braidį̄

braidį̄ (nominative singular)
braidīniz (nominative plural)
braidį̄ (singular vocative)
braidīniz (plural vocative)
braidīnų (accusative singular)
braidīnunz (accusative plural)
braidīniz (genitive singular)
braidīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
braidīni (dative singular)
braidīmaz (dative plural)
braidīnē (instrumental singular)
braidīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣdu

Middle English: brede

English: bread (“breadth”) (dialectal)

Scots: brede, breid

Old Frisian: brēde

(Saterland Frisian: Bratte)

(West Frisian: breedte)

Old Saxon: brēda

Middle Low German: brêde, breide

(German Low German: Breddte, Breddt)

Old Dutch: *brēdi, *breidi

Middle Dutch: *brēde

Old High German: breitī, *breitīn
Middle High German: breite; breiten
German: Breite
Luxembourgish: Breet

/ˈbrɑi̯.ðĩː/


skulō

skulō (nominative singular)
skulôz (nominative plural)
skulō (singular vocative)
skulôz (plural vocative)
skulǭ (accusative singular)
skulōz (accusative plural)
skulōz (genitive singular)
skulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skulōi (dative singular)
skulōmaz (dative plural)
skulō (instrumental singular)
skulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skolu

desctree

Old English: sċolu, sċeolu
Middle English: *schole
English: shoal
Scots: schole

Old Frisian: *skole

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: Skuul

Fering: skuul

Öömrang: skuul

Halunder: Skuul

Bökingharde: schölj

West Frisian: skoal

Old Saxon: scola, skola

Middle Low German: schōle

Old Dutch: *skola

Middle Dutch: schōle

Dutch: school

→ Middle English: scole

Scots: scule, scuill, skole

English: school

→ Danish: skole

→ Latin: schola (“troop of soldiers”)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, divide”).


wimpilaz

wimpilaz (nominative singular)
wimpilōz (nominative plural)
wimpilōs (nominative plural)
wimpil (singular vocative)
wimpilōz (plural vocative)
wimpilōs (plural vocative)
wimpilą (accusative singular)
wimpilanz (accusative plural)
wimpilas (genitive singular)
wimpilis (genitive singular)
wimpilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wimpilai (dative singular)
wimpilamaz (dative plural)
wimpilō (instrumental singular)
wimpilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wimpil
Old English: wimpel, winpel
Middle English: wympel, wimpel, wympil, wimpul
English: wimple
Scots: wympill, wempill, wompyll, wimple
Old Frisian: wimpel
Saterland Frisian: Wimpel
West Frisian: wimpel
Old Saxon: wimpal
Middle Low German: wimpel, wumpel
German Low German: Wimpel
Old Dutch: *wimpil
Middle Dutch: wimpel, wumpel
Dutch: wimpel
Afrikaans: wimpel
Old High German: wimpfal, wimpal
Middle High German: wimpel
German: Wimpel
→ Russian: вы́мпел (výmpel)
→ Old French: guimple, gimple (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: vimpill

Icelandic: vimpill

Norwegian: vimpel

Swedish: vimpel

Danish: vimpel


traustą

traustą (nominative singular)
traustō (nominative plural)
traustą (singular vocative)
traustō (plural vocative)
traustą (accusative singular)
traustō (accusative plural)
traustas (genitive singular)
traustis (genitive singular)
traustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
traustai (dative singular)
traustamaz (dative plural)
traustō (instrumental singular)
traustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *traust m
Old English: *trēast
Middle English: trest, tryst, trist, treyst, trayste (through confluence with Old Norse verb treysta)
Scots: trest, traist
English: tryst
Old Frisian: trāst
North Frisian: trast
Saterland Frisian: Traast
West Frisian: treast
Old Saxon: trōst; gitrōst
Middle Low German: trôst
German Low German: Troost
Old Dutch: trōst
Middle Dutch: trôost
Dutch: troost
Afrikaans: troos
Old High German: trōst
Middle High German: trōst
German: Trost
Hunsrik: Troost
Luxembourgish: Trouscht
→ Medieval Latin: trustis (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: traust

Icelandic: traust

Norwegian: trøst; trøyste (dialectal)

Old Swedish: trøst

Swedish: tröst

Danish: trøst

→ Middle English: trost, trust

Scots: trust

English: trust

→ French: trust

→ Vietnamese: tơ-rớt

→ Spanish: trust

→ Medieval Latin: trustus

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌹 (trausti)


flōduz

flōduz (nominative singular)
flōdiwiz (nominative plural)
flōdu (singular vocative)
flōdiwiz (plural vocative)
flōdų (accusative singular)
flōdunz (accusative plural)
flōdauz (genitive singular)
flōdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flōdiwi (dative singular)
flōdumaz (dative plural)
flōdū (instrumental singular)
flōdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōdu m or f
Old English: flōd n or m, ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ (flódu) — Runic
Middle English: flod, flood, floode, flode, flowt, fflood, fflode, vlode
English: flood
Scots: fluid, flude
→ Anglo-Latin: flōdus [13th c.] (England)
Old Frisian: flōd n
North Frisian: floth
Saterland Frisian: Floud f
West Frisian: floed m or f
Old Saxon: flōd m or f, fluod
Middle Low German: vlōt, vloet
German Low German: Flood
Old Dutch: fluod f
Middle Dutch: vloet m or f
Dutch: vloed c
Afrikaans: vloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: flutu
Javindo: floed
Limburgish: vlood
Old High German: fluot m
Middle High German: vluot m or f
Cimbrian: fluut m
German: Flut f
→ Vulgar Latin: *flōtus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: flóð n, flœðr f

Icelandic: flóð n, flæður f

Faroese: flóð f

Norwegian: flod c

Old Swedish: flōþ n or f

Swedish: flod c

Old Danish: floth

Danish: flod c

Gothic: 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 m (flōdus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *loodëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *plóh₃tus (“overflow, deluge”), from the root *pleh₃(w)- (“to flow, run”). Synchronically analyzed as a tu-stem nominal formation from *flōaną (“to flow”).


brōduz

brōduz (nominative singular)
brōdiwiz (nominative plural)
brōdu (singular vocative)
brōdiwiz (plural vocative)
brōdų (accusative singular)
brōdunz (accusative plural)
brōdauz (genitive singular)
brōdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brōdiwi (dative singular)
brōdumaz (dative plural)
brōdū (instrumental singular)
brōdumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brōd

Middle English: brod, brood

English: brood

Scots: brude, brod, brodd, brode

Old Frisian: *brōd

Saterland Frisian: Broud

West Frisian: broed

Old Saxon: *brōd

Middle Low German: brôt

(German Low German: Bröddsel)

Old Dutch: *bruot

Middle Dutch: broet

Dutch: broed

Old High German: bruot, pruot

Middle High German: bruot, pruot

German: Brut

From Pre-Germanic *bʰroh₁tús, a tu-stem derived from *brōaną (“to warm, brew”).


sahtiz

sahtiz (nominative singular)
sahtīz (nominative plural)
sahti (singular vocative)
sahtīz (plural vocative)
sahtį (accusative singular)
sahtinz (accusative plural)
sahtīz (genitive singular)
sahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sahtī (dative singular)
sahtimaz (dative plural)
sahtī (instrumental singular)
sahtimiz (instrumental plural)
*sahtuz (alternative)

Old English: seht, sæht, seaht, saht

desc

Middle English: sæhte, seihte, saȝt, saght, sahte, saughte

Scots: saucht

English: saught

Old Norse: sátt, sætt

Icelandic: sátt, sætt

Faroese: sátt, sætt

Old Swedish: sāt, sǣt

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*sahts)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (gasahts)

A functional zero-grade ti-stem derived from *sakaną, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g- (“to follow after, pursue, track, seek”).


pakkô

pakkô (nominative singular)
pakkaniz (nominative plural)
pakkô (singular vocative)
pakkaniz (plural vocative)
pakkanų (accusative singular)
pakkanunz (accusative plural)
pakkiniz (genitive singular)
pakkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pakkini (dative singular)
pakkammaz (dative plural)
pakkinē (instrumental singular)
pakkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pakkō

Old English: *pacca, *pæcca

Middle English: pakke, packe, pak

English: pack

→ Irish: paca

Scots: pak, pack

Old Frisian: *pakka

Saterland Frisian: Pak, Pakje

West Frisian: pak, pakje

Old Saxon: *pakko

Middle Low German: packe, pak

German Low German: Pack

⇒ Middle Low German: gepak, gepack

German Low German: Gepack

→ Middle High German: pac

German: Pack, Packen

⇒ Middle High German: gepac

German: Gepäck

⇒ Middle High German: backel (“bundle”)

Old Dutch: *pakko, pac

Middle Dutch: pack, pak

Dutch: pak, pakje

→ Italian: pacco

⇒ Middle Dutch: gepac

Dutch: gepak

→ Old French: pacque, pasque; pacquage; pacquet, paquet

Middle French: pacque; pacquage; paquet

French: pacque; pacquage; paquet

→ English: package; packet

→ Dutch: pakket

Old Norse: pakki; pakka (possibly borrowed from Low German)

Icelandic: pakki; pakka

Faroese: pakki

Norwegian: pakke

Old Swedish: pakke

Swedish: packe

Danish: pakke

Unknown. Likely from a pre-Germanic substrate language, due to phonetic irregularities between the root's relatives in other languages, as well as its restriction to western branches of Indo-European. Said relatives include Middle Welsh beich (“load, cargo”) (from Proto-Celtic *baskis (“bundle, load”)), Latin bāiulus (“porter, carrier”), and perhaps fascis (“bundle”), Ancient Greek φάκελος (phákelos, “bundle”).


daigijǭ

daigijǭ (nominative singular)
daigijōniz (nominative plural)
daigijǭ (singular vocative)
daigijōniz (plural vocative)
daigijōnų (accusative singular)
daigijōnunz (accusative plural)
daigijōniz (genitive singular)
daigijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daigijōni (dative singular)
daigijōmaz (dative plural)
daigijōnē (instrumental singular)
daigijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daigijā

desctree

Old English: dǣġe
Middle English: deye, deie, daie
English: dey
Scots: dey, deigh
⇒ Middle English: dayerye, daerie, deierie, deiȝerie
English: dairy
Scots: dyrie
→ Medieval Latin: dayeria, daeria

Old Norse: deigja

Icelandic: deigja

Norwegian: deigja, deia (in compounds)

Old Swedish: deghia, dighia

Swedish: deja

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form, build”).


darōþuz

darōþuz (nominative singular)
darōþiwiz (nominative plural)
darōþu (singular vocative)
darōþiwiz (plural vocative)
darōþų (accusative singular)
darōþunz (accusative plural)
darōþauz (genitive singular)
darōþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
darōþiwi (dative singular)
darōþumaz (dative plural)
darōþū (instrumental singular)
darōþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *darōþu
Old English: daroþ
Old Dutch: *daroth
Middle Dutch: dāert, dart
Dutch: daart
Old High German: tart
→ Medieval Latin: dardus [768 CE, France] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: darraðr

Icelandic: darraður

From *darō (“injury; damage, harm”) + *-ōþuz.


kidją

kidją (nominative singular)
kidjō (nominative plural)
kidją (singular vocative)
kidjō (plural vocative)
kidją (accusative singular)
kidjō (accusative plural)
kidjas (genitive singular)
kidis (genitive singular)
kidjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kidjai (dative singular)
kidjamaz (dative plural)
kidjō (instrumental singular)
kidjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kið

Icelandic: kið

Norwegian: kid

Old Swedish: kiþ

Swedish: kid

Danish: kid

→ Middle English: kydde, kide, kid

Scots: kid

English: kid

→ Proto-Samic: *kiccē (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; probably from a substrate language. Compare *gaits, which is likely from the same source.


kittīną

kittīną (nominative singular)
kittīnō (nominative plural)
kittīną (singular vocative)
kittīnō (plural vocative)
kittīną (accusative singular)
kittīnō (accusative plural)
kittīnas (genitive singular)
kittīnis (genitive singular)
kittīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kittīnai (dative singular)
kittīnamaz (dative plural)
kittīnō (instrumental singular)
kittīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kittīn

Old English: *ċitten, *ċytten, *ċietten
Middle English: chitte
English: chit
Scots: chit

Old Saxon: *kittīn

Middle Low German: *kitte

Low German: kitte

Old High German: kizzīn, chizzīn; kizzi, chitzi

Middle High German: kitze; kitz

Cimbrian: khitz

German: Kitz

From *kittô + *-īną. The first element is tentatively from Proto-Indo-European *gidʰ-, *gidʰ-n- (“kid”) (see *kidją), or more likely from a substrate language. For the latter case, compare *gaits (“goat”) with its incompatible voicing.

(West Germanic) the young of an animal; fawn; kid; whelp

>? Dutch: ket

possibly conflated with a descendant of Proto-Germanic *kidją


kwernō

kwernō (nominative singular)
kwernôz (nominative plural)
kwernō (singular vocative)
kwernôz (plural vocative)
kwernǭ (accusative singular)
kwernōz (accusative plural)
kwernōz (genitive singular)
kwernǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwernōi (dative singular)
kwernōmaz (dative plural)
kwernō (instrumental singular)
kwernōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cweorn
Middle English: querne, quern, queerne, quyerne, quyrne, qwerne, cwerne (Early Middle English), qwhern, qweryn, whern (Northern)
English: quern, kern, curn, quirn
Scots: querne, quern, queirn, queern
Yola: querne

Old Frisian: quern

North Frisian: quern

Old Saxon: querna; (kwern, quern)

Middle Low German: querne; (quern)

Old Dutch: *kwerna

Middle Dutch: querne, queerne, quaerne

Dutch: kweern

Old High German: chwirna; (kwirn, quirn, kurn, churn)

Middle High German: churne, kürne; (kurn, kürn)

Old Norse: kvern

Icelandic: kvern, kvörn

Faroese: kvørn

Norwegian: kvern

Old Swedish: kværn, kvarn

Swedish: kvarn

Old Danish: kwærn

Danish: kværn

Elfdalian: kwenn

Jamtish: kvæðn

Gutnish: kvänn

Scanian: kværn

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: giertnas

From earlier *kwernuz, a rare feminine u-stem reanalysed as an ō-stem, in turn from Pre-Germanic *gʷérh₂nus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”). Cognate with Lithuanian girna (“grindstone, millstone”), Russian жёрнов (žórnov, “grindstone, millstone”), Old Irish bró (“millstone, handmill”).


kwernuz

kwernuz (nominative singular)
kwirniwiz (nominative plural)
kwernu (singular vocative)
kwirniwiz (plural vocative)
kwernų (accusative singular)
kwernunz (accusative plural)
kwernauz (genitive singular)
kwirniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwirniwi (dative singular)
kwernumaz (dative plural)
kwernū (instrumental singular)
kwernumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwernu
Old Saxon: kwern, quern
Middle Low German: quern
Old Dutch: *kwern
Middle Dutch: querne
Dutch: kweern
Old High German: kwirn, quirn, kurn, churn
Middle High German: kurn, kürn

Gothic: *𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (*qairnus) (in 𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (asiluqairnus))

From Pre-Germanic *gʷérh₂nus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”). Cognate with Sanskrit ग्रावन् (grāvan, “pressing stone”), Lithuanian gi̇̀rna (“grindstone, millstone”), Russian жёрнов (žórnov, “grindstone, millstone”), Old Irish bró (“millstone, handmill”).


swakkuz

swakkuz (nominative singular)
swakkiwiz (nominative plural)
swakku (singular vocative)
swakkiwiz (plural vocative)
swakkų (accusative singular)
swakkunz (accusative plural)
swakkauz (genitive singular)
swakkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swakkiwi (dative singular)
swakkumaz (dative plural)
swakkū (instrumental singular)
swakkumiz (instrumental plural)
*swikkiz (alternative)
*swakiz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *swakku, *swakkī

Old English: swæcc, swecc; swicc (< *swikkiz); swec (< *swakiz)

Old Saxon: swek (< *swakiz)

Old High German: swekkī, sweckī; swekka, swecka; swekke (plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *swegn-, *swekn- (“odour, smell”), from Proto-Indo-European *sweg-, *swek- (“to smell”).


haulaz

haulaz (nominative singular)
haulōz (nominative plural)
haulōs (nominative plural)
haul (singular vocative)
haulōz (plural vocative)
haulōs (plural vocative)
haulą (accusative singular)
haulanz (accusative plural)
haulas (genitive singular)
haulis (genitive singular)
haulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haulai (dative singular)
haulamaz (dative plural)
haulō (instrumental singular)
haulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hēala

⇒ Old English: hēalede

Middle English: healide, healyde

Old Frisian: *hāla

⇒ Old Frisian: hāladi

Old Saxon: hōla

⇒ Old Saxon: hōladi, hālodi, haladi

Old High German: hōla

desc

⇒ Old High German: hōloht, hōlaht, hōleht

Middle High German: hōlëht

Old Norse: haull

Icelandic: haull

⇒ Old Norse: haula

Icelandic: haula

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ewl-o-s, from *kh₂ewl- (“tumor, rupture, hernia”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *kū́ˀlāˀ (> Lithuanian kūlas (“umbilical hernia”), Proto-Slavic *kỳla (“outgrowth, hernia”)).


dulją

dulją (nominative singular)
duljō (nominative plural)
dulją (singular vocative)
duljō (plural vocative)
dulją (accusative singular)
duljō (accusative plural)
duljas (genitive singular)
dulis (genitive singular)
duljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duljai (dative singular)
duljamaz (dative plural)
duljō (instrumental singular)
duljamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *duli
Old High German: tulli, duli
Middle High German: tülle
German: Tülle
→ Vulgar Latin: *dullia (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰel(h₂)- (“curvature, hollow, bend”).


dalkaz

dalkaz (nominative singular)
dalkōz (nominative plural)
dalkōs (nominative plural)
dalk (singular vocative)
dalkōz (plural vocative)
dalkōs (plural vocative)
dalką (accusative singular)
dalkanz (accusative plural)
dalkas (genitive singular)
dalkis (genitive singular)
dalkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dalkai (dative singular)
dalkamaz (dative plural)
dalkō (instrumental singular)
dalkamiz (instrumental plural)
*dulkaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dalk, *dolk
Old English: dalc, dolc
Middle English: dalk, dalke
English: dalk, (dialectal) dawk

Old Norse: dálkr

Icelandic: dálkur

gl

possibly borrowed from unrelated Danish <i class="Latn mention" lang="da">dolk</i>

>? Faroese: dolkur (possibly borrowed from unrelated Danish dolk)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelg-, *dʰelk- (“to stick, prick, stab”). Cognate with Lithuanian dilgus (“prickly”), Latin falx (“hook, sickle”), Old Irish delg (“spine, needle”).


dulgą

dulgą (nominative singular)
dulgō (nominative plural)
dulgą (singular vocative)
dulgō (plural vocative)
dulgą (accusative singular)
dulgō (accusative plural)
dulgas (genitive singular)
dulgis (genitive singular)
dulgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dulgai (dative singular)
dulgamaz (dative plural)
dulgō (instrumental singular)
dulgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dolg

Old English: dolg, dolh; dolgbōt

Middle English: dolh, dolȝ, dolc, dolk; *dolgbote

English: dogbolt

desc

Old Frisian: dulg, dolg, dolch, dolech, dulich

West Frisian: dolge

Old Saxon: *dolg

Middle Low German: dolch n, dolge, dolgen, dolk f

Old Dutch: *dolc

Middle Dutch: dolc, dolch

Old High German: tolc, tolg, tolk

Old Norse: dolg; dolgr

Icelandic: dólg; dolgur

(Norwegian: dalga)

Maybe related to *dulgaz (“debt”) or perhaps to Ancient Greek θέλγω (thélgō, “to enchant, cheat”).


dulgaz

dulgaz (nominative singular)
dulgōz (nominative plural)
dulgōs (nominative plural)
dulg (singular vocative)
dulgōz (plural vocative)
dulgōs (plural vocative)
dulgą (accusative singular)
dulganz (accusative plural)
dulgas (genitive singular)
dulgis (genitive singular)
dulgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dulgai (dative singular)
dulgamaz (dative plural)
dulgō (instrumental singular)
dulgamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃 (dulgs)
→ Proto-Slavic: *dъlgъ (possibly, if not inherited)

→ Proto-Samic: *tuolkō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰlegʰ- (“debt”). Cognate with Old Irish dligid (“lays claim to, deserves”).


habrô

habrô (nominative singular)
habraniz (nominative plural)
habrô (singular vocative)
habraniz (plural vocative)
habranų (accusative singular)
habranunz (accusative plural)
habriniz (genitive singular)
habranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habrini (dative singular)
habrammaz (dative plural)
habrinē (instrumental singular)
habrammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *habrō
Old English: *hæfera
Old Frisian: *havera; *haver, *hever
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: heewer
Helgoland: Heewer
Mooring: hääwer
Wiedingharde: hääwer
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: heffer
Saterland Frisian: Hoawer, Heeuwer
Wangerooge Frisian: hüvvër, hǘvër
West Frisian: hjouwer
Schiermonnikoog: jeeuwer, jeeuwre
Old Saxon: habaro, havaro
Middle Low German: hāvere, hāver
German Low German: Haver, Hafer, Hawer
→ German: Hafer
Plautdietsch: Howa
Old Dutch: *havaro
Middle Dutch: havere
Dutch: haver
Afrikaans: hawer
Jersey Dutch: hâver
→⇒ English: haversack
→ Papiamentu: haver
→ West Frisian: haver (dialectal)
Old High German: habaro
Middle High German: habere, haber
Cimbrian: habarn pl
German: Haber
Luxembourgish: Huewer
Yiddish: האָבער (hober)

Old Norse: hafri
Icelandic: hafri
Norn: havr
Norwegian Bokmål: havre
Norwegian Nynorsk: havre
Old Swedish: hafre
Swedish: havre
Danish: havre
Faroese: havri
→ North Frisian: Haawer (Sylt)
→ Middle English: haver
Scots: haver
→ English: haver
→ Norman: av'thon (Jersey)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kapro- (“goat”).


kaflaz

kaflaz (nominative singular)
kaflōz (nominative plural)
kaflōs (nominative plural)
kafl (singular vocative)
kaflōz (plural vocative)
kaflōs (plural vocative)
kaflą (accusative singular)
kaflanz (accusative plural)
kaflas (genitive singular)
kaflis (genitive singular)
kaflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaflai (dative singular)
kaflamaz (dative plural)
kaflō (instrumental singular)
kaflamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kafl
Old English: ċeafl
Middle English: chavel, chevel, chaule, chawel, chavyl, chawil, chawyl, chavalle, chaul, chewil, chawle, chawl, chefle, chafle (Early Middle English), jawe, jawle (influenced by the syn. joue)
English: jowl, chavel
Scots: chowl, chow, chew
Yola: choule
Old Saxon: kafl
Middle Low German: kavel
Old Dutch: *kaval
Middle Dutch: cavel
Dutch: (Flemish) kavel

Old Norse: káfl

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵóp-wl̥ ~ *ǵép-uns, from *ǵep- (“to eat, chew”). Cognate with Old Norse kjaptr (“jaw”), from Proto-Germanic *kefutaz both paralleling *habulō (“head”), *haubudą (“head”), from *kap- (“head”). Perhaps also cognate with Proto-Slavic *žьvàti (“to chew”) (whence Serbo-Croatian žvakati), Proto-Celtic *gobbos (“muzzle, snout”) (whence Middle Irish gop). See also Proto-Slavic *zȍbь (“fodder”).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


blōtą

blōtą (nominative singular)
blōtō (nominative plural)
blōtą (singular vocative)
blōtō (plural vocative)
blōtą (accusative singular)
blōtō (accusative plural)
blōtas (genitive singular)
blōtis (genitive singular)
blōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōtai (dative singular)
blōtamaz (dative plural)
blōtō (instrumental singular)
blōtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōt

Old English: blōt; (blētsian?)

Old Saxon: *blōt

Middle Low German: blōt, blūt

Old High German: *bluoz, *pluoz, *plōz (in compound: bluozhūs, ploazhūs, plōzhūs)

Old Norse: blót
Icelandic: blót
→ Faroese: blót
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: blót
Old Swedish: blot
Swedish: blot
Old Gutnish: blót
→ Danish: blot

Traditionally from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlā-d- (“to offer, sacrifice”), comparing Latin flāmen (“priest”), but this root is largely abandoned by modern scholars. Possibly from the same root as *blōþą (“blood”); compare the development of Proto-West Germanic *blōdisōn (“to mark with blood > to bless”).


gaminþiją

gaminþiją (nominative singular)
gaminþijō (nominative plural)
gaminþiją (singular vocative)
gaminþijō (plural vocative)
gaminþiją (accusative singular)
gaminþijō (accusative plural)
gaminþijas (genitive singular)
gaminþīs (genitive singular)
gaminþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaminþijai (dative singular)
gaminþijamaz (dative plural)
gaminþijō (instrumental singular)
gaminþijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: minni (without the ga-)

Icelandic: minni

Faroese: minni

Norwegian: minne

Swedish: minne

Danish: minde

→ Middle English: minne

English: min

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌹 (gaminþi)

From *ga- + a form *minþiją, the latter a nominal derivative of *munaną (“to think, consider”).


spindaz

spindaz (nominative singular)
spindōz (nominative plural)
spindōs (nominative plural)
spind (singular vocative)
spindōz (plural vocative)
spindōs (plural vocative)
spindą (accusative singular)
spindanz (accusative plural)
spindas (genitive singular)
spindis (genitive singular)
spindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spindai (dative singular)
spindamaz (dative plural)
spindō (instrumental singular)
spindamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spind
Old English: spind
Old Saxon: spind
Middle Low German: spint
Old Dutch: *spind
Middle Dutch: spint
Dutch: spint
Old High German: spint
Middle High German: spint
German: Spint (archaic, dialectal)
→ Bavarian: Spind; Spund

→? Proto-Finnic: *pinta


midjǭ

midjǭ (nominative singular)
midjōniz (nominative plural)
midjǭ (singular vocative)
midjōniz (plural vocative)
midjōnų (accusative singular)
midjōnunz (accusative plural)
midjōniz (genitive singular)
midjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjōni (dative singular)
midjōmaz (dative plural)
midjōnē (instrumental singular)
midjōmiz (instrumental plural)
*medjǭ (alternative)

Old English: midde

Middle English: midde

Old Frisian: midde

Old Saxon: *middia

Old Norse: miðja

Icelandic: miðja

Faroese: miðja

Norwegian Nynorsk: midja, midju, midje

Old Swedish: midhia

Swedish: midja

Danish: midje

Norwegian Bokmål: midje


mainaiþaz

mainaiþaz (nominative singular)
mainaiþōz (nominative plural)
mainaiþōs (nominative plural)
mainaiþ (singular vocative)
mainaiþōz (plural vocative)
mainaiþōs (plural vocative)
mainaiþą (accusative singular)
mainaiþanz (accusative plural)
mainaiþas (genitive singular)
mainaiþis (genitive singular)
mainaiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mainaiþai (dative singular)
mainaiþamaz (dative plural)
mainaiþō (instrumental singular)
mainaiþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mainaiþ

Old English: mānāþ

desc

Middle English: monoth, manath, manwaþ, maineath

Scots: mane-atht

Old Frisian: mēnēth

Saterland Frisian: Meeneed

West Frisian: meineed

Old Saxon: mēnēth

Middle Low German: mênêt, meineit

German Low German: Meeneed

Old Dutch: *meinēth, *meinēd

Middle Dutch: meynede, meeneet

Dutch: meineed

Afrikaans: meineed

Limburgish: meineid

Old High German: meineid

Middle High German: meineit

German: Meineid

Old Norse: meineiðr

Icelandic: meineiður

Norwegian: mened

Old Swedish: mēnēþer

Swedish: mened

Danish: mened


murþą

murþą (nominative singular)
murþō (nominative plural)
murþą (singular vocative)
murþō (plural vocative)
murþą (accusative singular)
murþō (accusative plural)
murþas (genitive singular)
murþis (genitive singular)
murþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murþai (dative singular)
murþamaz (dative plural)
murþō (instrumental singular)
murþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *morþ

Old English: morþ

Middle English: morth, murth

Scots: murth

English: murth, murther, murder

Old Frisian: morth, mord

Saterland Frisian: Morde, Moort

West Frisian: moard

Old Saxon: morth

Middle Low German: mōrt

German Low German: Moord

Low German: mort

desctree

Old Dutch: morth
Middle Dutch: mord, mort, moort
Dutch: moord

Old High German: mord

Middle High German: mort

German: Mord

→ Polish: mord, morderstwo

Luxembourgish: Muerd

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛟᚱᚦᚨ (*morþa)

Old Norse: morð

Icelandic: morð

Faroese: morð

Norwegian Nynorsk: mord

Norwegian Bokmål: mord

Old Swedish: morþ

Swedish: mord

Danish: mord

→? Finnish: murha

From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós (“dead”), from *mer- (“to die”).

(especially) a killing in secret where the body was hidden (which was considered particularly shameful)


waldą

waldą (nominative singular)
waldō (nominative plural)
waldą (singular vocative)
waldō (plural vocative)
waldą (accusative singular)
waldō (accusative plural)
waldas (genitive singular)
waldis (genitive singular)
waldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waldai (dative singular)
waldamaz (dative plural)
waldō (instrumental singular)
waldamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wald
Old English: weald
Middle English: wald
English: wald
Old Dutch: *wald
Old High German: walt

Old Norse: vald

Icelandic: vald

Faroese: vald

Norwegian Nynorsk: vald

Old Swedish: vald

Swedish: våld

Danish: vold

Norwegian Bokmål: vold

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍆𐌽𐌹 (waldufni)

→ Proto-Finnic: *valta (see there for further descendants)


manją

manją (nominative singular)
manjō (nominative plural)
manją (singular vocative)
manjō (plural vocative)
manją (accusative singular)
manjō (accusative plural)
manjas (genitive singular)
manis (genitive singular)
manjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
manjai (dative singular)
manjamaz (dative plural)
manjō (instrumental singular)
manjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *manni, *manī

Old English: mene, myne

Middle English: myne, mune

Old Saxon: *meni

⇒ Old Saxon: halsmeni

Old High German: menni

(Middle High German: mene, menī)

Old Norse: men

Icelandic: men (in hálsmen)

From Proto-Indo-European *mony- (“crest, mane”).


bullǭ

bullǭ (nominative singular)
bullōniz (nominative plural)
bullǭ (singular vocative)
bullōniz (plural vocative)
bullōnų (accusative singular)
bullōnunz (accusative plural)
bullōniz (genitive singular)
bullōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bullōni (dative singular)
bullōmaz (dative plural)
bullōnē (instrumental singular)
bullōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bollā
Old English: bolle
Middle English: bolle
Scots: boll, bol, bow
English: bowl
→ Middle French: bolle
French: bol
→ Greek: μπολ (bol)
Old Frisian: bolla m
Saterland Frisian: Boolje, Bol
West Frisian: bol
Old Saxon: *bolla; bollo m
Middle Low German: bolle, bole
German Low German: Boll, Bolle
⇒ Low German: Bolltje
→ Danish: bolsje
→ German: Bollchen
Old Dutch: *bollo
Middle Dutch: bolle m
Dutch: bol
Afrikaans: bol
Limburgish: ból
Old High German: bolla
Middle High German: bolle
Alemannic German: Bölle, Belle, Böle
German: Bolle
Luxembourgish: Boll; Bull (latter uncertain)
→ Vulgar Latin: *bolla (merger with Latin bulla)
Italo-Dalmatian
Italian: bolla
Oïl
Old French: bolle, bole
Middle French: boule
French: boule
→ English: boule
Norman: bolle, boule
→ Middle English: bowle, boule
English: bowl (“lawn bowl, ball”)
Picard Old French: *boule
⇒ Picard Old French: boulenc
→ Old French: bolengier, boulanger
Gallo: boulangier
Middle French: boulanger
French: boulanger
Norman: boulandgi (Jèrriais)
Walloon: boledjî
Old Occitan: bolla, bola
Occitan: bòla
Catalan: bolla, bola
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: bola
Fala: bola
Galician: bola
Portuguese: bola
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: bola
Old Spanish:
Spanish: bolla

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰln-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, inflate, swell, bubble”). Synchronically analyzable as an ablaut form of *balluz (“ball”). See also *bullô.


strinô

strinô (nominative singular)
strinaniz (nominative plural)
strinô (singular vocative)
strinaniz (plural vocative)
strinanų (accusative singular)
strinanunz (accusative plural)
strininiz (genitive singular)
strinanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strinini (dative singular)
strinammaz (dative plural)
strininē (instrumental singular)
strinammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strenō
Old Dutch: *streno
Middle Dutch: strēne
Dutch: streen
Old High German: streno
Middle High German: strëne, strën
German: Strähne
→ Old French: *estren, estran
→ Middle English: *stran
Scots: stran, strawn
English: strand

Old Norse: *strena

Swedish: strena (dialectal)

Of unknown origin. Has been derived from a Proto-Indo-European *strēy-, *ster- (“strip, line, streak, ray, stripe, row”).


skup-

Old English: sċoppa, sċeoppa; sċypen

Middle English: schoppe; schüpene, schipne, schepne

Scots: schop, schap, chop, chope

English: shoppe, shop; shippen, shippon

→ Welsh: siop

→ Cornish: shoppa

→ Anglo-Norman: shope

→ Medieval Latin: shopa, sopa

Old Saxon: *skoppa

Middle Low German: schoppe m or f

German Low German: Schuppen

Plautdietsch: Schaup

Old Dutch: *skoppa

Middle Dutch: scoppe, schoppe, scop

Dutch: schop

→ Old French: escope, eschope, choppe

Middle French: échoppe

French: échoppe

→ Galician: chopa, chupeta

→ Medieval Latin: scupa, choppa

Old High German: scupfa, scupha; skopf, scoph; (scobar)

Middle High German: schupfe; schopf; (schober)

Bavarian: Schupfa, Schupfn

German: Schupfen, Schuppen; Schopf; (Schober)

From Proto-Indo-European *skub-, *skup-, *skupn- (“to curve, bow, vault”).

A stem found in various derivatives meaning: barn, shed


haugaz

haugaz (nominative singular)
haugōz (nominative plural)
haugōs (nominative plural)
haug (singular vocative)
haugōz (plural vocative)
haugōs (plural vocative)
haugą (accusative singular)
hauganz (accusative plural)
haugas (genitive singular)
haugis (genitive singular)
haugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haugai (dative singular)
haugamaz (dative plural)
haugō (instrumental singular)
haugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haug
Old Saxon: *hōg
Middle Low German: hôch, hö̂
German Low German: Hooch, Hööch
⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chil
⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chillîn, hö̂chilîn
Old High German: houg (in compounds: steinenhoug, marchoug, etc.)
Middle High German: houc
⇒ Middle High German: hogil
⇒ German: Hügel
→ Old French: hoge (also possibly via Old Norse haugr)
⇒ Old French: ahoge, ahuge
→ Middle English: huge
Scots: huge, hudge
English: huge

Old Norse: haugr

Icelandic: haugur

Faroese: heygur, heyggjur

Norwegian Nynorsk: haug

Norwegian Bokmål: haug

Old Swedish: hø̄gher

Swedish: hög

Old Danish: høgh

Middle Danish: høg, høw

Danish: høj

Norwegian Bokmål: høy (riksmål)

→ Middle English: houȝ, hogh, hoo

Scots: hog, howe, how

English: hough, hoe, how, howe

From Proto-Indo-European *kowk-ó-s (with Verner's law in effect on the second *-k-), from *kewk- (“hill, elevation”).


skalkaz

skalkaz (nominative singular)
skalkōz (nominative plural)
skalkōs (nominative plural)
skalk (singular vocative)
skalkōz (plural vocative)
skalkōs (plural vocative)
skalką (accusative singular)
skalkanz (accusative plural)
skalkas (genitive singular)
skalkis (genitive singular)
skalkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalkai (dative singular)
skalkamaz (dative plural)
skalkō (instrumental singular)
skalkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skalk
Old English: sċealc
Middle English: schalk, scalk, schalke, schalkke, shalk
English: shalk
Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik
Old Frisian: skalk
(West Frisian: ontschalken)
Old Saxon: skalk
Middle Low German: schalk (in compounds: erseschalk, marschalk, etc.)
Old Dutch: scalc
Middle Dutch: scalc
Dutch: schalk (also in maarschalk)
Old High German: skalk, scalc, scalk
Middle High German: schalc
German: Schalk
Luxembourgish: Schallek
→ Italian: scalco (from Lombardic)
→ Vulgar Latin: scalcus (in compounds)
Medieval Latin: scalcius, scalciatus
Old French: escalque
→ Italian: scalco

Old Norse: skalkr, skálkr

Icelandic: skálkur

Faroese: skálkur

Norwegian: skalk

Old Swedish: skalker

Swedish: skalk

Danish: skalk

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (skalks)


regnabugô

regnabugô (nominative singular)
regnabuganiz (nominative plural)
regnabugô (singular vocative)
regnabuganiz (plural vocative)
regnabuganų (accusative singular)
regnabuganunz (accusative plural)
regnabuginiz (genitive singular)
regnabuganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
regnabugini (dative singular)
regnabugammaz (dative plural)
regnabuginē (instrumental singular)
regnabugammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *regnabogō
Old English: reġnboga, rēnboga
Middle English: reynbowe, raynbowe, raynebowe, rayne-bowe, reinbow, reinbowe, rein-bowe, reynebawe, reynebow, reynebowe, rainbou, rainbow, rayn-boghe (Northern)
English: rainbow
Scots: rainbow
Old Frisian: reinboga
Saterland Frisian: Rienbooge
West Frisian: reinbôge
Old Saxon: *reganbogo
Middle Low German: regenboge, regensboge
German Low German: Regenboog
Low German: Regenbaag, Regenbagen
Plautdietsch: Räajenboagen
Old Dutch: *reganbogo
Middle Dutch: rēgenbōge
Dutch: regenboog
Afrikaans: reënboog
Old High German: reginbogo, reganbogo
Middle High German: regenboge, rëgenboge
German: Regenbogen
Hunsrik: Rehnbohe
Luxembourgish: Reebou
Vilamovian: ranaböga, rȧnaböga, rȧnböga, raenaböga, rǡnabȫga
Yiddish: רעגנבויגן (regnboygn)

Old Norse: regnbogi

Icelandic: regnbogi

Faroese: regnbogi

Norwegian: regnboge, regnbue

Old Swedish: ræghnbughi, ræghnboghi

Swedish: regnbåge

Danish: regnbue

Elfdalian: raingenbugi

Gutnish: regnbuge, regnbugi


regną

regną (nominative singular)
regnō (nominative plural)
regną (singular vocative)
regnō (plural vocative)
regną (accusative singular)
regnō (accusative plural)
regnas (genitive singular)
rignis (genitive singular)
regnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
regnai (dative singular)
regnamaz (dative plural)
regnō (instrumental singular)
regnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *regn m
Old English: reġn, rēn, reġen
Middle English: reyn, rain, rayn, rayne, rein, reine, reigne, ren, ræin, reȝȝn (Early Middle English)
English: rain
Scots: rain
Yola: rhyne, ryne
Old Frisian: rein
Saterland Frisian: Rien
West Frisian: rein
Old Saxon: regan, regin
Middle Low German: rēgen
German Low German: Regen
Plautdietsch: Räajen
→ Transylvanian Saxon: Reen
Old Dutch: regan
Middle Dutch: rēgen
Dutch: regen
Afrikaans: reën
Negerhollands: regen, regn, rign, regon
Skepi Creole Dutch: regen, ragin
Limburgish: raenger
West Flemish: rin, rein
Old High German: regan, regin
Middle High German: rëgen
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Raga
Italian Walser: regu, räge, rägä
Swabian: Räaga
Bavarian: Regn
Cimbrian: réego, regan, reng
Mòcheno: reng
Udinese: regn, rein
Central Franconian: Rään
Hunsrik: Rehn
Luxembourgish: Reen
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: reeng [ˈɣeːŋ]
Vilamovian: raan
German: Regen
Rhine Franconian: Raje, Raane, Räje, Rääche, Rään, Rääne, Rääsche, Reche, Ree, Reen, Reesche, Reje, Resche, Riin
Frankfurterisch: Rääsche [ʀɛːʒ̥ə]
Pennsylvania German: Regge
Yiddish: רעגן (regn)

Old Norse: regn
Icelandic: regn
Faroese: regn
Norn: regen
Norwegian Bokmål: regn
Norwegian Nynorsk: regn
Russenorsk: regel
Old Swedish: ræghn
Swedish: regn
Danish: regn c
Gutnish: regn

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 (rign)

Crimean Gothic: reghen

Uncertain, possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *Hréǵʰ-no-s, from a root *Hreǵʰ- (“to flow water”). May be cognate with Latin rigō (“to irrigate, moisten”) and particularly Albanian rrjedh (“to flow”), but this is uncertain.


rustaz

rustaz (nominative singular)
rustōz (nominative plural)
rustōs (nominative plural)
rust (singular vocative)
rustōz (plural vocative)
rustōs (plural vocative)
rustą (accusative singular)
rustanz (accusative plural)
rustas (genitive singular)
rustis (genitive singular)
rustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rustai (dative singular)
rustamaz (dative plural)
rustō (instrumental singular)
rustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rust

Old English: rust, rūst

Middle English: rust, rost, roste, roust, rouste, ruste
English: rust
Scots: roost, roust

Old Frisian: *rust, *rost

Saterland Frisian: rust

West Frisian: roast

Old Saxon: rost

Middle Low German: rost

German Low German: Rost

Old Dutch: *rost, *rōst

Middle Dutch: rost, roest

Dutch: roest

Afrikaans: roes

Old High German: rost

Middle High German: rost

German: Rost

Luxembourgish: Rascht (etymology 1)

Old Norse: *rustr (possibly borrowed)

Norwegian: rust, ryst (dialectal)

Swedish: rost

Danish: rust

q

Gothic: *𐍂𐌿𐍃- (*rus-) (suggested Gothic form of the element Ros- found in some Latinized Gothic names)

→ Proto-Finnic: *roostëk (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *rudʰ-s-tos-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). Compare Lithuanian rùstas (“brown-red”). Also compare Latin russus (“red, reddish-brown”), Proto-Slavic *rusъ (“fair, blonde (of hair), yellow, red, light-colored”) (whence Russian ру́сый (rúsyj, “fair(-haired), blond(e), light brown (of hair), dirty blond”)).


melwą

melwą (nominative singular)
melwō (nominative plural)
melwą (singular vocative)
melwō (plural vocative)
melwą (accusative singular)
melwō (accusative plural)
melwas (genitive singular)
milwis (genitive singular)
melwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
melwai (dative singular)
melwamaz (dative plural)
melwō (instrumental singular)
melwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *melu
Old English: melu, melo, meolo
Middle English: mele, meale, meele, melow
English: meal
Scots: meil, mele
Yola: mele, mell
Old Frisian: mele
North Frisian: meel, mal
Saterland Frisian: Meel
West Frisian: moal
Old Saxon: melo
Middle Low German: mēle, mel
Dutch Low Saxon: mael
German Low German: Mehl
Old Dutch: *melo
Middle Dutch: mēle, meel
Dutch: meel
Afrikaans: meel
Berbice Creole Dutch: meli
Negerhollands: meel, mil
→ Lokono: meli
Limburgish: mael
Old High German: melo
Middle High German: mël
Alemannic German: Mël, Mèhl
Bavarian: Mej, Möö
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meel
Luxembourgish: Miel
German: Mehl
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Mehl
Vilamovian: maoł
Yiddish: מעל (mel)

Old Norse: mjǫl
Icelandic: mjöl
Faroese: mjøl
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjøl
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjøl
Old Swedish: miol, miøl, møl
Swedish: mjöl
Old Danish: miel, miøl, miæl, mial, mel
Danish: mel
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mel

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-wo-m, from *melh₂- (“to beat; crush; grind”); by synchronic analysis, a wa-stem nominal formation from *malaną (“to grind”). Cognate with Latin molō (“mill; grist; grind”, verb).


masuraz

masuraz (nominative singular)
masurōz (nominative plural)
masurōs (nominative plural)
masur (singular vocative)
masurōz (plural vocative)
masurōs (plural vocative)
masurą (accusative singular)
masuranz (accusative plural)
masuras (genitive singular)
masuris (genitive singular)
masurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
masurai (dative singular)
masuramaz (dative plural)
masurō (instrumental singular)
masuramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *masur
Old English: *mæser, *maser, *masor
Middle English: maser, mazer
English: mazer
Old Saxon: masur
Middle Low German: maser
Old Dutch: *masur, *masar
Middle Dutch: maser, maeser
Dutch: (obsolete) maser
Old High German: masar, masor
Middle High German: maser
Alemannic German: Mäser
German: Maser
→ Old French: mazer, maser, mazar, madre (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mǫsurr
Icelandic: mösurr
Old Swedish: masur (attested as a nickname)
Swedish: masur
Danish: masur, maser

From *mas-, *mēs- (“spot, sore, scar”), from Proto-Indo-European *mos- (“skin sore”).

a type of veined or spotted wood, such as maple or walnut


husǭ

husǭ (nominative singular)
husōniz (nominative plural)
husǭ (singular vocative)
husōniz (plural vocative)
husōnų (accusative singular)
husōnunz (accusative plural)
husōniz (genitive singular)
husōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
husōni (dative singular)
husōmaz (dative plural)
husōnē (instrumental singular)
husōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hosā
Old English: hose, hosa, hosu
Middle English: hose, hoyse, hosa, hoose (all rare)
English: hose
Scots: hose, hoe
Old Frisian: *hose
Saterland Frisian: Hoose
West Frisian: hoas
Old Saxon: hosa
Middle Low German: hōse, hāse
German Low German: Hose, Hoos
Old Dutch: *hosa
Middle Dutch: hōse
Dutch: hoos
Afrikaans: hoos
Old High German: hosa
Middle High German: hose
Cimbrian: hóoza
German: Hose
Luxembourgish: Hues
Yiddish: הויזן (hoyzn)
→ Late Latin: hosae (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hosa

Icelandic: hosa

Faroese: hosa

Norwegian Bokmål: hose

Old Swedish: hosa, husa
→ Finnish: housut
Swedish: hosa

Danish: hose

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

Probably a nominal formation from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewHs-, an s-extension of *(s)kewH- (“to cover, bewrap”), though Orel is implicitly skeptical and leaves the origin open.

an outer covering; hull; shell; husk; case

covering for the legs; leggings, trousers


frustaz

frustaz (nominative singular)
frustōz (nominative plural)
frustōs (nominative plural)
frust (singular vocative)
frustōz (plural vocative)
frustōs (plural vocative)
frustą (accusative singular)
frustanz (accusative plural)
frustas (genitive singular)
frustis (genitive singular)
frustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frustai (dative singular)
frustamaz (dative plural)
frustō (instrumental singular)
frustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frost

Old English: forst, frost
Middle English: frost, forst, froste, vrost, frosst, freost
English: frost
Scots: frost
Yola: vrosth, vroste, vrast

Old Frisian: frost, forst

desc

Saterland Frisian: Froast, Fröäst (Skäddel)

West Frisian: froast

Old Saxon: frost

Middle Low German: vrost

German Low German: Fröst

Old Dutch: *frost, forst

desctree

Middle Dutch: vorst
Dutch: vorst
Limburgish: vrós

Old High German: frost
Middle High German: vrost
Cimbrian: vròst, bròst, vrost
German: Frost
Luxembourgish: Frascht
Vilamovian: fröst

Old Norse: frost
Icelandic: frost
Faroese: frost, frostur m (masculine is archaic)
Norwegian: frost
Old Swedish: frost
Swedish: frost
Danish: frost

From Proto-Indo-European *prustós (“frost”), synchronically analyzable as a nominal formation from *freusaną (“to freeze”). Cognate with Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost”).

(possibly) frost; rime (minute ice crystals)


hnappaz

hnappaz (nominative singular)
hnappōz (nominative plural)
hnappōs (nominative plural)
hnapp (singular vocative)
hnappōz (plural vocative)
hnappōs (plural vocative)
hnappą (accusative singular)
hnappanz (accusative plural)
hnappas (genitive singular)
hnappis (genitive singular)
hnappǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnappai (dative singular)
hnappamaz (dative plural)
hnappō (instrumental singular)
hnappamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnapp
Old English: hnæpp, hnæpf, hnæp
Middle English: nappe, neppe, nap, nep
English: nap
Scots: napp, nap
Old Frisian: *nepp, *nep
Saterland Frisian: Näp
West Frisian: nappe
Old Saxon: *hnapp, hnap
Middle Low German: nap
German Low German: Napp
Old Dutch: *napp, *nap
Middle Dutch: nappe, nap
Dutch: nap
Old High German: napf, naph
Middle High German: napf, naph
German: Napf
→ Medieval Latin: hanappus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hnappr

Icelandic: hnappur

Old Swedish: napper

Swedish: napp

Gothic: *𐌷𐌽𐌰𐍀𐍀𐍃 (*hnapps)

→ Medieval Latin: nappus, nappa, napus

Italian: nappo

Unknown. Perhaps related to *knuttô. See also *hnappōną.


skakulaz

skakulaz (nominative singular)
skakulōz (nominative plural)
skakulōs (nominative plural)
skakul (singular vocative)
skakulōz (plural vocative)
skakulōs (plural vocative)
skakulą (accusative singular)
skakulanz (accusative plural)
skakulas (genitive singular)
skakulis (genitive singular)
skakulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skakulai (dative singular)
skakulamaz (dative plural)
skakulō (instrumental singular)
skakulamiz (instrumental plural)
*skakilaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *skakul, *skakil

Old English: sċacul, sċeacul, sċeacel; sċecel (< *skakilaz)

Middle English: schakel, schakil, schakkyl, schakle, schakyll, shakel, shakill, shakyl, shakyll, shekyl (from Old English sċecel)
English: shackle
→ Danish: sjækkel
→ Norwegian: sjakkel
→ Swedish: schackel
→ Marshallese: jakōļ
Middle Scots: schaikill, schakill, schekill
Scots: shakle, shackle, sheckle

Old Frisian: *skakel

Saterland Frisian: Schakel

West Frisian: skeakel (possibly from Middle Dutch)

Old Saxon: *skakul

Middle Low German: schākel

German Low German: Schakel

→ German: Schäckel, Schäkel

Old Dutch: *skakul

desc

Middle Dutch: scākel, schakel, schaeckel

Dutch: schakel

Old Norse: skǫkull; skekill (< *skakilaz)

Icelandic: skökull, skekill, skekkill

Norwegian: skakel

Swedish: skakel

Danish: skagle


hnuppô

hnuppô (nominative singular)
hnuppaniz (nominative plural)
hnuppô (singular vocative)
hnuppaniz (plural vocative)
hnuppanų (accusative singular)
hnuppanunz (accusative plural)
hnuppiniz (genitive singular)
hnuppanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnuppini (dative singular)
hnuppammaz (dative plural)
hnuppinē (instrumental singular)
hnuppammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hnoppa

Middle English: noppe

Scots: nop, nap

English: nap

Old Saxon: *hnoppo

Middle Low German: noppe, nopp

→ Middle High German: noppe, nop

German: Noppe

Old Dutch: *noppo

Middle Dutch: noppe

Dutch: nop

→ French: noppe, nope

Old High German: *hnopfo, *nopho, *noppo

Old Norse: *hnoppi

Norwegian: napp

Old Swedish: noppa

Swedish: noppa

Danish: noppe, nopp

From Proto-Indo-European *knew-, *kenw- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”).


bruþą

bruþą (nominative singular)
bruþō (nominative plural)
bruþą (singular vocative)
bruþō (plural vocative)
bruþą (accusative singular)
bruþō (accusative plural)
bruþas (genitive singular)
bruþis (genitive singular)
bruþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bruþai (dative singular)
bruþamaz (dative plural)
bruþō (instrumental singular)
bruþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *broþ
Old English: broþ
Middle English: broth
English: broth
→ Scottish Gaelic: brot
Scots: broth
Old Saxon: broth
Middle Low German: brot
Old Dutch: *brod
>? Middle Dutch: bruud, bruyd (“slop from pots; liquid manure”)
Old High German: brod, prod
Middle High German: brod
Cimbrian: bröode
German: Brod
Luxembourgish: Britt
→ Late Latin: brodium (see there for further descendants)
→ Vulgar Latin: *brodum (“broth, stew”)
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *brodiculāre (“to jumble together”)
Anglo-Norman: broiller
→ Middle English: broilen
English: broil
Scots: brulyie

Old Norse: broð

Icelandic: broð

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰru(h₁)-to-m, from *bʰrewh₁- (“to seethe; roil; brew”).


hūbǭ

hūbǭ (nominative singular)
hūbōniz (nominative plural)
hūbǭ (singular vocative)
hūbōniz (plural vocative)
hūbōnų (accusative singular)
hūbōnunz (accusative plural)
hūbōniz (genitive singular)
hūbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūbōni (dative singular)
hūbōmaz (dative plural)
hūbōnē (instrumental singular)
hūbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hūbā

Old English: hūfe
Middle English: houve, houe, houfe, houffe, houwe, howe, howfe, howve, huve (Early Middle English)
Scots: how, hou

Old Frisian: hūve, houwe

North Frisian: huw, höw

Old Saxon: hūva

Middle Low German: hûve

German Low German: Huve, Huuv

Old Dutch: *hūva

Middle Dutch: hūve

Dutch: huif

Old High German: hūba

Middle High German: hūbe, hoube

German: Haube

Luxembourgish: Hauf

Rhine Franconian: Haub

→ Old French: huve

q

Middle French: huve, hobe (latter also considered a new borrowing from MHG)

⇒ French: aubette

Old Norse: húfa

Icelandic: húfa

Faroese: húgva

Norwegian: hue, huve

Old Swedish: hūva

Swedish: huva

Danish: hue

From Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“to arch, bend, curve, vault”).


mastaz

mastaz (nominative singular)
mastōz (nominative plural)
mastōs (nominative plural)
mast (singular vocative)
mastōz (plural vocative)
mastōs (plural vocative)
mastą (accusative singular)
mastanz (accusative plural)
mastas (genitive singular)
mastis (genitive singular)
mastǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mastai (dative singular)
mastamaz (dative plural)
mastō (instrumental singular)
mastamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mast
Old English: mæst
Middle English: mast
English: mast
Scots: mast
Old Frisian: *mast, *mest
Saterland Frisian: Mäst
West Frisian: mêst
Old Saxon: *mast
Middle Low German: mast
German Low German: Mast
Old Dutch: *mast
Middle Dutch: mast
Dutch: mast
Old High German: mast
Middle High German: mast
German: Mast
→ Esperanto: masto
→ Ido: masto
→ Medieval Latin: mastus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mastr

Icelandic: mastur

Faroese: mastur

Norwegian Bokmål: mast

Norwegian Nynorsk: mast

Old Swedish: mast

Swedish: mast

→ Finnish: masto

Danish: mast

From Proto-Indo-European *mostos, *mozdos (“plank, board, flooring; perch, pole, mast”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *mostъ (“bridge, bridgework”), Latin mālus (“pole, mast”).


krupilaz

krupilaz (nominative singular)
krupilōz (nominative plural)
krupilōs (nominative plural)
krupil (singular vocative)
krupilōz (plural vocative)
krupilōs (plural vocative)
krupilą (accusative singular)
krupilanz (accusative plural)
krupilas (genitive singular)
krupilis (genitive singular)
krupilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krupilai (dative singular)
krupilamaz (dative plural)
krupilō (instrumental singular)
krupilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krupil

desctree

Old English: crypel
Middle English: crüpel, crepel, cripel
English: cripple, (dialectal) creeple
Scots: crepill, cripill, crippill, crupple

Old Frisian: *krepel

Saterland Frisian: Krepel

West Frisian: krepel, kreupel

Old Saxon: *krupil

desc

Middle Low German: kropel, krȫpel, kröppel

German Low German: Kröpel

→ Middle High German: krupel, kruppel, krüpel, krüppel

German: Krüppel

Old Dutch: *crupil

Middle Dutch: cropel

Dutch: kreupel

Old Norse: kryppill

Danish: krøbbel; krøbling

Icelandic: kryppill

Faroese: krypil; kryplingur

Norwegian: krøpling

Swedish: krympling

From *kreupaną (“to crawl, writhe”) + *-ilaz (“agent noun suffix”).


falhuz

falhuz (nominative singular)
falhiwiz (nominative plural)
falhu (singular vocative)
falhiwiz (plural vocative)
falhų (accusative singular)
falhunz (accusative plural)
falhauz (genitive singular)
falhiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falhiwi (dative singular)
falhumaz (dative plural)
falhū (instrumental singular)
falhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fealh

Old Norse: falr

Icelandic: falur

Faroese: falur

Norwegian: fal

Old Swedish: fal (in compounds)

Swedish: fal


wrēkō

wrēkō (nominative singular)
wrēkôz (nominative plural)
wrēkō (singular vocative)
wrēkôz (plural vocative)
wrēkǭ (accusative singular)
wrēkōz (accusative plural)
wrēkōz (genitive singular)
wrēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrēkōi (dative singular)
wrēkōmaz (dative plural)
wrēkō (instrumental singular)
wrēkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrāku
Old English: wrǣc, wrǣċ
Middle English: wrake, wreke, wræche, wrache, wreche
Scots: wrak, wraik, wrek
English: wrack, wreak
Old Frisian: wrēke, wrēze, wrētze
West Frisian: wrake, wraak (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: wrāka
Middle Low German: wrāke
Low German: Wraak
Old Dutch: wrāca
Middle Dutch: wrâke
Dutch: wraak
Afrikaans: wraak
Old High German: rāhha, rācha
Middle High German: rāche
German: Rache
→ Luxembourgish: Rach
→ Saterland Frisian: Rache

From Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin urgeō (“urge”).


uwwalǭ

uwwalǭ (nominative singular)
uwwalōniz (nominative plural)
uwwalǭ (singular vocative)
uwwalōniz (plural vocative)
uwwalōnų (accusative singular)
uwwalōnunz (accusative plural)
uwwalōniz (genitive singular)
uwwalōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uwwalōni (dative singular)
uwwalōmaz (dative plural)
uwwalōnē (instrumental singular)
uwwalōmiz (instrumental plural)
*uwwulǭ (alternative)
*uwwilǭ (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *uwwilā, *uwwulā, *uwwalā
Old English: ūle
Middle English: oule, oul, owle, ule, howle, owlle
English: owl
Scots: oul, ool
Old Frisian: *ūle
Saterland Frisian: Ule
West Frisian: ûle
Old Saxon: ūwila, ūla
Middle Low German: ûle, uhle
German Low German: Uul
Plautdietsch: Ul
Old Dutch: *ūla
Middle Dutch: ūle
Dutch: uil
Afrikaans: uil
→ Caribbean Hindustani: ullu
Old High German: ūwila, ūla
Middle High German: iuwele, iuwel, iule, ūle
Alemannic German: Üle
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: aul
Central Franconian: Eil
Hunsrik: Eil
Luxembourgish: Eil
Ripuarian: Üül
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: aojł
East Franconian:
German: Eule
Rhine Franconian: Eil, Il
Frankfurterisch: [ail], (newer) [oil]
Pennsylvania German: Eil

Old Norse: ugla

Icelandic: ugla

Faroese: ugla, ugli, úla

Norwegian: ugle, ule

Old Swedish: uggla

Swedish: uggla

Old Danish: ugglæ

Danish: ugle

→ Scots: yuggle

→ Catalan: òliba

From *uwwô (“eagle-owl”) + *-ilǭ (diminutive suffix). Probably ultimately of imitative origin, like Proto-West Germanic *hūō (“owl”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


alinabugô

alinabugô (nominative singular)
alinabuganiz (nominative plural)
alinabugô (singular vocative)
alinabuganiz (plural vocative)
alinabuganų (accusative singular)
alinabuganunz (accusative plural)
alinabuginiz (genitive singular)
alinabuganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alinabugini (dative singular)
alinabugammaz (dative plural)
alinabuginē (instrumental singular)
alinabugammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: elnboga, elboga
Middle English: *elboghe, *elboȝe, elbowe
English: elbow
Scots: elbuck (earlier elbok)
Yola: helbough, helboge

Old Frisian: *elboga

Saterland Frisian: Älbooge

Old Saxon: *elinbogo

Middle Low German: ellebōge

German Low German: Ellebage

Plautdietsch: Alboagen

Old Dutch: *elinbogo

Middle Dutch: ellenbōge, ellenbōghe

Dutch: elleboog, ellenboog (nonstandard)
Afrikaans: elmboog
→ Papiamentu: èlebog, èlembog, elleboog

Old High German: elinbogo
Middle High German: elenboge
German: Ellenboge, Ellbogen, Ellenbogen
Luxembourgish: Ielebou
Vilamovian: ełböga
Yiddish: עלנבויגן (elnboygn)

Old Norse: ǫlnbogi, alnbogi, albogi, ǫlbogi
Icelandic: olnbogi, olbogi
Faroese: albogi, albógvi
Norwegian:
Bokmål: albue
Norwegian Nynorsk: olboge
Old Swedish: *alnboghi, alboghi
Swedish: almboge, armbåge
Old Danish: almboghæ
Danish: albue, almbue, armbue
Gutnish: albuge, armbuge
Elfdalian: abugi
Scanian: alnbuğe

From *alinō (“ell, ulna, forearm”) + *bugô (“bend, bow”).


nēhwagabūrô

nēhwagabūrô (nominative singular)
nēhwagabūraniz (nominative plural)
nēhwagabūrô (singular vocative)
nēhwagabūraniz (plural vocative)
nēhwagabūranų (accusative singular)
nēhwagabūranunz (accusative plural)
nēhwagabūriniz (genitive singular)
nēhwagabūranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nēhwagabūrini (dative singular)
nēhwagabūrammaz (dative plural)
nēhwagabūrinē (instrumental singular)
nēhwagabūrammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nāhwagabūrō

desctree

Old English: nēahġebūr
Middle English: neyghebour, neghboer, neghbour, neghebore, neghebur, neȝbore, neȝborwe, neȝebur, neȝȝebour, neȝhbor, nehebour, neighbore, neighbour, neighebor, neighebour, neiȝbor, neiȝbour, neiȝebor, neiȝebour, neihebur, neihȝebor, neybour, neyburwe, neyebore, neyghborn, neyghbour, neyghbur, neyȝbour, neyȝbure, neypur, nye-bore, neghtburgh, neghtebur, neȝtboure (influenced by nyght), neahȝebur, neahhebur, nehgebur, nehhebur (Early Middle English)
English: neighbour, neighbor
Scots: neibour, nebour, neebour, nichbour, nechbour, neichbour
Yola: nypore, nipore

Old Frisian: *nābūr

North Frisian: näiber

Saterland Frisian: Noaber

Old Saxon: *nāgibūr, nāhbūr, nābūr

desc

Middle Low German: nabûr, nabuwer, nahber, nâber

Low German: Nahwer, Naber, Nabur, Nabber, Nahber, Naober, nåber (New Saxon Spelling)

→ Finnish: naapuri (or directly from Old Swedish)

→ Estonian: naaber

→ Old Swedish: nabor

→ Ingrian: naapuri (or directly from Middle Low German)

→ Votic: naapuri (or directly from Middle Low German)

Old Dutch: *nāgibūr, *nābūr

Middle Dutch: nāgebuur, nāghebuur, nābuer, nābuur

Dutch: nagebuur, nabuur

Old High German: nāhgibūro; nāhgibūr

Middle High German: nāchgebūre; nāchgebūr

Alemannic German: Naachpuur, Nochbär, Nochber

Bavarian: Nochbar, Nåchbår

German: Nachbar, Nachbauer, Nachgebaur

Central Franconian: Nohber

Luxembourgish: Noper

Pennsylvania German: Nochber

desctree

Old Norse: nábúi
Icelandic: nábúi
Faroese: nábúgvi
Old Swedish: nābōe, nābō
Swedish: nabo
Danish: nabo
→ Norwegian Bokmål: nabo
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: nabo
→ Scottish Gaelic: nàbaidh

/ˈnɛː.xʷɑ.ɣɑ.ˌbuː.rɔːː/

From *nēhwaz (“nigh, close by”) + *gabūrô (“dweller”) (see *būraz).


klajjô

klajjô (nominative singular)
klajjaniz (nominative plural)
klajjô (singular vocative)
klajjaniz (plural vocative)
klajjanų (accusative singular)
klajjanunz (accusative plural)
klajjiniz (genitive singular)
klajjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klajjini (dative singular)
klajjammaz (dative plural)
klajjinē (instrumental singular)
klajjammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kleggi

Icelandic: kleggi

Faroese: kleggi

Norwegian: kli (dialectal)

Danish: klæg, kleg

→ Scots: cleg, (clag), kleg

→ English: cleg; (clag?)

From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”).


erþōbazją

erþōbazją (nominative singular)
erþōbazjō (nominative plural)
erþōbazją (singular vocative)
erþōbazjō (plural vocative)
erþōbazją (accusative singular)
erþōbazjō (accusative plural)
erþōbazjas (genitive singular)
erþōbazis (genitive singular)
erþōbazjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erþōbazjai (dative singular)
erþōbazjamaz (dative plural)
erþōbazjō (instrumental singular)
erþōbazjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *erþubaʀi
Old English: eorþberġe, eorþberie, eorþberiġe
Old Frisian: *erthberie, *irthberie
Saterland Frisian: Äidbäie
West Frisian: ierdbei
Old Saxon: erthberi
Middle Low German: ērdbēre, ērtbēre
German Low German: Eerdbeei, Eerdjebeei, Eerkebeei
Low German: Erebeie, Eerdbeer
Plautdietsch: Ieedbäa
Old Dutch: *erthberi
Middle Dutch: erdbere
Dutch: aardbei
Afrikaans: aarbei
→ Indonesian: arbei
→ Papiamentu: artbèi
Old High German: erdberi, erdperi
Middle High German: ërtbere, erdber, ërdeber, ërtber
German: Erdbeere
Hunsrik: Äerdbeer
Luxembourgish: Äerdbier
Mòcheno: eaper
→ English: earthberry (calque)

Old Norse: jarðber

Icelandic: jarðarber

Faroese: jarðber

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: jordber, jordbær; (dialectal) jardabær, jardbær

Swedish: jordbär (archaic)

Danish: jordbær

Norwegian Bokmål: jordbær

From *erþō (“earth”) + *bazją (“berry”). Compare Polish poziomka, Russian земляни́ка (zemljaníka) (related to земля́ (zemljá)).


krampô

krampô (nominative singular)
krampaniz (nominative plural)
krampô (singular vocative)
krampaniz (plural vocative)
krampanų (accusative singular)
krampanunz (accusative plural)
krampiniz (genitive singular)
krampanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krampini (dative singular)
krampammaz (dative plural)
krampinē (instrumental singular)
krampammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krampō

Old Frisian: *kramp, *kromp

Saterland Frisian: Kroamp

West Frisian: kramp

Old Saxon: krampo

Middle Low German: krampe

German Low German: Kramp

→ Danish: krampe

→ Swedish: kramp

→ Finnish: kramppi

→ Norwegian: krampe

→ Icelandic: krampa

→ German: Krampe

Old Dutch: *krampa

Middle Dutch: crampe

Dutch: kramp

Afrikaans: kramp

→ Middle English: crampe, crompe (“metal bar”)

English: cramp

→ Old French: cranpe, crampe

Middle French: crampe

French: crampe

→ Middle English: crampe, craumpe (“spasm”)

Scots: cramp

English: cramp

→ Medieval Latin: crampa

→ Italian: crampo

→ Venetan: sgranfo

→ Galician: grampa

Old High German: krampfo, krampho, chrampho; chramph

Middle High German: cramph, kramph

German: Krampf

Luxembourgish: Kramp

Lombard: ranf

Gothic: *𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌼𐍀𐌰 (*krampa)

→ Galician: cambra

→ Portuguese: cãibra, câimbra

→ Spanish: calambre

According to Pfeifer, related to *krumpaz (“bent, crooked”)).


gadilingaz

gadilingaz (nominative singular)
gadilingōz (nominative plural)
gadilingōs (nominative plural)
gadiling (singular vocative)
gadilingōz (plural vocative)
gadilingōs (plural vocative)
gadilingą (accusative singular)
gadilinganz (accusative plural)
gadilingas (genitive singular)
gadilingis (genitive singular)
gadilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gadilingai (dative singular)
gadilingamaz (dative plural)
gadilingō (instrumental singular)
gadilingamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaduling, *gadiling
Old English: gædeling, geaduling
Middle English: gadling, gedelyng, gedling
Scots: gedling
English: gadling
Old Saxon: gaduling, *gediling
Middle Low German: gadelink, gedelink, gēdelinc
Old Dutch: *gediling
Middle Dutch: gēdelinc
Old High German: gatuling, gataling, gatiling, *getiling
Middle High German: getelinc, getlinc

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (gadiliggs)

From *gadō (“joined, united”) + *-ilingaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to join, unite”).


truzlą

truzlą (nominative singular)
truzlō (nominative plural)
truzlą (singular vocative)
truzlō (plural vocative)
truzlą (accusative singular)
truzlō (accusative plural)
truzlas (genitive singular)
truzlis (genitive singular)
truzlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
truzlai (dative singular)
truzlamaz (dative plural)
truzlō (instrumental singular)
truzlamiz (instrumental plural)
*trullą (alternative)

Old High German: *trollo

Middle High German: trolle, trol (attested early 15th c.)

q

German: Troll, Trull, Trulle, Droll (dialectal; modern word chiefly from Norse)

⇒ German: Trulla

Old Norse: troll, trǫll

Icelandic: tröll

Faroese: trøll

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: troll; (dialectal) trøll

Norwegian Bokmål: troll

Old Swedish: trol, trul

Swedish: troll

→ French: troll, trollon

Scanian: trøll

Danish: trold

→ German: Troll (influenced by dialectal word above)

→ English: troll; trollop

→ Middle Low German: *drolle

Low German: droll

→ German: Droll

→ Middle Dutch: drolle, drol

Dutch: drol

→ Old French: drolle, draule

Middle French: drolle

French: drôle

→ English: droll

→ Dutch: trol; troel

a supernatural being; demon; fiend; giant; monster


skamō

skamō (nominative singular)
skamôz (nominative plural)
skamō (singular vocative)
skamôz (plural vocative)
skamǭ (accusative singular)
skamōz (accusative plural)
skamōz (genitive singular)
skamǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skamōi (dative singular)
skamōmaz (dative plural)
skamō (instrumental singular)
skamōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skamu
Old English: sċamu, sċeamu, sċomu, sċeomu
Middle English: schame, schome
Scots: scham, schame
English: shame
Old Frisian: skame, scome, skome
Saterland Frisian: scame; (Skoomte)
(West Frisian: skamte)
Old Saxon: skama
Middle Low German: schame, scham
Low German: Schaam; (Schaamd)
Old Dutch: scama
Middle Dutch: schāme
Dutch: schaam (obsolete)
Old High German: scama
Middle High German: schame
German: Scham
Hunsrik: Schaam

Old Norse: skǫmm

Icelandic: skömm

Faroese: skomm

Norwegian Bokmål: skam

Norwegian Nynorsk: skam

Old Swedish: skam

Swedish: skam

Old Danish: skam

Danish: skam

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌰 (skama)

→ Proto-Samic: *skāmō (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain, but probably from pre-Germanic *skh₃-m-éh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“dark(ness)”). Related to Proto-Germanic *skandō.

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


smiþjǭ

smiþjǭ (nominative singular)
smiþjōniz (nominative plural)
smiþjǭ (singular vocative)
smiþjōniz (plural vocative)
smiþjōnų (accusative singular)
smiþjōnunz (accusative plural)
smiþjōniz (genitive singular)
smiþjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smiþjōni (dative singular)
smiþjōmaz (dative plural)
smiþjōnē (instrumental singular)
smiþjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smiþþe

Middle English: smythe

English: smithe (obsolete)

Old Frisian: smithe, smitte

Old Dutch: *smiththa

Middle Dutch: smisse, smitse

Dutch: smidse

desc

Old High German: smiththa, smidda, smitta

German: Schmiede

Luxembourgish: Schmëdd

Old Norse: smiðja

Icelandic: smiðja

Faroese: smiðja

Norwegian Nynorsk: smia, smie, smidja, smidje, smidju

Norwegian Bokmål: smie

Old Swedish: smiþia

Swedish: smedja

Danish: smedje

→ Middle English: smythy

English: smithy

Scots: smiddy, smiddie


skautaz

skautaz (nominative singular)
skautōz (nominative plural)
skautōs (nominative plural)
skaut (singular vocative)
skautōz (plural vocative)
skautōs (plural vocative)
skautą (accusative singular)
skautanz (accusative plural)
skautas (genitive singular)
skautis (genitive singular)
skautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skautai (dative singular)
skautamaz (dative plural)
skautō (instrumental singular)
skautamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċēat; sċēata; *sċīete, *sċȳte, *sċīte, sċēte

Middle English: scheat; schete

Scots: schete, scheit, sheat, sheet

English: sheet

→ Swazi: lishidi

Old Frisian: scāt, skāt, schāt

North Frisian: skut

Saterland Frisian: Skoote

West Frisian: skoat

Old Saxon: *skōt

Middle Low German: schôt; schôte

German Low German: Schoot

→ German: Schot

→ Swedish: skot

Old Dutch: *skōt; skōta (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: scoot, schoot

Dutch: schoot

desctree

Old High German: scōzo, scōz, *scōza, scozza
Middle High German: schoz, schōze
German: Schoß
Luxembourgish: Schouss
Yiddish: שויס (shoys)

Old Norse: skaut

Icelandic: skaut

Norwegian: skot, skaut

Old Swedish: skø̄t

Swedish: sköt, sköte

Danish: skød; skøde

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (skauts), 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄 (skaut) (?)

→ Proto-Slavic: *skutъ

Serbo-Croatian: skȗt/ску̑т

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to throw, shoot, pursue, rush”), whence *skeutaną (“to shoot”); cognate with Proto-Slavic *kỳdati (“to fling”), Sanskrit चोदति (códati, “to impel”). The semantic development would be “to shoot out” > “to jut out” > “projection, edge”.

der

the corner of a piece of cloth or garment: lap, flap, fold

(nautical) a line from the foot of a sail


kribjǭ

kribjǭ (nominative singular)
kribjōniz (nominative plural)
kribjǭ (singular vocative)
kribjōniz (plural vocative)
kribjōnų (accusative singular)
kribjōnunz (accusative plural)
kribjōniz (genitive singular)
kribjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kribjōni (dative singular)
kribjōmaz (dative plural)
kribjōnē (instrumental singular)
kribjōmiz (instrumental plural)
*kribbijǭ (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *kribbjā, *krippjā

Old English: cribb, crybb, crib, cryb

Middle English: cribbe, crib

English: crib

Scots: crib, cryb

Old Frisian: kribbe

Saterland Frisian: Kräbbe, Krääb, Krääf

West Frisian: krêbe

Old Saxon: kribbia

Middle Low German: kribbe, krübbe

German Low German: Krübbe, Krübb

Low German: kribbe, krubbe

→ German: Kribbe

Old Dutch: kribba

Middle Dutch: cribbe

Dutch: kribbe, krib

Afrikaans: krip

→ Latin: *creppea, *creppia (via Frankish)

⇒ Late Latin: cripia (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old High German: crippea, crippa, kribba, krippa; chripfa, krippha, kripfa, kripha

Middle High German: krippe; kripfe

Central Franconian: Krepp

Hunsrik: Kripp

Luxembourgish: Krëpp

German: Krippe

Rhine Franconian: Kripp

Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀip]

South Franconian: Kripf

Old Norse: krubba

Danish: krybbe

Faroese: krubba

Icelandic: krubba

Norwegian: krybbe

Swedish: krubba

From *krebô, from Proto-Indo-European *grebʰ-, *gerbʰ- (“bunch, bundle, tuft, clump”), from *ger- (“to turn, twist”).

a wickerwork; crate; wooden trough; manger


skīdą

skīdą (nominative singular)
skīdō (nominative plural)
skīdą (singular vocative)
skīdō (plural vocative)
skīdą (accusative singular)
skīdō (accusative plural)
skīdas (genitive singular)
skīdis (genitive singular)
skīdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skīdai (dative singular)
skīdamaz (dative plural)
skīdō (instrumental singular)
skīdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skīd
Old English: sċīd
Middle English: schyd, chyde, scheyde, schide, schudde, schyde, schyyd, shide, shyde, syde, szhide, sid, scid (Early Middle English)
English: shide (obsolete)
Middle Scots: schide, schyde
Old Frisian: skīd
North Frisian: skeid
Old Saxon: *skīd
Middle Low German: schît
Old Dutch: *skīd
Middle Dutch: *schijt
Dutch: schijd (East Flemish)
→ French: skęt, hète; skète, équette
Old High German: skīt
Middle High German: schīt
German: Scheit
Luxembourgish: Schäit, Scheet

Old Norse: skíð
Icelandic: skíð
Faroese: skíð
Norwegian: skid, ski (see there for further descendants)
→ Danish: ski
Norwegian Bokmål: ski
Old Swedish: skīdh n; skīþa f
Swedish: skid; skida
→ Middle English: *skid
English: skid, skeed

From Proto-Indo-European *skey-tó-m, from *skey- (“to split”). Compare, in particular, Proto-Celtic *skeitos (“shield”), Proto-Slavic *ščítъ (“idem”).


kīmô

kīmô (nominative singular)
kīmaniz (nominative plural)
kīmô (singular vocative)
kīmaniz (plural vocative)
kīmanų (accusative singular)
kīmanunz (accusative plural)
kīminiz (genitive singular)
kīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kīmini (dative singular)
kīmammaz (dative plural)
kīminē (instrumental singular)
kīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kīmō; *kīm

Old Saxon: kīmo

Middle Low German: kîme, kîne

German Low German: Kiem, Kien

→ Middle Dutch: kieme

Dutch: kiem

→ West Frisian: kym, kjim

→ Saterland Frisian: Kien

Old Dutch: kīmo

Middle Dutch: kyme

Old High German: kīmo
Middle High German: kīme
German: Keim
Luxembourgish: Kéng

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéyH-mon-, related to *kīnaną (“to split open, germinate, sprout”).


bandiz

bandiz (nominative singular)
bandīz (nominative plural)
bandi (singular vocative)
bandīz (plural vocative)
bandį (accusative singular)
bandinz (accusative plural)
bandīz (genitive singular)
bandijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bandī (dative singular)
bandimaz (dative plural)
bandī (instrumental singular)
bandimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bænd, bend

Middle English: band, bande, bend, bond, boond, bonde, bound
English: band, bend, bond
Scots: band, bend

Old Frisian: bende

Saterland Frisian: Bend

Old Saxon: bendi

Frankish: *bend

Old Dutch: bende

→ Vulgar Latin: *benda

Italian: benda

Old French: bende, bande

Middle French: bande

French: bande
→ Portuguese: banda
→ Turkish: bant
→ Persian: باند (bând)

→ Middle English: bande

English: band

→ Middle Dutch: bende

Dutch: bende

→ Galician: banda

Occitan: benda

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese: venda

Portuguese: venda

Galician: venda

Spanish: venda

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie; bond, band”).


spurą

spurą (nominative singular)
spurō (nominative plural)
spurą (singular vocative)
spurō (plural vocative)
spurą (accusative singular)
spurō (accusative plural)
spuras (genitive singular)
spuris (genitive singular)
spurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spurai (dative singular)
spuramaz (dative plural)
spurō (instrumental singular)
spuramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spor
Middle English: spore, spurre

Old Frisian: *spor

Saterland Frisian: Spour, Spuur

West Frisian: spoar

Old Saxon: spor

Middle Low German: spōr

German Low German: Spoor

Plautdietsch: Spoor

Old Dutch: spor

Middle Dutch: spor, spoor

Dutch: spoor
Afrikaans: spoor
→ English: spoor
→ Fanagalo: spor
→ Zulu: sipolo
Jersey Dutch: spôr
Negerhollands: spoor
Petjo: sepoor
→ Caribbean Javanese: sepur
→ Indonesian: sepur (“railway track”)
→ Javanese: ꦱꦼꦥꦸꦂ (sepur)
→ Indonesian: sepur (“train”) (semantic loan)
→ Papiamentu: spor

Old High German: spor

Middle High German: spor, spur

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Spoer

German: Spur

Luxembourgish: Spuer

⇒ Alemannic German: Gespur

Old Norse: spor

Icelandic: spor

Faroese: spor

Norwegian: spor

Old Swedish: spor

Swedish: spår

Danish: spor

From Pre-Germanic *spr̥Hom, derived from or related to *spurnaną (“to kick”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to trample”).


rēdaz

rēdaz (nominative singular)
rēdōz (nominative plural)
rēdōs (nominative plural)
rēd (singular vocative)
rēdōz (plural vocative)
rēdōs (plural vocative)
rēdą (accusative singular)
rēdanz (accusative plural)
rēdas (genitive singular)
rēdis (genitive singular)
rēdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rēdai (dative singular)
rēdamaz (dative plural)
rēdō (instrumental singular)
rēdamiz (instrumental plural)
*rēdą (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rād m
Old English: rǣd, rēd — Anglian
Middle English: red, ræd, rede, reed
English: rede
Scots: rede
Old Frisian: rēd
Saterland Frisian: Räid
West Frisian: ried, rie
Old Saxon: rād
Middle Low German: rât
German Low German: Raad
Old Dutch: rāt
Middle Dutch: raet
Dutch: raad
Afrikaans: raad
Negerhollands: raad, raed
→ Aukan: lai
→ Caribbean Hindustani: rái
→ Indonesian: rad
Old High German: rāt
Middle High German: rāt
German: Rat
Luxembourgish: Rot
Yiddish: ראָט (rot)
→ Old Czech: rada
Czech: rada
→ Old Polish: rada, reda
Polish: rada
→ English: rada
→ Kashubian: rada
→ Slovincian: rada
Silesian: rada
→ Old East Slavic: ра́да (ráda)
Old Ruthenian: ра́да (ráda)
Belarusian: ра́да (ráda)
Ukrainian: ра́да (ráda)
Carpathian Rusyn: ра́да (ráda)
Russian: ра́да (ráda)

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ m (*radaʀ /*rādaʀ/)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ m (frawaradaʀ /Frawarādaʀ/, personal name)

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᛞᚨ n (*rada /*rāda/)

desctree

Old Norse: ráð n
Icelandic: ráð
Faroese: ráð
Norwegian Bokmål: råd
Jamtish: raoð
Old Swedish: rāþ
Swedish: råd
→ Estonian: raad
→ Finnish: raati
Old Danish: rath
Danish: råd
Old Gutnish: raþ

→ Proto-Samic: *rāδē (see there for further descendants)

East Germanic:

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰 (garēdaba)

Vandalic: *rith
→⇒? Galician: adrede
→⇒? Portuguese: adrede
→⇒? Spanish: adrede
→⇒? Vulgar Latin: *arredō
Portuguese: arrear
Spanish: arrear

Catalan: arreu

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréh₁dʰos, from *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange”). Synchronically analyzable as a nominal formation from *rēdaną (“to advise”).

etymon

*rēdaz


kaipaz

kaipaz (nominative singular)
kaipōz (nominative plural)
kaipōs (nominative plural)
kaip (singular vocative)
kaipōz (plural vocative)
kaipōs (plural vocative)
kaipą (accusative singular)
kaipanz (accusative plural)
kaipas (genitive singular)
kaipis (genitive singular)
kaipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaipai (dative singular)
kaipamaz (dative plural)
kaipō (instrumental singular)
kaipamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaip

Old Saxon: *kēp

Middle Low German: kêp

German Low German: Keep

→ Saterland Frisian: Keep

Old Dutch: *keip, *kēp

Middle Dutch: *keep, *kip

Dutch: keep, kip

→ West Frisian: keep

→ Middle English: *kippe

⇒ Middle English: kippehok

desctree

Old Norse: keipr
Icelandic: keipur
Faroese: keipur
Norwegian Bokmål: keip
Norwegian Nynorsk: keip, keipe

From *kip-, *kipp-, *kīp-, from Proto-Indo-European *gipn-, *gibʰn- (“to split”), from Proto-Indo-European *gey- (“to split; dodge sideways”); or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keypn-, *(s)keyp- (“to chip off, slice; a split piece, billet, stick”); or a conflation of both.


weþruz

weþruz (nominative singular)
wiþriwiz (nominative plural)
weþru (singular vocative)
wiþriwiz (plural vocative)
weþrų (accusative singular)
weþrunz (accusative plural)
weþrauz (genitive singular)
wiþriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþriwi (dative singular)
weþrumaz (dative plural)
weþrū (instrumental singular)
weþrumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *weþru
Old English: weþer
Middle English: wether, wethir, wedyr
English: wether, wedder (dialectal)
Scots: weddir, woddir, wadder
Old Frisian: *wether
Saterland Frisian: Weeder, Weer
West Frisian: wear
Old Saxon: wethar, withar
Middle Low German: weder, wedder
German Low German: Weer
Old Dutch: wither
Middle Dutch: wēder, weer
Dutch: weder, weer
Old High German: widar
Middle High German: wider
German: Widder
Luxembourgish: Widder
Yiddish: ווידער (vider)

Old Norse: veðr

Icelandic: veður

Faroese: veðrur, veður (rare)

Norwegian Bokmål: vær

Norwegian Nynorsk: vêr

Old Swedish: væþur

Swedish: vädur

Danish: væder, vædder

Gutnish: vädrä

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍃 (wiþrus)

→ Proto-Samic: *vierccë (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wétrus, from *wet- (“year”). Cognate with Latin vitulus (“calf”).


turnaz

turnaz (nominative singular)
turnōz (nominative plural)
turnōs (nominative plural)
turn (singular vocative)
turnōz (plural vocative)
turnōs (plural vocative)
turną (accusative singular)
turnanz (accusative plural)
turnas (genitive singular)
turnis (genitive singular)
turnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turnai (dative singular)
turnamaz (dative plural)
turnō (instrumental singular)
turnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *torn

Old English: torn

Old Frisian: torn

Saterland Frisian: Touden, Tudden

West Frisian: toarne

Old Saxon: torn

Middle Low German: torn, torne, tarn

Old Dutch: *torn

Middle Dutch: torn, toren, toorn

Dutch: toorn

Afrikaans: toorn

Old High German: zorn

Middle High German: zorn
Bavarian: Zorn, Zurn
German: Zorn
Luxembourgish: Zar
Yiddish: צאָרן (tsorn)

From Proto-Indo-European *dr̥-nós, from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to flay, split”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dьrnъ (“piece; toft”).


stōō

stōō (nominative singular)
stōôz (nominative plural)
stōō (singular vocative)
stōôz (plural vocative)
stōǭ (accusative singular)
stōōz (accusative plural)
stōōz (genitive singular)
stōǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōōi (dative singular)
stōōmaz (dative plural)
stōō (instrumental singular)
stōōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stōu
Old English: stōw
Middle English: stowe, stow
Scots: stow
English: stow
Old Frisian: stō
Old Saxon: *stōa, *stōwa
Middle Low German: stouw, stouwe
German Low German: Stau
→ German: Stau
Old Dutch: *stōa, *stuoa
Middle Dutch: stouwe, *stoe, *stouw
Dutch: stuw, stouw
Old High German: *stuoa
⇒ Old High German: stuotago

Old Norse: stó

Icelandic: stó

Norwegian: sto

Old Swedish: stō (in compounds)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 (staua)

From Proto-Indo-European *stoh₂w-éh₂, from *steh₂- (“to stand, place, put”).


haupaz

haupaz (nominative singular)
haupōz (nominative plural)
haupōs (nominative plural)
haup (singular vocative)
haupōz (plural vocative)
haupōs (plural vocative)
haupą (accusative singular)
haupanz (accusative plural)
haupas (genitive singular)
haupis (genitive singular)
haupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haupai (dative singular)
haupamaz (dative plural)
haupō (instrumental singular)
haupamiz (instrumental plural)
*hūpô (alternative)
*hūfô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *haup
Old English: hēap
Middle English: hepe, heep
English: heap
Scots: hepe, heip
Old Frisian: hāp
Saterland Frisian: Hoop
West Frisian: heap
Old Saxon: hōp
Middle Low German: hôp
German Low German: Hoop
→ Old Norse: hópr
Icelandic: hópur
Faroese: hópur
Norwegian: hop
Danish: hob
Swedish: hop
Old Dutch: *hōp
Middle Dutch: hôop
Dutch: hoop
Afrikaans: hoop
Limburgish: houp
Old High German: houf
Middle High German: houf
German: Haufen (merged with *hūpô)
→ Old French: houpe
Middle French: houppe
French: houppe

From earlier *hauppaz, reflecting pre-Germanic *kouHp-nó- or *keh₂up-nó-, probably part of an ablauting n-stem paradigm *haufô ~ *huppaz, from which *hūpô also split off; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂wp- (“heap, pile”), a stem of unusual formation. Related to Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬊𐬟𐬀 (kaofa, “mountain, hump”), Old Irish cúan (“pile”), Lithuanian kaũpas (“heap”), Proto-Slavic *kupъ (“heap”).


kinþą

kinþą (nominative singular)
kinþō (nominative plural)
kinþą (singular vocative)
kinþō (plural vocative)
kinþą (accusative singular)
kinþō (accusative plural)
kinþas (genitive singular)
kinþis (genitive singular)
kinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kinþai (dative singular)
kinþamaz (dative plural)
kinþō (instrumental singular)
kinþamiz (instrumental plural)
*kindą (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kind
Old Frisian: kind
Old Saxon: kind
Middle Low German: kint
Low German: Kind
Dutch Low Saxon: kind, kiend, keend
German Low German: Kind
→ Old Frisian: kind
West Frisian: kyn
Old Dutch: kind, kint
Middle Dutch: kint
Dutch: kind
Afrikaans: kind
Jersey Dutch: känt
Negerhollands: kind, kint, kin, ken
Skepi Creole Dutch: kente, kinte
Limburgish: kindj
Old High German: kind, kint, chind, chint
Middle High German: kind, kint
Alemannic German: Chind
Swabian: Kend
Vorarlbergerisch: Kiand
Walser: Chend
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khinn
Viennese: Kind
Central Franconian: Kend, Kenk
Eifelisch: King, Kond, Könd
Hunsrik: Kind
Kölsch: Kind
Luxembourgish: Kand
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: [kʰɪnt]
Vilamovian: kynd
German: Kind
→? Italian: citto
Rhine Franconian: Kind, Kend, Keend, Kenn, Kinn
Frankfurterisch: [kʰint]
Pennsylvania German: Kind
Yiddish: קינד (kind)

Gothic: *𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌳 (*kind) (adduced from personal names)

⇒ Old High German: Cendamirus

⇒ Old High German: Censindus

⇒ Old High German: Cindaswinth

⇒ Old High German: Cintila

From Pre-Germanic *ǵénh₁tom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to bear, give birth”).


gōmô

gōmô (nominative singular)
gōmaniz (nominative plural)
gōmô (singular vocative)
gōmaniz (plural vocative)
gōmanų (accusative singular)
gōmanunz (accusative plural)
gōminiz (genitive singular)
gōmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gōmini (dative singular)
gōmammaz (dative plural)
gōminē (instrumental singular)
gōmammiz (instrumental plural)
*gaumô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *gōmō

desctree

Old English: gōma
Middle English: gome, goome, gomme, gumme
English: gum, goom (dialectal)
Scots: goom, geem, gum

Old Saxon: *gōmo

Middle Low German: gume

Low German: gume

Old High German: guomo

Middle High German: guome, guom

Luxembourgish: Gumm

Yiddish: גומען (gumen)

Old Norse: gómr, gómi

Icelandic: gómur

Faroese: gómur, gómi

Norwegian: gom, gomme

Old Swedish: gōme m, gōma f

Swedish: gom m, gomme m, goma f

Old Danish: gomæn (attested in definite form only)

Middle Danish: gomæ

Danish: gum, gumme

→ Proto-Samic: *kuomē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂- (“to yawn, gape”) via a -w- extension. Early Germanic -ōw- developed into -ō- only in open syllables, being shortened to -au- in closed syllables, resulting in the oblique form *gaumn-, whence the Old High German variant. Related to Lithuanian gomurỹs (“palate”).


þragilaz

þragilaz (nominative singular)
þragilōz (nominative plural)
þragilōs (nominative plural)
þragil (singular vocative)
þragilōz (plural vocative)
þragilōs (plural vocative)
þragilą (accusative singular)
þragilanz (accusative plural)
þragilas (genitive singular)
þragilis (genitive singular)
þragilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þragilai (dative singular)
þragilamaz (dative plural)
þragilō (instrumental singular)
þragilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: thragil, *thregil

Middle Low German: dravel, drevel; drelle (< Old Norse?)

→ Dutch: drel, trel (?)

desc

Old High German: dregil, drigil, trigil, trikil

desctree

Old Norse: þræll
Icelandic: þræll m
Faroese: trælur m, trællur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: træl m; (dialectal) trædl m, trel m
Old Swedish: þræl
Swedish: träl c or m
Old Danish: thræl
Danish: træl c
Norwegian Bokmål: trell m
Old Gutnish: þrel
→ Irish: tráill
→ Middle Low German: drelle
→ Old English: þrǣl m
Middle English: thral, tharll, therll, thrall, thralle, threll, þral, þrall, þralle, þrel, ðral, þreal, þreall (Early Middle English)
English: thrall
Scots: thirl
→ Scottish Gaelic: tràill


hrīmô

hrīmô (nominative singular)
hrīmaniz (nominative plural)
hrīmô (singular vocative)
hrīmaniz (plural vocative)
hrīmanų (accusative singular)
hrīpunz (accusative plural)
hrīpaz (genitive singular)
hrīpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīmini (dative singular)
hrīmummaz (dative plural)
hrīpē (instrumental singular)
hrīmummiz (instrumental plural)
*hrīmą (alternative Germanic North)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīm
Old English: hrīm
Middle English: rime, ryme
Scots: ryme, rime
English: rime
Old Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)
Old Dutch: *rīm
Middle Dutch: rijm
Dutch: rijm
Old High German: *hrīm, *rīm
Middle High German: rīm
Bavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)
⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)
→ Old French: frime; frimas
Middle French: frimas
French: frimas

Old Norse: hrím n

Danish: rim

Icelandic: hrím

Faroese: rím

Norwegian: rim

Swedish: rim

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīpō
Old Frisian: *hrīpa
Saterland Frisian: Riep
Old Saxon: *hrīpo
Middle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe
Old Dutch: *rīpo
Middle Dutch: ripe
Dutch: rijp
Afrikaans: ryp
Old High German: rīfo
Middle High German: rīfe, rīf
German: Reif

→? Proto-Finnic: *riip-

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *riittädäk (< *riip-tä-?)

Finnish: riittää

According to Kroonen, the nominative stem originally had a root-final -f, which was lost before the m of the mn-stem endings. This in turn stems from an older root-final -p. In the oblique stems, however, the m was lost instead, making the resulting -pn- cluster vulnerable to Kluge's law, which transformed it into a geminate -pp-. This geminate was then shortened due to a heavy long-vowel syllable preceding it.
Pokorny derived this from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”). Kroonen instead reconstructs a root *kreyp-.


rastō

rastō (nominative singular)
rastôz (nominative plural)
rastō (singular vocative)
rastôz (plural vocative)
rastǭ (accusative singular)
rastōz (accusative plural)
rastōz (genitive singular)
rastǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rastōi (dative singular)
rastōmaz (dative plural)
rastō (instrumental singular)
rastōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rastu
Old English: ræst, rest
Middle English: reste, rest
Scots: rest
English: rest
Old Frisian: *raste, *reste
Saterland Frisian: Rääst, Räst
West Frisian: rêst
⇒ Old Frisian: rastelik, restelik
⇒ Old Frisian: restene
Old Saxon: rasta, resta
Middle Low German: raste, reste
Old Dutch: *rasta, *resta
Middle Dutch: raste, reste, (with metathesis) erste
Dutch: rast, ras (dialectal)
Old High German: rasta
Middle High German: raste, reste
German: Rast
Luxembourgish: Rascht

Old Norse: rǫst

Icelandic: röst

Norwegian Nynorsk: rost, rast

Old Swedish: rast, rost

Swedish: rast

Danish: rast

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰 (rasta)

According to Kroonen, from the same root as *rēsōną (“to rush”) and *rēsō (“running, course, rush”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hre(h₁)s- (“to flow, rush”) + *-teh₂. Alternatively compared to the root *h₁er(h₁)- (“to rest”), though Kroonen does not favor this latter theory.


gaidō

gaidō (nominative singular)
gaidôz (nominative plural)
gaidō (singular vocative)
gaidôz (plural vocative)
gaidǭ (accusative singular)
gaidōz (accusative plural)
gaidōz (genitive singular)
gaidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaidōi (dative singular)
gaidōmaz (dative plural)
gaidō (instrumental singular)
gaidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: gād

desctree

Middle English: gode, goode, goude, gwode (all late)
English: goad
Scots: gad, gade, gaid

Langobardic: *gaida

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (*gaida) (possibly in personal names)

q

→ Finnish: kaita (possibly, or loaned from a related term)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, hurl, fling; missile, projectile”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेति (heti, “missile, projectile”).


hrīmą

hrīmą (nominative singular)
hrīmō (nominative plural)
hrīmą (singular vocative)
hrīmō (plural vocative)
hrīmą (accusative singular)
hrīmō (accusative plural)
hrīmas (genitive singular)
hrīmis (genitive singular)
hrīmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīmai (dative singular)
hrīmamaz (dative plural)
hrīmō (instrumental singular)
hrīmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hrím

Icelandic: hrím

Faroese: rím

Norwegian: rim

Swedish: rim

Danish: rim

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak, graze, touch”).

der

(North Germanic form of *hrīmô): frost, hoarfrost


burþiz

burþiz (nominative singular)
burþīz (nominative plural)
burþi (singular vocative)
burþīz (plural vocative)
burþį (accusative singular)
burþīnz (accusative plural)
burdīz (genitive singular)
burdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burdī (dative singular)
burdimaz (dative plural)
burdī (instrumental singular)
burdimiz (instrumental plural)
*burdiz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *burþi
Old English: beorþ, berþ, byrþ, byrd
Middle English: birth, byrth, birthe, byrthe;  beard (“bearing, conduct”), bærde
English: birth
Scots: birth
Old Frisian: berde, berd, berthe (“birth, fruit”)
Saterland Frisian: Bäide
West Frisian: berte
Old Saxon: *burd
Middle Low German: bord, bōrt
German Low German: Boort
Old Dutch: *burt
Middle Dutch: boort, boorte
Dutch: boorte
Old High German: burt (“shape, being, birth”)
Middle High German: burt
German: Burt

Old Norse: *byrðr, burðr
Icelandic: burður
Faroese: burður
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: byrd
Norwegian Nynorsk: burd
Old Swedish: byrþ, byrþe, biurdh, børdh, ᛒᛦᚱᚦ
Swedish: börda
Danish: byrd
Old Gutnish: byrþ

From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis, from *bʰer- (“to bear”). Equivalent to *beraną + *-þiz. Compare Sanskrit भृति (bhṛti, “bearing”).


brunnô

brunnô (nominative singular)
brunnaniz (nominative plural)
brunnô (singular vocative)
brunnaniz (plural vocative)
brunnanų (accusative singular)
brunnanunz (accusative plural)
brunniniz (genitive singular)
brunnanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunnini (dative singular)
brunnammaz (dative plural)
brunninē (instrumental singular)
brunnammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brunnō
Old English: burna
Middle English: burne, bourne
English: bourn, burn
Scots: burn
Old Frisian: burna
West Frisian: bearne, boarne
Old Saxon: brunno, borno
Middle Low German: borne, born
Low German: Born
→ German: Born
Old Dutch: brunno
Middle Dutch: borne
Dutch: bron
Afrikaans: bron
Old High German: brunno
Middle High German: brunne
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: prunn
Mòcheno: prunn
Central Franconian:
Luxembourgish: Buer, Bur
Hunsrik: Brunne
German: Brunnen (Bronnen, Brunne, Bronne, Brunn)
Rhine Franconian: Brunne
Yiddish: ברונעם (brunem), ברונע (brune), ברונען (brunen)

Old Norse: brunnr, bruðr
Icelandic: brunnur
Faroese: brunnur, bruður
Norwegian Nynorsk: brunn
Old Swedish: brunder, brynder
Swedish: brunn
Danish: brønd
Norwegian Bokmål: brønn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: brønn
Scanian: brønn
→ Scots: broonie; brin

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰 (brunna)

Crimean Gothic: brunna

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₁wr̥ (“a bubbling forth; a fountain, wellspring, source”), from the root *bʰrew- (“to well up, bubble, seethe”), perhaps from *bʰer- (“to well up”).


sweruz

sweruz (nominative singular)
swiriwiz (nominative plural)
sweru (singular vocative)
swiriwiz (plural vocative)
swerų (accusative singular)
swerunz (accusative plural)
swerauz (genitive singular)
swiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swiriwi (dative singular)
swerumaz (dative plural)
swerū (instrumental singular)
swerumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sweor, swier, swyr; sweora, swira, swyra, swura

Middle English: sweor

Old High German: *swiri, *swir (found in derivative swirōn (verb)); *swiro

Middle High German: swir

Alemannic German: Schwiren

Bavarian: Schwirren

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“stick, pole”).


murginaz

murginaz (nominative singular)
murginōz (nominative plural)
murginōs (nominative plural)
murgin (singular vocative)
murginōz (plural vocative)
murginōs (plural vocative)
murginą (accusative singular)
murginanz (accusative plural)
murginas (genitive singular)
murginis (genitive singular)
murginǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murginai (dative singular)
murginamaz (dative plural)
murginō (instrumental singular)
murginamiz (instrumental plural)
*murganaz (alternative)
*murgunaz (alternative)
*marganaz (alternative)
*marginaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *morgin, *morgan
Old English: morgen, margen — Mercian, merġen, mergen, meriġen, merien, myrġen
Middle English: morwe, morȝen, morwen, morn
English: morrow; morn
Scots: morrow, morra; morn
Old Frisian: morgen, mergen, morn, mern
North Frisian: miern
Saterland Frisian: Mäiden
West Frisian: moarn
Old Saxon: morgan
Middle Low German: morgen
German Low German: Mörgen
German Low German: Morgen, Morrn
Dutch Low Saxon: morgen, morren
Old Dutch: morgan, *margan, *mergin
Middle Dutch: morgen, morghen, margen, marghen, mergen
Dutch: morgen, mogge, mogguh (eye dialect)
Afrikaans: môre
Jersey Dutch: mârxje, mârxe, mârge
Negerhollands: morg, moruk, morgen
→ Virgin Islands Creole: morek (dated)
Petjo: morhen
Old High German: morgan, morcan
Middle High German: morgen, morn
Alemannic German: moorn, moore (Glarus, Uri, Unterwalden), mooru (Valais), moore
Alsatian: Müggen
Swabian: Morga, Moriga
Walser: morge
Bavarian: Morgen, Muagn, Muang
Cimbrian: mòrng, morgan, mòrgont
Mòcheno: morng
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meuend
Luxembourgish: Mueren, Moien
German: Morgen
→ English: morgen
→ Polish: morga, mórg
Hessian: Mojje
Vilamovian: miügia
Yiddish: מאָרגן (morgn)

Old Norse: morginn, morgunn, merginn, myrginn, myrgunn
Icelandic: morgunn
Faroese: morgun
Norwegian Nynorsk: morgon
Jamtish: morgę
Elfdalian: morgun
Old Swedish: morghin, morghon, morghan
Swedish: morgon
Old Danish: morghæn, morwæn
Danish: morgen
Norwegian Bokmål: morgen
Scanian: marğen
Gutnish: mårgen, mårren

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (maurgins)

→ Proto-Finnic: *murkina

From Proto-Indo-European *merkʷ- (“to flicker, twinkle, darken”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to flicker, twinkle”). Cognate with Lithuanian mérkti (“to wink”), Russian мрак (mrak, “gloom, darkness, shadow”), Sanskrit मर्क (marká, “solar eclipse”).


murgnagebō

murgnagebō (nominative singular)
murgnagebôz (nominative plural)
murgnagebō (singular vocative)
murgnagebôz (plural vocative)
murgnagebǭ (accusative singular)
murgnagebōz (accusative plural)
murgnagebōz (genitive singular)
murgnagebǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murgnagebōi (dative singular)
murgnagebōmaz (dative plural)
murgnagebō (instrumental singular)
murgnagebōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *morgnagebu, *morgnagēbǭ

Old English: morgenġiefu, morgenġifu

Middle English: morgengive, morhȝive, marheȝive

Scots: morning-gift

English: morning gift

Old Saxon: *morgangeva, *morgangāva

Middle Low German: morgengâve

Low German: Morgengaav

→ Old Swedish: morghongava

Swedish: morgongåva

Old Dutch: *morgangeva, *morgangāva

Middle Dutch: morgengave

Dutch: morgengave

Old High German: morgangeba, *morgangāba, (Lombardic) morgingab

Middle High German: morgengābe

German: Morgengabe

desctree

Old Norse: morgingjǫf, morgungjǫf
Icelandic: morgungjöf
Old Swedish: morghongāva, morghongæf, morghongiæf, ᛘᚮᚱᚵᚼᚮᚿᚵᛆᚠᛆ (-giæf is native, -gāva from Low German)
Swedish: morgongåva

→ Latin: morganāticus

→ English: morganatic

→ French: morganatique

→ German: morganatisch

→ Ido: morganatika

→ Italian: morganatico

→ Portuguese: morganático

desc

морганати́ческий

→ Russian: морганати́ческий (morganatíčeskij)

→ Spanish: morganático

морганати́чний

→ Ukrainian: морганати́чний (morhanatýčnyj)

From *murginaz (“morning”) + *gebō (“gift”).


hweraz

hweraz (nominative singular)
hwerōz (nominative plural)
hwerōs (nominative plural)
hwer (singular vocative)
hwerōz (plural vocative)
hwerōs (plural vocative)
hwerą (accusative singular)
hweranz (accusative plural)
hweras (genitive singular)
hwiris (genitive singular)
hwerǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwerai (dative singular)
hweramaz (dative plural)
hwerō (instrumental singular)
hweramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwer
Old English: hwer
Middle English: hwer, wher
Old High German: hwer, wer

Old Norse: hverr

Icelandic: hver

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-, *kʷern- (“bowl, vessel”). Cognate with Welsh pair (“cauldron”), Old Irish coire (“kettle”), Russian ча́ра (čára, “bowl”), Sanskrit चरु (carú, “bowl”).


hūnaz

hūnaz (nominative singular)
hūnōz (nominative plural)
hūnōs (nominative plural)
hūn (singular vocative)
hūnōz (plural vocative)
hūnōs (plural vocative)
hūną (accusative singular)
hūnanz (accusative plural)
hūnas (genitive singular)
hūnis (genitive singular)
hūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūnai (dative singular)
hūnamaz (dative plural)
hūnō (instrumental singular)
hūnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hūn (attested in derivatives and personal names: Hūnbald, Ælfhūn, etc.)

Middle English: hun, hune, houn, hownde (also possibly from Old Norse)

Scots: hun, hune, huin

English: hune, hound

⇒ Old English: sċealdhūn

Old Dutch: *hūn

Middle Dutch: hūn, hūne

Dutch: huin

Old High German: Hūn- (in personal names)

Alsatian: hünsch

Old Norse: húnn

Icelandic: húnn

Norwegian: hun

Old Swedish: hūn

→ Old French: hune

Middle French: hune

French: hune

Vandalic: *hūna- (in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱūnós (“swollen”), whence also Sanskrit शुन (śuná, “thriving”), from an n-stem or heteroclitic r/n-stem derived from the root *ḱewh₁-, *ḱweh₁- (“to swell, spread out, enlarge, be strong”). Further cognate with Lithuanian šūsnis (“stack, pile, heap”), Latin inciēns (“with child, pregnant”).


banō

banō (nominative singular)
banôz (nominative plural)
banō (singular vocative)
banôz (plural vocative)
banǭ (accusative singular)
banōz (accusative plural)
banōz (genitive singular)
banǫ̂ (genitive plural)
banōi (dative singular)
banōmaz (dative plural)
banō (instrumental singular)
banōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *banu

Old Frisian: *bane

Saterland Frisian: Boan

West Frisian: baan

Old Saxon: *bana

Middle Low German: bāne

German Low German: Bahn

→ Danish: bane

→ Norwegian: bane

→ Swedish: bana

Old Dutch: *bana

Middle Dutch: bāne
Dutch: baan
Afrikaans: baan
→ Indonesian: ban
Limburgish: baan

Old High German: *bana

Middle High German: bane, ban

Bavarian: Båhn

Cimbrian: pån

German: Bahn

Luxembourgish: Bunn

Yiddish: באַן (ban)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰon-eh₂, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”).