wantuz

wantuz (nominative singular)
wantiwiz (nominative plural)
wantu (singular vocative)
wantiwiz (plural vocative)
wantų (accusative singular)
wantunz (accusative plural)
wantauz (genitive singular)
wantiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wantiwi (dative singular)
wantumaz (dative plural)
wantū (instrumental singular)
wantumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wantu
Old Frisian: *want, *wont
Saterland Frisian: Wonte
West Frisian: want
Old Saxon: *wantu
Middle Low German: *wante, *want
Low German: Want
⇒ Middle Low German: wanteke f
Old Dutch: *want
Middle Dutch: want, wante
Dutch: want
→ Medieval Latin: wantus, gantus, guantus
Old French: gant, gaunt
Middle French: gant
French: gant
⇒ Old French: gantelet, gauntlet
French: gauntlet, gantlet
→ Middle English: gauntelet, gantelet, gauntlet
English: gauntlet
Yola: gauntletès (plural)
→ Spanish: guantelete
Iberian:
Old Leonese: guante
Asturian: guante
Leonese: guante
Portuguese: guante
Spanish: guante
Italian: guanto
Old Occitan: gant, gaunt
Catalan: guant
Occitan: gant
Ladin: guant
Piedmontese: guant
Sicilian: nguantu
→ Old High German: wantus, guantus, vantus, wanta

Old Norse: vǫttr, vǫntr
Icelandic: vöttur
Faroese: vøttur
Norwegian: vott; (dialectal) vott’e, vøtt
→ Danish: vott (used by Norwegian authors)
Norwegian Bokmål: vott
Jamtish: vott
Elfdalian: uott
Old Swedish: wante, vanter, vatter
Swedish: vante
Danish: vante
Norwegian Bokmål: vante
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vante

→ Proto-Finnic: *vant'us (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *fāccë (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wondʰnú- (“glove”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to wind, wrap”).


leþrą

leþrą (nominative singular)
leþrō (nominative plural)
leþrą (singular vocative)
leþrō (plural vocative)
leþrą (accusative singular)
leþrō (accusative plural)
leþras (genitive singular)
liþris (genitive singular)
leþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leþrai (dative singular)
leþramaz (dative plural)
leþrō (instrumental singular)
leþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leþr
Old English: leþer
Middle English: lether, lethere, lethir, lethyr, leþer, leþyr, leþir, leddyr, ledder, leddur, leddir, ledyr, leder
English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro
Scots: lether, ledder, leither
Yola: luther (verb)
Old Frisian: lether, leither, leder, lider, leer
Saterland Frisian: Leeder
West Frisian: leare
Old Saxon: lethar
Middle Low German: leder
German Low German: Leer
Low German: Ledder, Lier
Old Dutch: *lether
Middle Dutch: leder
Dutch: leer
Afrikaans: leer
Negerhollands: leër, leer
→ Aukan: leli
→ Sranan Tongo: leri
Old High German: leder
Middle High German: leder
German: Leder
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro

Hunsrik: Letter
Luxembourgish: Lieder
Vilamovian: łaoder
Yiddish: לעדער (leder)

Old Norse: leðr
Danish: læder n
Faroese: leður n
Icelandic: leður n
Norwegian Bokmål: lær n
Norwegian Nynorsk: lêr n
Swedish: läder n

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)letrom (“leather, hide”).


jungilingaz

jungilingaz (nominative singular)
jungilingōz (nominative plural)
jungilingōs (nominative plural)
jungiling (singular vocative)
jungilingōz (plural vocative)
jungilingōs (plural vocative)
jungilingą (accusative singular)
jungilinganz (accusative plural)
jungilingas (genitive singular)
jungilingis (genitive singular)
jungilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jungilingai (dative singular)
jungilingamaz (dative plural)
jungilingō (instrumental singular)
jungilingamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jungiling, *jungaling
Old English: ġeongling, iungling
Middle English: ȝongling, ȝongeling, ȝungling
English: youngling
Scots: younklin
Old Frisian: iungeling, jungeling
Old Saxon: jungling
Middle Low German: jüngelink
Old Dutch: *jungeling, iungelig
Middle Dutch: jongelinc, jonghelinc
Dutch: jongeling
Afrikaans: jongeling
Old High German: jungiling, jungaling, jungeling
Middle High German: jungelinc
German: Jüngling

Old Norse: ynglingr, unglingr

Icelandic: unglingur, ynglingur

Faroese: unglingur, unglingi

Norwegian: yngling

Swedish: yngling

Danish: yngling


utraz

utraz (nominative singular)
utrōz (nominative plural)
utrōs (nominative plural)
utr (singular vocative)
utrōz (plural vocative)
utrōs (plural vocative)
utrą (accusative singular)
utranz (accusative plural)
utras (genitive singular)
utris (genitive singular)
utrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
utrai (dative singular)
utramaz (dative plural)
utrō (instrumental singular)
utramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *otr
Old English: otr, oter, ottor, otor
Middle English: oter, otir, otur, otyre
Scots: otter
English: otter
Old Frisian: *otter
Saterland Frisian: Otter
West Frisian: otter
Old Saxon: *ottar
Middle Low German: otter
German Low German: Otter
Old Dutch: *ottar
Middle Dutch: otter
Dutch: otter
Berbice Creole Dutch: otro
Limburgish: ódder
Old High German: ottar
Middle High German: otter
German: Otter

Old Norse: otr

Icelandic: otur

Faroese: otur

Norwegian Bokmål: oter

Norwegian Nynorsk: oter

Old Swedish: uter, oter

Swedish: utter

Danish: odder

From Proto-Indo-European *udrós (“water-animal, otter”), from *wed- (“water”).


skandō

skandō (nominative singular)
skandôz (nominative plural)
skandō (singular vocative)
skandôz (plural vocative)
skandǭ (accusative singular)
skandōz (accusative plural)
skandōz (genitive singular)
skandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skandōi (dative singular)
skandōmaz (dative plural)
skandō (instrumental singular)
skandōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skandu
Old English: sċand, sċeand, sċeond, sċond; sċendle
Middle English: schande, schonde; (schandle)
English: shand, shond
Old Frisian: skande, skonde
Saterland Frisian: Skounde
West Frisian: skande
Old Saxon: *skanda
Middle Low German: schande
German Low German: Schande, Schanne, Schann
→ Danish: skand (in compounds: e.g. skandskrift)
Old Dutch: *scanda
Middle Dutch: schande
Dutch: schande
Afrikaans: skande
Old High German: skanta, scanta, scanda
Middle High German: schande
German: Schande
→ Yiddish: שאַנדע (shande)
→ English: shanda, shonda
Luxembourgish: Schan
Yiddish: שאַנד (shand)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (skanda)

From earlier *skamdō, pre-Germanic *skomtéh₂, from *sko-m- (root of *skamō (“shame”)) + *-téh₂.

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


awahaimaz

awahaimaz (nominative singular)
awahaimōz (nominative plural)
awahaimōs (nominative plural)
awahaim (singular vocative)
awahaimōz (plural vocative)
awahaimōs (plural vocative)
awahaimą (accusative singular)
awahaimanz (accusative plural)
awahaimas (genitive singular)
awahaimis (genitive singular)
awahaimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awahaimai (dative singular)
awahaimamaz (dative plural)
awahaimō (instrumental singular)
awahaimamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *auhaim
Old English: ēam
Middle English: em, eam, eem, eeme, eme, heme, nem, æem, æm, eom, heam, yem (Early Middle English), eame, eyme (Late Middle English)
English: eam, eme (dialectal)
Scots: eme
Old Frisian: ām, āme, ēm
North Frisian: ohm
Saterland Frisian: Oom
West Frisian: iem, yem, yeme
Old Saxon: *ōhēm
Middle Low German: ōhem, ōm
Low German: Ohm
Münsterländisch: Low German: Öhms (plural)
Plautdietsch: Oom
Old Dutch: *ōm
Middle Dutch: ôom
Dutch: oom, noom, ome
Afrikaans: oom
Berbice Creole Dutch: om
Negerhollands: noom, nom, noem
→ Virgin Islands Creole: nom, noom (dated)
→ Indonesian: om
→ Papiamentu: mò, òn, òmpi (from the diminutive), mo (Aruba), òm (Aruba), omo (Aruba), oom
→ Sranan Tongo: omu
→ West Frisian: omme, omke
Limburgish: ome
Old High German: ōheim
Middle High German: ōheim; (Central German) ōhem, ōem
German: Oheim, Ohm (partly from Low German), Oehm

From *awô (“grandfather”) + *haimaz (“home”). .


kustuz

kustuz (nominative singular)
kustiwiz (nominative plural)
kustu (singular vocative)
kustiwiz (plural vocative)
kustų (accusative singular)
kustunz (accusative plural)
kustauz (genitive singular)
kustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kustiwi (dative singular)
kustumaz (dative plural)
kustū (instrumental singular)
kustumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cost (possibly also from Old Norse); cyst m

Middle English: cost

Scots: cost, kost, coust

English: cost (“manner, way”)

Old Frisian: kest

Old Saxon: *cust , kust

Old Dutch: *kust

Middle Dutch: cust

Dutch: kust (archaic)

Old High German: *kust

Middle High German: kust

German: Kust m (dialectal)

Old Norse: kostr

Icelandic: kostur

Faroese: kostur

Old Swedish: koster, kuster

Swedish: -kost in farkost

Danish: kost

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (kustus)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus (“taste”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to enjoy, taste”).


kustiz

kustiz (nominative singular)
kustīz (nominative plural)
kusti (singular vocative)
kustīz (plural vocative)
kustį (accusative singular)
kustinz (accusative plural)
kustīz (genitive singular)
kustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kustī (dative singular)
kustimaz (dative plural)
kustī (instrumental singular)
kustimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyst

Middle English: cüste

Old Frisian: kest

North Frisian: kest

West Frisian: kêst

Old Saxon: cust

Middle Low German: kust, küst

Old Dutch: *kust

Middle Dutch: kust

Dutch: kust

Old High German: chust, kust

Middle High German: kust

Gothic: *𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*kusts) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gakusts)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéws-ti-s (“taste”), from *ǵews- (“to enjoy, taste”).


flauhaz

flauhaz (nominative singular)
flauhōz (nominative plural)
flauhōs (nominative plural)
flauh (singular vocative)
flauhōz (plural vocative)
flauhōs (plural vocative)
flauhą (accusative singular)
flauhanz (accusative plural)
flauhas (genitive singular)
flauhis (genitive singular)
flauhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flauhai (dative singular)
flauhamaz (dative plural)
flauhō (instrumental singular)
flauhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flauh
Old English: flēah, flēa, flǣh, fleah, flēo
Middle English: fle, flee, flei, fleigh, fley
English: flea (dialectal fleck)
Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae
Yola: fleen (plural)
Old Frisian: *flā, *flē
Saterland Frisian: Flee
West Frisian: flie
Old Saxon: *flōh, *flō
Middle Low German: vlô
Low German: Flo, Flö, Flau, Flua
Old Dutch: *flō
Middle Dutch: vlô
Dutch: vlo
Limburgish: vlouch
Old High German: flōh, flō
Middle High German: vlōch, vlō
Bavarian: Floach
Cimbrian: vlòach, blòach (Mezzaselva)
Alemannic German: Flo
German: Floh
Luxembourgish: Flou
Yiddish: פֿלוי (floy)

Old Norse: fló
Icelandic: fló
Norwegian: flo

→ Proto-Samic: *lāffēs

Lule Sami: láffes

→ Proto-Samic: *lāvkkēs

Northern Sami: lávkkis

Uncertain. From Pre-Germanic *plówkos or *plówkeh₂, apparently formed from the Proto-Indo-European root *plewk-, but perhaps a folk-etymological or tabooistic replacement for an earlier, extinct reflex of *pusl-, *plúsis (“flea”) (from which e.g. Latin pūlex (“flea”) and Lithuanian blusa (“flea”) derive). The reformation may have developed under the influence of *fleuhaną (“to flee”).


smakkuz

smakkuz (nominative singular)
smakkiwiz (nominative plural)
smakku (singular vocative)
smakkiwiz (plural vocative)
smakkų (accusative singular)
smakkunz (accusative plural)
smakkauz (genitive singular)
smakkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smakkiwi (dative singular)
smakkumaz (dative plural)
smakkū (instrumental singular)
smakkumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *smakku, *smak, *smakk
Old English: smæċ
Middle English: smak, smac, smach, smech, ssmak, smacche, smake, smatche, smacc
English: smack
Scots: smack
⇒? Scots: smick
Old Frisian: *smak, smekk, smek
Saterland Frisian: Smoak
West Frisian: smaak
Old Saxon: *smakk, *smak
Middle Low German: smak
German Low German: Smakk, Smack
→ Danish: smag
→ Norwegian Bokmål: smak
→ Polish: smak, smaka (Central Greater Poland, Far Masovian)
→ Belarusian: смак (smak)
→ Russian: смак (smak)
→ Ukrainian: смак (smak)
→ Swedish: smak
→? Faroese: smakkur
Old Dutch: smak
Middle Dutch: smac
Dutch: smaak (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *smakō)
Old High German: smak, smac
Middle High German: smac, smach
German: Schmack
Yiddish: שמעק (shmek)
⇒ Old High German: gismac, gismah
Middle High German: gesmac, gesmacke
Bavarian: Gschmåckn, Gschmåch, Gschmåcha, Gschmo
Cimbrian: gasmékh
German: Geschmack, Geschmeck
Luxembourgish: Geschmaach

>? Old Norse: smekkr (possibly a borrowing)

Icelandic: smekkur

⇒? Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌺𐌰 (smakka)

→ Proto-Slavic: *smakъ (mainly West Slavic, later borrowed into East Slavic)

From Proto-Indo-European *smeg- (“taste”). Cognate with Lithuanian smagùs (“fun, jolly, pleasant”), Lithuanian smaguris (“a foodie, gourmand”).


twinaz

twinaz (nominative singular)
twinōz (nominative plural)
twinōs (nominative plural)
twin (singular vocative)
twinōz (plural vocative)
twinōs (plural vocative)
twiną (accusative singular)
twinanz (accusative plural)
twinas (genitive singular)
twinis (genitive singular)
twinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twinai (dative singular)
twinamaz (dative plural)
twinō (instrumental singular)
twinamiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old English: twin, twinn, tƿin

Middle English: twinne, twynne

Scots: twin, twyn

English: twin

⇒ Old English: *twinling

Middle English: twynlynge

English: twinling

⇒ Old English: ġetwin, ġetwinn, ġetƿin (< *twinjaz)

Old Frisian: twina, twine

⇒ Old Frisian: *twinling, *twilling

Saterland Frisian: Twilling

West Frisian: twilling

→ English: twinling

⇒ Old Saxon: *twenling

Middle Low German: twēlink

(German Low German: Twennel)

⇒ Old Dutch: *twinling

desc

Middle Dutch: twiling, twilling, tweiling, tweilinc, tweelinc

Dutch: tweeling

Old High German: zwinal, zwenel

⇒ Old High German: zwiniling

Middle High German: zwineling, zwinling, zwillinc

German: Zwilling

Old Norse: tvinnr, tvennr (< *twinjaz)

Icelandic: tvennur

⇒ Icelandic: tvenna

Faroese: tvinnur

Norwegian Nynorsk: tvenn, tvinn

⇒ Old Norse: tvinnir (plural), tvennir (plural)

Icelandic: tvennir

Faroese: tvennir

Norwegian Nynorsk: tvenne

Old Swedish: tvænne

Swedish: tvenne

Old Danish: twænnæ, twinnæ

Danish: tvende

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tvenne, tvende

⇒ Old Norse: *tvinlingr

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tvilling

Norwegian Nynorsk: tvilling

Old Swedish: tvinlinger

Swedish: tvilling

Old Danish: tvinling

Danish: tvilling

From Proto-Indo-European *dwino- (“twin”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”). Cognate with Lithuanian dvynys (“twin”), Russian дво́йня (dvójnja, “twin”).


brōks

brōks (nominative singular)
brōkiz (nominative plural)
brōk (singular vocative)
brōkiz (plural vocative)
brōkų (accusative singular)
brōkunz (accusative plural)
brōkiz (genitive singular)
brōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brōki (dative singular)
brōkumaz (dative plural)
brōkē (instrumental singular)
brōkumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brōk
Old English: brōc
Middle English: brek, breke, brech, breche, breech
English: breech, breeches, britches
→ Irish: bríste
→ Welsh: britis
Scots: breke, breik, breek, britchin
→ Scottish Gaelic: briogais
Old Frisian: brōk
Saterland Frisian: Breek
West Frisian: broek
Old Saxon: brōk
Middle Low German: brôk
Low German: Brook
Old Dutch: *bruoc
Middle Dutch: broec
Dutch: broek
Old High German: pruoh, bruoh, bruohha
Middle High German: bruoch
Alemannic German: Bruech
German: Bruch (obsolete)

Old Norse: brók
Icelandic: brók
Faroese: brók
Norwegian Nynorsk: brok
Old Swedish: brōk
Swedish: brok
Danish: brog
→ Old Irish: bróc
Irish: bróg
Scottish Gaelic: bròg
Manx: braag

→ Transalpine Gaulish: *brāca

→ Latin: brāca (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rook'ëh

Finnish: ruoke

From earlier *brāks, from Pre-Germanic *bʰrāg-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break, crack, split”). Cognate with Latin frangō.


mihstaz

mihstaz (nominative singular)
mihstōz (nominative plural)
mihstōs (nominative plural)
mihst (singular vocative)
mihstōz (plural vocative)
mihstōs (plural vocative)
mihstą (accusative singular)
mihstanz (accusative plural)
mihstas (genitive singular)
mihstis (genitive singular)
mihstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mihstai (dative singular)
mihstamaz (dative plural)
mihstō (instrumental singular)
mihstamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mist

Old English: mist

Middle English: mist

English: mist

→ Norwegian Bokmål: mist

Scots: mist

Old Frisian: *mist

West Frisian: mist

Old Saxon: *mist

Middle Low German: mist

German Low German: Mist

Old Dutch: *mist

Middle Dutch: mist, mest

Dutch: mist

Old Norse: mistr

Icelandic: mistur

>? Norn: most

Swedish: mist

Danish: mist

From *mig- (“light rain, drizzle”), from Proto-Indo-European *migʰ-, *migʰ-lo- (“drizzle, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *meygʰ-, *h₃meygʰ- (“to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist”). Cognate with Lithuanian miglà (“fog”), Russian мгла (mgla, “fog, haze”).


bragz

bragz (nominative singular)
bragiz (nominative plural)
brag (singular vocative)
bragiz (plural vocative)
bragų (accusative singular)
bragunz (accusative plural)
bragiz (genitive singular)
bragǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bragi (dative singular)
bragumaz (dative plural)
bragē (instrumental singular)
bragumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brag

Old English: bregu, brego, breogo

Old Norse: bragr; bragi, Bragi, bragnar

Icelandic: bragur

Faroese: bragg n (“bragging”)

⇒ Faroese: bragga (“to brag”)

Norwegian: brag

→ Middle English: brag

⇒ Middle English: braggen

English: brag

Scots: bragge, braig

→⇒ Old French: braguer

Middle French: braguer

Uncertain. Hypotheses include:
* From *breh- (“to flash, move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreḱ-, *bʰreǵ- (“to shine, shimmer”).
* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mrekʷ- or *mregʷ- (“to shimmer”). If so, then cognate with Lithuanian mirkčioti (“to blink, flicker, wink, twinkle, shimmer, sparkle”), Russian морга́ть (morgátʹ, “to blink, wink”).

cog

Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise up”)

one who is first or foremost, a premier, chief, leader, prince


twīflaz

twīflaz (nominative singular)
twīflōz (nominative plural)
twīflōs (nominative plural)
twīfl (singular vocative)
twīflōz (plural vocative)
twīflōs (plural vocative)
twīflą (accusative singular)
twīflanz (accusative plural)
twīflas (genitive singular)
twīflis (genitive singular)
twīflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twīflai (dative singular)
twīflamaz (dative plural)
twīflō (instrumental singular)
twīflamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *twīfl
Old Frisian: twīfil, twīvel
Saterland Frisian: Twieuwel
West Frisian: twivel
Old Saxon: *twīfal
Middle Low German: twīvel, twīfel
→ Danish: tvivl
→ Swedish: tvivel
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tvil
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tvil
Old Dutch: twīfal
Middle Dutch: twivel, twifel
Dutch: twijfel
Limburgish: twiefel
Old High German: zwīfal
Middle High German: zwīvel
German: Zweifel
Luxembourgish: Zweiwel

q

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻 ? (tweifl) (accusative singular, lemma form ambiguous: see entry)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwi-pl-o-s (“double, twofold”), from *dwóh₁ (“two”) + a zero-grade suffixed form *pl-o-s of *pel- (“to fold”). Identical with Ancient Greek διπλόος (diplóos, “double”) and Latin duplus.


wrēþuz

wrēþuz (nominative singular)
wrēþiwiz (nominative plural)
wrēþu (singular vocative)
wrēþiwiz (plural vocative)
wrēþų (accusative singular)
wrēþunz (accusative plural)
wrēþauz (genitive singular)
wrēþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrēþiwi (dative singular)
wrēþumaz (dative plural)
wrēþū (instrumental singular)
wrēþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wrǣþ, wrǣd

Old Norse: *vráðr; (>*vráði, ráði)

Old Danish: vrāth

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (wriþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *wrēto- (“multitude, crowd, troop, company”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer-, *wrē- (“to string, put in a row”). Cognate with Sanskrit व्रात (vrā́ta, “crowd, troop, company”).


bōtō

bōtō (nominative singular)
bōtôz (nominative plural)
bōtō (singular vocative)
bōtôz (plural vocative)
bōtǭ (accusative singular)
bōtōz (accusative plural)
bōtōz (genitive singular)
bōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōtōi (dative singular)
bōtōmaz (dative plural)
bōtō (instrumental singular)
bōtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōtu
Old English: bōt
Middle English: bot, bote, boote
English: boot
→ English: bote
Scots: bute, buit
Old Frisian: bōte
Saterland Frisian: Boate
West Frisian: boete
Old Saxon: bōta
Middle Low German: bote, bôte, bute
Low German: Bote
Old Dutch: *buota
Middle Dutch: boete
Dutch: boete
Afrikaans: boete
Old High German: buoza, buoz
Middle High German: buoze
German: Buße
Luxembourgish: Bouss

Old Norse: bót

Icelandic: bót

Faroese: bót

Norwegian Nynorsk: bot

Old Swedish: bōt

Swedish: bot

Danish: bod

Norwegian Bokmål: bot

Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐍄𐌰 (bōta)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰoHd-eh₂-, from *bʰed-, *bʰeHd- (“to improve”). Synchronically analyzed as an ō-stem nominal formation from the root *bat underlying *batiz (“better”).


fatą

fatą (nominative singular)
fatō (nominative plural)
fatą (singular vocative)
fatō (plural vocative)
fatą (accusative singular)
fatō (accusative plural)
fatas (genitive singular)
fatis (genitive singular)
fatǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fatai (dative singular)
fatamaz (dative plural)
fatō (instrumental singular)
fatamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fat
Old English: fæt
Middle English: fat, fet, vat, vet
Scots: fat, vat, vautt
English: fat, vat
Old Frisian: fet
Saterland Frisian: Fät
West Frisian: fet
Old Saxon: fat
Middle Low German: vat
German Low German: Fatt
Low German: Vat
Old Dutch: fat, vat
Middle Dutch: vat
Dutch: vat, vaat
Old High German: faz
Middle High German: vaz, vas
Cimbrian: vass, bass (Mezzaselva)
German: Fass
Luxembourgish: Faass

Old Norse: fat

Icelandic: fat

Faroese: fat

Norwegian Bokmål: fat

Norwegian Nynorsk: fat

Old Swedish: fat

Swedish: fat

Danish: fad

From Proto-Indo-European *pod- (“vessel, container”). Cognate with Lithuanian púodas (“pot, saucepan”), as well as perhaps Lithuanian pė́das (“sheaf”), Latvian pêda (“bunch”).


fatą

Old Norse: fat

Icelandic: föt, fatnaður

Of unknown origin. Traditionally considered equivalent to the "vessel" sense of Etymology 1; however, it is more likely an etymologically distinct loanword from some language of the Caucasus, as represented by Proto-Northeast Caucasian *HpădV (“clothes”), whence Avar hebét (“linen”), Laka pat:a (“old clothes”), Rutul badu (“trousers”).


salą

salą (nominative singular)
salō (nominative plural)
salą (singular vocative)
salō (plural vocative)
salą (accusative singular)
salō (accusative plural)
salas (genitive singular)
salis (genitive singular)
salǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salai (dative singular)
salamaz (dative plural)
salō (instrumental singular)
salamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sæl

Middle English: sal, sale

English: sale

Old Frisian: *sal, *sel (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: Soal

West Frisian: seal

Old Saxon: *sal

Middle Low German: sel (n)

Old High German: sal (n)

Middle High German: sal (n)

→ Italian: sala (alternatively < *saliz)

→ Portuguese: sala (alternatively < *saliz)

→ Spanish: sala (alternatively < *saliz)

Suevic / Gothic: *sala

→ Portuguese: Sá

→ Galician: Sa, Saa (place names)

From Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic село (selo, “courtyard, village”), Lithuanian sala (“village”).


saliz

saliz (nominative singular)
salīz (nominative plural)
sali (singular vocative)
salīz (plural vocative)
salį (accusative singular)
salinz (accusative plural)
salīz (genitive singular)
saljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salī (dative singular)
salimaz (dative plural)
salī (instrumental singular)
salimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sali, *salr (z-stem)
Old English: sele; salor (< *salr)
Middle English: sele; sal, sale, *saler
Scots: salur, saller, sellar
Old Frisian: *sele
Saterland Frisian: Selscop, Sälskup
West Frisian: seale
Old Saxon: seli, *sali
Middle Low German: sel, sal, sāl
German Low German: Saal
Old Dutch: *sali, *seli
Middle Dutch: sāle, sāel
Dutch: zaal
Afrikaans: saal
Old High German: sali
Middle High German: sal
German: Saal
→ Russian: зал (zal)
Hunsrik: Saal
Luxembourgish: Sall
→ Asturian: sala
→ Catalan: sala
→ Italian: sala, ⇒ salone
→ Middle French: salon
French: salon
→ English: salon, saloon
→ Dutch: saloon
→ Dutch: salon
→ Galician: saa, sáa
→ Occitan: sala
→ Portuguese: sala
→ Spanish: sala
→ Old French: sale
Middle French: salle
French: salle

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᛚᛁᛉ (*saliʀ)

Old Norse: salr
Icelandic: salur
Faroese: salur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sal
Old Swedish: sal
Swedish: sal
Danish: sal
Norwegian Bokmål: sal

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*sals) (in derivatives)

→ Finnish: sali

From Proto-Indo-European *sol-, *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic село (selo, “courtyard, village”), Lithuanian sala (“village”).


hallō

hallō (nominative singular)
hallôz (nominative plural)
hallō (singular vocative)
hallôz (plural vocative)
hallǭ (accusative singular)
hallōz (accusative plural)
hallōz (genitive singular)
hallǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hallōi (dative singular)
hallōmaz (dative plural)
hallō (instrumental singular)
hallōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hallu
Old English: heall
Middle English: halle, hall, hal, hale, alle, hawle, haule
English: hall (see there for further descendants)
Scots: haw
Yola: haul
Old Frisian: *hall, *hell
Saterland Frisian: Halle
West Frisian: hille
Old Saxon: halla
Middle Low German: halle
German Low German: Hall
Low German: Hall
Old Dutch: *halla
Middle Dutch: halle
Dutch: hal
Old High German: halla
Middle High German: halle
German: Halle
Luxembourgish: Hal
→ Italian: alla
→ Medieval Latin: halla (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛚᚢ (*halu)

Old Norse: hǫll
Icelandic: höll
Faroese: høll
Norwegian Bokmål: hall
Norwegian Nynorsk: hall
Old Swedish: hal
Swedish: hall
Danish: hal

From pre-Germanic *ḱol-n-éh₂, from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem meaning “storeroom” or “main room of a house”, whence perhaps also Latin cella (“room, cell”), derived from the root *ḱel- (“to hide, cover, conceal, protect”) (whence Proto-Germanic *helaną (“to hide, conceal”)). Further cognate with Sanskrit शाला (śā́lā, “house, mansion, hall”), Old Irish cuile (“storeroom, kitchen”) and possibly Ancient Greek καλῑᾱ́ (kalīā́, “hut; granary”).


walaz

walaz (nominative singular)
walōz (nominative plural)
walōs (nominative plural)
wal (singular vocative)
walōz (plural vocative)
walōs (plural vocative)
walą (accusative singular)
walanz (accusative plural)
walas (genitive singular)
walis (genitive singular)
walǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walai (dative singular)
walamaz (dative plural)
walō (instrumental singular)
walamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wal
Old English: wæl n
Middle English: wæl, wal, wel
⇒ Old Saxon: waldād
Old High German: wal m or n
Middle High German: wal m or n
German: Wal (primarily in compounds)

Old Norse: valr; valkyrja; Valhǫll

Icelandic: valur; Valhöll

→ English: Valkyrie; Valhalla, Walhalla

Norwegian: val (in compounds)

Swedish: val (archaic)

Danish: val (primarily in compounds)

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to wound; death (in battle); slain (in battle)”). Cognate with Lithuanian vėlė (“ghost”), Czech válka (“war”).


hungruz

hungruz (nominative singular)
hungriwiz (nominative plural)
hungru (singular vocative)
hungriwiz (plural vocative)
hungrų (accusative singular)
hungrunz (accusative plural)
hungrauz (genitive singular)
hungriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hungriwi (dative singular)
hungrumaz (dative plural)
hungrū (instrumental singular)
hungrumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hungr
Old English: hungor
Middle English: hunger, hunngerr, hungor, hungær, hunguer, honguer, honger, hungre, hongre, hungere, hongur, hounger, hounguer, hungir, hungyr, hungur
English: hunger
Scots: hounger, hunger
Old Frisian: hunger
West Frisian: honger, hûnger
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Geehunger
Old Saxon: hungar
Middle Low German: hunger
German Low German: Hunger
Old Dutch: hunger
Middle Dutch: honger
Dutch: honger
Afrikaans: honger
Berbice Creole Dutch: hungru
Skepi Creole Dutch: hunger
→? Sranan Tongo: angri, hangri
→ Saramaccan: hángi, ángi
Limburgish: hónger
Old High German: hungar
Middle High German: hunger
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Hunger
Luxembourgish: Honger
Cimbrian: hungar, hummar (Luserna)
German: Hunger
Yiddish: הונגער (hunger)

Old Norse: hungr
Icelandic: hungur
Faroese: hungur
Norwegian: hunger
Old Swedish: hunger
Swedish: hunger
Danish: hunger

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌷𐍂𐌿𐍃 (hūhrus)

From earlier *hunhruz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *kunkr-ú-s, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥k-ró-s, from *kenk- (“to hunger, ache”) + *-rós. Cognates with Lithuanian keñkras (“lean, emaciated”), keñkti (“to ache”), Ancient Greek κέγκει (kénkei, “is hungry”), κάγκανος (kánkanos, “arid, barren”), and possibly further with Hittite 𒅗𒀀𒉌𒅔𒋾 (/kāninti/, “thirst”, loc.sg.).


bukkô

bukkô (nominative singular)
bukkaniz (nominative plural)
bukkô (singular vocative)
bukkaniz (plural vocative)
bukkanų (accusative singular)
bukkanunz (accusative plural)
bukkiniz (genitive singular)
bukkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bukkini (dative singular)
bukkammaz (dative plural)
bukkinē (instrumental singular)
bukkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bukkō

desctree

Old English: bucca
Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch

Old Norse: bokki

Icelandic: bokki

Norwegian Nynorsk: bokke


bukkaz

bukkaz (nominative singular)
bukkōz (nominative plural)
bukkōs (nominative plural)
bukk (singular vocative)
bukkōz (plural vocative)
bukkōs (plural vocative)
bukką (accusative singular)
bukkanz (accusative plural)
bukkas (genitive singular)
bukkis (genitive singular)
bukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bukkai (dative singular)
bukkamaz (dative plural)
bukkō (instrumental singular)
bukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bukk
Old English: bucc, buc
Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch
Old Frisian: *buk, *bok
Saterland Frisian: Buk
West Frisian: bok
Old Saxon: bukk, buk
Middle Low German: buk, buck, bok
Low German: Buck
Old Dutch: buc
Middle Dutch: boc, buc
Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bók
West Flemish: buk
Old High German: buk, buc, bok, boch, poch
Middle High German: boc
German: Bock
Luxembourgish: Bock
⇒ Old High German: steinbok
Middle High German: steinboc
→ Italian: stambecco
→ Dutch: steenbok
Afrikaans: steenbok
→ English: steenbok
→ Old French: estainbouc, boc estaign
Middle French: boucquin, bukestein, boucastain, bouquestain
Middle French: bouquin, bouquetin
French: bouquin, bouquetin
→ English: bouquetin
→ Medieval Latin: buccus (confluence with Gaulish *bukkos) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bukkr, bokkr
Icelandic: bukkur, bokkur
Faroese: bukkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bukk; (dialectal) bukk’e
Old Swedish: bukker, bokker
Swedish: bock
→ Finnish: pukki
Danish: buk
Norwegian Bokmål: bukk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ-ko-s, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ- (“goat, buck, ram”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *bukkos (“goat”), Old Armenian բուծ (buc, “lamb”), Persian بز (boz, “goat”), Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀 (būza, “ram”), Sanskrit बुख (bukha, “male goat”).


wiþjǭ

wiþjǭ (nominative singular)
wiþjōniz (nominative plural)
wiþjǭ (singular vocative)
wiþjōniz (plural vocative)
wiþjōnų (accusative singular)
wiþjōnunz (accusative plural)
wiþjōniz (genitive singular)
wiþjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþjōni (dative singular)
wiþjōmaz (dative plural)
wiþjōnē (instrumental singular)
wiþjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wiþþjā

Old English: wiþþe

Middle English: withthe, witthe, wythth

Scots: widdy, widdie, weddy, wethy

English: withy; (withe, with)

Old Frisian: withthe

West Frisian: witte

Old Saxon: *withthia

Middle Low German: wedde

Old Dutch: *withtha

Middle Dutch: wisse

Dutch: wisse

Old High German: witta

⇒ Middle High German: witten (verb)

Old Norse: viðja

Danish: vidje

Faroese: viðja

Icelandic: viðja

Norwegian: vidje

Old Swedish: viþia

Swedish: vidja

→ Finnish: vitja

→ Proto-Finnic: *vicca (see there for further descendants)


wiþiz

wiþiz (nominative singular)
wiþīz (nominative plural)
wiþi (singular vocative)
wiþīz (plural vocative)
wiþį (accusative singular)
wiþinz (accusative plural)
wiþīz (genitive singular)
wiþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþī (dative singular)
wiþimaz (dative plural)
wiþī (instrumental singular)
wiþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiþe (in compounds)

Middle English: withe, wythe, with

English: with, withe

Old Saxon: *with, *witha

Middle Low German: wede

Old High German: wid

Middle High German: wid

German: Weid

Old Norse: við

Icelandic: við

From Pre-Germanic *witís, generalised from the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *wéh₁itis.


mailą

mailą (nominative singular)
mailō (nominative plural)
mailą (singular vocative)
mailō (plural vocative)
mailą (accusative singular)
mailō (accusative plural)
mailas (genitive singular)
mailis (genitive singular)
mailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mailai (dative singular)
mailamaz (dative plural)
mailō (instrumental singular)
mailamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mail

Old English: māl

Middle English: mal, mole, mool

English: mole

Scots: mail, mold

Old Frisian: *māl

Saterland Frisian: Moal

Old Saxon: *mēl

Middle Low German: *mêl, meil

Old High German: meil; meila

Middle High German: meil; meile

German: Meil

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌻 (mail)

From Proto-Indo-European *mel-, *melw- (“dark, dirty; to soil”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to soil”). Cognate with Lithuanian miẽles (“yeast, barm, leaven”).


dīkaz

dīkaz (nominative singular)
dīkōz (nominative plural)
dīkōs (nominative plural)
dīk (singular vocative)
dīkōz (plural vocative)
dīkōs (plural vocative)
dīką (accusative singular)
dīkanz (accusative plural)
dīkas (genitive singular)
dīkis (genitive singular)
dīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīkai (dative singular)
dīkamaz (dative plural)
dīkō (instrumental singular)
dīkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dīk
Old English: dīċ
Middle English: dich
English: ditch (“trench, bank”)
>? Old English: dīc
Middle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)
Scots: dike, dyke
English: dike (“levee”)
Old Frisian: dīk
North Frisian: dijck
Saterland Frisian: Diek
West Frisian: dyk
Old Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)
Middle Low German: dîk
German Low German: Diek
→ German: Deich (“dam”)
→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)
Old Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)
Middle Dutch: dijc
Dutch: dijk
Afrikaans: dyk
→ Old French: diic, dike
Middle French: digue
French: digue
→ Irish: díog (“trench”)
Old High German: tīh (“dam”)
Middle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)
German: Teich (“pond”)
German: Deich (“dam”)
Yiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)

Uncertain. Two Indo-European etymologies are plausible:
* From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, stab, dig”). Cognate with Latin fīgō (“pierce, pin, fasten, fix”), Lithuanian díegti (“to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab”).
* From pre-Germanic *dīkkô ~ *dīkkaz with regular reduction, via Kluge's law from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem *dʰeyǵʰ-n-, gen. *dʰeyǵʰ-nó-, from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form”).
Importantly, the former assumes an original meaning *“something dug out; ditch”, while the latter assumes *“something constructed”.


dīkiją

dīkiją (nominative singular)
dīkijō (nominative plural)
dīkiją (singular vocative)
dīkijō (plural vocative)
dīkiją (accusative singular)
dīkijō (accusative plural)
dīkijas (genitive singular)
dīkīs (genitive singular)
dīkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīkijai (dative singular)
dīkijamaz (dative plural)
dīkijō (instrumental singular)
dīkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: díki; (dík?)

Icelandic: díki; (dík?)

Norwegian: dike

Old Swedish: dīke

Swedish: dike

Danish: dige

Elfdalian: daitje

→ Old French: dike

Norman: dic(k), dic(q) (in place-names)

Middle French: digue (also possibly from Middle Dutch)

French: digue

→ English: digue

→? Middle English: dik, dike


wagjaz

wagjaz (nominative singular)
wagjōz (nominative plural)
wagjōs (nominative plural)
wagi (singular vocative)
wagjōz (plural vocative)
wagjōs (plural vocative)
wagją (accusative singular)
wagjanz (accusative plural)
wagjas (genitive singular)
wagis (genitive singular)
wagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wagjai (dative singular)
wagjamaz (dative plural)
wagjō (instrumental singular)
wagjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wagi, *waggi
Old English: weċġ
Middle English: wegge
English: wedge
Scots: weg, wegge, wadge, waige
Old Frisian: *wegge, *wigge
West Frisian: wigge
Old Saxon: weggi
Middle Low German: wegge
Old Dutch: *weggi
Middle Dutch: wegghe, wigghe
Dutch: weg, wegge, wig
Afrikaans: wig
Old High German: weggi, wekki, wecki
Middle High German: wegge, wecke
German: Wecke, Wecken, Weck
Hunsrik: Weck
Pennsylvania German: Weck

→? Proto-Finnic: *vakja (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to move”). Cognate with Lithuanian vãgis (“peg, hook”).


dōkaz

dōkaz (nominative singular)
dōkōz (nominative plural)
dōkōs (nominative plural)
dōk (singular vocative)
dōkōz (plural vocative)
dōkōs (plural vocative)
dōką (accusative singular)
dōkanz (accusative plural)
dōkas (genitive singular)
dōkis (genitive singular)
dōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōkai (dative singular)
dōkamaz (dative plural)
dōkō (instrumental singular)
dōkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōk
>? Old English: dōc (“bastard, mongrel”) (with change in meaning)
⇒? Old English: dōcincel
Old Frisian: dōk
Saterland Frisian: Douk
West Frisian: doek
Old Saxon: dōk
Middle Low German: dôk, dûk
German Low German: Dook
→ Old Norse: dúkr
Icelandic: dúkur
Faroese: dúkur
Norwegian Bokmål: duk
Norwegian Nynorsk: duk
Old Swedish: dūker
Swedish: duk, dok
Danish: dug
Old Dutch: *dōk, *duoc
Middle Dutch: doec
Dutch: doek
Afrikaans: doek
→ English: doek
→ Shona: dhuku
Berbice Creole Dutch: duku
Jersey Dutch: duk
Negerhollands: doek, doekoe
→ Akan: duku
→ Nkonya: duku
→ Wali (Ghana): ’duuku
→ Akebu: ɖuku-yǝ (via an intermediary language)
→ Lokono: doko
→ Aukan: duku
→ English: duck, dook
→ Fon: dukwí
→ Indonesian: duk
→ Japanese: ズック
→ Mbelime: dukìhṵ̀ (via an intermediary language)
→ Nawdm: dukŋa (via an intermediary language)
→ Scots: dook
→ Sranan Tongo: duku
→ Caribbean Javanese: duku
→ Dutch: doekoe
Limburgish: dook
Old High German: tuoh
Middle High German: tuoch
Alemannic German: Tuech
Swabian: Tuach
Central Franconian: Duch
Cimbrian: tuach
German: Tuch
→ Esperanto: tuko
Luxembourgish: Duch
Pennsylvania German: Duch
Yiddish: טוך (tukh)
Lombardic: *tuoh
→ Lombard: toh
→ Italian: tocca, toca, tòcche
→? Spanish: toca
→ Middle French: tocque
French: toque
English: toque
→ Old High German: toh

Of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *dʰweg- (“cloth”), and compared with Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvajá, “flag, banner”). However, Kroonen rejects this theory, noting the irregular sound shift from *dʰw- > *do required for cognacy, and leaves the origin open.


kazą

kazą (nominative singular)
kazō (nominative plural)
kazą (singular vocative)
kazō (plural vocative)
kazą (accusative singular)
kazō (accusative plural)
kazas (genitive singular)
kazis (genitive singular)
kazǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kazai (dative singular)
kazamaz (dative plural)
kazō (instrumental singular)
kazamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaʀ
Old English: *cær
⇒? Old English: *buncær (first element uncertain)
Early Scots: bonker, bunkur, bunker (possibly)
Scots: bunker
→ English: bunker
Old Saxon: *kar
Middle Low German: kar, kare
Old Dutch: *kar
Middle Dutch: car, care, caer
Dutch: kaar
Old High German: kar
Middle High German: kar
German: Kar (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: ker
Icelandic: ker
Faroese: ker
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjer
Norwegian Bokmål: kjer
Old Swedish: kar
Swedish: kar
Old Danish: kar
Danish: kar
Norwegian Bokmål: kar
→ Icelandic: kar
→ Faroese: kar
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kar

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍃 (kas)

→ Proto-Samic: *kārē (see there for further descendants)

Of unknown origin.
Traditionally derived from a Proto-Germanic *kas- (“to throw, toss, raise, bring up”), itself of uncertain origin (see also *kastōną (“to throw”)), though Kroonen rejects this on phonetic grounds. Other theories connecting the word to Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“bowl, vessel”) (whence Proto-Germanic *hweraz (“kettle”) and Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos (“cauldron”)) are semantically attractive, but phonetically impossible via inherited sound laws (thus, if related, a borrowing must have taken place).
Orel prefers to take the root as a cultural loanword, ultimately from Proto-Semitic *kaʔs- (“beaker, goblet”).


draibō

draibō (nominative singular)
draibôz (nominative plural)
draibō (singular vocative)
draibôz (plural vocative)
draibǭ (accusative singular)
draibōz (accusative plural)
draibōz (genitive singular)
draibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draibōi (dative singular)
draibōmaz (dative plural)
draibō (instrumental singular)
draibōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *draibu

Old English: drāf, drǣf

Middle English: draf, drof, drove

English: drove

Scots: draif, drave

Old Frisian: *drēf

West Frisian: dreef, dree

Old Saxon: *drēva

desc

Middle Low German: drêve, drêf (in compounds)

German Low German: Dreve, Dreev

Old Dutch: *drēva

Middle Dutch: dreve f or m

Dutch: dreef

→ French: drève (dialectal)

Old High German: *treiba

Middle High German: treibe f, treip m

Old Norse: dreif

Icelandic: dreif

Norwegian Bokmål: drev

Norwegian Nynorsk: drev

Swedish: drev

Danish: drev

/ˈdrɑi̯.βɔː/

Derived from *drībaną (“to push, move, drive”).


sandō

sandō (nominative singular)
sandôz (nominative plural)
sandō (singular vocative)
sandôz (plural vocative)
sandǭ (accusative singular)
sandōz (accusative plural)
sandōz (genitive singular)
sandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sandōi (dative singular)
sandōmaz (dative plural)
sandō (instrumental singular)
sandōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sand (f); >sand (m)

Middle English: sande, sond; sandesman; sanderman, sanderbode

Scots: saynd, saind; send

English: sand

Old High German: -santa, santi- (in compounds)


flukkaz

flukkaz (nominative singular)
flukkōz (nominative plural)
flukkōs (nominative plural)
flukk (singular vocative)
flukkōz (plural vocative)
flukkōs (plural vocative)
flukką (accusative singular)
flukkanz (accusative plural)
flukkas (genitive singular)
flukkis (genitive singular)
flukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flukkai (dative singular)
flukkamaz (dative plural)
flukkō (instrumental singular)
flukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flokk

Old English: flocc

Middle English: flokk, flock, flok

Scots: flok, floke

English: flock

Old Saxon: *flokk

Middle Low German: vlocke m or f

German Low German: Flock f

Frankish: *flokk

Old Dutch: *flokk, *flok

Middle Dutch: vloc

→ Old French: floc, fulc, flou

Old Norse: flokkr

Icelandic: flokkur

Faroese: flokkur

Norn: flokk

Norwegian: flokk

Old Swedish: flokker, flukker

Swedish: flock

Danish: flok

→ Norman: fliotchet (Jersey)

Probably originally used of birds, in which case a derivation from *flukkōną (“to fly, flutter”) is possible, with the original sense as "a group of flying animals" > "general group of mobile creatures".


falisaz

falisaz (nominative singular)
falisōz (nominative plural)
falisōs (nominative plural)
falis (singular vocative)
falisōz (plural vocative)
falisōs (plural vocative)
falisą (accusative singular)
falisanz (accusative plural)
falisas (genitive singular)
falisis (genitive singular)
falisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falisai (dative singular)
falisamaz (dative plural)
falisō (instrumental singular)
falisamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *falis
Old Saxon: felis
Middle Low German: vels
Old Dutch: *felis
Middle Dutch: vels
Dutch: vels
Old High German: felis, fels, feliso
Middle High German: vels, velse
German: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)
Hunsrik: Fels
Luxembourgish: Fiels
→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa
Old French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise
Middle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise
French: falaise (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia
Italian: falesa, falesia

Old Norse: fell, fjall (possibly < *felzaz)
Icelandic: fjall, fell
Faroese: fjall
Norwegian Nynorsk: fjell; (dialectal) fjall, fjadd, fjedl
Old Swedish: fiæl
Swedish: fjäll
Danish: fjeld
Norwegian Bokmål: fjell
→ Middle English: fell, fel
Scots: fell, fiold
English: fell

From Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), or perhaps an s-stem *pél-es-. Compare Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), Proto-Celtic *ɸallo- (“cliff”), Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone, rock”) and Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a). Kroonen suggests reconstructing an acrostatic *pól-s ~ *pél-s-s, with o-grade based especially on the Old French borrowing falise.
Alternatively from a substrate language; more at πέλλα (pélla).


sulī

sulī (nominative singular)
suljôz (nominative plural)
sulī (singular vocative)
suljôz (plural vocative)
suljǭ (accusative singular)
suljōz (accusative plural)
suljōz (genitive singular)
suljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suljōi (dative singular)
suljōmaz (dative plural)
suljō (instrumental singular)
suljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sul(l)i

Old English: syl, syll

desc

Middle English: sylle, sülle, selle, sille

English: sill

Scots: sil, sill

→ Latin: silla

Old Frisian: *selle

West Frisian: sille

Old Saxon: *sul, *sulli

Middle Low German: sul, sülle, sille

Low German: Sull, Sülle

Old Dutch: *sulla

Middle Dutch: sulle, sille

Dutch: zulle

Old Norse: syll

Icelandic: syll, sylla

Faroese: syll

Norwegian: syll

Old Swedish: syl

Swedish: syll

Danish: syld

From a pre-Germanic ablauting paradigm *swol- ~ *sul-, with full-grade *swalī found in Old High German swelli, swella (modern German Schwelle (“threshold; railroad tie”)), Old West Norse svalar, Old Swedish svali (modern dialectal Swedish svale, svala (“porch, canopy”)). Further uncertain:
* Traditionally, from Proto-Indo-European *swel-, *sel- (“piece of wood; beam, post, balk, board, threshold, sill”). Cognate with Lithuanian šelmuõ (“apex, roof, ridge”), Latin silva (“wood, forest”), Latin solum (“ground, floor, sole, bottom”).
* In view of the phonetic and paradigmatic irregularities, as well as the semantic category, likely of substrate origin along with *sauliz, *sūliz (“beam; post, pillar”), *siuwilō and Swedish syll (“railroad tie”).


wīraz

wīraz (nominative singular)
wīrōz (nominative plural)
wīrōs (nominative plural)
wīr (singular vocative)
wīrōz (plural vocative)
wīrōs (plural vocative)
wīrą (accusative singular)
wīranz (accusative plural)
wīras (genitive singular)
wīris (genitive singular)
wīrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīrai (dative singular)
wīramaz (dative plural)
wīrō (instrumental singular)
wīramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīr; *wēr

Middle English: wir, wyr; were

Scots: wire, weyr; weir, weer

English: wire

→ Swedish: vajer, wire

→ Danish: wire

Old Saxon: *wīra

Middle Low German: wîre

German Low German: Wier

Low German: Wir

→ Dutch: wier, (wierdraad)

Old High German: wiara

Middle High German: wiere

German: Wiere

Old Norse: vírr; víravirki

Icelandic: vír

Norwegian: vire

Swedish: vire

Danish: vire

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁iros (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”).


hōkaz

hōkaz (nominative singular)
hōkōz (nominative plural)
hōkōs (nominative plural)
hōk (singular vocative)
hōkōz (plural vocative)
hōkōs (plural vocative)
hōką (accusative singular)
hōkanz (accusative plural)
hōkas (genitive singular)
hōkis (genitive singular)
hōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōkai (dative singular)
hōkamaz (dative plural)
hōkō (instrumental singular)
hōkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōk

Old English: hōc

Middle English: hoc, hok, hoke, hooke

Scots: huke, huik, hewk

English: hook

Old Frisian: hōk

Saterland Frisian: Houk; (Hoake)

West Frisian: hoeke, hoek

Old Saxon: hōk

Middle Low German: hôk, hûk

German Low German: Hook

Low German: Huk

→ German: Hook

Frankish: *hōk

Old Dutch: *hōc, huc (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: hoec, houc

Dutch: hoek

→ Danish: huk

→ Swedish: huk

→ Old French: hoc (also possibly from Old Norse)

Middle French: hoquet

French: hoquet

→ English: hockey (possibly)

⇒ Old Norse: hœkja

Icelandic: hækja

Faroese: høkja

Norwegian Nynorsk: høkje

Norn: hek

→ Scots: heck; heckle

desctree

→ Proto-Finnic: *kookka
Estonian: kook
Finnish: kuokka
→ Northern Sami: guohkki
Ingrian: kookka
Karelian:
North Karelian: kuokka
South Karelian: kuokka
Livonian: kūok
Livvi: kuokku
Ludian: kuok
Veps: kok
Võro: kuuk
Votic: kookkõ

From Proto-Indo-European *kog-, *keg-, *keng- (“peg, hook, claw”).


jihtiz

jihtiz (nominative singular)
jihtīz (nominative plural)
jihti (singular vocative)
jihtīz (plural vocative)
jihtį (accusative singular)
jihtinz (accusative plural)
jihtīz (genitive singular)
jihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jihtī (dative singular)
jihtimaz (dative plural)
jihtī (instrumental singular)
jihtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġiht

Old Frisian: jecht

Old Saxon: *jiht, *giht

Middle Low German: jicht, gicht

Low German: Jicht

→ Swedish: gikt

→ Danish: gigt

→ Icelandic: gigt

→ Faroese: gikt

⇒ Old Saxon: bigihto

Middle Low German: bichte

→ Swedish: bikt

→ Danish: bigt (obsolete), afbigt

Old Dutch: *jiht, *giht

Middle Dutch: jicht

Dutch: jicht

Afrikaans: jig

⇒ Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: biecht

Afrikaans: bieg

Old High German: jiht, *giht (attested in compounds)

Middle High German: giht

German: Gicht

Luxembourgish: Giicht

⇒ Old High German: bijiht, bigiht

Middle High German: begiht, bīht

Bavarian: Beichtn

German: Beichte

Luxembourgish: Becht, Beicht (influenced by German)


asnijaz

asnijaz (nominative singular)
asnijōz (nominative plural)
asnijōs (nominative plural)
asnī (singular vocative)
asnijōz (plural vocative)
asnijōs (plural vocative)
asniją (accusative singular)
asnijanz (accusative plural)
asnijas (genitive singular)
asnīs (genitive singular)
asnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
asnijai (dative singular)
asnijamaz (dative plural)
asnijō (instrumental singular)
asnijamiz (instrumental plural)

See *asunz


awistrą

awistrą (nominative singular)
awistrō (nominative plural)
awistrą (singular vocative)
awistrō (plural vocative)
awistrą (accusative singular)
awistrō (accusative plural)
awistras (genitive singular)
awistris (genitive singular)
awistrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awistrai (dative singular)
awistramaz (dative plural)
awistrō (instrumental singular)
awistramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *awist(r)
Old English: ēowestre, ēwestre
Old Frisian: ēstra, ēster
West Frisian: jister
Old High German: ewist, ouwist
Middle High German: *owist, oist
Alemannic German: Äugst, Äust

Gothic: 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂 (awistr)


awidiją

awidiją (nominative singular)
awidijō (nominative plural)
awidiją (singular vocative)
awidijō (plural vocative)
awidiją (accusative singular)
awidijō (accusative plural)
awidijas (genitive singular)
awidīs (genitive singular)
awidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awidijai (dative singular)
awidijamaz (dative plural)
awidijō (instrumental singular)
awidijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēowede, ēowde, ēowd, ēde

Old High German: ouwiti, ewit, ewida

Gothic: 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 (awēþi)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewi-dʰh₁-yo-, equivalent to *awiz + *-dją, a suffix used with herds. Compare *kudją (“herd”), which might have originally meant ("cow herd"). Cognate with Lithuanian avìdė (“sheepfold”).


mēþą

mēþą (nominative singular)
mēþō (nominative plural)
mēþą (singular vocative)
mēþō (plural vocative)
mēþą (accusative singular)
mēþō (accusative plural)
mēþas (genitive singular)
mēþis (genitive singular)
mēþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēþai (dative singular)
mēþamaz (dative plural)
mēþō (instrumental singular)
mēþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣþ

Middle English: math

English: math, aftermath

Old Frisian: mēth

Old High German: mād

Middle High German: māt

German: Mahd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂méh₁-to-, from *h₂meh₁- (“to mow”), synchronically analyzed as a to-stem nominal formation from *mēaną (“to mow”).


haftiją

haftiją (nominative singular)
haftijō (nominative plural)
haftiją (singular vocative)
haftijō (plural vocative)
haftiją (accusative singular)
haftijō (accusative plural)
haftijas (genitive singular)
haftīs (genitive singular)
haftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haftijai (dative singular)
haftijamaz (dative plural)
haftijō (instrumental singular)
haftijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haftī

Old English: hæft

Middle English: haft, heft

English: haft

Scots: haft, heft

Old Frisian: *heft

Saterland Frisian: Hääft, Hächt

Old Saxon: *hefti

Middle Low German: hefte, hechte, hecht

German Low German: Hecht

Old Dutch: *hefti

Middle Dutch: hechte, hefte

Dutch: heft

Afrikaans: hef

→ French: hec, hece, hé (“hook”) (dialectal)

Old High German: hefti

Middle High German: hefte

German: Heft

Old Norse: hepti

Icelandic: hefti

Old Swedish: hæpte

Swedish: häfte

Danish: hæfte

Derived from *haftijaną (“to bind, secure”).


lindō

lindō (nominative singular)
lindôz (nominative plural)
lindō (singular vocative)
lindôz (plural vocative)
lindǭ (accusative singular)
lindōz (accusative plural)
lindōz (genitive singular)
lindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lindōi (dative singular)
lindōmaz (dative plural)
lindō (instrumental singular)
lindōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lindu
Old English: lind
Middle English: lynde, lynd, linde, lind, lyne, lyn
English: lind, lime
Scots: lind, lynde, leind
Old Saxon: linda, lindia
Middle Low German: linde
Old Dutch: *linda
Middle Dutch: linde
Dutch: linde
Old High German: linta
Middle High German: linde
Bavarian: Lindn
German: Linde
Luxembourgish: Lann

Old Norse: lind

Icelandic: lind

Old Swedish: lind

Swedish: lind

Danish: lind

Possibly related to *linþaz (“mild, soft”). Has also been compared to Albanian lëndë (“wood, material”), Lithuanian lentà (“(linden) board”), Russian лут (lut, “(linden) bast”) (< Proto-Slavic *lǫtъ), thereby perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *lentéh₂.


smirilaz

smirilaz (nominative singular)
smirilōz (nominative plural)
smirilōs (nominative plural)
smiril (singular vocative)
smirilōz (plural vocative)
smirilōs (plural vocative)
smirilą (accusative singular)
smirilanz (accusative plural)
smirilas (genitive singular)
smirilis (genitive singular)
smirilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smirilai (dative singular)
smirilamaz (dative plural)
smirilō (instrumental singular)
smirilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *smiril
Old Saxon: *smiril
Middle Low German: smerl
Old Dutch: *smiril
Middle Dutch: smērel, smerle
Dutch: smeerle (archaic)
Old High German: smiril, smirl
Middle High German: smerl, smirl
German: Schmirl, Schmerl
⇒ Middle High German: smerlīn
German: Schmerlein
→ Medieval Latin: smerlus, *smerla
Catalan: esmirla, esmirle
Italian: smerlo
Old Occitan: esmirle

Old Norse: smyrill

Icelandic: smyrill

Faroese: smyril


smerwą

smerwą (nominative singular)
smerwō (nominative plural)
smerwą (singular vocative)
smerwō (plural vocative)
smerwą (accusative singular)
smerwō (accusative plural)
smerwas (genitive singular)
smirwis (genitive singular)
smerwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smerwai (dative singular)
smerwamaz (dative plural)
smerwō (instrumental singular)
smerwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *smeru
Old English: smeoru
Middle English: smer, smere
English: smear
Scots: smergh
Old Frisian: smere
Saterland Frisian: Smeer
West Frisian: smoar
Old Saxon: smero
Middle Low German: smēr, smör
(German Low German: Smeer)
Old Dutch: smero
Middle Dutch: smere, smer
Dutch: smeer
Afrikaans: smeer
→ Caribbean Javanese: semir
→ Indonesian: semir
→ Papiamentu: smeer (dated)
Old High German: smero
Middle High German: smër
Alemannic German: Schmër
German: Schmer
→ Polish: smar
→ Carpathian Rusyn: смар (smar)

Old Norse: smjǫr, smjor, smør

Icelandic: smjör

Faroese: smør

Norn: smyrr, smorr

Norwegian Nynorsk: smør, smjør

Old Swedish: smior, smør

Swedish: smör

Danish: smør

Norwegian Bokmål: smør

Old Gutnish: smier

Gutnish: smör, smöir, smer, smyr

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍂 (smairþr)

From Proto-Indo-European *smérus (“grease, fat”).


gudjô

gem-decl-noun-table

*gudjô (an-stem)

gudjô (nominative singular)
gudjaniz (nominative plural)
gudjô (singular vocative)
gudjaniz (plural vocative)
gudjanų (accusative singular)
gudjanunz (accusative plural)
gudiniz (genitive singular)
gudjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudini (dative singular)
gudjammaz (dative plural)
gudinē (instrumental singular)
gudjammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: Gydda (personal name)

Proto-Norse: ᚷᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨ (gudija)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚢᛞᛃᛟ (*gudjo /gudjō/, “priestess”) (< *gudjǭ)

Old Norse: gyðja

→ Danish: gydje (learned)

→ Norwegian: gydje (learned)

→ English: gythja (learned)

→ Swedish: gydja (learned)

Old Norse: goði

Icelandic: goði

→ Faroese: goði (learned)

→ Norwegian: gode (learned)

→ Swedish: gode (learned)

→ Danish: gode (learned)

→ English: godi, gothi (learned)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌾𐌰 (gudja)

one who invokes; a (pagan) priest (responsible for sacrifices and temple custodian)


hōdaz

hōdaz (nominative singular)
hōdōz (nominative plural)
hōdōs (nominative plural)
hōd (singular vocative)
hōdōz (plural vocative)
hōdōs (plural vocative)
hōdą (accusative singular)
hōdanz (accusative plural)
hōdas (genitive singular)
hōdis (genitive singular)
hōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōdai (dative singular)
hōdamaz (dative plural)
hōdō (instrumental singular)
hōdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōd

Old English: hōd

Middle English: hood, hode

Scots: hude, huid

English: hood

Old Frisian: hōd

North Frisian: hod

Saterland Frisian: Houd

West Frisian: hoed

Old Saxon: hōd

Middle Low German: hôt

German Low German: Hood

Old Dutch: *huod

Middle Dutch: hoet

Dutch: hoed

Old High German: huot

Middle High German: huot

Central Franconian: Hot, Hut (southern Moselle Franconian)

Bavarian: Huat

Cimbrian: huat, huut (Sette Comuni)

German: Hut

Luxembourgish: Hutt

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to cover, protect”) and compared to Latin cassis (“helmet”). However, Kroonen reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European form as *koHt-ó-s instead, and links the root to Proto-Germanic *hattuz (“hat”); see there for more.


targǭ

targǭ (nominative singular)
targōniz (nominative plural)
targǭ (singular vocative)
targōniz (plural vocative)
targōnų (accusative singular)
targōnunz (accusative plural)
targōniz (genitive singular)
targōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
targōni (dative singular)
targōmaz (dative plural)
targōnē (instrumental singular)
targōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *targā

Old English: targe; targa m (< *targô)

Middle English: targe, terge; targette, target

Scots: targ, targe, tairge; target

English: targe; target

Old Saxon: *targa

>? Middle Low German: targe

Old Dutch: *targa

Middle Dutch: targe, taerge

Dutch: targe

→ Old French: targue, tarque, targe; *targuette

Middle French: targe

French: targe

→ Medieval Latin: targa; tarcheta

→ Italian: targa; targhetta

→ Spanish: tarja; tarjeta

→ Portuguese: tarja

→ Galician: targa

→ Middle High German: tartsche

→ Old Polish: tarcza

Polish: tarcza

Old High German: zarga

Middle High German: zarge

German: Zarge

Old Norse: targa

Icelandic: targa

From Proto-Indo-European *derǵʰ- (“fenced lot”), or from Proto-Indo-European *dergʰ- (“to catch, grasp”). Cognate with Lithuanian daržas (“border, halo, enclosure, garden”), Old Church Slavonic подрагъ (podragŭ, “hem, edge, rim”).


timrą

timrą (nominative singular)
timrō (nominative plural)
timrą (singular vocative)
timrō (plural vocative)
timrą (accusative singular)
timrō (accusative plural)
timras (genitive singular)
timris (genitive singular)
timrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
timrai (dative singular)
timramaz (dative plural)
timrō (instrumental singular)
timramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *timr
Old English: timber
Middle English: timber
English: timber
Scots: timmer, tymmer, tymer
Old Frisian: timber, timmer
Saterland Frisian: Timmer
West Frisian: timmer
Old Saxon: timbar
Middle Low German: timber, timmer
German Low German: Timmer
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Timmer
Westmünsterländisch: Timmer
Old Dutch: *timbar
Middle Dutch: timber, timmer
Dutch: timmer
Old High German: zimbar
Middle High German: zimber, zimmer, zimer
German: Zimmer
Luxembourgish: Zëmmer
Yiddish: צימער (tsimer)

Old Norse: timbr
Icelandic: timbur
Faroese: timbur
Norwegian Nynorsk: timber; (dialectal) tymbur, tymbr, tembr
Old Swedish: timber
Swedish: timmer
Old Danish: tymbær
Danish: tømmer
Norwegian Bokmål: tømmer
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tømmer

From Proto-Indo-European *dem(H)-ro-s, from *dem- (“to build”). Cognate with Latin domus (“house; home”), Ancient Greek δέμω (démō, “to build”).


tīnaz

tīnaz (nominative singular)
tīnōz (nominative plural)
tīnōs (nominative plural)
tīn (singular vocative)
tīnōz (plural vocative)
tīnōs (plural vocative)
tīną (accusative singular)
tīnanz (accusative plural)
tīnas (genitive singular)
tīnis (genitive singular)
tīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīnai (dative singular)
tīnamaz (dative plural)
tīnō (instrumental singular)
tīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tīn

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *langatīn

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily”)

From Proto-Indo-European *deyn-, *dyew- (“day”). Cognate with Lithuanian dienà (“day”), Latin diēs (“day”), Sanskrit दिन (diná, “day”). Related to Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”).


trūþaz

trūþaz (nominative singular)
trūþōz (nominative plural)
trūþōs (nominative plural)
trūþ (singular vocative)
trūþōz (plural vocative)
trūþōs (plural vocative)
trūþą (accusative singular)
trūþanz (accusative plural)
trūþas (genitive singular)
trūþis (genitive singular)
trūþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trūþai (dative singular)
trūþamaz (dative plural)
trūþō (instrumental singular)
trūþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: trūþ

Middle English: trūþ

Old Norse: trúðr

Icelandic: trúður

From Proto-Indo-European *drūt- (“jester, fool”). Cognate with Irish drúth (“fool”).


tībrą

tībrą (nominative singular)
tībrō (nominative plural)
tībrą (singular vocative)
tībrō (plural vocative)
tībrą (accusative singular)
tībrō (accusative plural)
tībras (genitive singular)
tībris (genitive singular)
tībrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tībrai (dative singular)
tībramaz (dative plural)
tībrō (instrumental singular)
tībramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tīber, tīfer

→ Old Norse: tívor

Frankish: *tīvar

→ Old French: toivre

Old High German: zebar, zepar

Middle High German: ziber, zifer; ungezībere, ungezifer, ungezīver

German: Ziefer; Ungeziefer

Luxembourgish: Ongeziwwer

Old Norse: tífurr, tívurr

Gothic: *𐍄𐌹𐌱𐍂 (*tibr) ( > 𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍂 (aibr)) (controversial)

From Proto-Indo-European *deHpro- (“sacrificial animal; cattle; livestock”). Cognate with Old Armenian տուար (tuar).


klewô

klewô (nominative singular)
klewaniz (nominative plural)
klewô (singular vocative)
klewaniz (plural vocative)
klewanų (accusative singular)
klewanunz (accusative plural)
kliwiniz (genitive singular)
klewanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kliwini (dative singular)
klewammaz (dative plural)
kliwinē (instrumental singular)
klewammiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old High German: chliwa, chliuwa, kliuwa, kliuwi, kliwi, kliu, chliuwi

Middle High German: kliuwe ⇒ kliuwel

German: Kläuel, Kleuel

⇒ Middle High German: kniuwel

Cimbrian: khnaul

German: Knauel, Knäuel

→ English: knawel

Old Norse: klé, kljár

Icelandic: klé, kljár

From Proto-Indo-European *glew- (“to conglomerate, amass; clump, ball, bale”).

der

kluwe

Middle Low German: klūwen, klüwen; Low German

kluwen

Middle Dutch: cluwen, clouwen, cluen, clūwijn

kliuwelīn ⇒ kniulin

Old High German: kliuwelīn; Middle High German


swammaz

swammaz (nominative singular)
swammōz (nominative plural)
swammōs (nominative plural)
swamm (singular vocative)
swammōz (plural vocative)
swammōs (plural vocative)
swammą (accusative singular)
swammanz (accusative plural)
swammas (genitive singular)
swammis (genitive singular)
swammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swammai (dative singular)
swammamaz (dative plural)
swammō (instrumental singular)
swammamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swamm, *swamb
Old English: swamm
Middle English: swam
(Scots: swaam)
(English: swamp)
Old Frisian: *swam, *swom
Saterland Frisian: Swom, Swam
West Frisian: swam
Old Saxon: swamm, swam
Middle Low German: swam
German Low German: Swamm
Old Dutch: *swamm
Middle Dutch: swamme, swam
Dutch: zwam
Afrikaans: swam
Old High German: swamb, swam, swamp
Middle High German: swam, swamme, swamp
Bavarian: Schwåmm, Schwammerl
German: Schwamm
Luxembourgish: Schwamp
Yiddish: שוואָם (shvom), שוועמל (shveml)

Old Norse: svǫppr, soppr, svampr

Icelandic: sveppur, svampur

Faroese: soppur, svøppur, svampur

Norwegian: svamp, sopp

Old Swedish: svamper, *sopper

Swedish: svamp, sopp

Old Danish: swamp, *sop

Danish: svamp, svomp, sop

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (swamms)

Seemingly related to Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós, “spongy, porous (esp. of wood)”), with which it is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *swombʰ- (“sponge; tree-fungus”), but the Greek probably cannot be of inherited Indo-European origin given its lack of the expected shift *s- > *h- (but see σῦς (sûs) for a possible exception). Likely ultimately of substrate or wanderwort origin. Such a substrate word may speculatively be related to the substrate sources of similar words in other languages, including Latin fungus (“mushroom, fungus”), Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos)/σφόγγος (sphóngos, “sponge; tonsil”), Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn, “tree fungus”) and perhaps Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (“bulged, bloated”) (whence Lithuanian gum̃bas (“bulge”) and Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip”)), which cannot be reconciled in terms of Proto-Indo-European.
See also *sumpaz (“swamp”). This along with the variants *swambaz (Old High German swamb) and *swampuz (Old Norse sǫppr, svǫppr, svampr) perhaps point to an original n-stem *swambô ~ *sumppaz.


medumō

medumō (nominative singular)
medumôz (nominative plural)
medumō (singular vocative)
medumôz (plural vocative)
medumǭ (accusative singular)
medumōz (accusative plural)
medumōz (genitive singular)
medumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
medumōi (dative singular)
medumōmaz (dative plural)
medumō (instrumental singular)
medumōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: mjǫðm
Icelandic: mjöðm f
Faroese: mjødn f
Norwegian Bokmål: mjødm f or m
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjødm f
Elfdalian: myörm m
Old Swedish: miædhm f

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰 (miduma)

Derived from *medumô (“middle, midmost”).


maþlą

maþlą (nominative singular)
maþlō (nominative plural)
maþlą (singular vocative)
maþlō (plural vocative)
maþlą (accusative singular)
maþlō (accusative plural)
maþlas (genitive singular)
maþlis (genitive singular)
maþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maþlai (dative singular)
maþlamaz (dative plural)
maþlō (instrumental singular)
maþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maþl
Old English: mæþel
Old Frisian: mēl (in derivatives)
Old Saxon: mahal
Middle Low German: mal
Frankish:
→ Late Latin: mallum
Old High German: mahal, māl
Middle High German: mahel, māl
German: Mahl (obsolete)

Old Norse: mál
Icelandic: mál
Faroese: mál
Norwegian Bokmål: mål
Old Swedish: māl
Swedish: mål
Danish: mål
→ Old English: māl (“speech, contract, agreement”)
Middle English: mal, male
English: mail
Scots: mail

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻 (maþl)

Uncertain. Perhaps from a zero-grade stem of *mōtaną (“to be permitted to, to be allowed”) (compare *mōtą (“meeting”) for the semantics) + *-tlom (“instrument suffix”). In the case of *maþlą, the root-final Proto-Indo-European *d of their common root may have been lost before the instrumental *-þlą ( < *-tlom) suffix, as in Proto-West Germanic *seþl from *séd-tlom; however, the existence of such a phonetic process is disputed, as a sequence of two dentals normally yields Germanic *-ss-, and there are alternative explanations for *seþl.


auraz

auraz (nominative singular)
aurōz (nominative plural)
aurōs (nominative plural)
aur (singular vocative)
aurōz (plural vocative)
aurōs (plural vocative)
aurą (accusative singular)
auranz (accusative plural)
auras (genitive singular)
auris (genitive singular)
aurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aurai (dative singular)
auramaz (dative plural)
aurō (instrumental singular)
auramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aur
Old English: ēar, ær
Middle English: are

Old Norse: aurr
Icelandic: aur
Faroese: eyrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: aur
→ Norwegian Bokmål: aur
Old Swedish: ø̄r
Swedish: ör
Danish: ør
Gutnish: aur

>? Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌼 (aurahjōm)

Uncertain; possibly a secondary vṛddhi full-grade of Proto-Indo-European *Huh₁-ró-s (compare Lithuanian jáura (“marsh”), jū́ra (“sea”), Old Prussian wurs (“pool”)), from *Hweh₁- (“water”) + *-rós. Cognate with Sanskrit वार् (vā́r, “water; pond, pool”).


aurī

aurī (nominative singular)
aurijôz (nominative plural)
aurī (singular vocative)
aurijôz (plural vocative)
aurijǭ (accusative singular)
aurijōz (accusative plural)
aurijōz (genitive singular)
aurijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aurijōi (dative singular)
aurijōmaz (dative plural)
aurijō (instrumental singular)
aurijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: eyrr
Icelandic: eyri f
Faroese: oyri f
Norwegian Nynorsk: øyr f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: øyr m or f
Swedish: ör c
Danish: ør c
Norwegian Bokmål: ør m or f
⇒ English: ayre (via Norn)
⇒ Scots: air (Etym 5)
→ Scottish Gaelic: tiùrr

a river bank, or sandbank at the river’s mouth


firinō

firinō (nominative singular)
firinôz (nominative plural)
firinō (singular vocative)
firinôz (plural vocative)
firinǭ (accusative singular)
firinōz (accusative plural)
firinōz (genitive singular)
firinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firinōi (dative singular)
firinōmaz (dative plural)
firinō (instrumental singular)
firinōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *firinu
Old English: firen, fyren
Old Frisian: firne
Old Saxon: firina
Old High German: firina
Middle High German: virne

Old Norse: firin-, firna-, firn

Icelandic: firin-, firna-, firn

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌰 (fairina)

Possibly related to *fērą, *fērō (“danger”).


taskǭ

taskǭ (nominative singular)
taskōniz (nominative plural)
taskǭ (singular vocative)
taskōniz (plural vocative)
taskōnų (accusative singular)
taskōnunz (accusative plural)
taskōniz (genitive singular)
taskōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taskōni (dative singular)
taskōmaz (dative plural)
taskōnē (instrumental singular)
taskōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taskā

Old Frisian: *taske

Saterland Frisian: Taaske

gl

<i class="Latn mention" lang="fy">tas</i> perhaps a loan from Dutch

West Frisian: (archaic) task, tas (tas perhaps a loan from Dutch)

Old Saxon: taska, daska, dasga

Middle Low German: tasche

German Low German: Taske, Task

Old Dutch: *taska

desc

Middle Dutch: tasche, tesche, tassche, tessche

Dutch: tas

Afrikaans: tas

→ Vulgar Latin: *tasca, *tascha

Old French: tasche; tachette, tassette

Middle French: taisse

→ Middle English: tache, tasse

English: tasse; tasset

Italian: tasca

→ Old High German: tasca, taska

Middle High German: tasche, tesche

Central Franconian: Täsch

German: Tasche

→ Czech: taška

→ Slovak: taška

→ Serbo-Croatian: taška, tašna

Yiddish: טאַש (tash)

⇒ Old High German: taskila, tascila

Interlingua: tasca

Old High German: *zaska, zasca

⇒ Old High German: zaskōn, zascōn (“to snatch, seize, rob”)

gl

Old Norse: taska (alternatively, perhaps from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: taska

Faroese: taska

Norwegian: taske

Old Swedish: taska

Swedish: taska, task

Danish: taske

→ Finnish: tasku

Of unknown origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *das-, *des- (“to fray, exhaust, get tired, faint, unravel”).


grīmô

grīmô (nominative singular)
grīmaniz (nominative plural)
grīmô (singular vocative)
grīmaniz (plural vocative)
grīmanų (accusative singular)
grīmanunz (accusative plural)
grīminiz (genitive singular)
grīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grīmini (dative singular)
grīmammaz (dative plural)
grīminē (instrumental singular)
grīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: grīma

Middle English: grime

Scots: grime

English: grime

Old Frisian: grīme

Saterland Frisian: Grīme

Old Saxon: grīmo, grīma, grīm

Middle Low German: grîmet, grēme

German Low German: Greemtiek, Gremeree

Frankish: *grīmo, *grīma

Old Dutch: *grīmo

Middle Dutch: grīme, gryme; grimsel, grijmsel

Dutch: grijm

→ Old French: grime, grimuche; grimace, grimouart

Middle French: grimace

French: grimace

→ English: grimace

→ Dutch: grimas

→ German: Grimasse

→ Medieval Latin: grimutio

→ Spanish: grimazo

Old High German: grīmo, grīm

Old Norse: gríma f

Icelandic: gríma

Faroese: gríma, grímutur

Norwegian: grime; grimet

Old Swedish: grima

Swedish: grimma, grima (dialectal)

Danish: grime

→ Scots: grima, grimek, grimet

Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (*greima)

→ Galician: grima, grimo

/ˈɣriː.mɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrēy- (“to paint, streak, smear”), from *gʰer- (“to rub, stroke”).


anhtō

anhtō (nominative singular)
anhtôz (nominative plural)
anhtō (singular vocative)
anhtôz (plural vocative)
anhtǭ (accusative singular)
anhtōz (accusative plural)
anhtōz (genitive singular)
anhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anhtōi (dative singular)
anhtōmaz (dative plural)
anhtō (instrumental singular)
anhtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ą̄htu
Old English: ōht
Old Frisian: achte, acht
Old Saxon: *āhta, ōht
Middle Low German: achte
Low German: Acht
→ Norwegian Bokmål: akt
Old Dutch: *āhta
Middle Dutch: achte
Dutch: acht
Old High German: āhta
Middle High German: āhte, ǣhte
German: Acht

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk-, *h₂enḱ- (“fate, destiny”).


barō

barō (nominative singular)
barôz (nominative plural)
barō (singular vocative)
barôz (plural vocative)
barǭ (accusative singular)
barōz (accusative plural)
barōz (genitive singular)
barǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barōi (dative singular)
barōmaz (dative plural)
barō (instrumental singular)
barōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baru

gl

possibly deverbal from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*barjan</i>

Old Frisian: bēr (“threat, attack”) (possibly deverbal from Proto-West Germanic *barjan)

desc

Old High German: bara (“fenced plot of land, enclosure, district”)

q

→? Vulgar Latin: *barra (with sporadic geminate r; unless from Gaulish) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Old Norse: berlingr (“short bar”, diminutive)

Icelandic: berlingur

Norwegian: berling

Swedish: bärling

→ Middle English: berling, barling, birling

English: berling, barling

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to strike; pierce”). Compare Latin forus (“gangway, plank”), Russian забо́р (zabór, “fencing, paling, fence”). Compare also Ancient Greek φάρος (pháros, “piece of land, furrow, marker, beacon, lighthouse”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoréh₂ via a meaning “support”, from *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”). Compare in that case Old Norse barar f pl (“handbarrow, bier”).


buriz

buriz (nominative singular)
burīz (nominative plural)
buri (singular vocative)
burīz (plural vocative)
burį (accusative singular)
burinz (accusative plural)
burīz (genitive singular)
burjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burī (dative singular)
burimaz (dative plural)
burī (instrumental singular)
burimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *burī

Old English: byre

Old Norse: burr

Icelandic: bur

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (baur)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”).


buriz

Old English: byre

Old High German: bur, pur, bor; burī

Middle High German: bor; büre

German: Bor

Alemannic German: Büri

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”), particularly from the developed sense “to lift”. Equivalent to etymology 1.


buriz

Old English: byre; (ġebyre?; ambyre?)

Old Frisian: *bure

West Frisian: bur

Old Saxon: *buri

Middle Low German: bore (in derivative: borelōs)

Old Norse: byrr

Icelandic: byr

Faroese: byrur

Norwegian: bør

Old Swedish: byr, bør

Swedish: bör

Danish: bør

→ Middle English: bür, byrre, bir

Scots: bir, ber, beir, bere, bur, burr

English: birr

→ Proto-Samic: *porjës (“sail”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *purjëh (“sail”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”), perhaps as *“carrying force”. Equivalent to etymologies 1 and 2.


warduz

warduz (nominative singular)
wardiwiz (nominative plural)
wardu (singular vocative)
wardiwiz (plural vocative)
wardų (accusative singular)
wardunz (accusative plural)
wardauz (genitive singular)
wardiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardiwi (dative singular)
wardumaz (dative plural)
wardū (instrumental singular)
wardumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: vǫrðr
Icelandic: vörður
Faroese: vørður
Norwegian Nynorsk: vord
→ Norwegian Bokmål: vord
Old Swedish: varþer
Swedish: vard, vård
→ Scots: warth

From Proto-Indo-European *wor-tús, *wor-tós, suffixed o-grade forms of Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed”).

North Germanic form of *wardaz (“guard”)


wardō

wardō (nominative singular)
wardôz (nominative plural)
wardō (singular vocative)
wardôz (plural vocative)
wardǭ (accusative singular)
wardōz (accusative plural)
wardōz (genitive singular)
wardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardōi (dative singular)
wardōmaz (dative plural)
wardō (instrumental singular)
wardōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wardu
Old English: weard, uueard
Middle English: warde, ward
Scots: ward
English: ward
Old Saxon: warda
Middle Low German: warde
Old Dutch: *warda (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: wāerde
Old High German: warta
Middle High German: warte
German: Warte
→ Medieval Latin: warda (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: vǫrð

Icelandic: vörð

Norwegian: vård, vord

Swedish: vård

Nominal formation related to *wardaz (“guard”).


haifstiz

haifstiz (nominative singular)
haifstīz (nominative plural)
haifsti (singular vocative)
haifstīz (plural vocative)
haifstį (accusative singular)
haifstinz (accusative plural)
haifstīz (genitive singular)
haifstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haifstī (dative singular)
haifstimaz (dative plural)
haifstī (instrumental singular)
haifstimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haifsti
Old English: hǣst, hǣste, hēst
Middle English: heste (hapax)
Old Frisian: hāst
Saterland Frisian: Hoast
West Frisian: haest; haeste
Old Saxon: heist
Middle Low German: heist
Old Dutch: *hēst
Old High German: heist, heisti, *heifti
Middle High German: heifte
→ Old French: haste (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: heipt, heift, heist

Icelandic: heift

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐍃 (haifsts)
→? Italian: astio

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *ḱoyp-sti-s, from *ḱeyp- (“to ridicule, anger”).


īhwaz

īhwaz (nominative singular)
īhwōz (nominative plural)
īhwōs (nominative plural)
īhw (singular vocative)
īhwōz (plural vocative)
īhwōs (plural vocative)
īhwą (accusative singular)
īhwanz (accusative plural)
īhwas (genitive singular)
īhwis (genitive singular)
īhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īhwai (dative singular)
īhwamaz (dative plural)
īhwō (instrumental singular)
īhwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *īhu
Old English: īw, ēow, ēoh
Middle English: ew, u, iw, iv, eev, hw, ewe
English: yew
Scots: yew, ewe
Yola: yew
Old Saxon: īh, īch
Middle Low German: îve, yue, iwe
German Low German: Iev
Old Dutch: *īwa
Middle Dutch: ieve, ijf (possibly a reborrowing from Latin or Romance)
Dutch: ijf
Old High German: īwa, eiba, īgo, īga, īha f
Middle High German: īwe, ībe
Alemannic German: Iche, Ige
Cimbrian: aiba
German: Eibe
Yiddish: אייבנבוים (eybnboym)
→ Late Latin: ivus, *iva
Spanish: iva
Old French: if
Middle French: if
French: if
Norman: if

Old Norse: ýr

Icelandic: ýr

Swedish: idegran

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyHw- (“yew”), with probably intrusive *-gw-/-hw- from *-w-. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *iwos, *īwos.


brēþiz

brēþiz (nominative singular)
brēþīz (nominative plural)
brēþi (singular vocative)
brēþīz (plural vocative)
brēþį (accusative singular)
brēþinz (accusative plural)
brēþīz (genitive singular)
brēþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brēþī (dative singular)
brēþimaz (dative plural)
brēþī (instrumental singular)
brēþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brāþi
Old English: brǣþ
Middle English: breeth, breað, braþe, breth, breith
English: breath
Scots: breth, brethe, breith

Pointing to pre-Germanic *bʰrēt-, but of uncertain further origin. Most likely from the verb *brēaną (“to fume, smell, give off vapor”), attested only in Middle High German bræhen (“to smell”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁-, perhaps an extension of the root *bʰer- (“to seethe, toss about, cook”) .
Alternatively, perhaps from *gʰwer- (“to smell, breathe”).


būlō

būlō (nominative singular)
būlôz (nominative plural)
būlō (singular vocative)
būlôz (plural vocative)
būlǭ (accusative singular)
būlōz (accusative plural)
būlōz (genitive singular)
būlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būlōi (dative singular)
būlōmaz (dative plural)
būlō (instrumental singular)
būlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bȳl; bȳle (< *būlijō, *būlijǭ); also possibly from *bīele < *baulijō

Middle English: büle, bile

Scots: bile, beil

English: boil

Old Frisian: bēl, bēle, beil (< *būlijō)

West Frisian: bûl

Old Saxon: būla

Middle Low German: būle

Low German: Buul

Old Dutch: *būla

Middle Dutch: būle, buul

Dutch: buil

Old High German: *būla; būilla; būlla; būllia (< *būlijō)

Middle High German: biule

German: Beule

Old Norse: bóla (?)

Swedish: bula

Danish: bule

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


braidį̄

braidį̄ (nominative singular)
braidīniz (nominative plural)
braidį̄ (singular vocative)
braidīniz (plural vocative)
braidīnų (accusative singular)
braidīnunz (accusative plural)
braidīniz (genitive singular)
braidīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
braidīni (dative singular)
braidīmaz (dative plural)
braidīnē (instrumental singular)
braidīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣdu

Middle English: brede

English: bread (“breadth”) (dialectal)

Scots: brede, breid

Old Frisian: brēde

(Saterland Frisian: Bratte)

(West Frisian: breedte)

Old Saxon: brēda

Middle Low German: brêde, breide

(German Low German: Breddte, Breddt)

Old Dutch: *brēdi, *breidi

Middle Dutch: *brēde

Old High German: breitī, *breitīn
Middle High German: breite; breiten
German: Breite
Luxembourgish: Breet

/ˈbrɑi̯.ðĩː/


skulō

skulō (nominative singular)
skulôz (nominative plural)
skulō (singular vocative)
skulôz (plural vocative)
skulǭ (accusative singular)
skulōz (accusative plural)
skulōz (genitive singular)
skulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skulōi (dative singular)
skulōmaz (dative plural)
skulō (instrumental singular)
skulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skolu

Old English: sċolu, sċeolu
Middle English: *schole
English: shoal
Scots: schole

Old Frisian: *skole

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: Skuul

Fering: skuul

Öömrang: skuul

Halunder: Skuul

Bökingharde: schölj

West Frisian: skoal

Old Saxon: scola, skola

Middle Low German: schōle

Old Dutch: *skola

Middle Dutch: schōle

Dutch: school

→ Middle English: scole

Scots: scule, scuill, skole

English: school

→ Danish: skole

→ Latin: schola (“troop of soldiers”)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, divide”).


wimpilaz

wimpilaz (nominative singular)
wimpilōz (nominative plural)
wimpilōs (nominative plural)
wimpil (singular vocative)
wimpilōz (plural vocative)
wimpilōs (plural vocative)
wimpilą (accusative singular)
wimpilanz (accusative plural)
wimpilas (genitive singular)
wimpilis (genitive singular)
wimpilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wimpilai (dative singular)
wimpilamaz (dative plural)
wimpilō (instrumental singular)
wimpilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wimpil
Old English: wimpel, winpel
Middle English: wympel, wimpel, wympil, wimpul
English: wimple
Scots: wympill, wempill, wompyll, wimple
Old Frisian: wimpel
Saterland Frisian: Wimpel
West Frisian: wimpel
Old Saxon: wimpal
Middle Low German: wimpel, wumpel
German Low German: Wimpel
Old Dutch: *wimpil
Middle Dutch: wimpel, wumpel
Dutch: wimpel
Afrikaans: wimpel
Old High German: wimpfal, wimpal
Middle High German: wimpel
German: Wimpel
→ Russian: вы́мпел (výmpel)
→ Old French: guimple, gimple (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: vimpill

Icelandic: vimpill

Norwegian: vimpel

Swedish: vimpel

Danish: vimpel


traustą

traustą (nominative singular)
traustō (nominative plural)
traustą (singular vocative)
traustō (plural vocative)
traustą (accusative singular)
traustō (accusative plural)
traustas (genitive singular)
traustis (genitive singular)
traustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
traustai (dative singular)
traustamaz (dative plural)
traustō (instrumental singular)
traustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *traust m
Old English: *trēast
Middle English: trest, tryst, trist, treyst, trayste (through confluence with Old Norse verb treysta)
Scots: trest, traist
English: tryst
Old Frisian: trāst
North Frisian: trast
Saterland Frisian: Traast
West Frisian: treast
Old Saxon: trōst; gitrōst
Middle Low German: trôst
German Low German: Troost
Old Dutch: trōst
Middle Dutch: trôost
Dutch: troost
Afrikaans: troos
Old High German: trōst
Middle High German: trōst
German: Trost
Hunsrik: Troost
Luxembourgish: Trouscht
→ Medieval Latin: trustis (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: traust

Icelandic: traust

Norwegian: trøst; trøyste (dialectal)

Old Swedish: trøst

Swedish: tröst

Danish: trøst

→ Middle English: trost, trust

Scots: trust

English: trust

→ French: trust

→ Vietnamese: tơ-rớt

→ Spanish: trust

→ Medieval Latin: trustus

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌹 (trausti)


flōduz

flōduz (nominative singular)
flōdiwiz (nominative plural)
flōdu (singular vocative)
flōdiwiz (plural vocative)
flōdų (accusative singular)
flōdunz (accusative plural)
flōdauz (genitive singular)
flōdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flōdiwi (dative singular)
flōdumaz (dative plural)
flōdū (instrumental singular)
flōdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōdu m or f
Old English: flōd n or m, ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ (flódu) — Runic
Middle English: flod, flood, floode, flode, flowt, fflood, fflode, vlode
English: flood
Scots: fluid, flude
→ Anglo-Latin: flōdus [13th c.] (England)
Old Frisian: flōd n
North Frisian: floth
Saterland Frisian: Floud f
West Frisian: floed m or f
Old Saxon: flōd m or f
Middle Low German: vlôt m or f
German Low German: Flood f
Old Dutch: fluod f
Middle Dutch: vloet m or f
Dutch: vloed c
Afrikaans: vloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: flutu
Javindo: floed
Limburgish: vlood
Old High German: fluot m
Middle High German: vluot m or f
Cimbrian: fluut m
German: Flut f
→ Vulgar Latin: *flōtus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: flóð n, flœðr f

Icelandic: flóð n, flæður f

Faroese: flóð f

Norwegian: flod c

Old Swedish: flōþ n or f

Swedish: flod c

Old Danish: floth

Danish: flod c

Gothic: 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 m (flōdus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *loodëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *plóh₃tus (“overflow, deluge”), from the root *pleh₃(w)- (“to flow, run”). Synchronically analyzed as a tu-stem nominal formation from *flōaną (“to flow”).


brōduz

brōduz (nominative singular)
brōdiwiz (nominative plural)
brōdu (singular vocative)
brōdiwiz (plural vocative)
brōdų (accusative singular)
brōdunz (accusative plural)
brōdauz (genitive singular)
brōdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brōdiwi (dative singular)
brōdumaz (dative plural)
brōdū (instrumental singular)
brōdumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōd

Middle English: brod, brood

English: brood

Scots: brude, brod, brodd, brode

Old Frisian: *brōd

Saterland Frisian: Broud

West Frisian: broed

Old Saxon: *brōd

Middle Low German: brôt

(German Low German: Bröddsel)

Old Dutch: *bruot

Middle Dutch: broet

Dutch: broed

Old High German: bruot, pruot

Middle High German: bruot, pruot

German: Brut

From Pre-Germanic *bʰroh₁tús, a tu-stem derived from *brōaną (“to warm, brew”).


sahtiz

sahtiz (nominative singular)
sahtīz (nominative plural)
sahti (singular vocative)
sahtīz (plural vocative)
sahtį (accusative singular)
sahtinz (accusative plural)
sahtīz (genitive singular)
sahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sahtī (dative singular)
sahtimaz (dative plural)
sahtī (instrumental singular)
sahtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: seht, sæht, seaht, saht

desc

Middle English: sæhte, seihte, saȝt, saght, sahte, saughte

Scots: saucht

English: saught

Old Norse: sátt, sætt

Icelandic: sátt, sætt

Faroese: sátt, sætt

Old Swedish: sāt, sǣt

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*sahts)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (gasahts)

A functional zero-grade ti-stem derived from *sakaną, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g- (“to follow after, pursue, track, seek”).


pakkô

pakkô (nominative singular)
pakkaniz (nominative plural)
pakkô (singular vocative)
pakkaniz (plural vocative)
pakkanų (accusative singular)
pakkanunz (accusative plural)
pakkiniz (genitive singular)
pakkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pakkini (dative singular)
pakkammaz (dative plural)
pakkinē (instrumental singular)
pakkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pakkō

Old English: *pacca, *pæcca

Middle English: pakke, packe, pak

English: pack

→ Irish: paca

Scots: pak, pack

Old Frisian: *pakka

Saterland Frisian: Pak, Pakje

West Frisian: pak, pakje

Old Saxon: *pakko

Middle Low German: packe, pak

German Low German: Pack

⇒ Middle Low German: gepak, gepack

German Low German: Gepack

→ Middle High German: pac

German: Pack, Packen

⇒ Middle High German: gepac

German: Gepäck

⇒ Middle High German: backel (“bundle”)

Old Dutch: *pakko, pac

Middle Dutch: pack, pak

Dutch: pak, pakje

→ Italian: pacco

⇒ Middle Dutch: gepac

Dutch: gepak

→ Old French: pacque, pasque; pacquage; pacquet, paquet

Middle French: pacque; pacquage; paquet

French: pacque; pacquage; paquet

→ English: package; packet

→ Dutch: pakket

Old Norse: pakki; pakka (possibly borrowed from Low German)

Icelandic: pakki; pakka

Faroese: pakki

Norwegian: pakke

Old Swedish: pakke

Swedish: packe

Danish: pakke

Unknown. Likely from a pre-Germanic substrate language, due to phonetic irregularities between the root's relatives in other languages, as well as its restriction to western branches of Indo-European. Said relatives include Middle Welsh beich (“load, cargo”), Latin bāiulus (“porter, carrier”) (whence Spanish baga (“load”)), and perhaps fascis (“bundle”), Ancient Greek φάκελος (phákelos, “bundle”).


daigijǭ

daigijǭ (nominative singular)
daigijōniz (nominative plural)
daigijǭ (singular vocative)
daigijōniz (plural vocative)
daigijōnų (accusative singular)
daigijōnunz (accusative plural)
daigijōniz (genitive singular)
daigijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daigijōni (dative singular)
daigijōmaz (dative plural)
daigijōnē (instrumental singular)
daigijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daigijā

desctree

Old English: dǣġe
Middle English: deye, deie, daie
English: dey
Scots: dey, deigh
⇒ Middle English: dayerye, daerie, deierie, deiȝerie
English: dairy
Scots: dyrie
→ Medieval Latin: dayeria, daeria

Old Norse: deigja

Icelandic: deigja

Norwegian: deigja, deia (in compounds)

Old Swedish: deghia, dighia

Swedish: deja

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form, build”).


darōþuz

darōþuz (nominative singular)
darōþiwiz (nominative plural)
darōþu (singular vocative)
darōþiwiz (plural vocative)
darōþų (accusative singular)
darōþunz (accusative plural)
darōþauz (genitive singular)
darōþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
darōþiwi (dative singular)
darōþumaz (dative plural)
darōþū (instrumental singular)
darōþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *darōþu
Old English: daroþ
Old Dutch: *daroth
Middle Dutch: dāert, dart
Dutch: daart
Old High German: tart
→ Medieval Latin: dardus [768 CE, France] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: darraðr

Icelandic: darraður

From *darō (“injury; damage, harm”) + *-ōþuz.


kidją

kidją (nominative singular)
kidjō (nominative plural)
kidją (singular vocative)
kidjō (plural vocative)
kidją (accusative singular)
kidjō (accusative plural)
kidjas (genitive singular)
kidis (genitive singular)
kidjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kidjai (dative singular)
kidjamaz (dative plural)
kidjō (instrumental singular)
kidjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kið

Icelandic: kið

Norwegian: kid

Old Swedish: kiþ

Swedish: kid

Danish: kid

→ Middle English: kydde, kide, kid

Scots: kid

English: kid

→ Proto-Samic: *kiccē (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; probably from a substrate language. Compare *gaits.


kittīną

kittīną (nominative singular)
kittīnō (nominative plural)
kittīną (singular vocative)
kittīnō (plural vocative)
kittīną (accusative singular)
kittīnō (accusative plural)
kittīnas (genitive singular)
kittīnis (genitive singular)
kittīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kittīnai (dative singular)
kittīnamaz (dative plural)
kittīnō (instrumental singular)
kittīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kittīn

Old English: *ċitten, *ċytten, *ċietten
Middle English: chitte
English: chit
Scots: chit

Old Saxon: *kittīn

Middle Low German: *kitte

Low German: kitte

Old High German: kizzīn, chizzīn; kizzi, chitzi

Middle High German: kitze; kitz

Cimbrian: khitz

German: Kitz

From *kittô + *-īną. The first element is tentatively from Proto-Indo-European *gidʰ-, *gidʰ-n- (“kid”) (see *kidją), or more likely from a substrate language. For the latter case, compare *gaits (“goat”) with its incompatible voicing.

(West Germanic) the young of an animal; fawn; kid; whelp

>? Dutch: ket

possibly conflated with a descendant of Proto-Germanic *kidją


kwernō

kwernō (nominative singular)
kwernôz (nominative plural)
kwernō (singular vocative)
kwernôz (plural vocative)
kwernǭ (accusative singular)
kwernōz (accusative plural)
kwernōz (genitive singular)
kwernǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwernōi (dative singular)
kwernōmaz (dative plural)
kwernō (instrumental singular)
kwernōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cweorn
Middle English: quern, querne, queerne, cwerne, quyerne, quyrne, qwerne, whern, qweryn, qwhern
English: quern, kern, curn, quirn
Scots: querne, quern, queirn, queern
Yola: querne

Old Frisian: quern

North Frisian: quern

Old Saxon: querna; (kwern, quern)

Middle Low German: querne; (quern)

Old Dutch: *kwerna

Middle Dutch: querne, queerne, quaerne

Dutch: kweern

Old High German: chwirna; (kwirn, quirn, kurn, churn)

Middle High German: churne, kürne; (kurn, kürn)

Old Norse: kvern

Icelandic: kvern, kvörn

Faroese: kvørn

Norwegian: kvern

Old Swedish: kværn, kvarn

Swedish: kvarn

Old Danish: kwærn

Danish: kværn

Elfdalian: kwenn

Jamtish: kvæðn

Gutnish: kvänn

Scanian: kværn

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: giertnas

From earlier *kwernuz, a rare feminine u-stem reanalysed as an ō-stem, in turn from Pre-Germanic *gʷérh₂nus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”). Cognate with Lithuanian girna (“grindstone, millstone”), Russian жёрнов (žórnov, “grindstone, millstone”), Old Irish bró (“millstone, handmill”).


kwernuz

kwernuz (nominative singular)
kwirniwiz (nominative plural)
kwernu (singular vocative)
kwirniwiz (plural vocative)
kwernų (accusative singular)
kwernunz (accusative plural)
kwernauz (genitive singular)
kwirniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwirniwi (dative singular)
kwernumaz (dative plural)
kwernū (instrumental singular)
kwernumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwernu
Old Saxon: kwern, quern
Middle Low German: quern
Old Dutch: *kwern
Middle Dutch: querne
Dutch: kweern
Old High German: kwirn, quirn, kurn, churn
Middle High German: kurn, kürn

Gothic: *𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (*qairnus) (in 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (asiluqairnus))

From Pre-Germanic *gʷérh₂nus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”). Cognate with Sanskrit ग्रावन् (grāvan, “pressing stone”), Lithuanian gìrna (“grindstone, millstone”), Russian жёрнов (žórnov, “grindstone, millstone”), Old Irish bró (“millstone, handmill”).


swakkuz

swakkuz (nominative singular)
swakkiwiz (nominative plural)
swakku (singular vocative)
swakkiwiz (plural vocative)
swakkų (accusative singular)
swakkunz (accusative plural)
swakkauz (genitive singular)
swakkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swakkiwi (dative singular)
swakkumaz (dative plural)
swakkū (instrumental singular)
swakkumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swakku, *swakkī

Old English: swæcc, swecc; swicc (< *swikkiz); swec (< *swakiz)

Old Saxon: swek (< *swakiz)

Old High German: swekkī, sweckī; swekka, swecka; swekke (plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *swegn-, *swekn- (“odour, smell”), from Proto-Indo-European *sweg-, *swek- (“to smell”).


haulaz

haulaz (nominative singular)
haulōz (nominative plural)
haulōs (nominative plural)
haul (singular vocative)
haulōz (plural vocative)
haulōs (plural vocative)
haulą (accusative singular)
haulanz (accusative plural)
haulas (genitive singular)
haulis (genitive singular)
haulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haulai (dative singular)
haulamaz (dative plural)
haulō (instrumental singular)
haulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēala

⇒ Old English: hēalede

Middle English: healide, healyde

Old Frisian: *hāla

⇒ Old Frisian: hāladi

Old Saxon: hōla

⇒ Old Saxon: hōladi, hālodi, haladi

Old High German: hōla

desc

⇒ Old High German: hōloht, hōlaht, hōleht

Middle High German: hōlëht

Old Norse: haull

Icelandic: haull

⇒ Old Norse: haula

Icelandic: haula

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ewl-o-s, from *kh₂ewl- (“tumor, rupture, hernia”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *kū́ˀlāˀ (> Lithuanian kūlas (“umbilical hernia”), Proto-Slavic *kỳla (“outgrowth, hernia”)).


dulją

dulją (nominative singular)
duljō (nominative plural)
dulją (singular vocative)
duljō (plural vocative)
dulją (accusative singular)
duljō (accusative plural)
duljas (genitive singular)
dulis (genitive singular)
duljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duljai (dative singular)
duljamaz (dative plural)
duljō (instrumental singular)
duljamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *duli
Old High German: tulli, duli
Middle High German: tülle
German: Tülle
→ Vulgar Latin: *dullia (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰel(h₂)- (“curvature, hollow, bend”).


dalkaz

dalkaz (nominative singular)
dalkōz (nominative plural)
dalkōs (nominative plural)
dalk (singular vocative)
dalkōz (plural vocative)
dalkōs (plural vocative)
dalką (accusative singular)
dalkanz (accusative plural)
dalkas (genitive singular)
dalkis (genitive singular)
dalkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dalkai (dative singular)
dalkamaz (dative plural)
dalkō (instrumental singular)
dalkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dalk, *dolk
Old English: dalc, dolc
Middle English: dalk, dalke
English: dalk, (dialectal) dawk

Old Norse: dálkr

Icelandic: dálkur

gl

possibly borrowed from unrelated Danish <i class="Latn mention" lang="da">dolk</i>

>? Faroese: dolkur (possibly borrowed from unrelated Danish dolk)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg-, *dʰelk- (“to stick, prick, stab”). Cognate with Lithuanian dilgus (“prickly”), Latin falx (“hook, sickle”), Old Irish delg (“spine, needle”).