agalaitiją

agalaitiją (nominative singular)
agalaitijō (nominative plural)
agalaitiją (singular vocative)
agalaitijō (plural vocative)
agalaitiją (accusative singular)
agalaitijō (accusative plural)
agalaitijas (genitive singular)
agalaitīs (genitive singular)
agalaitijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agalaitijai (dative singular)
agalaitijamaz (dative plural)
agalaitijō (instrumental singular)
agalaitijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *agalaitī

Old High German: agaleizi

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹 (aglaiti)


ahanō

ahanō (nominative singular)
ahanôz (nominative plural)
ahanō (singular vocative)
ahanôz (plural vocative)
ahanǭ (accusative singular)
ahanōz (accusative plural)
ahanōz (genitive singular)
ahanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahanōi (dative singular)
ahanōmaz (dative plural)
ahanō (instrumental singular)
ahanōmiz (instrumental plural)
*aganō (alternative)

Old English: agnu, aegne, egenu

Old High German: agana, agena, agina

Middle High German: agene

German: Agen, Ahne

desctree

Old Norse: ǫgn
Icelandic: ögn
Faroese: øgn
Norwegian Nynorsk: agn, ogn
Norwegian Bokmål: agn
Old Danish: aghn
Danish: avne
→ North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: aagen
Mooring-Sylt:
Mooring: åågene
Sylt: Aagen
Wiedingharde: aagene
Swedish: agn
Elfdalian: aungen
→? Middle English: awne, agune, auene, aune, awene, awun
English: awn; awns
Scots: yawin, yavin, yewn

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ahana)

→ Proto-Finnic: *akana (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂e(ḱ)-on-eh₂-, from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”). See also *ahaz (“ear (of grains)”) and Latin agna (“ear (of grains)”).


aiglaz

aiglaz (nominative singular)
aiglōz (nominative plural)
aiglōs (nominative plural)
aigl (singular vocative)
aiglōz (plural vocative)
aiglōs (plural vocative)
aiglą (accusative singular)
aiglanz (accusative plural)
aiglas (genitive singular)
aiglis (genitive singular)
aiglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiglai (dative singular)
aiglamaz (dative plural)
aiglō (instrumental singular)
aiglamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *eigl

Swedish: egel (dialectal), äjel (dialectal)

Unknown. Compare Ancient Greek αἶκλοι (aîkloi, “corners of an arrow”, pl.) and αἰχμή (aikhmḗ, “point of a spear, head of an arrow”). Kroonen maintains a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eyḱ- as the source, but this comes with phonetic problems. Perhaps a European substrate word in common with Old Prussian ayculo (“needle”) and Proto-Slavic *jьgъlà (“needle”).


ainijaz

ainijaz (nominative singular)
ainijōz (nominative plural)
ainijōs (nominative plural)
ainī (singular vocative)
ainijōz (plural vocative)
ainijōs (plural vocative)
ainiją (accusative singular)
ainijanz (accusative plural)
ainijas (genitive singular)
ainīs (genitive singular)
ainijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ainijai (dative singular)
ainijamaz (dative plural)
ainijō (instrumental singular)
ainijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ainī

Old Saxon: *aini

ref

note

Alternatively, borrowed from North Germanic.

desc

>? Middle Low German: *eyni, *eyn, *ene; ⇒ *eyniken, *eneken (diminutive); ⇒ *eyni-beren, eyn-beren, ein-beeren (“juniper-berry”)

German Low German: ēneke, ēnke

German Low German: Eenberen

⇒? eneken-behren

⇒ eyn-holz, eyn-holcz, eynberen holt

⇒ eynberen-boem

⇒ eyniken-strucke, einbeeren struke

German Low German: Eenkenstruk, Ehmkenstruk, Ênbêrnstrûk

Old High German: *aini, *eini

>? Middle High German: *eine

⇒ German: *Ein-beere

⇒ Einbeer-baum (“juniper-berry”)

desctree

Old Norse: einir
Icelandic: einir
Faroese: eini
Norwegian Nynorsk: eine, einer
Norwegian Bokmål: einer
Elfdalian: ien, iene
Old Swedish: ēn, ēne
Swedish: en, ene
Danish: ene, ener
Norwegian Bokmål: ener
→⇒? Middle Low German: eynholz, eynholcz, eynberen holt, eynberenboem, einbeeren struke, enekenbehren, eynikenstrucke
German Low German: Ênbêrnstrûk, Eenberen, Ehmkenstruk, Eenkenstruk, Euwerbush (Mecklenburg, Pommern, Rügen as of late 19th c.)

The details of the derivation and those of the supposed cognates are uncertain, but seemingly related to the beginning element of Latin iūniperus (“juniper”), as well as perhaps to Hittite 𒂊𒅀𒀭 (e-i̯a-an /ei̯an-/, “(a kind of) evergreen tree (yew?)”), in which case they may be from a Proto-Indo-European acrostatic n-stem noun *h₁óy-n- ~ *h₁éy-n-s. The Germanic form points to *h₁oy-n-yo-, which may have been a collective formation along with the Latin. Orel also compares Middle Irish áin (“bulrush”).
Alternatively:
* A European substrate word. This is evidenced by the Western European distribution (disregarding the doubtful Hittite) and odd phonetic details: while Latin iūniperus could be considered sporadic with regard to a PIE precursor, its resemblance to iuncus (“reed, rush”) and Middle Irish áin raises more questions. Compare also *īhwaz (“yew”).
* A North Germanic term borrowed from the Latin, with subsequent rebracketing, from there borrowed into both High and Low German; see Old Norse einir for more.


aisǭ

aisǭ (nominative singular)
aisōniz (nominative plural)
aisǭ (singular vocative)
aisōniz (plural vocative)
aisōnų (accusative singular)
aisōnunz (accusative plural)
aisōniz (genitive singular)
aisōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aisōni (dative singular)
aisōmaz (dative plural)
aisōnē (instrumental singular)
aisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aisā

Old Saxon: *ēsa

Middle Low German: êse

desctree

Old Norse: eisa
Icelandic: eisa
Norwegian Nynorsk: eisa, eise; (dialectal) ese, hese
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eise
Swedish: (dialectal) ajsa
→ Scots: aes, es, aze


aistô

aistô (nominative singular)
aistōnō (nominative plural)
aistô (singular vocative)
aistōnō (plural vocative)
aistô (accusative singular)
aistōnō (accusative plural)
aistiniz (genitive singular)
aistanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aistini (dative singular)
aistammaz (dative plural)
aistinē (instrumental singular)
aistammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: eista
Icelandic: eista
Faroese: eista
Norwegian Nynorsk: eiste

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oyd-sth₂-o-, from the root *h₂eyd- (“to swell”) (see *aitaz, *aitrą) with a suffixed root *-sth₂-, a formation common also to Balto-Slavic: Lithuanian i̇̀nkstas (“testicle, kidney”), Old Church Slavonic исто (isto, “testicle, (pl.) kidneys, guts”). Compare also Albanian eshke, veshkë (“kidney”).


aitaz

aitaz (nominative singular)
aitōz (nominative plural)
aitōs (nominative plural)
ait (singular vocative)
aitōz (plural vocative)
aitōs (plural vocative)
aitą (accusative singular)
aitanz (accusative plural)
aitas (genitive singular)
aitis (genitive singular)
aitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aitai (dative singular)
aitamaz (dative plural)
aitō (instrumental singular)
aitamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *ēt

Middle Dutch: *êet

Dutch: eet

Old High German: eiz

Middle High German: eiz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óydos, whence also possibly Proto-Slavic *ě̑dъ, *jadъ (“poison, malice”) (Old Church Slavonic ядъ (jadŭ), Czech jed, Polish jad, Russian яд (jad), Serbo-Croatian ȉjed, jȁd), from the root *h₂eyd- (“to swell”). Cognate with Old Armenian այտնում (aytnum, “to swell”) (aorist այտեայ (ayteay)), այտ (ayt, “cheek”), Ancient Greek οἰδέω (oidéō, “to swell”), *οἰδί- (*oidí-, “swollen”), Latin aemidus (“swollen”), Persian استیم (astim, “pus”).

ref

For the Slavic, Derksen prefers a derivation from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ed-</i> (“to eat”) (which Kroonen also notes as a possibility) involving a euphemistic semantic shift “food” > “poison”.


aitilaz

aitilaz (nominative singular)
aitilōz (nominative plural)
aitilōs (nominative plural)
aitil (singular vocative)
aitilōz (plural vocative)
aitilōs (plural vocative)
aitilą (accusative singular)
aitilanz (accusative plural)
aitilas (genitive singular)
aitilis (genitive singular)
aitilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aitilai (dative singular)
aitilamaz (dative plural)
aitilō (instrumental singular)
aitilamiz (instrumental plural)
*aitilō (alternative)

Old High German: eizala f

Middle High German: eizel n

Old Norse: eitill

Faroese: eitil

Icelandic: eitill


aiþį̄

aiþį̄ (nominative singular)
aiþīniz (nominative plural)
aiþį̄ (singular vocative)
aiþīniz (plural vocative)
aiþīnų (accusative singular)
aiþīnunz (accusative plural)
aiþīniz (genitive singular)
aiþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiþīni (dative singular)
aiþīmaz (dative plural)
aiþīnē (instrumental singular)
aiþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiþī

Old High German: *eidī

Middle High German: eide

⇒ Old High German: fuotareidī

Old Norse: eiða

Icelandic: eiða

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 (aiþei)

→ Proto-Finnic: *äitei (see there for further descendants)

1) Nursery word; compare Basque aita (father).
2) From Proto-Indo-European. Compare Proto-Indo-Aryan *āyiH (“mother”), whence Marathi आई (āī, “mother”), Assamese আই (ai, “mother”)

onomatopoeic

Nursery word


dankō

dankō (nominative singular)
dankôz (nominative plural)
dankō (singular vocative)
dankôz (plural vocative)
dankǭ (accusative singular)
dankōz (accusative plural)
dankōz (genitive singular)
dankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dankōi (dative singular)
dankōmaz (dative plural)
dankō (instrumental singular)
dankōmiz (instrumental plural)
*dankwō (alternative)

Old Norse: dǫkk

Icelandic: dökk

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: dokk (“low lying ground, depression”)


anduraz

anduraz (nominative singular)
andurōz (nominative plural)
andurōs (nominative plural)
andur (singular vocative)
andurōz (plural vocative)
andurōs (plural vocative)
andurą (accusative singular)
anduranz (accusative plural)
anduras (genitive singular)
anduris (genitive singular)
andurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andurai (dative singular)
anduramaz (dative plural)
andurō (instrumental singular)
anduramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ǫndurr

Icelandic: öndur

Norwegian: onder

Elfdalian: andur

→ Proto-Finnic: *antura


angraz

angraz (nominative singular)
angrōz (nominative plural)
angrōs (nominative plural)
angr (singular vocative)
angrōz (plural vocative)
angrōs (plural vocative)
angrą (accusative singular)
angranz (accusative plural)
angras (genitive singular)
angris (genitive singular)
angrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angrai (dative singular)
angramaz (dative plural)
angrō (instrumental singular)
angramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: angar

Middle Low German: anger

Old Dutch: *angar

Middle Dutch: anger

Old High German: angar

Middle High German: anger

German: Anger

desctree

Old Norse: angr
Norwegian Nynorsk: anger (dialectal, in compounds)
Swedish: ånger (dialectal, in compounds)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“corner”) in sense "narrow meadow beside waterway".

→ Latin: Angrivarii

*angrawarjaz (“meadow-dweller, a member of the Angrivarii”)


angraz

Old High German: angar

A North-European word probably from or related to Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥gʷʰ-, variant of *h₂engʷʰ-, see also Latin anguis, Lithuanian angi̇̀s.


gunþifanô

gunþifanô (nominative singular)
gunþifananiz (nominative plural)
gunþifanô (singular vocative)
gunþifananiz (plural vocative)
gunþifananų (accusative singular)
gunþifananunz (accusative plural)
gunþifaniniz (genitive singular)
gunþifananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gunþifanini (dative singular)
gunþifanammaz (dative plural)
gunþifaninē (instrumental singular)
gunþifanammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gunþifanō
Old English: gūþfana
Old Saxon: gūthfano
Old High German: gundfano
→ Old French: gonfanon, gonfalon
French: gonfanon
→ Middle Dutch: gonfanoen
Dutch: gonfanon
→ Middle English: gonfanon
English: gonfanon

Old Norse: gunnfani

Icelandic: gunnfáni

/ˈɣun.θi.ˌɸɑ.nɔːː/

From *gunþiz (“battle”) + *fanô (“flag”).


ansaz

ansaz (nominative singular)
ansōz (nominative plural)
ansōs (nominative plural)
ans (singular vocative)
ansōz (plural vocative)
ansōs (plural vocative)
ansą (accusative singular)
ansanz (accusative plural)
ansas (genitive singular)
ansis (genitive singular)
ansǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ansai (dative singular)
ansamaz (dative plural)
ansō (instrumental singular)
ansamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German:

⇒ Middle High German: ansboum

Old Norse: áss

Faroese: ásur

Norwegian: ås

Old Swedish: ās

Swedish: ås

⇒ Elfdalian: guovą̊s

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐍃 (ans)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ansas (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. Connections to *amsaz (“shoulder”), Latin onus (“load”), and Latin asser (“beam”) are deemed problematic by Kroonen.


anþō

anþō (nominative singular)
anþôz (nominative plural)
anþō (singular vocative)
anþôz (plural vocative)
anþǭ (accusative singular)
anþōz (accusative plural)
anþōz (genitive singular)
anþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anþōi (dative singular)
anþōmaz (dative plural)
anþō (instrumental singular)
anþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ǫnn, ǫnd

Icelandic: önd


apaldraz

apaldraz (nominative singular)
apaldrōz (nominative plural)
apaldrōs (nominative plural)
apaldr (singular vocative)
apaldrōz (plural vocative)
apaldrōs (plural vocative)
apaldrą (accusative singular)
apaldranz (accusative plural)
apaldras (genitive singular)
apaldris (genitive singular)
apaldrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
apaldrai (dative singular)
apaldramaz (dative plural)
apaldrō (instrumental singular)
apaldramiz (instrumental plural)
*apaldrō (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *apaldr
Old English: apuldur, apulder
Old Saxon: apalder

Old Norse: apaldr
Icelandic: apaldur
Faroese: apaldur
Norwegian: apald, apall, apal
→ Norwegian Bokmål: apal
Old Danish: apæld
Danish: abild
Norwegian Bokmål: abild
Swedish: apel

From *aplaz (“apple, fruit”) + *-draz (tree suffix).


arfô

arfô (nominative singular)
arfaniz (nominative plural)
arfô (singular vocative)
arfaniz (plural vocative)
arfanų (accusative singular)
arfanunz (accusative plural)
arfiniz (genitive singular)
arfanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arfini (dative singular)
arfammaz (dative plural)
arfinē (instrumental singular)
arfammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arfō
Old English: earfan pl
Old Frisian: *arfa
Saterland Frisian: arf, arve
Old Saxon: *arfo
Middle Low German: *arfe
German Low German: Arf
→? Old Norse: arfi (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: *arfo
Middle Dutch: *erfe
Dutch: erf

Old Norse: arfi, ᛅᚱᚠᛁ (arfi) — nominative singular, ᛅᚱᚠᛅ (arfa) — dative/accusative/genitive singular, ᛅᚱᚠᛅᛦ (arfaʀ), ᛆᚱᚠᛆᛦ (arfaʀ), ᛅᚱᚠᛅᚱ (arfar) — nominative plural
Icelandic: arfi
Faroese: arvi
Norwegian Nynorsk: arve; (dialectal) arv, narve
Old Swedish: arve
Swedish: arv (dialectal)
Danish: arve


artǭ

artǭ (nominative singular)
artōniz (nominative plural)
artǭ (singular vocative)
artōniz (plural vocative)
artōnų (accusative singular)
artōnunz (accusative plural)
artōniz (genitive singular)
artōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
artōni (dative singular)
artōmaz (dative plural)
artōnē (instrumental singular)
artōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: earte

Old Norse: arta

Swedish: årta

Elfdalian: arta


atiską

atiską (nominative singular)
atiskō (nominative plural)
atiską (singular vocative)
atiskō (plural vocative)
atiską (accusative singular)
atiskō (accusative plural)
atiskas (genitive singular)
atiskis (genitive singular)
atiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
atiskai (dative singular)
atiskamaz (dative plural)
atiskō (instrumental singular)
atiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *etisk

Middle Dutch: esch

Dutch: es

Old High German: ezzisc

German: Esch

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (atisk)


awadī

awadī (nominative singular)
awadijôz (nominative plural)
awadī (singular vocative)
awadijôz (plural vocative)
awadijǭ (accusative singular)
awadijōz (accusative plural)
awadijōz (genitive singular)
awadijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awadijōi (dative singular)
awadijōmaz (dative plural)
awadijō (instrumental singular)
awadijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: æðr

Icelandic: æður

→ English: eider

→ Dutch: eider

→ German: Eider

→ Swedish: ejder

Faroese: æður

Norwegian: ær (dialectal), æd (dialectal)

Swedish: åda


skapą

skapą (nominative singular)
skapō (nominative plural)
skapą (singular vocative)
skapō (plural vocative)
skapą (accusative singular)
skapō (accusative plural)
skapas (genitive singular)
skapis (genitive singular)
skapǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skapai (dative singular)
skapamaz (dative plural)
skapō (instrumental singular)
skapamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skap
Old English: sceap, ġesceap
Middle English: shap, schape
English: shape
Old Frisian: skep
North Frisian: schååp
Old Saxon: skap
Middle Low German: schap
Low German: Schapp
→ German: Schapp
Plautdietsch: Schaup
→ Old Norse: skáp (late)
Icelandic: skápur
Faroese: skáp
Old Danish: skap, skaap
Danish: skab
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skap
Norwegian Nynorsk: skap, skåp
Old Swedish: skap, skāp
Swedish: skåp
→ Finnish: kaappi
→ Ingrian: kaappi
→ Votic: kaappi
→ Estonian: kapp
→ Latvian: skapis
Old Dutch: *skap
Middle Dutch: schap
Dutch: schap
Old High German: scaf
Middle High German: schaf
Central Franconian: Schaf
Luxembourgish: Schaf
German: Schaff
→ Polish: szafa
→ Belarusian: ша́фа (šáfa)
→ Ukrainian: ша́фа (šáfa)
→ Yiddish: שאַפֿע (shafe)
→ Russian: шкаф (škaf) (see there for further descendants)
→ Bulgarian: шкаф (škaf)
→ Serbo-Croatian: шкаф
Italo-Romance:
→ Italian: scaffa
→ Sicilian: scaffa
→ Maltese: xkaffa

Old Norse: skap

Icelandic: skap

Norwegian Bokmål: skap m or n

From or otherwise related to *skapjaną (“to make, to create”). Compare Latin scabō (“to scrape”).


bardō

bardō (nominative singular)
bardôz (nominative plural)
bardō (singular vocative)
bardôz (plural vocative)
bardǭ (accusative singular)
bardōz (accusative plural)
bardōz (genitive singular)
bardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bardōi (dative singular)
bardōmaz (dative plural)
bardō (instrumental singular)
bardōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bardu

Old High German: barta

Old Norse: barða

Icelandic: barða (archaic)

→? Proto-Slavic: *bordy (“axe”) (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; possibly from *bardaz (“edge, brim; beard”),, from earlier *barzdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰórsdʰ-o-s from *bʰers- (“tip, edge”) + *-dʰh₁eti (compare Sanskrit भृस्ति (bhṛstí, “tip, edge”)). Alternatively perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰórHdʰ-o-s, from *bʰerHdʰ-, from *bʰerH- (“to strike, pierce; to work with sharp tools”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


rudą

rudą (nominative singular)
rudō (nominative plural)
rudą (singular vocative)
rudō (plural vocative)
rudą (accusative singular)
rudō (accusative plural)
rudas (genitive singular)
rudis (genitive singular)
rudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rudai (dative singular)
rudamaz (dative plural)
rudō (instrumental singular)
rudamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rod, *rodu f
Old English: rodu (< *rodu)
Middle English: *rode
English: royd (Yorkshire)
Old Frisian: rothe (< *rodu)
Old Saxon: roth
Middle Low German: rot, roed
Old High German: rod

Old Norse: ruð

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: -rud (in place names), Rud, Ruud (surname)

Old Swedish: rudh

Swedish: rud (dated)

Old Danish: ruth

Danish: rud (dialectal)


flunþrijǭ

flunþrijǭ (nominative singular)
flunþrijōniz (nominative plural)
flunþrijǭ (singular vocative)
flunþrijōniz (plural vocative)
flunþrijōnų (accusative singular)
flunþrijōnunz (accusative plural)
flunþrijōniz (genitive singular)
flunþrijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flunþrijōni (dative singular)
flunþrijōmaz (dative plural)
flunþrijōnē (instrumental singular)
flunþrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flunþrijā
Old Saxon: *fluntheria, *flunthera
Middle Low German: flundere, vlunder
German Low German: Flunder, Flunner, Flinder, Flinger, Flonder
→ German: Flunder, Flünder
→ Bavarian: Flunder
→ Czech: flundra
→ Polish: flądra
→ Swabian: Flander
→ Swedish: flunder

Old Norse: flyðra, *flundra, *flyndra

Icelandic: flyðra

Faroese: flundra

Norwegian Nynorsk: flundre, flyndre

Norwegian Bokmål: flyndre

Old Swedish: flundra

Swedish: flundra

Old Danish: flundra, flynder

Danish: flynder

desc

→ Old Northern French: flondre, flundre, floundre

Norman: fliandre

desctree

→ Middle English: flowndre, flowndur, flondyre, flounder, ffloundre, floundre, flundre
English: flounder
Scots: flunner, flunder

From *flunþrą (“something flat”). Compare cognate Late Latin platessa (“flatfish, plaice”).


smeltaz

smeltaz (nominative singular)
smeltōz (nominative plural)
smeltōs (nominative plural)
smelt (singular vocative)
smeltōz (plural vocative)
smeltōs (plural vocative)
smeltą (accusative singular)
smeltanz (accusative plural)
smeltas (genitive singular)
smiltis (genitive singular)
smeltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smeltai (dative singular)
smeltamaz (dative plural)
smeltō (instrumental singular)
smeltamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smelt
Old English: smelt, smylt
Middle English: smelt, smelte, smelth
English: smelt
Scots: smelt
Old Dutch: *smelt
Middle Dutch: *smelt
West Flemish: smelt

Old Norse: *smeltr

Danish: smelt

Swedish: smält

From *smeltaną (“to melt”), possibly due to the fish's soft flesh.


kutą

kutą (nominative singular)
kutō (nominative plural)
kutą (singular vocative)
kutō (plural vocative)
kutą (accusative singular)
kutō (accusative plural)
kutas (genitive singular)
kutis (genitive singular)
kutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kutai (dative singular)
kutamaz (dative plural)
kutō (instrumental singular)
kutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kot

Old English: cot

Middle English: cot, cote

English: cot, cote

Scots: cott, cot

Old Saxon: *kot

Middle Low German: kot, kōt

Low German: Kote

Old Dutch: cot (“little house”), kot

Middle Dutch: kot (“hut, cabin”)

Dutch: kot
Negerhollands: kot, cot
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kot (dated)

Old Norse: kot (“cottage, hut”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: kott
Norwegian Bokmål: kott

desc

→ Old Northern French: cot, cote (“hut, cottage”)

→⇒ Medieval Latin: cotagium

→ Anglo-Norman: cotage

→ Middle English:

English: cottage
→ French: cottage

⇒ Old French: cotin

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gewd- (“to stretch, curve, vault”).
Alternatively, of non-Indo-European origin, but possibly borrowed from Uralic; compare Finnish kota (“hut, house”) and Hungarian ház (“house”), both from Proto-Finno-Ugric/Proto-Uralic *kota. However, compare Dutch and English hut.

der

cote

merged with descendant of Old English cot


witą

witą (nominative singular)
witō (nominative plural)
witą (singular vocative)
witō (plural vocative)
witą (accusative singular)
witō (accusative plural)
witas (genitive singular)
witis (genitive singular)
witǫ̂ (genitive plural)
witai (dative singular)
witamaz (dative plural)
witō (instrumental singular)
witamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wit

Old High German: *wiz

⇒ Old High German: giwiz

Old Norse: vit

Icelandic: vit

Faroese: vit

Norwegian Bokmål: vett

Old Swedish: vit, vēt

Swedish: vett

Danish: vid

From Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to know”).


strīdaz

strīdaz (nominative singular)
strīdōz (nominative plural)
strīdōs (nominative plural)
strīd (singular vocative)
strīdōz (plural vocative)
strīdōs (plural vocative)
strīdą (accusative singular)
strīdanz (accusative plural)
strīdas (genitive singular)
strīdis (genitive singular)
strīdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strīdai (dative singular)
strīdamaz (dative plural)
strīdō (instrumental singular)
strīdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *strīd

Old Frisian: strīd n

West Frisian: striid c

Old Saxon: strīd

→ Old English: strīþ

Old Dutch: *strīt

Middle Dutch: strijt

desctree

Dutch: strijd
Afrikaans: stryd
Negerhollands: stri
→ Aukan: sitee
→ Sranan Tongo: strei
→ Caribbean Javanese: strèi

Old High German: strīt
Middle High German: strīt
German: Streit

Old Norse: stríð
Icelandic: stríð n
Norwegian Nynorsk: strid m
Norwegian Bokmål: strid m
Old Swedish: stridh n
Swedish: strid c
→ Scottish Gaelic: strì f

→ Proto-Finnic: *riita (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *rijtō (see there for further descendants)

Nominal formation from *strīdaną (“to resist”).


walką

walką (nominative singular)
walkō (nominative plural)
walką (singular vocative)
walkō (plural vocative)
walką (accusative singular)
walkō (accusative plural)
walkas (genitive singular)
walkis (genitive singular)
walkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walkai (dative singular)
walkamaz (dative plural)
walkō (instrumental singular)
walkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *walk
Old English: *wealc, ġewealc
Middle English: walk, walc, walke
English: walk
Scots: walk
Old Dutch: *walk
Middle Dutch: walc
Old High German: *walc
Middle High German: walc
German: Walk (obsolete)

Old Norse: valk

Icelandic: volk

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: valk

Norwegian Bokmål: valk

Old Danish: walk

Danish: valk

Swedish: valk

From or related to *walkaną (“to roll”).


dungz

dungz (nominative singular)
dungiz (nominative plural)
dung (singular vocative)
dungiz (plural vocative)
dungų (accusative singular)
dungunz (accusative plural)
dungiz (genitive singular)
dungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dungi (dative singular)
dungumaz (dative plural)
dungē (instrumental singular)
dungumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dung
Old English: dung, dinġ — dative and genitive singular; nominative and accusative plural
Middle English: donge, dung, dunge
→ Anglo-Norman: donjun (semantic loan)
Old Saxon: dung
Middle Low German: dunk, dunc
Old High German: tung, tunc
Middle High German: tunc
German: Tunk

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéngʰ-s ~ *dʰn̥gʰ-és, from *dʰengʰ- (“to cover, hide, conceal”) + *-s.


wiþō

wiþō (nominative singular)
wiþôz (nominative plural)
wiþō (singular vocative)
wiþôz (plural vocative)
wiþǭ (accusative singular)
wiþōz (accusative plural)
wiþōz (genitive singular)
wiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþōi (dative singular)
wiþōmaz (dative plural)
wiþō (instrumental singular)
wiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: with

Middle Low German: wēde

Old High German: wid


walą

walą (nominative singular)
walō (nominative plural)
walą (singular vocative)
walō (plural vocative)
walą (accusative singular)
walō (accusative plural)
walas (genitive singular)
walis (genitive singular)
walǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walai (dative singular)
walamaz (dative plural)
walō (instrumental singular)
walamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walu f
Old High German: wala
Middle High German: wale
German: Wahl
→ Luxembourgish: Wal
Luxembourgish: Wiel (with umlaut after the verb)

Old Norse: val

Icelandic: val

Faroese: val

Norwegian Nynorsk: val

Swedish: val

Danish: valg

Norwegian Bokmål: valg

→ Faroese: valg

desc

→ Middle English: wale, wal, wayle, wall

Scots: wale, wail

English: wale

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”), synchronically analyzed as a nominal formation from *waljaną (“to choose”).


gudahūsą

gudahūsą (nominative singular)
gudahūsō (nominative plural)
gudahūsą (singular vocative)
gudahūsō (plural vocative)
gudahūsą (accusative singular)
gudahūsō (accusative plural)
gudahūsas (genitive singular)
gudahūsis (genitive singular)
gudahūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudahūsai (dative singular)
gudahūsamaz (dative plural)
gudahūsō (instrumental singular)
gudahūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *godahūs

Old English: *godhūs

Middle English: goddes hous

English: God's house; House of God

Old Frisian: godishūs

Old Saxon: *godhūs

Middle Low German: godeshûs

Old Dutch: *godhūs

Middle Dutch: godeshuus

Dutch: godshuis

Old High German: *gothūs

Middle High German: gotshūs

German: Gotteshaus

⇒ Old High German: abgothūs

Middle High German: abgothūs

German: Abgotthaus (archaic)

Old Norse: goðahús, goðhús

Icelandic: goðahús, goðhús

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃 (gudhūs)


raþjǭ

raþjǭ (nominative singular)
raþjōniz (nominative plural)
raþjǭ (singular vocative)
raþjōniz (plural vocative)
raþjōnų (accusative singular)
raþjōnunz (accusative plural)
raþjōniz (genitive singular)
raþjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raþjōni (dative singular)
raþjōmaz (dative plural)
raþjōnē (instrumental singular)
raþjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: rethia

Old Saxon: rethia

desctree

Old Dutch: retha
Middle Dutch: rēde
Dutch: rede

Old High German: redea, reda, redia

Middle High German: rede

German: Rede

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐍉 (raþjō)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁- (“to think, reason”).


bōþō

bōþō (nominative singular)
bōþôz (nominative plural)
bōþō (singular vocative)
bōþôz (plural vocative)
bōþǭ (accusative singular)
bōþōz (accusative plural)
bōþōz (genitive singular)
bōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōþōi (dative singular)
bōþōmaz (dative plural)
bōþō (instrumental singular)
bōþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōþu

Old Frisian: *bōthe, *bōth

North Frisian: bood n

Saterland Frisian: Boue

West Frisian: bodde m or f

Old Saxon: *bōtha

Middle Low German: bôde

German Low German: Bood, Boo

Old Dutch: *buotha

Middle Dutch: boede

Dutch: boede; boet, boe, boeie (dialectal)

Old High German: *buoda

Middle High German: buode

German: Bude

→ German Low German: Bude, Buud

→ Saterland Frisian: Bude, Buude

→ Old Czech: buda

Czech: bouda

→ German: Baude

Old West Norse: búð

Icelandic: búð

Faroese: búð

Norwegian Nynorsk: bu, bud

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bu

Old East Norse: bóð

Old Swedish: bōþ

Swedish: bod

Old Danish: bōð

Danish: bod

Norwegian Bokmål: bod

→ Middle English: bothe

Scots: buth

English: booth

A nominal derivative from *būaną (“to dwell, reside”).


garihtiją

garihtiją (nominative singular)
garihtijō (nominative plural)
garihtiją (singular vocative)
garihtijō (plural vocative)
garihtiją (accusative singular)
garihtijō (accusative plural)
garihtijas (genitive singular)
garihtīs (genitive singular)
garihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garihtijai (dative singular)
garihtijamaz (dative plural)
garihtijō (instrumental singular)
garihtijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġerihte, ġeriht

Middle English: ȝerihte, irihte

English: right (partially)

Old Frisian: *(g)eriūhte

q

Saterland Frisian: Gjucht (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)

Old Saxon: *girihti

Middle Low German: gerichte, gerechte

German Low German: Gericht

Old Dutch: *gerihti

desc

Middle Dutch: gerichte, gericht, gerechte

desctree

Dutch: gerecht, gericht (obsolete)
Afrikaans: gereg
Negerhollands: gerecht, recht

Old High German: girihti

desc

Middle High German: gerihte, geriht, gerehte, gereht

Cimbrian: garìcht

German: Gericht

Old Norse: rétti

Icelandic: rétti


fedurþungaz

fedurþungaz (nominative singular)
fedurþungōz (nominative plural)
fedurþungōs (nominative plural)
fedurþung (singular vocative)
fedurþungōz (plural vocative)
fedurþungōs (plural vocative)
fedurþungą (accusative singular)
fedurþunganz (accusative plural)
fedurþungas (genitive singular)
fedurþungis (genitive singular)
fedurþungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fedurþungai (dative singular)
fedurþungamaz (dative plural)
fedurþungō (instrumental singular)
fedurþungamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *feurþung

Old English: fēorþung, fēorþing

Middle English: ferthing

English: farthing

Scots: ferding, farding

Old Frisian: fiārdēng; fiārdunge

Old High German: *fiordung

Middle High German: vierdunc

German: Vierdung

→ Polish: wiardunek

Old Norse: fjórðungr

Icelandic: fjórðungur

Faroese: fjórðingur


laikaz

laikaz (nominative singular)
laikōz (nominative plural)
laikōs (nominative plural)
laik (singular vocative)
laikōz (plural vocative)
laikōs (plural vocative)
laiką (accusative singular)
laikanz (accusative plural)
laikas (genitive singular)
laikis (genitive singular)
laikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laikai (dative singular)
laikamaz (dative plural)
laikō (instrumental singular)
laikamiz (instrumental plural)
*laikiz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laik
Old English: lāc n or f, læc
Middle English: lok, loke, loc, loac, lock, lake, lac
English: lake (“play”) (dialectal)
Old High German: leih
Middle High German: leich
German: Laich (“spawn”)
→ German: Leich (“song”) (learned)
→ Old French: lai
French: lai
→ Middle English: lay
English: lay

Proto-Norse: *ᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ (*laikaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᛞᚢᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ (hadulaikaʀ, male given name)

desctree

Old Norse: leikr
Icelandic: leikur
Faroese: leikur
Norwegian Nynorsk: leik
→ Norwegian Bokmål: leik
Danish: leg
Norwegian Bokmål: lek
Old Swedish: leker
Swedish: lek
→ Finnish: leikki

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐍃 (laiks)

→ Proto-Slavic: *likъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laikka (see there for further descendants)

A nominal derivative of *laikaną (“to jump, play”).


rahną

rahną (nominative singular)
rahnō (nominative plural)
rahną (singular vocative)
rahnō (plural vocative)
rahną (accusative singular)
rahnō (accusative plural)
rahnas (genitive singular)
rahnis (genitive singular)
rahnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rahnai (dative singular)
rahnamaz (dative plural)
rahnō (instrumental singular)
rahnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rahn

Old High German: rahan (“booty”)

Old Norse: rán
Icelandic: rán
Norwegian: ran
Old Swedish: rān
Swedish: rån
Danish: ran

→? Finnish: rahna (“money”)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *Hrók-no-m, from *Hrek- (“to decide, to lead”), whence also *raginą.


sumblą

sumblą (nominative singular)
sumblō (nominative plural)
sumblą (singular vocative)
sumblō (plural vocative)
sumblą (accusative singular)
sumblō (accusative plural)
sumblas (genitive singular)
sumblis (genitive singular)
sumblǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumblai (dative singular)
sumblamaz (dative plural)
sumblō (instrumental singular)
sumblamiz (instrumental plural)
*sumiblą (alternative)

Old English: symbel

Old Saxon: symbal, sumbal

Old High German: *sumbal

Old Norse: sumbl

Swedish: sumbel

From an earlier *sumlą. The first element of the word is likely Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-, while the second element is unknown. According to Paul Bauschatz, the second element is *alu with the whole meaning being "gathering or coming together of ale".


hōhô

hōhô (nominative singular)
hōhaniz (nominative plural)
hōhô (singular vocative)
hōhaniz (plural vocative)
hōhanų (accusative singular)
hōhanunz (accusative plural)
hōhiniz (genitive singular)
hōhanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōhini (dative singular)
hōhammaz (dative plural)
hōhinē (instrumental singular)
hōhammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐍉𐌷𐌰 (hōha)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱokh₂-. Cognate with Sanskrit शाखा (śā́khā, “branch”), Russian соха́ (soxá, “wooden plough”), Armenian ցախ (cʻax, “branch”), Lithuanian šakà (“branch”), Old Irish géc (“branch”) and Persian شاخ (šâx, “branch”).


suppǭ

suppǭ (nominative singular)
suppōniz (nominative plural)
suppǭ (singular vocative)
suppōniz (plural vocative)
suppōnų (accusative singular)
suppōnunz (accusative plural)
suppōniz (genitive singular)
suppōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suppōni (dative singular)
suppōmaz (dative plural)
suppōnē (instrumental singular)
suppōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: soppe

Middle English: soppe, sop

English: sop

Scots: sop, sap

Old Frisian: *soppe

Saterland Frisian: Soppe

West Frisian: sop

Old Saxon: suppa, *soppa

Middle Low German: suppe, soppe

German Low German: Sopp

Frankish: *suppa, *soppa

Old Dutch: *suppa, *soppa

Middle Dutch: soppe

West Flemish: zoppe

→ Latin: suppa (also possibly from *suppô)

Old French: soppe, souppe, sope

Middle French: soupe

French: soupe

→ Persian: سوپ (sup)

→ Middle English: soupe

English: soup

→ Dutch: soep

Galician: sopa

Lombard: süpa

Portuguese: sopa

Spanish: sopa

desc

Old High German: supfa, suppa, *soppa, *sopfa

Middle High German: suffe, suppe, soppe, sopfe

German: Supfe (archaic), Suppe

desctree

Old Norse: soppa
>? Norwegian Bokmål: soppe
Old Swedish: -suppa
Swedish: soppa
→ Finnish: soppa


werþą

werþą (nominative singular)
werþō (nominative plural)
werþą (singular vocative)
werþō (plural vocative)
werþą (accusative singular)
werþō (accusative plural)
werþas (genitive singular)
wirþis (genitive singular)
werþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
werþai (dative singular)
werþamaz (dative plural)
werþō (instrumental singular)
werþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: weorþ
Middle English: worth
Scots: wirth
English: worth

Old Saxon: werth

Old Norse: verð

Faroese: verð

Icelandic: verð

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸 (wairþ)


blōstmô

blōstmô (nominative singular)
blōstmaniz (nominative plural)
blōstmô (singular vocative)
blōstmaniz (plural vocative)
blōstmanų (accusative singular)
blōstmanunz (accusative plural)
blōstminiz (genitive singular)
blōstmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōstmini (dative singular)
blōstmammaz (dative plural)
blōstminē (instrumental singular)
blōstmammiz (instrumental plural)
*blōsmô (alternative)
*blōsmō (alternative)
*blōsmaz (alternative)

Old English: blōstma, blōsma, blōstm

Middle English: blosme

English: blossom

Scots: blossom

Old Frisian: *blōsma

West Frisian: blossem

Old Saxon: *blōsmo

Middle Low German: blossem, blosem

Low German: Blossen

Old Dutch: *bluostmo

desc

Middle Dutch: bloeseme, bloesem, bloesene

Dutch: bloesem

Afrikaans: bloesem

desctree

>? Old Norse: blómstr
Icelandic: blómstur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: blomster
Norwegian Nynorsk: blomster
Old Swedish: blomster, blø̄mster
Swedish: blomster
Danish: blomst c
Norwegian Bokmål: blomst

Related to *blōstaz and possibly *blōmô.


fuþiz

fuþiz (nominative singular)
fuþīz (nominative plural)
fuþi (singular vocative)
fuþīz (plural vocative)
fuþį (accusative singular)
fuþinz (accusative plural)
fuþīz (genitive singular)
fuþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuþī (dative singular)
fuþimaz (dative plural)
fuþī (instrumental singular)
fuþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *futi
Old Saxon: *fut
Middle Low German: vut, vot, fut
→ Dutch: vot
→ Middle High German: vut, fut
Central Franconian: Fott
German: Fut

Old Norse: fuð, fuþ
Icelandic: fuð
Norwegian: fud
Scots: fud

→ Proto-Samic: *pëtë (see there for further descendants)

Possibly rebuilt from an-stem *feuþô ~ *futtaz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *péut-ō ~ *put-nós, from Proto-Indo-European *pewt-, cognate with Latin pūtos (“penis”).


fullą

fullą (nominative singular)
fullō (nominative plural)
fullą (singular vocative)
fullō (plural vocative)
fullą (accusative singular)
fullō (accusative plural)
fullas (genitive singular)
fullis (genitive singular)
fullǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fullai (dative singular)
fullamaz (dative plural)
fullō (instrumental singular)
fullamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: full

Old Saxon: full

Old Norse: full (“goblet”)

Icelandic: full

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥-nó-, from *pel(w)- (“a kind of vessel”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “milk pail, drinking bowl, goblet”), πελλίς (pellís), πελίς (pelís, “basin”), Old Church Slavonic поль (polĭ, “scoop”).


tilą

tilą (nominative singular)
tilō (nominative plural)
tilą (singular vocative)
tilō (plural vocative)
tilą (accusative singular)
tilō (accusative plural)
tilas (genitive singular)
tilis (genitive singular)
tilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tilai (dative singular)
tilamaz (dative plural)
tilō (instrumental singular)
tilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: til (“border, goal”)

Old Dutch:

desc

Middle Dutch: til (“circumstance, case”)

Old High German: zil

Middle High German: zil

desctree

German: Ziel
Hunsrik: Ziel
→ Bulgarian: цел (cel)
→ Czech: cíl
→ Hungarian: cél
→ Romanian: țel, țil
→ Macedonian: цел (cel)
→ Polish: cel, cyl, czel (Middle Polish)
→ Belarusian: цэль (celʹ)
→ Esperanto: celo
→ Kashubian: cél
→ Slovincian: cél
→ Russian: цель (celʹ), цѣль (cělʹ) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Yakut: сыал (sıal)
→ Ukrainian: ціль (cilʹ)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ци̑љ
Latin script: cȋlj
→ Slovak: cieľ
→ Slovene: cilj

→ Old Czech: cíl, cíľ (alternative writing)
Czech: cíl
Old Polish: cel
Polish: cel, cyl, czel (Middle Polish)
→ Belarusian: цэль (celʹ)
→ Esperanto: celo
→ Kashubian: cél
→ Slovincian: cél
→ Russian: цель (celʹ), цѣль (cělʹ) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Yakut: сыал (sıal)
→ Ukrainian: ціль (cilʹ)
Silesian: cyl

>? Gothic: 𐍄𐌹𐌻 n or m (til) (hapax, ambiguous)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tila

Estonian: tila

Finnish: tila (“room, space”)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to divide, part”), with a preform along the lines of *dh₂i-lo-s, though the exact phonetic details are unclear. Related to *tīdiz, *tīmô.

der

til

unless borrowed from Old Norse; see there for further descendants


þrūþiz

þrūþiz (nominative singular)
þrūþīz (nominative plural)
þrūþi (singular vocative)
þrūþīz (plural vocative)
þrūþį (accusative singular)
þrūþinz (accusative plural)
þrūþīz (genitive singular)
þrūþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrūþī (dative singular)
þrūþimaz (dative plural)
þrūþī (instrumental singular)
þrūþimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þrūþi
Old English: þrȳþ
Middle English: thrith, thirth
Old Saxon: *thrūth (in personal names and placenames)
⇒ Old Saxon: Thrudbertus
⇒ Old Saxon: Thruthburg

Old Norse: þrúðr, Þrúðr

⇒ Old Norse: þrúðhamarr

⇒ Old Norse: Þrúðvangr

Icelandic: Þrúður

From *þrewwaną (“to grow, to thrive”) + *-þiz.


þrawō

þrawō (nominative singular)
þrawôz (nominative plural)
þrawō (singular vocative)
þrawôz (plural vocative)
þrawǭ (accusative singular)
þrawōz (accusative plural)
þrawōz (genitive singular)
þrawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrawōi (dative singular)
þrawōmaz (dative plural)
þrawō (instrumental singular)
þrawōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þrau
Old English: þrēa
English: throw, throe
Old Saxon: *thrā
Old Saxon: thrāwerk (“pain”)
Old High German: drawa, drowa, drōa
Middle High German: drowe, drouwe, drō

Old Norse: þrá, þrǫ́
Icelandic: þrá
Faroese: trá
Norn: trå
Norwegian Nynorsk: trå
Norwegian Bokmål: trå
Old Swedish: þrā, thrā
Swedish: trå, åtrå
Old Danish: thraa, attraa
Danish: attrå
Norwegian Bokmål: attrå
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: attrå

From Proto-Indo-European *trowH-eh₂-ti, from *trewh₁- (“to endure, suffer”). Cognate with Lithuanian trivóti (“to endure”).


wrīhô

wrīhô (nominative singular)
wrīhaniz (nominative plural)
wrīhô (singular vocative)
wrīhaniz (plural vocative)
wrīhanų (accusative singular)
wrīhanunz (accusative plural)
wrīhiniz (genitive singular)
wrīhanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrīhini (dative singular)
wrīhammaz (dative plural)
wrīhinē (instrumental singular)
wrīhammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: wrijghe, wrijch, wrijf

Dutch: wreef

Old High German: rīho

Middle High German:

German: Reihen

From Proto-Indo-European *wréyḱ-on-. from *wreyḱ- (“to twist, to bend”).


dritą

dritą (nominative singular)
dritō (nominative plural)
dritą (singular vocative)
dritō (plural vocative)
dritą (accusative singular)
dritō (accusative plural)
dritas (genitive singular)
dritis (genitive singular)
dritǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dritai (dative singular)
dritamaz (dative plural)
dritō (instrumental singular)
dritamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drit

Old English: drit

Middle English: drit

English: dirt

→ Zulu: udoti

Old Frisian: *drit

West Frisian: drits, dridze

Old High German: *driz

Middle High German: *driz

German: Driss (colloquial, regional, Rhineland)

Old Norse: drit

Icelandic: drit

Faroese: drit

Norwegian Nynorsk: drit

→ Danish: drit (Norway)

Norwegian Bokmål: dritt

Swedish: dret

Danish: drit (dialectal)


dumbǭ

dumbǭ (nominative singular)
dumbōniz (nominative plural)
dumbǭ (singular vocative)
dumbōniz (plural vocative)
dumbōnų (accusative singular)
dumbōnunz (accusative plural)
dumbōniz (genitive singular)
dumbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dumbōni (dative singular)
dumbōmaz (dative plural)
dumbōnē (instrumental singular)
dumbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: dumba

Elfdalian: dumba

Icelandic: dumba

A zero grade form derived from *dimbaną (“to fog, smoke”).


dampaz

dampaz (nominative singular)
dampōz (nominative plural)
dampōs (nominative plural)
damp (singular vocative)
dampōz (plural vocative)
dampōs (plural vocative)
dampą (accusative singular)
dampanz (accusative plural)
dampas (genitive singular)
dampis (genitive singular)
dampǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dampai (dative singular)
dampamaz (dative plural)
dampō (instrumental singular)
dampamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: damp

Middle English: damp

English: damp

Old Dutch: *damp

Middle Dutch: damp

Dutch: damp

Middle Low German: damp

→ Danish: damp

→ Norwegian Bokmål: damp

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: damp

q

probably with irregular underlying th-; cf. Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">thempian</i>

Old High German: thamph, damph, tamph (probably with irregular underlying th-; cf. Old Saxon thempian)

Middle High German: dampf, tampf

Bavarian: Dåmpf

German: Dampf

Yiddish: דאַמף (damf)

Old Swedish: damm

Swedish: damm


dauzô

dauzô (nominative singular)
dauzaniz (nominative plural)
dauzô (singular vocative)
dauzaniz (plural vocative)
dauzanų (accusative singular)
dauzanunz (accusative plural)
dauziniz (genitive singular)
dauzanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dauzini (dative singular)
dauzammaz (dative plural)
dauzinē (instrumental singular)
dauzammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *dōro

Middle Low German: dōre

→ Danish: dåre

→ Icelandic: dári (possibly)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dåre

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dåre

→ Swedish: dåre

Old Dutch: *dôro

Middle Dutch: dôre

Dutch: door

Old High German: *tōro

Middle High German: tōre

German: Tor

/ˈdɑu̯.zɔːː/


dangalaz

dangalaz (nominative singular)
dangalōz (nominative plural)
dangalōs (nominative plural)
dangal (singular vocative)
dangalōz (plural vocative)
dangalōs (plural vocative)
dangalą (accusative singular)
dangalanz (accusative plural)
dangalas (genitive singular)
dangalis (genitive singular)
dangalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dangalai (dative singular)
dangalamaz (dative plural)
dangalō (instrumental singular)
dangalamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: tangal


þreskwaþluz

þreskwaþluz (nominative singular)
þreskwaþliwiz (nominative plural)
þreskwaþlu (singular vocative)
þreskwaþliwiz (plural vocative)
þreskwaþlų (accusative singular)
þreskwaþlunz (accusative plural)
þreskwaþlauz (genitive singular)
þreskwaþliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þreskwaþliwi (dative singular)
þreskwaþlumaz (dative plural)
þreskwaþlū (instrumental singular)
þreskwaþlumiz (instrumental plural)
*þreskūþluz (alternative)
*þreskūþlijaz (alternative)
*þreskudlaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: þreskwaþlu

desc

Old English: þersċweald, þyrsċweald, þrexwold, þersċold, þresċold

Middle English: threschwolde, þreschwald, þresshewold, þrexwolde, þresfold, throschfold, throsfold, þresshald, threswald

English: threshold

Middle Scots: threschald

Scots: thraswald, thrashold, thrashol, thrashal, thrashel, threshal, threshwart, threshwort

Old Saxon: *thriskūvli, *thriskilfi

Middle Low German: dreskelef

Low German: Drüssel, Dörsel, Dössel

Old High German: driskufli, driscufli, driskubli

Middle High German: drischūvel, drischūfel, drischübel

German: Drischaufel, Drissufle, Trüschübel (dialectal)

Old Norse: þreskǫldr, þreskjǫldr, þrøskǫldr, þrepskǫldr

Icelandic: þröskuldur

Norwegian Nynorsk: treskald

Old Swedish: þriskuldi, þriskulde

Swedish: tröskel, träskvald (dialectal)

Danish: tærskel

Norwegian Bokmål: terskel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: terskel

Derived from *þreskaną, *þreskwaną (“to thresh”), whose original meaning must have been “to tread”. The second element is uncertain. One possibility is that it is a metathetic alteration of *walþuz. Alternatively, it may represent an instrument suffix *-þl- from PIE *-tl-.


hrīdrą

hrīdrą (nominative singular)
hrīdrō (nominative plural)
hrīdrą (singular vocative)
hrīdrō (plural vocative)
hrīdrą (accusative singular)
hrīdrō (accusative plural)
hrīdras (genitive singular)
hrīdris (genitive singular)
hrīdrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīdrai (dative singular)
hrīdramaz (dative plural)
hrīdrō (instrumental singular)
hrīdramiz (instrumental plural)


herþô

herþô (nominative singular)
herþaniz (nominative plural)
herþô (singular vocative)
herþaniz (plural vocative)
herþanų (accusative singular)
herþanunz (accusative plural)
hirþiniz (genitive singular)
herþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirþini (dative singular)
herþammaz (dative plural)
hirþinē (instrumental singular)
herþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: heorða, herðe

Switzerland German: herde

According to Kroonen, probably related to *hriþriją.


hrifilingaz

hrifilingaz (nominative singular)
hrifilingōz (nominative plural)
hrifilingōs (nominative plural)
hrifiling (singular vocative)
hrifilingōz (plural vocative)
hrifilingōs (plural vocative)
hrifilingą (accusative singular)
hrifilinganz (accusative plural)
hrifilingas (genitive singular)
hrifilingis (genitive singular)
hrifilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrifilingai (dative singular)
hrifilingamaz (dative plural)
hrifilingō (instrumental singular)
hrifilingamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrifiling

Old English: hrifeling

Middle English: riveling, reviling

English: riveling, rullion

Old Norse: hriflingr

Probably from *hreflōną (“to sew, mend”) + *-ilingaz. Alternatively, from *hrefaz (“womb, belly, body”).


hruþjô

hruþjô (nominative singular)
hruþjaniz (nominative plural)
hruþjô (singular vocative)
hruþjaniz (plural vocative)
hruþjanų (accusative singular)
hruþjanunz (accusative plural)
hruþjiniz (genitive singular)
hruþjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hruþjini (dative singular)
hruþjammaz (dative plural)
hruþjinē (instrumental singular)
hruþjammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hroði

Icelandic: hroði

From *hruþjaną (“to hawk, cough”) + *-jô.


azanōdaz

azanōdaz (nominative singular)
azanōdōz (nominative plural)
azanōdōs (nominative plural)
azanōd (singular vocative)
azanōdōz (plural vocative)
azanōdōs (plural vocative)
azanōdą (accusative singular)
azanōdanz (accusative plural)
azanōdas (genitive singular)
azanōdis (genitive singular)
azanōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
azanōdai (dative singular)
azanōdamaz (dative plural)
azanōdō (instrumental singular)
azanōdamiz (instrumental plural)

Middle Dutch: arnde, arnede, ernde, ernede

Dutch: arent

Old Saxon: *arnōd

Middle Low German: arnde

German Low German: Arnt, Ärnte

Old High German: arnōt m

⇒ Middle High German: ernde f (merged with erne f)

German: Ernte f

Old Norse: *ǫnnadr

Old Swedish: and

Swedish: and

/ˈɑzɑ.nɔː.ðɑz/

From the past participle of *azanōną (“to harvest, reap, labor”).


austrōmēnōþs

austrōmēnōþs (nominative singular)
austrōmēnōþiz (nominative plural)
austrōmēnōþ (singular vocative)
austrōmēnōþiz (plural vocative)
austrōmēnōþų (accusative singular)
austrōmēnōþunz (accusative plural)
austrōmēnōþiz (genitive singular)
austrōmēnōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
austrōmēnōþi (dative singular)
austrōmēnōþumaz (dative plural)
austrōmēnōþē (instrumental singular)
austrōmēnōþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eastermōnaþ

Old Dutch: ōstermānōth

Old High German: ōstarmānōd

German: Ostermonat

From *Austrǭ (“Easter, springtime”) + *mēnōþs (“month”).

compound

the fourth month of the Germanic calendar, corresponding to April.


asnō

asnō (nominative singular)
asnôz (nominative plural)
asnō (singular vocative)
asnôz (plural vocative)
asnǭ (accusative singular)
asnōz (accusative plural)
asnōz (genitive singular)
asnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
asnōi (dative singular)
asnōmaz (dative plural)
asnō (instrumental singular)
asnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *asnu

Old Frisian: esna m (“wage”)

Old Saxon: asna (“wage, tax, interest”)

Middle Low German: asne, asnen


uzētô

uzētô (nominative singular)
uzētaniz (nominative plural)
uzētô (singular vocative)
uzētaniz (plural vocative)
uzētanų (accusative singular)
uzētanunz (accusative plural)
uzētiniz (genitive singular)
uzētanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzētini (dative singular)
uzētammaz (dative plural)
uzētinē (instrumental singular)
uzētammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀātō

Old English: *oreta

Middle English: orte

English: ort

Middle Low German: ort, orte

Middle Dutch: orete, oraete

Dutch: oort (obsolete)

Gothic: 𐌿𐌶𐌴𐍄𐌰 (uzēta)

/ˌuz.ˈɛː.tɔːː/


seukadōmaz

seukadōmaz (nominative singular)
seukadōmōz (nominative plural)
seukadōmōs (nominative plural)
seukadōm (singular vocative)
seukadōmōz (plural vocative)
seukadōmōs (plural vocative)
seukadōmą (accusative singular)
seukadōmanz (accusative plural)
seukadōmas (genitive singular)
seukadōmis (genitive singular)
seukadōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
seukadōmai (dative singular)
seukadōmamaz (dative plural)
seukadōmō (instrumental singular)
seukadōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *siokdōm

Middle Low German: sēkedōm

Old Dutch: siokduom

Old High German: siohtuom

Middle High German: siechtuom

German: Siechtum

desctree

Old Norse: sjúkdómr
Icelandic: sjúkdómur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjukdom
Norwegian Bokmål: sykdom, sjukdom
Danish: sygdom
Swedish: sjukdom


siukį̄

siukį̄ (nominative singular)
siukīniz (nominative plural)
siukį̄ (singular vocative)
siukīniz (plural vocative)
siukīnų (accusative singular)
siukīnunz (accusative plural)
siukīniz (genitive singular)
siukīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
siukīni (dative singular)
siukīmaz (dative plural)
siukīnē (instrumental singular)
siukīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *siukī
Old Saxon: siuki (?)
Middle Low German: suke
Low German: Süük
Old High German: siuhhī
Middle High German: siuche
Alemannic German: Siechi
German: Seuche
→ Luxembourgish: Seuch

Old Norse: *sýki

Icelandic: sýki

⇒ Old Norse: barnsýki

⇒ Old Norse: hugsýki (“anxiety”)

⇒ Old Norse: ǫfundarsýki

⇒ Old Norse: ǫfundsýki

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹 (siukei)


blauþį̄

blauþį̄ (nominative singular)
blauþīniz (nominative plural)
blauþį̄ (singular vocative)
blauþīniz (plural vocative)
blauþīnų (accusative singular)
blauþīnunz (accusative plural)
blauþīniz (genitive singular)
blauþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blauþīni (dative singular)
blauþīmaz (dative plural)
blauþīnē (instrumental singular)
blauþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: blōthī

Old High German: blōdī

Middle High German: blœde

German: Blöde

Old Norse: bleyði

Icelandic: bleyði

/ˈblɑu̯.θĩː/


blindį̄

blindį̄ (nominative singular)
blindīniz (nominative plural)
blindį̄ (singular vocative)
blindīniz (plural vocative)
blindīnų (accusative singular)
blindīnunz (accusative plural)
blindīniz (genitive singular)
blindīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blindīni (dative singular)
blindīmaz (dative plural)
blindīnē (instrumental singular)
blindīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blindī

Old Saxon: blindi

Old High German: blintī

Middle High German: blinde

German: Blinde

Old Norse: blindi f
Icelandic: blindi f
Norwegian Nynorsk: blinde f
Norwegian Bokmål: blinde m or f


braką

braką (nominative singular)
brakō (nominative plural)
braką (singular vocative)
brakō (plural vocative)
braką (accusative singular)
brakō (accusative plural)
brakas (genitive singular)
brakis (genitive singular)
brakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brakai (dative singular)
brakamaz (dative plural)
brakō (instrumental singular)
brakamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bræc

Old Saxon: *brak

Middle Low German: brak

Old High German: *brah

Middle High German: brach

Old Norse: brak

Icelandic: brak


brakǭ

brakǭ (nominative singular)
brakōniz (nominative plural)
brakǭ (singular vocative)
brakōniz (plural vocative)
brakōnų (accusative singular)
brakōnunz (accusative plural)
brakōniz (genitive singular)
brakōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brakōni (dative singular)
brakōmaz (dative plural)
brakōnē (instrumental singular)
brakōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brakā

Old English: *bræce

Middle English: *brake

English: brake

Old Saxon: *braka

Middle Low German: brake

Old Norse: *braka

Norwegian: brake


brandaraidō

brandaraidō (nominative singular)
brandaraidôz (nominative plural)
brandaraidō (singular vocative)
brandaraidôz (plural vocative)
brandaraidǭ (accusative singular)
brandaraidōz (accusative plural)
brandaraidōz (genitive singular)
brandaraidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brandaraidōi (dative singular)
brandaraidōmaz (dative plural)
brandaraidō (instrumental singular)
brandaraidōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: brandrād f, brandred f, brandrod f, brandreda m brandrida m

Middle English: brandreth brandrith, brandrath, brandret, brandlet, brandled, brendlet, brenled (some of the Middle English forms were conflated with Old Norse: brandreið)

English: brandreth, brandrith

Old Frisian: brondrad

Old Saxon: branderēda (“grate”)

Middle Low German: brantrede, brantrode

Old High German: brantereita (“grate”)

Middle High German: brantreite

German: Brandreite

Old Norse: brandreið (“grate”)

Icelandic: brandreið

From *brandaz (“fire; flash; flame”) + *raidō (“ride”).


bergō

bergō (nominative singular)
bergôz (nominative plural)
bergō (singular vocative)
bergôz (plural vocative)
bergǭ (accusative singular)
bergōz (accusative plural)
bergōz (genitive singular)
bergǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bergōi (dative singular)
bergōmaz (dative plural)
bergō (instrumental singular)
bergōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bergu
Old English: beorg
Middle English: berg
Old High German: pirc (in given names)

Old Norse: bjǫrg

Icelandic: björg, Björg

Faroese: Bjørg

Norwegian Nynorsk: berg, Bjørg

→ English: Bjorge

→ Proto-Samic: *pierkō (see there for further descendants)

From *berganą (“to preserve, to keep”) + *-ō.


breustabergō

breustabergō (nominative singular)
breustabergôz (nominative plural)
breustabergō (singular vocative)
breustabergôz (plural vocative)
breustabergǭ (accusative singular)
breustabergōz (accusative plural)
breustabergōz (genitive singular)
breustabergǫ̂ (genitive plural)
breustabergōi (dative singular)
breustabergōmaz (dative plural)
breustabergō (instrumental singular)
breustabergōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *breustabergu
Old English: brēostbeorg

Old Norse: brjóstbjǫrg

Icelandic: brjóstbjörg

From *breustą (“breast”) + *bergō (“help”).


beuzasaliz

beuzasaliz (nominative singular)
beuzasalīz (nominative plural)
beuzasali (singular vocative)
beuzasalīz (plural vocative)
beuzasalį (accusative singular)
beuzasalinz (accusative plural)
beuzasalīz (genitive singular)
beuzasalijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
beuzasalī (dative singular)
beuzasalimaz (dative plural)
beuzasalī (instrumental singular)
beuzasalimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *beuʀasali

Old English: bēorsele

Old Norse: bjórsalr

Icelandic: bjórsalur

From *beuzą (“beer”) + *saliz (“hall, room”).


bōkalistiz

bōkalistiz (nominative singular)
bōkalistīz (nominative plural)
bōkalisti (singular vocative)
bōkalistīz (plural vocative)
bōkalistį (accusative singular)
bōkalistinz (accusative plural)
bōkalistīz (genitive singular)
bōkalistijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkalistī (dative singular)
bōkalistimaz (dative plural)
bōkalistī (instrumental singular)
bōkalistimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: buohliste (plural)

Old Norse: bóklist

Icelandic: bóklist

From *bōks (“book”) + *listiz (“art, craft”).


brimalaidō

brimalaidō (nominative singular)
brimalaidôz (nominative plural)
brimalaidō (singular vocative)
brimalaidôz (plural vocative)
brimalaidǭ (accusative singular)
brimalaidōz (accusative plural)
brimalaidōz (genitive singular)
brimalaidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brimalaidōi (dative singular)
brimalaidōmaz (dative plural)
brimalaidō (instrumental singular)
brimalaidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brimlād

Old Norse: brimleið

Icelandic: brimleið

From *brimą (“surf, the sea”) + *laidō (“way, course”).


brūdihlaupą

brūdihlaupą (nominative singular)
brūdihlaupō (nominative plural)
brūdihlaupą (singular vocative)
brūdihlaupō (plural vocative)
brūdihlaupą (accusative singular)
brūdihlaupō (accusative plural)
brūdihlaupas (genitive singular)
brūdihlaupis (genitive singular)
brūdihlaupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūdihlaupai (dative singular)
brūdihlaupamaz (dative plural)
brūdihlaupō (instrumental singular)
brūdihlaupamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: brȳdhlop

Old Frisian: brōlop

desc

Old Saxon: brūdlōht, brūdhlōht, brūdhlōft, brūdhlōht, brūdhlōft

Middle Low German: brūtlacht

Middle Dutch: bruloft

Dutch: bruiloft

Afrikaans: bruilof

Old High German: brūtlouft

Middle High German: brūtlouft, brūtlouf

German: Brautlauf

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: brúðlaupa, brúðhlaup

Icelandic: brúðhlaup

Swedish: bröllop

Danish: bryllup

Norwegian: bryllup

From *brūdiz (“bride”) + *hlaupą (“journey”). The latter is from *hlaupaną (“to jump, leap”).


dauþubandą

dauþubandą (nominative singular)
dauþubandō (nominative plural)
dauþubandą (singular vocative)
dauþubandō (plural vocative)
dauþubandą (accusative singular)
dauþubandō (accusative plural)
dauþubandas (genitive singular)
dauþubandis (genitive singular)
dauþubandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dauþubandai (dative singular)
dauþubandamaz (dative plural)
dauþubandō (instrumental singular)
dauþubandamiz (instrumental plural)

Middle High German: tōtbant

Old Norse: dauðabǫnd

From *dauþuz (“death”) + *bandą (“bond”). The latter related to *bindaną (“to tie”).


dauþudagaz

dauþudagaz (nominative singular)
dauþudagōz (nominative plural)
dauþudagōs (nominative plural)
dauþudag (singular vocative)
dauþudagōz (plural vocative)
dauþudagōs (plural vocative)
dauþudagą (accusative singular)
dauþudaganz (accusative plural)
dauþudagas (genitive singular)
dauþudagis (genitive singular)
dauþudagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dauþudagai (dative singular)
dauþudagamaz (dative plural)
dauþudagō (instrumental singular)
dauþudagamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dēaþdæġ

English: deathday

German: Todestag

Old Norse: dauðadagr

Icelandic: dauðadagur

Swedish: dödsdag

From *dauþuz (“death”) + *dagaz (“day”).


dōmahūsą

dōmahūsą (nominative singular)
dōmahūsō (nominative plural)
dōmahūsą (singular vocative)
dōmahūsō (plural vocative)
dōmahūsą (accusative singular)
dōmahūsō (accusative plural)
dōmahūsas (genitive singular)
dōmahūsis (genitive singular)
dōmahūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōmahūsai (dative singular)
dōmahūsamaz (dative plural)
dōmahūsō (instrumental singular)
dōmahūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dōmhūs

Middle English: dome-howse

English: doom-house

Old Norse: dómhús

Icelandic: dómhús

Old Danish: domhus, domhws

Danish: domhus

From *dōmaz (“judgement”) + *hūsą (“house”).


dōmastōlaz

dōmastōlaz (nominative singular)
dōmastōlōz (nominative plural)
dōmastōlōs (nominative plural)
dōmastōl (singular vocative)
dōmastōlōz (plural vocative)
dōmastōlōs (plural vocative)
dōmastōlą (accusative singular)
dōmastōlanz (accusative plural)
dōmastōlas (genitive singular)
dōmastōlis (genitive singular)
dōmastōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōmastōlai (dative singular)
dōmastōlamaz (dative plural)
dōmastōlō (instrumental singular)
dōmastōlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: tuomstuol (“tribunal”)

desctree

Old Norse: dómstóll
Danish: domstol
Icelandic: dómstóll
Norwegian
Norwegian Bokmål: domstol
Norwegian Nynorsk: domstol
Swedish: domstol

From *dōmaz (“judgment”) + *stōlaz (“chair”).


durawardaz

durawardaz (nominative singular)
durawardōz (nominative plural)
durawardōs (nominative plural)
duraward (singular vocative)
durawardōz (plural vocative)
durawardōs (plural vocative)
durawardą (accusative singular)
durawardanz (accusative plural)
durawardas (genitive singular)
durawardis (genitive singular)
durawardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
durawardai (dative singular)
durawardamaz (dative plural)
durawardō (instrumental singular)
durawardamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dūruweard

Middle English: dōrward

desc

Old High German: torwart, turiwart, torwarto (

German: Torwart, Türwart

Old Norse: dyrvǫrðr, dyravǫrðr (form changed to genitival compound)

Icelandic: dyravörður

Faroese: duravørður (modern adaptation of the Icelandic or Old Norse word)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (daurawards)

From *durz (“door”) + *wardaz (“guard”).


durastudō

durastudō (nominative singular)
durastudôz (nominative plural)
durastudō (singular vocative)
durastudôz (plural vocative)
durastudǭ (accusative singular)
durastudōz (accusative plural)
durastudōz (genitive singular)
durastudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
durastudōi (dative singular)
durastudōmaz (dative plural)
durastudō (instrumental singular)
durastudōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dūrustod

Old Norse: durastoð, dyrastoð

Icelandic: dyrastoð


erknastainaz

erknastainaz (nominative singular)
erknastainōz (nominative plural)
erknastainōs (nominative plural)
erknastain (singular vocative)
erknastainōz (plural vocative)
erknastainōs (plural vocative)
erknastainą (accusative singular)
erknastainanz (accusative plural)
erknastainas (genitive singular)
erknastainis (genitive singular)
erknastainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erknastainai (dative singular)
erknastainamaz (dative plural)
erknastainō (instrumental singular)
erknastainamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eorcnanstān

→ English: arkenstone

Old Norse: jarknasteinn

Icelandic: jarknasteinn

From *erknaz (“holy, genuine, precious”) + *stainaz (“stone”).


irziþō

irziþō (nominative singular)
irziþôz (nominative plural)
irziþō (singular vocative)
irziþôz (plural vocative)
irziþǭ (accusative singular)
irziþōz (accusative plural)
irziþōz (genitive singular)
irziþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
irziþōi (dative singular)
irziþōmaz (dative plural)
irziþō (instrumental singular)
irziþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *irʀiþu
Old High German: hreinida, reinida
Middle High German: reinde

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌹𐌸𐌰 (airziþa)

From *irzijaz (“crazy, confused, lost, erring, wrong”) + *-iþō.


ētijô

ētijô (nominative singular)
ētijaniz (nominative plural)
ētijô (singular vocative)
ētijaniz (plural vocative)
ētijanų (accusative singular)
ētijanunz (accusative plural)
ētijiniz (genitive singular)
ētijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ētijini (dative singular)
ētijammaz (dative plural)
ētijinē (instrumental singular)
ētijammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣta

desc

⇒ Old English: hlāfǣta (“bread-eater, servant”)

⇒ Old English: selfǣta (“cannibal”)

Gothic: *𐌴𐍄𐌾𐌰 (*ētja)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌴𐍄𐌾𐌰 (afētja)


ētą

ētą (nominative singular)
ētō (nominative plural)
ētą (singular vocative)
ētō (plural vocative)
ētą (accusative singular)
ētō (accusative plural)
ētas (genitive singular)
ētis (genitive singular)
ētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ētai (dative singular)
ētamaz (dative plural)
ētō (instrumental singular)
ētamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *āt

Old English: ǣt

Middle English: æte, ate, ete; ates, etes (plural)

English: eat; eats (plural)

Old Frisian: ēt

North Frisian: ad, it

Old Saxon: āt

Middle Low German: ât

Old Dutch: āt

Middle Dutch: aet

Dutch: aat

Old High German: āȥ

Middle High German: āȥ

i

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*ēsą</i>

German: Aas (merged with *ēsą)

desctree

Old Norse: át
Icelandic: át
Norwegian Nynorsk: åt
Norwegian Bokmål: åt


faiknastabaz

faiknastabaz (nominative singular)
faiknastabōz (nominative plural)
faiknastabōs (nominative plural)
faiknastab (singular vocative)
faiknastabōz (plural vocative)
faiknastabōs (plural vocative)
faiknastabą (accusative singular)
faiknastabanz (accusative plural)
faiknastabas (genitive singular)
faiknastabis (genitive singular)
faiknastabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faiknastabai (dative singular)
faiknastabamaz (dative plural)
faiknastabō (instrumental singular)
faiknastabamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fācenstæf

Old Norse: feiknstafir pl m

Icelandic: feiknstafir pl m

From *faiknaz (“wicked, deceitful, insidious”) + *stabaz.


faitį̄

faitį̄ (nominative singular)
faitīniz (nominative plural)
faitį̄ (singular vocative)
faitīniz (plural vocative)
faitīnų (accusative singular)
faitīnunz (accusative plural)
faitīniz (genitive singular)
faitīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faitīni (dative singular)
faitīmaz (dative plural)
faitīnē (instrumental singular)
faitīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faitī
Old High German: *feizī
Middle High German: veize

Old Norse: feiti

Icelandic: feiti

Faroese: feiti (in compounds)


gabį̄

gabį̄ (nominative singular)
gabīniz (nominative plural)
gabį̄ (singular vocative)
gabīniz (plural vocative)
gabīnų (accusative singular)
gabīnunz (accusative plural)
gabīniz (genitive singular)
gabīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gabīni (dative singular)
gabīmaz (dative plural)
gabīnē (instrumental singular)
gabīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: kepī

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌴𐌹 (gabei)
→ Proto-Slavic: *gobino, *gobina f, *gobiňa f
East Slavic:
Old East Slavic: гобино (gobino), гобина f (gobina)
Russian: гобина f (gobina) (dialectal)
South Slavic:
Old Church Slavonic: гобино (gobino)
Serbo-Croatian: (archaic)
Cyrillic script: гобино (“spelt”); го̀бӣња f (“wreath”) (dialectal)
Latin script: gobino (“spelt”)


fehuhūsą

fehuhūsą (nominative singular)
fehuhūsō (nominative plural)
fehuhūsą (singular vocative)
fehuhūsō (plural vocative)
fehuhūsą (accusative singular)
fehuhūsō (accusative plural)
fehuhūsas (genitive singular)
fehuhūsis (genitive singular)
fehuhūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fehuhūsai (dative singular)
fehuhūsamaz (dative plural)
fehuhūsō (instrumental singular)
fehuhūsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: feohhūs (“treasury”)

Middle English: fehous

Old Saxon: *fehuhūs

desc

Middle Low German: vēhūs, veehūs, vhehūs

Old High German: *fihuhūs

Middle High German: vihehūs

German: Viehhaus

Old Norse: féhús, fjós

Icelandic: fjós

Faroese: fjós

Norwegian: fjøs

→ Danish: fjøs

Old Swedish: fæhus

Swedish: fähus, fjos, fjös, fjäs, fäjs

Old Danish: fæhus

Danish: fæhus

→ Proto-Samic: *fievsē (see there for further descendants)

From *fehu (“cattle, money”) + *hūsą (“house”).


fingragulþą

fingragulþą (nominative singular)
fingragulþō (nominative plural)
fingragulþą (singular vocative)
fingragulþō (plural vocative)
fingragulþą (accusative singular)
fingragulþō (accusative plural)
fingragulþas (genitive singular)
fingragulþis (genitive singular)
fingragulþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fingragulþai (dative singular)
fingragulþamaz (dative plural)
fingragulþō (instrumental singular)
fingragulþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fingrgull

Faroese: fingurgull

Icelandic: fingurgull

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸 (figgragulþ)

/ˈɸiŋ.ɡrɑ.ˌɣul.θɑ̃/

From *fingraz (“finger”) + *gulþą (“gold”).


fulkawīgą

fulkawīgą (nominative singular)
fulkawīgō (nominative plural)
fulkawīgą (singular vocative)
fulkawīgō (plural vocative)
fulkawīgą (accusative singular)
fulkawīgō (accusative plural)
fulkawīgas (genitive singular)
fulkawīgis (genitive singular)
fulkawīgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulkawīgai (dative singular)
fulkawīgamaz (dative plural)
fulkawīgō (instrumental singular)
fulkawīgamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: folwīch

Old Saxon: *folkwīg

Middle Low German: volkwîch, volkwîg

desctree

Old High German: folkwīg, folcwig
Middle High German: volcwīc

Old Norse: folkvíg, fólkvíg

Icelandic: fólkvíg

From *fulką (“folk”) + *wīgą (“battle”).


girnį̄

girnį̄ (nominative singular)
girnīniz (nominative plural)
girnį̄ (singular vocative)
girnīniz (plural vocative)
girnīnų (accusative singular)
girnīnunz (accusative plural)
girnīniz (genitive singular)
girnīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
girnīni (dative singular)
girnīmaz (dative plural)
girnīnē (instrumental singular)
girnīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: gernī

Middle High German: *gerne

German: Gerne

Old Norse: girni

Icelandic: girni

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌴𐌹 (gairnei)


girį̄

girį̄ (nominative singular)
girīniz (nominative plural)
girį̄ (singular vocative)
girīniz (plural vocative)
girīnų (accusative singular)
girīnunz (accusative plural)
girīniz (genitive singular)
girīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
girīni (dative singular)
girīmaz (dative plural)
girīnē (instrumental singular)
girīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *girī

Old Saxon: *giri in fehugiri (“rapacity”)

Old High German: girī, ger
Middle High German: gir
German: Gier

Old East Norse: giri

Swedish: girig

Norwegian: gīr (dialectal)


gōdį̄

gōdį̄ (nominative singular)
gōdīniz (nominative plural)
gōdį̄ (singular vocative)
gōdīniz (plural vocative)
gōdīnų (accusative singular)
gōdīnunz (accusative plural)
gōdīniz (genitive singular)
gōdīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gōdīni (dative singular)
gōdīmaz (dative plural)
gōdīnē (instrumental singular)
gōdīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gōdī
Old Saxon: gōdī, guodī
Middle Low German: gôde, gö̂de, güde, gö̂te
Old Dutch: guodi
Middle Dutch: goede
Old High German: guotī, guatī, guodī, guoitī, kuotī, chuotī — hypercorrect
Middle High German: giute, güete, güöte, guͤte, guͤti
Alemannic German: Gieti, Güeti
Central Franconian: Jöt, Jöde
Hunsrik: Gied
Cimbrian: güute
German: Güte
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Gied, Giede
Palatine German: Giet, Giete

Gothic: 𐌲𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹 (gōdei)


furhtį̄

furhtį̄ (nominative singular)
furhtīniz (nominative plural)
furhtį̄ (singular vocative)
furhtīniz (plural vocative)
furhtīnų (accusative singular)
furhtīnunz (accusative plural)
furhtīniz (genitive singular)
furhtīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhtīni (dative singular)
furhtīmaz (dative plural)
furhtīnē (instrumental singular)
furhtīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furhtī
Old English: fyrhtu, fryhtu
Middle English: fright, friȝt, freyhte, fyrht, furht, frigt, fryȝt
English: fright
Scots: fricht
Old Frisian: fruchte

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹 (faurhtei)


hīwōnō

Proto-West Germanic: *hīwōn
Old English: hīwan
Old Frisian: hiōne, hiūne, hīne
Old Saxon: hīwun, hīun
Middle Dutch: huwe sg f
Old High German: hīūn, hīwen, hīen, *hīwo
Middle High German: hīe sg
Cimbrian: haje, hajar pl n, hair pl n

Old Norse: hjú, hjó, hjón

Faroese: hjún

Icelandic: hjón

Norwegian Nynorsk: hjon

Old Swedish: hion

Swedish: hjon

Old Danish: hion/hiona

Danish: hjon

Originally the plural of *hīwô, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to be lying down”).


hīwiskiją

hīwiskiją (nominative singular)
hīwiskijō (nominative plural)
hīwiskiją (singular vocative)
hīwiskijō (plural vocative)
hīwiskiją (accusative singular)
hīwiskijō (accusative plural)
hīwiskijas (genitive singular)
hīwiskīs (genitive singular)
hīwiskijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hīwiskijai (dative singular)
hīwiskijamaz (dative plural)
hīwiskijō (instrumental singular)
hīwiskijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hīwiskī
Old English: hīwisċe, hīwisċ
⇒ Old Frisian: hīskithe
Old Saxon: hīwiski
Middle Low German: hîsche, hîsch, hiske, hisk
Old Dutch: hīwiski, hîiske, hiuuisce, huyssche
Middle Dutch: huwesc, huwesc, husch, huisch
Dutch: huis (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hūs)
Old High German: hīwisci
Middle High German: hīwische, hīwisch

Old Norse: hýski, hjúskapr (OEN)

Icelandic: hýski, hyski

Faroese: húski, hýski

Old Danish: hæskap/hæske (merged with Middle Low German: "Herschop")

From *hīwą (“marriage”) + *-iskaz + *-iją.


hīwą

hīwą (nominative singular)
hīwō (nominative plural)
hīwą (singular vocative)
hīwō (plural vocative)
hīwą (accusative singular)
hīwō (accusative plural)
hīwas (genitive singular)
hīwis (genitive singular)
hīwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hīwai (dative singular)
hīwamaz (dative plural)
hīwō (instrumental singular)
hīwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hīw
Old English: *hīw
⇒ Old English: hīwcund

Old Norse: *hý

⇒ Old Norse: hýbýli pl n

Gothic: *𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍅 (*heiw)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 (heiwafrauja)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to be lying down”).


hauhiþō

hauhiþō (nominative singular)
hauhiþôz (nominative plural)
hauhiþō (singular vocative)
hauhiþôz (plural vocative)
hauhiþǭ (accusative singular)
hauhiþōz (accusative plural)
hauhiþōz (genitive singular)
hauhiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hauhiþōi (dative singular)
hauhiþōmaz (dative plural)
hauhiþō (instrumental singular)
hauhiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hauhiþu
Old English: hīehþu, hīehþo, hēhþo, hēahþu
Middle English: heiȝþe, heighte
English: heighth, height
Scots: hecht, haicht
Old Frisian: *hēchte, *hāchte
Saterland Frisian: Höchte, Hööchte
West Frisian: hichte
Old Saxon: *hōhitha
Middle Low German: hö̂gede, hö̂chte
Low German: Höögde
German Low German: Höchte, Höcht
Old Dutch: *hōgitha, *hōgida
Middle Dutch: hôgede
Dutch: hoogte
Afrikaans: hoogte
Limburgish: huuegdje
Old High German: hōhida
Middle High German: hœhede, hœhte
Luxembourgish: Héicht

Old Norse: hæð

Icelandic: hæð

Faroese: hædd

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: høgd, høgde (East Nordic influence); hæd, hædd, hø

→ Norwegian Bokmål: høgd, høgde

Old Swedish: höghþ

Swedish: höjd

Old Danish: høgdh, høwt

Danish: højde

Norwegian Bokmål: høyde

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌹𐌸𐌰 (hauhiþa)


hauhį̄

hauhį̄ (nominative singular)
hauhīniz (nominative plural)
hauhį̄ (singular vocative)
hauhīniz (plural vocative)
hauhīnų (accusative singular)
hauhīnunz (accusative plural)
hauhīniz (genitive singular)
hauhīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hauhīni (dative singular)
hauhīmaz (dative plural)
hauhīnē (instrumental singular)
hauhīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hauhī
Old Saxon: hōhi
Middle Low German: höge, höe
Old High German: hōhī
Middle High German: hœhe, hōhe, hō
Alemannic German: Hechi, Höchi, Hööchi
Swabian: Hea, Hee
Bavarian:
Austrian: He
German: Höhe, Höh
Yiddish: הייך (heykh)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌴𐌹 (hauhei)


hēbaz

hēbaz (nominative singular)
hēbōz (nominative plural)
hēbōs (nominative plural)
hēb (singular vocative)
hēbōz (plural vocative)
hēbōs (plural vocative)
hēbą (accusative singular)
hēbanz (accusative plural)
hēbas (genitive singular)
hēbis (genitive singular)
hēbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hēbai (dative singular)
hēbamaz (dative plural)
hēbō (instrumental singular)
hēbamiz (instrumental plural)

Dutch: haaf

Old Norse: háfr

Icelandic: háfur

Norwegian: håv

Old Swedish: hāver

Swedish: håv

→ Finnish: haavi

Danish: hov

→ Proto-Samic: *vuopsë (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *habas

Finnish: havas

Related to *haftijaną (“to make bound; to bind, secure”).


handumaginą

handumaginą (nominative singular)
handumaginō (nominative plural)
handumaginą (singular vocative)
handumaginō (plural vocative)
handumaginą (accusative singular)
handumaginō (accusative plural)
handumaginas (genitive singular)
handumaginis (genitive singular)
handumaginǫ̂ (genitive plural)
handumaginai (dative singular)
handumaginamaz (dative plural)
handumaginō (instrumental singular)
handumaginamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: handmægen

Old Saxon: handmagan

Old Norse: handmegin

From *handuz (“hand”) + *maginą (“strength”).


hanhasinwō

hanhasinwō (nominative singular)
hanhasinwôz (nominative plural)
hanhasinwō (singular vocative)
hanhasinwôz (plural vocative)
hanhasinwǭ (accusative singular)
hanhasinwōz (accusative plural)
hanhasinwōz (genitive singular)
hanhasinwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanhasinwōi (dative singular)
hanhasinwōmaz (dative plural)
hanhasinwō (instrumental singular)
hanhasinwōmiz (instrumental plural)
*hanhasinawō (alternative)
*hanhsinwō (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄hasinu
Old English: hōhsinu, hōhsino
Middle English: hokschyne, *hoxene (often remodelled after schyne "shin")
English: huxen, huckson, huxon, huckshin, hucksheen (influenced by shin) (dialectal, obsolete)
Old Frisian: hōxene, hōxne
Old Dutch: *hāhsena, *hāssena
Middle Dutch: hâesen, hâesene
Dutch: haas
→ Indonesian: has
Limburgish: haos
Old High German: hāhsina, hāhsna
Middle High German: hahsen, hæhsen, hehsen pl
Bavarian: Haxn
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Haxa
German: Hachse, Hechse, Haxe
Luxembourgish: Héiss
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Hees, Hess
Pennsylvania German: Heese
Vilamovian: haoks

Old Norse: hásin

Icelandic: hásin

From *hanhaz (“heel”) + *senawō (“tendon”).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


hardį̄

hardį̄ (nominative singular)
hardīniz (nominative plural)
hardį̄ (singular vocative)
hardīniz (plural vocative)
hardīnų (accusative singular)
hardīnunz (accusative plural)
hardīniz (genitive singular)
hardīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hardīni (dative singular)
hardīmaz (dative plural)
hardīnē (instrumental singular)
hardīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hardī
Old High German: hartī, herte, hertī
Middle High German: herte
German: Härte

Old Norse: herði

Icelandic: herði

From *harduz (“hard”) + *-į̄ (“-th, abstract nominal suffix”).


hardį̄

Proto-West Germanic: *hardī

Old High German: harti, herti

Middle High German: herte

desctree

Old Norse: herðr
Icelandic: herðar f pl
Faroese: herðar f pl
Norwegian Nynorsk: herd
Norwegian Bokmål: herd

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)ārtō, *ārtijē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hartija (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin, with a quasi-Indo-European form along the lines of *kort-íh₂-. Kroonen adduces no extra-Germanic cognates and leaves the origin open, while Orel considers the term originally identical with the "rigidity" sense of Etymology 1, referring to the firmness of shoulders.


harjafardiz

harjafardiz (nominative singular)
harjafardīz (nominative plural)
harjafardi (singular vocative)
harjafardīz (plural vocative)
harjafardį (accusative singular)
harjafardinz (accusative plural)
harjafardīz (genitive singular)
harjafardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harjafardī (dative singular)
harjafardimaz (dative plural)
harjafardī (instrumental singular)
harjafardimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: hereferd

Old Saxon: *herifard

Middle Low German: herevart

Old High German: herifart

Middle High German: hervart

German: Heerfahrt

Old Norse: herferð

Icelandic: herferð

From *harjaz (“army”) + *fardiz (“journey”).


harjafulką

harjafulką (nominative singular)
harjafulkō (nominative plural)
harjafulką (singular vocative)
harjafulkō (plural vocative)
harjafulką (accusative singular)
harjafulkō (accusative plural)
harjafulkas (genitive singular)
harjafulkis (genitive singular)
harjafulkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harjafulkai (dative singular)
harjafulkamaz (dative plural)
harjafulkō (instrumental singular)
harjafulkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: herefolc

Old Frisian: hirifolk

Old Norse: herfolk

Icelandic: herfólk

From *harjaz (“army”) + *fulką (“people”).


harjamann-

harjamann- (nominative singular)
harjamanô (nominative singular)
harjamannô (nominative singular)
harjamanniz (nominative plural)
harjamann (singular vocative)
harjamanniz (plural vocative)
harjamannų (accusative singular)
harjamannunz (accusative plural)
harjamanniz (genitive singular)
harjamannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harjamanni (dative singular)
harjamannumaz (dative plural)
harjamannē (instrumental singular)
harjamannumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: heremann

Middle Dutch: herman

Old High German: heriman

German: Heermann (surname)

Old Norse: hermaðr

Icelandic: hermaður


hōbiþō

hōbiþō (nominative singular)
hōbiþôz (nominative plural)
hōbiþō (singular vocative)
hōbiþôz (plural vocative)
hōbiþǭ (accusative singular)
hōbiþōz (accusative plural)
hōbiþōz (genitive singular)
hōbiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōbiþōi (dative singular)
hōbiþōmaz (dative plural)
hōbiþō (instrumental singular)
hōbiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōbiþu
Old High German: *hōfte
⇒ Old High German: hehōfte

Old Norse: *hœfð, *hǿfð

Icelandic: hæfð

⇒ Old Norse: óhǿfð

/ˈxɔː.βi.θɔː/


hrainiþō

hrainiþō (nominative singular)
hrainiþôz (nominative plural)
hrainiþō (singular vocative)
hrainiþôz (plural vocative)
hrainiþǭ (accusative singular)
hrainiþōz (accusative plural)
hrainiþōz (genitive singular)
hrainiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrainiþōi (dative singular)
hrainiþōmaz (dative plural)
hrainiþō (instrumental singular)
hrainiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: hreinida, reinida

Middle High German: reinde

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰 (unhrainiþa)

From *hrainiz (“clean, not dirty, pure”) + *-iþō.


hrainį̄

hrainį̄ (nominative singular)
hrainīniz (nominative plural)
hrainį̄ (singular vocative)
hrainīniz (plural vocative)
hrainīnų (accusative singular)
hrainīnunz (accusative plural)
hrainīniz (genitive singular)
hrainīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrainīni (dative singular)
hrainīmaz (dative plural)
hrainīnē (instrumental singular)
hrainīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: reinī, hreinīn

Middle High German: reine

German: Reine

Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹 (hrainei)


hwassį̄

hwassį̄ (nominative singular)
hwassīniz (nominative plural)
hwassį̄ (singular vocative)
hwassīniz (plural vocative)
hwassīnų (accusative singular)
hwassīnunz (accusative plural)
hwassīniz (genitive singular)
hwassīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwassīni (dative singular)
hwassīmaz (dative plural)
hwassīnē (instrumental singular)
hwassīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hwessi

Old High German: wassī

Middle High German: Wasse

German: Wässe, Wasse

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌴𐌹 (ƕassei)


hwōstô

hwōstô (nominative singular)
hwōstaniz (nominative plural)
hwōstô (singular vocative)
hwōstaniz (plural vocative)
hwōstanų (accusative singular)
hwōstanunz (accusative plural)
hwōstiniz (genitive singular)
hwōstanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwōstini (dative singular)
hwōstammaz (dative plural)
hwōstinē (instrumental singular)
hwōstammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwōstō
Old English: hwōsta
Middle English: host
English: whoost, hoost
Old Saxon: *hwōsto
Middle Low German: hôste
Old Dutch: *huosto
Middle Dutch: hoeste
Dutch: hoest
Afrikaans: hoes
Old High German: huosto
Middle High German: huoste
German: Husten
→ Yiddish: הוסט (hust)

Old Norse: hósti

Icelandic: hósti

Norwegian Nynorsk: hoste

Old Swedish: hosta

Swedish: hosta

Old Danish: hostæ

Danish: hoste

Norwegian Bokmål: hoste

/ˈxʷɔː.stɔːː/


hwōtō

hwōtō (nominative singular)
hwōtôz (nominative plural)
hwōtō (singular vocative)
hwōtôz (plural vocative)
hwōtǭ (accusative singular)
hwōtōz (accusative plural)
hwōtōz (genitive singular)
hwōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwōtōi (dative singular)
hwōtōmaz (dative plural)
hwōtō (instrumental singular)
hwōtōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hót pl n

Icelandic: hót pl n

Swedish: hot n

⇒ Old Norse: hóta (verb)

Icelandic: hóta (verb)

Swedish: hota (verb)

Gothic: 𐍈𐍉𐍄𐌰 (ƕōta)

Verbal noun of *hwētaną (“to attack, stab”).


hrōmiz

hrōmiz (nominative singular)
hrōmīz (nominative plural)
hrōmi (singular vocative)
hrōmīz (plural vocative)
hrōmį (accusative singular)
hrōminz (accusative plural)
hrōmīz (genitive singular)
hrōmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōmī (dative singular)
hrōmimaz (dative plural)
hrōmī (instrumental singular)
hrōmimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōmi
Old Saxon: hrōm
Middle Low German: hrōm
Old Dutch: *ruom
Middle Dutch: roem
Dutch: roem
Afrikaans: roem
Old High German: ruom, hruom
Middle High German: ruom
German: Ruhm

From Proto-Indo-European *kroH-mo-s, from *kreH- (“to shout”). See *hrōþiz (“praise, glory”) for cognates.


hrōþrą

hrōþrą (nominative singular)
hrōþrō (nominative plural)
hrōþrą (singular vocative)
hrōþrō (plural vocative)
hrōþrą (accusative singular)
hrōþrō (accusative plural)
hrōþras (genitive singular)
hrōþris (genitive singular)
hrōþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōþrai (dative singular)
hrōþramaz (dative plural)
hrōþrō (instrumental singular)
hrōþramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrōdor

Old Norse: hróðr
Icelandic: hróður

/ˈxrɔː.θrɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *kreH-tro-, from *kreH- (“to shout”). Cognate with Sanskrit कीर्ति (kīrti, “speech, report; fame”) (from the related root कृ (kṛ, “to commemorate, honor”)), Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆 (car^əkər^ə, “to praise”).


warpą

warpą (nominative singular)
warpō (nominative plural)
warpą (singular vocative)
warpō (plural vocative)
warpą (accusative singular)
warpō (accusative plural)
warpas (genitive singular)
warpis (genitive singular)
warpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warpai (dative singular)
warpamaz (dative plural)
warpō (instrumental singular)
warpamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wearp, warp

Middle English: warp, werp

English: warp

Middle Low German: warp

Middle Dutch: warp

Old High German: warf

Middle High German: warf

German: Warf

desctree

Old Norse: varp (“cast of net, laying of eggs”)
Icelandic: varp
Faroese: varp
Norwegian Bokmål: varp
Norwegian Nynorsk: varp
Old Swedish: varp
Swedish: varp
Danish: varp

→? Proto-Finnic: *varpa (see there for further descendants)

Nominal formation from *werpaną (“to throw, cast”).


garwiþō

garwiþō (nominative singular)
garwiþôz (nominative plural)
garwiþō (singular vocative)
garwiþôz (plural vocative)
garwiþǭ (accusative singular)
garwiþōz (accusative plural)
garwiþōz (genitive singular)
garwiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garwiþōi (dative singular)
garwiþōmaz (dative plural)
garwiþō (instrumental singular)
garwiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *garwiþu
Old High German: garawida

Old Norse: gerð, gjǫrð

Icelandic: gerð, gjörð

From *garwaz (“ready, prepared”) + *-iþō.


garwį̄

garwį̄ (nominative singular)
garwīniz (nominative plural)
garwį̄ (singular vocative)
garwīniz (plural vocative)
garwīnų (accusative singular)
garwīnunz (accusative plural)
garwīniz (genitive singular)
garwīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garwīni (dative singular)
garwīmaz (dative plural)
garwīnē (instrumental singular)
garwīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: gearwe

desc

influenced by Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">gervi</i>

English: gear (influenced by Old Norse gervi)

Old High German: garawī

Middle High German: gerwe, garwe

Old Norse: gervi

Icelandic: gervi

Faroese: gervi

From *garwaz (“ready, prepared”) + *-į̄.


sēdlą

sēdlą (nominative singular)
sēdlō (nominative plural)
sēdlą (singular vocative)
sēdlō (plural vocative)
sēdlą (accusative singular)
sēdlō (accusative plural)
sēdlas (genitive singular)
sēdlis (genitive singular)
sēdlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sēdlai (dative singular)
sēdlamaz (dative plural)
sēdlō (instrumental singular)
sēdlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: sáld

Danish: sold

Elfdalian: såld

Icelandic: sáld

Norwegian: såld

Swedish: såll

→ Proto-Finnic: *sëkla (see there for further descendants)

An instrumental noun from the Proto-Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *seh₁-, via a byform *seh₁tlóm.


insahtiz

insahtiz (nominative singular)
insahtīz (nominative plural)
insahti (singular vocative)
insahtīz (plural vocative)
insahtį (accusative singular)
insahtinz (accusative plural)
insahtīz (genitive singular)
insahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
insahtī (dative singular)
insahtimaz (dative plural)
insahtī (instrumental singular)
insahtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: insiht

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (insahts)


sandakurną

sandakurną (nominative singular)
sandakurnō (nominative plural)
sandakurną (singular vocative)
sandakurnō (plural vocative)
sandakurną (accusative singular)
sandakurnō (accusative plural)
sandakurnas (genitive singular)
sandakurnis (genitive singular)
sandakurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sandakurnai (dative singular)
sandakurnamaz (dative plural)
sandakurnō (instrumental singular)
sandakurnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sandcorn

German: Sandkorn

Old Norse: sandkorn

Icelandic: sandkorn

From *sandaz (“sand”) + *kurną (“grain”).


sankwą

sankwą (nominative singular)
sankwō (nominative plural)
sankwą (singular vocative)
sankwō (plural vocative)
sankwą (accusative singular)
sankwō (accusative plural)
sankwas (genitive singular)
sankwis (genitive singular)
sankwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sankwai (dative singular)
sankwamaz (dative plural)
sankwō (instrumental singular)
sankwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: sǫkk

Faroese: søkk

Icelandic: sökk

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌵𐌰 (saggqa)

/ˈsɑŋʷ.kʷɑ̃/


samawistiz

samawistiz (nominative singular)
samawistīz (nominative plural)
samawisti (singular vocative)
samawistīz (plural vocative)
samawistį (accusative singular)
samawistinz (accusative plural)
samawistīz (genitive singular)
samawistijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
samawistī (dative singular)
samawistimaz (dative plural)
samawistī (instrumental singular)
samawistimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *samawisti

Old English: samwist

Old High German: samwist (“consortium”)

Old Norse: samvist

Icelandic: samvist


saliþwō

saliþwō (nominative singular)
saliþwôz (nominative plural)
saliþwō (singular vocative)
saliþwôz (plural vocative)
saliþwǭ (accusative singular)
saliþwōz (accusative plural)
saliþwōz (genitive singular)
saliþwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saliþwōi (dative singular)
saliþwōmaz (dative plural)
saliþwō (instrumental singular)
saliþwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saliþu
Old English: sælþ
Old Saxon: selitha
Old Dutch: selitha
Old High German: selida, selitha, seleda, selda
Middle High German: selede, selide, selde, sölde
German: Selde, Sölde

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌸𐍅𐍉𐍃 pl (saliþwōs)


garūnô

garūnô (nominative singular)
garūnaniz (nominative plural)
garūnô (singular vocative)
garūnaniz (plural vocative)
garūnanų (accusative singular)
garūnanunz (accusative plural)
garūniniz (genitive singular)
garūnanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garūnini (dative singular)
garūnammaz (dative plural)
garūninē (instrumental singular)
garūnammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *garūnō
Old English: gerūna
Old High German: girūno
Dutch: ruiner, from Middle Dutch runer

Old Norse: of rúni, rúni

⇒ Old Norse: Rúni

From *ga- (“co-”) + *rūnō (“secret, mystery”) + *-ô (“-er”, masculine agent noun).


raunō

raunō (nominative singular)
raunôz (nominative plural)
raunō (singular vocative)
raunôz (plural vocative)
raunǭ (accusative singular)
raunōz (accusative plural)
raunōz (genitive singular)
raunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raunōi (dative singular)
raunōmaz (dative plural)
raunō (instrumental singular)
raunōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raunu
Old Frisian: rān

Old Norse: raun

Icelandic: raun

An archaic ablaut of *rūnō (“secret, mystery”).


diupį̄

diupį̄ (nominative singular)
diupīniz (nominative plural)
diupį̄ (singular vocative)
diupīniz (plural vocative)
diupīnų (accusative singular)
diupīnunz (accusative plural)
diupīniz (genitive singular)
diupīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
diupīni (dative singular)
diupīmaz (dative plural)
diupīnē (instrumental singular)
diupīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *diupī
Old Dutch: diupi
Middle Dutch: diepe
Old Saxon: diupi
Middle Low German: dēpe
Old High German: tiufī, tiufe, tiufīn
Middle High German: tiufe, tiefe
Alemannic German: Tüüfi, Tieffi
German: Tiefe (obsolete Teufe)
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Dief, Tief
Vilamovian: tif

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᛁᚢᛈᛁ (*diupi)

Old Norse: dýpi

Icelandic: dýpi

Faroese: dýpi

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌴𐌹 (diupei)


waigō

waigō (nominative singular)
waigôz (nominative plural)
waigō (singular vocative)
waigôz (plural vocative)
waigǭ (accusative singular)
waigōz (accusative plural)
waigōz (genitive singular)
waigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waigōi (dative singular)
waigōmaz (dative plural)
waigō (instrumental singular)
waigōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: veig

Icelandic: veig

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to fight”). Cognate with Lithuanian viẽkas and Russian век (vek).


wazrą

wazrą (nominative singular)
wazrō (nominative plural)
wazrą (singular vocative)
wazrō (plural vocative)
wazrą (accusative singular)
wazrō (accusative plural)
wazras (genitive singular)
wazris (genitive singular)
wazrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wazrai (dative singular)
wazramaz (dative plural)
wazrō (instrumental singular)
wazramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *waʀr, *wars

Old Frisian: wars m, wērs

desc

North Frisian: (Wiedingharder, Mooring) uurs

desctree

Old Norse: vár
Icelandic: vor
Faroese: vár
Norn: vår
→ Scots: voar
Norwegian Nynorsk: vår
Old Swedish: var
Swedish: vår
Old Danish: war, wor
Danish: vår
Norwegian Bokmål: vår
→ Middle English: ware
English: ware
Scots: ware, wair, waur

From Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥ (“spring”).


warzaz

warzaz (nominative singular)
warzōz (nominative plural)
warzōs (nominative plural)
warz (singular vocative)
warzōz (plural vocative)
warzōs (plural vocative)
warzą (accusative singular)
warzanz (accusative plural)
warzas (genitive singular)
warzis (genitive singular)
warzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warzai (dative singular)
warzamaz (dative plural)
warzō (instrumental singular)
warzamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *warʀ, *wars
Old English: wearr, wear
Middle English: warre, werre, werr
English: war (dialectal)
⇒ English: warrabee, warble (dialectal)
⇒ English: weerock
Scots: war, waur, wer
⇒ Early Scots: wyrok
Scots: wirrok, werrock, warrack, warrach, warroch
⇒ Old Frisian: wersene, wirsene f (< *warsīnu, *warsīnā)
Old Dutch: *warr
Middle Dutch: warre, weer, wier
Dutch: war, weer, wier, weure, weur
⇒ Dutch: weerooghe (obsolete)
West Flemish: warre

Old Norse:

Elfdalian: weer

From Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to protrude; peak, excrescence”). Cognate with Latin verruca (“wart; hillock”).


spahō

spahō (nominative singular)
spahôz (nominative plural)
spahō (singular vocative)
spahôz (plural vocative)
spahǭ (accusative singular)
spahōz (accusative plural)
spahōz (genitive singular)
spahǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spahōi (dative singular)
spahōmaz (dative plural)
spahō (instrumental singular)
spahōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spehu
Old Saxon: *speha
Middle Low German: *spē
Low German: spee
Old Dutch: *spia
Middle Dutch: spie
Dutch: spie, spee, spij (dialectal)
Old High German: speha
Middle High German: spehe, spē
German: Spähe

Proto-Norse: ᛋᛒᛡ (sbᴀ)

Old Norse: spá

Icelandic: spá

→ Proto-Samic: *pākō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to see, to look, to observe”).


spellô

spellô (nominative singular)
spellaniz (nominative plural)
spellô (singular vocative)
spellaniz (plural vocative)
spellanų (accusative singular)
spellanunz (accusative plural)
spilliniz (genitive singular)
spellanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spillini (dative singular)
spellammaz (dative plural)
spillinē (instrumental singular)
spellammiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *spello in wārspello (“fortune-teller, prophet”)

Old Norse: spjalli

Icelandic: spjalli

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌰 (spilla)


slaihǭ

slaihǭ (nominative singular)
slaihōniz (nominative plural)
slaihǭ (singular vocative)
slaihōniz (plural vocative)
slaihōnų (accusative singular)
slaihōnunz (accusative plural)
slaihōniz (genitive singular)
slaihōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slaihōni (dative singular)
slaihōmaz (dative plural)
slaihōnē (instrumental singular)
slaihōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slaihā
Old English: slā
Middle English: slo, sla, sloo
English: sloe
Scots: slae
Middle Low German: slē
Middle Dutch: sleeu
Dutch: slee, (dialectal) sleeuw
Old High German: slēha, slēwа
German: Schlehe

Danish: slåen

Norwegian: slåpe

Swedish: slån

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₃y- (“bluish”). Compare Proto-Slavic *sliva (“plum”).


ēþmô

ēþmô (nominative singular)
ēþmaniz (nominative plural)
ēþmô (singular vocative)
ēþmaniz (plural vocative)
ēþmanų (accusative singular)
ēþmanunz (accusative plural)
ēþminiz (genitive singular)
ēþmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēþmini (dative singular)
ēþmammaz (dative plural)
ēþminē (instrumental singular)
ēþmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *āþmō

Old Frisian: ēthma

German: Atem, Odem

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁t-mō ~ *h₁h₁t-m̥nés (“breath, spirit”), from *h₁eh₁t- + *-mō. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHtmā. Compare *ēþrǭ.


ēþrǭ

ēþrǭ (nominative singular)
ēþrōniz (nominative plural)
ēþrǭ (singular vocative)
ēþrōniz (plural vocative)
ēþrōnų (accusative singular)
ēþrōnunz (accusative plural)
ēþrōniz (genitive singular)
ēþrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēþrōni (dative singular)
ēþrōmaz (dative plural)
ēþrōnē (instrumental singular)
ēþrōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ādrā
Old English: ǣdre
Middle English: edre
Old Frisian: eddere, ēdere
Saterland Frisian: Äddere
Old Dutch: *āthera
Middle Dutch: adere
Dutch: ader, aar (dialectal), aâr (obsolete)
Afrikaans: aar
Negerhollands: ader, aar
→ Papiamentu: ader, ardu
Limburgish: aoder, aor
Old High German: ādra, ādara
Middle High German: āder
Central Franconian: Oder
German: Ader
Luxembourgish: Oder
Yiddish: אָדער (oder)

Old Norse: æðr
Faroese: æðr, æður (Suðuroy)
Icelandic: æð
Norwegian: år, åre
Old Swedish: āþra, ādher
Swedish: åder, ådra
Old Danish: athræ
Danish: åre

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁t-r̥ ~ *h₁h₁t-éns (“lung, internal organ”), from *h₁eh₁t- (“to breathe”) + *-r̥.