stautiz

stautiz (nominative singular)
stautīz (nominative plural)
stauti (singular vocative)
stautīz (plural vocative)
stautį (accusative singular)
stautinz (accusative plural)
stautīz (genitive singular)
stautijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stautī (dative singular)
stautimaz (dative plural)
stautī (instrumental singular)
stautimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stauti
Old Frisian: stêt
Old Saxon: *stōt
Middle Low German: stôt
Old Dutch: *stōt
Middle Dutch: stôot
Dutch: stoot
Afrikaans: stoot
Old High German: stōz
Middle High German: stōz
German: Stoß

Old Norse: steytr

Icelandic: steytur

Faroese: stoytur

Norwegian Nynorsk: støyt

Norwegian Bokmål: støt, støyt

Swedish: stöt

Danish: stød

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to push, to hit”).


waiþiz

waiþiz (nominative singular)
waiþīz (nominative plural)
waiþi (singular vocative)
waiþīz (plural vocative)
waiþį (accusative singular)
waiþinz (accusative plural)
waiþīz (genitive singular)
waiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiþī (dative singular)
waiþimaz (dative plural)
waiþī (instrumental singular)
waiþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: veiði

Icelandic: veiði

Norwegian Nynorsk: veide

From Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to desire; move toward; pursue”).


daliþō

daliþō (nominative singular)
daliþôz (nominative plural)
daliþō (singular vocative)
daliþôz (plural vocative)
daliþǭ (accusative singular)
daliþōz (accusative plural)
daliþōz (genitive singular)
daliþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daliþōi (dative singular)
daliþōmaz (dative plural)
daliþō (instrumental singular)
daliþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: dæld

Icelandic: dæld

Faroese: deld

Danish: dæl

Norwegian Nynorsk: deld

Swedish: däld


helþaz

helþaz (nominative singular)
helþōz (nominative plural)
helþōs (nominative plural)
helþ (singular vocative)
helþōz (plural vocative)
helþōs (plural vocative)
helþą (accusative singular)
helþanz (accusative plural)
helþas (genitive singular)
hilþis (genitive singular)
helþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
helþai (dative singular)
helþamaz (dative plural)
helþō (instrumental singular)
helþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *helþu

Old Saxon: *hiltha

Middle Low German: hilde

Old Norse: hjallr

Icelandic: hjallur

Faroese: hjallur

Swedish: hjälle

Norwegian: hjell

Danish: hjald

Nominal formation related to *helaną (“to hide, conceal”).


hulwiją

hulwiją (nominative singular)
hulwijō (nominative plural)
hulwiją (singular vocative)
hulwijō (plural vocative)
hulwiją (accusative singular)
hulwijō (accusative plural)
hulwijas (genitive singular)
hulwīs (genitive singular)
hulwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulwijai (dative singular)
hulwijamaz (dative plural)
hulwijō (instrumental singular)
hulwijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hulwī

Old English: holh

Middle English: holgh

English: hollow

Old High German: huliwa, hulia f

Middle High German: hülwe, hulwe

desctree

Old Norse: hylr m
Icelandic: hylur
Faroese: hylur
Norwegian: høl, hyl
Danish: hyl, høl

From *hulaz, *hulhwaz (“hollow”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to tend, lean, incline, bend, tip”).


hrunkǭ

hrunkǭ (nominative singular)
hrunkōniz (nominative plural)
hrunkǭ (singular vocative)
hrunkōniz (plural vocative)
hrunkōnų (accusative singular)
hrunkōnunz (accusative plural)
hrunkōniz (genitive singular)
hrunkōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrunkōni (dative singular)
hrunkōmaz (dative plural)
hrunkōnē (instrumental singular)
hrunkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrunkā

Old High German: *runka

Middle High German: runke

German: Runke

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hrunkiju

→ Old French: fronce, fronche

Middle French: fronce

French: fronce

Old Norse: hrukka, *hrunka

Icelandic: hrukka

Faroese: rukka

Norwegian Nynorsk: rukka

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: rukla

⇒ Old Swedish: rynkia

⇒ Danish: runken (adjective)

→⇒ Middle English: runkel

English: runkle

Scots: runkil, runkill, runkle

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, curve, turn”).


kudilǭ

kudilǭ (nominative singular)
kudilōniz (nominative plural)
kudilǭ (singular vocative)
kudilōniz (plural vocative)
kudilōnų (accusative singular)
kudilōnunz (accusative plural)
kudilōniz (genitive singular)
kudilōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kudilōni (dative singular)
kudilōmaz (dative plural)
kudilōnē (instrumental singular)
kudilōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kudilā
Old English: cudele
Middle English: codulle, codel, codul, cotul, cutyl, cothell
English: cuttle
⇒ English: cuttlefish

Old Norse: *koðla

Norwegian Bokmål: kaule (or borrowed from Middle Low German)

Perhaps from *kuddô (“bag, sack”) + *-ilǭ (plant and animal suffix).


aþuliją

aþuliją (nominative singular)
aþulijō (nominative plural)
aþuliją (singular vocative)
aþulijō (plural vocative)
aþuliją (accusative singular)
aþulijō (accusative plural)
aþulijas (genitive singular)
aþulīs (genitive singular)
aþulijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþulijai (dative singular)
aþulijamaz (dative plural)
aþulijō (instrumental singular)
aþulijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: aðili, aðilja, eðli, ǫðli

Icelandic: aðili, aðilja, eðli, öðli

Related to *aþalą (“nature; nobility, race”).


blasį̄

blasį̄ (nominative singular)
blasīniz (nominative plural)
blasį̄ (singular vocative)
blasīniz (plural vocative)
blasīnų (accusative singular)
blasīnunz (accusative plural)
blasīniz (genitive singular)
blasīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blasīni (dative singular)
blasīmaz (dative plural)
blasīnē (instrumental singular)
blasīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blasī
Old Frisian: *blase, *blese
Saterland Frisian: Blässe, Bläs
West Frisian: blês m or f
Old Saxon: *blasi
Middle Low German: blesse, bles
German Low German: Blesse, Bless
Old Dutch: *blasi
Middle Dutch: blasse, bles
Dutch: bles
Afrikaans: bles
Old High German: *blasī, *blasi
Middle High German: blasse
German: (archaic) Blasse, Blesse

Old Norse: blesi

Icelandic: blesi

Danish: blis

Norwegian Bokmål: bles

Norwegian Nynorsk: bles

Swedish: bläs

→? English: blaze

blaze, white marking on the forehead (of animals, esp. horses)


warginī

warginī (nominative singular)
warginjôz (nominative plural)
warginī (singular vocative)
warginjôz (plural vocative)
warginjǭ (accusative singular)
warginjōz (accusative plural)
warginjōz (genitive singular)
warginjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warginjōi (dative singular)
warginjōmaz (dative plural)
warginjō (instrumental singular)
warginjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wargini
Old English: wierġen

Old Norse: vargynja

Icelandic: vargynja


sigiþiz

sigiþiz (nominative singular)
sigiþīz (nominative plural)
sigiþi (singular vocative)
sigiþīz (plural vocative)
sigiþį (accusative singular)
sigiþinz (accusative plural)
sigiþīz (genitive singular)
sigiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sigiþī (dative singular)
sigiþimaz (dative plural)
sigiþī (instrumental singular)
sigiþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sigiþī, *sigþī (late)
Old English: sigþe, sigdi, sīþe m
Middle English: sithe, sythe
English: scythe
Scots: sithe, scythe
Old Frisian: *sichte, *sīthe
Saterland Frisian: Sied m
West Frisian: sichte
Old Saxon: *sigitha, *sigtha, *sihta
Middle Low German: sigde, sichte, segede, sicht f
German Low German: Sichte, Sicht
Old Dutch: *sigitha, *sigtha, *sihta
Middle Dutch: sichte f
Dutch: zicht
→ West Frisian: zicht

Old Norse: sigðr; sigðir (“sword”)

Icelandic: sigður

Norwegian Nynorsk: sigd

Likely a nominal formation from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), and related to *sagō (“saw”).


sehwǭ

sehwǭ (nominative singular)
sehwōniz (nominative plural)
sehwǭ (singular vocative)
sehwōniz (plural vocative)
sehwōnų (accusative singular)
sehwōnunz (accusative plural)
sehwōniz (genitive singular)
sehwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sehwōni (dative singular)
sehwōmaz (dative plural)
sehwōnē (instrumental singular)
sehwōmiz (instrumental plural)
*sehwō (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *sehwā, *sehwō m
Old English: sēo, sēa, sīo f or m
Middle English: seo
Old Frisian: siā m
Old Saxon: seha f; seho, sio m
Old Saxon: seho, sio m
Old Dutch: sia
Middle Dutch: sie
Old High German: seha f; seho, sīo m
Middle High German: sëhe f
German: Sehe f

Old Norse: *sjá

⇒ Old Norse: ásjá

Icelandic: ásjá

⇒ Old Norse: skuggsjá

⇒ Old Norse: umsjá

Icelandic: umsjá

From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to see, notice”).


laubō

laubō (nominative singular)
laubôz (nominative plural)
laubō (singular vocative)
laubôz (plural vocative)
laubǭ (accusative singular)
laubōz (accusative plural)
laubōz (genitive singular)
laubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laubōi (dative singular)
laubōmaz (dative plural)
laubō (instrumental singular)
laubōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laubu
Old English: lēaf
Middle English: lefe, leve
Scots: leve, leiv
English: leave
Old Frisian: *lāve
Saterland Frisian: Loofe, Loouwe, Looche
West Frisian: leafe
Old Saxon: *lōva
Middle Low German: *lôve
German Low German: Loov
Old Dutch: *lōva
Middle Dutch: *lôve
Dutch: love
Old High German: *louba
Middle High German:
German: Laube

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to desire, covet; praise, admire; love”). Related to *lubą (“praise”).


kwēþiją

kwēþiją (nominative singular)
kwēþijō (nominative plural)
kwēþiją (singular vocative)
kwēþijō (plural vocative)
kwēþiją (accusative singular)
kwēþijō (accusative plural)
kwēþijas (genitive singular)
kwēþīs (genitive singular)
kwēþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwēþijai (dative singular)
kwēþijamaz (dative plural)
kwēþijō (instrumental singular)
kwēþijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kvæði

Icelandic: kvæði

Faroese: kvæði

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvæde

Old Swedish: kvǣde, kvǣde

Swedish: kväde

Derived from *kweþaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“to say”)


raihą

raihą (nominative singular)
raihō (nominative plural)
raihą (singular vocative)
raihō (plural vocative)
raihą (accusative singular)
raihō (accusative plural)
raihas (genitive singular)
raihis (genitive singular)
raihǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raihai (dative singular)
raihamaz (dative plural)
raihō (instrumental singular)
raihamiz (instrumental plural)


hersô

hersô (nominative singular)
hersōnō (nominative plural)
hersô (singular vocative)
hersōnō (plural vocative)
hersô (accusative singular)
hersōnō (accusative plural)
hirsiniz (genitive singular)
hersanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirsini (dative singular)
hersammaz (dative plural)
hirsinē (instrumental singular)
hersammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: hjarsi, hjassi
Icelandic: hjarsi, hjassi
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjasse
Swedish: hjässa
Old Danish: jassæ, jæssæ, jessæ, issæ
Danish: isse
Norwegian Bokmål: isse
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: isse

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱérh₂sō (“top of the head/skull”), from the root *ḱerh₂s- (“head”).


herznô

herznô (nominative singular)
herznaniz (nominative plural)
herznô (singular vocative)
herznaniz (plural vocative)
herznanų (accusative singular)
herznanunz (accusative plural)
hirzniniz (genitive singular)
herznanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirznini (dative singular)
herznammaz (dative plural)
hirzninē (instrumental singular)
herznammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: hjarni
Icelandic: hjarni
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjerne
Elfdalian: ienne
Old Swedish: hiærne
Swedish: hjärna (from oblique)
Danish: hjerne
Norwegian Bokmål: hjerne
Gutnish: hjänne, hjärni

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂s- (“head”).


raubō

raubō (nominative singular)
raubôz (nominative plural)
raubō (singular vocative)
raubôz (plural vocative)
raubǭ (accusative singular)
raubōz (accusative plural)
raubōz (genitive singular)
raubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raubōi (dative singular)
raubōmaz (dative plural)
raubō (instrumental singular)
raubōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raubu

Old High German: rauba

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᚢᛒᚢ (*raubu)

Old Norse: rauf, rof
Icelandic: rauf
Faroese: reyv
Norwegian Nynorsk: ræv, rauv
Norwegian Bokmål: ræv
Swedish: röv
Danish: røv

From *reufaną (“to tear”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to peel; tear; strip”).


tanhwą

tanhwą (nominative singular)
tanhwō (nominative plural)
tanhwą (singular vocative)
tanhwō (plural vocative)
tanhwą (accusative singular)
tanhwō (accusative plural)
tanhwas (genitive singular)
tanhwis (genitive singular)
tanhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tanhwai (dative singular)
tanhwamaz (dative plural)
tanhwō (instrumental singular)
tanhwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: tá
Icelandic: tá
Norwegian Nynorsk: tåg
Old Swedish: tā, ⇒ fortā
Swedish: tå (dialectal)
⇒ Old Danish: fortā, fortæ
Danish: forte
Danish: fortov
Norwegian Bokmål: fortau (also from a dialectal form of fortåg)

→ Finnish: tanhua


tanhwō

tanhwō (nominative singular)
tanhwôz (nominative plural)
tanhwō (singular vocative)
tanhwôz (plural vocative)
tanhwǭ (accusative singular)
tanhwōz (accusative plural)
tanhwōz (genitive singular)
tanhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tanhwōi (dative singular)
tanhwōmaz (dative plural)
tanhwō (instrumental singular)
tanhwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Norse: tó (“grassy spot among cliffs”)

Icelandic: tó

Faroese: tó

Norwegian Nynorsk: to

Swedish: to (“valley”) (dialectal)


sebunstirniją

sebunstirniją (nominative singular)
sebunstirnijō (nominative plural)
sebunstirniją (singular vocative)
sebunstirnijō (plural vocative)
sebunstirniją (accusative singular)
sebunstirnijō (accusative plural)
sebunstirnijas (genitive singular)
sebunstirnīs (genitive singular)
sebunstirnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sebunstirnijai (dative singular)
sebunstirnijamaz (dative plural)
sebunstirnijō (instrumental singular)
sebunstirnijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sebunstirnī, *sebunstirrī
Old English: seofonstierre
Old Frisian: *sogenstēre, *savenstēre
Saterland Frisian: Soogengestiern (influenced by or possibly borrowed from German)
West Frisian: sânstjer
Old Saxon: *sivunstirni, *sivunstirri
Middle Low German: sēvenstērne, sȫvenstērne; sēvensterre
Old Dutch: *sivonstirni, *sivonstirri
Middle Dutch: sēvensterre
Dutch: zevenster (now rare)
Old High German: sibunstirni, sibunstirri; sibunstern
Middle High German: sibenstërne
German: Siebenstern, Siebengestirn

Old Norse: sjaustirni

Icelandic: sjöstirni

Norwegian Nynorsk: Sjustjerna


gulbą

gulbą (nominative singular)
gulbō (nominative plural)
gulbą (singular vocative)
gulbō (plural vocative)
gulbą (accusative singular)
gulbō (accusative plural)
gulbas (genitive singular)
gulbis (genitive singular)
gulbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gulbai (dative singular)
gulbamaz (dative plural)
gulbō (instrumental singular)
gulbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: golf

Icelandic: gólf

Faroese: gólv

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: golv; (dialectal) gølv, góv, gæłv

→ Norwegian Bokmål: golv

Swedish: golv

Old Danish: gulf

Danish: gulv

Norwegian Bokmål: gulv

→ Proto-Samic: *kuolpē (see there for further descendants)

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰl̥bʰ-o-s, from a root *gʰelbʰ- (“groove, gutter”). Compare Proto-Slavic *žȇlbъ (“groove, socket”).


kernô

kernô (nominative singular)
kernaniz (nominative plural)
kernô (singular vocative)
kernaniz (plural vocative)
kernanų (accusative singular)
kernanunz (accusative plural)
kirniniz (genitive singular)
kernanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kirnini (dative singular)
kernammaz (dative plural)
kirninē (instrumental singular)
kernammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *kerna m, *kerne f, *kern n

Saterland Frisian: Kädden n

West Frisian: kearn m or f

Old Saxon: kerno m, *kern m, *kerna f

Middle Low German: kerne, kern, karne, karn m or f

German Low German: Keern m

Old Dutch: *kerno m, *kerna f

Middle Dutch: kerne, keerne f

Dutch: keern, kern f

Afrikaans: kern

desctree

Old High German: kerno, kern
Middle High German: kerne, kern
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Kern
German: Kern
Luxembourgish: Kär
Yiddish: קערן (kern)

Old Norse: kjarni

Icelandic: kjarni

Faroese: kjarni

Norwegian Bokmål: kjerne

Old Swedish: kiärne

Swedish: kärna (from the oblique), kärne (obsolete or dialectal)

Danish: kerne


kirnijǭ

kirnijǭ (nominative singular)
kirnijōniz (nominative plural)
kirnijǭ (singular vocative)
kirnijōniz (plural vocative)
kirnijōnų (accusative singular)
kirnijōnunz (accusative plural)
kirnijōniz (genitive singular)
kirnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kirnijōni (dative singular)
kirnijōmaz (dative plural)
kirnijōnē (instrumental singular)
kirnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kirnijā
Old English: ċirin, ċyrin
Middle English: chyrne, cherine, cherne, cheyrne, chirne, kirne, kyrn, kyrne
English: churn, kern
Scots: kirn, kern, kurn, curn
Old Frisian: *tzerne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: saaren
Halligen: seern
Karrharde: scharn
Mooring: scharn
Wiedingharde: scharn
East Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: Säddene
Wangerooge Frisian: sjënn
West Frisian: tsjerne
Hindeloopen: serne
Schiermonnikoog: tjen
Old Saxon:
Middle Low German: kerne, kirne, karne
Low German: Karne
→ German: Karn, Kirne, Kerne
→ Latvian: ķērne
Old Dutch: *kirna
Middle Dutch: kerne, keerne
Dutch: karn
Afrikaans: karring
→ Walloon: serene

Old Norse: kirna

Icelandic: kirna

Faroese: kirna

Norwegian: kinne

Old Swedish: kirna, kerna

Swedish: kärna

→ Finnish: kirnu

Danish: kærne (kjærne, kjerne)

Derived from Proto-Germanic *kernǭ (“creme”)? Alternatively, the latter word is a backformation from this one. Possibly, they are related to *kernô (“core”), which is related to *kurną (“corn, grain”); yet this is disputed.


rōkiþō

rōkiþō (nominative singular)
rōkiþôz (nominative plural)
rōkiþō (singular vocative)
rōkiþôz (plural vocative)
rōkiþǭ (accusative singular)
rōkiþōz (accusative plural)
rōkiþōz (genitive singular)
rōkiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōkiþōi (dative singular)
rōkiþōmaz (dative plural)
rōkiþō (instrumental singular)
rōkiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: rœkt

Icelandic: rækt

Faroese: røkt

Norwegian Nynorsk: røkt

Old Swedish: røkt, rykt

Swedish: rykt

Danish: røgt

Norwegian Bokmål: røkt

⇒ Old Norse: rœkta

Icelandic: rækta

Faroese: røkta

Norwegian Nynorsk: røkta

Old Swedish: røkta, rykta

Swedish: rykta

Danish: røgte

Norwegian Bokmål: røkte


kelaz

kelaz (nominative singular)
kilizō (nominative plural)
kelaz (singular vocative)
kilizō (plural vocative)
kelaz (accusative singular)
kilizō (accusative plural)
kiliziz (genitive singular)
kilizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kilizi (dative singular)
kilizumaz (dative plural)
kilizē (instrumental singular)
kilizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ċeolor, ċeoler; ċeosol, ċesol (“maw, gullet”) (through metathesis ?)

Middle English: *cholere

desc

Scots: chollare, choler, choller, chuller, chiller

Old High German: kelur, kelor; kelura; keluro, keloro

From Proto-Indo-European *gel-, *gʷel- (“to swallow; throat”).


setą

setą (nominative singular)
setō (nominative plural)
setą (singular vocative)
setō (plural vocative)
setą (accusative singular)
setō (accusative plural)
setas (genitive singular)
sitis (genitive singular)
setǫ̂ (genitive plural)
setai (dative singular)
setamaz (dative plural)
setō (instrumental singular)
setamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *set

Old English: set

Middle English: set, sette

English: set

Old Saxon: *set

Middle Low German: set, sette

Old Dutch: *set

Middle Dutch: set, zet

Dutch: zet

Old High German: sez

Middle High German: sëz

Old Norse: set

Icelandic: set

From Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”).


silô

silô (nominative singular)
silaniz (nominative plural)
silô (singular vocative)
silaniz (plural vocative)
silanų (accusative singular)
silanunz (accusative plural)
siliniz (genitive singular)
silanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
silini (dative singular)
silammaz (dative plural)
silinē (instrumental singular)
silammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *silō

Old Frisian: *sil

North Frisian: selle

Saterland Frisian: Siele

West Frisian: sile

⇒ Old Frisian: silrāp

Old Saxon: *silo

Middle Low German: sele

Old High German: silo

Middle High German: sil, sile

German: Siele

desctree

Old Norse: seli, sili
Norwegian Bokmål: sele
Norwegian Nynorsk: sele
Danish: sele
Swedish: sele

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind, fetter”).


saidô

saidô (nominative singular)
saidaniz (nominative plural)
saidô (singular vocative)
saidaniz (plural vocative)
saidanų (accusative singular)
saidanunz (accusative plural)
saidiniz (genitive singular)
saidanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saidini (dative singular)
saidammaz (dative plural)
saidinē (instrumental singular)
saidammiz (instrumental plural)
*saidaz (alternative)
*saiþaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *saidō

Old English: sāda m

desctree

Old High German: seito, seita, seid, seit
Middle High German: seite
German: Saite

Old Norse: seiðr

→ Proto-Finnic: *häici (see there for further descendants)


maþikô

maþikô (nominative singular)
maþikaniz (nominative plural)
maþikô (singular vocative)
maþikaniz (plural vocative)
maþikanų (accusative singular)
maþikanunz (accusative plural)
maþikiniz (genitive singular)
maþikanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maþikini (dative singular)
maþikammaz (dative plural)
maþikinē (instrumental singular)
maþikammiz (instrumental plural)

desc

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maþukī, *maþikī n

Old Saxon: *mathuki, *methiki

Middle Low German: maddicke, maddik, moddik, mēdeke, meddeke, meddicke, meddik

>? German Low German: Mett f

desctree

Old Norse: maðkr
Icelandic: maðkur
Faroese: maðkur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: makk, mark
Norwegian Bokmål: makk, mark
Old Swedish: maþker
Swedish: matk, mask
Northern Sami: mask
Old Danish: mathk
Danish: maddike, mark
→ German Low German: Maddik, Madik, Meddik, Mett

Elfdalian: makk

Gutnish: makk

Scanian: maðk

desc

→ Middle English: mathek, mauk, mawk, magot, magat

English: maddock, mawk, maggot

Scots: maggot, mak, mauch, mauk; matlo

Old Norse: maðka

→? Finnish: matikka


pursaz

pursaz (nominative singular)
pursōz (nominative plural)
pursōs (nominative plural)
purs (singular vocative)
pursōz (plural vocative)
pursōs (plural vocative)
pursą (accusative singular)
pursanz (accusative plural)
pursas (genitive singular)
pursis (genitive singular)
pursǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pursai (dative singular)
pursamaz (dative plural)
pursō (instrumental singular)
pursamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pors

Old Saxon: *pors

Middle Low German: pors, pars, porst, post

→ German: Porst, Porste f, Porsch m, Porsche f, Post m, Posch m, Pos m (all archaic or obsolete)

→ Saterland Frisian: Post

Old Dutch: *pors

Middle Dutch: pors, porse, prosse

Dutch: pors, porst

Old High German:

Middle High German: bors, borse, borser

German: Bors, Berz, Birz m or f (obsolete, dialectal)

Old Norse: pors

Danish: pors, formerly also post

Gutnish: purs

→ Finnish: pursu, formerly also pursi

Icelandic: pors

Norwegian Bokmål: pors, formerly also post

Swedish: pors, formerly also post

Toponym:

Bursibant, a region northwest of the Ems

Postsee, a lake west of Preetz


fleutą

fleutą (nominative singular)
fleutō (nominative plural)
fleutą (singular vocative)
fleutō (plural vocative)
fleutą (accusative singular)
fleutō (accusative plural)
fleutas (genitive singular)
fliutis (genitive singular)
fleutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fleutai (dative singular)
fleutamaz (dative plural)
fleutō (instrumental singular)
fleutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fleut

Old English: flēot, flēote, flīet

Middle English: fleet, floot, flete

English: fleet, floot, flote, flete

Scots: flete, fleit, flet, flat

Old Frisian: fliāt

Saterland Frisian: Floot

West Frisian: flit

Old Saxon: fliot

Middle Low German: vlêt

German Low German: Fleet

→ German: Fleet

Old Dutch: fliet

Middle Dutch: vliet

Dutch: vliet

Afrikaans: vliet

Old High German: flioz

Middle High German: vliez

German: Fließ (regional)

Old Norse: fljót

Icelandic: fljót

Faroese: fljót, flót

Old Swedish: flȳt, fliūt

Swedish: fljut, flyt

Danish: flyd

Norwegian: flyt

Gutnish: fliaut, flaut

Dalian:

Mora: fljot

Elfdalian: fliuot

From Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to flow, run”).


-assuz

-assuz (nominative singular)
-assiwiz (nominative plural)
-assu (singular vocative)
-assiwiz (plural vocative)
-assų (accusative singular)
-assunz (accusative plural)
-assauz (genitive singular)
-assiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-assiwi (dative singular)
-assumaz (dative plural)
-assū (instrumental singular)
-assumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: -𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (-assus)

From earlier *-at-tuz, reanalyzed from *-at-janą + *-tuz.


skeulą

skeulą (nominative singular)
skeulō (nominative plural)
skeulą (singular vocative)
skeulō (plural vocative)
skeulą (accusative singular)
skeulō (accusative plural)
skeulas (genitive singular)
skiulis (genitive singular)
skeulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skeulai (dative singular)
skeulamaz (dative plural)
skeulō (instrumental singular)
skeulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skjól

Icelandic: skjól

Faroese: skjól

Norwegian: skjul

Swedish: skjul

Danish: skjul

According to Orel, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), from which he also derives *skuwwô (“reflection; shadow”).


wulbī

wulbī (nominative singular)
wulbijôz (nominative plural)
wulbī (singular vocative)
wulbijôz (plural vocative)
wulbijǭ (accusative singular)
wulbijōz (accusative plural)
wulbijōz (genitive singular)
wulbijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulbijōi (dative singular)
wulbijōmaz (dative plural)
wulbijō (instrumental singular)
wulbijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wulbi
Old English: wylf
Old High German: wulpa
Middle High German: wülpe
German: Wülpe

Old Norse: ylfa
→ Icelandic: Ylfa, Ylva, ylfa, ýlfa
Old Swedish: ylva, Ylva
Swedish: Ylva

From Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p-íh₂, an alteration of *wl̥kʷ-íh₂, ultimately derived from *wĺ̥kʷos. Compare Proto-Germanic *wulgī.


hagjō

hagjō (nominative singular)
hagjôz (nominative plural)
hagjō (singular vocative)
hagjôz (plural vocative)
hagjǭ (accusative singular)
hagjōz (accusative plural)
hagjōz (genitive singular)
hagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagjōi (dative singular)
hagjōmaz (dative plural)
hagjō (instrumental singular)
hagjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haggju
Old English: heċġ
Middle English: hegge, egge, eygge, heddge, hedge, heg, hege, hegg, heggg
English: hedge
Scots: hedge
Old Frisian: *hegg, *heg
Saterland Frisian: Hääge
West Frisian: hage (possibly from related Middle Low German hāge, hāch)
Old Saxon: *heggia; *heggi
Middle Low German: hegge, hēge, hoge
German Low German: Heeg, Hegg
Old Dutch: *hegga
Middle Dutch: hegge
Dutch: heg
Afrikaans: heg
Old High German: hegga, *hekka
Middle High German: hegge, hege, hecke (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hakkju)
German: Hecke
→ Icelandic: hekk
→ Swedish: häck
→ Danish: hæk
Luxembourgish: Heck
→ Medieval Latin: haga, haia
Old French: hoie, haie; age (dialectal)
Middle French: haye
French: haie
French: age m

From Proto-Indo-European *kagʰyóm (“enclosure”), whence also Latin cohum, Welsh cae.


gerstō

gerstō (nominative singular)
gerstôz (nominative plural)
gerstō (singular vocative)
gerstôz (plural vocative)
gerstǭ (accusative singular)
gerstōz (accusative plural)
gerstōz (genitive singular)
gerstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gerstōi (dative singular)
gerstōmaz (dative plural)
gerstō (instrumental singular)
gerstōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gerstu
Old English: gorst, gors (< *gurst m)
Middle English: gorst, gors, gorste, gost, grost
English: gorse
Yola: goss, gorr
Old Frisian: *jerste
Saterland Frisian: Jäärste, Jüste
Old Saxon: gersta
Middle Low German: gerste
German Low German: Garste, Garst
Plautdietsch: Joascht
Old Dutch: *gersta
Middle Dutch: gerste
Dutch: gerst
Afrikaans: gars
→ Xhosa: írhási
→ Papiamentu: gerst (dated)
Old High German: gersta
Middle High German: gerste
Alemannic German: Geerste
Bavarian: Geaschtn
Cimbrian: ghéersta
Mòcheno: gerst
Central Franconian: Jääsch, Gääscht
Luxembourgish: Geescht
German: Gerste
Yiddish: גערשט (gersht)

From virtual Proto-Indo-European *gʰersd-eh₂, from *ǵʰersd-. Cognate with Latin hordeum (“barley”), Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, “barley”), Armenian գարի (gari, “wheat”), Albanian drithë (“cereal, grain”). However, given the irregular sound correspondences (especially the Greek, which requires a root of the shape *ǵʰreydʰ-), probably of non-Indo-European substrate or Wanderwort origin. If indeed Indo-European in origin, the root would seem to be *ǵʰers- (“to be stiff”) (compare Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati, “to bristle”)) with some extension *-D-. For the semantics, compare the synonym *baraz (“barley”; originally “spiky leaves”, “awn”), apparently from *bʰers- (“sharp point, tip, top”). Contrast *hirsijô (“millet”) (Old Norse hirsi, Old High German hirso).

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


drastaz

drastaz (nominative singular)
drastizō (nominative plural)
drastaz (singular vocative)
drastizō (plural vocative)
drastaz (accusative singular)
drastizō (accusative plural)
drastiziz (genitive singular)
drastizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drastizi (dative singular)
drastizumaz (dative plural)
drastizē (instrumental singular)
drastizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drast
Old High German: trestir pl
Middle High German: trester
German: Trester
⇒ Old High German: trestig

From earlier *drahstaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰragʰs-tó-s, from *dʰrā́ks (“dregs, sediment”).


furtuz

furtuz (nominative singular)
furtiwiz (nominative plural)
furtu (singular vocative)
furtiwiz (plural vocative)
furtų (accusative singular)
furtunz (accusative plural)
furtauz (genitive singular)
furtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furtiwi (dative singular)
furtumaz (dative plural)
furtū (instrumental singular)
furtumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furtu
Old Saxon: *furt
Middle Low German:
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Fort
Sauerländisch: Fuart
Old Dutch: *furt
Middle Dutch: vort, vōort
Dutch: voorde f, voord m, (archaic) voort m
Old High German: furz
Middle High German: vurz, vurtz, vorz, furz, furtz, forz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Forz
Ripuarian: Fotz
German: Furz
Yiddish: פֿאָרץ (forts)

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥d-u-. Zero grade of *perd- (“to fart loudly, pass gas, break wind”).


skinkô

skinkô (nominative singular)
skinkaniz (nominative plural)
skinkô (singular vocative)
skinkaniz (plural vocative)
skinkanų (accusative singular)
skinkanunz (accusative plural)
skinkiniz (genitive singular)
skinkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skinkini (dative singular)
skinkammaz (dative plural)
skinkinē (instrumental singular)
skinkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skinkō
Old English: *sċenc
Middle English: schench, shench
Old Frisian: *skinka (perhaps via Low German)
Saterland Frisian: Skinke
West Frisian: skinke
Old Saxon: skinka f
Middle Low German: schinke, schink
German Low German: Schinke, Schink
Plautdietsch: Schinkjen
→ Danish: skinke
→ English: skink
→ Icelandic: skinka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skinke
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skinke
→ Swedish: skinka
Old Dutch: *skinko
Middle Dutch: schinke
Dutch: schink
Limburgish: sjink
Old High German: scinco
Middle High German: schinke
German: Schinken (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Schank
Pennsylvania German: Schinke
→ Italian: stinco

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (“to limp; be inclined; aslant”).


þehslō

þehslō (nominative singular)
þehslôz (nominative plural)
þehslō (singular vocative)
þehslôz (plural vocative)
þehslǭ (accusative singular)
þehslōz (accusative plural)
þehslōz (genitive singular)
þehslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þehslōi (dative singular)
þehslōmaz (dative plural)
þehslō (instrumental singular)
þehslōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þēhslu

Old Saxon: thehsla, *thēhsla

desc

Middle Low German: dēsele, dessel, deissel

Old Dutch: *thēhsala

Middle Dutch: diessel, diechsel

Dutch: dissel

Old High German: dēhsala

Middle High German: dëhsel

German: Dechsel

→ Swedish: däxel

Old Norse: þexla

Icelandic: þexla

Norwegian: teksla

Swedish: täxla

From Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ-ló-s, or *tétḱ-dʰlo-m, with cluster simplification, both from *tetḱ- (“to cut, hew; to create”). Cognate with Old Irish tál (“adze”), Proto-Slavic *tesla (“adze”). See also Proto-West Germanic *þehsan (“to fashion, break flax”).


kaldijǭ

kaldijǭ (nominative singular)
kaldijōniz (nominative plural)
kaldijǭ (singular vocative)
kaldijōniz (plural vocative)
kaldijōnų (accusative singular)
kaldijōnunz (accusative plural)
kaldijōniz (genitive singular)
kaldijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaldijōni (dative singular)
kaldijōmaz (dative plural)
kaldijōnē (instrumental singular)
kaldijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kaldijā
Old English: ċelde, ċelde

Old Norse: kelda
Icelandic: kelda
Faroese: kelda
Norwegian: kjelde
Swedish: källa
Danish: kilde
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kilde

→ Proto-Samic: *kāltëjō (see there for further descendants)

From *kaldaz (“cold”) + *-jǭ. Related to Proto-Slavic *koldędzь (probably borrowed from Germanic), *koldьcь, *koldenьcь (“well”).


frēgō

frēgō (nominative singular)
frēgôz (nominative plural)
frēgō (singular vocative)
frēgôz (plural vocative)
frēgǭ (accusative singular)
frēgōz (accusative plural)
frēgōz (genitive singular)
frēgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frēgōi (dative singular)
frēgōmaz (dative plural)
frēgō (instrumental singular)
frēgōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frāgu
Old Frisian: frēge
Saterland Frisian: Fräige
Old Saxon: *frāga
Middle Low German: vrâge
→ Saterland Frisian: Froage
→ Swedish: fråga
Old Dutch: *frāga
Middle Dutch: vrâge
Dutch: vraag
Afrikaans: vraag
Negerhollands: vraag
Old High German: frāga
Middle High German: vrāge
Bavarian: Fråg
German: Frage
→ Yiddish: פֿראַגע (frage)
Hunsrik: Froh
Luxembourgish: Fro
Vilamovian: frög

From Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask”).


meldǭ

meldǭ (nominative singular)
meldōniz (nominative plural)
meldǭ (singular vocative)
meldōniz (plural vocative)
meldōnų (accusative singular)
meldōnunz (accusative plural)
meldōniz (genitive singular)
meldōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
meldōni (dative singular)
meldōmaz (dative plural)
meldōnē (instrumental singular)
meldōmiz (instrumental plural)
*muldǭ (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *meldā
Old English: melde
Middle English: mielde
Scots: milds, miles, myles
English: milds, miles, myles (dialectal Northern English)
Old Dutch: *melda
Middle Dutch: melde
Dutch: melde, milde
Old Saxon: maldia
Middle Low German: melde
Old High German: melta, melda, malta, multa
Middle High German: melte, melde
German: Melde, Melte, Melle, Malde, Malte, Milte, Milde, Molde, Mölde
→ Medieval Latin: melta

Old Norse: *mjaldi

Old Danish: melde, meld

Danish: mælde, mæld

Norwegian Bokmål: melde

Norwegian Nynorsk: melde

Old Swedish: molda, molla, mœld, mœldyrt

Swedish: målla, mäll, mäld, mäldyrt

→ Proto-Finnic: *malcca (see there for further descendants)

Put to Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- because of the mealy texture of its leaves. Compare the meaning range of the descendants of Old Norse mjǫll which is from the same root, Icelandic mjöll (“fresh snow”), Norwegian mjell, mjøll (“light, dry snow”), Swedish mjäll (“dandruff”), Danish mæld, mjæld (“fluff on corollae”). But note Proto-Slavic *lebeda of the same meaning range, and also Ancient Greek βλίτον (blíton, “purple amaranth; orache”); both are of unknown origin.

cog

a plant of the genus Chenopodium, goosefoot

a plant of the genus Atriplex, orache, saltbush


laigǭ

laigǭ (nominative singular)
laigōniz (nominative plural)
laigǭ (singular vocative)
laigōniz (plural vocative)
laigōnų (accusative singular)
laigōnunz (accusative plural)
laigōniz (genitive singular)
laigōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laigōni (dative singular)
laigōmaz (dative plural)
laigōnē (instrumental singular)
laigōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: leiga

Icelandic: leiga

Norwegian: leie

Swedish: lega

Danish: leje

→ Proto-Samic: *lājkō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laihvo (see there for further descendants)


sētō

sētō (nominative singular)
sētôz (nominative plural)
sētō (singular vocative)
sētôz (plural vocative)
sētǭ (accusative singular)
sētōz (accusative plural)
sētōz (genitive singular)
sētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sētōi (dative singular)
sētōmaz (dative plural)
sētō (instrumental singular)
sētōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sātu

Old English: sǣt

Old Saxon: *sāta

Middle Low German: sâte, sât

>? Old High German: sāza

Middle High German: sāze

German: Saße

Old Norse: sát

⇒ Old Norse: forsát

Icelandic: fyrirsát

Swedish: försåt

→ Proto-Finnic: *hätä (see there for further descendants)


Audawakraz

Audawakraz (nominative singular)
Audawakr (singular vocative)
Audawakrą (accusative singular)
Audawakrai (dative singular)
Audawakrō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Audawakr
Old English: Ēadwacer, *Ēadwaccor, *Ēadwacor
Old High German: Ōtacher, Otakar, Ōtachar, Aotakchar, Aotachar, Otacchar
Middle High German: Otakar, Ottokar
German: Otakar, Ottokar
→ Czech: Otakar
→ Latin: Ādovacrius, Ōdovacrius

Gothic: *𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃 (*audawakrs)

→? Ancient Greek: Ὀδόακρος (Odóakros)

→? Latin: Odoacer

→ English: Odoacer

→ French: Odoacre

→ German: Odoaker

→ Italian: Odoacre

→ Galician: Odovacar

desc

→ Russian: Одоакр (Odoakr), Одонарецъ (Odonarec)

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *wakraz (“awake, watchful, alert”).


wurzô

Proto-West Germanic: *worʀō ~ *ūrzini

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *ūrʀahōn

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *worʀahanō

desctree

Old Norse: orri
Danish: urfugl
Faroese: orri
Icelandic: orri
Norwegian Bokmål: orre, orrfugl
Norwegian Nynorsk: orre, orrfugl
Swedish: orre
Elfdalian: uorre m, yrkne, ynn f

Uncertain; possibly from or related to Proto-Indo-European *wérsēn (“virile man; male animal”), or perhaps from a lost substrate.


wetmô

wetmô (nominative singular)
wetmaniz (nominative plural)
wetmô (singular vocative)
wetmaniz (plural vocative)
wetmanų (accusative singular)
wetmanunz (accusative plural)
witminiz (genitive singular)
wetmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
witmini (dative singular)
wetmammaz (dative plural)
witminē (instrumental singular)
wetmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *weþmō
Old English: wituma, wetma, uuituma, weotoma, weotuma, weoþuma
Old Frisian: wetma, witma
Old Saxon: withumo
Middle Low German: wēdeme, widdem
German Low German: Wedem
Old Dutch: withemo
Middle Dutch: wedeme, wedem, weeme, weme
Dutch: weem
→ West Frisian: weme
Old High German: widamo, widomo, widemo
Middle High German: wideme, widem
German: Wittum

Burgundian: witimon

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wédh₂-mō ~ *h₁udh₂-m̥nés, from *h₁wed- (“dowry”) + *-mō.


gawją

gawją (nominative singular)
gawjō (nominative plural)
gawją (singular vocative)
gawjō (plural vocative)
gawją (accusative singular)
gawjō (accusative plural)
gawjas (genitive singular)
gawis (genitive singular)
gawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawjai (dative singular)
gawjamaz (dative plural)
gawjō (instrumental singular)
gawjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gawi
Old English: -ġē
Old Frisian: gā
West Frisian: gea, goa
Old Saxon: gō, gā
Middle Low German: gō
German Low German: Gohe
Old Dutch: gō
Middle Dutch: gou, gau, gō (nom.sg.), gooy (gen.sg.)
Dutch: gouw
Old High German: gawi, gewi, gowi
Middle High German: göu, göuwe, gou, geu, gäw
German: Gau

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 (gawi)

From earlier *gaawją (“riverlands, lakeside land”), from *ga- + *awjō (“land by a waterway”).


sukkaz

sukkaz (nominative singular)
sukkōz (nominative plural)
sukkōs (nominative plural)
sukk (singular vocative)
sukkōz (plural vocative)
sukkōs (plural vocative)
sukką (accusative singular)
sukkanz (accusative plural)
sukkas (genitive singular)
sukkis (genitive singular)
sukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sukkai (dative singular)
sukkamaz (dative plural)
sukkō (instrumental singular)
sukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sokk
Old English: socc, soc
Middle English: socke, sokke, sok
English: sock (see there for further descendants)
Scots: sock
Old Frisian: sokka
Saterland Frisian: Sokke
West Frisian: sok
Old Saxon: sok
Plautdietsch: Sock
Old High German: soc, sok, soch
Middle High German: soc, socke
Alemannic German: Sock, Socke, Sockä, Socka
Central Franconian: Sock
German: Socke (see there for further descendants)
Vilamovian: zok

Old Norse: sokkr
Icelandic: sokkur
Faroese: sokkur
Norwegian Bokmål: sokk
Norwegian Nynorsk: sokk
Danish: sok
Swedish: socka

→ Proto-Finnic: *sukka (see there for further descendants)

From Latin soccus, from Ancient Greek σύκχος (súkkhos, “a kind of shoe”), probably from Phrygian, Anatolian, or another substrate language from Asia Minor.


kelkô

kelkô (nominative singular)
kelkaniz (nominative plural)
kelkô (singular vocative)
kelkaniz (plural vocative)
kelkanų (accusative singular)
kelkanunz (accusative plural)
kilkiniz (genitive singular)
kelkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kilkini (dative singular)
kelkammaz (dative plural)
kilkinē (instrumental singular)
kelkammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kjalki

Faroese: kjálki

Icelandic: kjálki

Norwegian: kjelke

Elfdalian: tjåke

Old High German: kelah

Middle High German: kelch

Bavarian: Kelch, Kölch, Kööch

Derived from the same root as *kelaz (“throat”) and *kelǭ, with *-kô, a suffix used for body parts; compare Proto-Germanic *mankô (“mane”), *leuskô (“groin”).


ēbanþs

ēbanþs (nominative singular)
ēbanþiz (nominative plural)
ēbanþ (singular vocative)
ēbanþiz (plural vocative)
ēbanþų (accusative singular)
ēbanþunz (accusative plural)
ēbundiz (genitive singular)
ēbundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēbundi (dative singular)
ēbundumaz (dative plural)
ēbundē (instrumental singular)
ēbundumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ābanþ
Old English: ǣfen, ēfen, ēfern
Middle English: even, evene, efen
English: even
Scots: evin
Yola: e'en
Old Frisian: ēvend, āvend, āiond, iound, iond
North Frisian: In
Saterland Frisian: Äivend, Äiwend, Eeuwend, Eeuend (Skäddel)
West Frisian: jûn
Old Saxon: āvand
Middle Low German: âvent
Low German: Avend
German Low German: Avend
Paderbornisch: Owend
Old Dutch: avont
Middle Dutch: avont, avent
Dutch: avond
Afrikaans: aand
Berbice Creole Dutch: tafn
Jersey Dutch: âvond
Negerhollands: avond, navont
Limburgish: aovendj
Old High German: āband
Middle High German: ābent
Alemannic German: Obad, Obid
Swabian: Obad
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: aabend
Central Franconian: Oovend
Hunsrik: Ovend
Kölsch: Ovend
Luxembourgish: Owend
East Central German: Ohmd, Oomd
German: Abend
Rhine Franconian: Owed, Owend
Pennsylvania German: Owed
Vilamovian: ȫwyt
Yiddish: אָוונט (ovnt)
→ North Frisian: Oabend

Old Norse: aptann, aftann, aptunn, eptann
Icelandic: aftann m
Faroese: aftan m
Norwegian Nynorsk: aftan m, eftan m; (dialectal) apta f, afta m, efta m
Old Swedish: afton, aftan, apton, aptan
Swedish: afton c
Old Danish: aftæn
Danish: aften c
Norwegian Bokmål: aften m

From Pre-Germanic *h₁ēpónts ~ *h₁pn̥tés, which appears to be an innovative nt-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“on, at, near”).


stalkungō

stalkungō (nominative singular)
stalkungôz (nominative plural)
stalkungō (singular vocative)
stalkungôz (plural vocative)
stalkungǭ (accusative singular)
stalkungōz (accusative plural)
stalkungōz (genitive singular)
stalkungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stalkungōi (dative singular)
stalkungōmaz (dative plural)
stalkungō (instrumental singular)
stalkungōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stalkungu

desctree

Old English: stealcung, stalcung
Middle English: stalkyng, stalkynge
English: stalking
Scots: stalking


þwirilaz

þwirilaz (nominative singular)
þwirilōz (nominative plural)
þwirilōs (nominative plural)
þwiril (singular vocative)
þwirilōz (plural vocative)
þwirilōs (plural vocative)
þwirilą (accusative singular)
þwirilanz (accusative plural)
þwirilas (genitive singular)
þwirilis (genitive singular)
þwirilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwirilai (dative singular)
þwirilamaz (dative plural)
þwirilō (instrumental singular)
þwirilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þwiril
Old English: þwirel
Old High German: thwiril, dwiril
Middle High German: twirel, twirl, quirel
German: Quirl
→ German Low German: Quirl

Old Norse: þyrill

Icelandic: þyrill

Faroese: tyril


skrakwą

skrakwą (nominative singular)
skrakwō (nominative plural)
skrakwą (singular vocative)
skrakwō (plural vocative)
skrakwą (accusative singular)
skrakwō (accusative plural)
skrakwas (genitive singular)
skrakwis (genitive singular)
skrakwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skrakwai (dative singular)
skrakwamaz (dative plural)
skrakwō (instrumental singular)
skrakwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: skrǫk

Icelandic: skrök

Norwegian: skrok

Swedish: skrock

a lie, fabrication, boast, exaggeration.


aldijǫ̂ barnō

Proto-West Germanic: *aldijō barnu

Old English: ielda bearn, yldo bearn

Old Saxon: eldibarn

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: alda bǫrn

From *aldijǫ̂ + *barnō, i.e. “children of men”. The phrase may well have originated in a later Germanic language and spread to the others through diffusion during late antiquity or the early Middle Ages, meaning the term need not necessarily have existed in Proto-Germanic.


drenô

drenô (nominative singular)
drenaniz (nominative plural)
drenô (singular vocative)
drenaniz (plural vocative)
drenanų (accusative singular)
drenanunz (accusative plural)
drininiz (genitive singular)
drenanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drinini (dative singular)
drenammaz (dative plural)
drininē (instrumental singular)
drenammiz (instrumental plural)
*drēniz (alternative)

Old High German: treno

Middle High German: trene, tren

German: Trene, Träne (obsolete)

Old Norse: *dreni

Swedish: drönare, drönje

Old Danish: drene


spelþą

spelþą (nominative singular)
spelþō (nominative plural)
spelþą (singular vocative)
spelþō (plural vocative)
spelþą (accusative singular)
spelþō (accusative plural)
spelþas (genitive singular)
spilþis (genitive singular)
spelþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spelþai (dative singular)
spelþamaz (dative plural)
spelþō (instrumental singular)
spelþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spelþ

Old English: spild

Old Norse: spjall

Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)pelH- (“to split off, separate”), and compared with Sanskrit स्फट् (sphaṭ, “to burst, split”), फलति (phalati, “to burst (in half)”).


kangura-

kanguraz (nominative singular)
kangurōz (nominative plural)
kangurōs (nominative plural)
kangur (singular vocative)
kangurōz (plural vocative)
kangurōs (plural vocative)
kangurą (accusative singular)
kanguranz (accusative plural)
kanguras (genitive singular)
kanguris (genitive singular)
kangurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kangurai (dative singular)
kanguramaz (dative plural)
kangurō (instrumental singular)
kanguramiz (instrumental plural)
kangurą (nominative singular)
kangurō (nominative plural)
kangurą (singular vocative)
kangurō (plural vocative)
kangurą (accusative singular)
kangurō (accusative plural)
kanguras (genitive singular)
kanguris (genitive singular)
kangurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kangurai (dative singular)
kanguramaz (dative plural)
kangurō (instrumental singular)
kanguramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *gangel, *gange

⇒ Old English: gangelwæfre f (“spider”)

⇒ Old English: gangewifre f (“spider”)

desc

>? Middle High German: kanker m (“spider”)

German: Kanker (“harvestman”)

Old Norse: *kǫngur-

⇒ Old Norse: kǫngurváfa f (“spider”)

⇒ Icelandic: könguló, kónguló

Norwegian: kongro

Jamtish: kangero

Swedish: kangro

→? Finnish: kankuri (“weaver”)

Uncertain; possibly related to English kink (“curl, turn, twist”), Icelandic kengur (“hook”), and if the word is of Indo-European origin, it may be further related to Old Church Slavonic гѫжвица (gǫžvica, “wicker”) and Czech houžev (“withy”), all from Proto-Indo-European *gengʰ- (“twist, turn, plait, weave”). Finnish kankuri (“weaver”) is probably borrowed from Germanic together with Finnish kangas (“web”); alternatively, the present word could be borrowed from Finnish.

der

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


wibilaz

wibilaz (nominative singular)
wibilōz (nominative plural)
wibilōs (nominative plural)
wibil (singular vocative)
wibilōz (plural vocative)
wibilōs (plural vocative)
wibilą (accusative singular)
wibilanz (accusative plural)
wibilas (genitive singular)
wibilis (genitive singular)
wibilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wibilai (dative singular)
wibilamaz (dative plural)
wibilō (instrumental singular)
wibilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wibil
Old English: wifel, wibil, wibl, uuibil, *fifel
Middle English: wevel, wevyl, wyvyl
English: weevil
Scots: wavel
Old Saxon: *wivil, *uuivil, *wibil
Middle Low German: wevel, wêvel
→ Swedish: vivel
Old Dutch: *wivil
Middle Dutch: wivel, wevel
Dutch: wevel
Old High German: wibil
Middle High German: wibel, wupel
German: Wiebel

Possibly from *webaną (“to weave”) + *-ilaz. Suggested to be related to Lithuanian vãbalas (“beetle”).


turdawibilaz

turdawibilaz (nominative singular)
turdawibilōz (nominative plural)
turdawibilōs (nominative plural)
turdawibil (singular vocative)
turdawibilōz (plural vocative)
turdawibilōs (plural vocative)
turdawibilą (accusative singular)
turdawibilanz (accusative plural)
turdawibilas (genitive singular)
turdawibilis (genitive singular)
turdawibilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turdawibilai (dative singular)
turdawibilamaz (dative plural)
turdawibilō (instrumental singular)
turdawibilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tordawibil
Old English: tordwifel
Middle English: *tordwevel
English: turd weevil
Old Dutch: *tordewivil, *tortwivil
Middle Dutch: *tordewevel, *tortwevel
Dutch: tortwevel

Old Norse: torðvifill, torðyfill

Icelandic: tordýfill

Norwegian: tordivel, tordyvel

Old Swedish: tordyvil

Swedish: tordyvel

Old Danish: thorthifil

From *turdą (“manure”) + *wibilaz (“beetle”).


lēkiz

lēkiz (nominative singular)
lēkīz (nominative plural)
lēki (singular vocative)
lēkīz (plural vocative)
lēkį (accusative singular)
lēkinz (accusative plural)
lēkīz (genitive singular)
lēkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēkī (dative singular)
lēkimaz (dative plural)
lēkī (instrumental singular)
lēkimiz (instrumental plural)

→? Proto-Celtic: *leigis

Gothic: *𐌻𐌴𐌺𐍃 (*lēks)

→ Proto-Slavic: *lěkъ (“medicine”) (see there for further descendants)

Possible vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested *lekaną (“to heal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lég-e-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leg- (“to care for”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀλέγω (alégō, “to care for”), Proto-Italic *legō (“to care”).


sigiþō

sigiþō (nominative singular)
sigiþôz (nominative plural)
sigiþō (singular vocative)
sigiþôz (plural vocative)
sigiþǭ (accusative singular)
sigiþōz (accusative plural)
sigiþōz (genitive singular)
sigiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sigiþōi (dative singular)
sigiþōmaz (dative plural)
sigiþō (instrumental singular)
sigiþōmiz (instrumental plural)
*sigiþǭ (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *sigiþā (< *sigiþǭ)

Old Saxon: *sigitha

desc

Middle Low German: segede, sigde, sichte, sicht

German Low German: Sichte, Sicht

Old Dutch: *sigitha

Middle Dutch: sichte

Dutch: zichte, zicht

Old Norse: sigð

Icelandic: sigð

Norwegian: sigd

Likely a nominal formation from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”), and related to *sagō (“saw”).


mainō

mainō (nominative singular)
mainôz (nominative plural)
mainō (singular vocative)
mainôz (plural vocative)
mainǭ (accusative singular)
mainōz (accusative plural)
mainōz (genitive singular)
mainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mainōi (dative singular)
mainōmaz (dative plural)
mainō (instrumental singular)
mainōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mainu

Old English: *mān, *mǣn; (*mānian; mǣnan (“to complain; lament”))

Middle English: mān, mane, mone, moon, mene; (monen, moonen; menen)

Scots: mane, main, mene; (mane; mene, mein)

English: moan; (moan; mean)

Old Frisian: mēne

West Frisian: mienje

Old High German: meina

Middle High German: meine

From Proto-Indo-European *meyn- (“intent; mind”).


dilī

dilī (nominative singular)
diljôz (nominative plural)
dilī (singular vocative)
diljôz (plural vocative)
diljǭ (accusative singular)
diljōz (accusative plural)
diljōz (genitive singular)
diljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
diljōi (dative singular)
diljōmaz (dative plural)
diljō (instrumental singular)
diljōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dili, *dellī
Old English: dile, dyle
Middle English: dile, dyle, dille, dylle
English: dill
Old Frisian: *dille
West Frisian: dille
Old Saxon: dilli
Middle Low German: del, dell, dille
German Low German:
North Low German: Dille
Märkisch: Dull
Westphalian: Dill
Plautdietsch: Dell
Old Dutch: *dilli
Middle Dutch: dille, dile
Dutch: dille
Afrikaans: dil
→ Indonesian: dil
Negerhollands: dil
Old High German: tilli, tilla
Middle High German: tille, tülle, tüll m
German: Dill m, Dille f (Austrian German), Till m (obsolete)
→ Kashubian: dil
→ Latvian: dilles
→ Romansch: dil
→ Lower Sorbian: dyla
Luxembourgish: Dëll

Old Norse: dylla

Icelandic: dylla

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: dill

Norwegian Nynorsk: dill

Old Swedish: dil

Swedish: dill

Danish: dild

→ Faroese: dild

→ Greenlandic: dildi

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁-íh₂s ~ *dʰl̥h₁-ih₂és, from *dʰelh₁- (“to flourish, grow”) + *-ih₂s. Cognate with Latin folium (“leaf”), Middle Irish duille (“leaf”), Welsh dalen (“leaf”), Ancient Greek θαλλός (thallós, “spout”), θάλλω (thállō, “to flourish, grow”), Old Armenian դալար (dalar, “verdant”), Albanian dal (“to sprout”).


waldaz

waldaz (nominative singular)
waldōz (nominative plural)
waldōs (nominative plural)
wald (singular vocative)
waldōz (plural vocative)
waldōs (plural vocative)
waldą (accusative singular)
waldanz (accusative plural)
waldas (genitive singular)
waldis (genitive singular)
waldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waldai (dative singular)
waldamaz (dative plural)
waldō (instrumental singular)
waldamiz (instrumental plural)
*waldô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *wald (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: valdr

Icelandic: valdur

Deverbal formations from the root of *waldaną (“to rule”).


apluz

apluz (nominative singular)
apliwiz (nominative plural)
aplu (singular vocative)
apliwiz (plural vocative)
aplų (accusative singular)
aplunz (accusative plural)
aplauz (genitive singular)
apliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
apliwi (dative singular)
aplumaz (dative plural)
aplū (instrumental singular)
aplumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *applu, *apl
Old English: æppel, apl, appel, æppyl
Middle English: appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel, æppel, æpple, eappel (Early Middle English)
English: apple (see there for further descendants)
Scots: aipple
Old Frisian: appel
North Frisian:
Föhr, Hallig: aapel
Helgoland: Oapel
Mooring: ååpel
Saterland Frisian: Appel, Apel
West Frisian: apel
Old Saxon: appel, appul, apl
Middle Low German: appel
German Low German: Appel
→ German: Appel (colloquial, regional)
Plautdietsch: Aupel
Old Dutch: *appel, ephela (pl.), apheles (gen.sg.)
Middle Dutch: appel, āpel
Dutch: appel (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: appel
Old High German: apful, aphul, apfol, afful, *appul — central
Middle High German: apfel, epfel, öpfel, appel
Alemannic German: Öpfel, Apfel
Alsatian: Àpfel, Epfel
Italian Walser: effél, epfel, epfil, öpfil
Swabian: Ebfl
Bavarian: Åpfe
Cimbrian: oupfal, öpfel, öpfl
Mòcheno: epfl
Udinese: eipfele, epfl
Central Franconian: Appel
Hunsrik: Eppel
Luxembourgish: Apel
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Abbel, Appel
Vilamovian: epuł
German: Apfel
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Àbbel, Ebbel, Abbel
Pennsylvania German: Abbel, Appel
Yiddish: עפּל (epl)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl (“apple, apple tree”).

der

(West Germanic) alternative form of *aplaz


baswǭ

baswǭ (nominative singular)
baswōniz (nominative plural)
baswǭ (singular vocative)
baswōniz (plural vocative)
baswōnų (accusative singular)
baswōnunz (accusative plural)
baswōniz (genitive singular)
baswōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baswōni (dative singular)
baswōmaz (dative plural)
baswōnē (instrumental singular)
baswōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baswā

Old High German: basa, pasa

Middle High German: base

German: Base

Alemannic German: Base

desc

⇒ Old High German: basūnsunu (“male cousin”)

Unknown. Perhaps originally *waswǭ, then altered to baswǭ under the influence of *baswô (“uncle”).

mōdrijā

*mōdrijǭ (“maternal aunt”); Proto-West Germanic

mōijā

*mōijǭ (“maternal aunt”); Proto-West Germanic

mōmā

*mōmǭ (“maternal aunt, nurse”); Proto-West Germanic


atgaizaz

atgaizaz (nominative singular)
atgaizōz (nominative plural)
atgaizōs (nominative plural)
atgaiz (singular vocative)
atgaizōz (plural vocative)
atgaizōs (plural vocative)
atgaizą (accusative singular)
atgaizanz (accusative plural)
atgaizas (genitive singular)
atgaizis (genitive singular)
atgaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
atgaizai (dative singular)
atgaizamaz (dative plural)
atgaizō (instrumental singular)
atgaizamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *atgaiʀ
Old English: ætgār, ætegār, ategār m; ætgǣre, ætgēre n (< *atgaiʀī)
Middle English: hategar
→ English: atgar
Old Frisian: etgēr
Old High German: *atigēr, azgēr, azigēr
Middle High German: atigēr, azigēr

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛏᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*atgaiʀaʀ)

Old Norse: atgeirr
Icelandic: atgeir
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: atgeir
Norwegian Nynorsk: atgeir


hērijǭ

hērijǭ (nominative singular)
hērijōniz (nominative plural)
hērijǭ (singular vocative)
hērijōniz (plural vocative)
hērijōnų (accusative singular)
hērijōnunz (accusative plural)
hērijōniz (genitive singular)
hērijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hērijōni (dative singular)
hērijōmaz (dative plural)
hērijōnē (instrumental singular)
hērijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hārijā
Old English: hǣre, hēre
Middle English: here
Old Saxon: hāria, hāra
Middle Low German: hâre
Old Dutch: hēra
Old High German: hāra, hārra
Middle High German: hare, hære
→ Old French: haire
Middle French: haire
French: haire

Old Norse: hæra

Icelandic: hæra


staluz

staluz (nominative singular)
staliwiz (nominative plural)
stalu (singular vocative)
staliwiz (plural vocative)
stalų (accusative singular)
stalunz (accusative plural)
stalauz (genitive singular)
staliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staliwi (dative singular)
stalumaz (dative plural)
stalū (instrumental singular)
stalumiz (instrumental plural)
*steluz (alternative)
*stalô (alternative)
*stelô (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *stalu (*stalō, *stelō ?)

Old English: stalu; stæla, steola, stela

Middle English: stale; stele

English: stale (“post, rung, handle”); stele, steal (“stalk”)

Scots: stale; steel, steil, stiel

Old Frisian: *stala, *stela

Saterland Frisian: Steel

West Frisian: stâle

Old Saxon: *stalu; *stala; *stelo

Middle Low German: stāle, stāl; stel, stēl

German Low German: Steel

Old Dutch: *stalo; *stelo

Middle Dutch: stael; stēle

Dutch: staal; steel

Afrikaans: staal; steel

→ Medieval Latin: stalo, stallo

Old French: estal, estel

⇒ Old French: estalon

Middle French: étalon

French: étalon

Old Norse: stjǫlr

Faroese: stjølur

Norwegian Nynorsk: stjøl, styl

From Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to put, place; be stiff; post, trunk”).


stalukaz

stalukaz (nominative singular)
stalukōz (nominative plural)
stalukōs (nominative plural)
staluk (singular vocative)
stalukōz (plural vocative)
stalukōs (plural vocative)
staluką (accusative singular)
stalukanz (accusative plural)
stalukas (genitive singular)
stalukis (genitive singular)
stalukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stalukai (dative singular)
stalukamaz (dative plural)
stalukō (instrumental singular)
stalukamiz (instrumental plural)
*stalikaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *staluk, *stalik

Old English: *stealuc, *stealc, *stielc

Middle English: stalk, stalke, stelke

English: stalk

Scots: stalk, stauk, stawk

Old High German: *stelh

⇒ Old High German: wazzarstelh

Old Norse: *stjælkr

Norwegian Nynorsk: stjelk, stelk, stalk

Old Swedish: stiælker; stiælke

Swedish: stjälk

Old Danish: stiælke

i

>? Old Norse: stilkr (perhaps conflated with Old Saxon stil; compare Old High German stil)

Icelandic: stilkur

Danish: stilk

Norwegian Bokmål: stilk

Norwegian Nynorsk: stilk


blaką

blaką (nominative singular)
blakō (nominative plural)
blaką (singular vocative)
blakō (plural vocative)
blaką (accusative singular)
blakō (accusative plural)
blakas (genitive singular)
blakis (genitive singular)
blakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blakai (dative singular)
blakamaz (dative plural)
blakō (instrumental singular)
blakamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blak

Old English: blæc

Middle English: blak

English: black

→ Dutch: blak

Scots: blac, blak

→ Old Norse: blek

Danish: blæk

Icelandic: blek

Norwegian: blekk

Swedish: bläck

→ Middle English: blek, bleke

English: bleck

Scots: blek, bleck

Old Saxon: blak

Middle Low German: blak

German Low German: Black

Old High German: blah

desc

Middle High German: black, plack, blacke, placke

German: Black


welwô

welwô (nominative singular)
welwaniz (nominative plural)
welwô (singular vocative)
welwaniz (plural vocative)
welwanų (accusative singular)
welwanunz (accusative plural)
wilwiniz (genitive singular)
welwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wilwini (dative singular)
welwammaz (dative plural)
wilwinē (instrumental singular)
welwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ᚢᛅᛚᚢᛅ (ualua) (accusative singular)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍅𐌰 (wilwa)

one who robs or plunders; robber, plunderer


haguz

haguz (nominative singular)
hagiwiz (nominative plural)
hagu (singular vocative)
hagiwiz (plural vocative)
hagų (accusative singular)
hagunz (accusative plural)
hagauz (genitive singular)
hagiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagiwi (dative singular)
hagumaz (dative plural)
hagū (instrumental singular)
hagumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hagu
Old English: hæg; ġehæg
Middle English: heie, heh, hegh, heygh
English: hay
Old English: hege (< *(ga)hagi)
Middle English: heye (influenced by Old English hæg, ġehæg and Old French haie)
English: hay
Fingallian: hay
Yola: hey, hye
Old Saxon: *hag
Middle Low German: hach, hāch
Old High German: hag
Middle High German: hac
German: Hag
⇒ Old High German: gahagi
Middle High German: gehege
German: Gehege


runilaz

runilaz (nominative singular)
runilōz (nominative plural)
runilōs (nominative plural)
runil (singular vocative)
runilōz (plural vocative)
runilōs (plural vocative)
runilą (accusative singular)
runilanz (accusative plural)
runilas (genitive singular)
runilis (genitive singular)
runilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
runilai (dative singular)
runilamaz (dative plural)
runilō (instrumental singular)
runilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: rynel m

Middle English: runel, rinel, rennel

English: runnel

Swedish: rännil (“runnel; runner”)


rannislō

rannislō (nominative singular)
rannislôz (nominative plural)
rannislō (singular vocative)
rannislôz (plural vocative)
rannislǭ (accusative singular)
rannislōz (accusative plural)
rannislōz (genitive singular)
rannislǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rannislōi (dative singular)
rannislōmaz (dative plural)
rannislō (instrumental singular)
rannislōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: renzl f or n

desc

Icelandic: rennsl n (“run, leak”), rennsli

>? German: Rinnsal n (“small stream”), (obsolete) rinsel, rintzl (“rennet”)

From *rannijaną (“to make run, make flow”), causative of *rinnaną (“to run, flow”), because a leak is what allows water to flow.


-ǭ

-ǭ (nominative singular)
-ōniz (nominative plural)
-ǭ (singular vocative)
-ōniz (plural vocative)
-ōnų (accusative singular)
-ōnunz (accusative plural)
-ōniz (genitive singular)
-ōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ōni (dative singular)
-ōmaz (dative plural)
-ōnē (instrumental singular)
-ōmiz (instrumental plural)
*-ōn (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ā

Old English: -e

Old Frisian: -e

Old Saxon: -a

Old Dutch: -a

Old High German: -a

Old Norse: -a

Icelandic: -a

Old Swedish: -a

Swedish: -a

Gothic: -𐍉 (-ō)

Partial merger of Proto-Indo-European *-ō(n) and Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ (see also *-ō). The former originally conjugated as Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic n-stems, but because of the *ā > *ō sound change they came to coincide with the latter in the nominative singular, which lead to the suffix ablaut being lost. Why the feminine and masculine *-ō(n) sounded differently in Germanic though, despite having originally sounded the same, is an open question.

-ess. Forms agent nouns, often from the zero-grade form of the base.


dilō

dilō (nominative singular)
dilôz (nominative plural)
dilō (singular vocative)
dilôz (plural vocative)
dilǭ (accusative singular)
dilōz (accusative plural)
dilōz (genitive singular)
dilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dilōi (dative singular)
dilōmaz (dative plural)
dilō (instrumental singular)
dilōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dilu

Old English: delu

Old High German: tila, tilla; tili, tilli

Old Norse: *dilr, *dill (< *dilaz)

Swedish: del m (dialectal)

⇒ Old Norse: dilkr

Icelandic: dilkur

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”).


bakaburdaz

bakaburdaz (nominative singular)
bakaburdōz (nominative plural)
bakaburdōs (nominative plural)
bakaburd (singular vocative)
bakaburdōz (plural vocative)
bakaburdōs (plural vocative)
bakaburdą (accusative singular)
bakaburdanz (accusative plural)
bakaburdas (genitive singular)
bakaburdis (genitive singular)
bakaburdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakaburdai (dative singular)
bakaburdamaz (dative plural)
bakaburdō (instrumental singular)
bakaburdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bakabord

Old English: bæcbord

Middle English: *bakbord (unattested in Middle English)

i

English: backboard (possibly reborrowed from Low German or Dutch)

Scots: backburd

Old Saxon: *bakbord

Middle Low German: backbort, bakbōrt

German Low German: Backboord

→ Saterland Frisian: Bakboud

→ West Frisian: bakboard

→ Middle Dutch: *bakbord

Dutch: bakboord

→ Middle French: babort

→ French: bâbord

→ Italian: babordo

→ Spanish: babor

→ Portuguese: babordo, bombordo

→ Scots: baburd, babord

→ German: Backbord

Old Norse: bakborð; bakborði

Icelandic: bakborð, bakborði

Faroese: bakborð

Norwegian: bakbord

Swedish: babord

Danish: bagbord

From *baką + *burdaz, a variant of Proto-Germanic *burdą (“board”). So named as the steersman's back is toward this side of the vessel when facing the fore.


samnungō

samnungō (nominative singular)
samnungôz (nominative plural)
samnungō (singular vocative)
samnungôz (plural vocative)
samnungǭ (accusative singular)
samnungōz (accusative plural)
samnungōz (genitive singular)
samnungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
samnungōi (dative singular)
samnungōmaz (dative plural)
samnungō (instrumental singular)
samnungōmiz (instrumental plural)
*samanungō (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *samnungu
Old English: samnung, somnung
Middle English: samnung, samninge, samnyng, sampninge, somnunge, sompnunge
Old Saxon: samnunga
Middle Low German: samninge, sameninge
Low German: Samnung
Old Dutch: samanunga, samnunga
Middle Dutch: sameninge
Dutch: zamening
Old High German: samanunga
Middle High German: samenunge
German: Samnung

Old Norse: samning

Icelandic: samning


rēfaz

rēfaz (nominative singular)
rēfizō (nominative plural)
rēfaz (singular vocative)
rēfizō (plural vocative)
rēfaz (accusative singular)
rēfizō (accusative plural)
rēfiziz (genitive singular)
rēfizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rēfizi (dative singular)
rēfizumaz (dative plural)
rēfizē (instrumental singular)
rēfizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ráfr, ræfr, rjáfr, ráf

Icelandic: rjáfur, ræfur

Faroese: rævur

Norwegian Nynorsk: råv, ræve

(North Germanic) rafters, inside of a roof


muk-

Proto-West Germanic: *muk, *mok

Old English: *moc

⇒ Old English: hlōsmoc

Old Norse: *muk, *mok

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: mokdunge

Uncertain, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mew-g-, *mew-k- (“to be slippery, glide, slip; slime; slimy”); compare Latin mūcus. However the sound correspondences with the few potential cognates are irregular, and a substrate or onomatopoeic origin is possible. Compare also *smeuganą, *smukkōną (“to slip (into), slide, creep”).

→ Norman: mucre

Old Norse: myki, mykrDanish: møg→ Swedish: mög Icelandic: myki, mykjaNorwegian Bokmål: møkkNorwegian Nynorsk: myk→ Middle English: muk, mokEnglish: muckScots: muk


þurnuz

þurnuz (nominative singular)
þurniwiz (nominative plural)
þurnu (singular vocative)
þurniwiz (plural vocative)
þurnų (accusative singular)
þurnunz (accusative plural)
þurnauz (genitive singular)
þurniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurniwi (dative singular)
þurnumaz (dative plural)
þurnū (instrumental singular)
þurnumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þornu
Old Saxon: thorniun (dative plural)
Old Dutch: thorni (nominative plural)
Old High German: dornin, dornen (dative plural)

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (þaurnus)

A u-stem reformation of inherited *þurnaz.


sterbô

sterbô (nominative singular)
sterbaniz (nominative plural)
sterbô (singular vocative)
sterbaniz (plural vocative)
sterbanų (accusative singular)
sterbanunz (accusative plural)
stirbiniz (genitive singular)
sterbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stirbini (dative singular)
sterbammaz (dative plural)
stirbinē (instrumental singular)
sterbammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sterbō
Old English: steorfa
Middle English: steorve, steorfa, storve, sterve (early)
Old Frisian: sterva
Old Saxon: stervo
Middle Low German: sterve, starve
Old Dutch: stervo
Middle Dutch: sterve, sterf
Old High German: sterbo
Middle High German: sterbe

Old Norse: stjarfi

Icelandic: stjarfi

Old Swedish: starvi


werkadagaz

werkadagaz (nominative singular)
werkadagōz (nominative plural)
werkadagōs (nominative plural)
werkadag (singular vocative)
werkadagōz (plural vocative)
werkadagōs (plural vocative)
werkadagą (accusative singular)
werkadaganz (accusative plural)
werkadagas (genitive singular)
werkadagis (genitive singular)
werkadagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
werkadagai (dative singular)
werkadagamaz (dative plural)
werkadagō (instrumental singular)
werkadagamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *werkadag

Old English: weorcdæġ

Middle English: werkday

English: workday

Old High German: werctag

Middle High German: werctag

German: Werktag

Old Norse: verkdagr


regnawatōr

Proto-West Germanic: *regnawatar

Old English: reġnwæter, rēnwæter
Middle English: rein water, reyn water, reyne water, rayne water, rayn water
English: rainwater

Old Frisian: *reinweter

West Frisian: reinwetter

Old Saxon: *reganwater

Middle Low German: *regenwāter

Plautdietsch: Räajenwota

Old Dutch: *reganwatar

Middle Dutch: regenwater

Dutch: regenwater

Old High German: reganwazar

Middle High German: rëgenwaȥȥer

German: Regenwasser

desc

רעגן־וואַסער

Yiddish: רעגן־וואַסער (regn-vaser)

Old Norse: regnvatn

Icelandic: regnvatn

Norwegian: regnvann

Swedish: regnvatten

Danish: regnvand

Compound of *regną (“rain”) + *watōr (“water”).


brunnaz

brunnaz (nominative singular)
brunnōz (nominative plural)
brunnōs (nominative plural)
brunn (singular vocative)
brunnōz (plural vocative)
brunnōs (plural vocative)
brunną (accusative singular)
brunnanz (accusative plural)
brunnas (genitive singular)
brunnis (genitive singular)
brunnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunnai (dative singular)
brunnamaz (dative plural)
brunnō (instrumental singular)
brunnamiz (instrumental plural)


gadô

gadô (nominative singular)
gadaniz (nominative plural)
gadô (singular vocative)
gadaniz (plural vocative)
gadanų (accusative singular)
gadanunz (accusative plural)
gadiniz (genitive singular)
gadanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gadini (dative singular)
gadammaz (dative plural)
gadinē (instrumental singular)
gadammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gadō

Old English: gada

Middle English: gade

English: gad

Old Frisian: gada

North Frisian: gaade, gåde

West Frisian: geade

Old Saxon: *gado

Middle Low German: gade, gāde

Old Dutch: *gado

Middle Dutch: gade

Dutch: gade

Old High German: *gato

Middle High German: gate, gat

Bavarian: kate, kat

German: Gatte

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to join, unite”).


mēkijas agjō

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mākijas aggju
Old English: mǣċes eċġ
Old Saxon: mākies eggia

Old Norse: mækis egg

From *mēkijaz + *agjō. The phrase may well have originated in a later Germanic language and spread to the others through diffusion during late Antiquity or the early Middle Ages, meaning the term needs not necessarily have existed in Proto-Germanic.


waswǭ

waswǭ (nominative singular)
waswōniz (nominative plural)
waswǭ (singular vocative)
waswōniz (plural vocative)
waswōnų (accusative singular)
waswōnunz (accusative plural)
waswōniz (genitive singular)
waswōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waswōni (dative singular)
waswōmaz (dative plural)
waswōnē (instrumental singular)
waswōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wasā

Old Saxon: *wasa

Middle Low German: wase

Low German: wase

⇒ Old Saxon: *wasika

Middle Low German: wēseke, wesche

⇒ Old Saxon: *wasikīn

Middle Low German: wēseken

Old Dutch: *wasa

Middle Dutch: wase

Dutch: wasse, waze (obsolete)

Old High German: wasa

Middle High German: wase

⇒ Old High German: wasūnkind (“cousin”)

desc

⇒ Old High German: wasūnsunu (“male cousin”)


tunþuz

tunþuz (nominative singular)
tunþiwiz (nominative plural)
tunþu (singular vocative)
tunþiwiz (plural vocative)
tunþų (accusative singular)
tunþunz (accusative plural)
tunþauz (genitive singular)
tunþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tunþiwi (dative singular)
tunþumaz (dative plural)
tunþū (instrumental singular)
tunþumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃dn̥t-, from *h₃dónts (“tooth”).


uppahiminaz

uppahiminaz (nominative singular)
uppahiminōz (nominative plural)
uppahiminōs (nominative plural)
uppahimin (singular vocative)
uppahiminōz (plural vocative)
uppahiminōs (plural vocative)
uppahiminą (accusative singular)
uppahiminanz (accusative plural)
uppahiminas (genitive singular)
uppahiminis (genitive singular)
uppahiminǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uppahiminai (dative singular)
uppahiminamaz (dative plural)
uppahiminō (instrumental singular)
uppahiminamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: upheofon

Old Saxon: upphimil

Old High German: ûfhimil

Old Norse: upphiminn, ᚢᛒᚼᛁᛘᛁᚾ (ubhimin)

Icelandic: upphiminn

Old Danish: ᚢᛔᚼᛁᛘᛅᚿ (uphimæn)

*uppa- (“up-, above”) + *himinaz (“heaven, sky”).

af

(poetic) literally 'up-heaven', often translated as 'high heaven'


bērilaz

bērilaz (nominative singular)
bērilōz (nominative plural)
bērilōs (nominative plural)
bēril (singular vocative)
bērilōz (plural vocative)
bērilōs (plural vocative)
bērilą (accusative singular)
bērilanz (accusative plural)
bērilas (genitive singular)
bērilis (genitive singular)
bērilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bērilai (dative singular)
bērilamaz (dative plural)
bērilō (instrumental singular)
bērilamiz (instrumental plural)
*bērulaz (alternative)

Gothic (Burgundian): *𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌹𐌻𐍃 (*bērils)

From *beraną (“to carry, transport”) + *-ilaz.

suffix

(East Germanic) vessel for transport, container, jug; basket

(East Germanic) carrying equipment; stretcher


stassiz

stassiz (nominative singular)
stassīz (nominative plural)
stassi (singular vocative)
stassīz (plural vocative)
stassį (accusative singular)
stassinz (accusative plural)
stassīz (genitive singular)
stassijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stassī (dative singular)
stassimaz (dative plural)
stassī (instrumental singular)
stassimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍃 (*stass) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍃 (afstass), 𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍃 (usstass))

From *standaną (zero-grade stem *staþ/d-) + *-þiz. A specifically Germanic secondary re-creation of inherited ti-stem *sta-diz f (not zero-grade i-stem *stad-iz m), which properly belonged to *stāną (zero-grade stem *sta-).

(East Germanic) standing, act of standing


humelaz

Proto-West Germanic: *humel

Middle Dutch: homel

Dutch: hommel

Old English: *humbel

⇒ Old English: myōð-umbel

desctree

⇒ Middle English: humbul-bē
English: bumblebee
Scots: bumbee
Yola: bumble-bee

desc

Old High German: humbal, humbala, humbalo

Middle High German: humbel, hummel

German: Hummel

Middle Low German: homele, homelte

Old Norse: humla

Danish: humle, humlebi

Faroese: humla

Icelandic: humla

Norwegian Bokmål: humle

Norwegian Nynorsk: humle

Old Swedish: humbla

Swedish: humla

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *km̥H-el-os (“bumblebee”), probably onomatopoeic from a root *kemH- (“to hum”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *čьmèľь (“bumblebee”), *komãrъ (“mosquito”), Lithuanian kamãnė, Old Prussian camus (“bumblebee”).


stapiz

stapiz (nominative singular)
stapīz (nominative plural)
stapi (singular vocative)
stapīz (plural vocative)
stapį (accusative singular)
stapinz (accusative plural)
stapīz (genitive singular)
stapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stapī (dative singular)
stapimaz (dative plural)
stapī (instrumental singular)
stapimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stapi
Old English: stæpe, stepe
Middle English: steppe, stap, stape, steape, steepe, step, stepe
English: step
Scots: step, stap, stop
Old Frisian: *stap, stepe
North Frisian: staep
Saterland Frisian: Stap, Stappe
Old Saxon: *stap, *step
Middle Low German: stappe
German Low German: Stapp
Old Dutch: *stap, *step
Middle Dutch: steppe, step
Old High German: stapho, staph (dative: stepfen)
Middle High German: stapf
German: Stapf, Stapfe, Stapfen
⇒ Old High German: fuozstapho
Middle High German: vuozstapfe
German: Fußstapfen
→ Medieval Latin: stapēs
New Latin: stapes
→ English: stapes
French: stapes

Nominal formation related to *stappōną (“to step”), Proto-Slavic *stōpà (“foot, footstep”).


mainaswarô

mainaswarô (nominative singular)
mainaswaraniz (nominative plural)
mainaswarô (singular vocative)
mainaswaraniz (plural vocative)
mainaswaranų (accusative singular)
mainaswaranunz (accusative plural)
mainaswariniz (genitive singular)
mainaswaranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mainaswarini (dative singular)
mainaswarammaz (dative plural)
mainaswarinē (instrumental singular)
mainaswarammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mānswara
Middle English: mōnsware

Old High German: meinswero

Old Norse: meinsvari

Icelandic: meinsvari

From either *mainaz + *swarô or *mainaswarjaną + *-ô.


glidǭ

glidǭ (nominative singular)
glidōniz (nominative plural)
glidǭ (singular vocative)
glidōniz (plural vocative)
glidōnų (accusative singular)
glidōnunz (accusative plural)
glidōniz (genitive singular)
glidōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glidōni (dative singular)
glidōmaz (dative plural)
glidōnē (instrumental singular)
glidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glidā
Old English: glida, glioda m
Middle English: glede, glide
English: glede, glead
Scots: gled, gleed
Old Frisian: *glide
West Frisian: glee
→ Dutch: glee
Old Saxon: *glida
Middle Low German: glede

Old Norse: gleða

Icelandic: gleða

Danish: glæde, gleje (dialectal)

Swedish: glada

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleydʰ- (“to glide”); compare *glīdaną.


linþawurmiz

linþawurmiz (nominative singular)
linþawurmīz (nominative plural)
linþawurmi (singular vocative)
linþawurmīz (plural vocative)
linþawurmį (accusative singular)
linþawurminz (accusative plural)
linþawurmīz (genitive singular)
linþawurmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
linþawurmī (dative singular)
linþawurmimaz (dative plural)
linþawurmī (instrumental singular)
linþawurmimiz (instrumental plural)
*linþawurmaz (alternative)

Proto-West Germanic: *linþawurmi

Old Saxon: *lindwurm

Middle Low German: lindeworm

German Low German: Lindworm

Old Dutch: *lindwurm

Middle Dutch: lindeworm

Dutch: lindeworm

Old High German: lindwurm

Middle High German: lintwurm

German: Lindwurm

Old Norse: linnormr

Icelandic: linnormur, lindormur

Danish: lindorm

Norwegian: lindorm

→? English: lindworm; lindorm; lindwyrm

From *linþaz (“flexible, flimsy”) + *wurmiz (“worm, serpent”).

compound

(North Germanic) dragon (mythical large serpentine creature)


jeuką

jeuką (nominative singular)
jeukō (nominative plural)
jeuką (singular vocative)
jeukō (plural vocative)
jeuką (accusative singular)
jeukō (accusative plural)
jeukas (genitive singular)
jiukis (genitive singular)
jeukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jeukai (dative singular)
jeukamaz (dative plural)
jeukō (instrumental singular)
jeukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jeuk

Old High German: *jiuh

Middle High German: jiuch (“acreage”)

From Proto-Indo-European *yéwgom. Cognate with Ancient Greek Ancient Greek ζεῦγος (zeûgos, “yoke (of beasts), pair, team”).

cog

(West Germanic) team of draft animals, pair of oxen


euþą

euþą (nominative singular)
euþō (nominative plural)
euþą (singular vocative)
euþō (plural vocative)
euþą (accusative singular)
euþō (accusative plural)
euþas (genitive singular)
iuþis (genitive singular)
euþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
euþai (dative singular)
euþamaz (dative plural)
euþō (instrumental singular)
euþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: jóð

Icelandic: jóð

From pre-Germanic *h₁ew(H)-t-, likely an extension of the same root found in Latin iuvō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewH- (“to help, assist”).


seþlą

seþlą (nominative singular)
seþlō (nominative plural)
seþlą (singular vocative)
seþlō (plural vocative)
seþlą (accusative singular)
seþlō (accusative plural)
seþlas (genitive singular)
siþlis (genitive singular)
seþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
seþlai (dative singular)
seþlamaz (dative plural)
seþlō (instrumental singular)
seþlamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *seþl
Old English: seþl
>? Old English: setl, seatl, seatul, sedl, seld, seotl, seotul, seþel, seðl, sitl, sotl, setel, sætl
Middle English: setle, selde (with metathesis)
English: settle, seld (with metathesis)
Old Saxon: sethal
Middle Low German: sēdel
Old Dutch: *sethal
Middle Dutch: sēdel
Dutch: zedel
Limburgish: zaedel
Old High German: sedal
Middle High German: sedel

From pre-Germanic *sét-lom, probably continuing earlier *sét-ōl; compare *sadulaz, which seems to point to an earlier *sót-l̥, *s(o)t-né-. If this is correct, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *set- (“to be stable”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἐτάζω (etázō), Ancient Greek ἐτεός (eteós). Despite the appealing semantics, this cannot represent *sed-tlom, as that would have given *seslą, just as *sed-tos gave *sessaz.


swizjô

swizjô (nominative singular)
swizjaniz (nominative plural)
swizjô (singular vocative)
swizjaniz (plural vocative)
swizjanų (accusative singular)
swizjanunz (accusative plural)
swizjiniz (genitive singular)
swizjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swizjini (dative singular)
swizjammaz (dative plural)
swizjinē (instrumental singular)
swizjammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġeswiria

Old Swedish: swiri

From pre-Germanic *swes-yós, "of a sister", from Proto-Indo-European *swes-, "to be of one's own, familiar".


stikkô

stikkô (nominative singular)
stikkaniz (nominative plural)
stikkô (singular vocative)
stikkaniz (plural vocative)
stikkanų (accusative singular)
stikkanunz (accusative plural)
stikkiniz (genitive singular)
stikkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stikkini (dative singular)
stikkammaz (dative plural)
stikkinē (instrumental singular)
stikkammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stikkō, *stekkō
Old English: sticca, *stecca
Middle English: stikke, sticke, stik
English: stick
Scots: stick, stikk
Old Frisian: *stikka, *stekka, stekk, stek
Saterland Frisian: Stikke
West Frisian: stikke
Old Saxon: stekko, stikko
Middle Low German: sticke, stecke, sticken, stik
Dutch Low Saxon: stek, stik
German Low German: Stick
Old Dutch: *stikko, *stekko
Middle Dutch: stecke, stec
Dutch: stek
West Flemish: stek, stekke
Old High German: stecko, steccho
Middle High German: stecke, steche
Alemannic German: Steche
Swabian: Schdägga
Bavarian: Schdagga, Schdägn, Stacka, Steckn
German: Stecken
Pennsylvania German: Schtecke
Rhine Franconian: Stecke
Yiddish: שטעקן (shtekn)

Old Norse: stikki

⇒ Old Norse: stikka, stika

Icelandic: stikka

Faroese: stikka

Norwegian Bokmål: stikke

Norwegian Nynorsk: stikka, stika (dialectal)

Old Danish: stikkæ

Danish: stikke

Old Swedish: stikka

Swedish: sticka

A deverbal formation from *stikkōną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg-.

w:Oxford English Dictionary#Electronic versions

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


ubiswō

ubiswō (nominative singular)
ubiswôz (nominative plural)
ubiswō (singular vocative)
ubiswôz (plural vocative)
ubiswǭ (accusative singular)
ubiswōz (accusative plural)
ubiswōz (genitive singular)
ubiswǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ubiswōi (dative singular)
ubiswōmaz (dative plural)
ubiswō (instrumental singular)
ubiswōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ubisu, *obisu
Old English: œfis, efis, yfes, *ofes, efes
Middle English: eves, oves
English: eaves, eave
⇒ Middle English: *eves-wall
English: eaves-wall
Scots: easwas, easle, eazle, aisywaas
Old Frisian: ōse
North Frisian: ose
Saterland Frisian: Ouse
West Frisian: oes
Old Saxon: *ovisa
Middle Low German: ȫvese, ȫsene, ȫsen, ȫse, ȫze
Low German: Öse, Ese
⇒ Middle Low German: ovesval, ȫvesval (“eaves-wall”)
Old Dutch: *uvisa, *ovisa
Middle Dutch: ōvese, uevese, ōse, oyse, ōsie
Dutch: ozie, euzie
⇒ Dutch: ozing
Old High German: obisa, obasa
Middle High German: obese, obse
Bavarian: Obesen (dialectal)

Old Norse: ups

Old Swedish: ops, ups

Swedish: ofs, öfs, hofs, höfs (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰 (ubizwa)


skībǭ

skībǭ (nominative singular)
skībōniz (nominative plural)
skībǭ (singular vocative)
skībōniz (plural vocative)
skībōnų (accusative singular)
skībōnunz (accusative plural)
skībōniz (genitive singular)
skībōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skībōni (dative singular)
skībōmaz (dative plural)
skībōnē (instrumental singular)
skībōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skībā
Old English: *sċīfe
Middle English: schyve, schive, shive, shyve
English: shive
Scots: shive
Old Frisian: *skīve
West Frisian: skiif
Old Saxon: skīva
Middle Low German: schîve
German Low German: Schiev
Plautdietsch: Schiew
Old Dutch: *skīva
Middle Dutch: skive
Dutch: schijf
Afrikaans: skyf
→ Papiamentu: schijfie (dated)
Limburgish: sjief
Old High German: skība
Middle High German: schībe
Alemannic German: Schiibe, Schiebe
Swabian: Scheiba
Bavarian: Scheim, Scheibm
Central Franconian: Scheif, Schiev
German: Scheibe
→ Bulgarian: шайба (šajba)
→ Hunsrik: Scheib
→ Polish: szajba
→ Romanian: șaibă
→ Russian: шайба (šajba)
→ Armenian: շայբա (šayba)
→ Azerbaijani: şayba
→ Georgian: შაიბა (šaiba)
Luxembourgish: Scheif
Rhine Franconian: Scheib, Schieb
Palatine German: Scheib, Schäib, Schiew
Pennsylvania German: Scheib
Vilamovian: śajw
Yiddish: שײַב (shayb)
→ Slovene: šípa

Old Norse: skífa
Danish: skive
Faroese: skiva
Icelandic: skífa
Norwegian Bokmål: skive
Swedish: skiva

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to split”), presumably as *skip-ón-.


sīdiþō

sīdiþō (nominative singular)
sīdiþôz (nominative plural)
sīdiþō (singular vocative)
sīdiþôz (plural vocative)
sīdiþǭ (accusative singular)
sīdiþōz (accusative plural)
sīdiþōz (genitive singular)
sīdiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīdiþōi (dative singular)
sīdiþōmaz (dative plural)
sīdiþō (instrumental singular)
sīdiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: sídd

Icelandic: sídd

Faroese: sídd

Norwegian Nynorsk: sidd, sidde


wōþuz

Old Dutch: *wuot, *wuodi

Middle Dutch: woet

Dutch: woede

Afrikaans: woede

Old Norse: óðr

Icelandic: óður

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“to be excited”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *wātus (“poetic insipiration”), related to Latin vātēs (“seer, soothsayer, poet, oracle”).


gastihūsą

gastihūsą (nominative singular)
gastihūsō (nominative plural)
gastihūsą (singular vocative)
gastihūsō (plural vocative)
gastihūsą (accusative singular)
gastihūsō (accusative plural)
gastihūsas (genitive singular)
gastihūsis (genitive singular)
gastihūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gastihūsai (dative singular)
gastihūsamaz (dative plural)
gastihūsō (instrumental singular)
gastihūsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gastihūs
Old English: ġiesthūs, gasthūs, ġæsthūs, ġesthūs, ġysthūs
Middle English: gesthus, gystehus, gessthus, gest hous (partly calqued from Old Norse)
English: guesthouse
Old Frisian: *gasthūs, jesthūs
Saterland Frisian: Gasthuus
West Frisian: gasthûs
Old Saxon: gasthūs
Middle Low German: gasthûs, gastehûs
German Low German: Gasthuus
Old Dutch: *gasthūs
Middle Dutch: gasthuus
Dutch: gasthuis
Old High German: gasthūs
Middle High German: gasthūs
German: Gasthaus, Gästehaus

Old Norse: gestahús

Icelandic: gestahús, gistihús

⇒ Faroese: gistingarhús

Norwegian: gjestehus

Swedish: gästhus

Danish: gæstehus


underkuningaz

underkuningaz (nominative singular)
underkuningōz (nominative plural)
underkuningōs (nominative plural)
underkuning (singular vocative)
underkuningōz (plural vocative)
underkuningōs (plural vocative)
underkuningą (accusative singular)
underkuninganz (accusative plural)
underkuningas (genitive singular)
underkuningis (genitive singular)
underkuningǫ̂ (genitive plural)
underkuningai (dative singular)
underkuningamaz (dative plural)
underkuningō (instrumental singular)
underkuningamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *underkuning

Old English: undercyning, undercing

Middle English: underking

English: underking

desc

Old Frisian: *underkoning, *onderkening, *onderkining

West Frisian: ûnderkening

Old Saxon: *undarkuning

Middle Low German: underkȫninc

German Low German: Unnerkönig

Old Dutch: *undarkuning

Middle Dutch: onderconinc

Dutch: onderkoning

Old High German: *untarkuning

Middle High German: underkünic, underkünec, unterkünic, underkuonic

German: Unterkönig

Old Norse: undirkonungr

Icelandic: undirkonungur

Swedish: underkung

Danish: underkonge


murhō

murhō (nominative singular)
murhôz (nominative plural)
murhō (singular vocative)
murhôz (plural vocative)
murhǭ (accusative singular)
murhōz (accusative plural)
murhōz (genitive singular)
murhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murhōi (dative singular)
murhōmaz (dative plural)
murhō (instrumental singular)
murhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *murhu

Old English: moru

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">more</i>

Middle English: more (merged with descendant of Old English more)

English: more

desc

Old Saxon: morha, moraha f (strong decl)

Middle Low German: more, möre

Old High German: *morha, *moraha f (strong decl)

Middle High German: morch, morche, morhe, more, mauroch

German: Morche, Möhre


swōtimô

swōtimô (nominative singular)
swōtimaniz (nominative plural)
swōtimô (singular vocative)
swōtimaniz (plural vocative)
swōtimanų (accusative singular)
swōtimanunz (accusative plural)
swōtiminiz (genitive singular)
swōtimanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swōtimini (dative singular)
swōtimammaz (dative plural)
swōtiminē (instrumental singular)
swōtimammiz (instrumental plural)
*swōtmô (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swōtimō
Old Frisian: swētma
West Frisian: swietme

Old East Norse: *sœtmi, *sǿtmi

Old Danish: søtmæ

Danish: sødme

→ Norwegian Bokmål: sødme

Old Swedish: søtme

desc

from the Old Swedish oblique <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmq-osw">søtma</i>

Swedish: sötma (from the Old Swedish oblique søtma)

From *swōtijaną (“to sweeten”) + *-mô; compare Sanskrit स्वाद्मन् (svādman, “sweetness”).


hrabô

hrabô (nominative singular)
hrabaniz (nominative plural)
hrabô (singular vocative)
hrabaniz (plural vocative)
hrabanų (accusative singular)
hrabanunz (accusative plural)
hrabiniz (genitive singular)
hrabanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrabini (dative singular)
hrabammaz (dative plural)
hrabinē (instrumental singular)
hrabammiz (instrumental plural)
*hrabnaz (alternative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrabn, *hrabō
Old English: hræfn, hrefn, hræmn, hrem, hremn, hræfen
Middle English: raven, reven, revin
English: raven
Scots: ravin, revin, rawin
Old Frisian: ravan
Saterland Frisian: Roave (possibly from Middle Low German)
West Frisian: raven
Old Saxon: hravan, hraƀan, ravan
Middle Low German: rāven, rāve, rāvene, rāmme
German Low German: Raav, Roov
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Räwe
Lippisch: Rabe
Westmünsterländisch: Raawe, Raabe
Plautdietsch: Rowen
Old Dutch: ravan
Middle Dutch: rāven
Dutch: raaf
Old High German: raban, hraban, hram, ram, rabo, rappo
Middle High German: raben, ram; rabe, rab, rappe, rapp; rauen (plural; Niederrheinisch)
Alemannic German: Rapp
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Raab, Raaf
Luxembourgish: Ramm
German: Rabe
Rhine Franconian: Rab, Ramm, Rapp
Frankfurterisch: [ʀɑːp]
Yiddish: ראָב (rob)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ)
Old Norse: hrafn, hramn
Icelandic: hrafn
Faroese: ravnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ramn, (dialectal) rabn, rabm, ravn
Old Swedish: ramn, rampn, rafn
Swedish: ramn, ramm (dialectal)
Old Danish: rafn
Danish: ravn
Norwegian Bokmål: ravn

Apparently from a quasi-Proto-Indo-European *krobʰ-on-, of likely onomatopoeic origin, similar to that of Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-, the latter whence Latin corvus, Proto-Balto-Slavic *śárˀkāˀ.


matją

matją (nominative singular)
matjō (nominative plural)
matją (singular vocative)
matjō (plural vocative)
matją (accusative singular)
matjō (accusative plural)
matjas (genitive singular)
matis (genitive singular)
matjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
matjai (dative singular)
matjamaz (dative plural)
matjō (instrumental singular)
matjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *metti

Middle Low German: met

German Low German: Mett

→ German: Mett

An ablaut variant of the root *mēs-, mōs, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to drip, ooze; grease, fat”). Compare *matiz.


þawwaz

þawwaz (nominative singular)
þawwōz (nominative plural)
þawwōs (nominative plural)
þaww (singular vocative)
þawwōz (plural vocative)
þawwōs (plural vocative)
þawwą (accusative singular)
þawwanz (accusative plural)
þawwas (genitive singular)
þawwis (genitive singular)
þawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þawwai (dative singular)
þawwamaz (dative plural)
þawwō (instrumental singular)
þawwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þauw

Old English: þēaw

Middle English: þew, thew

English: thew, thews

Scots: thewis

Old Frisian: thāw, thāu

Old Saxon: thau

desc

Old High German: dau, (from the 9th C.) dou

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teh₂- (“to stand, place”).


mōijǭ

mōijǭ (nominative singular)
mōijōniz (nominative plural)
mōijǭ (singular vocative)
mōijōniz (plural vocative)
mōijōnų (accusative singular)
mōijōnunz (accusative plural)
mōijōniz (genitive singular)
mōijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōijōni (dative singular)
mōijōmaz (dative plural)
mōijōnē (instrumental singular)
mōijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōijā

Old Frisian: mōie

Saterland Frisian: Möie

⇒ West Frisian: muoike

Old Saxon: *mōja

desc

Middle Low German: mö̂ie, mö̂ye, moige, mö̂ge

German Low German: Möh

Old Dutch: *muoja, *mōja

Middle Dutch: muje, moye, moie

Dutch: moei

Old High German: *muoja, *mouwa

⇒ Old High German: holzmuoja, holzmouwa, holzmūwa

Middle High German: holzmuoje, holzmuowe

From *mō- (“mother”) + *-ijǭ (feminine diminutive ending).


faimô

faimô (nominative singular)
faimōnō (nominative plural)
faimô (singular vocative)
faimōnō (plural vocative)
faimô (accusative singular)
faimōnō (accusative plural)
faiminiz (genitive singular)
faimanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faimini (dative singular)
faimammaz (dative plural)
faiminē (instrumental singular)
faimammiz (instrumental plural)

Uncertain; suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *póyH-mn̥ or *péHi-mn̥ (“suckling”), from Proto-Indo-European *peyH- (“milk; fat”) (whence Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬨𐬀𐬥 (paēman, “mother's milk”), Proto-Germanic *faitaz (“fat”)), compare semantics of Proto-Slavic *děva (“maiden, virgin”), Latin fēmina (“woman”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle milk”). Alternatively, cognate with Ancient Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”).


hwatō

hwatō (nominative singular)
hwatôz (nominative plural)
hwatō (singular vocative)
hwatôz (plural vocative)
hwatǭ (accusative singular)
hwatōz (accusative plural)
hwatōz (genitive singular)
hwatǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwatōi (dative singular)
hwatōmaz (dative plural)
hwatō (instrumental singular)
hwatōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwatu
Old English: hwatu
Middle English: whate, ȝwate, quate, qwate, wate, what, hwate (Early Middle English)

Old Norse: hvǫt, hvꜹt, hvot
Icelandic: hvöt


marhwaz

marhwaz (nominative singular)
marhwōz (nominative plural)
marhwōs (nominative plural)
marhw (singular vocative)
marhwōz (plural vocative)
marhwōs (plural vocative)
marhwą (accusative singular)
marhwanz (accusative plural)
marhwas (genitive singular)
marhwis (genitive singular)
marhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marhwai (dative singular)
marhwamaz (dative plural)
marhwō (instrumental singular)
marhwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *marhu
Old English: mearh, mærh, merg, mearg, meargh, mærc
Old Frisian: *march
North Frisian:
Fohr: marig
Helgoland: marri
Sylt: märig
Wangerooge Frisian: mûrû
West Frisian: marge (dialectal march, marich)

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚱᚺᚹᚨ- (*marhwa-)

Old Norse: mǫrr
Faroese: mørur
Icelandic: mör
Norwegian Bokmål: morr, mørr
Norwegian Nynorsk: mòr
→ Old Irish: mar
⇒ Middle Irish: maróc
Scottish Gaelic: marag
Irish: maróg

→ Proto-Samic: *mārfē (see there for further descendants)

A thematicisation of earlier *marhuz, from Proto-Indo-European *merk- (“to decay”).


fiþulǭ

fiþulǭ (nominative singular)
fiþulōniz (nominative plural)
fiþulǭ (singular vocative)
fiþulōniz (plural vocative)
fiþulōnų (accusative singular)
fiþulōnunz (accusative plural)
fiþulōniz (genitive singular)
fiþulōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fiþulōni (dative singular)
fiþulōmaz (dative plural)
fiþulōnē (instrumental singular)
fiþulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fiþulā
Old English: *fiþele
Middle English: fithele, fedele, fedle, fethele, ffythil, ffythele, fieþle, fithel, fiþele, fydell, phetele, phethele, viþele
English: fiddle (dialectal feddle)
→ Swahili: fidla
Scots: fiddle
Yola: videl
→ Irish: fidil
→ Scottish Gaelic: fìdheall
Old Frisian: *fithele, *fidele
Saterland Frisian: Fiedel
West Frisian: fidel, fitel
⇒ West Frisian: fiteltsje
Old Saxon: *fithala
Middle Low German: vedele, vēdele, veddele, viddele, veddel, viddel
German Low German: Fiedel
Plautdietsch: Fiddel
Old Dutch: *fithala
Middle Dutch: vedele, viedele, vedel
Dutch: vedel, veel (archaic)
Old High German: fidala, fidula
Middle High German: videle, fidele, fidel
Central Franconian: Fedel, Fiddel
German: Fiedel, Fidel (see usage notes below)
→ Lower Sorbian: fidle
→ Polish: fidel
Rhine Franconian: Fidel
Pennsylvania German: Fiedel
Yiddish: פֿידל (fidl)
→? Late Latin: vitula, vidula (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: fiðla
Icelandic: fiðla
Norwegian Nynorsk: fidla, fela, fele
Old Swedish: fiþla
Swedish: fidla, fela, fejla
Old Danish: fithle
Danish: fidel, fedel, fele, fejle
Norwegian Bokmål: fele

Uncertain, but probably related to Late Latin vitula.


flagǭ

flagǭ (nominative singular)
flagōniz (nominative plural)
flagǭ (singular vocative)
flagōniz (plural vocative)
flagōnų (accusative singular)
flagōnunz (accusative plural)
flagōniz (genitive singular)
flagōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flagōni (dative singular)
flagōmaz (dative plural)
flagōnē (instrumental singular)
flagōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flagā
Old Frisian: *flage
Saterland Frisian: Floage
West Frisian: fleach
Old Saxon: *flaga
Middle Low German: flāge, vlāge
German Low German: Flage, Flaag
→ Middle High German: flāge, vlāge, phlāge
Old Dutch: *flaga
Middle Dutch: vlage, vlaghe, vlaech
Dutch: vlaag
→ Middle English: *flaugh (alternatively from Low German or Old Norse)
English: flaw
Scots: flaw

Old Norse: flaga

Icelandic: flaga

Old Swedish: flagha

Swedish: flaga

Norwegian: flage

Danish: flage

Derived from a lost verb *flahaną (“to beat, strike”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂g-, *pleh₂k- (“to beat, strike”), from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to beat, push, drive”).