neurô

neurô (nominative singular)
neuraniz (nominative plural)
neurô (singular vocative)
neuraniz (plural vocative)
neuranų (accusative singular)
neuranunz (accusative plural)
niuriniz (genitive singular)
neuranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niurini (dative singular)
neurammaz (dative plural)
niurinē (instrumental singular)
neurammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *neurō

desctree

Old English: *nēora, *nīora
Middle English: nēre, neere
English: near (dialectal)
Scots: neer, nere, neir
⇒ Middle English: kidenēre, kidnēre
English: kidney

Old Frisian: *niura, *niūra; *niūre

Saterland Frisian: Njúre

West Frisian: nier

Old Saxon: *nioro

Middle Low German: nêre

German Low German: Niere, Nier, Neer

Plautdietsch: Nia

Old Dutch: *nioro
Middle Dutch: niere
Dutch: nier
Afrikaans: nier
Negerhollands: nier
→ Papiamentu: nir, nier
Limburgish: neer

Old High German: nioro
Middle High German: niere
German: Niere f
→ Luxembourgish: Nier
Hunsrik: Nier
Luxembourgish: Néier (archaic, but see Éierchen)
Yiddish: ניר (nir)

Old Norse: nýra
Icelandic: nýra
Faroese: nýra
Norn: nyr
Norwegian: nyre
Old Swedish: niūre
Swedish: njure
Old Danish: nyræ, niuræ
Danish: nyre
Elfdalian: niųora, niųore
⇒ Old Gutnish: vig-niauri

From Proto-Indo-European *négʷʰrō. Cognate with Latin nefrōnēs pl (Praeneste), nebrundinēs pl (Lanuvium), Ancient Greek νεφρός (nephrós), all meaning both “kidney” and “testicle”.


helmô

helmô (nominative singular)
helmaniz (nominative plural)
helmô (singular vocative)
helmaniz (plural vocative)
helmanų (accusative singular)
helmanunz (accusative plural)
hilminiz (genitive singular)
helmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hilmini (dative singular)
helmammaz (dative plural)
hilminē (instrumental singular)
helmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *helmō
Old English: helma
Middle English: halm
English: helm
Old Saxon: *helma
Middle Low German: helm; holm (-o- from -a-? or from a zero-grade?)
→ German: Holm
Old Dutch: *helma
Middle Dutch: helm
Dutch: helm
Old High German: halme
Middle High German: halme, halm, helm
German: Helm (dialectal)

desc

⇒ Old Norse: hjalmvǫlr, hjalmurvǫlr, hjalmarvǫlr, hjalmunvǫlr

Usually thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *ḱél-mō, earlier *ḱél-mn̥, from the root *ḱel- (“to cover”); equivalent to *helaną + *-mô. Cognate with Sanskrit शर्मन् (śárman, “shelter, protection”). However, the semantic connection is weak.
An alternative theory by Kroonen links *halmaz and *helmaz (“haulm, straw, stalk, cane”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱélh₂-m(on)-, assuming the original meaning of *helmô was closer to “cane” and referred just to the shaft of a handle implement.
Note the presence of *(s)- in the related synonyms.

cog

handle, especially for steering a boat: helm, tiller


skalmiz

skalmiz (nominative singular)
skalmīz (nominative plural)
skalmi (singular vocative)
skalmīz (plural vocative)
skalmį (accusative singular)
skalminz (accusative plural)
skalmīz (genitive singular)
skalmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalmī (dative singular)
skalmimaz (dative plural)
skalmī (instrumental singular)
skalmimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skǫlm


skalmō

skalmō (nominative singular)
skalmôz (nominative plural)
skalmō (singular vocative)
skalmôz (plural vocative)
skalmǭ (accusative singular)
skalmōz (accusative plural)
skalmōz (genitive singular)
skalmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalmōi (dative singular)
skalmōmaz (dative plural)
skalmō (instrumental singular)
skalmōmiz (instrumental plural)

Saterland Frisian: schalm

Old Saxon: *skalm

Low German: schalm

Old Dutch: *skalm

Middle Dutch: scalm

Dutch: schalm

Old Norse: skalm, skǫlm

Icelandic: skálm

Faroese: skálm, skølm

Norwegian: skolm, skjelm

Swedish: skalm

Danish: skalm

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱel- (“to cover”).


skal-

Old English: sċeallan (only attested in the plural)

Old Frisian: skal

→ Proto-Samic: *kuolë (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut, divide”) or *(s)kel- (“to cover”) (see Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós, “sheath, scabbard”), source of Latin coleus (“testicles”)).


skūrō

skūrō (nominative singular)
skūrôz (nominative plural)
skūrō (singular vocative)
skūrôz (plural vocative)
skūrǭ (accusative singular)
skūrōz (accusative plural)
skūrōz (genitive singular)
skūrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skūrōi (dative singular)
skūrōmaz (dative plural)
skūrō (instrumental singular)
skūrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skūru

q

if not a spurious gender change of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*skūr</i>

Old English: sċūr f (if not a spurious gender change of *skūr)

desctree

Middle English: schour, schoure, schowre, schoure, shour, shoure, shower, showre, scur, shur (Early Middle English)
English: shower
Scots: shour, shouer, shoor, shooer

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍂𐌰 (skūra)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuuro (see there for further descendants)

→? Finnish: kuura

Of disputed origin:
* From a Proto-Indo-European root variously reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱēwer- (“north; north wind; cold wind; rain shower”) or Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱyeh₂w- (“north; north wind; cold wind; rain shower”), in the latter case in the ablaut form *(s)ḱyh̥₂u-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sě̀verъ (“north”), Lithuanian šiaurỹs (“north wind”) and Lithuanian šiáurė (“north”). This theory is tentatively supported by Orel, but rejected by Kroonen, apparently due to the rather tenuous semantics.
* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew- (“to stir up, excite”); or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”).
* According to Kroonen, from an earlier *skewur, from Proto-Indo-European *skéh₃-ur, the ur-stem of *(s)ḱeh₃- (“shade, shadow”) (which Kroonen reconstructs as *skeh₁-).


skūrō

Proto-West Germanic: *skūru

Old Frisian: skūre

West Frisian: skuorre

Old Saxon: skūr

desc

Middle Low German: schūr, schure, schüre

Low German: Schüür

→ Estonian: kuur

→? Old Norse: *skúrr

Icelandic: skúr

Faroese: skúrur, skúr

Norwegian Nynorsk: skur

→ Old High German: scūr (probably; perhaps native)

Middle High German: schūr

German: Schauer (dialectal)

Old Dutch: skūra

Middle Dutch: scūre

Dutch: schuur

Afrikaans: skuur

Old High German: skiura, skūra

Middle High German: schiure, schūre

German: Scheuer

Transylvanian Saxon: Schyre, Schure

→ Romanian: șură

→ Italian: scuro

→ Old French: escure

q

mixed with the word which is now German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Scheune</i>, or this represents a different oblique stem

Salian Frankish: *screunu (mixed with the word which is now German Scheune, or this represents a different oblique stem)

→ Medieval Latin: screona, screuna

desc

→ Old French: escriene, escraingne, escrienne, escrainge, ecrene, escreigne

Middle French: escriegne, escraigne, escrangne, escregne, escrene, escrenne, ecreigne, ecraigne

q

French: écrenne, écraigne (obsolete, a sort of underground, insulated peasant house, covered with manure)

Related to an earlier *sku(w)enjō- (whence modern German Scheune (“barn”)), from *sku(w)en-, possibly from the dative form *sku(w)eni, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skuH-ro-, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), related to Sanskrit स्कुनाति (skunāti, “he covers, protects”). Alternatively, the pre-form *sku(w)enjō- is considered by Kroonen to stem from the same root as the "shower" sense of Etymology 1.


skalō

skalō (nominative singular)
skalôz (nominative plural)
skalō (singular vocative)
skalôz (plural vocative)
skalǭ (accusative singular)
skalōz (accusative plural)
skalōz (genitive singular)
skalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalōi (dative singular)
skalōmaz (dative plural)
skalō (instrumental singular)
skalōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skalu
Old English: sċealu (“husk”)
Middle English: schale (“shell, husk; scale”)
English: shale
Old Dutch:
Middle Dutch: scale
Dutch: schaal
Old High German: scala
Middle High German: schāle
Bavarian: Schoin
German: Schale
→ Serbo-Croatian: šolja
Yiddish: שאָל (shol)
→ Old French: escale, eschale
French: écale
→ Middle English: scale
English: scale
Yola: skaulès (plural)

Old Norse: skál (“bowl, cup”)

Danish: skal (“shell; rind; skull”)

From Proto-Indo-European *skolH-eh₂, from *(s)kelH- (“to split, part, divide”). Synchronically analyzed as an ō-stem nominal from *skiljaną (“to cut, separate”).


karilaz

karilaz (nominative singular)
karilōz (nominative plural)
karilōs (nominative plural)
karil (singular vocative)
karilōz (plural vocative)
karilōs (plural vocative)
karilą (accusative singular)
karilanz (accusative plural)
karilas (genitive singular)
karilis (genitive singular)
karilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
karilai (dative singular)
karilamaz (dative plural)
karilō (instrumental singular)
karilamiz (instrumental plural)
*karlaz (alternative)
*kerlaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *karil, *karul, *karl
Old English: ċeorl, ċiorl
Middle English: cherl, cheorl, chorl, churl
English: churl
Scots: churl
Yola: chourle
Old Frisian: tzerl, tzirl
North Frisian: keerl
West Frisian: tsjirl, tsjerl
Old Saxon: *keril
Middle Low German: kerl, kerle
Dutch Low Saxon: (Gronings, Achterhoeks) keerl, (Twents, Achterhoeks) kearl
German Low German: Kerel, Keerl
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Kǟrl
Suerländer-Märkisch: Kærl, Kæl, Kêrl
Westmünsterländisch: Käärl, Kerl, Kiärl
→ German: Kerl
→ Saterland Frisian: Käärel
Old Dutch: *keril, *karal, karl
Middle Dutch: carel, caerl, kerl, kerel
Dutch: kerel
Afrikaans: kêrel
Jersey Dutch: kääd'l
→ Saterland Frisian: kerel, kërel, kërdel
→ West Frisian: keardel, kearel
Limburgish: kaerel
Old High German: *keril, karal, karl
Middle High German: karl, karle, kërl, kërle
→ Old Polish: karzeł
Polish: karzeł
⇒ Old High German: Karl (given name)
German: Karl, Carl
→ English: Karl, Carl (see there for further descendants)
→ Latin: Carolus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Slavic: *korľь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (*karilaʀ)

Old Norse: karl, kall
Icelandic: karl
Faroese: kallur
Norwegian: kall, kar
→ Danish: kar
Norwegian Bokmål: kar
Jamtish: kall, karr (< *karaz)
Elfdalian: kall
Old Swedish: karilʀ
Swedish: karl
Danish: karl, kal
Norwegian Bokmål: kall
⇒ Old Norse: Karl (given name)
Icelandic: Karl, Carl
Faroese: Karl
Norwegian: Karl, Carl
Old Swedish: Karl
Swedish: Karl, Carl
Old Danish: Karl
Danish: Karl, Carl
→ Greenlandic: Karl, Kaarali, Kaarale
⇒ Old Norse: Karli, Karle, Kalli (diminutive)
Icelandic: Karli
Norwegian: Karle, Kalle, Calle
Old Swedish: Karle, Kalle
Swedish: Karli, Karle, Carli, Carlie, Karly, Kalle, Calle
→ Estonian: Kalle
Old Danish: Karli
Danish: Karli, Karly, Kalle, Calle
→ Greenlandic: Kaali
→ Finnish: Karli, Karle, Kaarle, Kalle, Kale, Kali, Kalla, Kallu
→ Estonian: Kalle
→ Swedish: Kaarle
→ Sami: Gállá, Kálle
→ English: Karl, Carl
→ Cebuano: Karl, Carl
→ Finnish: Karl
→ Sami: Kárral
→ English: karl (learned)
→ Middle English: carl
Scots: carl, cairl, karl
English: carl

→ Finnish: karilas

→ Proto-Samic: *kāllēs (see there for further descendants)

A diminutive of *karaz (but a Proto-Indo-European l-stem according to Kroonen 2013). Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to become old, to grow”) and related to Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn), Sanskrit जरन्त (jaranta), Old Armenian ծեր (cer), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬙- (azarəṣ̌ant-), Tocharian A kwär-, Tocharian B kwär-, Hittite [script needed] (karu).


sinþaz

sinþaz (nominative singular)
sinþōz (nominative plural)
sinþōs (nominative plural)
sinþ (singular vocative)
sinþōz (plural vocative)
sinþōs (plural vocative)
sinþą (accusative singular)
sinþanz (accusative plural)
sinþas (genitive singular)
sinþis (genitive singular)
sinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sinþai (dative singular)
sinþamaz (dative plural)
sinþō (instrumental singular)
sinþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sinþ, *sį̄þ (North Sea Germanic)
Old English: sīþ
Middle English: sith
English: sith
Old Frisian: sīth
Old Saxon: sīth
Old High German: sind, sint

Old Norse: sinn n, sinni

Icelandic: sinn n, sinni

Faroese: sinn

Old Swedish: sin

Swedish: (någon-)sin, sinom

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (sinþs)

Vandalic: *sinda- (in personal names)

From Pre-Germanic *séntos, from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to head for, go”). By synchronic analysis, a nominal formation from *sinnaną (“to feel, consider”).

der

time (as in first time, many times), instance


harugaz

harugaz (nominative singular)
harugōz (nominative plural)
harugōs (nominative plural)
harug (singular vocative)
harugōz (plural vocative)
harugōs (plural vocative)
harugą (accusative singular)
haruganz (accusative plural)
harugas (genitive singular)
harugis (genitive singular)
harugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harugai (dative singular)
harugamaz (dative plural)
harugō (instrumental singular)
harugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harug

Old English: hearg; hearga

gl

byform of Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">halwe</i>

Middle English: harogh (byform of Middle English halwe)

desc

Middle English: Harwe, Harrough (various placenames)

English: Harrow (in place names)

Old Saxon: harug

Old High German: harug, haruc, haruch

→ Latin: haraho (Ripuarian Laws)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫrgr
Icelandic: hörgur m
Faroese: hørgur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: horg m
Norwegian Bokmål: horg m
Old Swedish: hargher m
Swedish: harg c, horg c, horv c
Danish: harg c, hørg c

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂k- (“fenced or enclosed area”), from *ḱerh₂-, from which also *hurną (“horn”). Cognate with Latin carcer (“fence; prison”), Irish carn (“heap of stones”).


luþô

luþô (nominative singular)
luþaniz (nominative plural)
luþô (singular vocative)
luþaniz (plural vocative)
luþanų (accusative singular)
luþanunz (accusative plural)
luþiniz (genitive singular)
luþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luþini (dative singular)
luþammaz (dative plural)
luþinē (instrumental singular)
luþammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *luþō, *loþō (expected form, but does not account for OHG ludo)
Old English: loþa
Old Frisian: lotha
Old Saxon: lotho
Middle Low German: lode
Old High German: lodo, ludo
Middle High German: lode
German: Lode, Loden
→ English: loden
→ Dutch: loden

Old Norse: loði; (loðinn (adjective)

Icelandic: loði; (loðinn)

(Faroese: loðin)

Unknown. Traditionally suggested as from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lewt- ~ *(s)lūt- (“loose, limp; weak, languid”).


fadiz

fadiz (nominative singular)
fadīz (nominative plural)
fadi (singular vocative)
fadīz (plural vocative)
fadį (accusative singular)
fadinz (accusative plural)
fadīz (genitive singular)
fadjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fadī (dative singular)
fadimaz (dative plural)
fadī (instrumental singular)
fadimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *fǫðr

Old Norse: Alfǫðr

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (*faþs) (only found in compounds, e.g. 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (brūþfaþs, “bridegroom”), 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (hundafaþs, “centurion”), 𐍃𐍅𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (swnagōgafaþs, “leader of a synagogue”))

From Pre-Germanic *potís, via unexplained accent shift from Proto-Indo-European *pótis.


-þrą

-þrą (nominative singular)
-þrō (nominative plural)
-þrą (singular vocative)
-þrō (plural vocative)
-þrą (accusative singular)
-þrō (accusative plural)
-þras (genitive singular)
-þris (genitive singular)
-þrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-þrai (dative singular)
-þramaz (dative plural)
-þrō (instrumental singular)
-þramiz (instrumental plural)
*-dlą (alternative)
*-drą (alternative)
*-tlą (alternative)
*-þlą (alternative)
*-þlō (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *-þr
Old English: -þor
Old Frisian: -ther
Old Saxon: *thar
Middle Low German: -der
Old Dutch: *-thar, *-dar, *-der
Middle Dutch: -der
Old High German: -dar
Middle High German: -der

Old Norse: -ðr

Icelandic: -ður

Old Swedish: -þer

Swedish: -der

Gothic: -𐌸𐍂 (-þr)

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


lībą

lībą (nominative singular)
lībō (nominative plural)
lībą (singular vocative)
lībō (plural vocative)
lībą (accusative singular)
lībō (accusative plural)
lības (genitive singular)
lībis (genitive singular)
lībǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lībai (dative singular)
lībamaz (dative plural)
lībō (instrumental singular)
lībamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līb
Old English: līf, liif, lȳf
Middle English: lyf, leyf, lif, life, lijf, live
English: life
Scots: life, leif
Yola: lief, life
Old Frisian: līf
North Frisian: liff
Saterland Frisian: Lieuw
West Frisian: liif
Old Saxon: līf
Middle Low German: lîf
Low German: Lief
German Low German: Lif n, Lief n
Plautdietsch: Läwen
Old Dutch: līf
Middle Dutch: lijf
Dutch: lijf
Afrikaans: lyf
Berbice Creole Dutch: lifu
Negerhollands: lief, lif, lijf
Limburgish: lief
Zealandic: lief
Old High German: līb
Middle High German: līp, līph, līf, līb
Alemannic German: Liib
Central Franconian: Liev, Leiv
Hunsrik: Leib
Luxembourgish: Läif, Leif
Cimbrian: laip
German: Leib
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לײַב (layb)

Old Norse: líf
Icelandic: líf
Faroese: lív
Norn: liv
Norwegian Bokmål: liv
Norwegian Nynorsk: liv
Elfdalian: liv, laiv
Old Swedish: līf
Swedish: liv
Danish: liv
Gutnish: liev

Likely derived from *lībaną (“to remain”).


sundī

sundī (nominative singular)
sundijôz (nominative plural)
sundī (singular vocative)
sundijôz (plural vocative)
sundijǭ (accusative singular)
sundijōz (accusative plural)
sundijōz (genitive singular)
sundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sundijōi (dative singular)
sundijōmaz (dative plural)
sundijō (instrumental singular)
sundijōmiz (instrumental plural)
*sundijō (alternative)

Old Frisian: sunde, sunde, sende

Saterland Frisian: Sände, Säände

West Frisian: sûnde

Old Saxon: sundia

Middle Low German: sunde

desc

German Low German: Sünde, Sünd, Sünne, Sünn

Plautdietsch: Sind

desctree

Old Dutch: sunda
Middle Dutch: sonde, sunde
Dutch: zonde
Afrikaans: sonde

Old High German: suntea, sunta

Middle High German: sunde, sünde

German: Sünde

Hunsrik: Sind

Luxembourgish: Sënd

Vilamovian: zynd

Yiddish: זינד (zind)

Old Norse: synd

Icelandic: synd

Faroese: synd

Norwegian: synd

Old Swedish: synd

Swedish: synd

→ Finnish: synti

Danish: synd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-n̥t-íh₂, the feminine form of *h₁sónts (“being, true”), itself the present participle of *h₁es- (“to be”), from which the present tense forms of Germanic *wesaną also descend. The sense would have originally implied a verdict of "truly guilty" against an accusation or charge.

something that should not be; sin, crime


luhsaz

luhsaz (nominative singular)
luhsōz (nominative plural)
luhsōs (nominative plural)
luhs (singular vocative)
luhsōz (plural vocative)
luhsōs (plural vocative)
luhsą (accusative singular)
luhsanz (accusative plural)
luhsas (genitive singular)
luhsis (genitive singular)
luhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luhsai (dative singular)
luhsamaz (dative plural)
luhsō (instrumental singular)
luhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *luhs
Old English: lox
Middle English: lusk (found in luskwerk)
Scots: los (possibly through Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)
English: los, loz
Old Frisian: *luks, *loks
Saterland Frisian: Luks
Old Saxon: lohs, los
Middle Low German: *luhs, lūs, los
→ Danish: los
Old Dutch: *lohs, *los
Middle Dutch: los
Dutch: los
→ English: losse (dated)
Old High German: luhs
Middle High German: luhs
German: Luchs
→ Low German: Luks
→ Luxembourgish: Luchs
⇒ German: abluchsen (partly)
Luxembourgish: Luuss (dated)
Lombardic: luchs

Old Norse: *lóa (from *luhǭ, possibly by analogy with *fuhǭ)

Old Swedish: lō

Swedish: lo

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“to be bright, be light, shine”).


saipǭ

saipǭ (nominative singular)
saipōniz (nominative plural)
saipǭ (singular vocative)
saipōniz (plural vocative)
saipōnų (accusative singular)
saipōnunz (accusative plural)
saipōniz (genitive singular)
saipōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saipōni (dative singular)
saipōmaz (dative plural)
saipōnē (instrumental singular)
saipōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saipā
Old English: sāpe
Middle English: sope, sape
English: soap (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saip, sape
→ Middle Irish: sóp
→ Old Norse: sápa
Icelandic: sápa
Faroese: sápa
Norwegian: såpa, såpe
→ Danish: såpe
Norwegian Bokmål: såpe
Old Swedish: sāpa
Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa
Old Frisian: *sēpe
Saterland Frisian: Seepe
West Frisian: sjippe
Old Saxon: *sēpa
Middle Low German: sêpe, seipe
German Low German: Seep
Dutch Low Saxon: ziepe, zaip, zaipe, zeeip, zepe, zeip, ziep, zaibe, zeep
→ Estonian: seep
→ Danish: sæbe
Norwegian Bokmål: sæbe, sæpe, sepe
→ Latvian: ziepes
Old Dutch: *sēpa
Middle Dutch: sêpe, seipe
Dutch: zeep
Afrikaans: seep (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: sepu
Skepi Creole Dutch: sepu
→ Akawaio: seepoo, sawana
→ Pemon: seepoo, sawana
→ Lokono: sêpo
Limburgish: zeip
Old High German: seipfa, seiffa, seifa
Middle High German: seife
Alemannic German: Seif, Seife, Seifi, Seipfe, Soapfe
Swabian: Soif
Bavarian: Saf, Soaffa, Soaf
Central Franconian: Seef, Sääf, Seif
Hunsrik: Seif
Luxembourgish: Seef
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zaof
East Franconian: Saafe
German: Seife
Rhine Franconian: Saaf, Saaif, Sääf, Sääif, Seef
Frankfurterisch: [saːf]
Pennsylvania German: Seef
Yiddish: זייף (zeyf)

Finnic:

→ Finnish: saippua
→ Ingrian: saippu
→ Northern Sami: sáibu

→ Latin: sāpō (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. One theory derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out, dribble, strain, trickle”), and compares it with Latin sēbum (“tallow, grease”).


fraiwą

fraiwą (nominative singular)
fraiwō (nominative plural)
fraiwą (singular vocative)
fraiwō (plural vocative)
fraiwą (accusative singular)
fraiwō (accusative plural)
fraiwas (genitive singular)
fraiwis (genitive singular)
fraiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fraiwai (dative singular)
fraiwamaz (dative plural)
fraiwō (instrumental singular)
fraiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: frjó, fræ

Icelandic: frjó, fræ

Faroese: fræ

Norwegian: frø, fræ, frjo

Dalian: fri, fre

Old Swedish: frö

Swedish: frö

Old Danish: frø

Danish: frø

→ Middle English: fry

Scots: fry, frie

English: fry

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅 (fraiw)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)per-, *(s)prey- (“to strew, sow”).


taihwǭ

taihwǭ (nominative singular)
taihwōniz (nominative plural)
taihwǭ (singular vocative)
taihwōniz (plural vocative)
taihwōnų (accusative singular)
taihwōnunz (accusative plural)
taihwōniz (genitive singular)
taihwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taihwōni (dative singular)
taihwōmaz (dative plural)
taihwōnē (instrumental singular)
taihwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *taihā
Old English: tā, tāhe (Mercian)
Middle English: ta, to
Scots: ta, tae
English: toe
Old Frisian: tāne (originally a plural?)
Saterland Frisian: Tone
West Frisian: tean
Old Saxon: *tēha
Middle Low German: tēhe, tē
Low German: Tehn, Töhn, Teuhn
Old Dutch: *tēa
Middle Dutch: tee
Dutch: teen (plural reanalysed as singular), toon (dialectal, also a plural reanalysed as singular)
Afrikaans: toon
Old High German: *zēha
Middle High German: zēhe, zē
Alemannic German: Zeewe
Bavarian: Zächa
Central Franconian: Zieh
German: Zehe, Zeh
Luxembourgish: Zéif
Pennsylvania German: Zehe, Zeh

Old Norse: tá
Icelandic: tá
Faroese: tá
Norwegian Nynorsk: tå
Norwegian Bokmål: tå
Swedish: tå
Danish: tå

From Proto-Indo-European *doyḱ-weh₂-, from *deyḱ- (“to point out”). Cognate with Latin digitus (“toe, finger, digit”), Latin dīcō (“say, indicate, point out”).


mōsą

mōsą (nominative singular)
mōsō (nominative plural)
mōsą (singular vocative)
mōsō (plural vocative)
mōsą (accusative singular)
mōsō (accusative plural)
mōsas (genitive singular)
mōsis (genitive singular)
mōsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōsai (dative singular)
mōsamaz (dative plural)
mōsō (instrumental singular)
mōsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōs
Old English: mōs
Middle English: mos, mose
>? English: mush
>? Scots: moosh
Old Frisian: mōs
Saterland Frisian: Muus
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Muusmas
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Appelmuus, Apelmuus
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Gemöis (possibly from German)
West Frisian: moes
Old Saxon: *mōs
Middle Low German: môs
German Low German: Moos
Plautdietsch: Mooss
→ Estonian: moos
Old Dutch: muos
Middle Dutch: moes
Dutch: moes
Afrikaans: moes
→ English: moose
Limburgish: moos
Old High German: muos
Middle High German: muos
Alemannic German: Mues
→ French: mouise
⇒ Alemannic German: Müesli (diminutive) (see there for further descendants)
German: Mus
Luxembourgish: Mous
⇒ Middle High German: gemüese
Bavarian: Gmias
German: Gemüse
Hunsrik: Gemies
Luxembourgish: Geméis
Pennsylvania German: Gemies

Old Norse: *mós

Norwegian Bokmål: mos

Norwegian Nynorsk: mos

Swedish: mos

→ Finnish: muusi

Danish: mos

→ Proto-Samic: *muosē (see there for further descendants)

An ablaut variant of the Germanic root *mat- (“food”), usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“wet, liquid, fat, dripping”); compare *matjaną (“to lap up, eat”). Contrary to Pokorny and followers, Kroonen separates the Germanic food words from this root, instead linking Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”) for a root *med- (“to satiate”).


manō

manō (nominative singular)
manôz (nominative plural)
manō (singular vocative)
manôz (plural vocative)
manǭ (accusative singular)
manōz (accusative plural)
manōz (genitive singular)
manǫ̂ (genitive plural)
manōi (dative singular)
manōmaz (dative plural)
manō (instrumental singular)
manōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *manu
Old English: manu
Middle English: mane
Scots: mane
English: mane
Old Frisian: *mane; mana, mona
North Frisian: man
Saterland Frisian: Moone
West Frisian: moannen, moanjes
Old Saxon: *mana
Middle Low German: māne, man
German Low German: Mahn
Old Dutch: *mana
Middle Dutch: māne
Dutch: maan
⇒ Afrikaans: maanhaar
Limburgish: maan
Old High German: mana
Middle High German: man, mane
German: Mähne
Luxembourgish: Munn

Old Norse: mǫn

Icelandic: mön

Faroese: mon

Norwegian Bokmål: man

Norwegian Nynorsk: man

Old Swedish: man

Swedish: man

Danish: man

From Proto-Indo-European *mono- (“neck, nape; ornament”), from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to project, peak, tower over, protrude”). Compare with Latin monile (“necklace”) and Old Irish muin (“neck”).


tunglą

tunglą (nominative singular)
tunglō (nominative plural)
tunglą (singular vocative)
tunglō (plural vocative)
tunglą (accusative singular)
tunglō (accusative plural)
tunglas (genitive singular)
tunglis (genitive singular)
tunglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tunglai (dative singular)
tunglamaz (dative plural)
tunglō (instrumental singular)
tunglamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tungl
Old English: tungol
Middle English: tungol
⇒ Old English: heofontungol
Old Saxon: tungal
⇒ Old Saxon: hevantungal
⇒ Old Saxon: himiltungal
Old High German: *zungal
⇒ Old High German: himilzungal

Old Norse: tungl
Icelandic: tungl
Faroese: tungl
Elfdalian: tunggel
Old Swedish: tungel
Swedish: (dated, dialectal) tungel

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌻 (tuggl)

Of unclear origin. Usually connected to *tungǭ (“tongue”), though the putative semantic links (either the crescent moon resembling a tongue, or the twinkling of the stars bringing to mind the lolling and darting of someone's tongue) are rather speculative and tenuous, and appear to lack semantic parallels in other languages. An alternative theory deriving the word from Proto-Indo-European *dʰn̥ǵʰ- (“covering, overcast”) (whence Proto-Balto-Slavic *dangāˀ) is semantically more attractive but formally impossible.


himinaz

himinaz (nominative singular)
himinōz (nominative plural)
himinōs (nominative plural)
himin (singular vocative)
himinōz (plural vocative)
himinōs (plural vocative)
himiną (accusative singular)
himinanz (accusative plural)
himinas (genitive singular)
himinis (genitive singular)
himinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
himinai (dative singular)
himinamaz (dative plural)
himinō (instrumental singular)
himinamiz (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hebun (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *himil (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Norse: himinn, hifinn
Icelandic: himinn, hifinn
Faroese: himin
Old Swedish: himin
Old Danish: himæn
Old Gutnish: himin

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (himins)

Unclear, but possibly descending from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone?”) with heavy remodelling, including apparent metathesis similar to Proto-Slavic *kamy. The difference in meaning seems to be bridged by Ancient Greek ἄκμων (ákmōn), meaning among other things 'meteorite'. Kroonen suggests 'heavenly vault' as the original meaning. Compare also Iranian cognates such as Persian آسمان (âsemân, âsmân, “sky, heaven”).
Kroonen proposes descent primarily from the genitive *h₂ḱm̥nós, yielding first in Germanic a paradigm with nominative *hemō, genitive *hemnaz, dative *hemeni, later levelled further to give two parallel stems *hemina- and *hemna-.


sulą

sulą (nominative singular)
sulō (nominative plural)
sulą (singular vocative)
sulō (plural vocative)
sulą (accusative singular)
sulō (accusative plural)
sulas (genitive singular)
sulis (genitive singular)
sulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sulai (dative singular)
sulamaz (dative plural)
sulō (instrumental singular)
sulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: sol- (prefix)

From Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid, muck”).


sūliz

sūliz (nominative singular)
sūlīz (nominative plural)
sūli (singular vocative)
sūlīz (plural vocative)
sūlį (accusative singular)
sūlinz (accusative plural)
sūlīz (genitive singular)
sūlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sūlī (dative singular)
sūlimaz (dative plural)
sūlī (instrumental singular)
sūlimiz (instrumental plural)
*sauliz (alternative East Germanic)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sūli
Old English: sȳl
Middle English: syle
English: sile
Scots: sile, syle, cyle
Old Frisian: sēle
Old Saxon: sūl
Middle Low German: sûl, sûle
German Low German: Süül
Old Dutch: sūl
Middle Dutch: suul
Dutch: zuil
→ West Frisian: suil
Limburgish: zuul
Old High German: sūl
Middle High German: sūl
German: Säule
Luxembourgish: Sail
Yiddish: זײַל (zayl)

Old Norse: súl, súla

Danish: sule

Faroese: súla

Icelandic: súla

Norwegian: sul

Swedish: sula; sul (dialectal)

desc

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*sauliz</i>

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍃 (sauls) (from *sauliz)

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

From a pre-Germanic ablauting paradigm *sou-l- ~ *suH-l- (with full-grade retained in the Gothic descendant), apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *sweHl- (“log, wedge, firewood”), which Kroonen considers of unclear further origin. Orel connects the Germanic with Ancient Greek ῡ̔́λη (hū́lē, “wood”) and perhaps Latin solum (“bottom”).
Older theories derived the term from Proto-Indo-European *ḱsewl-, *ḱswel- (“log”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱsew-, *ḱes- (“to scratch, comb”), with Ancient Greek ξῠ́λον (xŭ́lon, “wood”) often compared. Beekes supports this comparison, but considers the words to be borrowed from a common substrate, rather than inherited from Proto-Indo-European. Note Proto-Germanic *sulī (“balk, bar, sill”).


tiną

tiną (nominative singular)
tinō (nominative plural)
tiną (singular vocative)
tinō (plural vocative)
tiną (accusative singular)
tinō (accusative plural)
tinas (genitive singular)
tinis (genitive singular)
tinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tinai (dative singular)
tinamaz (dative plural)
tinō (instrumental singular)
tinamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tin
Old English: tin
Middle English: tyn, tin, tyne, tynne
English: tin
→ Atong (India): tin
→ Iban: tin
→ Indonesian: tin
→ Norman: tinne
Tok Pisin: tin
Scots: tin
Old Frisian: tinn
Saterland Frisian: Tin
West Frisian: tin
Old Saxon: tin
Middle Low German: tin, ten
German Low German: Tinn
Old Dutch: *tin
Middle Dutch: tin, ten
Dutch: tin
Afrikaans: tin
Old High German: zin
Middle High German: zin
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Zinn
German: Zinn
→ Czech: cín
→ Polish: cyna
→ Slovak: cín
Luxembourgish: Zënn

>? Old Norse: (probably a West Germanic loan) tin
Icelandic: tin
Faroese: tin
Norwegian Nynorsk: tinn
Norwegian Bokmål: tinn
Old Swedish: tin, tēn
Swedish: tenn
Danish: tin
Jamtish: tin

→ Proto-Samic: *tënē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tina

Of obscure origin, but would have likely evolved from Pre-Proto-Germanic *dinom, which Orel derives from Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂- (“to shine”); see Sanskrit दीप् (dīp, “to blaze, glow”) for more. Another theory takes the word as a borrowing from a pre-Indo-European substrate of western Europe, based on the tin bronze technology of the area in pre-Indo-European times.
Likely related to Old Irish tinne (“ingot”) (itself a hapax legomenon). The potential connection to Proto-Celtic *stagnos (“tin”) (whence Latin stannum (“id”)) suffers from many formal issues.

unk

obscure


sīlą

sīlą (nominative singular)
sīlō (nominative plural)
sīlą (singular vocative)
sīlō (plural vocative)
sīlą (accusative singular)
sīlō (accusative plural)
sīlas (genitive singular)
sīlis (genitive singular)
sīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīlai (dative singular)
sīlamaz (dative plural)
sīlō (instrumental singular)
sīlamiz (instrumental plural)
*sīlō (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīl; *sīld

Old Dutch: *sīld

>? Middle Dutch: *sijlt, zielt

Dutch: zeelt

Old Norse: síl n, síld f

Icelandic: síld f

Faroese: síl n, sild f

Norn: sil; sild; sildin (Shetlandic)

Norwegian Nynorsk: sild f, sil (dialectal)

Russenorsk: Silka

Old Swedish: sīldh f

Swedish: sill c, sil (dialectal)

Danish: sild c

Norwegian Bokmål: sild

Gutnish: sild, silld

→ Middle English: *sile, *silok

English: sile, sill, sillock

Scots: sile, sillock

→ Norn: silek; sillock

→ French: célerin (from síldhering)

→ Norman: célérin (Jèrriais) (from síldhering)

→ Latvian: siļķe f (from Norse or a daughter language, depending on the date of the borrowing)

→ Lithuanian: silkė f (from Norse or a daughter language, depending on the date of the borrowing)

desc

→ Old East Slavic: *сьлдь (*sĭldĭ), сельдь (selĭdĭ)

Old Ruthenian: сельдь (selʹdʹ)

desctree

⇒ Old Ruthenian: селе́децъ (selédecʹ), селе́дець (selédecʹ)
Belarusian: селядзе́ц (sjeljadzjéc); оселенец (ósjeljenjec) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: оселе́дець (oselédecʹ); селе́дець (selédecʹ) (dialectal)

→ Czech: sleď

→ Serbo-Croatian: сле̏ђ / slȅđ

Russian: сельдь f (selʹdʹ)

→ Bulgarian: се́лда (sélda)

→ Polish: śledź m

desc

→ Carpathian Rusyn: следзь (sledzʹ), следж (sledž)

→ Slovak: sleď

→ Welsh: sil


etunaz

etunaz (nominative singular)
etunōz (nominative plural)
etunōs (nominative plural)
etun (singular vocative)
etunōz (plural vocative)
etunōs (plural vocative)
etuną (accusative singular)
etunanz (accusative plural)
etunas (genitive singular)
etunis (genitive singular)
etunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
etunai (dative singular)
etunamaz (dative plural)
etunō (instrumental singular)
etunamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *anti
Old English: ent
→ English: ent (learned)
Old Saxon: ent
Old High German: *enz (found in Enzi-; Anzo, Enzo)

Proto-West Germanic: *etun
Old English: eoten, eten
Middle English: eten, eotend, eatant, yoten, geten
English: etten, ettin, eaton
Scots: etin, etyn, eattin, yetin
Old Saxon: *etun, *etinna
Middle Low German: eteninne

Old Norse: jǫtunn

Icelandic: jötunn

Faroese: jøtun

Norwegian Nynorsk: jøtul, jutul

Norwegian Bokmål: jutul

Old Swedish: iætun, iætte

Swedish: jätte

→ Finnish: jätti

→ Finnish: jatuli

Old Danish: iætæn

Danish: jætte

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jotun, jøtun (artificially revived)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jotun (artificially revived)

→ English: jotun

→ Finnish: jotuni

→? Proto-Finnic: *etana (see there for further descendants)

From *etaną (“to eat”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”).


hrussą

hrussą (nominative singular)
hrussō (nominative plural)
hrussą (singular vocative)
hrussō (plural vocative)
hrussą (accusative singular)
hrussō (accusative plural)
hrussas (genitive singular)
hrussis (genitive singular)
hrussǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrussai (dative singular)
hrussamaz (dative plural)
hrussō (instrumental singular)
hrussamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hross, *hors
Old English: hors
Middle English: hors, horse, horsse, horce, ors
English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)
Scots: horse, hors
Old Frisian: hors, hars, hers, ros
North Frisian: hors
⇒ Saterland Frisian: rosje, rösje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
West Frisian: hoars; rosje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
Old Saxon: hros, hross, hors
Middle Low German: ros, ors
>? German Low German: Hüsi, Hiesi (children's word for horsey)
Old Dutch: hors, ors, hers, ros
Middle Dutch: ors, hors, hers, ers, ros
Dutch: ros, hors (dialectal)
Afrikaans: ros
⇒ Dutch: rossen (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
→ West Frisian: rosse (verb)
Old High German: hros, ros
Middle High German: ros, ors
Alemannic German: Ross
Bavarian: Ross
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ross
Transylvanian Saxon: Räuss
German: Ross
→ Vulgar Latin: *rossa (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hross, hors
Danish: hors (dialectal)
Faroese: ross, hors
Gutnish: russ
Icelandic: hross, hors
Norn: russ
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: røss-
Norwegian Nynorsk: hors (“mare”)
Old Swedish: hors
Swedish: hors (dialectal)
Old Swedish: hross
Swedish: ross, russ

→ Proto-Samic: *rossē (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Theories include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós (“vehicle”, literally “runner”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”). Tentatively favored by Kroonen.
* Borrowed from an Iranian language, from Proto-Iranian *(w)ŕ̥šā (“male animal”). Compare Ossetian уырс (wyrs, “stallion”). Favored by Orel.
* Less likely, derived from *hreusaną; compare Old English hrēosan (“to fall”), Old High German riosan (“to fall, plunge, rush”) and Lithuanian krùšti (“to trample”).


strikiz

strikiz (nominative singular)
strikīz (nominative plural)
striki (singular vocative)
strikīz (plural vocative)
strikį (accusative singular)
strikinz (accusative plural)
strikīz (genitive singular)
strikjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strikī (dative singular)
strikimaz (dative plural)
strikī (instrumental singular)
strikimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *striki
Old English: strica
Middle English: streke
English: streak
Scots: strik, straik
Old Frisian: strike
North Frisian: strijck
Saterland Frisian: Striek
West Frisian: streek
Old Saxon: *striki
Middle Low German: streke
Low German: streek
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: strek
→ Danish: streg
→ Swedish: streck
→ Icelandic: stryk
Old Dutch: *striki
Middle Dutch: strēke
Dutch: streek
Afrikaans: streek
Old High German: strih
Middle High German: strich
German: Strich
→ Russian: штрих (štrix)
Luxembourgish: Stréch, Strach

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃 (striks)

From Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“line, stroke, dash”).


strangiz

strangiz (nominative singular)
strangīz (nominative plural)
strangi (singular vocative)
strangīz (plural vocative)
strangį (accusative singular)
stranginz (accusative plural)
strangīz (genitive singular)
strangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strangī (dative singular)
strangimaz (dative plural)
strangī (instrumental singular)
strangimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strangi
Old English: streng
Middle English: streng, string
Scots: string
English: string
→ Dutch: string
→ German: String
Old Frisian: *strang, *streng
Saterland Frisian: Strange (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)
West Frisian: string
Old Saxon: *strang, *strengi
Middle Low German: strank, strange, strenc
German Low German: Strenge
Old Dutch: *streng (in placename Strink)
Middle Dutch: strenc, strenge
Dutch: streng
Afrikaans: streng
Old High German: stranc, strang
Middle High German: strank, stranc, strange
German: Strang

Old Norse: strengr

Icelandic: strengur

Faroese: strongur

Norwegian: streng

Old Swedish: strænger

Swedish: sträng

Old Danish: stræng

Danish: streng

Elfdalian: straingg

Gutnish: strängg

→ Irish: sreang

From Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“rope, cord; to be tight”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στραγγός (strangós, “tied together, entangled, twisted”), Irish srincne (“umbilical cord”).


skuldiz

skuldiz (nominative singular)
skuldīz (nominative plural)
skuldi (singular vocative)
skuldīz (plural vocative)
skuldį (accusative singular)
skuldinz (accusative plural)
skuldīz (genitive singular)
skuldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skuldī (dative singular)
skuldimaz (dative plural)
skuldī (instrumental singular)
skuldimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skuldi
Old English: sċyld, sċyldu
Middle English: schuld, shild
English: shild
Old Frisian: skeld
North Frisian: schild
Saterland Frisian: Skeeld
Old Saxon: skuld, sculd
Middle Low German: schult, schuld, schülde
Low German: Schuld
German Low German: Schuld, Schüld
Old Dutch: skuld, scult
Middle Dutch: schult, schout
Dutch: schuld, schoud (dialectal)
Afrikaans: skuld
→ Sotho: sekoloto
→ Tswana: sekoloto
→ Zulu: isikweletu
Berbice Creole Dutch: skolo
Jersey Dutch: sxjilt
Negerhollands: skuld, skylt, schuild
→ Indonesian: kesalahan (semantic loan)
Limburgish: sjöldj
Old High German: skuld, sculd, scult, sculda, sculta
Middle High German: schult, schulde
German: Schuld
→ Esperanto: ŝuldo
Luxembourgish: Schold
Yiddish: שולד (shuld)

Old Norse: skuld, Skuld, skyld

Icelandic: skuld

Faroese: skuld

Norwegian: skuld, skyld

Old Swedish: skuld, skyld

Swedish: skuld, skull

Danish: skyld

→ Scots: skuld, sculd, skyld

From Proto-Indo-European *skéltis, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obliged, be beholden to, owe, be guilty”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to be obligated, owe”) + *-þiz. Cognate with Lithuanian kaltė̃ (“guilt”).


dungijǭ

dungijǭ (nominative singular)
dungijōniz (nominative plural)
dungijǭ (singular vocative)
dungijōniz (plural vocative)
dungijōnų (accusative singular)
dungijōnunz (accusative plural)
dungijōniz (genitive singular)
dungijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dungijōni (dative singular)
dungijōmaz (dative plural)
dungijōnē (instrumental singular)
dungijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dungijā
Old English: dynċġe, dinċġe, denġe
→ Latin: dingia (Anglo-Latin)
Old Dutch: *dunga
Middle Dutch: *donge, *donke
Dutch: donk (archaic)
⇒ Middle Dutch: santdonc
⇒ Old Dutch: Dungus
⇒ Old Dutch: Medmedug

Old Norse: dyngja
Icelandic: dyngja
Faroese: dyngja (“heap, pile, multitude, crowd”)
Norn: dongja (“heap, pile”)
Norwegian Bokmål: dynge
Norwegian Nynorsk: dyngje (“heap, pile”)
Old Swedish: dyngia
Swedish: dynga
Danish: dynge
Gutnish: dyngge, dynggå

⇒ Old Norse: *mykidyngja (“dung heap”)

desc

Old Danish: møghdyngh, møgdinge, møgding

Danish: mødding

→ Swedish: mödding

→ Norwegian Bokmål: mødding

→ Middle English: midding, miding

English: midding, midden

Scots: midin

→ Proto-Finnic: *tunkijo (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from *dungō (“earth, dung”) + *-jǭ. Kroonen, however, derives this via an intermediary verb *dungijaną (“to fertilise”). See Proto-West Germanic *dungijan.


dungijǭ

Old Norse: dyngja (“bower”)

Possibly from *dungz (“vault, cave, cellar”) + *-jǭ.


dungō

dungō (nominative singular)
dungôz (nominative plural)
dungō (singular vocative)
dungôz (plural vocative)
dungǭ (accusative singular)
dungōz (accusative plural)
dungōz (genitive singular)
dungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dungōi (dative singular)
dungōmaz (dative plural)
dungō (instrumental singular)
dungōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dungu
Old English: dung, ding
Middle English: donge, dong, donke, doung, dounge, dung, dunge
English: dung
Scots: dung
Old Frisian: dung
North Frisian: dong
West Frisian: dong
Old Dutch: *dunga
Middle Dutch: donge
Dutch: dong
Old High German: tunga
Middle High German: tunge

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰḿ̥ǵʰ-, metathesized from *dʰǵʰḿ̥-, from *dʰéǵʰ-ōm ~ *dʰǵʰ-més (“earth”). Possibly cognate with Latvian dañga (“rut, corner, piece of land that is surrounded by water or marshlands on three sides, bay”). Often citied as being related to Proto-Germanic *dungz (“cellar”), from *dʰengʰ- (“to cover, hide, conceal”), however this seems semantically doubtful.


rekô

rekô (nominative singular)
rekaniz (nominative plural)
rekô (singular vocative)
rekaniz (plural vocative)
rekanų (accusative singular)
rekanunz (accusative plural)
rikiniz (genitive singular)
rekanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rikini (dative singular)
rekammaz (dative plural)
rikinē (instrumental singular)
rekammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rekō

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anadrekō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *reki

⇒ Old Norse: lestreki

⇒ Old Norse: nautreki

⇒ Old Norse: hjarðreki

⇒ Old Norse: sauðreki

⇒ Old Norse: eyrendreki

⇒ Old Norse: landreki

Icelandic: landreki

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“chief, king”). Cognate with Latin rēx (“king”). Doublet of *rīks.


rekô

Old English: raca; ræce (through interference with *rakō)

Middle English: rake

Scots: rak

English: rake

Old Saxon: *reko

Middle Low German: *rēke

Low German: reek

Old Dutch: *reko

Middle Dutch: rēke, riek

Dutch: reek, riek

Old High German: rehho, recho

Middle High German: rëche

Cimbrian: rècho

German: Rechen

Hunsrik: Rechel

Luxembourgish: Reech

(Old Norse: reka)

From *rekaną (“to rake”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”).

a straightener, especially a device used for straightening or detangling (e.g. threads, strings, ropes, etc.)


rekaz

rekaz (nominative singular)
rekōz (nominative plural)
rekōs (nominative plural)
rek (singular vocative)
rekōz (plural vocative)
rekōs (plural vocative)
reką (accusative singular)
rekanz (accusative plural)
rekas (genitive singular)
rikis (genitive singular)
rekǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rekai (dative singular)
rekamaz (dative plural)
rekō (instrumental singular)
rekamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *rekr (> folkrekr)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“chief, king”). Cognate with Latin rēx (“king”). Doublet of *rīks which is an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic.


panningaz

panningaz (canonical)
pandingaz (canonical)
pantingaz (canonical masculine)
panningaz (nominative singular)
panningōz (nominative plural)
panningōs (nominative plural)
panning (singular vocative)
panningōz (plural vocative)
panningōs (plural vocative)
panningą (accusative singular)
panninganz (accusative plural)
panningas (genitive singular)
panningis (genitive singular)
panningǫ̂ (genitive plural)
panningai (dative singular)
panningamaz (dative plural)
panningō (instrumental singular)
panningamiz (instrumental plural)
*pandingaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *panning, *panding, *penning
Old English: penning, pending, pæning, pening, pæniġ, peniġ
Middle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening
English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)
Scots: penny
→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)
Irish: pingin
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: penique
Old Frisian: panning, penning, pennig
Saterland Frisian: Pännich
West Frisian: pinning
Old Saxon: penning, pennig
Middle Low German: pennink
German Low German: Penning, Penn
Old Dutch: *penning
Middle Dutch: penninc, pennich, pennig
Dutch: penning
Limburgish: penning
Old High German: pfending, pfanting, pfenting, pfenning; (Central German) penning
Middle High German: pfennic, pfenninc; penninc
Central Franconian: Penning, Pennek
Luxembourgish: Pennek (obsolete)
German: Pfennig
→ English: pfennig
→ Luxembourgish: Fenneg

Old Norse: penningr; pengr (late)

Icelandic: peningur

Faroese: peningur, pengar, pengar

Norn: pengar

Norwegian Nynorsk: pengar, peng, penge

Norwegian Bokmål: penger, penge

Old Swedish: pænninger

Swedish: penning, pengar, peng

→ Finnish: penninki, penni

Old Danish: pæning

Danish: penning, penge

desc

Elfdalian: peningg, peningger, paingger, peng

Gutnish: penningg, peningg

→ Proto-Slavic: *pěnędzь (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. Many regard the forms without the medial *-t- or *-d- as the older ones because the Slavic and Lithuanian loans (Proto-Slavic *pěnędzь) do not show the reflex of a medial obstruent, which makes it difficult to connect with *pandan- (“pledge”) (Old High German phant) or their possible etymon, Latin pondus (“weight”). The second part of the word is probably *-ingaz. The first part is possibly a borrowing of one of these Latin words:
* panna (“pan”), with a semantic shift explained as a penny being a "coin with a concave form" (per De Vries/De Tollenaere), or
* pannus (“piece of cloth”), because cloth was often used as means of payment.
Vennemann suggests another possibility, following from his (controversial) Punic superstrate theory: that *paning may derive from Carthaginian traders' jargon use of Punic 𐤐𐤍 (pn /pani/, “face”) to mean "coin", as almost all Carthaginian coins depicted the face of Tanit (a goddess who was herself known as the "face of Baal"), and even the second-most common motif was the face of Melqart; Vennemann further speculates that the variants *panning and *panding preserved the bimoric nature of the Punic word.


slidô

slidô (nominative singular)
slidaniz (nominative plural)
slidô (singular vocative)
slidaniz (plural vocative)
slidanų (accusative singular)
slidanunz (accusative plural)
slidiniz (genitive singular)
slidanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slidini (dative singular)
slidammaz (dative plural)
slidinē (instrumental singular)
slidammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *slida

Saterland Frisian: sliede

West Frisian: slide

Old Saxon: slido

Middle Low German: slede

German Low German: Sleden

Old Dutch: *slido

desctree

Middle Dutch: slēde, sledde, sledse
Dutch: slee, slede
Afrikaans: slee
→ English: sleigh
→ Papiamentu: slede (dated, from slede)
→ Middle English: sledde
English: sled, sledge

Old High German: slito
Middle High German: slite
German: Schlitten
Luxembourgish: Schlitt
→ Italian: slitta

Old Norse: sleði

Icelandic: sleði

Norwegian: slede

Old Swedish: sliþi, slæþi

Swedish: släde

Danish: slæde

Zero-grade form of the root of *slīdaną + *-ô, literally “slider”.


katilaz

katilaz (nominative singular)
katilōz (nominative plural)
katilōs (nominative plural)
katil (singular vocative)
katilōz (plural vocative)
katilōs (plural vocative)
katilą (accusative singular)
katilanz (accusative plural)
katilas (genitive singular)
katilis (genitive singular)
katilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
katilai (dative singular)
katilamaz (dative plural)
katilō (instrumental singular)
katilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *katil
Old English: ċietel, ċietil, ċytel, ċitel, ċetel
Middle English: ketel, chetel, chetill, chetyle, chitel, ketell, ketil, ketyl, ketylle (conflated with Old Norse ketill)
English: kettle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kettle, kittle
Old Frisian: tsietel, zetel, szetel, sthitil, ketel, tsetel
North Frisian:
Förh-Amrum: sedel
Sylt: Serel
Saterland Frisian: Seetel
West Frisian: tsjettel
Old Saxon: ketil
Middle Low German: kētel, kettel
Plautdietsch: Kjätel
Old Dutch: *ketil
Middle Dutch: ketel
Dutch: ketel
Afrikaans: ketel
Berbice Creole Dutch: ketle
Jersey Dutch: kêtel
Negerhollands: keetel, kitl
→ Caribbean Javanese: kètèl
→ Indonesian: ketel
→ Papiamentu: ketel
→ Sranan Tongo: ketre
→ Saramaccan: ketè
Old High German: kezzil, chezzil
Middle High German: kezzel
Cimbrian: khéssel
German: Kessel
Hunsrik: Kessel
Luxembourgish: Kessel
Pennsylvania German: Kessel
Vilamovian: kesuł
Yiddish: קעסל (kesl)

Old Norse: ketill
Icelandic: ketill
Faroese: ketil
Norwegian:
Bokmål: kjele, kjel
Nynorsk: kjele, kjel, kjêle, kjêl
Swedish: kætil
Swedish: kättil, kittel
Elfdalian: ketil
Old Danish: kiæthæl
Danish: kedel
Gutnish: kättl, kätel, kätil, kätul
→ Middle English: ketel (conflated with Old English cytel, cetel)
English: kettle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kettle, kittle

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (katils)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kotьlъ

→ Proto-Finnic: *kattila (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin. Usually regarded as borrowed from Latin catīllus (“small bowl”), diminutive of catīnus (“bowl, basin”).


slangô

slangô (nominative singular)
slanganiz (nominative plural)
slangô (singular vocative)
slanganiz (plural vocative)
slanganų (accusative singular)
slanganunz (accusative plural)
slanginiz (genitive singular)
slanganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slangini (dative singular)
slangammaz (dative plural)
slanginē (instrumental singular)
slangammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *slangō

Old Frisian: *slanga m, *slange f

North Frisian: slaang, slang, slånge

Saterland Frisian: Sloange, Slange

West Frisian: slange, slang

Old Saxon: slango

Middle Low German: slange

Plautdietsch: Schlang

Old Dutch: slango
Middle Dutch: slange
Dutch: slang
Afrikaans: slang
Berbice Creole Dutch: slanggi
Negerhollands: slang, slaṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: slanka
→ Aukan: salan
→ Caribbean Javanese: selang
→ Indonesian: slang (“hose”)
→ Papiamentu: slan
Limburgish: slang

Old High German: slango
Middle High German: slange
German: Schlange (see there for further descendants)
Central Franconian: Schlang
Hunsrik: Schlang
Luxembourgish: Schlaang
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Schlang
Yiddish: שלאַנג (shlang)
→ English: schlong

Old Norse: slangi m, slanga f

Icelandic: slanga

Faroese: slanga

Norwegian Nynorsk: slange

Danish: slange

Norwegian Bokmål: slange

Swedish: slang

Gutnish: slangr, slang

/ˈslɑŋ.ɡɔːː/

From unattested *slangaz + *-ô, from Proto-Indo-European *slonkʷ-ó-s, from *slenkʷ- (“to slide”) + *-ós. See Proto-Germanic *slinkaną (“to slink, creep”) for more.


badją

badją (nominative singular)
badjō (nominative plural)
badją (singular vocative)
badjō (plural vocative)
badją (accusative singular)
badjō (accusative plural)
badjas (genitive singular)
badis (genitive singular)
badjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
badjai (dative singular)
badjamaz (dative plural)
badjō (instrumental singular)
badjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *badi
Old English: bedd, bed, bædd
Middle English: bedde, bed
English: bed
Scots: bede, bed
Old Frisian: bedd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: baad
Helgoland: Baad
Mooring: beed
Saterland Frisian: Bääd
West Frisian: bêd
Old Saxon: bed, bedd, beddi
Middle Low German: bedde
Low German: Bett, Bedd
Dutch Low Saxon: bedde
German Low German: Bedd
Plautdietsch: Bad, Bed
→ Icelandic: beddi
Old Dutch: beddi
Middle Dutch: bedde
Dutch: bed
Afrikaans: bed
Berbice Creole Dutch: bedi
Negerhollands: bet, bedi, bere, bedde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bedi (archaic)
Skepi Creole Dutch: bede
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèt
→? Mohegan-Pequot: beed
→ Papiamentu: bèt, bèchi, bèrchi, bed
→ Saramaccan: bédi
→? Sranan Tongo: bedi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bedi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèḍi
→ Kari'na: bedi
Limburgish: bèd
→ French: bedde (“matress”) (dialectal)
Old High German: betti, beti
Middle High German: bette, bete, bet
Alemannic German: Bett
Swabian: Bedd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pett
German: Bett (“bed”), Beet (“flowerbed”)
→ Danish: bed
Norwegian Bokmål: bed
Luxembourgish: Bett
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Bett
Vilamovian: bet

Old Norse: beðr m (“bolster, bedding”)
Icelandic: beður m, beð n
Faroese: beður m, beð n
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: bedd
Old Swedish: *bädh, bädhil
Swedish: bädd c
→ Finnish: peti

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌹 (badi)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *patja (“pillow, mattress”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰh₂-yó-m (“dug-out plot of land”), from *bʰedʰh₂- (“to dig, burrow; to pierce, stab”) + *-yóm (the supposed intermediate meaning would be paralleled in Proto-Celtic *bedom (“ditch, grave”) and explain the sense “flowerbed” in West Germanic); or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₁-tó-s (“warm”), from *bʰeh₁- (“to warm”) + *-tós, whence *baþą (“bath”), Dutch betten (“to warm up”).

suf

(West Germanic and originally?) plot of ground


sagō

sagō (nominative singular)
sagôz (nominative plural)
sagō (singular vocative)
sagôz (plural vocative)
sagǭ (accusative singular)
sagōz (accusative plural)
sagōz (genitive singular)
sagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sagōi (dative singular)
sagōmaz (dative plural)
sagō (instrumental singular)
sagōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sagu
Old English: sagu
Middle English: sawe
English: saw
Yola: zaawe
Old Frisian: sage
Saterland Frisian: Soage
West Frisian: seage
Old Saxon: saga
Middle Low German: sage
Low German: Saag
Plautdietsch: Soag
Old Dutch: *saga
Middle Dutch: sāge
Dutch: zaag
Afrikaans: saag
Old High German: saga
Middle High German: sage
German: Säge
Luxembourgish: See
Yiddish: זעג (zeg)
→ Serbo-Croatian: жага, žaga
→ Slovene: žaga

Old Norse: sǫg
Icelandic: sög
Faroese: sag
Norwegian Nynorsk: sag, sog; (dialectal) sau, sav, saj
Norwegian Bokmål: sag m or f
Jamtish: ság
Elfdalian: såg
Old Swedish: sagh, saagh
Swedish: såg
→ Finnish: saha
Danish: sav
Smalandian: sav
Scanian: saw
Gutnish: sag
→ Kildin Sami: са̄гк (sāgk)

From Proto-Indo-European *sok-éh₂, from *sek- (“to cut”) + *-éh₂.


haslaz

haslaz (nominative singular)
haslōz (nominative plural)
haslōs (nominative plural)
hasl (singular vocative)
haslōz (plural vocative)
haslōs (plural vocative)
haslą (accusative singular)
haslanz (accusative plural)
haslas (genitive singular)
haslis (genitive singular)
haslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haslai (dative singular)
haslamaz (dative plural)
haslō (instrumental singular)
haslamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hasl
Old English: hæsl, hæsel, hæsil
Middle English: hasel, hasell, hasil, hasill, hasul, hasyl, haysell, hesel, hesill, hesyll
English: hazel (dialectal halse)
Scots: hazel
Yola: hawlse
Old Saxon: *hasal
Middle Low German: hāsel
Plautdietsch: Hausel
Old Dutch: *hasal
Middle Dutch: hāsel
Dutch: hazel
Old High German: hasal
Middle High German: hasel
German: Hasel

Old Norse: hasl
Icelandic: hasl
Norwegian Nynorsk: hasl, hassel
Old Swedish: hasl
Swedish: hassel
Old Danish: hasle
Danish: hassel
Norwegian Bokmål: hassel

From areal Proto-Indo-European *kóslos, which may be of substrate or Wanderwort origin.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


sagǭ

sagǭ (nominative singular)
sagōniz (nominative plural)
sagǭ (singular vocative)
sagōniz (plural vocative)
sagōnų (accusative singular)
sagōnunz (accusative plural)
sagōniz (genitive singular)
sagōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sagōni (dative singular)
sagōmaz (dative plural)
sagōnē (instrumental singular)
sagōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sagā
Old English: saga, sagu
Middle English: sawe
English: saw
Old Frisian: sege
Old Dutch: *saga
Middle Dutch: sāge
Dutch: sage (influenced by German)
Afrikaans: sage
Limburgish: zaag
Old High German: saga
Middle High German: sage
German: Sage
Luxembourgish: So

Old Norse: saga
Icelandic: saga f
Faroese: søga f
Norn: saga
Norwegian Nynorsk: soge, soga, sogu; (dialectal) søgu, søge, sugu, soggo, soka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: soge m or f
Jamtish: sugu
Old Swedish: sagha
Swedish: saga
→ Finnish: saaga
Old Danish: saghæ
Danish: sage c (archaic)
Norwegian Bokmål: sage m
Jutish: save c
Gutnish: sage, sagå
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: saga f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: saga m
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: saga m or f
→ English: saga
→ Afrikaans: saga
→ German: Saga
→ Kildin Sami: соа̄гк (såågk)

A nominal formation from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to say”).


ūraz

ūraz (nominative singular)
ūrōz (nominative plural)
ūrōs (nominative plural)
ūr (singular vocative)
ūrōz (plural vocative)
ūrōs (plural vocative)
ūrą (accusative singular)
ūranz (accusative plural)
ūras (genitive singular)
ūris (genitive singular)
ūrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūrai (dative singular)
ūramaz (dative plural)
ūrō (instrumental singular)
ūramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ūr
Old English: ūr
Middle English: oure
Old Saxon: *ūr
Middle Low German: ûr
German Low German: Ur
⇒ Middle Low German: ūrosse
→ Swedish: uroxe
Old Dutch: *ūr, uor
Middle Dutch: *uur
⇒ Dutch: uuros (the historical form, attested once) (Should we delete⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Old High German: ūro
Middle High German: ūr
German: Ur
⇒ Old High German: ūrohso
Middle High German: ūrochse
German: Auerochse
→ English: aurochs
→ Middle Dutch: oeros
Dutch: oeros

Old Norse: úrr

ref

Latin transcription from the Codex Vindobonensis 795. The "Wulfilan" Gothic form is a reconstruction.

Gothic: *𐌿𐍂𐍃 (*urs /uraz/)

desctree

→? Latin: urus
→ Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros)
Catalan: ur
→ English: ure, urus
French: ure
Italian: uro
Portuguese: uro
Spanish: uro

→? Proto-Finnic: *uros (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Samic: *orēs (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; hypotheses include:
* Cognate with Sanskrit उष्ट्र (úṣṭra, “buffalo”), Persian اشتر (oštor), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)us-r-(en-) (“(red) bull, aurochs”), from *h₂ews-r- (“dawn”) after its reddish color. (See *austraz.)
* From Proto-Indo-European *(u)rs-én- (“male animal”). Kroonen assumes that the an-stem form is original and was replaced dialectally by a u-stem, to which he finds a parallel development in *arô (“eagle”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *awǝ-, *ewǝ- (“flowing water”), analogous to the derivation of *uhsô. If so, then related to Old Norse úr (“dampness, fine rain, drizzle”), Old English ēar (“sea, ocean”). (See *auraz, *ūrą.)


baþą

baþą (nominative singular)
baþō (nominative plural)
baþą (singular vocative)
baþō (plural vocative)
baþą (accusative singular)
baþō (accusative plural)
baþas (genitive singular)
baþis (genitive singular)
baþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baþai (dative singular)
baþamaz (dative plural)
baþō (instrumental singular)
baþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baþ
Old English: bæþ
Middle English: bath, baþ
English: bath
Scots: bath
→ Welsh: bàth
Old Frisian: beth
West Frisian: bad
Old Saxon: bath
Middle Low German: bad, bat
Low German: Bad
German Low German: Baad
Plautdietsch: Bod, Baud
Old Dutch: *bath
Middle Dutch: bat
Dutch: bad
Afrikaans: bad
Old High German: bad
Middle High German: bat
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Baad
Bavarian: Båd, Båod, Boud
Luxembourgish: Bad
German: Bad
Rhine Franconian: Bad
Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt]
Vilamovian: bod

Old Norse: bað

Icelandic: bað

Faroese: bað

Norwegian: bad

Old Swedish: badh

Swedish: bad

Danish: bad

Gutnish: bad

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰh́₁-to-s, a zero-grade nominal formation from *bʰeh₁- (“to foment, warm”). Though Kroonen considers the word to have no cognates outside Germanic, Acharian has deduced Old Armenian բով (bov, “furnace”) as a cognate.


widuz

widuz (nominative singular)
widiwiz (nominative plural)
widu (singular vocative)
widiwiz (plural vocative)
widų (accusative singular)
widunz (accusative plural)
widauz (genitive singular)
widiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
widiwi (dative singular)
widumaz (dative plural)
widū (instrumental singular)
widumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *widu
Old English: widu, wudu, weadu
Middle English: wode
Scots: wod, wuid
English: wood
Old Saxon: widu, wido
Middle Low German: wēde
Old Dutch: *widu
Middle Dutch: wēde
Dutch: wede, (in placenames) -wedde (e.g. Onstwedde)
Old High German: witu
Middle High German: wite

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᛞᚢᛉ (*widuʀ)

Old Norse: viðr, vyðr
Icelandic: viður
Faroese: viður
Norwegian Nynorsk: ved, vid
Elfdalian: wið
Old Swedish: viþer, vedher
Swedish: ved
Old Danish: with
Danish: ved
Norwegian Bokmål: ved

→ Proto-Finnic: *viita

Finnish: viita

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰ-u-s, and cognate with Proto-Celtic *widus (“wood, trees”), with both roots likely tracing further to Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁- (“to separate, split, cleave, divide”) (whence Lithuanian vidùs (“middle, i.e. forested area between two habitations”)), with sense development "set apart, abandoned" > "desolate area like a forest" > "wood".


hultą

hultą (nominative singular)
hultō (nominative plural)
hultą (singular vocative)
hultō (plural vocative)
hultą (accusative singular)
hultō (accusative plural)
hultas (genitive singular)
hultis (genitive singular)
hultǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hultai (dative singular)
hultamaz (dative plural)
hultō (instrumental singular)
hultamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *holt
Old English: holt
Middle English: holt
English: holt, hoult (obsolete)
Scots: holt (archaic)
Old Frisian: holt
North Frisian: holt
Saterland Frisian: Holt
West Frisian: hout
Old Saxon: holt
Middle Low German: holt
Low German: Holt
German Low German: Holt
Plautdietsch: Holt
Old Dutch: holt
Middle Dutch: hout
Dutch: hout
Afrikaans: hout
Limburgish: hówtj
Old High German: holz
Middle High German: holz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hòltz
Mòcheno: holz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Hols
Luxembourgish: Holz
German: Holz
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: hold̥s
Pennsylvania German: Hols
Vilamovian: hułc
Yiddish: האָלץ (holts)

Old Norse: holt
Icelandic: holt
Faroese: holt
Norwegian: holt
Old Swedish: hult
Swedish: holt, hult
Danish: holt
Old Gutnish: hult

Possibly from a neuter root noun *kóld, *kld-és (“wooden piece”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”). Compare Proto-Slavic *kòlda (“block, log”), Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos, “branch, shoot”).


listiz

listiz (nominative singular)
listīz (nominative plural)
listi (singular vocative)
listīz (plural vocative)
listį (accusative singular)
listinz (accusative plural)
listīz (genitive singular)
listijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
listī (dative singular)
listimaz (dative plural)
listī (instrumental singular)
listimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *listi
Old English: list
Middle English: liste
English: list
Scots: list
Old Frisian: list, lest
Saterland Frisian: List
West Frisian: list
Old Saxon: list
Middle Low German: list
German Low German: List
Low German: list
Old Dutch: list
Middle Dutch: list
Dutch: list
Old High German: list
Middle High German: list
German: List

Old Norse: list

Icelandic: list

Faroese: list

Old Swedish: list

Swedish: list

Danish: list

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (lists)
→ Proto-Slavic: *lь̏stь (see there for further descendants)

→⇒? Vulgar Latin: *listus

Catalan: llest

Spanish: listo

Italian: lesto

→ Maltese: lest

Portuguese: lesto

Probably formed from the root of *lizaną (“to know, understand”), from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“track, furrow, trail, trace”), equivalent to *lizaną + *-þiz. Compare also Proto-West Germanic *liʀnōn (“to learn”).


fōdô

fōdô (nominative singular)
fōdaniz (nominative plural)
fōdô (singular vocative)
fōdaniz (plural vocative)
fōdanų (accusative singular)
fōdanunz (accusative plural)
fōdiniz (genitive singular)
fōdanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōdini (dative singular)
fōdammaz (dative plural)
fōdinē (instrumental singular)
fōdammiz (instrumental plural)
*fōdijô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdō

Old English: fōda

Middle English: fode, foode

Scots: fuid, fude

English: food

Old Saxon: *fōdo

Middle Low German: vode m or f or n

(German Low German: föödsaam)

>? Low German: föde, vöde

Old High German: *fuota

Middle High German: fuote, vuote f

gl

Old Norse: fǿða, fœða (from *fōdijǭ, *fōdijô; or alternatively, derived from the verb *fōdijaną)

Icelandic: fæða, fæði

Faroese: føði

Old Swedish: føþa

Swedish: föda

Old Danish: føthæ

Danish: føde

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“protect, guard, graze, feed”).


bragną

bragną (nominative singular)
bragnō (nominative plural)
bragną (singular vocative)
bragnō (plural vocative)
bragną (accusative singular)
bragnō (accusative plural)
bragnas (genitive singular)
bragnis (genitive singular)
bragnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bragnai (dative singular)
bragnamaz (dative plural)
bragnō (instrumental singular)
bragnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bragn

desctree

Old English: bræġn, bræġen
Middle English: brayn, brayne, brain
Scots: brane, braine
English: brain

Old Frisian: *brein

North Frisian: brayen, brein

Sylt: Brain

Saterland Frisian: Bräienge, Brainge

West Frisian: brein

Old Saxon: *bragan, *bregin

Middle Low German: bregen

Low German: Brägen, Bregen

Plautdietsch: Bräajen

→ German: Brägen, Bregen

Old Dutch: *bragan, *bregin

Middle Dutch: bragen, bregen, breyn

Dutch: brein

From Proto-Indo-European *mrogʰnom, possibly a thematicized form of original *mrégʰmn̥ (whence Ancient Greek βρέχμα (brékhma, “brainpan”)), from the root *mregʰ- (“marrow, sinciput”).


miltiją

miltiją (nominative singular)
miltijō (nominative plural)
miltiją (singular vocative)
miltijō (plural vocative)
miltiją (accusative singular)
miltijō (accusative plural)
miltijas (genitive singular)
miltīs (genitive singular)
miltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miltijai (dative singular)
miltijamaz (dative plural)
miltijō (instrumental singular)
miltijamiz (instrumental plural)
*miltijaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *miltī

Old Dutch: *milti

Middle Dutch: milte

Dutch: milt

desctree

Old High German: milzi
Middle High German: milze
German: Milz
Hunsrik: Mils
Luxembourgish: Mëlz
Vilamovian: myłc

Lombardic: *milzi

→ Italian: milza

→ Maltese: milsa

→ Lombard: melsa, melza, meussa

desc

→ Piedmontese: mersa, meussa, mirsa, minsa

desctree

Old Norse: milti
Icelandic: milta
Faroese: milti, milt
Norwegian Bokmål: milt
Norwegian Nynorsk: milt
Danish: milt
Swedish: mjälte

Unsorted borrowings (via Gothic?):

→ Aragonese: mielsa, amielsa

→ Catalan: melsa

→ Sicilian: meusa

→ Occitan: mèusa, mèussa

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, grind, crush, weaken”).


drupô

drupô (nominative singular)
drupaniz (nominative plural)
drupô (singular vocative)
drupaniz (plural vocative)
drupanų (accusative singular)
drupanunz (accusative plural)
drupiniz (genitive singular)
drupanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drupini (dative singular)
drupammaz (dative plural)
drupinē (instrumental singular)
drupammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dropō
Old English: dropa
Middle English: drope, drop, droppe, droupe, droype (Northern)
English: drop
Scots: drap
Old Frisian: *dropa
Saterland Frisian: Droupe, Druppe
Old Saxon: dropo
Middle Low German: drope, drupe, drup
German Low German: Drüpp
Old Dutch: dropo
Middle Dutch: drope, drop
Dutch: drop, drup
Afrikaans: drup
Old High German: tropfo, troffo, tropho
Middle High German: tropfe
German: Tropfe, Tropfen
Yiddish: טראָפּן (tropn), טראָפּ (trop)

Old Norse: dropi
Icelandic: dropi
Faroese: dropi
Norwegian Nynorsk: drope
Old Swedish: drupi, dropi
Swedish: droppe
Old Danish: dropæ
Danish: dråbe
Norwegian Bokmål: dråpe
⇒ Old Danish: drypæl
Danish: drøbel (“uvula”)

→ Galician: trofa

Nominal formation from either *dreupaną (“to drop, drip”) or *druppōną (“to drop”), both from the same root.


ahslō

ahslō (nominative singular)
ahslôz (nominative plural)
ahslō (singular vocative)
ahslôz (plural vocative)
ahslǭ (accusative singular)
ahslōz (accusative plural)
ahslōz (genitive singular)
ahslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahslōi (dative singular)
ahslōmaz (dative plural)
ahslō (instrumental singular)
ahslōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ahslu
Old English: eaxl, eaxel, esl, exl
Middle English: axel, axle, eaxle, æxle, exle
English: axle (obsolete)
Scots: aixle, exle
Old Frisian: axle, axele
Saterland Frisian: ascle
→? Middle Dutch: ocsele (see lemma)
Dutch: oksel
Afrikaans: oksel
Old Dutch: *assala
Middle Dutch: assele
Dutch: assel
Old High German: ahsala
Middle High German: ahsel
Cimbrian: aksela, aksala, aksl, aksel
German: Achsel
Vilamovian: aochsuł
Yiddish: אַקסל (aksl)

Old Norse: ǫxl

Icelandic: öxl

Faroese: øksl

Norn: akkel

Old Swedish: axl

Swedish: axel

→ Elfdalian: aksel

Old Danish: axæl

Danish: aksel

Norwegian: aksel

Elfdalian: aksul

Gutnish: axl

Scanian: áğsel

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-(i)l-eh₂-, from *h₂eḱs- (“axis”).


maltą

maltą (nominative singular)
maltō (nominative plural)
maltą (singular vocative)
maltō (plural vocative)
maltą (accusative singular)
maltō (accusative plural)
maltas (genitive singular)
maltis (genitive singular)
maltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maltai (dative singular)
maltamaz (dative plural)
maltō (instrumental singular)
maltamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *malt
Old English: mealt, malt
Middle English: malt, malte, maltt, mault, maulte
English: malt
Scots: maut
Yola: mault
Old Frisian: malt
Saterland Frisian: Moalt
Old Saxon: malt
Middle Low German: malt, molt
German Low German: Molt
Old Dutch: malt
Middle Dutch: malt, mout
Dutch: mout
→ West Frisian: mout
Old High German: malz
Middle High German: malz
German: Malz
Luxembourgish: Malz
→ Proto-Slavic: *molto (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: malt

Icelandic: malt

Faroese: malt

Norwegian: malt

Old Swedish: malt

Swedish: malt

Old Danish: malt

Danish: malt

Gutnish: malt

→ Proto-Finnic: *maldas (see there for further descendants) (< *maltaz)

Uncertain, from *maltaz (“soft, gone bad”), or directly from *meltaną; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meld- (“to beat, crush, grind”), also the root of *mildijaz. Not few voices (Uhlenbeck, Bernecker, Brückner, Kiparsky, Skok and others) deem the word instead regularly formed in Proto-Slavic *molto, which you may see, from *melti (“to grind”).


parrukaz

parrukaz (nominative singular)
parrukōz (nominative plural)
parrukōs (nominative plural)
parruk (singular vocative)
parrukōz (plural vocative)
parrukōs (plural vocative)
parruką (accusative singular)
parrukanz (accusative plural)
parrukas (genitive singular)
parrukis (genitive singular)
parrukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
parrukai (dative singular)
parrukamaz (dative plural)
parrukō (instrumental singular)
parrukamiz (instrumental plural)
*parrikaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *parruk, *parrik
Old English: pearroc, pearruc
Middle English: parrok, parrock
Scots: parrock, paddock
English: parrock, paddock
Old Saxon: *parrak, *perrik
Middle Low German: park, perk
German Low German: Park
→ Old Norse: *parrak (alternatively from Old English)
Icelandic: *parrak
⇒ Icelandic: parraka
⇒ Faroese: parrak (adjective)
Old Dutch: *parrik, parc, (in placenames) park, perk
Middle Dutch: parric, perric, paerc, perc, parc (influenced by Old French parc)
Dutch: park
Afrikaans: park
→ German: Park (partially)
→ Lower Sorbian: park
→ West Frisian: park
Dutch: perk
Afrikaans: perk
Old High German: pfarrih, pferrih
Middle High German: pferrich, pherrich
Alemannic German: Färrich
German: Pferch
→? Medieval Latin: parricus (see there for further descendants)


raþą

raþą (nominative singular)
raþō (nominative plural)
raþą (singular vocative)
raþō (plural vocative)
raþą (accusative singular)
raþō (accusative plural)
raþas (genitive singular)
raþis (genitive singular)
raþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raþai (dative singular)
raþamaz (dative plural)
raþō (instrumental singular)
raþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raþ

Old Frisian: reth

West Frisian: rêd

Old Saxon: rath

Middle Low German: rat

German Low German: Rad

Plautdietsch: Raut

→ Swedish: ratt

→ Finnish: ratti

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ratt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ratt

→ Danish: rat

→ Elfdalian: ratt

Old Dutch: *rath

Middle Dutch: rat, rad

Dutch: rad

Limburgish: raad

Old High German: rad

Middle High German: rat

German: Rad

→ Esperanto: rado

Hunsrik: Raat

Luxembourgish: Rad

Yiddish: ראָד (rod)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hróth₂om or *Hrótom, from the root *Hreth₂- or *Hret- (“to roll”). Compare Latin rota, perhaps from the collective of the same word.


spellą

spellą (nominative singular)
spellō (nominative plural)
spellą (singular vocative)
spellō (plural vocative)
spellą (accusative singular)
spellō (accusative plural)
spellas (genitive singular)
spillis (genitive singular)
spellǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spellai (dative singular)
spellamaz (dative plural)
spellō (instrumental singular)
spellamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spell
Old English: spell, spel
Middle English: spell, spel
English: spell
Old Saxon: spel
Old Dutch: spel
Middle Dutch: spel
Old High German: spel

Old Norse: spjall
Icelandic: spjall n
Old Swedish: spiäl
Swedish: spjäll

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻 (spill)

From Proto-Indo-European *spel(H)-o-, ultimately from *(s)pelH- (“to tell”). Common origin and cognate with Old Armenian առասպել (aṙaspel, “legend, proverb, riddle”). Unrelated to *spil (“game, amusement”).


bankô

bankô (nominative singular)
bankaniz (nominative plural)
bankô (singular vocative)
bankaniz (plural vocative)
bankanų (accusative singular)
bankanunz (accusative plural)
bankiniz (genitive singular)
bankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bankini (dative singular)
bankammaz (dative plural)
bankinē (instrumental singular)
bankammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bankō

Old English: *banca (as in hōbanca)

Middle English: banke, bank

English: bank

Scots: bank

desctree

Old Norse: bakki, *banki — Old East Norse
Icelandic: bakki
Faroese: bakki
Norwegian Nynorsk: bakke; (dialectal) bakki, bakka, bakk
Old Swedish: bakke (banke in the toponym Bankekind)
Swedish: backe, bank
Old Danish: bakkæ
Danish: bakke, banke
Norwegian Bokmål: bakke, banke
→ Greenlandic: bakki
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: banke

Related to *bankiz (“slope, hill, shelf”).


raumaz

raumaz (nominative singular)
raumōz (nominative plural)
raumōs (nominative plural)
raum (singular vocative)
raumōz (plural vocative)
raumōs (plural vocative)
raumą (accusative singular)
raumanz (accusative plural)
raumas (genitive singular)
raumis (genitive singular)
raumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raumai (dative singular)
raumamaz (dative plural)
raumō (instrumental singular)
raumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raum

Old English: rēam

Middle English: reme, rem

Scots: reme, reim

English: ream

Yola: reem, rhyme

Old Frisian: *rām

Saterland Frisian: Room

West Frisian: rjemme

Old Saxon: rōm

Middle Low German: rôm, rôme, rame

German Low German: Rohm

Old Dutch: *rōm

Middle Dutch: room, rôme

Dutch: room

Afrikaans: room

Old High German: roum

Middle High German: roum

Alemannic German: Rum

German: Raum, Rahm

Hunsrik: Raam

Luxembourgish: Ram

Volga German: Raum

Old Norse: rjúmi

Faroese: rómi

Icelandic: rjómi

Norwegian Nynorsk: rjome

Swedish: råm, römme (dialectal)

Old Danish: rymæ

Danish: rømme

Norwegian Bokmål: rømme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rømme

From Proto-Indo-European *réwgʰmn̥ (“cream”), from Proto-Indo-European *rew-, *rewe-, *rū- (“to scratch, dig, scrape, take off, skim”). Possible cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwgʰnas, whence Proto-Iranian *ráwgnah.


laidō

laidō (nominative singular)
laidôz (nominative plural)
laidō (singular vocative)
laidôz (plural vocative)
laidǭ (accusative singular)
laidōz (accusative plural)
laidōz (genitive singular)
laidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laidōi (dative singular)
laidōmaz (dative plural)
laidō (instrumental singular)
laidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laidu

Old English: lād

Middle English: lad, lode, loode

Scots: laid, lade

English: lode, load

Old Frisian: lāde, lēde

Old Saxon: lēda, leida

Middle Low German: leide

→ Norwegian: leide

→ Old Swedish: leidh

Swedish: lejd

Old Dutch: *lēda, *leida

Middle Dutch: leide

Dutch: lei

Old High German: leita, leida

Middle High German: leite

German: Leite (“path or slideway”) (Swiss German)

Old Norse: leið
Icelandic: leið
Faroese: leið
Norwegian Nynorsk: leid, lei
Norwegian Bokmål: lei
Old Swedish: lēþ
Swedish: led
Danish: led
Norwegian Bokmål: led

→ Proto-Finnic: *laidun, *laita (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lājδō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *loyt-éh₂-, from *leyt- (“to go, go forth, die”) (whence also *līþaną (“to go through”), see there for cognates), perhaps an extension of the root *ley- (“to be slippery, glide, streak”).


lauþrą

lauþrą (nominative singular)
lauþrō (nominative plural)
lauþrą (singular vocative)
lauþrō (plural vocative)
lauþrą (accusative singular)
lauþrō (accusative plural)
lauþras (genitive singular)
lauþris (genitive singular)
lauþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lauþrai (dative singular)
lauþramaz (dative plural)
lauþrō (instrumental singular)
lauþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lauþr

Old English: lēaþor

Middle English: lather

Scots: lather

English: lather

Old Saxon: lōthar

Old High German: *lōdar

⇒ Old High German: skiflōdar

Old Norse: lauðr

Icelandic: lauður, löður

Norwegian Nynorsk: laur

Swedish: lödder

Smalandian: lår

desc

Gutnish: ludur, luddur, luddar, lau, lavv

/ˈlɑu̯.θrɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *lówh₃trom (“that which is used for washing”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash, bathe”) + *-trom (equivalent to *-þrą). Cognate with Ancient Greek λουτρόν (loutrón, “a bath, wash-room”), Old Irish lóathar (“wash-basin”). Kroonen attributes the Germanic o-grade to a different reconstruction of the root as *leh₃-, extended as *lh₃-éw-, based on Hittite 𒆷𒀀𒄷𒄿 (la-a-ḫu-i, “to pour”), though this is unlikely and there are other possible explanations.


hlahtraz

hlahtraz (nominative singular)
hlahtrōz (nominative plural)
hlahtrōs (nominative plural)
hlahtr (singular vocative)
hlahtrōz (plural vocative)
hlahtrōs (plural vocative)
hlahtrą (accusative singular)
hlahtranz (accusative plural)
hlahtras (genitive singular)
hlahtris (genitive singular)
hlahtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlahtrai (dative singular)
hlahtramaz (dative plural)
hlahtrō (instrumental singular)
hlahtramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlahtr
Old English: hleahtor
Middle English: laughter, laghter, laȝter
Scots: lachter, lauchter
English: laughter
Old Saxon: *hlahtar
Middle Low German: lachter
Old Dutch: *lahtar, lahter
Middle Dutch: lachter
Dutch: lachter (archaic)
Old High German: hlahtar, lahtar
Middle High German: lahter

Old Norse: hlátr
Icelandic: hlátur
Faroese: látur
Norwegian Nynorsk: lått
→ Norwegian Bokmål: lått
Old Swedish: lāter
Danish: latter
Norwegian Bokmål: latter
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: latter
Gutnish: latter
Scanian: latter


hrugjaz

hrugjaz (nominative singular)
hrugjōz (nominative plural)
hrugjōs (nominative plural)
hrugi (singular vocative)
hrugjōz (plural vocative)
hrugjōs (plural vocative)
hrugją (accusative singular)
hrugjanz (accusative plural)
hrugjas (genitive singular)
hrugis (genitive singular)
hrugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrugjai (dative singular)
hrugjamaz (dative plural)
hrugjō (instrumental singular)
hrugjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrugi
Old English: hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg
Middle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge
Scots: rig
English: ridge, rig (Northern)
Old Frisian: *hregg, hreg
North Frisian: reg
Saterland Frisian: Rääch
West Frisian: rêch
Old Saxon: hruggi
Middle Low German: rügge
German Low German: Rügge, Rügg
Plautdietsch: Rigjen
Old Dutch: ruggi
Middle Dutch: rugge
Dutch: rug
Afrikaans: rug
Jersey Dutch: rœx
Negerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege
Limburgish: rögk
West Flemish: rik, rugge
Old High German: rucki, ruggi, hruggi
Middle High German: rücke

Old Norse: hryggr
Icelandic: hryggur
Faroese: ryggur
Norn: rygg
Norwegian: rygg
Jamtish: rygg
Elfdalian: rygg
Old Swedish: rygger
Swedish: rygg
Old Danish: ryg
Danish: ryg
Gutnish: rygg

Of uncertain origin. Appears to stem from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewk- (“heap, hill; back, spine?”), with potential cognates listed at Latin crux (“cross (frame, symbol)”), though this is highly speculative. Whether the hypothetical root is a derivative of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”) is far from clear.


lubō

lubō (nominative singular)
lubôz (nominative plural)
lubō (singular vocative)
lubôz (plural vocative)
lubǭ (accusative singular)
lubōz (accusative plural)
lubōz (genitive singular)
lubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lubōi (dative singular)
lubōmaz (dative plural)
lubō (instrumental singular)
lubōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lubu
Old English: lufu, lufe
Middle English: love
English: love
Scots: luve, lufe
Yola: loove
Old Frisian: luve
Old Saxon: luva
⇒ Old Saxon: luvig, lubig (“willing”)
Old High German: luba

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 (*lubō)

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍂𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 (brōþrulubō, “brotherly love”)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love, care for, desire”).


lubją

lubją (nominative singular)
lubjō (nominative plural)
lubją (singular vocative)
lubjō (plural vocative)
lubją (accusative singular)
lubjō (accusative plural)
lubjas (genitive singular)
lubis (genitive singular)
lubjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lubjai (dative singular)
lubjamaz (dative plural)
lubjō (instrumental singular)
lubjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lubi
Old English: lybb, lyb
Middle English: libbe
Scots: lib
English: lib
Old Saxon: *lubbi
Middle Low German: lubbe
⇒ German Low German: Lübbstick
Old Dutch: *lubbi
Middle Dutch: libbe, lebbe
Old High German: lubbi, *lub, lupi, luppi
Middle High German: luppe, lüppe
German: Luppe, Lüppe

Old Norse: lyf

Icelandic: lyf

Norwegian: lyv (dialectal), lyv (> lyvja)

Swedish: luf (> lyva)

Old Danish: løv

Elfdalian: lyv, löve

Helsingian: levjer f pl

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌹 (*lubi) (> 𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (lubjaleis), 𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹 (lubjaleisei))

From Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-yo-, from *lewbʰ- (“herb”), and cognate with Proto-Celtic *lubī (“herb, plant”). The root is likely equivalent to *lewbʰ- in the "peel, break, damage" sense (likely whence Proto-Germanic *laubą (“leaf”)), which itself has been further derived from a Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“to cut, remove, prune, separate”); the semantic development would be something like "peeled-off plant matter" > "herb" > "potion (made from herbs)".
The sense of love potion is influenced by similar forms from the unrelated *lubō (“love”).


diupiþō

diupiþō (nominative singular)
diupiþôz (nominative plural)
diupiþō (singular vocative)
diupiþôz (plural vocative)
diupiþǭ (accusative singular)
diupiþōz (accusative plural)
diupiþōz (genitive singular)
diupiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
diupiþōi (dative singular)
diupiþōmaz (dative plural)
diupiþō (instrumental singular)
diupiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *diupiþu
Old English: *dīepþ, *dīepþu
Middle English: depthe
Scots: deepth
English: depth
Old Frisian: *diūpithe, *diūpthe, *diāpthe
Saterland Frisian: Djüpte, Jüpte, Joopte, Japte
West Frisian: djipte
Old Saxon: diupitha
Middle Low German: dêpede
Low German: Deepde, Düüpde, Deepd
Old Dutch: diupitha
Middle Dutch: diepte
Dutch: diepte
Old High German: *tiufida
Middle High German: tiufede, *diufede (Central German, attested as tiefte, tūfede, dūfde)
Luxembourgish: Déift

Old Norse: dýpð, dýpt

Icelandic: dýpt

Faroese: dýpd

Norn: djup

Norwegian Nynorsk: dypt, djupt (influenced by djup)

Swedish: djupen

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌹𐌸𐌰 (diupiþa)


alþį̄

alþį̄ (nominative singular)
alþīniz (nominative plural)
alþį̄ (singular vocative)
alþīniz (plural vocative)
alþīnų (accusative singular)
alþīnunz (accusative plural)
alþīniz (genitive singular)
alþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alþīni (dative singular)
alþīmaz (dative plural)
alþīnē (instrumental singular)
alþīmiz (instrumental plural)
*aldį̄ (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *aldī
Old English: ild, yld, (Anglian) æld, eld, (o-declension) ieldu, ildu, ildo, yldo, (Anglian) ældu, eldo
→⇒ Latin: Eldilda
Middle English: elde
English: eld
Scots: eild, eeld
Old Frisian: elde
North Frisian: jelde
West Frisian: jeld
Old Saxon: eldī
Middle Low German: olde
Old Dutch: eldi, *aldi
Middle Dutch: oude, elde
Dutch: oude
West Flemish: elde
Old High German: altī, eltī
Middle High German: elte, alte-, alta-
German: Älte (dialectal)

Old Norse: elli

Icelandic: elli

Faroese: elli

Old Swedish: ælle

Danish: ælde

→ Norwegian: elde, elda


senawō

senawō (nominative singular)
senawôz (nominative plural)
senawō (singular vocative)
senawôz (plural vocative)
senawǭ (accusative singular)
senawōz (accusative plural)
senawōz (genitive singular)
senawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
senawōi (dative singular)
senawōmaz (dative plural)
senawō (instrumental singular)
senawōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sinu
Old English: sinu, seno, senu, seono, seonu, sionu, synu
Middle English: synwe
English: sinew
Scots: sinnon, sinnen, sennin, shinnon
Old Frisian: sine, sini, sin
North Frisian: sine
Saterland Frisian: Siene
West Frisian: sine, senuw
Old Saxon: senewa, sinewa
Middle Low German: senuwe, sēne, senne
Low German:
German Low German: Sehne, Sehn
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Senne (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: Siene (Ravensberger)
Plautdietsch: Sän
Old Dutch: *senewa
Middle Dutch: sēnewe, sēnuw, sēne
Dutch: zenuw, zeen
Afrikaans: senuwee
Old High German: senawa, sena
Middle High German: sënewe
German: Sehne
→ Luxembourgish: Seen

Old Norse: sin, sina

Icelandic: sin

Faroese: sin, sina

Norn: sin

Norwegian: sene

Old Swedish: sina

Swedish: sena

Danish: sene

Gutnish: sine

From Proto-Indo-European *senh₁-weh₂-, a formation related to the more typical *snḗh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”) found in other Indo-European languages.


faludaz

faludaz (nominative singular)
faludōz (nominative plural)
faludōs (nominative plural)
falud (singular vocative)
faludōz (plural vocative)
faludōs (plural vocative)
faludą (accusative singular)
faludanz (accusative plural)
faludas (genitive singular)
faludis (genitive singular)
faludǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faludai (dative singular)
faludamaz (dative plural)
faludō (instrumental singular)
faludamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *falud, *falad
Old English: fald, falod, falud
Middle English: fald, fold, folde
Scots: fald, fauld
English: fold
→ Welsh: ffald
Old Saxon: faled, fald
Middle Low German: vālet, vālt, vōlt
→ Old Danish: fald
Danish: fold
→ Swedish: fålla
Old Dutch: *falod, faldo
Middle Dutch: vaelde, vaelt
Dutch: vaalt
Afrikaans: vaalt
→ Old French: falde, faude
Old High German: falt

Origin unknown. Perhaps related to Old Swedish fala (“a plain, heath”). Compare also Latin Palātium (“one of the seven hills of Rome”), Latin palātum (“vault, roof of the mouth, palate”).


fulmō

fulmō (nominative singular)
fulmôz (nominative plural)
fulmō (singular vocative)
fulmôz (plural vocative)
fulmǭ (accusative singular)
fulmōz (accusative plural)
fulmōz (genitive singular)
fulmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulmōi (dative singular)
fulmōmaz (dative plural)
fulmō (instrumental singular)
fulmōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *folmu
Old English: folm, folme
Old Saxon: folm m (only attested as plural)
Old High German: folma

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂ (“palm of the hand”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Latin palma (“palm”), Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā (“hand”), Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē, “palm of the hand”).


felþuz

felþuz (nominative singular)
filþiwiz (nominative plural)
felþu (singular vocative)
filþiwiz (plural vocative)
felþų (accusative singular)
felþunz (accusative plural)
felþauz (genitive singular)
filþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
filþiwi (dative singular)
felþumaz (dative plural)
felþū (instrumental singular)
felþumiz (instrumental plural)
*felþą (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *felþu, *felþ n
Old English: feld
Middle English: feld, feeld
English: field
Scots: fielth, felth, feilth, feld, feild
Old Frisian: feld n
North Frisian: fjild
Saterland Frisian: Fäild
West Frisian: fjild
Old Saxon: feld n
Middle Low German: velt
German Low German: Feld
Low German: Feld
Plautdietsch: Felt
→ Danish: felt
→ Icelandic: felt
→ Norwegian: felt
→ Swedish: fält
Old Dutch: felt, feld, ueld
Middle Dutch: velt
Dutch: veld
Afrikaans: veld
→ English: veld
Negerhollands: veld
→ Caribbean Javanese: fèlt
Old High German: feld n
Middle High German: vëlt
Alemannic German: Fald
Swabian: Fäld
Bavarian: Fejd
Cimbrian:
Mòcheno: vèlt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Feld
Luxembourgish: Feld
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: fald
East Franconian:
German: Feld
Rhine Franconian: Fald, Feld, Fell
Frankfurterisch: [fɛlt]
Yiddish: פֿעלד (feld)

Old Norse: *fjalðr

Old Swedish: fialder m

→ Proto-Finnic: *pëlto (see there for further descendants)

Kroonen suggests Proto-Indo-European *pelth₂- (“field, plain”), though the normal form of this root is *pleth₂- (“flat”). LIN prefers to derive this from *pelh₂-, the schwebeablaut form of *pleh₂- (“flat”).


triwwiþō

triwwiþō (nominative singular)
triwwiþôz (nominative plural)
triwwiþō (singular vocative)
triwwiþôz (plural vocative)
triwwiþǭ (accusative singular)
triwwiþōz (accusative plural)
triwwiþōz (genitive singular)
triwwiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
triwwiþōi (dative singular)
triwwiþōmaz (dative plural)
triwwiþō (instrumental singular)
triwwiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *triuwiþu

Old English: trīewþ, trēowþ

desc

Middle English: trouthe, treowthe, treuwethe, treouthe, trewthe, treuthe, trothe

Scots: trowth, treuth

English: troth, truth

⇒ Old English: ġetrēowþ

⇒ Old English: unġetrēowþ

⇒ Old English: untrēowþ

Middle English: untreuth

English: untruth

Old High German: *triuwida, *trūida

⇒ Old High German: gatriuwida, gitriuwida

Middle High German: getriuwede

⇒ Old High German: ungitriuwida

⇒ Old High German: missitriuwida

Middle High German: missetriuwede

⇒ Old High German: urtriuwida, urtrūida

⇒ Old High German: zurtriuwida

Proto-Norse: *ᛏᚱᛁᚢᚷᚹᛁᚦᚢ (*triugwiþu /triuggwiþu/)

Old Norse: tryggð, trygð

Icelandic: tryggð

Faroese: trygd

Norwegian Nynorsk: trygd; (dialectal) trøgd

→ Norwegian Bokmål: trygd (“social security”)

Old Swedish: trygþ

Swedish: trygd

Old Danish: trygd

q

Danish: trygd (reborrowed in modern times from Old Danish or another Nordic language)

Norwegian Bokmål: trygd


wanduz

wanduz (nominative singular)
wandiwiz (nominative plural)
wandu (singular vocative)
wandiwiz (plural vocative)
wandų (accusative singular)
wandunz (accusative plural)
wandauz (genitive singular)
wandiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wandiwi (dative singular)
wandumaz (dative plural)
wandū (instrumental singular)
wandumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wandu

Old English: wand, wond

desctree

Middle English: wont, wonte, wontt, woont
English: want (dialectal)
Scots: want

⇒ Old English: wandeweorpe

Old Saxon: *wand, *wanda

Middle Low German: *want, *wande

→ Norwegian: vånd, vond, moldvond (alternatively from Old English)

→ Swedish: vand, vann, vanne (dialectal) (alternatively from Old English)

⇒ Swedish: mullvann (dialectal)

⇒ Old Saxon: wandawerpa, wandwerpa

Middle Low German: windeworp, winneworp

German Low German: Windworp, Winneworp; Windwurm

Low German: wond, wonne (dialectal)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, wind, braid”), with Orel comparing Ancient Greek ἴονθος (íonthos, “hair root”), Middle Irish find (“hair”).


wanduz

Proto-West Germanic: *wandu

Old Saxon: wand

Middle Low German: want

Low German: Wand

Old Dutch: want

Middle Dutch: want

desctree

Dutch: wand
Afrikaans: wand
Negerhollands: wand

Limburgish: wandj

Old High German: want
Middle High German: want
Central Franconian: Wand, Wank (Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects)
Cimbrian: bant
German: Wand
Hunsrik: Wand
Luxembourgish: Wand
Pennsylvania German: Wand
Vilamovian: waond
Yiddish: וואַנט (vant)

Old Norse: vǫndr, vöndr
Icelandic: vöndur
Norwegian Nynorsk: vònd, vånd
Old Swedish: vander
Old Danish: wand
Danish: vånd, vond, vand, vænd
Norwegian Bokmål: vånd
→ Middle English: wond, wand
English: wand
Scots: wand

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (wandus)

→ Proto-Samic: *vuontëk (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vandëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, weave, braid”). (same as in sense #1).


sakō

sakō (nominative singular)
sakôz (nominative plural)
sakō (singular vocative)
sakôz (plural vocative)
sakǭ (accusative singular)
sakōz (accusative plural)
sakōz (genitive singular)
sakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sakōi (dative singular)
sakōmaz (dative plural)
sakō (instrumental singular)
sakōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saku
Old English: sacu
Middle English: sake, sak, sac
Scots: sak, saik
English: sake
Old Frisian: sake, seke, sek
Saterland Frisian: sec
Saterland Frisian: Seeke
West Frisian: saak
Old Saxon: saka
Middle Low German: sake
Low German: Sake
German Low German: Saak
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: Saak f, Såk
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: Sake f
Old Dutch: saka
Middle Dutch: sāke
Dutch: zaak
Afrikaans: saak
Old High German: sahha, sacha
Middle High German: sache, sach
Bavarian: Såch
German: Sache
Luxembourgish: Saach
Yiddish: זאַך (zakh)

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᚲᚢ (*saku)

Old Norse: sǫk
Icelandic: sök
Faroese: sak, søk
Norwegian Nynorsk: sak; (dialectal) sok
Old Swedish: sak
Swedish: sak c or f
Old Danish: sak
Danish: sag c
Norwegian Bokmål: sak m or f

→ Proto-Finnic: *sakko (see there for further descendants)

From *sakaną (“to quarrel, to argue, to debate”) + *-ō.


faimnijǭ

faimnijǭ (nominative singular)
faimnijōniz (nominative plural)
faimnijǭ (singular vocative)
faimnijōniz (plural vocative)
faimnijōnų (accusative singular)
faimnijōnunz (accusative plural)
faimnijōniz (genitive singular)
faimnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faimnijōni (dative singular)
faimnijōmaz (dative plural)
faimnijōnē (instrumental singular)
faimnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faimnijā
Old English: fǣmne
Old Frisian: fāmne, fēmne, fomne, fonna, fovne, fone
North Frisian: faamen, fomen, foomen, faamel, fømel
→ Middle Low German: fâmele
Saterland Frisian: Fauene, Fauende
West Frisian: feem, faam, faamne
→ Middle English: fonne (possibly)
English: fun, fond
→ Middle Low German: *fonne, *fone
German Low German: Foon

From *faimô ~ *faim(i)niz (“girl, young woman”) + *-jǭ (femininizing suffix), variant of *faimijō.


faimijō

faimijō (nominative singular)
faimijôz (nominative plural)
faimijō (singular vocative)
faimijôz (plural vocative)
faimijǭ (accusative singular)
faimijōz (accusative plural)
faimijōz (genitive singular)
faimijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faimijōi (dative singular)
faimijōmaz (dative plural)
faimijō (instrumental singular)
faimijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: fēmia, fēmea, fēhmia

Old Norse: feima

Icelandic: feima

From *faimô ~ *faim(i)niz (“girl, young woman”) + *-jō (femininizing suffix), variant of *faimnijǭ.


miss-

Probably via *missaz from Proto-Indo-European *mit(h₂)-tós, from the root *meyth₂- (“to change, swap, remove”).

mis — late Old EnglishMiddle English: mis


nutō

nutō (nominative singular)
nutôz (nominative plural)
nutō (singular vocative)
nutôz (plural vocative)
nutǭ (accusative singular)
nutōz (accusative plural)
nutōz (genitive singular)
nutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nutōi (dative singular)
nutōmaz (dative plural)
nutō (instrumental singular)
nutōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nutu, *notu

desctree

Old English: notu
Middle English: note, noote
Scots: note, not
English: note

Old Frisian: note

West Frisian: noat, nôt

Old Saxon: *nota

Middle Low German: nōte

Old Dutch: *nota

Middle Dutch: nōte, not

Old High German: nuzza

Middle High German: nutze

>? Old High German: nuz m

Middle High German: nuz, nutz

German: Nutz, Nutzen

→ Saterland Frisian: Nutsen

Yiddish: נוץ (nuts)

From *nutiz (“useful”), from *neutaną (“to enjoy, use, catch”), from Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to acquire, make use of”). Cognate with Lithuanian nauda (“benefit, foredeal”), Russian нужда́ (nuždá, “need, request”).


nutą

nutą (nominative singular)
nutō (nominative plural)
nutą (singular vocative)
nutō (plural vocative)
nutą (accusative singular)
nutō (accusative plural)
nutas (genitive singular)
nutis (genitive singular)
nutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nutai (dative singular)
nutamaz (dative plural)
nutō (instrumental singular)
nutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: not

West Frisian: not

Old Dutch: *ginot

Middle Dutch: genot, ghenot

Dutch: genot

Old High German: *ginuz

Middle High German: genuz

German: Genuss

Luxembourgish: Genoss

Old Norse: *not

Icelandic: not

Nominal formation from *neutaną (“to use”).