þeuhą

þeuhą (nominative singular)
þeuhō (nominative plural)
þeuhą (singular vocative)
þeuhō (plural vocative)
þeuhą (accusative singular)
þeuhō (accusative plural)
þeuhas (genitive singular)
þeuhis (genitive singular)
þeuhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeuhai (dative singular)
þeuhamaz (dative plural)
þeuhō (instrumental singular)
þeuhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeuh
Old English: þēoh
Middle English: þigh
English: thigh
Scots: thee
Old Frisian: thiāch
West Frisian: tsjea
Old Saxon: thioh, thio
Middle Low German: dêch, dê, dee
⇒ Low German: Dickbeen
Old Dutch: thīo
Middle Dutch: dië
Dutch: dij
Afrikaans: dy
Limburgish: die, diech
Old High German: dioh
Middle High German: diech
German: Diech (obsolete)
>? German: Dickbein
Yiddish: דיך (dikh)

Old Norse: þjó
Icelandic: þjó
Faroese: tjógv
Norn: tjug
Norwegian: tjo
Gutnish: tiau, tjauv, tjaug


þwahtuz

þwahtuz (nominative singular)
þwahtiwiz (nominative plural)
þwahtu (singular vocative)
þwahtiwiz (plural vocative)
þwahtų (accusative singular)
þwahtunz (accusative plural)
þwahtauz (genitive singular)
þwahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwahtiwi (dative singular)
þwahtumaz (dative plural)
þwahtū (instrumental singular)
þwahtumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: þváttr
Icelandic: þvottur
Faroese: tváttur
Norwegian Bokmål: tvett
Old Swedish: þvǣtter
Swedish: tvätt
Danish: tvæt

→ Proto-Finnic: *vakto, *vakci

Estonian: vaht

Finnish: vaahto

Ingrian: vaahto

Livonian: vō’

Livvi: vuahti

Ludian: vuahte

Veps: vaht

Votic: vaahsi, vaassi

From *þwahaną (“to wash”) + *-þuz (“result noun suffix”).


būkaz

būkaz (nominative singular)
būkōz (nominative plural)
būkōs (nominative plural)
būk (singular vocative)
būkōz (plural vocative)
būkōs (plural vocative)
būką (accusative singular)
būkanz (accusative plural)
būkas (genitive singular)
būkis (genitive singular)
būkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būkai (dative singular)
būkamaz (dative plural)
būkō (instrumental singular)
būkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *būk

Old English: būc, būcc

Middle English: bouk

Scots: bouk, bowk, buik

English: bouk

→ Anglo-Norman: buket, buquet

→ Scots: bucket

→ English: bucket

Old Frisian: būk

Saterland Frisian: Buuk

West Frisian: búk

Old Saxon: būk

Middle Low German: bûk

Low German: Buuk, Buk

German Low German: Buuk, Buk

Plautdietsch: Buck

desctree

Old Dutch: būk, būc
Middle Dutch: boc, buc
Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bók
West Flemish: buk

→ Late Latin: *bucus

Old French: buc, bu

Middle French: bu

⇒ Old French: trebuchier

Middle French: trebucher

French: trébucher, trébuchet

Old Occitan: bu

Catalan: buc

Spanish: buque, trabuco, trabucar

Italian: trabucco, traboccare, >? buco

desc

Occitan: buc, trabucar, trabuc, trabuquet

Anglo-Norman: buc

Old High German: būh, pūch

Middle High German: būch

German: Bauch

Luxembourgish: Bauch

Yiddish: בויך (boykh)

Cimbrian: pauch

Old Norse: búkr

Icelandic: búkur

Faroese: búkur

Norwegian Bokmål: buk

Norwegian Nynorsk: buk

Old Swedish: būker

Swedish: buk

Danish: bug

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw-go-s, from a root *bʰew- (“to swell, inflate”); however, the existence of this root is in doubt, and it is likely that most, if not all, of its supposed descendants are independent onomatopoeic and sound-symbolic formations, which Orel appears to implicitly espouse.


ajją

ajją (nominative singular)
ajjō (nominative plural)
ajją (singular vocative)
ajjō (plural vocative)
ajją (accusative singular)
ajjō (accusative plural)
ajjas (genitive singular)
ajis (genitive singular)
ajjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ajjai (dative singular)
ajjamaz (dative plural)
ajjō (instrumental singular)
ajjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aij
Old English: ǣġ, ǣġer — combining form
Middle English: ey, ay, aye, ei, eye, eyȝ, æȝ (Early Middle English)
English: ey (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)
English: Cockney
Old Frisian: *ei, *ai
Saterland Frisian: Oai
West Frisian: aei, aai
Old Saxon: ei, eig, egg
Middle Low German: ei, egg, eig
Low German:
German Low German: Ei
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Egg
Märkisch: Ägg
Ravensbergisch: Åich
Sauerländisch: Ai
Westmünsterländisch: Äi
Plautdietsch: Ei
Old Dutch: ei
Middle Dutch: ei, ey
Dutch: ei
Afrikaans: eier
Berbice Creole Dutch: airi
Jersey Dutch: āi
Negerhollands: ee, eiu, eyu, eju
Limburgish: ei
Old High German: ei
Middle High German: ei
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Oi
Bavarian: Oa
Mòcheno: oi
Central Franconian: Ei, Ää, Aai
Hunsrik: Eu
Luxembourgish: Ee
German: Ei
Vilamovian: e
Yiddish: איי (ey)

Old Norse: egg
Icelandic: egg
Faroese: egg
Norwegian Nynorsk: egg
Elfdalian: egg
Old Swedish: æg
Swedish: ägg
Scanian: ægg
Danish: æg
Norwegian Bokmål: egg
→ Middle English: eg, eeg, egg, egge, egghe, eeg
English: egg, egge
→⇒ German: not the yellow from the egg
Jamaican Creole: eg
Sranan Tongo: eksi
Scots: egg
Yola: egges (plural)

Crimean Gothic: ada

By Holtzmann's law from *ojóm, by Dybo's law from *ōjóm, by Mahlow's law from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


trewą

trewą (nominative singular)
trewō (nominative plural)
trewą (singular vocative)
trewō (plural vocative)
trewą (accusative singular)
trewō (accusative plural)
trewas (genitive singular)
triwis (genitive singular)
trewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trewai (dative singular)
trewamaz (dative plural)
trewō (instrumental singular)
trewamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *treu
Old English: trēow
Middle English: tre, treo
English: tree
Scots: tree
Old Frisian: trē
North Frisian: tre, trä
Old Saxon: trio, treo
Old Dutch: trio, treo
Middle Dutch: tree, tere
Dutch: teer (mostly in compounds, like appelteer and elzenteer)
Old High German: *tra
⇒ Old High German: affoltra, affultra
Middle High German: affalter, apfalter
German: Affolter
Bavarian: Affalter

Old Norse: tré
Icelandic: tré
Faroese: træ
Norwegian Nynorsk: tre
Dalecarlian: trai
Old Swedish: trǣ
Swedish: trä (“wood”), träd (“tree”) (from the definite)
Scanian: træ
Danish: træ
Norwegian Bokmål: tre

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu)

From pre-Germanic *dréwom, from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”) (specifically the oblique stem *dréw-).


faþmaz

faþmaz (nominative singular)
faþmōz (nominative plural)
faþmōs (nominative plural)
faþm (singular vocative)
faþmōz (plural vocative)
faþmōs (plural vocative)
faþmą (accusative singular)
faþmanz (accusative plural)
faþmas (genitive singular)
faþmis (genitive singular)
faþmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faþmai (dative singular)
faþmamaz (dative plural)
faþmō (instrumental singular)
faþmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *faþm
Old English: fæþm
Middle English: fathome, fadome
Scots: faddom
English: fathom
Old Frisian: fethem, fethm
Saterland Frisian: Fäidem, Fäden
West Frisian: fiem
Old Saxon: fathm
Middle Low German: vādem
German Low German: Faam
Low German: fadem, faem
Old Dutch: *fatham
Middle Dutch: vādem, vāem (late)
Dutch: vadem, vaam
Afrikaans: vadem, vaam
Limburgish: vaam (“thread”), vadem (“fathom”)
Old High German: fadam, fadum
Middle High German: vadem, vaden
Central Franconian: Faddem, Foadem, Fodem, Fadem, Farem
Luxembourgish: Fuedem
Cimbrian: vaadom, baadom (Mezzaselva)
German: Faden

Old Norse: faðmr
Icelandic: faðmur
Faroese: favnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: famn; (dialectal) fabn, fabm
Elfdalian: farm, fammen
Old Swedish: famn, faghn
Swedish: famn, fagn
Old Danish: fafn, fathm
Danish: favn, farm, fadm
Norwegian Bokmål: favn
Scanian: fağn
Gutnish: famn

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: fáŧmi

Southern Sami: faerhmie

From Proto-Indo-European *poth₂-mo-s, from *peth₂- (“to spread out; shoulders”), with semantic development "spread out one's arms" > "embrace, armful" > "fathom". Particularly close cognate semantically with Welsh edau (“thread”); note also Lithuanian petys (“shoulder, armpit”) and possibly Ancient Greek ποτᾰμός (potămós, “river, stream; canal”).


anadô

anadô (nominative singular)
anadaniz (nominative plural)
anadô (singular vocative)
anadaniz (plural vocative)
anadanų (accusative singular)
anadanunz (accusative plural)
anadiniz (genitive singular)
anadanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anadini (dative singular)
anadammaz (dative plural)
anadinē (instrumental singular)
anadammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *anadō
Old English: anda, onda
Middle English: ande, onde, yond
English: ande, onde, and
Scots: and, ande, aind, aynd
Old Frisian: omma, andema, ondema
Saterland Frisian: Omme
West Frisian: amme
Old Saxon: ando
Middle Low German: ande
Old Dutch: ando
Middle Dutch: ande
Old High German: anto, ando, anado
Middle High German: ande
German: Ahnd, And

Old Norse: andi
Icelandic: andi
Faroese: andi
Norwegian Nynorsk: ande, ånd
Old Swedish: ande
Swedish: ande, anda
Danish: ånde, ånd
Norwegian Bokmål: ånde

/ˈɑ.nɑ.ðɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-dʰō, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”); compare *ananą. Related to Latin anima (“breath, spirit”).


buhtiz

buhtiz (nominative singular)
buhtīz (nominative plural)
buhti (singular vocative)
buhtīz (plural vocative)
buhtį (accusative singular)
buhtinz (accusative plural)
buhtīz (genitive singular)
buhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
buhtī (dative singular)
buhtimaz (dative plural)
buhtī (instrumental singular)
buhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *buhti, *buht

Old English: byht, *buht

desc

Middle English: bight, byȝt, biȝt, bought, bouȝt

Scots: bicht, becht; bucht, boucht

English: bight; bought, bowt, bout

Old Frisian: *bucht

Saterland Frisian: Bucht

West Frisian: bocht

Old Saxon: *buht

Middle Low German: bucht, bocht

Low German: Bucht

→ Icelandic: bugt

→ Faroese: bukt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bukt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bukt

→ Swedish: bukt

→ Danish: bugt

→ German: Bucht

Old Dutch: *buht

Middle Dutch: bucht, bocht

Dutch: bucht, bocht

Afrikaans: bocht

Old Norse: bót

Icelandic: bót

From *beuganą (“to bend, bow”) + *-þiz (“nominal suffix”).


burdą

burdą (nominative singular)
burdō (nominative plural)
burdą (singular vocative)
burdō (plural vocative)
burdą (accusative singular)
burdō (accusative plural)
burdas (genitive singular)
burdis (genitive singular)
burdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burdai (dative singular)
burdamaz (dative plural)
burdō (instrumental singular)
burdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bord
Old English: bord
→ Cornish: bord
Middle English: bord
English: board
Scots: buird
Yola: borde
→ Old Irish: bord
Middle Irish: bord
Irish: bord
Manx: boayrd
Scottish Gaelic: bòrd
→ Middle Welsh: bort
Welsh: bord
→ Middle Welsh: bwrð
Welsh: bwrdd
Old Frisian: bord
Saterland Frisian: Boud
West Frisian: board
Old Saxon: bord
Middle Low German: bōrt
German Low German: Boord
Old Dutch: *bort
Middle Dutch: bort
Dutch: bord, boord
Afrikaans: bord
Old High German: bort
Middle High German: bort
German: Bord
→ Medieval Latin: bordum (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: borð
Danish: bord
Gutnish: bord, bor, bård
Faroese: borð
Icelandic: borð
Norn: børd
Norwegian Bokmål: bord
Norwegian Nynorsk: bord
Old Swedish: borþ
Elfdalian: buord
Swedish: bord
→ Norman: (Jersey) bord
⇒ Old Norse: borþa, borða
Danish: borde; bort
Icelandic: borði
Old Swedish: borþa, bordha
Swedish: bård, (dialectal) borda, bora

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (*baurd)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (fōtubaurd)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *pordas, *purci, *purdëh (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; possibly from earlier *brezdą ~ *burzdnaz (“edge, board”) (whence also Old High German borto, Faroese breddi), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérsdʰ-ō ~ *bʰr̥sdʰ-nés, from *bʰers- (“tip, edge”) + *-dʰh₁eti (compare Sanskrit भृष्टि (bhṛṣtí, “tip, edge”)), as well as Old Irish brot (“goad, spike”). Alternatively perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHdʰ-, from *bʰerH- (“to strike, pierce; to work with sharp tools”) + *-dʰh₁eti. Possible cognate with Proto-Slavic *bьrdo (“comb, reed”). Or, compare instead Lithuanian bartà (“board”). Note that all of these explanations require the e-grade byform *bredą to be back-formed, when a root *bred- would otherwise be the simplest explanation.

bruzdaz

point, tip, shoot, edge?; probably, per Kroonen's theory


unþī

unþī (nominative singular)
unþijôz (nominative plural)
unþī (singular vocative)
unþijôz (plural vocative)
unþijǭ (accusative singular)
unþijōz (accusative plural)
unþijōz (genitive singular)
unþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unþijōi (dative singular)
unþijōmaz (dative plural)
unþijō (instrumental singular)
unþijōmiz (instrumental plural)
*unþiz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unþi
Old English: ȳþ
Middle English: ythe, ithe, uðe, uþe, uþæ, yþe
Old Saxon: ūthia
>? Middle Low German: unde n (possibly a borrowing)
Old Dutch: *unthia, *untha
Middle Dutch: unde, onde
Dutch: onde (dialectal)
Old High German: undia
Middle High German: unde, ünde
German: Unde (obsolete, dialectal)
Yiddish: אינד (ind)

Old Norse: unnr, uðr

Icelandic: unnur

Probably from Pre-Germanic *h₂n̥tih₂, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“to draw water”). Compare Ancient Greek ἄντλος (ántlos, “hold of a ship, bilgewater”), Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒉌 (ḫa-a-ni, “to draw (liquids)”). Not related to Latin unda (“wave”).


taikuraz

taikuraz (nominative singular)
taikurōz (nominative plural)
taikurōs (nominative plural)
taikur (singular vocative)
taikurōz (plural vocative)
taikurōs (plural vocative)
taikurą (accusative singular)
taikuranz (accusative plural)
taikuras (genitive singular)
taikuris (genitive singular)
taikurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taikurai (dative singular)
taikuramaz (dative plural)
taikurō (instrumental singular)
taikuramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *taikur
Old English: tācor
Old Frisian: tāker
Old High German: zeihhur
Middle High German: zeicher

From Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂ur-o-s, thematicized from *dayh₂wḗr ~ *dayh₂ur-és (“brother-in-law”).


brūwō

brūwō (nominative singular)
brūwôz (nominative plural)
brūwō (singular vocative)
brūwôz (plural vocative)
brūwǭ (accusative singular)
brūwōz (accusative plural)
brūwōz (genitive singular)
brūwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūwōi (dative singular)
brūwōmaz (dative plural)
brūwō (instrumental singular)
brūwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brū, bruu

Middle English: browe, brou, brow

Scots: broo

English: brow

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Bruun, Oogenbruun

Old Norse: brú (“bridge”)

Icelandic: brú

Faroese: brúgv

Norwegian: bru

Old Norse: brún

Icelandic: brún

Faroese: brún

Norwegian: brun

Old Swedish: brūn (plural: brȳn)

Swedish: bryn

Danish: bryn

→ Middle English: bryne

English: brine, brim

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (“eyebrow, rim, edge”). Cognate with Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrū́, “eyebrow”), Lithuanian brùvē (“brow”), Old Irish brū (“edge, shore”), Russian бровь (brovʹ, “eyebrow”).


brēwō

brēwō (nominative singular)
brēwôz (nominative plural)
brēwō (singular vocative)
brēwôz (plural vocative)
brēwǭ (accusative singular)
brēwōz (accusative plural)
brēwōz (genitive singular)
brēwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brēwōi (dative singular)
brēwōmaz (dative plural)
brēwō (instrumental singular)
brēwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brāu, *brāwi (< *brēwiz)

Old English: brǣw, brēaw, brēġ

Middle English: breu

Scots: brew, bree, breers

English: bree (dialectal), brow

Old Frisian: *brāw, brē (in âgbrē, etc.)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Oogenbruun

⇒ West Frisian: winbrau

Old Saxon: brāwa, brāha

Middle Low German: brâwe, brâ (in winbrâwe, winbrâ)

German Low German: Braan, Bruun

desctree

Old Dutch: *brāwa
Middle Dutch: brauwe
Dutch: brauw (mostly in wenkbrauw); -per (in wimper)
⇒ Afrikaans: wenkbrou
Limburgish: braoj (mostly in ougsbraoj)

Old High German: brāwa

Middle High German: brā; (rarely) brāwe

German: Braue (mostly in Augenbraue); -per (in Wimper)

Luxembourgish: -per (in Aper, Wëmper)

Old Norse: brá

Icelandic: brá

Faroese: brá

Old Swedish: brā

Swedish: -brå in baldersbrå

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrḗwH-o- (“eyebrow”), a lengthened grade formation from *h₃bʰrúHs (“idem”).


astaz

astaz (nominative singular)
astōz (nominative plural)
astōs (nominative plural)
ast (singular vocative)
astōz (plural vocative)
astōs (plural vocative)
astą (accusative singular)
astanz (accusative plural)
astas (genitive singular)
astis (genitive singular)
astǫ̂ (genitive plural)
astai (dative singular)
astamaz (dative plural)
astō (instrumental singular)
astamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ast
Old Saxon: ast
Middle Low German: ast
Old Dutch: *ast
Middle Dutch: ast
Dutch: ast
Old High German: ast
Middle High German: ast
Cimbrian: ast
German: Ast
Luxembourgish: Aascht

Gothic: 𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (asts)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ósdos (“branch”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄζος (ózos, “branch, twig”) and Old Armenian ոստ (ost).


kwēniz

kwēniz (nominative singular)
kwēnīz (nominative plural)
kwēni (singular vocative)
kwēnīz (plural vocative)
kwēnį (accusative singular)
kwēninz (accusative plural)
kwēnīz (genitive singular)
kwēnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwēnī (dative singular)
kwēnimaz (dative plural)
kwēnī (instrumental singular)
kwēnimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwāni
Old English: cwēn, cwǣn, cuēn, cwœ̄n — Anglian, cœ̄n — Northumbrian
Middle English: quene, qwene, cwene, queene, quen, qween, qweene, queyne, qwenne, qwhene, kuene, quiene, queen
English: queen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: queen, wheen
Yola: queen
Old Saxon: quān
>? Middle Low German: quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quena)

Old Norse: kvæn, kván

Icelandic: kván, kvon, kvæn

Norwegian: kvån (dialectal)

Old Swedish: -qvæn in broþorqvæn, sonaqvæn

Gothic: 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns)

From an i-stem derivative of Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn f (“woman”). Kroonen conjectures that it may be the nominalisation of a vr̥ddhi-gerundive of an otherwise unsupported *kwenan- < *gʷén-e- verb which would be "to mary". He cites the predominance of the "wife" meaning, as opposed to the more direct descendent *kwenǭ (“woman”) and a similar formation in Sanskrit : भर॑ति (bhárati, “to bear”) giving भार्या (bhāryā).


kwenǭ

kwenǭ (nominative singular)
kwenōniz (nominative plural)
kwenǭ (singular vocative)
kwenōniz (plural vocative)
kwenōnų (accusative singular)
kwenōnunz (accusative plural)
kwenōniz (genitive singular)
kwenōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwenōni (dative singular)
kwenōmaz (dative plural)
kwenōnē (instrumental singular)
kwenōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwenā
Old English: cwene
Middle English: quene
Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin
English: quean
Old Saxon: quena
Middle Low German: quēne, quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quān)
Low German: Quene
→ German: Queene
Old Dutch: quena
Middle Dutch: quene, kone
Dutch: kween
Afrikaans: kween
Old High German: chuuena, quena
Middle High German: kone, kan, kun, quëne
German: Kone (obsolete)

Old Norse: kona (gen. plur. kvenna, kvinna)

Icelandic: kona (gen. plur. kvenna, kvinna)

Faroese: kona, kvinna

Norwegian Bokmål: kone, kvinne

Norwegian Nynorsk: kone, kvinne

Old Swedish: kona, kuna (gen. plur. kvinna, kvænna)

Swedish: kåna, kona, kvinna

Old Danish: kona, konæ

Danish: kone, kvinde

→ Norman: guênipe, guénipe (Jèrriais)

→ French: guenipe

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 (qinō)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn (“woman”).


bōguz

bōguz (nominative singular)
bōgiwiz (nominative plural)
bōgu (singular vocative)
bōgiwiz (plural vocative)
bōgų (accusative singular)
bōgunz (accusative plural)
bōgauz (genitive singular)
bōgiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōgiwi (dative singular)
bōgumaz (dative plural)
bōgū (instrumental singular)
bōgumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōgu

Old English: bōg, bōh
Middle English: boȝ, bogh
English: bough
Scots: beuch

Old Frisian: bōch

Saterland Frisian: Bouch

West Frisian: boech

Old Saxon: bōg

Middle Low German: bôg, bôch, bûch

German Low German: Boog

→ English: bow

Old Dutch: *buog

Middle Dutch: boech
Dutch: boeg
Afrikaans: boeg

Old High German: buog

Middle High German: buoc

German: Bug

Luxembourgish: Buch

Old Norse: bógr
Icelandic: bógur
Faroese: bógvur
Norwegian: bog (Bokmål), bog (Nynorsk)
Old Swedish: bōgher
Swedish: bog
Danish: bov

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”).


bandī

bandī (nominative singular)
bandijôz (nominative plural)
bandī (singular vocative)
bandijôz (plural vocative)
bandijǭ (accusative singular)
bandijōz (accusative plural)
bandijōz (genitive singular)
bandijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bandijōi (dative singular)
bandijōmaz (dative plural)
bandijō (instrumental singular)
bandijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bandiOld English: bænd

band, fetter, buoy", also "band, stripe", also "band, troop, group; troop; merged with or influenced by Old French bande ()

bendOld Frisian: bendOld Saxon: bendiOld Dutch: *bendiMiddle Dutch: bendeDutch: bende

gang, troop, crew, mob; gang, pack; gang, troop

bent→ Saterland Frisian: Beende f ()→ West Frisian: binde m or f ()


anadz

anadz (nominative singular)
anadiz (nominative plural)
anad (singular vocative)
anadiz (plural vocative)
anadų (accusative singular)
anadunz (accusative plural)
anadiz (genitive singular)
anadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anadi (dative singular)
anadumaz (dative plural)
anadē (instrumental singular)
anadumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *anad, *anud, *anid
Old English: ened, enid, æned, ænid
Middle English: ende, enede, hende, henede, heynd
Scots: ennet, annet, annot
English: ende, annet, annot
Old Frisian: *ened, *aned
Saterland Frisian: Oante, Oande
West Frisian: ein
Old Saxon: anud
Middle Low German: aned, ēnde
German Low German: Aant
Plautdietsch: Ent
Old Dutch: ened
Middle Dutch: ent, eent, eynt
Dutch: eend
Afrikaans: eend
Jersey Dutch: êntśe (from the diminutive)
Old High German: enita, aneta, anut
Middle High German: ant, anet
Alemannic German: Ant, Anete
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ent
Luxembourgish: Int
German: Ente
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: IPA [ent]
Pennsylvania German: Ent
Vilamovian: ant

Old Norse: ǫnd, ǫnn
Icelandic: önd
Faroese: ont
Norwegian Nynorsk: and, ond
Norwegian: (dialectal) ònd, ånd, ønd, ånt
Norwegian Bokmål: and
Old Swedish: and
Swedish: and
Old Danish: *and (attested plural)
Danish: and

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”). Cognate with Latin anas (“duck, drake”), Lithuanian ántis (“duck, mallard”), and Proto-Slavic *ǫty (“duck”).


spurdz

spurdz (nominative singular)
spurdiz (nominative plural)
spurd (singular vocative)
spurdiz (plural vocative)
spurdų (accusative singular)
spurdunz (accusative plural)
spurdiz (genitive singular)
spurdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spurdi (dative singular)
spurdumaz (dative plural)
spurdē (instrumental singular)
spurdumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spyrd

Old High German: spurt

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (spaurds)

An i-stem derivative from Proto-Indo-European *spérdʰ-ti, the third-person singular of *sperdʰ- (“to compete, contest”).


bergaz

bergaz (nominative singular)
bergōz (nominative plural)
bergōs (nominative plural)
berg (singular vocative)
bergōz (plural vocative)
bergōs (plural vocative)
bergą (accusative singular)
berganz (accusative plural)
bergas (genitive singular)
birgis (genitive singular)
bergǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bergai (dative singular)
bergamaz (dative plural)
bergō (instrumental singular)
bergamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *berg
Old English: beorg, beorh, berg, biorg
Middle English: bergh, berȝ, beruȝ, beruh, berw
English: barrow; bergh (Northern England)
Scots: burrae
Middle English: berȝe, beryhe, berye (via beorge (dative))
English: berry
Old Frisian: berch
North Frisian: beerg
Saterland Frisian: Bíerig
West Frisian: berch
Old Saxon: berg, berag
Middle Low German: berch, barg
Low German: Barg, Biärg, Berg
German Low German: Barg
Plautdietsch: Boajch
Old Dutch: berg
Middle Dutch: berch
Dutch: berg
Afrikaans: berg
→ English: berg
Berbice Creole Dutch: berki
Jersey Dutch: bêrix
Negerhollands: berg, bergi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: berg, bergi
→ Aukan: beligi
→ Sranan Tongo: bergi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bérgi
Limburgish: berg
Old High German: berg, perc
Middle High German: bërc
Alemannic German: Bäärg, Bärg, Bèèrg, Bërg
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pèrge
Mòcheno: pèrg
Central Franconian: Berch
Eifel: Bersch
Hunsrik: Berrich
East Central German: Barg (Erzgebirgisch)
German: Berg
Luxembourgish: Bierg
Pennsylvania German: Barig
Yiddish: באַרג (barg)

< *bergą <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr>

Old Norse: berg, bjarg (< *bergą n)
Icelandic: berg, bjarg
Faroese: berg, bjarg, bjørg
Norwegian: berg
→ Danish: berg (also from German)
Norwegian Bokmål: berg
Elfdalian: bjärr, bjärg-, bjärgs-, bjärrs-
Old Swedish: biærgh, bærgh
Swedish: berg
Old Danish: biargh, biærgh, bærgh
Scanian: bjærğ
Danish: bjerg
Norwegian Bokmål: bjerg
Gutnish: berg, bjerg, bjerr
→ Scots: berg

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*bairgs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹 (bairgahei)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰos (“hill”).


sessaz

sessaz (nominative singular)
sessōz (nominative plural)
sessōs (nominative plural)
sess (singular vocative)
sessōz (plural vocative)
sessōs (plural vocative)
sessą (accusative singular)
sessanz (accusative plural)
sessas (genitive singular)
sissis (genitive singular)
sessǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sessai (dative singular)
sessamaz (dative plural)
sessō (instrumental singular)
sessamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sess

Old English: sess

Old Norse: sess

Icelandic: sess

Faroese: sessur

Norwegian Nynorsk: sess

Norwegian Bokmål: sess

From Proto-Indo-European *sedtós (“seated”), from *sed- (“to sit”) + *-tós.


gawissiz

gawissiz (nominative singular)
gawissīz (nominative plural)
gawissi (singular vocative)
gawissīz (plural vocative)
gawissį (accusative singular)
gawissinz (accusative plural)
gawissīz (genitive singular)
gawissijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawissī (dative singular)
gawissimaz (dative plural)
gawissī (instrumental singular)
gawissimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃 (gawiss)

From *ga- + *wissiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wédʰ-ti-s (“act of joining”), from *wedʰ- (“to join”) + *-tis. Equivalent to *gawedaną (“to join”) + *-þiz.


kwissiz

kwissiz (nominative singular)
kwissīz (nominative plural)
kwissi (singular vocative)
kwissīz (plural vocative)
kwissį (accusative singular)
kwissinz (accusative plural)
kwissīz (genitive singular)
kwissijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwissī (dative singular)
kwissimaz (dative plural)
kwissī (instrumental singular)
kwissimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwissi
Old English: *cwiss
Middle English: quiste
⇒ Middle English: biqueste
English: bequest
⇒ Old English: andcwiss

Gothic: *𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃 (*qiss)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷét-ti-s (“act of calling”), from *gʷet- (“to say, speak”) + *-tis. Equivalent to *kweþaną (“to say”) + *-þiz.


haisiz

haisiz (nominative singular)
haisīz (nominative plural)
haisi (singular vocative)
haisīz (plural vocative)
haisį (accusative singular)
haisinz (accusative plural)
haisīz (genitive singular)
haisijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haisī (dative singular)
haisimaz (dative plural)
haisī (instrumental singular)
haisimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣs; behǣs; (hāt; ġehāt)

desc

Middle English: hæs, hes, heste, heest, heast, hest; behese, beheste, beheest, biheste, behest

Scots: heste, hest, heist; behest, beheist

English: hest; behest

(Old Saxon: *hēt, *heit; *bīhēt, *bīheit)

(Middle Low German: hēt, heit; behēt, beheit)

(Old High German: gaheiza; biheiz)

(Middle High German: geheize, geheiz; beheiz)

(German: Geheiß)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹 (haiti)

From earlier *haissiz, from Proto-Indo-European *kóyd-ti-s (“act of calling”). Equivalent to *haitaną (“to call”) + *-þiz.


ēsą

ēsą (nominative singular)
ēsō (nominative plural)
ēsą (singular vocative)
ēsō (plural vocative)
ēsą (accusative singular)
ēsō (accusative plural)
ēsas (genitive singular)
ēsis (genitive singular)
ēsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēsai (dative singular)
ēsamaz (dative plural)
ēsō (instrumental singular)
ēsamiz (instrumental plural)
*ēsaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *ās

Old English: ǣs

Middle English: ēs, hes

English: yess, iss, easse; eaceworm

Old Frisian: ēs

Saterland Frisian: Oas; Äise

West Frisian: ies

Old Saxon: ās (found in angulās)

Middle Low German: âs

German Low German: Aas

→ Danish: ås

→ Swedish: as

→ Norwegian: as

Old Dutch: *ās

Middle Dutch: aes

Dutch: aas

Afrikaans: aas

→ West Frisian: aas

Old High German: ās

Middle High German: ās

German: Aas (merged with Middle High German āz, from Proto-Germanic *ētą)

Hunsrik: Ooz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēd-s-om (“eaten”), from *h₁ed- (“to eat”). Related to *etaną. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *ěsa (“food, dish”) < *h₁ed-s-eh₂, Tocharian B: yetse (“skin”) < *h₁ed-s-os.


hleumô

hleumô (nominative singular)
hleumaniz (nominative plural)
hleumô (singular vocative)
hleumaniz (plural vocative)
hleumanų (accusative singular)
hleumanunz (accusative plural)
hliuminiz (genitive singular)
hleumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliumini (dative singular)
hleumammaz (dative plural)
hliuminē (instrumental singular)
hleumammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌰 (hliuma)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwmn̥ (“hearing”), from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


hleuþrą

hleuþrą (nominative singular)
hleuþrō (nominative plural)
hleuþrą (singular vocative)
hleuþrō (plural vocative)
hleuþrą (accusative singular)
hleuþrō (accusative plural)
hleuþras (genitive singular)
hliuþris (genitive singular)
hleuþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hleuþrai (dative singular)
hleuþramaz (dative plural)
hleuþrō (instrumental singular)
hleuþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hleuþr
Old English: hlēoþor
Old High German: liodar

Old Norse: hljóðr

Icelandic: hljóður

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwtrom (“means of hearing”), from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


hleftuz

hleftuz (nominative singular)
hliftiwiz (nominative plural)
hleftu (singular vocative)
hliftiwiz (plural vocative)
hleftų (accusative singular)
hleftunz (accusative plural)
hleftauz (genitive singular)
hliftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliftiwi (dative singular)
hleftumaz (dative plural)
hleftū (instrumental singular)
hleftumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (hliftus)


lauhaz

lauhaz (nominative singular)
lauhōz (nominative plural)
lauhōs (nominative plural)
lauh (singular vocative)
lauhōz (plural vocative)
lauhōs (plural vocative)
lauhą (accusative singular)
lauhanz (accusative plural)
lauhas (genitive singular)
lauhis (genitive singular)
lauhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lauhai (dative singular)
lauhamaz (dative plural)
lauhō (instrumental singular)
lauhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lauh
Old English: lēah
Middle English: leye, ley, legh, lege, liegh
English: leigh, lea
Scots: le, ley, lei
⇒? Yola: kotlieough, cotleough
Old Frisian: lāch
Old Saxon: lōh
Middle Low German: lô, loe, loo, lâ, loch, loge, lage, loye
Old Dutch: *lōh, *lō
Middle Dutch: lô
Dutch: lo, loo (obsolete outside place names)
Old High German: lōh, lō
Middle High German: lōh, lōch, lō
German: Loh, Lah, Lage (mostly in place names)

Old Norse: ló

Icelandic: ló

Norwegian Nynorsk: lo

Norwegian Bokmål: lo (mostly in place names, like Oslo)

From Proto-Indo-European *lówkos (“clearing”), which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright”). Cognate with Latin lūcus (“sacred grove”).


kambaz

kambaz (nominative singular)
kambōz (nominative plural)
kambōs (nominative plural)
kamb (singular vocative)
kambōz (plural vocative)
kambōs (plural vocative)
kambą (accusative singular)
kambanz (accusative plural)
kambas (genitive singular)
kambis (genitive singular)
kambǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kambai (dative singular)
kambamaz (dative plural)
kambō (instrumental singular)
kambamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: ᚲᚨᛒᚨ (kaba /kamba/) [250–320 AD]

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kamb
Old English: camb, comb
Middle English: comb, combe, kombe, camb, kambe, cambe
English: comb
Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem
Yola: cowm, khime
Old Frisian: ᚳᚪᛒᚢ (kabu /kambu/), ᚳᚩᛒᚢ (kobu /kombu/)
North Frisian:
Föhr: kum
Hallig: kööm
Heligoland: Kum
Mooring: köm
Saterland Frisian: Koum m
West Frisian: kaem, kaam
Old Saxon: kamb, camb
Middle Low German: kam
German Low German: Kamm
Plautdietsch: Kaum
Old Dutch: *kamb
Middle Dutch: kamp, kamme, kam
Dutch: kam (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kamb, kamp
Old High German: kamb, camb, chamb
Middle High German: kamp, kam
Cimbrian: khamp
German: Kamm
Luxembourgish: Kamp
Yiddish: קאַם (kam)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*kabaʀ)

Old Norse: kambr
Icelandic: kambur
Faroese: kambur
Norn: kamb, kåmb
Norwegian Nynorsk: kamb, kam
Elfdalian: kamb
Old Swedish: kamber
Swedish: kam
→ Finnish: kampa
Old Danish: kamb
Danish: kam
Norwegian Bokmål: kam
Gutnish: kamb
Scanian: køm

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos (“tooth, peg”).


niþjaz

niþjaz (nominative singular)
niþjōz (nominative plural)
niþjōs (nominative plural)
niþi (singular vocative)
niþjōz (plural vocative)
niþjōs (plural vocative)
niþją (accusative singular)
niþjanz (accusative plural)
niþjas (genitive singular)
niþis (genitive singular)
niþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niþjai (dative singular)
niþjamaz (dative plural)
niþjō (instrumental singular)
niþjamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: *niþe, *niþþe, niþþas, niþas (plural)

desctree

Old Norse: niðr
Icelandic: niður
Old Swedish: niþiar m pl
Old Gutnish: niþi

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 (niþjis)

From Proto-Indo-European *nítyos (“(one's) own”).


swehuraz

swehuraz (nominative singular)
swehurōz (nominative plural)
swehurōs (nominative plural)
swehur (singular vocative)
swehurōz (plural vocative)
swehurōs (plural vocative)
swehurą (accusative singular)
swehuranz (accusative plural)
swehuras (genitive singular)
swehuris (genitive singular)
swehurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swehurai (dative singular)
swehuramaz (dative plural)
swehurō (instrumental singular)
swehuramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swēor

Middle English: sweor

Old Frisian: swire, *swiār

⇒ Old Frisian: swiāring

Old Saxon: swiri

desc

Middle Low German: swēher, schwēher, swēger

German Low German: Sweger

→ Saterland Frisian: Sweeger

Old Dutch: *sweor, *swēr

Middle Dutch: sweer

Dutch: zweer

Old High German: swehur

Middle High German: sweher, swēr, swæher, sweger

German: Schwäher (obsolete)

Yiddish: שווער (shver)

Old Norse: *svær

Old Swedish: svær

Swedish: svär-

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍂𐌰 (swaihra)

From Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros (“father-in-law”).


marhaz

marhaz (nominative singular)
marhōz (nominative plural)
marhōs (nominative plural)
marh (singular vocative)
marhōz (plural vocative)
marhōs (plural vocative)
marhą (accusative singular)
marhanz (accusative plural)
marhas (genitive singular)
marhis (genitive singular)
marhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marhai (dative singular)
marhamaz (dative plural)
marhō (instrumental singular)
marhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *marh
Old English: mearh, mear
Middle English: mearh
English: mare
Old Frisian: mar
Old High German: marh, march, marah
Middle High German: marc
German: Mähre

Old Norse: marr

Icelandic: mar

Gothic: *𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 (*marhs)

→? Albanian: magar

→? Romanian: măgar

Vandalic: *mar

→ Proto-Finnic: *marha

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *marhaminta (see there for further descendants)

Cognate with Proto-Celtic *markos. This is generally reconstructed as being from Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”), but other theories exist; see that page for further discussion.


marhijō

marhijō (nominative singular)
marhijôz (nominative plural)
marhijō (singular vocative)
marhijôz (plural vocative)
marhijǭ (accusative singular)
marhijōz (accusative plural)
marhijōz (genitive singular)
marhijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marhijōi (dative singular)
marhijōmaz (dative plural)
marhijō (instrumental singular)
marhijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *marhijā
Old English: mīere, mȳre, mīre
Middle English: mere, mare
English: mare
Scots: meir, mere, mear
Old Frisian: merie
North Frisian: mar
Saterland Frisian: Märe
West Frisian: merje
Old Saxon: meriha
Middle Low German: mēre, mērie
Old Dutch: *meria
Middle Dutch: merie
Dutch: merrie
Afrikaans: merrie
Negerhollands: merri, mėri
Old High German: meriha
Middle High German: meriche, merhe
Alemannic German: Märe
German: Mähre

Old Norse: merr
Danish: mær
Faroese: mer
Icelandic: meri
Jamtish: már
Norwegian Bokmål: merr
Norwegian Nynorsk: merr
Old Swedish: mær
Swedish: märr

→ Proto-Samic: *mearrō (see there for further descendants)


ankwô

ankwô (nominative singular)
ankwaniz (nominative plural)
ankwô (singular vocative)
ankwaniz (plural vocative)
ankwanų (accusative singular)
ankwanunz (accusative plural)
ankwiniz (genitive singular)
ankwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankwini (dative singular)
ankwammaz (dative plural)
ankwinē (instrumental singular)
ankwammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ankwō
Old Saxon: *anko
Middle Low German: anke
Old High German: ancho, anco
Middle High German: anke
Alemannic German: Anke

From Pre-Germanic *óngʷô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éngʷō, collective of *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat, oil, ointment”), from *h₃engʷ- (“anoint”). Cognate with Old Armenian օծ (ōc), Latin ungō.


nestą

nestą (nominative singular)
nestō (nominative plural)
nestą (singular vocative)
nestō (plural vocative)
nestą (accusative singular)
nestō (accusative plural)
nestas (genitive singular)
nistis (genitive singular)
nestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nestai (dative singular)
nestamaz (dative plural)
nestō (instrumental singular)
nestamiz (instrumental plural)
*nistą (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *nest, *nist
Old English: nest
Middle English: nest, neste, nist, nyst, neest
English: nest
Scots: nest
Yola: naesth
Old Frisian: *nest
Saterland Frisian: Nääst
West Frisian: nêst, nust
Old Saxon: *nest
Middle Low German: nest
German Low German: Nest
Plautdietsch: Nast
→ Swedish: näste
Old Dutch: nest
Middle Dutch: nest
Dutch: nest
Afrikaans: nes
Negerhollands: nest, nes
→ Papiamentu: nèshi, nèishi, nesji
⇒ Limburgish: ès (rebracketing)
Old High German: nest
Middle High German: nest, nist
Bavarian: Nest
⇒ Cimbrian: èst (rebracketing)
Central Franconian: Ness, Nest, Nöss, Nöst, Nost (all < nist)
Hunsrik: Nist
Luxembourgish: Nascht
German: Nest
Rhine Franconian: Nest, Nescht, Nischt (last < nist)
Pennsylvania German: Nescht
Vilamovian: naost
Yiddish: נעסט (nest)

From Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“seat”) with a change to the neuter gender.
The vocalism e < i (apparently from a-mutation) uncommonly prevails in most descendants, including the oldest stages (matched only by *weraz). Forms with i are attested in Middle English and Middle High German, however. These may be either old variants or analogical formations after West Germanic *nistijan (“to nest”), *ganistī (collective).


nestą

nestą (nominative singular)
nestō (nominative plural)
nestą (singular vocative)
nestō (plural vocative)
nestą (accusative singular)
nestō (accusative plural)
nestas (genitive singular)
nistis (genitive singular)
nestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nestai (dative singular)
nestamaz (dative plural)
nestō (instrumental singular)
nestamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nest

Old High German: *nest

⇒ Old High German: *fartnest

⇒ Old High German: weganest, weganist

Old Norse: nest, nesti

Icelandic: nest, nesti


samdaz

samdaz (nominative singular)
samdōz (nominative plural)
samdōs (nominative plural)
samd (singular vocative)
samdōz (plural vocative)
samdōs (plural vocative)
samdą (accusative singular)
samdanz (accusative plural)
samdas (genitive singular)
samdis (genitive singular)
samdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
samdai (dative singular)
samdamaz (dative plural)
samdō (instrumental singular)
samdamiz (instrumental plural)
*sandaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *samd, *sand

Old English: sand
Middle English: sond, sand, sande, saunde, sonde
English: sand
Middle Scots: sand
Scots: saund, saun, sand
Yola: zoane

Old Frisian: sand

North Frisian:

Föhr: sun

Hallig: söön

Heligoland: Sun

Mooring: sönj

Saterland Frisian: Sound

West Frisian: sân

Old Saxon: sand

Middle Low German: sant

Low German: Sand

Plautdietsch: Saunt

Old Dutch: *sant
Middle Dutch: sant
Dutch: zand

Old High German: sant, *samt
Middle High German: sant; sampt, sambt
German: Sand
Luxembourgish: Sand
Vilamovian: zaond
Yiddish: זאַמד (zamd)

Old Norse: sandr
Icelandic: sandur
→ English: sandur
→ German: Sander
Faroese: sandur
Norn: sand
Norwegian Bokmål: sand
Norwegian Nynorsk: sand
Old Swedish: sander
Swedish: sand
Old Danish: sand
Danish: sand
Elfdalian: sand
Gutnish: sand

→ Proto-Samic: *sāntē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sámh₂dʰos (“sand”), likely borrowed from a Western European substrate. Cognate with Ancient Greek ψᾰ́μμος (psắmmos), ἄμαθος (ámathos, “sand”), Latin sabulum (“coarse sand, gravel”).


mizdō

mizdō (nominative singular)
mizdôz (nominative plural)
mizdō (singular vocative)
mizdôz (plural vocative)
mizdǭ (accusative singular)
mizdōz (accusative plural)
mizdōz (genitive singular)
mizdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mizdōi (dative singular)
mizdōmaz (dative plural)
mizdō (instrumental singular)
mizdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miʀdu
Old English: mēd, meord, ᛗᛖᛞᚢ (medu) — Runic
Middle English: mede, meede
English: meed
Scots: med
Old Saxon: mēda
Middle Low German: mêde
Low German: Meed
Old Dutch: mieda
Middle Dutch: miede
Dutch: miede
Old High German: miata
Middle High German: miete
German: Miete
→ Luxembourgish: Mit
Lombardic: mēta

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌶𐌳𐍉 (mizdō)

From Proto-Indo-European *misdʰéh₂ (“reward”).


swegrō

swegrō (nominative singular)
swegrôz (nominative plural)
swegrō (singular vocative)
swegrôz (plural vocative)
swegrǭ (accusative singular)
swegrōz (accusative plural)
swegrōz (genitive singular)
swegrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swegrōi (dative singular)
swegrōmaz (dative plural)
swegrō (instrumental singular)
swegrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swegru
Old English: sweġer
Middle English: sweȝer
Old Frisian: *sweger, *sweier
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Sweegermuur
Old Saxon: *swegar, *swigar
Middle Low German: swēger
German Low German: Sweger, Swegermoder
Old Dutch: *sweger
Middle Dutch: swēger
Dutch: zweger
Old High German: swigar
Middle High German: swiger
German: Schwieger (obsolete)
⇒ German: Schwiegermutter, Schwiegervater, Schwiegertochter, Schwiegersohn
Yiddish: שוויגער (shviger)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍂𐍉 (swaihrō)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂ (“mother-in-law”).


snuzō

snuzō (nominative singular)
snuzôz (nominative plural)
snuzō (singular vocative)
snuzôz (plural vocative)
snuzǭ (accusative singular)
snuzōz (accusative plural)
snuzōz (genitive singular)
snuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snuzōi (dative singular)
snuzōmaz (dative plural)
snuzō (instrumental singular)
snuzōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snuʀu
Old English: snoru
Middle English: snore
Old Frisian: snore
West Frisian: snoar
Old Saxon: *snura, *snora
Middle Low German: snare, snāre, snōre, snōr
⇒ Middle Low German: snōreke, snǖreke, snorche, snoirche, snurche, snurghe
Old Dutch: *snura
Middle Dutch: snore, snoere, snare
Dutch: snaar, snoer
Old High German: snura
Middle High German: snuor, snur
Alemannic German: Schnuer
German: Schnur (obsolete)
Luxembourgish: Schnauer
Yiddish: שנור (shnur)

Old Norse: snor, snør
Icelandic: snör

Crimean Gothic: schuos (presumably a misspelling of *schnos)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snusós (“daughter-in-law”). The remaking to an ō-stem (for an expected a-stem) is linked to the disappearance of feminine thematic stems in Germanic. Compare Proto-Slavic *snъxa (formally identical; both possibly from Proto-Indo-European *snuséh₂) and Latin nurus (remade as an u-stem, although compare proscribed nura).


banô

banô (nominative singular)
bananiz (nominative plural)
banô (singular vocative)
bananiz (plural vocative)
bananų (accusative singular)
bananunz (accusative plural)
baniniz (genitive singular)
bananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
banini (dative singular)
banammaz (dative plural)
baninē (instrumental singular)
banammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *banō

Old English: bana, bona
Middle English: bane, ban, bayn, beone, bone (West Midland)
English: bane
Middle Scots: bane, baine, bain, bayn, bone

Old Frisian: bona

Old Saxon: bano

Middle Low German: bāne

Old Dutch: *bano

Middle Dutch: bāne

Old High German: bano

Middle High German: bane, ban

Old Norse: bani
Icelandic: bani
Faroese: bani
Norn: bani
Norwegian Nynorsk: bane
Old Swedish: bani
Swedish: bane
Old Danish: banæ
Danish: bane
Norwegian Bokmål: bane

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰon-ō, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”), though the sound change required from *gʷʰ > *b is controversial.


berô

berô (nominative singular)
birniz (nominative plural)
berô (singular vocative)
birniz (plural vocative)
bernų (accusative singular)
bernunz (accusative plural)
birniz (genitive singular)
bernǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birni (dative singular)
bernumaz (dative plural)
bernē (instrumental singular)
bernumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *berō
Old English: bera
Middle English: bere, beare, bier, beere (Late Middle English), beor, beore, boere, bore, buere (south West Midlands, from Mercian Old English *beora)
English: bear (see there for further descendants)
Middle Scots: beir
Scots: bear, beir
>? Old English: beorn
Middle English: beorn, bern, beryn, biern, byrne, burne, bourne
Old Frisian: *bera, *bara
Saterland Frisian: Boar
West Frisian: bear
Old Saxon: bero
Middle Low German: bar, bāre
German Low German: Baar, Boor
Plautdietsch: Boa
Old Dutch: *bero
Middle Dutch: bēre
Dutch: beer
Afrikaans: beer
→ Papiamentu: ber, beer
Limburgish: baer
West Flemish: beir
Zealandic: beêr
Old High German: bero, pero
Middle High German: bër, bere, per
Alemannic German: Bärr
Cimbrian: per
German: Bär
Rhine Franconian:
Hunsrik: Bäer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Vilamovian: baor
Yiddish: בער (ber)

Old Norse: bersi, bessi, bera, birna; bjǫrn (from oblique stem forms in *bernu-)

desc

Icelandic: bersi, bessi, bera, birna, björn

Faroese: bjørn

Norwegian: bjørn, bjønn

Old Swedish: biørn, biorn

Swedish: bjässe, björn

Old Danish: biørn, biorn

Danish: bjørn

Old Gutnish: biorn

Gutnish: bjånn

Elfdalian: byönn

Jamtish: bjenn

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰 (*baira)

Vandalic: bera-

Conventionally from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH-on-, from the root *bʰerH- (“brown”), as a tabooistic reference to the bear as "the brown one". Ringe, doubting the existence of such a root, suggests instead *ǵʰwer- (“wild animal”); however, as Kroonen notes, this derivation depends on the sound change from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰw- > Proto-Germanic *b-, whose validity is disputed. Blažek (2017) alternatively suggests a derivation from *bʰerH- (“to bore, pierce”), from which several IE terms for beehive are derived, e.g. Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“hive of wild bees”).


sagjaz

sagjaz (nominative singular)
sagjōz (nominative plural)
sagjōs (nominative plural)
sagi (singular vocative)
sagjōz (plural vocative)
sagjōs (plural vocative)
sagją (accusative singular)
sagjanz (accusative plural)
sagjas (genitive singular)
sagis (genitive singular)
sagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sagjai (dative singular)
sagjamaz (dative plural)
sagjō (instrumental singular)
sagjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sagi
Old English: seċġ
Middle English: seg, sege, segge
English: segge, seg
Scots: seg
Old Frisian: siā
Old Saxon: segg
⇒ Old High German: beinseggo

Old Norse: seggr

Icelandic: seggur

Faroese: seggur

Norwegian Nynorsk: segg

qualifier

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌲- (*sag-) (uncertain lemma; possibly attested in given names)

From Proto-Indo-European *sokʷh₂ṓy (“retainer, follower”). Cognate with Latin socius (“sharing, associated”).


sagjaz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sagi
Old English: seċġ
Middle English: segge
English: sedge
Scots: seg
Old Frisian: *sedz, *segg
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Säggäärs, Säächgäärs
West Frisian: sigge
Old Saxon: *seggi
Middle Low German: segge
German Low German: Segge, Segg
→ German: Segge
Old Dutch: *seggi
Middle Dutch: segge
Dutch: zegge

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), assuming an original sense of "sharp grass" (note Old English seċġ (“sword”)), or from a Proto-Indo-European *sak- (“marsh plant”) of potential substrate origin (compare Welsh hesg (“sedge, rushes”)), though the latter comparanda have been considered as derived from the former.


wulgī

wulgī (nominative singular)
wulgijôz (nominative plural)
wulgī (singular vocative)
wulgijôz (plural vocative)
wulgijǭ (accusative singular)
wulgijōz (accusative plural)
wulgijōz (genitive singular)
wulgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulgijōi (dative singular)
wulgijōmaz (dative plural)
wulgijō (instrumental singular)
wulgijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ylgr
Icelandic: ylgur

From earlier *wulgwī, from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷíh₂s (“she-wolf”), though with the suffix replaced with the ablauting *-ih₂. The delabialization is probably triggered by following *j, though the expected interference of Siever's Law may complicate this explanation. Compare Proto-West Germanic *wulbi.


ahsō

ahsō (nominative singular)
ahsôz (nominative plural)
ahsō (singular vocative)
ahsôz (plural vocative)
ahsǭ (accusative singular)
ahsōz (accusative plural)
ahsōz (genitive singular)
ahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahsōi (dative singular)
ahsōmaz (dative plural)
ahsō (instrumental singular)
ahsōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ahsu
Old English: eax
Old Frisian: *ax
West Frisian: as
Old Saxon: ahsa
Middle Low German: asse
Old Dutch: *assa
Middle Dutch: asse
Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Negerhollands: az
→ Indonesian: as
→ Papiamentu: as (dated)
Old High German: ahsa
Middle High German: ahse
Alemannic German: Uechs
German: Achse
→ Norwegian Bokmål: akse
Luxembourgish: Achs

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-eh₂, from *h₂eḱs- (“axle”).


wiftiz

wiftiz (nominative singular)
wiftīz (nominative plural)
wifti (singular vocative)
wiftīz (plural vocative)
wiftį (accusative singular)
wiftinz (accusative plural)
wiftīz (genitive singular)
wiftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiftī (dative singular)
wiftimaz (dative plural)
wiftī (instrumental singular)
wiftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: wift

Middle English: wefte, weft, wyft
English: weft
Scots: waft
Yola: weft

Old High German: giwift

Old Norse: veptr, veftr
Faroese: veftur
Norwegian: veft
Swedish: väft


kluftiz

kluftiz (nominative singular)
kluftīz (nominative plural)
klufti (singular vocative)
kluftīz (plural vocative)
kluftį (accusative singular)
kluftinz (accusative plural)
kluftīz (genitive singular)
kluftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kluftī (dative singular)
kluftimaz (dative plural)
kluftī (instrumental singular)
kluftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klufti

Old English: ġeclyft

Middle English: clift, clyft

English: cleft

Scots: clift, cleft, klift

Old Frisian: kleft

Old Saxon: *kluft

Middle Low German: kluft

German Low German: Kluft

Plautdietsch: Kluft

→ Saterland Frisian: Kluft

Old Dutch: *kluft

Middle Dutch: kluft, klucht

Dutch: klucht, kluft

Afrikaans: klug

→ West Frisian: kloft, klucht

Old High German: kluft

Middle High German: kluft

German: Kluft

Old Norse: kluft, *klyft (possibly from Middle Low German)

Faroese: kluft

Icelandic: kluft

Norwegian: kløft, kluft

Old Swedish: klyft (late Old Swedish)

Swedish: klyft, klyfta

Danish: kløft, klyft, kløfte


druhtiz

druhtiz (nominative singular)
druhtīz (nominative plural)
druhti (singular vocative)
druhtīz (plural vocative)
druhtį (accusative singular)
druhtinz (accusative plural)
druhtīz (genitive singular)
druhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
druhtī (dative singular)
druhtimaz (dative plural)
druhtī (instrumental singular)
druhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *druhti
Old English: dryht
English: dright
Old Frisian: drecht, dracht
North Frisian: dregte
Old Saxon: *druht
Middle Low German: drucht
Old Dutch: druht
Middle Dutch: drucht
Old High German: truht
Middle High German: truht

Old Norse: drótt

Icelandic: drótt

Gothic: *𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*drauhts) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (gadrauhts), 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 (drauhtinōn))

From the zero-grade of *dreuganą + *-þiz. Compare Proto-Slavic *drȗgъ (“companion”).


druhtinaz

druhtinaz (nominative singular)
druhtinōz (nominative plural)
druhtinōs (nominative plural)
druhtin (singular vocative)
druhtinōz (plural vocative)
druhtinōs (plural vocative)
druhtiną (accusative singular)
druhtinanz (accusative plural)
druhtinas (genitive singular)
druhtinis (genitive singular)
druhtinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
druhtinai (dative singular)
druhtinamaz (dative plural)
druhtinō (instrumental singular)
druhtinamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *druhtin
Old English: dryhten, drihten
Middle English: drihten, drihte
Scots: drichtin, drichtine
English: drightin, drighten, dright
Old Frisian: drochten
Old Saxon: druhtin, drohtin
Old Dutch: druhtin, druftin
Middle Dutch: drochtijn
Old High German: truhtin, trohtin
Middle High German: trohtīn, trehtīn, trehten
German: Trechtein (obsolete)

Old Norse: dróttinn, ᛏᚱᚢᛏᛁᚾ (trutin) — Runic form, nominative singular
Icelandic: dróttinn, drottinn
Faroese: drottin
Norwegian Bokmål: drott
Norwegian Nynorsk: drott
Old Swedish: drōtin
Swedish: drotten, drotte, drott (-en perceived as definite article)
Old Danish: drotten
Danish: drot
Old Gutnish: drotin

→ Finnish: ruhtinas


driftiz

driftiz (nominative singular)
driftīz (nominative plural)
drifti (singular vocative)
driftīz (plural vocative)
driftį (accusative singular)
driftinz (accusative plural)
driftīz (genitive singular)
driftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
driftī (dative singular)
driftimaz (dative plural)
driftī (instrumental singular)
driftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drifti
Old English: *drift
Middle English: drift
Scots: drift
English: drift
Old Frisian: drift (in compounds)
North Frisian: drift
Saterland Frisian: Drift
Old Saxon: drift, thrift
Middle Low German: drift
Low German: Drift
→ German: Drift
Old Dutch: *drift
Middle Dutch: drift, *dricht
Dutch: drift
Afrikaans: drif
Old High German: trift
Middle High German: trift
German: Trift

Old Norse: dript

Icelandic: drift

Faroese: drift

Norwegian: drift

Swedish: drift

Danish: drift


ganhtiz

ganhtiz (nominative singular)
ganhtīz (nominative plural)
ganhti (singular vocative)
ganhtīz (plural vocative)
ganhtį (accusative singular)
ganhtinz (accusative plural)
ganhtīz (genitive singular)
ganhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganhtī (dative singular)
ganhtimaz (dative plural)
ganhtī (instrumental singular)
ganhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *gīht, *gīhte (in compounds: ġebedgīht, sunngīhte)

Old High German: *gāht (in compounds: bettigāht)

Middle High German: giht

Old Norse: gátt, gætt
Icelandic: gátt, gætt
Faroese: gátt
Norwegian Nynorsk: gått; (dialectal) gótt, gøtt
Swedish: gåt
Elfdalian: gą̊t

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌲𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (framgāhts), 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (innatgāhts)


giftiz

giftiz (nominative singular)
giftīz (nominative plural)
gifti (singular vocative)
giftīz (plural vocative)
giftį (accusative singular)
giftinz (accusative plural)
giftīz (genitive singular)
giftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
giftī (dative singular)
giftimaz (dative plural)
giftī (instrumental singular)
giftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gifti

desctree

Old English: ġift
Middle English: yifte, ȝift, gift
English: gift, yift
Scots: gyft, gift
Yola: giftes (plural)

Old Frisian: jeft

West Frisian: jefte

Old Saxon: *gift

Middle Low German: gifte

German Low German: Gift, Gifte

→ Saterland Frisian: Gift

Old Dutch: *gift

Middle Dutch: gicht, ghift, gifte

Dutch: gift, gif
Afrikaans: gif
Afrikaans: gif
Negerhollands: gift

Old High German: gift

Middle High German: gift

German: Gift

Luxembourgish: Gëft

Vilamovian: gejft

Yiddish: גיפֿט (gift)

Old Norse: gipt

Icelandic: gift

Norwegian: gift

Old Swedish: gipt

Swedish: gift

Old Danish: gift

Danish: gift

→ Middle English: gift

Scots: gift, gyft

English: gift

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐍆𐍄𐍃 (*gifts)


suhtiz

suhtiz (nominative singular)
suhtīz (nominative plural)
suhti (singular vocative)
suhtīz (plural vocative)
suhtį (accusative singular)
suhtinz (accusative plural)
suhtīz (genitive singular)
suhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suhtī (dative singular)
suhtimaz (dative plural)
suhtī (instrumental singular)
suhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *suhti

Old English: suht

Middle English: suht, souȝt, soght; golsouȝt; lungessouth

Scots: gulsoch; lungasüte

Old Frisian: sechte, *siochte

Saterland Frisian: Sucht

West Frisian: sjochte

Old Saxon: suht

Middle Low German: sucht

German Low German: Sücht

Old Dutch: suhti

Middle Dutch: suchte

Dutch: zucht

Old High German: suht

Middle High German: suht

German: Sucht

Luxembourgish: Sucht

Old Norse: sótt

Icelandic: sótt

Faroese: sótt

Danish: sot

Norwegian: sott

Old Swedish: sōt

Swedish: sot

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (sauhts)


gaskaftiz

gaskaftiz (nominative singular)
gaskaftīz (nominative plural)
gaskafti (singular vocative)
gaskaftīz (plural vocative)
gaskaftį (accusative singular)
gaskaftinz (accusative plural)
gaskaftīz (genitive singular)
gaskaftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaskaftī (dative singular)
gaskaftimaz (dative plural)
gaskaftī (instrumental singular)
gaskaftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaskafti
Old English: ġesċeaft, ġesċæft, ġesċeft
Middle English: ȝescafte, iscefte, ishafte, ishaft
Old Saxon: giskaft
Old Dutch: *giscaft
Middle Dutch: gescefte, gesceft, gescefde f or n
Old High German: giscaft
Middle High German: geschaft, gescheft
Alemannic German: Geschäft
Bavarian: Gschäft
German: Geschäft
Hunsrik: Gescheft
Luxembourgish: Geschäft
Vilamovian: gysieft
Yiddish: געשעפֿט (gesheft)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (gaskafts)


wahtwō

wahtwō (nominative singular)
wahtwôz (nominative plural)
wahtwō (singular vocative)
wahtwôz (plural vocative)
wahtwǭ (accusative singular)
wahtwōz (accusative plural)
wahtwōz (genitive singular)
wahtwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahtwōi (dative singular)
wahtwōmaz (dative plural)
wahtwō (instrumental singular)
wahtwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wahtu
Old Frisian: *wacht
Saterland Frisian: Wacht
West Frisian: wacht
Old Saxon: wahta
Middle Low German: wachte, wacht
German Low German: Wacht
→ Danish: vagt
→ Norwegian: vakt
→ Swedish: vakt
→ Finnish: vahti
→ Ingrian: vahti
Old Dutch: wahta
Middle Dutch: wachte
Dutch: wacht
Old High German: wahta
Middle High German: wahte
Alemannic German: Wacht
⇒ Alemannic German: Biiwacht
→ French: bivouac (see there for further descendants)
German: Wacht
→ Russian: вахта (vaxta) (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Wuecht
→ Polish: wachta
⇒ Old High German: wahtāri (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: wacta (see there for further descendants)
Old French: waite, weite
→ Middle English: waite, wayte
English: wait
Scots: wait

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍅𐌰 (*wahtwa) (or *𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉 (*wahtwō); only the dative plural 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌼 (wahtwōm) is attested, which is ambiguous)

From *wakaną (“to wake, be awake”) + *-þwō.


andijaz

andijaz (nominative singular)
andijōz (nominative plural)
andijōs (nominative plural)
andī (singular vocative)
andijōz (plural vocative)
andijōs (plural vocative)
andiją (accusative singular)
andijanz (accusative plural)
andijas (genitive singular)
andīs (genitive singular)
andijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andijai (dative singular)
andijamaz (dative plural)
andijō (instrumental singular)
andijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *andī
Old English: ende
Middle English: ende, eend, eende, end, eynde, ȝend, hende, yende, ynde
English: end
Scots: end, ende, hend
Yola: een, eene
Old Frisian: ende, enda
Saterland Frisian: Eende, Eend
West Frisian: ein
Old Saxon: endi
Middle Low German: ende
Dutch Low Saxon: ende
German Low German: End, Enne, Enn
Plautdietsch: Enj
Old Dutch: endi
Middle Dutch: ende
Dutch: einde
Limburgish: ènj
Old High German: enti
Middle High German: ende
Alemannic German: Endi, End
Central Franconian: Enk
Hunsrik: Enn
Luxembourgish: Enn
Cimbrian: énte
German: Ende
Rhine Franconian: End, Enn, Enne, Inn
Frankfurterisch: [ent]; [en] (older)
Pennsylvania German: End
Vilamovian: end

Old Norse: endi, endir
Icelandic: endir
Faroese: endi
Norwegian Nynorsk: ende
Norwegian Bokmål: ende
Elfdalian: ende, end
Old Swedish: ænde
Swedish: ände
Danish: ende

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (andeis)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂entíos (“front, forehead, end”).

inh

the endpoint of something, whether the front end or back end


arbiją

arbiją (nominative singular)
arbijō (nominative plural)
arbiją (singular vocative)
arbijō (plural vocative)
arbiją (accusative singular)
arbijō (accusative plural)
arbijas (genitive singular)
arbīs (genitive singular)
arbijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbijai (dative singular)
arbijamaz (dative plural)
arbijō (instrumental singular)
arbijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arbī
Old English: ierfe, yrfe, irfe, erfe, ærfe
Middle English: erve, erfe, erf, irve, yrfe (through the Anglian equivalent)
English: erf
Scots: arff, airf
Old Frisian: erve
Saterland Frisian: Ierwe, Äärwe
Old Saxon: ervi
Low German: Arf
Old Dutch: ervi
Middle Dutch: erve
Dutch: erf
Afrikaans: erf
→ English: erf
Negerhollands: erfe
Petjo: erf
Old High German: erbi
Middle High German: erbe
German: Erbe
Luxembourgish: Ierwen
→ Old Czech: erb
Czech: erb (“coat of arms”)
→ Polish: herb (“coat of arms”)
→ Lithuanian: herbas
→ Old Ruthenian: гербъ (herb)
Belarusian: герб (hjerb)
Ukrainian: герб (herb)
→ Russian: герб (gerb), гербъ (gerb) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Azerbaijani: gerb
→ Kildin Sami: ге̄ррп (gierrp)
→ Latvian: ģerbonis
→ Macedonian: грб (grb)
→ Uzbek: gerb
→ Romanian: herb
→ Yiddish: הערב (herb)

Proto-Norse: ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ (arbija)
Old Norse: erfi
Icelandic: erfi
Faroese: ervi
Norwegian Nynorsk: erve
Old Swedish: ærve

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌹 (arbi)

→ Proto-Finnic: *arpa (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *ārpē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orbʰ-yo-m, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- (“to change ownership”) (from which also *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”)).


hulliz

hulliz (nominative singular)
hullīz (nominative plural)
hulli (singular vocative)
hullīz (plural vocative)
hullį (accusative singular)
hullinz (accusative plural)
hullīz (genitive singular)
hullijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hullī (dative singular)
hullimaz (dative plural)
hullī (instrumental singular)
hullimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hyll
Middle English: hil, hyl, hille, hylle, hul, hulle, helle
English: hill
Scots: hill, hull
Yola: hele, hile, hill

Old Frisian: *hell, *hel; holla

West Frisian: hel

Old Saxon: *hull, *hul

Middle Low German: hull

Old Dutch: hil (coastal, Ingvaeonic); *hul (elsewhere)

Middle Dutch: hil, hille; hul

Dutch: hil; hul

From Proto-Indo-European *kl̥Hnís (“hill”), from the root *kelH-. Compare Proto-Italic *kolnis > Latin collis.


fellą

fellą (nominative singular)
fellō (nominative plural)
fellą (singular vocative)
fellō (plural vocative)
fellą (accusative singular)
fellō (accusative plural)
fellas (genitive singular)
fillis (genitive singular)
fellǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fellai (dative singular)
fellamaz (dative plural)
fellō (instrumental singular)
fellamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fell
Old English: fell
Middle English: felle, fell
Scots: fell
English: fell
Old Frisian: fel
West Frisian: fel
Old Saxon: fel
Middle Low German: vel
Old Dutch: fel
Middle Dutch: vel
Dutch: vel
Afrikaans: vel
Jersey Dutch: vääl
Negerhollands: vel, fel
→ Indonesian: pel
Old High German: fel
Middle High German: vël
German: Fell

Old Norse: fell, fjall

Icelandic: fell, fjall

Old Swedish: fiæl

Swedish: fjäll

Old Norse: filla

Icelandic: filla

Norwegian Bokmål: fille

Norwegian Nynorsk: fille

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹 (faurafilli)

From pre-Germanic *pelnóm, from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“skin, hide; to cover, wrap”). Cognate with Latin pellis (“skin”).

der

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


amsaz

amsaz (nominative singular)
amsōz (nominative plural)
amsōs (nominative plural)
ams (singular vocative)
amsōz (plural vocative)
amsōs (plural vocative)
amsą (accusative singular)
amsanz (accusative plural)
amsas (genitive singular)
amsis (genitive singular)
amsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
amsai (dative singular)
amsamaz (dative plural)
amsō (instrumental singular)
amsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: áss (“mountain ridge”)

Icelandic: ás

Faroese: ásur

Norwegian Nynorsk: ås

Elfdalian: ą̊s

Old Swedish: ās

Swedish: ås

Danish: ås

Norwegian Bokmål: ås

Gutnish: as

Gothic: 𐌰𐌼𐍃 (ams)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émsos (“shoulder”). Compare Latin umerus, Sanskrit अंस (áṃsa).


hafraz

hafraz (nominative singular)
hafrōz (nominative plural)
hafrōs (nominative plural)
hafr (singular vocative)
hafrōz (plural vocative)
hafrōs (plural vocative)
hafrą (accusative singular)
hafranz (accusative plural)
hafras (genitive singular)
hafris (genitive singular)
hafrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hafrai (dative singular)
haframaz (dative plural)
hafrō (instrumental singular)
haframiz (instrumental plural)
*habraz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hafr
Old English: hæfer
Old Saxon: *havar
⇒ Middle Low German: hāverbuk, hāverbok
Old High German: *habar
Middle High German: *haber
⇒ German: Habergeiß (“folkloric caprine demon”) (dialectal)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛒᚱᚨᛉ (*habraʀ), ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ (hᴀborumʀ /haβᵒrumʀ/) (dative plural) [550–600 CE, Stentoften stone]

desctree

Old Norse: hafr
Icelandic: hafur
Faroese: havur

→ Proto-Samic: *hāprēs (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kapris (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“buck, male goat”). Cognate with Latin caper (“goat”).


kinnuz

kinnuz (nominative singular)
kinniwiz (nominative plural)
kinnu (singular vocative)
kinniwiz (plural vocative)
kinnų (accusative singular)
kinnunz (accusative plural)
kinnauz (genitive singular)
kinniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kinniwi (dative singular)
kinnumaz (dative plural)
kinnū (instrumental singular)
kinnumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kinnu, *kinni
Old English: ċinn f, ċin, ċyn
Middle English: chyn, chin, chinne, chynne, shyne, schyn
English: chin
Scots: chin, chyn
Old Frisian: zin
Old Saxon: kinni n
Middle Low German: kinne, kin
Low German: Kinn
→ Old Frisian: kin, ken
West Frisian: kin
Old Dutch: kinni n
Middle Dutch: kinne
Dutch: kin
Afrikaans: kin
Negerhollands: kin
→ Papiamentu: kenchi, kinnetje, kintsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: kin
→ German: Kiene (dialectal)
Old High German: kinni n, chinni
Middle High German: kinne, kin
Alemannic German: Chimmi
German: Kinn
Luxembourgish: Kënn
Yiddish: קין (kin)
→? Old French: (“teeth (of a dog or baby)”) [1174, Lorraine, France] (alternatively from or influenced in meaning by chien (“dog”))
Anglo-Norman: quenne, quienne
Old French: quenne
Old Northern French: cane
Picard Old French: kenne
⇒ Old French: *quenotte
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: quenaude
French: quenotte
⇒ French: queniate
Picard: kenotte
→ Occitan: quenote

Old Norse: kinn
Icelandic: kinn
Faroese: kinn
Norwegian Nynorsk: kinn
Norwegian Bokmål: kinn
Old Swedish: kin
Swedish: kind
Danish: kind

Gothic: 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍃 (kinnus)

Paradigmatic leveling of *kenuz ~ *kunniz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *genus ~ *gunwes, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus (“cheek; jaw; chin”) ~ *ǵn̥wés.


sōþą

sōþą (nominative singular)
sōþō (nominative plural)
sōþą (singular vocative)
sōþō (plural vocative)
sōþą (accusative singular)
sōþō (accusative plural)
sōþas (genitive singular)
sōþis (genitive singular)
sōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sōþai (dative singular)
sōþamaz (dative plural)
sōþō (instrumental singular)
sōþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōþ

Old Frisian: sōth

Gothic: 𐍃𐍉𐌸 (sōþ)

From Proto-Indo-European *séh₂tis (“satiety”).


þewaz

þewaz (nominative singular)
þewōz (nominative plural)
þewōs (nominative plural)
þew (singular vocative)
þewōz (plural vocative)
þewōs (plural vocative)
þewą (accusative singular)
þewanz (accusative plural)
þewas (genitive singular)
þiwis (genitive singular)
þewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þewai (dative singular)
þewamaz (dative plural)
þewō (instrumental singular)
þewamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeu
Old English: þēow, (older) þēo
Middle English: theow, thew
English: theow
Old High German: deo

Proto-Norse: ᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (þewaʀ)

Old Norse: -þér

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍃 (þius)

Uncertain; the quasi-Indo-European reconstruction is *tew-o-s. Possibly either from earlier *þegwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run”), or from *tew(h₂)- (“to swell, grow”).


baitaz

baitaz (nominative singular)
baitōz (nominative plural)
baitōs (nominative plural)
bait (singular vocative)
baitōz (plural vocative)
baitōs (plural vocative)
baitą (accusative singular)
baitanz (accusative plural)
baitas (genitive singular)
baitis (genitive singular)
baitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baitai (dative singular)
baitamaz (dative plural)
baitō (instrumental singular)
baitamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bait
Old English: bāt
Middle English: bot, bate, bat, bote, boot, boet, boyt, bootte, boote
English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Malay: bot
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot
Scots: bate, bait
→ Middle Dutch: boot
Dutch: boot
Afrikaans: boot
→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott
Low German: Boot
Plautdietsch: Boot
→ German: Boot
→ North Frisian: böötj
→ Saterland Frisian: Boot
→ West Frisian: boat
→ Catalan: bot
→ Galician: bote
→ Old French: bot
→ Portuguese: bote
→ Spanish: bote
→ Cebuano: bote
→ Old Norse: bátr (see there for further descendants)
→ Old French: batel (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Irish: bát
Irish: bád
Scottish Gaelic: bàta
Manx: baatey
→ Latin: battus
→ Welsh: bad
Old Dutch: *bēt
⇒ Old Dutch: *beitil (diminutive)
Middle Dutch: beitel

Old Norse: beit

Icelandic: beit

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰóyd-o-s, from *bʰeyd- (“to break, split”) + *-os. The word originally referred to a small nautical vessel made of a tree, hollowed (i.e. split) out like a trough.


tōlą

tōlą (nominative singular)
tōlō (nominative plural)
tōlą (singular vocative)
tōlō (plural vocative)
tōlą (accusative singular)
tōlō (accusative plural)
tōlas (genitive singular)
tōlis (genitive singular)
tōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tōlai (dative singular)
tōlamaz (dative plural)
tōlō (instrumental singular)
tōlamiz (instrumental plural)
*tōwalą (alternative)
*tōwulą (alternative)

q

Old English: tōl (possibly inherited from Proto-West Germanic, but since the term is not attested in other West Germanic languages, perhaps borrowed from Old Norse)

Middle English: tool, tole, tol

Scots: tule, tuil

English: tool

Old Norse: tól

Icelandic: tól

Faroese: tól

Norn: tøl

Norwegian Nynorsk: tol

Old Swedish: tōl (in compounds)

Perhaps from earlier *taudlą, from Proto-Indo-European *dowh₂-dʰlo-m, from *dewh₂- (“to tie to; secure”). If so, equivalent to *tawjaną + *-þlą.


pūkô

pūkô (nominative singular)
pūkaniz (nominative plural)
pūkô (singular vocative)
pūkaniz (plural vocative)
pūkanų (accusative singular)
pūkanunz (accusative plural)
pūkiniz (genitive singular)
pūkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pūkini (dative singular)
pūkammaz (dative plural)
pūkinē (instrumental singular)
pūkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pūkō

desctree

Old English: pūca
Middle English: pouke, ppoke, powke, puke
English: puck, Puck
>? English: pug
→? Cornish: bucca
→ Welsh: pwca

Old Frisian: *pūka

Saterland Frisian: Puk

>? Dutch: peuk, puk

Old Norse: púki

Icelandic: púki

Faroese: púki

Norwegian: pokker

Old Swedish: pūke
Swedish: puke; ⇒ skråpuke, ⇒ skråpuk

Danish: pokker

→ Latvian: pūķis

→? Old Irish: púca

Irish: púca
→? Cornish: bucca
→ English: pooka, puka

Uncertain. Possibly related to *spōk, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pāuǵ-, *(s)pāug- (“brilliance; spectre”) with unusually late loss of the s-mobile (after Grimm's law), but this still suffers other phonetic problems as well as probably semantic ones. Perhaps of substrate origin, or imitative like English boo.

sound-symbolic

imitative

onomatopoeic

like


kraftuz

kraftuz (nominative singular)
kraftiwiz (nominative plural)
kraftu (singular vocative)
kraftiwiz (plural vocative)
kraftų (accusative singular)
kraftunz (accusative plural)
kraftauz (genitive singular)
kraftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kraftiwi (dative singular)
kraftumaz (dative plural)
kraftū (instrumental singular)
kraftumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kraftu
Old English: cræft m
Middle English: craft, creft
English: craft
Scots: craft
Old Frisian: kreft, kraft f
Saterland Frisian: Kraft
West Frisian: krêft
Old Saxon: kraft m or f
Middle Low German: kraft, kracht
Low German: Kracht
German Low German: Kraft, Kracht
Plautdietsch: Krauft, Kroft
Old Dutch: craft f or m
Middle Dutch: cracht, craft
Dutch: kracht
Afrikaans: krag
Limburgish: krach
Old High German: kraft f or m
Middle High German: kraft
Bavarian: Kråft
German: Kraft
Hunsrik: Kraft
Luxembourgish: Kraaft
Mòcheno: kròft
Vilamovian: kraoft
Yiddish: קראַפֿט (kraft)

Old Norse: kraptr, krǫptr
Icelandic: kraftur
Faroese: kraft, kraftur
Norwegian: kraft
Elfdalian: krapt
Old Swedish: krapter
Swedish: kraft
Danish: kraft


talō

talō (nominative singular)
talôz (nominative plural)
talō (singular vocative)
talôz (plural vocative)
talǭ (accusative singular)
talōz (accusative plural)
talōz (genitive singular)
talǫ̂ (genitive plural)
talōi (dative singular)
talōmaz (dative plural)
talō (instrumental singular)
talōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *talu
Old English: talu, tale
Middle English: tale, tal, talle, taile, taille (chiefly Northern ME)
English: tale
Scots: tale
Yola: taale
Old Frisian: tale, tele
Saterland Frisian: Taal
West Frisian: taal
Old Saxon: tala
Middle Low German: tāle
Low German: Tahl
German Low German: Tahl, Tohl, Tall, Taal
Old Dutch: tala
Middle Dutch: tāle
Dutch: taal
Afrikaans: taal
West Flemish: toale
Old High German: zala
Middle High German: zāle
German: Zahl, Zale, Zal (dialectal), Zahle (archaic)
Hunsrik: Zaal
Luxembourgish: Zuel
Vilamovian: caoł
Yiddish: צאָל (tsol)

Old Norse: tala

Icelandic: tala

Faroese: tala

Norwegian: tale

Old Swedish: tala

Swedish: tala

Danish: tale

From Proto-Indo-European *dolH-éh₂ (“reckoning, calculation, fraud”), from the root *delH- (“to reckon, aim, adjust, calculate”). Compare Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “trick(ery), deceit; bait”), Hittite talliije/azi (“to pray to, evoke (a deity)”), and Old Armenian տող (toł, “line, row”).


barną

barną (nominative singular)
barnō (nominative plural)
barną (singular vocative)
barnō (plural vocative)
barną (accusative singular)
barnō (accusative plural)
barnas (genitive singular)
barnis (genitive singular)
barnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barnai (dative singular)
barnamaz (dative plural)
barnō (instrumental singular)
barnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *barn
Old English: bearn, bern
Middle English: barn, bern, bearn, bærn, barne, berne, baren
English: barn, bern (obsolete, dialectal)
Geordie English: bairn
Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn
Yola: barrn
Old Frisian: barn, bern
North Frisian: bjarn
Saterland Frisian: Bäiden, Bidden (Strukelje)
West Frisian: barn, bern
Old Saxon: barn
Old Dutch: *barn
Middle Dutch: baren
Dutch: baren (archaic)
Old High German: barn, parn
Middle High German: barn

Old Norse: barn
Icelandic: barn
Faroese: barn
Norwegian Nynorsk: badn, barn, bonn, bån
Norwegian Bokmål: barn
Jamtish: bǫ́rn
Old Swedish: barn
Swedish: barn
Old Danish: barn
Danish: barn
Gutnish: ban

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽 (barn)

Crimean Gothic: baar

→ Proto-Samic: *pārnē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰor-no-m, from *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”). Cognate with Latvian bērns (“child”), Lithuanian bérnas (“lad, servant”), berniukas (“boy”). Compare another cognate Latin forda (“cow in calf”).


drugą

drugą (nominative singular)
drugō (nominative plural)
drugą (singular vocative)
drugō (plural vocative)
drugą (accusative singular)
drugō (accusative plural)
drugas (genitive singular)
drugis (genitive singular)
drugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drugai (dative singular)
drugamaz (dative plural)
drugō (instrumental singular)
drugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drog
Old Frisian: *droch
North Frisian: drōch
Saterland Frisian: Drog m
Old Saxon: *drog
Middle Low German: droch
Westphalian:
Suerländer-Märkisch: Drǫg
Old Dutch: *drog
Middle Dutch: droch
⇒ Dutch: drogreden
⇒ Dutch: droggrond
⇒ Dutch: droglicht
Old High German: *trug, *trog
Middle High German: truc, troc m
German: Trug

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrugʰ-o-m, thematicized from *dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”) + *-s. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”), and perhaps Proto-Celtic *drukos (“bad”).


hanapiz

hanapiz (nominative singular)
hanapīz (nominative plural)
hanapi (singular vocative)
hanapīz (plural vocative)
hanapį (accusative singular)
hanapinz (accusative plural)
hanapīz (genitive singular)
hanapijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanapī (dative singular)
hanapimaz (dative plural)
hanapī (instrumental singular)
hanapimiz (instrumental plural)
*hanipaz (alternative)
*hanapaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hanapi
Old English: henep, hænep
Middle English: hanep, henep, henepe, henpe, hempe, hemp
English: hemp
Scots: hemp, hempt
Old Frisian: *hanep, *hānp, *henep, *henp
Saterland Frisian: Hoamp
West Frisian: himp
Old Saxon: hanap, hanup
Middle Low German: hennep, hennip, hēnep, henp
German Low German: Hämp
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Hannop (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: Hamp (Ravensberger)
Old Dutch: *hanap, *henep
Middle Dutch: hannep, hennep, hanep, hennip
Dutch: hennep, hennip (obsolete)
Afrikaans: hennep
Old High German: hanaf, hanif
Middle High German: hanef, hanif, hanf
Alemannic German: Hamf
German: Hanf
→ Luxembourgish: Hanf
→ Low German: Hanf, Hannef
Luxembourgish: Hunnef (dated)
Yiddish: האַנף (hanf)

Old Norse: hampr

Icelandic: hampur

Faroese: hampur

Norwegian: hamp

Old Swedish: hamper, hampa

Swedish: hampa
→ Finnish: hamppu

Elfdalian: ampa

Danish: hamp

Gutnish: hamp, amp

A Kulturwort of unknown ultimate origin. See Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis) for more. Although a loanword, it was borrowed early enough for the word to be affected by Grimm's law, shifting *k to *h and *b to *p.

unk

unknown


staumaz

staumaz (nominative singular)
staumōz (nominative plural)
staumōs (nominative plural)
staum (singular vocative)
staumōz (plural vocative)
staumōs (plural vocative)
staumą (accusative singular)
staumanz (accusative plural)
staumas (genitive singular)
staumis (genitive singular)
staumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staumai (dative singular)
staumamaz (dative plural)
staumō (instrumental singular)
staumamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *staum
Old English: stēam
Middle English: stēm, steem
Scots: stem, steam
English: steam
Old Frisian: *stām
Saterland Frisian: Stoom
West Frisian: steam
Old Saxon: *stōm
Middle Low German: stôm
German Low German: Stoom
Low German: stom
Old Dutch: *stōm
Middle Dutch: *stôom
Dutch: stoom
Afrikaans: stoom
→ Indonesian: setom, setum
→ Papiamentu: stoom (dated)
→ West Frisian: stoom
Limburgish: stoum

(Old Norse: *staumr; *stauma, *steyma (verb))

Norwegian: stamma (verb), stamba (verb) (dialectal)

Swedish: stimma (noun & verb), stimba (noun & verb) (dialectal)

→ Scots: stim (noun)

From earlier *staubmaz (with loss of the *b triggered by preceding an *m in a heavy syllable), from *staubaz (“dust”), related to *steubaną (“to fly about, fume”). The quasi-Proto-Indo-European reconstruction is *stowbʰ-mo-s.


alhs

alhs (nominative singular)
alhiz (nominative plural)
alh (singular vocative)
alhiz (plural vocative)
alhų (accusative singular)
alhunz (accusative plural)
alhiz (genitive singular)
alhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alhi (dative singular)
alhumaz (dative plural)
alhē (instrumental singular)
alhumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *alh
Old English: ealh, alh, alhn
Old Saxon: alah
Old Dutch: *al
Old High German: alah

Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᚺ (alh), ᚨᛚᚻ (alh) alh (runic inscription)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃 (alhs)

Cognate with Lithuanian alkas, elkas (“sanctuary, grove”), Latvian elks (“idol”). Pokorny (p. 32) proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *alk- (“sacred place, sanctuary; idol”) (= *h₂elk-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek- (“to defend”), whence Ancient Greek ἀλέξω (aléxō, “defend, ward off”), Ancient Greek ἀλκή (alkḗ, “defence, help, strength”), Latin ulciscor (“avenge”). Kroonen, however, doubts this, adding that “[g]iven the root noun inflection, it is conceivable that the word was adopted from a local non-I[ndo-]E[uropean] language by Germanic and Baltic after their arrival in Europe” (2013:22 s.v. *alh-).


aigin

aigin (nominative singular)
aiginþ (nominative plural)
aigin (singular vocative)
aiginþ (plural vocative)
aigin (accusative singular)
aiginþ (accusative plural)
aiginþiz (genitive singular)
aiginþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiginþi (dative singular)
aiginþumaz (dative plural)
aiginþē (instrumental singular)
aiginþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: ine

Old Norse: eigin

Faroese: egi

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyként- n (part.), from the same root as *aiglaz (“barb, shoot”), but no known parallels outside Germanic.


bikjǭ

bikjǭ (nominative singular)
bikjōniz (nominative plural)
bikjǭ (singular vocative)
bikjōniz (plural vocative)
bikjōnų (accusative singular)
bikjōnunz (accusative plural)
bikjōniz (genitive singular)
bikjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bikjōni (dative singular)
bikjōmaz (dative plural)
bikjōnē (instrumental singular)
bikjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bikkjā

desctree

Old English: biċċe, biċe, biċġe
Middle English: bicche, beche, biche, bycche, byche, bikk, buche
English: bitch
→ Dutch: bitch
→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze
→ French: bitch

Scots: bitch
→ Old French: biche (Anglo-Norman)
⇒ Middle French: bichon
French: bichon
→ English: bichon

Old Norse: bikkja f, bikki m

Icelandic: bikkja

Faroese: bikkja

Norwegian Bokmål: bikkje

Norwegian Nynorsk: bikkje

Old Swedish: bikia

Swedish: bycka

>? Swedish: -bigga in argbigga

Old Danish: bikke

→ Scots: bik

→ Old French: *bique, biche

Middle French: bique, biche

French: bique, biche

From *bikjaną (“to thrust, attack”) (compare Old Norse bikkja (“plunge into water”), Dutch bikken (“to hack”), Old High German bicchen (“to stab, attack”), Old English becca (“a beck, pick, pick-axe, mattock”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to smash”).


haliþaz

haliþaz (nominative singular)
haliþōz (nominative plural)
haliþōs (nominative plural)
haliþ (singular vocative)
haliþōz (plural vocative)
haliþōs (plural vocative)
haliþą (accusative singular)
haliþanz (accusative plural)
haliþas (genitive singular)
haliþis (genitive singular)
haliþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haliþai (dative singular)
haliþamaz (dative plural)
haliþō (instrumental singular)
haliþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haliþ
Old English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð
Middle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))
English: (obsolete) health
Middle Scots: hathill
Old Frisian: *heleth
Saterland Frisian: Häld
West Frisian: held
Old Saxon: helith, helid
Middle Low German: helt
German Low German: Held
→ Danish: helt
→ Norwegian Bokmål: helt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: helt
→ Swedish: hjälte
Old Dutch: *helit
Middle Dutch: helet, helt
Dutch: held
Afrikaans: held
Old High German: helid
Middle High German: helt
German: Held
Yiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)

Old Norse: halr, hǫldr

Icelandic: halur, höldur

Norwegian Nynorsk: hauld

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Slavic *xvala (“praise, thanks”). Kluge suggests a derivation from a Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”), see also Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to harden, cool”), Old Irish calath (“hard”), Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, “bud”). Kroonen, comparing Old Irish caur (“warrior, hero”), reconstructs a quasi-Indo-European substrate term *karut- from which both the Celtic and Germanic borrowed from (note that the Celtic descendant of this root, *karuts-, is not to be confused with Proto-Celtic *kawaros, which collapsed onto the same form in Old Irish); whether Tocharian B kālśke (“youth, young brahmin”) is connected is unclear.

cog

Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis


dalą

dalą (canonical)
dalaz (canonical masculine neuter)
dalą (nominative singular)
dalō (nominative plural)
dalą (singular vocative)
dalō (plural vocative)
dalą (accusative singular)
dalō (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalis (genitive singular)
dalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dalai (dative singular)
dalamaz (dative plural)
dalō (instrumental singular)
dalamiz (instrumental plural)
dalaz (nominative singular)
dalōz (nominative plural)
dalōs (nominative plural)
dal (singular vocative)
dalōz (plural vocative)
dalōs (plural vocative)
dalą (accusative singular)
dalanz (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalis (genitive singular)
dalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dalai (dative singular)
dalamaz (dative plural)
dalō (instrumental singular)
dalamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dal n or m
Old English: dæl n
Middle English: dale, dæle, deale
English: dale
Scots: dale, daal
Old Frisian: *dal, del n
North Frisian: dal, dalle, dol
Saterland Frisian: Doal
West Frisian: delle (<? *dalljā)
Old Saxon: dal n
Middle Low German: dal
Low German: Daal
German Low German: Daal
Old Dutch: dal n
Middle Dutch: dal
Dutch: dal
Afrikaans: dal
Limburgish: daal
Old High German: tal m or n
Middle High German: tal
Alemannic German: Tall
German: Tal
Hunsrik: Daal
Luxembourgish: Dall
Mòcheno: tol
Pennsylvania German: Daal
Yiddish: טאָל (tol)
→? Middle Welsh: dol

Old Norse: dalr m
Faroese: dalur
Icelandic: dalur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dal; (dialectal) dal'e
Old Swedish: dal
Swedish: dal
Danish: dal
Norwegian Bokmål: dal
→ Scottish Gaelic: dail

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌻 (dal), *𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*dals) ?

→? Proto-Slavic: *dolъ (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; suggested to be cognate with Proto-Slavic *dolъ (“below, down; valley, pit”), and Welsh dôl (“meadow, dale”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰól(h₂)os; however, if not borrowed from Germanic themselves, is most likely a substrate loanword. Also speculated here are Ancient Greek θόλος (thólos, “round building”), and θάλαμος (thálamos, “chamber, room”), though this is largely rejected.

noncog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


flōraz

flōraz (nominative singular)
flōrōz (nominative plural)
flōrōs (nominative plural)
flōr (singular vocative)
flōrōz (plural vocative)
flōrōs (plural vocative)
flōrą (accusative singular)
flōranz (accusative plural)
flōras (genitive singular)
flōris (genitive singular)
flōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flōrai (dative singular)
flōramaz (dative plural)
flōrō (instrumental singular)
flōramiz (instrumental plural)
*flōruz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōr

desctree

Old English: flōr (< *flōruz)
Middle English: flor
English: floor
Scots: flure, fluir, fleur, fleer

Old Frisian: *flōr; *flēr (< *flōriz, *flōrijaz)

Saterland Frisian: Floor (likely borrowed from Low German)

West Frisian: flier

Old Saxon: *flōr

Middle Low German: vlôr

German Low German: Floor

Old Dutch: *fluor, *flōr

Middle Dutch: vloer

Dutch: vloer
Afrikaans: vloer
Berbice Creole Dutch: fluru
Negerhollands: vloer, vluer, flu
→ Sranan Tongo: flur
→ Caribbean Javanese: felur, pelur

Old High German: *fluor

Middle High German: vluor

German: Flur

Luxembourgish: Flouer

→ Old French: *flor, *flur

desc

Middle French: fleur (“surface, upper side, top layer”)

French: fleur (some senses)

⇒ French: à fleur de

⇒ French: effleurer (some senses)

desctree

Old Norse: flórr
Icelandic: flór
Faroese: flórur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: flor
Swedish: flo (also flor)
Danish: flor (obsolete except in Bornholmian)

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros (“floor”), from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *ɸlārom (“floor”).


grunduz

grumþuz (nominative singular)
grumþiwiz (nominative plural)
grumþu (singular vocative)
grumþiwiz (plural vocative)
grumþų (accusative singular)
grumþunz (accusative plural)
grundauz (genitive singular)
grundiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grundiwi (dative singular)
grundumaz (dative plural)
grundū (instrumental singular)
grundumiz (instrumental plural)
*grumþuz (alternative)
*grumfþuz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *grundu

Old English: grund
Middle English: ground, grund, grounde
English: ground
→ Fiji Hindi: garaund
→ Maltese: grawnd
Geordie English: grund, groond
Scots: grund, groond, greund
Yola: greoune, greoun, greound

Old Frisian: grund

Saterland Frisian: Gruund

West Frisian: grûn

Old Saxon: grund

Middle Low German: grunt

German Low German: Grund

Old Dutch: grunt
Middle Dutch: gront
Dutch: grond

Old High German: grunt
Middle High German: grunt
Cimbrian: grund, grumf (< with epenthetic -f- *grumfþuz)
German: Grund
Luxembourgish: Grond
→ Old Polish: grunt
Polish: grunt, gront, grąt (Middle Polish), gruńt (Southern Greater Poland), grońt (Kuyavia, Ciechocinek)
→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt
Silesian: grōnt
→ Russian: грунт (grunt)
→ Serbo-Croatian: грунт
Yiddish: גרונט (grunt)

Old Norse: *grundr, grunnr

Icelandic: grunnur, grund

Faroese: grunnur, grund

Norwegian Nynorsk: grunn

Old Swedish: grunder

Swedish: grund

Danish: grund, grundet
Norwegian Bokmål: grunn

Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*grundus) (in 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (grunduwaddjus))

From pre-Germanic *gʰrm̥tús, a tu-stem derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“floor, settlement”), whose relation to *gʰrem- in the sense of "to rumble", if any, is unclear. Kroonen connects Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (“permanent building”), which would imply the root to be *ǵʰrem- ~ *ǵʰerm-. Less likely related to Lithuanian pã-grindas (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”) (pace Orel), for which see Proto-Germanic *grindiz (“fence made of bars”), Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”).


rōþrą

rōþrą (nominative singular)
rōþrō (nominative plural)
rōþrą (singular vocative)
rōþrō (plural vocative)
rōþrą (accusative singular)
rōþrō (accusative plural)
rōþras (genitive singular)
rōþris (genitive singular)
rōþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōþrai (dative singular)
rōþramaz (dative plural)
rōþrō (instrumental singular)
rōþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rōþr
Old English: rōþor
Middle English: rother, rodder, rothre, ruder, rothyr, rothir, rothar, roþer
English: rudder, rother
Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder
Old Frisian: rōther, rōder
Saterland Frisian: Ruur
West Frisian: roer
Old Saxon: *rōthar
Middle Low German: rôder
German Low German: Roor
→ Danish: ror
→ Faroese: róður
→ Norwegian: ror
→ Old Swedish: rodher
Swedish: roder
Old Dutch: *ruother
Middle Dutch: roeder
Dutch: roer
Afrikaans: roer
→ Russian: руль (rulʹ)
→ Armenian: ռուլ (ṙul)
→ Azerbaijani: rul
→ Georgian: რული (ruli)
→ Kazakh: рөл (röl)
→ Persian: رل (rol)
→ Turkmen: rul
→ Uzbek: rul
→ Yup'ik: alunaq
Old High German: ruodar, ruoder
Middle High German: ruoder
German: Ruder
Luxembourgish: Rudder
Yiddish: רודער (ruder)

Old Norse: róðr m (“rowing”)
Icelandic: róður m
Faroese: róður m (“rowing”)
Old East Norse:
Old Swedish: roþer
Swedish: rodd c
⇒ Swedish: rod, Roden (“the coastal region of Uppland”)
⇒ Swedish: Roslagen
→ Proto-Finnic: *roocci (from the genitive *roþs-)
Estonian: rootsi, Rootsi, (archaic) roots
Finnish: ruotsi, Ruotsi
Kven: Ruottii
Meänkieli: Ruotti
Ingrian: rootsi, Rootsi
Karelian:
North Karelian: ruočči, Ruočči
South Karelian: ruočči, Ruočči
Livonian: rūotš, Rūotšmō
Livvi: ruočči, Ruočči
Ludian: ruoč
Veps: Ročinma
Võro: ruuts', Roodsi
Votic: roottsi
→ Old East Slavic: Русь (Rusĭ) (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Novgorodian: Роусь (Rusĭ)
→ Proto-Permic:
Komi-Permyak: роч (roć)
Komi-Zyrian: роч (roć)
Udmurt: ӟуч (dźuć)
→ Proto-Samic:
Inari Sami: Ruotâ
Kildin Sami: Рӯц (Rūc)
Northern Sami: Ruoŧŧa
Skolt Sami: Ruõcc
Ume Sami: Ruohtsa

From *rōaną (“to row”) + *-þrą (“tool, instrument”).


seglą

seglą (nominative singular)
seglō (nominative plural)
seglą (singular vocative)
seglō (plural vocative)
seglą (accusative singular)
seglō (accusative plural)
seglas (genitive singular)
siglis (genitive singular)
seglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
seglai (dative singular)
seglamaz (dative plural)
seglō (instrumental singular)
seglamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *segl
Old English: seġl, seġel
Middle English: seyl, seil, sayle, saile
Scots: sail, saill, sale
English: sail
→ Old Irish: séol
Irish: seol
Manx: shiaull
Scottish Gaelic: seòl
→ Proto-Brythonic: *huɨl
Breton: gouel
Welsh: hwyl
Old Frisian: seil
Saterland Frisian: Sail
West Frisian: seil
Old Saxon: segal, segel
Middle Low German: segel; segelstēn
Low German: Seil, Segel
Plautdietsch: Säajel
→ Icelandic: segulsteinn, segull
Old Dutch: segil
Middle Dutch: sēgel, seil
Dutch: zeil
Afrikaans: seil
Old High German: segal
Middle High German: sëgel
German: Segel
→ Luxembourgish: Seegel
→ Polish: żagiel

Old Norse: segl
Icelandic: segl
Faroese: segl
Norn: segel
Norwegian Nynorsk: segl
→ Norwegian Bokmål: segl
Old Swedish: sæghl
Swedish: segel
Old Danish: seyl
Danish: sejl
Norwegian Bokmål: seil
Scanian: seğl
Gutnish: segel, sjägel, sigel, sjägul
→ Old French: sigle, seigle

desc

→? Proto-Celtic: *siglom (“sail; course, run”)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨɣl (“sail; course, run”)

Old Welsh: huil

Middle Welsh: hwyl

Welsh: heol

desctree

Old Irish: séol
Middle Irish: seól
Irish: seol
Scottish Gaelic: seòl
Manx: shiaull
⇒ Middle Irish: seólaid
Irish: seol
Manx: shiauill
Scottish Gaelic: seòl

Unknown; possibly:
* cognate with obsolete Lithuanian sāgė (“warp, shawl”), from Proto-Indo-European *segʰ-;
* from earlier *siglą, cognate with Proto-Celtic *siglom, whence Old Irish séol (“sail; quilt; course”), Old Welsh huil (“sail”), if not themselves Germanic borrowings; according to Schrijver, the Celtic being inherited would require Proto-Indo-European *sigʰ-;
* cognate with Hittite 𒊺𒅅𒉡𒌋 (še-ek-nu-u /šeknu/, “cloak”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sek(h₁)-ló-m, from *sek(h₁)- (“to cut”), though semantically unconvincing;
* cognate with Latin sagum, sagus (“coarse woolen coat, soldier's coat”), allegedly borrowed from Gaulish *sagos (“wool cloak”);
* or perhaps related to Icelandic segl, Faroese sigli (“piece of wood in the eye of a grinding mill”), implying an original meaning of “mast”.


hundaradą

hundaradą (nominative singular)
hundaradō (nominative plural)
hundaradą (singular vocative)
hundaradō (plural vocative)
hundaradą (accusative singular)
hundaradō (accusative plural)
hundaradas (genitive singular)
hundaradis (genitive singular)
hundaradǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hundaradai (dative singular)
hundaradamaz (dative plural)
hundaradō (instrumental singular)
hundaradamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: hundred
Middle English: hundred
English: hundred
→ Hawaiian: haneli, hanele, haneri
Scots: hunder, hunner
Yola: hindreth, hundreth, hundereth, hunderth, hunnert

Old Frisian: hundred, hunderd

desc

Saterland Frisian: hundert, hunderd, hunnert

West Frisian: hûndert

desctree

Old Saxon: hunderod
Middle Low German: hundert (alternatively, from an Old High German form of hund influenced by Old Saxon)
Dutch Low Saxon: honderd (Achterhooks)
German Low German: hunnert, hunnderd
Plautdietsch: hundat
→ Middle High German: hundert
Central Franconian: hondert, honnert (Moselle Franconian; parts of southern Ripuarian), hongert (traditional Ripuarian form, now chiefly western dialects), honnert
Cimbrian: hundart
German: Hundert
→ Lower Sorbian: hundert
Luxembourgish: Honnert
Pennsylvania German: hunnert
Vilamovian: hundyt
Yiddish: הונדערט (hundert)

Old Dutch: *hundert, *hunderd

Middle Dutch: hondert
Dutch: honderd
Afrikaans: honderd
Berbice Creole Dutch: hondrutu
Jersey Dutch: hondert
Negerhollands: hondert, honderd
Sranan Tongo: hondro, hondru
Aukan: ondoo
Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: ondoo
→ Lokono: hundred
→ Trió: honderd
Limburgish: hóngert

Old Norse: hundrað
Icelandic: hundrað
Faroese: hundrað
Norwegian Nynorsk: hundrad
Norwegian Bokmål: hundre
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hundre
Elfdalian: undrað
Old Swedish: hundraþ
Swedish: hundra
→ Finnish: huntti
Old Danish: hundrath
Danish: hundred, hundrede (cardinal number), hundrede (noun)
→ Greenlandic: hundredi

From *hundą (“hundred”) + *radą (“count”), a neuter variant of *radō (“row, line, series”).


hlutą

hlutą (nominative singular)
hlutō (nominative plural)
hlutą (singular vocative)
hlutō (plural vocative)
hlutą (accusative singular)
hlutō (accusative plural)
hlutas (genitive singular)
hlutis (genitive singular)
hlutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlutai (dative singular)
hlutamaz (dative plural)
hlutō (instrumental singular)
hlutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlut, *hlot

Old English: hlot (hlyte m < *hlutiz)

Middle English: lot

Scots: hlot, holt, lot

English: lot

Old Frisian: hlot

North Frisian: lod

Saterland Frisian: Lot

West Frisian: lot

Old Saxon: *hlot

Middle Low German: lot, lōt n

German Low German: Lott n

Frankish: *hlot

Old Dutch: *hlot, lot

Middle Dutch: lot

Dutch: lot
Negerhollands: loot, lot
→ Caribbean Javanese: lot
→ Indonesian: lot
→ Balinese: ᬮᭀᬢ᭄ (lot, “lottery”)
→ Papiamentu: lòt, lot

→ Old French: lot, aloter

French: lot, allotir (from lot, not aloter), loterie

→ Dutch: loterij
→ Caribbean Javanese: lotré
→ Indonesian: lotre
→ Russian: лотерея (lotereja)

Norman: lot (Guernésiais)

→ English: allot (from aloter)

→ Catalan: lot, loteria

→ Galician: lote, lotaría

→ Spanish: lotería

→ Italian: lotto, lotteria

→ Dutch: lotto

→ English: lotto, lottery

→ Swedish: lotto, lotteri

Old High German: hluz, luz m (hapax)

Middle High German: luz m

⇒ Middle High German: luzgut

Old Norse: hlutr (masculine i-stem), hluti (weak, as if from *hlutô)

Icelandic: hlutur, hluti

Faroese: lutur, luti

Norwegian Bokmål: lott

Norwegian Nynorsk: lott

Old Swedish: luter, loter

Swedish: lott

Old Danish: lot

Danish: lod

→ Norwegian Bokmål: lodd

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lodd

Jamtish: lot

Gutnish: lut

Elfdalian: lott

An i-stem nominal formation derived from the root of *hleutaną (“to cast lots; to undergo, endure, be fated (to)”). Cognate with Latvian kļũtas (“fate”).


hlautaz

hlautaz (nominative singular)
hlautōz (nominative plural)
hlautōs (nominative plural)
hlaut (singular vocative)
hlautōz (plural vocative)
hlautōs (plural vocative)
hlautą (accusative singular)
hlautanz (accusative plural)
hlautas (genitive singular)
hlautis (genitive singular)
hlautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlautai (dative singular)
hlautamaz (dative plural)
hlautō (instrumental singular)
hlautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaut
Old English: hlīet, hlȳte, hlȳt (< *hlutiz)
Middle English: lete
Old Saxon: hlōt
Middle Low German: lôt
Old Dutch: *lōt
Middle Dutch: lôot
Old High German: hlōz, lōz (mostly neuter a-stem)
Middle High German: lōz
German: Los
→ German Low German: Loos
Luxembourgish: Lous
→ Old Polish: los
Polish: los
Silesian: los

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (hlauts)

An o-grade nominal formation from *hleutaną (“to cast lots”).