermunduri, a well-documented and powerful Germanic tribe


erulaz

erulaz (nominative singular)
erulōz (nominative plural)
erulōs (nominative plural)
erul (singular vocative)
erulōz (plural vocative)
erulōs (plural vocative)
erulą (accusative singular)
erulanz (accusative plural)
erulas (genitive singular)
erulis (genitive singular)
erulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erulai (dative singular)
erulamaz (dative plural)
erulō (instrumental singular)
erulamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Herulī


wangijô

wangijô (nominative singular)
wangijaniz (nominative plural)
wangijô (singular vocative)
wangijaniz (plural vocative)
wangijanų (accusative singular)
wangijanunz (accusative plural)
wangijiniz (genitive singular)
wangijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wangijini (dative singular)
wangijammaz (dative plural)
wangijinē (instrumental singular)
wangijammiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Vangiōnēs

From *wangaz (“field, meadow”) + *-ô (“-er”).

a member of the Vangiones, a Germanic tribe that fought alongside Ariovistus against Caesar


marsaz

marsaz (nominative singular)
marsōz (nominative plural)
marsōs (nominative plural)
mars (singular vocative)
marsōz (plural vocative)
marsōs (plural vocative)
marsą (accusative singular)
marsanz (accusative plural)
marsas (genitive singular)
marsis (genitive singular)
marsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marsai (dative singular)
marsamaz (dative plural)
marsō (instrumental singular)
marsamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Marsī

Unknown, though possibly related to *marzijaną (“to hinder, impede”).

a member of the Marsi, a Germanic tribe known for their participation in the battle of the Teutoburg Forest on the side of Arminius


tusjō

tusjō (nominative singular)
tusjôz (nominative plural)
tusjō (singular vocative)
tusjôz (plural vocative)
tusjǭ (accusative singular)
tusjōz (accusative plural)
tusjōz (genitive singular)
tusjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tusjōi (dative singular)
tusjōmaz (dative plural)
tusjō (instrumental singular)
tusjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *tysja

Norwegian: tysja

Uncertain, though possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“evil”).

hexeSaterland Frisian: HäkseWest Frisian: hekseOld Saxon: *hagatusiaMiddle Low German: hexeGerman Low German: Häxe

HexePlautdietsch: Hakjs→ Danish: heks→ Norwegian Nynorsk: heks→ Swedish: häxaOld Dutch: *hagatissaMiddle Dutch: hagetisseDutch: hagedisOld High German: hagzissa

hexeGerman: Hexe→ Dutch: heksAfrikaans: heks→ Papiamentu: hèks→ Polish: heksaLuxembourgish: Hex


hulandraz

hulandraz (nominative singular)
hulandrōz (nominative plural)
hulandrōs (nominative plural)
hulandr (singular vocative)
hulandrōz (plural vocative)
hulandrōs (plural vocative)
hulandrą (accusative singular)
hulandranz (accusative plural)
hulandras (genitive singular)
hulandris (genitive singular)
hulandrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulandrai (dative singular)
hulandramaz (dative plural)
hulandrō (instrumental singular)
hulandramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *holantr
>? Old English: ellen
Middle English: ellern, eller, eldre, eldrn, elder, ellen (Early Middle English)
English: elder
Yola: ellena
Old Saxon: holondar
Middle Low German: holunder, holder, holler, holdern, holderen, hollander, hollender, holender, holander, holendor, holendore, holendoren
German Low German: Holunder, Holunner, Holler, Hollunner, Allhorn, Allhäuern
Old Dutch: *holuntara
Middle Dutch: holendere, holentere
Dutch: holender, heulenteer
Old High German: holuntar m, holuntra, holara, holre f
Middle High German: holunter, holunder, holer
German: Holunder, Holder, Holler (dated, regional), Hohlunder, Hollunder, Holunter, Hohlunter, Hollunter (obsolete)

>? Norwegian: hyll

an elder tree; a tree of the genus Sambucus


wiriskaz

wiriskaz (nominative singular)
wiriskōz (nominative plural)
wiriskōs (nominative plural)
wirisk (singular vocative)
wiriskōz (plural vocative)
wiriskōs (plural vocative)
wiriską (accusative singular)
wiriskanz (accusative plural)
wiriskas (genitive singular)
wiriskis (genitive singular)
wiriskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiriskai (dative singular)
wiriskamaz (dative plural)
wiriskō (instrumental singular)
wiriskamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Variscī

one of the Varisci, an ancient Germanic people


kwēdaz

kwēdaz (nominative singular)
kwēdōz (nominative plural)
kwēdōs (nominative plural)
kwēd (singular vocative)
kwēdōz (plural vocative)
kwēdōs (plural vocative)
kwēdą (accusative singular)
kwēdanz (accusative plural)
kwēdas (genitive singular)
kwēdis (genitive singular)
kwēdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwēdai (dative singular)
kwēdamaz (dative plural)
kwēdō (instrumental singular)
kwēdamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Quadī

Substantivization of the adjective. If the tribe did use it as a name for themselves, it was likely first applied by their enemies and then used by them to instill fear.


bergundijô

bergundijô (nominative singular)
bergundijaniz (nominative plural)
bergundijô (singular vocative)
bergundijaniz (plural vocative)
bergundijanų (accusative singular)
bergundijanunz (accusative plural)
bergundijiniz (genitive singular)
bergundijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bergundijini (dative singular)
bergundijammaz (dative plural)
bergundijinē (instrumental singular)
bergundijammiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Burgundiōnēs

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰonts + *-jô


āhwijaz

āhwijaz (nominative singular)
āhwijōz (nominative plural)
āhwijōs (nominative plural)
āhwī (singular vocative)
āhwijōz (plural vocative)
āhwijōs (plural vocative)
āhwiją (accusative singular)
āhwijanz (accusative plural)
āhwijas (genitive singular)
āhwīs (genitive singular)
āhwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
āhwijai (dative singular)
āhwijamaz (dative plural)
āhwijō (instrumental singular)
āhwijamiz (instrumental plural)

>? Old English: ēagor

>? English: eagre

desc

Proto-Norse: *ēgjiʀ(?), *ēgweʀ(?), *ēgwijaʀ

desctree

Old Norse: ægir
Icelandic: Ægir, ægir
Faroese: ægir

From *ahwō (“river, water”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂ (“water”); with added + *-jaz (“-er”). Related to Old English ēagor (“water, sea”) and Old Norse ægir (“sea, ocean”) and Old English ǣg-weard (“beach-ward”); Possibly ancestral to English eagre (“tidal bore”). See also *agraz (“flood”)

(North Germanic) Ægir, a personification of the sea and a giant in Norse mythology


haiþinaz

haiþinaz (nominative singular)
haiþinōz (nominative plural)
haiþinōs (nominative plural)
haiþin (singular vocative)
haiþinōz (plural vocative)
haiþinōs (plural vocative)
haiþiną (accusative singular)
haiþinanz (accusative plural)
haiþinas (genitive singular)
haiþinis (genitive singular)
haiþinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haiþinai (dative singular)
haiþinamaz (dative plural)
haiþinō (instrumental singular)
haiþinamiz (instrumental plural)

→ Ancient Greek: Χαιδεινοι (Khaideinoi)

→ Latin: Chaedinī

From *haiþī (“heath; untilled land”) + *-īnaz (“made of; having the characteristics of”). Originally presumed to be of Christian origin, however the word is attested by Ptolemy long before Christianity had spread among the Germanic peoples.

af

"a person from uncultivated land"; one of the Chaedini, a Germanic people of western Scandinavia mentioned by Ptolemy in his Geographia


markōmann-

markōmann- (nominative singular)
markōmanniz (nominative plural)
markōmann (singular vocative)
markōmanniz (plural vocative)
markōmannų (accusative singular)
markōmannunz (accusative plural)
markōmanniz (genitive singular)
markōmannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
markōmanni (dative singular)
markōmannumaz (dative plural)
markōmannē (instrumental singular)
markōmannumiz (instrumental plural)

→ Latin: Marcomannī

From *markō (“borderland”) + *mann- (“person”).


nurþramann-

nurþramann- (nominative singular)
nurþramanniz (nominative plural)
nurþramann (singular vocative)
nurþramanniz (plural vocative)
nurþramannų (accusative singular)
nurþramannunz (accusative plural)
nurþramanniz (genitive singular)
nurþramannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nurþramanni (dative singular)
nurþramannumaz (dative plural)
nurþramannē (instrumental singular)
nurþramannumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: norðmaðr

→ Old French: Normant

→ English: Norman

>? Old English: Norþmann

English: Northman

From *nurþraz (“northern”) + *mann- (“person”).


gibidaz

gibidaz (nominative singular)
gibidōz (nominative plural)
gibidōs (nominative plural)
gibid (singular vocative)
gibidōz (plural vocative)
gibidōs (plural vocative)
gibidą (accusative singular)
gibidanz (accusative plural)
gibidas (genitive singular)
gibidis (genitive singular)
gibidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gibidai (dative singular)
gibidamaz (dative plural)
gibidō (instrumental singular)
gibidamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: Gefðum (dat. pl.), Gifðum (dat. pl.)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌸𐍃 (*gibiþs)

→ Ancient Greek: Γήπαιδες pl (Gḗpaides)

→ Latin: Gipedae pl, Gepidae pl, Gipidēs pl, Gebodorum (gen. pl.) (see there for further descendants)

Likely from *gebaną (“to give”) + Proto-Indo-European *-tós, meaning "the gifted ones" or "the generous ones". More at Gepids.


sunaz

sunaz (nominative singular)
sunizō (nominative plural)
sunaz (singular vocative)
sunizō (plural vocative)
sunaz (accusative singular)
sunizō (accusative plural)
suniziz (genitive singular)
sunizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunizi (dative singular)
sunizumaz (dative plural)
sunizē (instrumental singular)
sunizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sun
Old English: sunor, suner f or n
→⇒ Late Latin: sonischalt (via Old Dutch)
Lombardic: *sonor
⇒ Lombardic: sonorbair
→ Old French: *sunre, sundre, sondre, soundre m or f (possibly from Old English)
Middle French: sonre, sondre, soundre
→ Middle English: soundre
English: sounder

Old Norse: *sonar-

⇒ Old Norse: sonardreyri

⇒ Old Norse: sonargǫltr

From earlier *swunaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sewH- (“to give birth, bear”).


wīlą

wīlą (nominative singular)
wīlō (nominative plural)
wīlą (singular vocative)
wīlō (plural vocative)
wīlą (accusative singular)
wīlō (accusative plural)
wīlas (genitive singular)
wīlis (genitive singular)
wīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīlai (dative singular)
wīlamaz (dative plural)
wīlō (instrumental singular)
wīlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

desctree

Old English: wīl
Middle English: wile
English: wile

→ Old French: guile (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: vél, væl
Icelandic: vél

Related to Middle Irish fell (“deception”), Lithuanian vi̇̀lti (“to deceive”), with further origin of the terms somewhat disputed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, want”), with semantic shift "will, want" > "change one's wills" > "deceive" (though Smoczynski does not mention the Germanic cognates);
* or from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to turn, bend”) + *-ilą (“neuter agentive suffix”). The suffix is the neuter form of *-ilaz.


flikkiją

flikkiją (nominative singular)
flikkijō (nominative plural)
flikkiją (singular vocative)
flikkijō (plural vocative)
flikkiją (accusative singular)
flikkijō (accusative plural)
flikkijas (genitive singular)
flikkīs (genitive singular)
flikkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flikkijai (dative singular)
flikkijamaz (dative plural)
flikkijō (instrumental singular)
flikkijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flikkī
Old English: fliċċe
Middle English: flicche
English: flitch
Scots: fleech
Old Saxon: *flikki
Middle Low German: vlicke f; vlek, vlecke m or n
→ Middle High German: vlecke, vlec m (“piece of skin, webbed membrane, piece of entrails, tripe”)
Old Dutch: *flikki
Middle Dutch: vlicke, vlecke, vlec n
Dutch: vlik, vlek (dialectal)
→ Picard Old French: flec
Middle French: fleche f (merged with Old French fliche from Old Norse flikki)
French: flèche

Old Norse: flikki

Icelandic: flikki

Faroese: flikki

→ Middle English: flikke, flykke

English: flick (dialectal)

Scots: flake

→ Old French: fliche

→ Norman: flique

→ Proto-Finnic: *liikkijo (see there for further descendants)


amalą

amalą (nominative singular)
amalō (nominative plural)
amalą (singular vocative)
amalō (plural vocative)
amalą (accusative singular)
amalō (accusative plural)
amalas (genitive singular)
amalis (genitive singular)
amalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
amalai (dative singular)
amalamaz (dative plural)
amalō (instrumental singular)
amalamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *aml

Icelandic: aml

Norn: aml, ammel, ambel

Unsorted formations

Old High German: Amalunc, Amelunc

Proto-Germanic: *amalōną

Old Norse: *amla

Icelandic: amla

Norn: aml, ammel, ambel

Proto-Indo-European *h₃emh₃- (“to seize, to tackle”)


laugnīþō

laugnīþō (nominative singular)
laugnīþôz (nominative plural)
laugnīþō (singular vocative)
laugnīþôz (plural vocative)
laugnīþǭ (accusative singular)
laugnīþōz (accusative plural)
laugnīþōz (genitive singular)
laugnīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laugnīþōi (dative singular)
laugnīþōmaz (dative plural)
laugnīþō (instrumental singular)
laugnīþōmiz (instrumental plural)
*laugniþō (alternative)

Old Norse: leynd

Icelandic: leynd

Faroese: loynd

desc

→ Middle English: leind, lend (“a refuge”)

From *laugnijaną + *-iþō. Alternatively, if *laugniþō, then from *laugnaz + *-iþō.


skrankaz

skrankaz (nominative singular)
skrankōz (nominative plural)
skrankōs (nominative plural)
skrank (singular vocative)
skrankōz (plural vocative)
skrankōs (plural vocative)
skranką (accusative singular)
skrankanz (accusative plural)
skrankas (genitive singular)
skrankis (genitive singular)
skrankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skrankai (dative singular)
skrankamaz (dative plural)
skrankō (instrumental singular)
skrankamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: scranc

Middle High German: schrank

German: Schrank

A nominal formation related to *skrinkwaną (“to shrink”).


skaudō

skaudō (nominative singular)
skaudôz (nominative plural)
skaudō (singular vocative)
skaudôz (plural vocative)
skaudǭ (accusative singular)
skaudōz (accusative plural)
skaudōz (genitive singular)
skaudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaudōi (dative singular)
skaudōmaz (dative plural)
skaudō (instrumental singular)
skaudōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaudu

Middle Low German: schode (“horse's sheath”)

Middle High German: schōte (“pod, pea”)

German: Schote

Old Norse: skauð (“horse's sheath”)

Icelandic: skauð

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰 (*skauda) (in 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 (skaudaraips, “sandal strap”))

From Proto-Indo-European *skówdʰ-eh₂, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σκῦτος (skûtos, “skin, hide”), Latin scūtum (“shield, defense”). Within Proto-Germanic, compare in particular *hūdijaną (“to hide”) for a similar formation from the same root.


ēmǭ

ēmǭ (nominative singular)
ēmōniz (nominative plural)
ēmǭ (singular vocative)
ēmōniz (plural vocative)
ēmōnų (accusative singular)
ēmōnunz (accusative plural)
ēmōniz (genitive singular)
ēmōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēmōni (dative singular)
ēmōmaz (dative plural)
ēmōnē (instrumental singular)
ēmōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: ōman

Old Norse: áma

Icelandic: áma

⇒ Old Norse: ámusótt

Icelandic: ámusótt

Possibly from a variant *h₁eh₁-mó-s of Proto-Indo-European *h₁oh₁-mó-s (“raw, bitter”), thus “raw skin” > “erysipelas”, based on Kroonen's unorthodox reconstruction of this root. Despite superficial similarities, unrelated to *ammōną (“to irritate”), which derives from a different root.


ēmǭ

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *āmā
Old English: ēmel (“caterpillar; weevil”)
Old Saxon:
Middle Low German: emel, emelte (“corn bug; aphid”)
Old Dutch:
Middle Dutch:
Dutch: emelt (“mosquito larva”)

Old Norse: *áma

Norwegian: åme

Elfdalian: oma

Of unknown origin, with no certain cognates outside of Germanic.


gaisilaz

gaisilaz (nominative singular)
gaisilōz (nominative plural)
gaisilōs (nominative plural)
gaisil (singular vocative)
gaisilōz (plural vocative)
gaisilōs (plural vocative)
gaisilą (accusative singular)
gaisilanz (accusative plural)
gaisilas (genitive singular)
gaisilis (genitive singular)
gaisilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaisilai (dative singular)
gaisilamaz (dative plural)
gaisilō (instrumental singular)
gaisilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *gēsl(a)

Middle Dutch: gêsele, gêssle

Dutch: gesel

Old High German: geisila (“whip, rod”)

Middle High German: geisel, geisel(e)

desc

German: Geißel, Geissel (“whip, crop, scourge”)

Old Norse: geisl (“ski stick”)

Old Norse: geisli (“stick, beam, ray”)

Icelandic: geisli

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaisila (see there for further descendants)

From a formation related to *gaizaz (“spear, tip”) + *-ilaz (“diminutive suffix”). The sense development in the West Germanic branch parallels English rod (“staff (of office), rod of punishment, a substitute such as a cane or withe”)


starfą

starfą (nominative singular)
starfō (nominative plural)
starfą (singular vocative)
starfō (plural vocative)
starfą (accusative singular)
starfō (accusative plural)
starfas (genitive singular)
starfis (genitive singular)
starfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
starfai (dative singular)
starfamaz (dative plural)
starfō (instrumental singular)
starfamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: starf

Faroese: starv

Icelandic: starf

From Proto-Indo-European *storbʰ-o-, from *sterbʰ- (“to be stiff, become stiff”). Synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *sterbaną (“to be stiff”).


knuppaz

knuppaz (nominative singular)
knuppōz (nominative plural)
knuppōs (nominative plural)
knupp (singular vocative)
knuppōz (plural vocative)
knuppōs (plural vocative)
knuppą (accusative singular)
knuppanz (accusative plural)
knuppas (genitive singular)
knuppis (genitive singular)
knuppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knuppai (dative singular)
knuppamaz (dative plural)
knuppō (instrumental singular)
knuppamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: knuppe (“bud”)

Old High German: knopf (“knot”)

Middle High German: knopf

German: Knopf (“button, knob”)

Old Norse:

Norwegian: knupp (“bud”) (dialectal)

From a Proto-Indo-European *gnewbʰ-o-s, from *gnewbʰ-, an extension of *gen- (“to compress”), and cognate with Old Irish gnobh (“knot, knag”), Lithuanian gniáubti (“to embrace”), gniùbti (“to lose firmness, sink”). See also *knudaną (“to knead”), which continues a different extension of the same root.

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


humaraz

humaraz (nominative singular)
humarōz (nominative plural)
humarōs (nominative plural)
humar (singular vocative)
humarōz (plural vocative)
humarōs (plural vocative)
humarą (accusative singular)
humaranz (accusative plural)
humaras (genitive singular)
humaris (genitive singular)
humarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
humarai (dative singular)
humaramaz (dative plural)
humarō (instrumental singular)
humaramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: humarr
Icelandic: humar
Faroese: hummari
Norwegian Nynorsk: hummar, humar
Swedish: hummer
Danish: hummer
Norwegian Bokmål: hummer
→⇒ Middle English: hemroll
→ Middle Low German: *hummer
German Low German: Hummer
Dutch Low Saxon: hummer
→ Dutch: hommer
→ German: Hummer
→ French: homard
→ Bulgarian: омар (omar)
→ Hungarian: homár
→ Russian: ома́р (omár)
→ Armenian: օմար (ōmar)
→ Kazakh: омар (omar)
→ Esperanto: omaro
→ Slovak: homár

Likely a substrate borrowing from the same Mediterranean source as Ancient Greek κάραβος (kárabos, “beetle, crustacean”), κᾰ́μμᾰρος (kắmmăros, “lobster, shrimp”) (the later whence Latin cammarus (“lobster”)), with hypothetical proto-form *km̥h₂-er-.


blōdiz

blōdiz (nominative singular)
blōdīz (nominative plural)
blōdi (singular vocative)
blōdīz (plural vocative)
blōdį (accusative singular)
blōdinz (accusative plural)
blōdīz (genitive singular)
blōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōdī (dative singular)
blōdimaz (dative plural)
blōdī (instrumental singular)
blōdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōdi

desc

Old English: blēd (“shoot, branch, flower, fruit”)

Old Dutch: bluot
Middle Dutch: bloet

Old High German: bluot (“blossom, blossoming”)

Middle High German: bluot, blüete

German: Blüte

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-tí-s, from *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom”); see also *blōaną (“idem”).


wahtaz

wahtaz (nominative singular)
wahtōz (nominative plural)
wahtōs (nominative plural)
waht (singular vocative)
wahtōz (plural vocative)
wahtōs (plural vocative)
wahtą (accusative singular)
wahtanz (accusative plural)
wahtas (genitive singular)
wahtis (genitive singular)
wahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahtai (dative singular)
wahtamaz (dative plural)
wahtō (instrumental singular)
wahtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: váttr
Icelandic: vottur
Old Swedish: vātter

From Proto-Indo-European *wókʷ-to-s (“voice, speech”), from the root *wekʷ- (“to speak, sound out”).


lidą

lidą (nominative singular)
lidō (nominative plural)
lidą (singular vocative)
lidō (plural vocative)
lidą (accusative singular)
lidō (accusative plural)
lidas (genitive singular)
lidis (genitive singular)
lidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lidai (dative singular)
lidamaz (dative plural)
lidō (instrumental singular)
lidamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: lid (“vessel, ship”)

desc

Old Frisian: lid (“band, troop, retinue”)

desctree

Old Norse: lið
Faroese: lið n
Icelandic: lið n
Old Swedish: liþ n

Nominal derivative from *līþaną (“to go, pass through”).


kāsijaz

kāsijaz (nominative singular)
kāsijōz (nominative plural)
kāsijōs (nominative plural)
kāsī (singular vocative)
kāsijōz (plural vocative)
kāsijōs (plural vocative)
kāsiją (accusative singular)
kāsijanz (accusative plural)
kāsijas (genitive singular)
kāsīs (genitive singular)
kāsijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kāsijai (dative singular)
kāsijamaz (dative plural)
kāsijō (instrumental singular)
kāsijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kāsī
Old English: ċīese, ċǣse, ċēse, ċȳse, cȳsa
Middle English: chese, cheese, chesse, cheys, chiese, chise, cæse, ceose, cuse, cyse (Early Middle English)
English: cheese (see there for further descendants)
Scots: cheese
Old Frisian: tzīse, *tzēse
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: sees
Helgoland: sīs, sīz
Mooring: säis
Wiedingharde: sees
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: tzise, tzyse
Saterland Frisian: Síes
Wangerooge Frisian: siiz
Wursten Frisian: zise, schieese
West Frisian: tsiis, tsjiis
Hindeloopen: sees
Schiermonnikoog: tjiis
Old Saxon: kāsi
Middle Low German: kêse
Low German: Käse
Dutch Low Saxon: keze
German Low German: Kees
Plautdietsch: Kjees
Old Dutch: *cāsi
Middle Dutch: câse, kese (eastern)
Dutch: kaas
Afrikaans: kaas
→ Sotho: kase
→ Tswana: kase
Berbice Creole Dutch: kasi
Jersey Dutch: kääs
Negerhollands: kaas, kaes
→ Aukan: kasi
→ Papiamentu: keshi (from the diminutive)
→ Peranakan Indonesian: kas
→ Sranan Tongo: kasi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kási
→ Saramaccan: kási
Limburgish: kieës, kees
Old High German: chāsi, kāsi
Middle High German: kæse
Alemannic German: Chääs, Chees, Chèès
Alsatian: Käs
Swabian: Kääs
Walser: cheisch, chesch, chiesch, chääs, chìŝch
Bavarian: Kas, Kaas
Cimbrian: kese, khes, khéeze
Mòcheno: kas
Udinese: ckaas, kase, khase
East Franconian: Kaas, Kees
German: Käse
Hunsrik: Kees
Kölsch: Kies
Luxembourgish: Kéis
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Käs
Palatine German: Kees
Pennsylvania German: Kaes
Vilamovian: kȳz
Yiddish: קעז (kez)

Old Norse: kæsir

Icelandic: kæsir

Norwegian Nynorsk: kjese

Elfdalian: kęse

Danish: kæse

→ Proto-Samic: *kāsëjē (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kahja (see there for further descendants)


andō

andō (nominative singular)
andôz (nominative plural)
andō (singular vocative)
andôz (plural vocative)
andǭ (accusative singular)
andōz (accusative plural)
andōz (genitive singular)
andǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andōi (dative singular)
andōmaz (dative plural)
andō (instrumental singular)
andōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ǫnd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énHteh₂ (“doorjamb, doorpost”), and related to Latin antae (“door pilasters”), Sanskrit आता (ā́tā, “door frame”), Old Armenian դրանդի (drandi, “doorpost, threshold”). The relation, if any, of the root to *h₂ent- (“face, front”), which has been suggested as an alternate derivation of the Germanic, is uncertain.


hatjǭ

hatjǭ (nominative singular)
hatjōniz (nominative plural)
hatjǭ (singular vocative)
hatjōniz (plural vocative)
hatjōnų (accusative singular)
hatjōnunz (accusative plural)
hatjōniz (genitive singular)
hatjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hatjōni (dative singular)
hatjōmaz (dative plural)
hatjōnē (instrumental singular)
hatjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hetja

Faroese: hetja

Icelandic: hetja

*hatjaną (“to pursue, attack”) + *-ǭ (“-ess”), thus "pursuer, attacker" > "(well-traveled) warrior" > "hero".


lepaz

lepaz (nominative singular)
lipizō (nominative plural)
lepaz (singular vocative)
lipizō (plural vocative)
lepaz (accusative singular)
lipizō (accusative plural)
lipiziz (genitive singular)
lipizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lipizi (dative singular)
lipizumaz (dative plural)
lipizē (instrumental singular)
lipizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lep
⇒ Old Saxon: lepar m
⇒ Old Dutch: lëpor m
Middle Dutch: lëper
⇒ Old High German: lefs m
Middle High German: lefs, lebs, leps, leves, lesp m or f
⇒ Old High German: lefso m
Middle High German: lëfse, lebse, leftze m or f
German: Lefze, Lebse f
⇒ Old High German: lëffur m
→ Old French: leffre (merger of regular levre and possibly OHG lëffur)
Middle French: leffre

Old Norse: *lepr m

>? Old Swedish: læpper

Swedish: läpp


lawwą

lawwą (nominative singular)
lawwō (nominative plural)
lawwą (singular vocative)
lawwō (plural vocative)
lawwą (accusative singular)
lawwō (accusative plural)
lawwas (genitive singular)
lawwis (genitive singular)
lawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lawwai (dative singular)
lawwamaz (dative plural)
lawwō (instrumental singular)
lawwamiz (instrumental plural)
*lawą (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *lauw

Old Saxon: *lō

desc

Middle Low German: lô, loh, loy, lôe, loye n

gl

either borrowed from German or gender switched to conform to German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Lohe</i>

German Low German: Loh f (either borrowed from German or gender switched to conform to German Lohe)

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: lôgen, loien (verb)

German Low German: lojen

→ Saterland Frisian: looije

→⇒ Saterland Frisian: Loge

Old Dutch: *lō

Middle Dutch: lo, loo n

⇒ Middle Dutch: loën, louwen, lôyen, looyen, loeyen (verb)

Dutch: looien

Afrikaans: looi

→ West Frisian: loaie

⇒ Dutch: louwe, loye, looi

Old High German: lō

Middle High German: lō

German: Loh n

⇒ Middle High German: lōwen (verb)

German: lohen (archaic)

⇒ German: Lohe f

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to separate, split, detach, shed”).


glaiwiz

glaiwiz (nominative singular)
glaiwīz (nominative plural)
glaiwi (singular vocative)
glaiwīz (plural vocative)
glaiwį (accusative singular)
glaiwinz (accusative plural)
glaiwīz (genitive singular)
glaiwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glaiwī (dative singular)
glaiwimaz (dative plural)
glaiwī (instrumental singular)
glaiwimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: glær

Icelandic: glær

gl

⇒ Old Norse: glævir m (sometimes derived from *glaiwijaną "to shine")

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley- (“to shine, shimmer; yellow, grey, green, blue”).


wurmiją

wurmiją (nominative singular)
wurmijō (nominative plural)
wurmiją (singular vocative)
wurmijō (plural vocative)
wurmiją (accusative singular)
wurmijō (accusative plural)
wurmijas (genitive singular)
wurmīs (genitive singular)
wurmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurmijai (dative singular)
wurmijamaz (dative plural)
wurmijō (instrumental singular)
wurmijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gawurmī

German: Gewürm

Old Norse: yrmi

From *wurmiz (“worm”) + *-ją (collective suffix). Kroonen points out that an identical neuter collective formation also appears in Proto-Slavic *vьrmьje.


hlewaz

hlewaz (nominative singular)
hliwizō (nominative plural)
hlewaz (singular vocative)
hliwizō (plural vocative)
hlewaz (accusative singular)
hliwizō (accusative plural)
hliwiziz (genitive singular)
hliwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliwizi (dative singular)
hliwizumaz (dative plural)
hliwizē (instrumental singular)
hliwizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᛉ (*hlewaʀ)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwos.


þēhtuz

þēhtuz (nominative singular)
þēhtiwiz (nominative plural)
þēhtu (singular vocative)
þēhtiwiz (plural vocative)
þēhtų (accusative singular)
þēhtunz (accusative plural)
þēhtauz (genitive singular)
þēhtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þēhtiwi (dative singular)
þēhtumaz (dative plural)
þēhtū (instrumental singular)
þēhtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þāhtu

Old High German: tāht (“wick”)

desc

Old Norse: þáttr (“single strand of rope”)

Icelandic: þáttur

Norwegian Bokmål: tått, tott

Norwegian Nynorsk: tått, tott

From a lengthened-grade of Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- (“to hew, fashion”) + *-þuz (“result noun suffix”).


rauzą

rauzą (nominative singular)
rauzō (nominative plural)
rauzą (singular vocative)
rauzō (plural vocative)
rauzą (accusative singular)
rauzō (accusative plural)
rauzas (genitive singular)
rauzis (genitive singular)
rauzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rauzai (dative singular)
rauzamaz (dative plural)
rauzō (instrumental singular)
rauzamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rauʀ
Old Frisian: rër
Old Dutch: *rōs, *rōr
Middle Dutch: roer
Old High German: rōr
Middle High German: rōr
German: Rohr

Old Norse: reyrr
Icelandic: reyr m
Norwegian Nynorsk: røyr f or n
Swedish: rör n
Danish: rør n

Old Norse:

Faroese: royggj

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 (raus)

Of unknown origin. The semantic and formal resemblance to Proto-Slavic *rogozъ (“reed, rush”) is strong, though the final *z in the Slavic does not regularly correspond with Germanic *z, and the Slavic could possibly be a metathesis of Proto-Slavic *rozga (“twig, branch”), which appears to be unrelated. Has also been compared to Latin rūscum (“bark; butcher's broom”).


glanaz

glanaz (nominative singular)
glanōz (nominative plural)
glanōs (nominative plural)
glan (singular vocative)
glanōz (plural vocative)
glanōs (plural vocative)
glaną (accusative singular)
glananz (accusative plural)
glanas (genitive singular)
glanis (genitive singular)
glanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glanai (dative singular)
glanamaz (dative plural)
glanō (instrumental singular)
glanamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glan

Old High German: *glan

desc

Middle High German: glan (“shine; ember”)

German: Glan (archaic)

Old Norse: *glanr

Norwegian: glan (“brightness in the sky”)

Normalization of pre-Proto-Germanic *gʰlə-nó-s (“shining, glowing”) (quasi-Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlh₁-nó-s), past participle of *glōaną (“to glow”).


glēmaz

glēmaz (nominative singular)
glēmōz (nominative plural)
glēmōs (nominative plural)
glēm (singular vocative)
glēmōz (plural vocative)
glēmōs (plural vocative)
glēmą (accusative singular)
glēmanz (accusative plural)
glēmas (genitive singular)
glēmis (genitive singular)
glēmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glēmai (dative singular)
glēmamaz (dative plural)
glēmō (instrumental singular)
glēmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glām

Old English: glōm (“twilight”)

Old Norse: glámr (“moon”)

Icelandic: glámr (“moon”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleh₁-mó-s, from *ǵʰleh₁- (“shine, glow”) + *-mós.


-jǭ

-jǭ (nominative singular)
-jōniz (nominative plural)
-jǭ (singular vocative)
-jōniz (plural vocative)
-jōnų (accusative singular)
-jōnunz (accusative plural)
-jōniz (genitive singular)
-jōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-jōni (dative singular)
-jōmaz (dative plural)
-jōnē (instrumental singular)
-jōmiz (instrumental plural)
*-ǭ (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *-jā

Old Norse: -ja, -a

Gothic: -𐌾𐍉 (-jō)

feminine of *-jô: Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.


warją

warją (nominative singular)
warjō (nominative plural)
warją (singular vocative)
warjō (plural vocative)
warją (accusative singular)
warjō (accusative plural)
warjas (genitive singular)
waris (genitive singular)
warjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warjai (dative singular)
warjamaz (dative plural)
warjō (instrumental singular)
warjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wari

Old English: wer m

Middle English: wer, were

English: weir

Scots: were, weir

Old Frisian: *wer

Saterland Frisian: Wer

Old Saxon: wer, werr

Middle Low German: war

German Low German: Wehr

Old Dutch: weri

Middle Dutch: were

Dutch: weer

Old High German: wer

Middle High German: wer

German: Wehr

Old Norse: ver

Icelandic: ver

Norwegian: vær

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to close, shut, lock, protect, defend, block”).


glīmô

glīmô (nominative singular)
glīmōnō (nominative plural)
glīmô (singular vocative)
glīmōnō (plural vocative)
glīmô (accusative singular)
glīmōnō (accusative plural)
glīminiz (genitive singular)
glīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glīmini (dative singular)
glīmammaz (dative plural)
glīminē (instrumental singular)
glīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glīmō

Old Saxon: glīmo m or n (“gleam”)

desc

Old High German: glīmo, glīm n (“glow-worm, firefly”)

Middle High German: glīme, gleime, gleim

Old Norse: *glíma n

Norwegian Nynorsk: glima, glim m or n (dialectal)

→ Swedish: glim (dialectal)

Old Swedish: glima

Swedish: glimma

→ Middle English: glimme

English: glim

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰléy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰli-mén-s, from *ǵʰley- (“to shine”) + *-mn̥. Byform with *glaimô (whence Old High German gleimo) and *glemō (whence Old High German gleomu).


hurjaz

hurjaz (nominative singular)
hurjōz (nominative plural)
hurjōs (nominative plural)
huri (singular vocative)
hurjōz (plural vocative)
hurjōs (plural vocative)
hurją (accusative singular)
hurjanz (accusative plural)
hurjas (genitive singular)
huris (genitive singular)
hurjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurjai (dative singular)
hurjamaz (dative plural)
hurjō (instrumental singular)
hurjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hyrr (“fire”)

From Proto-Indo-European *krh₃-yo-s, from *kerh₃- (“to burn”), whence also Lithuanian kùrti (“to kindle”), Latin carbo (“coal”). See also Proto-West Germanic *harstijan (“to roast”) and Proto-West Germanic *herþ (“hearth”).


hurją

hurją (nominative singular)
hurjō (nominative plural)
hurją (singular vocative)
hurjō (plural vocative)
hurją (accusative singular)
hurjō (accusative plural)
hurjas (genitive singular)
huris (genitive singular)
hurjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurjai (dative singular)
hurjamaz (dative plural)
hurjō (instrumental singular)
hurjamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹 (hauri, “coal”)

From Proto-Indo-European *krh₃-yo-m, from *kerh₃- (“to burn”), whence also Lithuanian kùrti (“to kindle”), Latin carbo (“coal”). See also Proto-West Germanic *harstijan (“to roast”) and Proto-West Germanic *herþ (“hearth”).


lappaz

lappaz (nominative singular)
lappizō (nominative plural)
lappaz (singular vocative)
lappizō (plural vocative)
lappaz (accusative singular)
lappizō (accusative plural)
lappiziz (genitive singular)
lappizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lappizi (dative singular)
lappizumaz (dative plural)
lappizē (instrumental singular)
lappizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lappā f; *lappō m
Old English: læppa, lappa
Middle English: lappe
English: lap
Scots: lap
⇒ Old English: *leppruc, *lippric
⇒ Old English: ēarelippric
Old Frisian: lappa
Saterland Frisian: Lappe
West Frisian: lappe, lape
Old Saxon: lappo
Middle Low German: lappe
German Low German: Lappen
Old Dutch: *lappa
Middle Dutch: lappe
Dutch: lap
Afrikaans: lap
Old High German: lappo; lappa f
Middle High German: lappe
German: Lappe, Lappen
→ Old French: *labbe, *labre
⇒ Old French: labelle, label, labbelle, lambel (diminutive)
Middle French: label, lambeau, lambel
French: lambeau
⇒ Middle French: *labrer (verb)
⇒ Middle French: deslabrer, délabrer
French: délabrer
→ Middle English: label, labelle
English: label
→ Danish: label
→ Dutch: label
→ French: label
→ Japanese: ラベル (raberu)
→ Korean: 라벨 (rabel)
→ Korean: 레이블 (reibeul)
→ Malay: label
→ Polish: label
→ Welsh: label

gl

Old Norse: leppr, lappir m (lappir possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: leppur

Faroese: leppur

Norwegian Nynorsk: lapp

Norwegian Bokmål: lapp

Old Swedish: lapper

Swedish: lapp

Danish: lap

From Pre-Germanic *lopnó-, from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“to hang loosely, flop”). Compare Ancient Greek λοβός (lobós, “lobe”), Albanian labë (“bark”).


gardiz

gardiz (nominative singular)
gardīz (nominative plural)
gardi (singular vocative)
gardīz (plural vocative)
gardį (accusative singular)
gardinz (accusative plural)
gardīz (genitive singular)
gardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gardī (dative singular)
gardimaz (dative plural)
gardī (instrumental singular)
gardimiz (instrumental plural)

Feminine derivative of *gardaz, from
From Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos, from *gʰerdʰ- (“to enclose, encircle”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *gardas (“enclosure”), Albanian gardh (“hedge, fence”), Sanskrit गृह (gṛhá, “house”).


heltǭ

heltǭ (nominative singular)
heltōniz (nominative plural)
heltǭ (singular vocative)
heltōniz (plural vocative)
heltōnų (accusative singular)
heltōnunz (accusative plural)
heltōniz (genitive singular)
heltōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
heltōni (dative singular)
heltōmaz (dative plural)
heltōnē (instrumental singular)
heltōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hiltā

Old English: hilte f

Middle English: hilte

Old High German: helza f

→ Italian: elsa f

From Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to hit; beat”) + *-ō(n), see Proto-Germanic *-ǭ. Equivalent to *heltą + *-ǭ


tat(t)uraz

taturaz (canonical masculine)
taturaz (nominative singular)
tatturaz (nominative singular)
taturōz (nominative plural)
tatturōz (nominative plural)
taturōs (nominative plural)
tatturōs (nominative plural)
tatur (singular vocative)
tattur (singular vocative)
taturōz (plural vocative)
tatturōz (plural vocative)
taturōs (plural vocative)
tatturōs (plural vocative)
taturą (accusative singular)
tatturą (accusative singular)
taturanz (accusative plural)
tatturanz (accusative plural)
taturas (genitive singular)
tatturas (genitive singular)
taturis (genitive singular)
tatturis (genitive singular)
taturǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tatturǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taturai (dative singular)
tatturai (dative singular)
taturamaz (dative plural)
tatturamaz (dative plural)
taturō (instrumental singular)
tatturō (instrumental singular)
taturamiz (instrumental plural)
tatturamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tat(t)ur
Old Saxon: *tatur, *tater
Middle Low German: *tater, *tāter
Low German: Tater
>? Middle Low German: *tolter
⇒ Middle Low German: toltern (plural)
German Low German: Tulten
Old High German: zattera
→ Italian: zattera (Tuscan)
→⇒ Old French: taterele (alternatively from Old Norse tǫturr)
Middle French: taterele
→ Old Italian: tattera
Italian: tattera

Old Norse: tǫturr
Icelandic: tötur
→ Middle English: tater
English: tatter
Scots: tatter
⇒ Scots: tattrel (diminutive)

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to split, cut, divide”).

der

Proto-West Germanic: *tad(d)ā>? Old English: *tædde⇒ Old English: tædducOld High German: *zatta

tod

Middle English: todde, tod (alternatively from Old Norse or Middle Dutch)

Todde

Middle Low German: *todde, *tot; Low German


blusją

blusją (nominative singular)
blusjō (nominative plural)
blusją (singular vocative)
blusjō (plural vocative)
blusją (accusative singular)
blusjō (accusative plural)
blusjas (genitive singular)
blusis (genitive singular)
blusjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blusjai (dative singular)
blusjamaz (dative plural)
blusjō (instrumental singular)
blusjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blusi

Old English: blysa m

⇒ Old English: *blysian

desc

⇒ Middle English: blusnen, blysnen, blisnen

⇒ Old English: āblysian, āblisian

⇒ Old English: blysiġe f

⇒ Old English: blysiġere m

Old English: *blys f

⇒ Old English: bǣlblys f

Old Saxon: *blusi, *blusia f

Middle Low German: blǖse, blǖs, blūs f

German Low German: Blüüs (“fire”), Blöös (“torch”)

→ Dutch: bleus

→ Swedish: blys

Old Norse: blys

Icelandic: blys

Old Swedish: blus, blos, bluss, bloss

Swedish: bloss

Danish: blus

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blaze, burn, shine”).


pungaz

pungaz (nominative singular)
pungōz (nominative plural)
pungōs (nominative plural)
pung (singular vocative)
pungōz (plural vocative)
pungōs (plural vocative)
pungą (accusative singular)
punganz (accusative plural)
pungas (genitive singular)
pungis (genitive singular)
pungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pungai (dative singular)
pungamaz (dative plural)
pungō (instrumental singular)
pungamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pung

Old English: pung

Middle English: pung, punge

Old Frisian: pung

West Frisian: pong

Old Saxon: *pung

Middle Low German: punge

Old Dutch: *pung

Middle Dutch: pong

Dutch: pong

>? West Flemish: ponk (“diaper”)

Old High German: *pfung

⇒ Old High German: skazpfung

Old Norse: pungr

Icelandic: pungur

Faroese: pungur

Old Swedish: punger

Swedish: pung

Norwegian Bokmål: pung

Norwegian Nynorsk: pung

Danish: pung

desctree

Gothic: 𐍀𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃 (puggs)
→? Albanian: *punjë, punjashe

→ Medieval Latin: punga f

→ Old High German: punga


kauną

kauną (nominative singular)
kaunō (nominative plural)
kauną (singular vocative)
kaunō (plural vocative)
kauną (accusative singular)
kaunō (accusative plural)
kaunas (genitive singular)
kaunis (genitive singular)
kaunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaunai (dative singular)
kaunamaz (dative plural)
kaunō (instrumental singular)
kaunamiz (instrumental plural)
*kaunō (alternative possibly)

gl

Proto-West Germanic: *kaun; *kaunu (feminine perhaps derived from neuter plural)

Old Dutch: *kouna

Middle Dutch: *cone, coon f

Dutch: koon f

→ Low German: Kon

→ West Frisian: koan m or f

desctree

Old Norse: kaun n
Icelandic: kaun
Norwegian Nynorsk: kaun, kong
Norwegian Bokmål: kong

From Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend, curve, arch”).


snarhaz

snarhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
snarhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
snarhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
snarhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
snarhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
snarhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
snarhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
snarhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
snarhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
snarhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
snarhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
snarhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
snarhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
snarhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
snarhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
snarhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
snarhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
snarhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
snarhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
snarhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
snarhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
snarhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
snarhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
snarhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
snarhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
snarhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
snarhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
snarhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
snarhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
snarhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
snarhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
snarhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
snarhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
snarhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
snarhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
snarhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
snarhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
snarhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
snarhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
snarhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
snarhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
snarhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
snarhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
snarhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
snarhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
snarhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
snarhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
snarhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
snarhini (dative masculine singular weak)
snarhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
snarhini (dative neuter singular weak)
snarhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
snarhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
snarhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
snarhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
snarhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
snarhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
snarhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
snarhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
snarhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *snarh

Old English: snear (“nimble, strong”)

Old Saxon: *snarh

Middle Low German: *snar

Low German: snar

⇒ Low German: snarre (adverb)

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: snarlîk (“speedy, prompt”)

Old Dutch: *snar

Middle Dutch: snare, snaer (“nimble, skillful”)

Dutch: snaar (“quick, snappy, sharp, alert, lively, handsome”)

desctree

Old Norse: snarr
Icelandic: snar
Faroese: snarur
Norwegian: snar
Old Swedish:
Swedish: snar
Old Danish:
Danish: snar

Adjectival formation from *snerhaną (“to twist, bind”); see *snarhǭ (“sling”) for more.