swiką

swiką (nominative singular)
swikō (nominative plural)
swiką (singular vocative)
swikō (plural vocative)
swiką (accusative singular)
swikō (accusative plural)
swikas (genitive singular)
swikis (genitive singular)
swikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swikai (dative singular)
swikamaz (dative plural)
swikō (instrumental singular)
swikamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swik

Old English: swic

Middle English: swic, swik

Scots: swick

Old High German: *swih (in compounds: āswih, biswih)

Middle High German: beswich

Old Norse: svik

Icelandic: svik

Faroese: svik

Norwegian: svik

Old Swedish: svik

Swedish: svek

Old Danish: svigh

Danish: svig

→ Middle Low German: swich, swik, swick

→ Proto-Finnic: *vika
Estonian: viga
Finnish: vika
→ Northern Sami: vihki
Ingrian: vika
Karelian: vika (Northern), viga (Southern)
Livonian: vigā, viga
Livvi: viga
Ludian: viga
Veps: viga
Võro: viga
Votic: vika

→ Proto-Samic: *vëkē
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: vahe
Skolt Sami: vââʹǩǩ
Kildin Sami: вагкь (vagk’)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyg- (“to bend, twist, turn (aside), sway, swerve, dodge”).


tappô

tappô (nominative singular)
tappaniz (nominative plural)
tappô (singular vocative)
tappaniz (plural vocative)
tappanų (accusative singular)
tappanunz (accusative plural)
tappiniz (genitive singular)
tappanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tappini (dative singular)
tappammaz (dative plural)
tappinē (instrumental singular)
tappammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tappō

Old English: tæppa; (tæppe)

Middle English: tappe

Scots: tapp, tap

English: tap

Old Frisian: *tappa, tap

Saterland Frisian: Tappe

West Frisian: tap, taap

Old Saxon: *tappo

Middle Low German: tappe

German Low German: Tapp

Old Dutch: *tappo

Middle Dutch: tappe, tap

Dutch: tap

→ Old French: tape; tapon, tampon

Middle French: tape; tampon

French: tape; tampon

→ Middle English: tampion

English: tampion, tampon

desctree

→ Italian: tappo
→ Ottoman Turkish: طپه (tıpa, tapa), طاپه (tapa), طپا (tapa)
Turkish: tıpa, tapa
→ Albanian: tapë
→ Armenian: թափա (tʻapʻa)
→ Bulgarian: та́па (tápa)
→ Greek: τάπα (tápa)
→ Macedonian: тапа (tapa)
→ Romanian: tapă

Old High German: zapfo, zapho

→ Italian: zaffo

Middle High German: zapfe

German: Zapfen

Luxembourgish: Zap

Old Norse: tappi

Icelandic: tappi

(Faroese: tappur)

Norwegian: tappe

Swedish: tapp

→ Finnish: tappi

Danish: tap

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐍀𐍀𐌰 (*tappa)

→ Galician: tapa, tampa

→ Portuguese: tapa, tampa

→ Spanish: tapa

Suevic: (?)

→ Galician: zapa, zapón, zapar

Of unclear origin; possibly related to Sanskrit दिप् (dip, “to push, strike (variant form of तिप् (tip, “to sprinkle”)”), Ancient Greek δέφω (déphō, “to soften, knead”).

cog

to push, strike (variant form of <i class="Deva mention" lang="sa">तिप्</i> (tip, “to sprinkle”)


twīgą

twīgą (nominative singular)
twīgō (nominative plural)
twīgą (singular vocative)
twīgō (plural vocative)
twīgą (accusative singular)
twīgō (accusative plural)
twīgas (genitive singular)
twīgis (genitive singular)
twīgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twīgai (dative singular)
twīgamaz (dative plural)
twīgō (instrumental singular)
twīgamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: twiġ; twī; (twīġa); (twicg, twigg)

Middle English: twi, twyg, twig; (twigge, twig)

Scots: twigg, tuigg

English: twig

Old Frisian: *twīch

North Frisian: twiig

Saterland Frisian: Twiech

West Frisian: twiich

Old Saxon: *twig, *twīh

Middle Low German: twîch

German Low German: Twieg

Old Dutch: *twig, *twīh

Middle Dutch: twijch

Dutch: twijg

Old High German: zwīg; (zwī)

Middle High German: zwīc; (zwī)

German: Zweig

Luxembourgish: Zwäig

Yiddish: צווײַג (tsvayg)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwigʰon (“forked branch”), which Orel derives from *dwóh₁ (“two”), presumably based on the two-forked shape of twigs, though Kroonen adduces no cognates outside of Germanic and leaves the origin open. Compare Old Church Slavonic двигъ (dvigŭ, “branch”), Albanian degë (“branch”).


aþulingaz

aþulingaz (nominative singular)
aþulingōz (nominative plural)
aþulingōs (nominative plural)
aþuling (singular vocative)
aþulingōz (plural vocative)
aþulingōs (plural vocative)
aþulingą (accusative singular)
aþulinganz (accusative plural)
aþulingas (genitive singular)
aþulingis (genitive singular)
aþulingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþulingai (dative singular)
aþulingamaz (dative plural)
aþulingō (instrumental singular)
aþulingamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aþuling
Old English: æþeling, æðeling — edh spelling, eþeling — Mercian
Middle English: atheling
English: atheling
→? Middle Welsh: edling, edlyg, etling (or from Middle English)
Welsh: edling, edlin
→ English: edling
Old Frisian: etheling, edling
Old Saxon: ethiling
Old Dutch: etheling
Middle Dutch: ēdelinc
Dutch: edeling
Old High German: adaling
→ Latin: adelingus, adalingus

Old Norse: ǫðlingr

Icelandic: öðlingur

Swedish: ädling


budilaz

budilaz (nominative singular)
budilōz (nominative plural)
budilōs (nominative plural)
budil (singular vocative)
budilōz (plural vocative)
budilōs (plural vocative)
budilą (accusative singular)
budilanz (accusative plural)
budilas (genitive singular)
budilis (genitive singular)
budilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
budilai (dative singular)
budilamaz (dative plural)
budilō (instrumental singular)
budilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *budil

Old English: bydel
Middle English: budel, beodel, bidel, bedel
English: beadle
Scots: bedel, beddel, beddal

Old Frisian: *bodel, *bedel

West Frisian: boal, beul

Old Saxon: budil

Middle Low German: bodel, bödel, böddel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bøddel

→ Polabian: badål

→ Old Swedish: böfvel

Swedish: bödel

→ Finnish: peeveli, pyöveli

Old Dutch: *budil

Middle Dutch: bodel, beudel, buel

Dutch: beul

Afrikaans: beul

Old High German: butil

Middle High German: bütel

German: Büttel

desc

→ Medieval Latin: bedellus, bidellus, pedellus

desctree

Old French: bedel
Middle French: bedeau
French: bedeau
→ Italian: bidello

Old Occitan: bedel

Occitan: bedel

→ German: Pedell

→ Dutch: pedel, bedel

→ Middle English: bedel

English: bedel

→ Portuguese: bedel

→ Spanish: bedel

one who carries out an order; beadle; bailiff


hampą

hampą (nominative singular)
hampō (nominative plural)
hampą (singular vocative)
hampō (plural vocative)
hampą (accusative singular)
hampō (accusative plural)
hampas (genitive singular)
hampis (genitive singular)
hampǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hampai (dative singular)
hampamaz (dative plural)
hampō (instrumental singular)
hampamiz (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hap(p) (< *happą)

Old English: ġehæp

Old Norse: happ

Icelandic: happ

Faroese: happ

Norn: happ

→ Middle English: happe, happ

English: hap

From Proto-Indo-European *kob- (“good fortune, prophecy; to bend, bow, fit in, work, succeed”).


bremusī

bremusī (nominative singular)
bremusijôz (nominative plural)
bremusī (singular vocative)
bremusijôz (plural vocative)
bremusijǭ (accusative singular)
bremusijōz (accusative plural)
bremusijōz (genitive singular)
bremusijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bremusijōi (dative singular)
bremusijōmaz (dative plural)
bremusijō (instrumental singular)
bremusijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bremussju

Old English: brimsa, brēosa

Middle English: brimse, brese

English: breeze

Old Saxon: brimissa

Middle Low German: brēmse

German Low German: Bremse, Brems

→ German: Bremse

Old Dutch: *brimissa

Middle Dutch: bremse, breemse

Dutch: brems

Old High German: brimissa, brema

Middle High German: breme

German: Breme (archaic)

Old Norse: brims

Icelandic: brims

Norwegian: brems

Old Swedish: brims, bryms

q

influenced by dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="sv">bromma</i> (“to hum”)

Swedish: bröms, broms (influenced by dialectal bromma (“to hum”))

Old Danish: brims, brimse

Danish: brems (now nonstandard), bremse


burstiz

burstiz (nominative singular)
burstīz (nominative plural)
bursti (singular vocative)
burstīz (plural vocative)
burstį (accusative singular)
burstinz (accusative plural)
burstīz (genitive singular)
burstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burstī (dative singular)
burstimaz (dative plural)
burstī (instrumental singular)
burstimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bursti

desctree

Old English: byrst
Middle English: brust
⇒ Old English: *byrstel
Middle English: brustel, bristil, bristel
English: bristle
Scots: brustle, bristle, brissle

Old Frisian: *berst, *borst

⇒ Old Frisian: *berstel, *borstel

Saterland Frisian: Bäärsel

West Frisian: boarstel

Old Saxon: *burst

⇒ Old Saxon: *burstil

Middle Low German: borstel

German Low German: Bössel

Plautdietsch: Borschtel

Old Dutch: *burst

⇒ Old Dutch: *burstil

Middle Dutch: burstele, borstele

Dutch: borstel

Dutch: borsel

Old High German: burst, borst
Middle High German: burst, borst, burste, borste
Bavarian: Biaschtn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Berst
Luxembourgish: Buuscht, Biischt
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: bèrschd
German: Borste, Bürste

Old Norse: burst

Icelandic: burst

Faroese: bust

Old Swedish: borst

Swedish: borst; Swedish: borste (perhaps influenced by German)

Danish: børste

q

with *bruskaz, Icelandic <i class="Latn mention" lang="is">brúskur</i>

Vulgar Latin: *brustia, *bruscia (with *bruskaz, Icelandic brúskur)

Old French: broche, broisse

French: brosse

Picard: brouche

Walloon: brouche, broushe

→ Middle English: brusshe

English: brush

→ Galician: brocha

→ Portuguese: brocha

desctree

→ Spanish: brocha
→ Catalan: brotxa
→ Cebuano: brotsa
→ Tagalog: brotsa

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: βρούτσα (broútsa), βούρτζα (boúrtza), βούρτσα (boúrtsa), βρούτζα (broútza)

Greek: βούρτσα (voúrtsa)

→ Albanian: vurcë

→ Bulgarian: ву́рца (vúrca)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: فرچه (fırça), فورچه (fırça, furça)
Turkish: fırça
→ Arabic: فُرْشَة (furša)
→ Armenian: ֆռչա (fṙčʻa)
→ Bulgarian: ву́рча (vúrča), фу́рча (fúrča), фурча́ (furčá), фу́рца (fúrca)
→ Persian: فرچه (ferče)

⇒ Byzantine Greek: βρουτσίν (broutsín)

desc

Pontic Greek: βουρτζίν (vourtzín), βουρτζί (vourtzí), φουρτζί (fourtzí)

→ Armenian: վուրձին (vurjin) — Hamshen

→ Armenian: վրձին (vrjin)

From earlier *bʰurstís, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥s-tí-s, from *bʰers- (“top, point”). Cognate with Latin fastīgō (“to sharpen to a point”), Sanskrit भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “spike, point”).


berkō

berkō (nominative singular)
berkôz (nominative plural)
berkō (singular vocative)
berkôz (plural vocative)
berkǭ (accusative singular)
berkōz (accusative plural)
berkōz (genitive singular)
berkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
berkōi (dative singular)
berkōmaz (dative plural)
berkō (instrumental singular)
berkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *berku
Old English: beorc
Old Dutch: *berka
Middle Dutch: berke
Dutch: berk
Afrikaans: berk
Old High German: birka, biricha
Middle High German: birke, birche
German: Birke

Old Norse: bjǫrk
Icelandic: björk
Faroese: bjørk
Norwegian: bjørk; (dialectal) bjerk (< bjarkar), børk
→ Danish: bjørk, bjerk
Norwegian Bokmål: bjørk, bjerk
Elfdalian: byörk
Old Swedish: biork
Swedish: björk
Old Danish: birk, *biork
Danish: birk
Gutnish: bjärk
Scanian: birk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵos. Cognate with Sanskrit भूर्ज (bhūrjá, “a species of birch”), Proto-Slavic *berza (“birch”).


klūtaz

klūtaz (nominative singular)
klūtōz (nominative plural)
klūtōs (nominative plural)
klūt (singular vocative)
klūtōz (plural vocative)
klūtōs (plural vocative)
klūtą (accusative singular)
klūtanz (accusative plural)
klūtas (genitive singular)
klūtis (genitive singular)
klūtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klūtai (dative singular)
klūtamaz (dative plural)
klūtō (instrumental singular)
klūtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klūt

Old English: clūt; clūd

Middle English: clout, clowt; cloud, cloude, clud, clude

English: clout; cloud

Scots: clout, cloot; clood, clud

Old Saxon: *klūt

Middle Low German: klût m; klûte m

Low German: Kluut, Kluute

Old Dutch: *klūta

Middle Dutch: klute f

Dutch: kluit

Old Norse: klútr

Icelandic: klútur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: klut

Norwegian Nynorsk: klut

Swedish: klut

Old Danish: klut

Danish: klud

From Proto-Indo-European *glewdos, from *gel- (“to ball up; amass; clench”). Compare Proto-West Germanic *klott (“clot”), as well as Old Armenian կեղտ (kełt, “dirt”).


klaimaz

klaimaz (nominative singular)
klaimōz (nominative plural)
klaimōs (nominative plural)
klaim (singular vocative)
klaimōz (plural vocative)
klaimōs (plural vocative)
klaimą (accusative singular)
klaimanz (accusative plural)
klaimas (genitive singular)
klaimis (genitive singular)
klaimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klaimai (dative singular)
klaimamaz (dative plural)
klaimō (instrumental singular)
klaimamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *klaim
Old English: clām
Middle English: clame, clom
English: cloam (dialectal)
Old Dutch: *clēm
Middle Dutch: clêem
Old High German: kleim

Old Norse: kleima (<*klaimô)

Icelandic: kleima

From Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y- (“to smear, to stick”).


klanhs

klanhs (nominative singular)
klanhiz (nominative plural)
klanh (singular vocative)
klanhiz (plural vocative)
klanhų (accusative singular)
klanhunz (accusative plural)
klanhiz (genitive singular)
klanhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klanhi (dative singular)
klanhumaz (dative plural)
klanhē (instrumental singular)
klanhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *clōh

desc

Middle English: clogh, clough, clow, clew

English: clough

Northumbrian cleugh

Scots: cleuch

Old High German: *klāh (in placenames)

Unknown. Kroonen links *kling(w)aną (“to shrink”). Compare also Proto-Celtic *glendos (“valley, glen”) and Proto-Germanic *klintaz (“hill, cliff”), of possible substrate origin.
In view of *klintaz, *klibą (“cliff”) and *kluftiz (“cleft”), sound symbolism may be involved.

sound-symbolic

sound symbolism


brahsmô

brahsmô (nominative singular)
brahsmaniz (nominative plural)
brahsmô (singular vocative)
brahsmaniz (plural vocative)
brahsmanų (accusative singular)
bruhsnunz (accusative plural)
bruhsnaz (genitive singular)
bruhsnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bruhsmini (dative singular)
bruhsmummaz (dative plural)
bruhsnē (instrumental singular)
bruhsmummiz (instrumental plural)

Frankish: *brahsima

Old Dutch: *brasma

Dutch: brasem

→ Old French: braisme

French: brème

→ English: bream

Old High German: brahsmo, brahsma

Middle High German: brahsem

German: Brachse, Brachsen

(Old Norse: brosma) (< *bruhsm-)

(Icelandic: brosma)

(Faroese: brosma)

(Norwegian: brosme)

(Danish: brosme)


ardiz

ardiz (nominative singular)
ardīz (nominative plural)
ardi (singular vocative)
ardīz (plural vocative)
ardį (accusative singular)
ardinz (accusative plural)
ardīz (genitive singular)
ardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ardī (dative singular)
ardimaz (dative plural)
ardī (instrumental singular)
ardimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ardi

desc

Old English: *erd, eard (“state, station, condition, fate”)

Middle English: erd (“character, nature, disposition”)

Old Frisian: *ard, *erd

Saterland Frisian: Oard

West Frisian: aard

Old Saxon: *ard

Middle Low German: art, ārt

German Low German: Aard

Old Dutch: *ard

Middle Dutch: aert

Dutch: aard

Afrikaans: aard

Old High German: art

Middle High German: art

Bavarian: Årt

Central Franconian: Aad, Aat, Aart

Kölsch: Aat

German: Art

→ Danish: art

→ Faroese: art

→ Swedish: art

→ Norwegian: art

Luxembourgish: Aart

Old Norse: arðr (in einarðr)

Icelandic: arður

Of disputed origin:
* From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-tey-s, from *h₂er- (“to join, fit together”); see also *armaz (“arm”), Latin ars (“art”).
* Perhaps from a specialized use of *ardiz, a by-form of *arþiz (“plough; acre; farmland”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) (whence also *arjaną (“to plow”) and *arþrą (“plow”); compare Latin area).


stangō

stangō (nominative singular)
stangôz (nominative plural)
stangō (singular vocative)
stangôz (plural vocative)
stangǭ (accusative singular)
stangōz (accusative plural)
stangōz (genitive singular)
stangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stangōi (dative singular)
stangōmaz (dative plural)
stangō (instrumental singular)
stangōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stangu

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*stangi</i>

Old English: stenġ, stænġ (< *stangi)
Middle English: steng

Old Frisian: *stange, *stonge

Saterland Frisian: Stange

West Frisian: stange

Old Saxon: stanga

Middle Low German: stange

German Low German: Stange, Stang

Old Dutch: *stanga

Middle Dutch: stanghe

Dutch: stang, steng
→ Indonesian: sêtang
→ Polish: stenga

Old High German: stanga

Middle High German: stange

German: Stange

Luxembourgish: Staang

→ Italian: stanga

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: stǫng
Icelandic: stöng
Faroese: stong
Norwegian: stang
Old Swedish: stang
Swedish: stång
Danish: stang
→ Middle English: stang, stange, stong
English: stang, stong
Scots: stang, stong
→ Old East Slavic: стѧгъ (stęgŭ)
Old Ruthenian: стѧгъ (stjah)
Belarusian: сцяг (scjah)
Ukrainian: стяг (stjah)
Russian: стяг (stjag)
→ Bulgarian: стяг (stjag)

→ Finnish: tanko

→? Estonian: tang

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: stággu

Southern Sami: staagkoe

A nominal derivative from *stinganą (“to stick out, sting”), with quasi-Indo-European form *stongʰ-eh₂.


krumô

Old English: cruma

desc

Middle English: crome, cromme, crume, crumme

Scots: crum

English: crumb

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: krome, krume

Low German: Krume, Krome

Old High German:

Middle High German: krume

German: Krume, Krümel

Old Norse:

Icelandic: krumur

Swedish: krumma (dialectal); inkråm (?)

Danish: krumme

From Proto-Indo-European *grū-mo- (“something scraped together, lumber, junk; to claw, scratch”).


þewanōstaz

þewanōstaz (nominative singular)
þewanōstōz (nominative plural)
þewanōstōs (nominative plural)
þewanōst (singular vocative)
þewanōstōz (plural vocative)
þewanōstōs (plural vocative)
þewanōstą (accusative singular)
þewanōstanz (accusative plural)
þewanōstas (genitive singular)
þewanōstis (genitive singular)
þewanōstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þewanōstai (dative singular)
þewanōstamaz (dative plural)
þewanōstō (instrumental singular)
þewanōstamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *þēonost, *þēonest, þēnest

Old Frisian: thiānost, thiānest

Saterland Frisian: Tjoonst

West Frisian: tjienst, tjinst, tsjinst

Old Saxon: thionost

Middle Low German: dênst

German Low German: Deenst, Dennst

Plautdietsch: Deenst

→ Old Norse: þénasta

Faroese: tænasta

Old Dutch: *thionost

Middle Dutch: dienst

Dutch: dienst

→ Indonesian: dinas

Old High German: dionōst

Middle High German: dienest, dienst

Central Franconian: Deens

German: Dienst

Luxembourgish: Déngscht

Yiddish: דינסט (dinst)

Old Norse: þjónusta, þjónasta

Icelandic: þjónusta

Faroese: tænasta

Norwegian Nynorsk: tenest, teneste

Old Swedish: þiænist

Swedish: tjänst

→ Finnish: tienesti

Danish: tjeneste

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjeneste

From *þewanōną, from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, be fluid, flow”).


wīnabasją

wīnabasją (nominative singular)
wīnabasjō (nominative plural)
wīnabasją (singular vocative)
wīnabasjō (plural vocative)
wīnabasją (accusative singular)
wīnabasjō (accusative plural)
wīnabasjas (genitive singular)
wīnabasis (genitive singular)
wīnabasjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnabasjai (dative singular)
wīnabasjamaz (dative plural)
wīnabasjō (instrumental singular)
wīnabasjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīnabaʀi
Old English: wīnberġe, wīnberie f; wīnbeġer n
Middle English: winberie, winberi, wynberie, wynberiȝ, wyneberie, wynneberie
English: wineberry; whimberry, whinberry, wimberry, winberry, windberry
Old Frisian: *wīnberie
Saterland Frisian: Wienbäie
West Frisian: wynbei
Old Saxon: wīnberi
Middle Low German: wînbēre
German Low German: Wienbeer
Old Dutch: *wīnberi
Middle Dutch: wijnbere
Dutch: wijnbeer, wiemer
Old High German: wīnberi
Middle High German: wīnbere, wīnber
German: Weinbeere

Old Norse: vínber

Icelandic: vínber

Faroese: vínber

Old Swedish: vīnbær

Swedish: vinbär

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍃𐌹 (weinabasi)


setlaz

setlaz (nominative singular)
setlōz (nominative plural)
setlōs (nominative plural)
setl (singular vocative)
setlōz (plural vocative)
setlōs (plural vocative)
setlą (accusative singular)
setlanz (accusative plural)
setlas (genitive singular)
sitlis (genitive singular)
setlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
setlai (dative singular)
setlamaz (dative plural)
setlō (instrumental singular)
setlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *setl

Old English: setl, seotul, seatul

desc

Middle English: seotel, setil, setel, setle, settle

Scots: sattle, settle

English: settle

Old Frisian: *setl

Saterland Frisian: Sittel (in compounds)

Old Saxon: setl

Middle Low German: setel, sētel, settel

Old Dutch: *setl, *setal

Middle Dutch: setel

Dutch: zetel

Afrikaans: setel

Old High German: sezzal

Middle High German: sëzzel

German: Sessel

→ German Low German: Sessel

Old Norse: sjǫtull

Icelandic: sjötul

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃 (sitls)

From Proto-Indo-European *sedlo-, from *sed- (“to sit”). Synchronically analyzed as an l-suffixed nominal formation from *sitjaną (“to sit”). Particularly close cognate with Old Irish séol (“seat”).


bakārijaz

bakārijaz (nominative singular)
bakārijōz (nominative plural)
bakārijōs (nominative plural)
bakārī (singular vocative)
bakārijōz (plural vocative)
bakārijōs (plural vocative)
bakāriją (accusative singular)
bakārijanz (accusative plural)
bakārijas (genitive singular)
bakārīs (genitive singular)
bakārijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakārijai (dative singular)
bakārijamaz (dative plural)
bakārijō (instrumental singular)
bakārijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bæcere
Middle English: bakere, backer, backere
English: baker
Scots: bakar, baikar

Old Frisian: *bakere, *bekere

Saterland Frisian: Bakker

West Frisian: bakker

desc

Old Saxon: bakkāri, bakkeri, bekkeri, bekkere

Middle Low German: backære, backer, beckere, becker

German Low German: Backer

Plautdietsch: Bakja

Old Dutch: *bakkari

Middle Dutch: backere

desctree

Dutch: bakker
Afrikaans: bakker
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bákrimán
→ Sranan Tongo: bakri

Limburgish: bekker

Old High German: bekkāri, beckāri

Middle High German: beckære, becker

German: Bäcker

Old Norse: bakari

Icelandic: bakari

Faroese: bakari

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: bakar; (dialectal) bakari, båkår, bakær

Old Swedish: bakare, baghare (late)

Swedish: bagare

Danish: bager

Norwegian Bokmål: baker

Gutnish: bakare, bagare

→? Estonian: pagar


skaiþiz

skaiþiz (nominative singular)
skaiþīz (nominative plural)
skaiþi (singular vocative)
skaiþīz (plural vocative)
skaiþį (accusative singular)
skaiþinz (accusative plural)
skaiþīz (genitive singular)
skaiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaiþī (dative singular)
skaiþimaz (dative plural)
skaiþī (instrumental singular)
skaiþimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaiþiju
Old English: sċēaþ
Middle English: shethe, sheth, schethe, scheth
English: sheath, sheathe
Old Frisian: skēthe
Old Saxon: sceitha
Low German: scheed
Old Dutch: *skētha
Middle Dutch: schêde
Dutch: schede
Afrikaans: skede
Old High German: sceida, skaida
Middle High German: scheide
German: Scheide
Hunsrik: Scheed
Luxembourgish: Scheed
Yiddish: שייד (sheyd)

Old Norse: skeið

Icelandic: skeið

Faroese: skeið

Norwegian Nynorsk: skei, skeid

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skei

Old Swedish: skēþ

Swedish: sked

Danish: ske

Norwegian Bokmål: skje

→ Middle Irish: scáeth
Irish: scaoth
Manx: skeih
Scottish Gaelic: sgaoth

Old Norse: skeiðir f pl (“sheath”)

Danish: skede

Norwegian Bokmål: skjede

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjede

From *skaiþaną (“to separate”) + *-þiz (“nominal suffix”).

af

something carved out to be concave or hollow


airō

airō (nominative singular)
airôz (nominative plural)
airō (singular vocative)
airôz (plural vocative)
airǭ (accusative singular)
airōz (accusative plural)
airōz (genitive singular)
airǫ̂ (genitive plural)
airōi (dative singular)
airōmaz (dative plural)
airō (instrumental singular)
airōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *airu
Old English: ār
Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air

Old Norse: ár
Icelandic: ár
Faroese: ár
Norwegian Nynorsk: år
Russenorsk: aart
Norwegian Bokmål: år
Elfdalian: år
Old Swedish: ār
Swedish: år
Old Danish: aar
Danish: år

→ Proto-Finnic: *airo (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *ājrō (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃eyH- (“pole”).


þwahlą

þwahlą (nominative singular)
þwahlō (nominative plural)
þwahlą (singular vocative)
þwahlō (plural vocative)
þwahlą (accusative singular)
þwahlō (accusative plural)
þwahlas (genitive singular)
þwahlis (genitive singular)
þwahlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwahlai (dative singular)
þwahlamaz (dative plural)
þwahlō (instrumental singular)
þwahlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þwahl
Old English: þwēal
Middle English: thweal
Old High German: dwahal
⇒ Old High German: dwahalkar (“washtub”)

Old Norse: þvál; þvalr; þvæla

Icelandic: þvál

Old Swedish: thval

Swedish: tvål

Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌻 (þwahl)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vahla

Finnish: vahla (“foam”)


arþrą

arþrą (nominative singular)
arþrō (nominative plural)
arþrą (singular vocative)
arþrō (plural vocative)
arþrą (accusative singular)
arþrō (accusative plural)
arþras (genitive singular)
arþris (genitive singular)
arþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arþrai (dative singular)
arþramaz (dative plural)
arþrō (instrumental singular)
arþramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: arðr
Icelandic: arður
Norwegian Nynorsk: ard
Norwegian Bokmål: ard
→ English: ard
Old Swedish: arþer n
Swedish: årder n
Danish: ard

→ Proto-Finnic: *atra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom. Equivalent to *arjaną + *-þrą.


plōgaz

plōgaz (nominative singular)
plōgōz (nominative plural)
plōgōs (nominative plural)
plōg (singular vocative)
plōgōz (plural vocative)
plōgōs (plural vocative)
plōgą (accusative singular)
plōganz (accusative plural)
plōgas (genitive singular)
plōgis (genitive singular)
plōgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
plōgai (dative singular)
plōgamaz (dative plural)
plōgō (instrumental singular)
plōgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *plōg
Old English: plōg, plōh
Middle English: plough, ploug, plouh, plogh, plog, ploh, ploch, plugh, pleugh, plue, pleu (northern)
English: plough, plow (US) (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pleuch, plou
Yola: pleough, plowe, plou
Old Frisian: plōch
North Frisian: plog
Saterland Frisian: Plouch
West Frisian: ploech
Old Saxon: *plōg
Middle Low German: plôg
Low German: Ploog
Plautdietsch: Pluach, Plüach
Old Dutch: *pluog
Middle Dutch: ploech
Dutch: ploeg
Afrikaans: ploeg
Limburgish: plógk
Old High German: phluog, pfluog
Middle High German: pfluoc
Central Franconian: Plooch, Pluuch (southern Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Plugh
Luxembourgish: Plou
East Central German:
Vilamovian: fłüg
East Franconian:
German: Pflug
Rhine Franconian: Plug
→ Medieval Latin: plōvum, ploum
→ Proto-Slavic: *plùgъ (see there for further descendants)
→ Lithuanian: plū̃gas

Old Norse: plógr
Icelandic: plógur m
Faroese: plógv f or n
Norn: plu
Norwegian Bokmål: plog m
Norwegian Nynorsk: plog m
Old Swedish: plōgher
Swedish: plog c
Old Danish: plogh
Danish: plov c
Elfdalian: pluog
Gutnish: plog
→ Middle English: plouh, plugh, plough, plouw, plow (partially)
English: plough

Of disputed origin.
Possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸlowyos, *ɸlowī (“rudder”), from Proto-Indo-European *plów-yo-s (“ship”), from the root *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”). Compare Albanian plor (“prow of a boat; ploughshare”).
Alinei also mentions the Latin plaumoratum (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 18.69), with the second element possibly relating to the family of Latin rota, Proto-Celtic *rotos and Proto-Germanic *raþą (“wheel”). Guus Kroonen has suggested a connection of the Germanic and the Latin words to *plehan (“to take responsibility, care”) (“to care for one’s life” > “to plow”); compare Old High German pfluog (“livelihood”) and Icelandic plógur, plóg (“profit”), which could nevertheless point as well to the opposite morpho-semantic evolution. Otherwise he proposes a connection with Proto-Germanic *plag/kkōn- (“rag, sod”), which seems a bit far-fetched.

cog

Brill Publishers
Guus Kroonen
Pliny the Elder


pīkaz

pīkaz (nominative singular)
pīkōz (nominative plural)
pīkōs (nominative plural)
pīk (singular vocative)
pīkōz (plural vocative)
pīkōs (plural vocative)
pīką (accusative singular)
pīkanz (accusative plural)
pīkas (genitive singular)
pīkis (genitive singular)
pīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pīkai (dative singular)
pīkamaz (dative plural)
pīkō (instrumental singular)
pīkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *pīk
Old English: pīc
Middle English: pyke, pike, pyk (partially from Old French pike)
English: pike
Old Dutch: *pīk
>? Middle Dutch: pike m or f
Dutch: piek
Afrikaans: piek
Old High German: *pīk
German: Peik (dialectal)

Old Norse: pík

Norwegian: pik

Danish: pig

Old Swedish: pīker

Swedish: pik

Gothic: *𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*peiks)

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 (peikabagms, “palm tree”)

Similar to the verb *pikkōną (“to pick, peck”) (or a secondary form of it), probably ultimately of imitative origin. Compare Vulgar Latin *picco (“I sting, strike”), which could be a borrowing or parallel formation.

onomatopoeic

imitative


sauþaz

sauþaz (nominative singular)
sauþōz (nominative plural)
sauþōs (nominative plural)
sauþ (singular vocative)
sauþōz (plural vocative)
sauþōs (plural vocative)
sauþą (accusative singular)
sauþanz (accusative plural)
sauþas (genitive singular)
sauþis (genitive singular)
sauþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sauþai (dative singular)
sauþamaz (dative plural)
sauþō (instrumental singular)
sauþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sauþ

desctree

Old English: sēaþ
Middle English: seath, sæth, seth
English: seath, seth

Old Frisian: sāth

Saterland Frisian: Sood

West Frisian: saad

Old Saxon: *sōth

Middle Low German: sôt

German Low German: Sood

Old High German: *soud, *sōd

Middle High German: sōt

Alemannic German: Sood

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᚢᛞᛉ (*saudʀ /*sauðʀ/)

Old Norse: sauðr, seyðr — < *sauþiz (< *sauþiz)
Icelandic: sauður
Faroese: seyður
Norwegian Nynorsk: sau, saud; (dialectal) saud’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sau
Jamtish: souð
Elfdalian: suð
Old Swedish: sø̄þer
Swedish: söd, sö (dialectal)
Old Gutnish: sauþr, soyþr
→ Greenlandic: sava

→ Proto-Samic: *sāvcë (see there for further descendants)

Old Gutnish: sauþr, soyþr

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (sauþs) (< *sauþiz)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hauta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sewt- (“to roil”).


flahsą

flahsą (nominative singular)
flahsō (nominative plural)
flahsą (singular vocative)
flahsō (plural vocative)
flahsą (accusative singular)
flahsō (accusative plural)
flahsas (genitive singular)
flahsis (genitive singular)
flahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flahsai (dative singular)
flahsamaz (dative plural)
flahsō (instrumental singular)
flahsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flahs
Old English: fleax, flæx, flex
Middle English: flax, fflex, flaxe, flex, flexe, vlex
English: flax
Old Frisian: flax
Saterland Frisian: Floaks
West Frisian: flaaks
Old Saxon: flahs
Middle Low German: flas, vlas
German Low German: Flass
Low German: Flass
Plautdietsch: Flauss
Old Dutch: flahs, flas
Middle Dutch: vlas
Dutch: vlas
Afrikaans: vlas
Old High German: flahs
Middle High German: vlahs
German: Flachs
Luxembourgish: Fluess
Rhine Franconian: Flaas, Flas, Flachs
Vilamovian: fłaoks

From Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to fold, plait, weave”).


līną

līną (nominative singular)
līnō (nominative plural)
līną (singular vocative)
līnō (plural vocative)
līną (accusative singular)
līnō (accusative plural)
līnas (genitive singular)
līnis (genitive singular)
līnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līnai (dative singular)
līnamaz (dative plural)
līnō (instrumental singular)
līnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *līn
Old English: līn
Middle English: lin, line
English: line
Scots: line, lyne
Old Frisian: līn
Saterland Frisian: Lien
West Frisian: lyn
Old Saxon: līn
Middle Low German: lîn
German Low German: Lien
Old Dutch: *līn
Middle Dutch: lijn
Dutch: lijn
Old High German: līn
Middle High German: līn
German: Lein
Vilamovian: łȧjn

Proto-Norse: ᛚᛁᚾᚨ (lina)
Old Norse: lín
Icelandic: lín
Faroese: lín
Norwegian: lin
Old Swedish: līn
Swedish: lin
Danish: lin → Danish: linned

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 (lein)

→ Proto-Finnic: *liina (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lijnē

Kildin Sami: лыййн (lyjjn)

Northern Sami: liidni

Southern Sami: lijnie

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *līno-.
Cognates include Latin līnum and all its derivatives.
Although Greek λίνον (línon), Latin linas, Russian лён (ljon) are sometimes listed as cognates, they actually derive from *lino- with a short /i/.
Considering also the existence of a Latin root with a short /i/ and a /t/ (linteum), reconstruction of a common PIE protoform is impossible, and no similarly sounding terms are attested outside of Europe.
If such roots were borrowed from one or several non-IE languages, locating the source is impossible because cultivation of linen was ubiquitous in the region since the Neolithic.


hazwaz

hazwaz (nominative singular)
hazwōz (nominative plural)
hazwōs (nominative plural)
hazw (singular vocative)
hazwōz (plural vocative)
hazwōs (plural vocative)
hazwą (accusative singular)
hazwanz (accusative plural)
hazwas (genitive singular)
hazwis (genitive singular)
hazwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hazwai (dative singular)
hazwamaz (dative plural)
hazwō (instrumental singular)
hazwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haʀu
Old Frisian: har, her
Saterland Frisian: Harrel
Old Saxon: *har (in harluf)
⇒ Middle Low German: harle, herle
Low German: harle
→ English: harl
→ Scots: harle, harl
Old High German: har; haro
Middle High German: har
German: Haar

Old Norse: hǫrr
Icelandic: hör
Faroese: hørur
Norwegian Nynorsk: horr; (dialectal) hørr
Old Swedish: hør
Swedish: hör
Danish: hør
Norwegian Bokmål: hør

Unknown, but could have been from Pre-Germanic *koswós or *korwós.


ehwaraidō

ehwaraidō (nominative singular)
ehwaraidôz (nominative plural)
ehwaraidō (singular vocative)
ehwaraidôz (plural vocative)
ehwaraidǭ (accusative singular)
ehwaraidōz (accusative plural)
ehwaraidōz (genitive singular)
ehwaraidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ehwaraidōi (dative singular)
ehwaraidōmaz (dative plural)
ehwaraidō (instrumental singular)
ehwaraidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēored

Old Saxon: *ehurid (in ehuridfolk, ehuskalk)

Old Norse: jóreið

Icelandic: jóreið


handubanô

handubanô (nominative singular)
handubananiz (nominative plural)
handubanô (singular vocative)
handubananiz (plural vocative)
handubananų (accusative singular)
handubananunz (accusative plural)
handubaniniz (genitive singular)
handubananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
handubanini (dative singular)
handubanammaz (dative plural)
handubaninē (instrumental singular)
handubanammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: handbana, handbona

Old Saxon: handbano

Old Norse: handbani

Icelandic: handbani

One who slays or murders another by hand; a murderer


awjōlandą

awjōlandą (nominative singular)
awjōlandō (nominative plural)
awjōlandą (singular vocative)
awjōlandō (plural vocative)
awjōlandą (accusative singular)
awjōlandō (accusative plural)
awjōlandas (genitive singular)
awjōlandis (genitive singular)
awjōlandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awjōlandai (dative singular)
awjōlandamaz (dative plural)
awjōlandō (instrumental singular)
awjōlandamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *auwjuland

Old English: ēaland, īeġland, īġland

Middle English: ylond, yland, iland

Scots: iland, yland

q

spelling altered after unrelated <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">isle</i>

English: iland, island (spelling altered after unrelated isle)

Old Frisian: alond, āland, eiland

desc

North Frisian: eilun, Ailun, Eelun, ailönj

Saterland Frisian: Ailound, Oailound

West Frisian: eilân

→ Old Saxon: eiland, eilant

Middle Low German: eilant, eiglant, eylant

Low German: Eiland

→ Middle High German: eilant, einlant

German: Eiland

→ Old Dutch: eilant

Middle Dutch: eilant

desctree

Dutch: eiland, eylant, eyland, eylandt, eijlandt, eilandt, eijlant, eijland (archaic)
Afrikaans: eiland
Negerhollands: eiland, eyland
→ Sranan Tongo: eilanti

Old Norse: eyland

Icelandic: eyland

Danish: øland

Swedish: Öland


aimuzjǭ

aimuzjǭ (nominative singular)
aimuzjōniz (nominative plural)
aimuzjǭ (singular vocative)
aimuzjōniz (plural vocative)
aimuzjōnų (accusative singular)
aimuzjōnunz (accusative plural)
aimuzjōniz (genitive singular)
aimuzjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aimuzjōni (dative singular)
aimuzjōmaz (dative plural)
aimuzjōnē (instrumental singular)
aimuzjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aimuʀjā
Old English: ǣmyrġe
Middle English: eymere
Scots: emmer, amer, aumer
English: ember
Old Saxon: *ēmuria
Middle Low German: ēmere
→? Danish: emmer
Old High German: eimuria
Middle High German: eimere, eimer
German: Eimer, Ammer (dialectal)

Old Norse: eimyrja
Icelandic: eimyrja
Faroese: eimyrja
Norwegian Nynorsk: eimyrja, eimyrje
Swedish: mörja


midjagardaz

midjagardaz (nominative singular)
midjagardōz (nominative plural)
midjagardōs (nominative plural)
midjagard (singular vocative)
midjagardōz (plural vocative)
midjagardōs (plural vocative)
midjagardą (accusative singular)
midjagardanz (accusative plural)
midjagardas (genitive singular)
midjagardis (genitive singular)
midjagardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjagardai (dative singular)
midjagardamaz (dative plural)
midjagardō (instrumental singular)
midjagardamiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old English: middanġeard, middaneard, myddanġeard
Middle English: middenerd, middæneard, middeneard, middenerde, middenard
Middle English: myddyl erthe, middel-erde (in part)
English: Middle Earth

⇒ Old Saxon: middilgard

desc

⇒ Old High German: mittilgart, mittigart, mittilagart, mittangart, mittingart, mittingard, mittilicart

desctree

Old Norse: Miðgarðr
Icelandic: Miðgarður
Faroese: Miðgarður
Norwegian Nynorsk: Midgard
Norwegian Bokmål: Midgard
Swedish: Midgård
Danish: Midgård
Norwegian Bokmål: Midgård
→ English: Midgard

⇒ Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (midjungards)

From *midjaz (“middle”) + *gardaz (“yard, enclosure”).


pannǭ

pannǭ (nominative singular)
pannōniz (nominative plural)
pannǭ (singular vocative)
pannōniz (plural vocative)
pannōnų (accusative singular)
pannōnunz (accusative plural)
pannōniz (genitive singular)
pannōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pannōni (dative singular)
pannōmaz (dative plural)
pannōnē (instrumental singular)
pannōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *pannā
Old English: panne
Middle English: panne, ponne, pane, pan
English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン
Scots: pan
Old Frisian: panne
Saterland Frisian: Ponne
West Frisian: pân
Old Saxon: panna
Middle Low German: panne
German Low German: Panne, Pann
Plautdietsch: Paun
Old Dutch: *panna
Middle Dutch: panne
Dutch: pan
Afrikaans: pan
Jersey Dutch: pān
Negerhollands: pan
→ Caribbean Javanese: pan
→ Indonesian: panci (from the diminutive)
→ Javanese: ꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (panci), ꦮꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (wanci) (from the diminutive)
→ Munsee: pán
→ Papiamentu: panchi, pannetsji, pannetsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: pan
→ Saramaccan: pánu
Limburgish: pan
Old High German: phanna, pfanna
Middle High German: pfanne
Alemannic German: Pfane
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: fanna, fånn (Luserna)
Mòcheno: pfònn
German: Pfanne
Yiddish: פֿאַן (fan)

Old Norse: panna

Icelandic: panna

Faroese: panna

Norn: pannja

Norwegian: panna, panne

Old Swedish: panna

Swedish: panna

Danish: pande

Elfdalian: panna

Gutnish: panne

Borrowed from Late Latin panna, from Latin patina (“bowl, platter”).


slīmą

slīmą (nominative singular)
slīmō (nominative plural)
slīmą (singular vocative)
slīmō (plural vocative)
slīmą (accusative singular)
slīmō (accusative plural)
slīmas (genitive singular)
slīmis (genitive singular)
slīmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slīmai (dative singular)
slīmamaz (dative plural)
slīmō (instrumental singular)
slīmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: slīm

desc

Middle English: slim, slym, slyme, slime

Scots: slyme, slime

English: slime

Old Frisian: *slīm

Saterland Frisian: Sliem

West Frisian: slym; slime

Old Saxon: slīm

Middle Low German: slîm

German Low German: Sliem

Plautdietsch: Schliem

Old Dutch: *slīm

Middle Dutch: slijm

Dutch: slijm

Afrikaans: slym

Old High German: slīm

Middle High German: slīm

German: Schleim

Luxembourgish: Schläim

Old Norse: slím

Icelandic: slím

Faroese: slím

Norwegian Bokmål: slim

Norwegian Nynorsk: slim

Old Swedish: slīm n, slēmber m (from *slaimaz?)

Swedish: slem

Danish: slim

Gutnish: sleim, slém

→ Proto-Finnic: *lima (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”). Related to Sanskrit आलय (ālaya), whence the second part of Himalaya.


hrēką

hrēką (nominative singular)
hrēkō (nominative plural)
hrēką (singular vocative)
hrēkō (plural vocative)
hrēką (accusative singular)
hrēkō (accusative plural)
hrēkas (genitive singular)
hrēkis (genitive singular)
hrēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrēkai (dative singular)
hrēkamaz (dative plural)
hrēkō (instrumental singular)
hrēkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrāk

desc

Old English: hrāca, hrǣċa (“retching, spittle”)

Old Norse: hráki

Icelandic: hráki

Faroese: ráki

Old Swedish: rāke

→ Proto-Finnic: *räkä (see there for further descendants)


rugiz

rugiz (nominative singular)
rugīz (nominative plural)
rugi (singular vocative)
rugīz (plural vocative)
rugį (accusative singular)
ruginz (accusative plural)
rugīz (genitive singular)
rugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rugī (dative singular)
rugimaz (dative plural)
rugī (instrumental singular)
rugimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rugi
Old English: ryġe, ryġi — early
Middle English: rye, rie, reye, reyghe, reyhe, ruye
English: rye
Scots: ry
Yola: ree
→? Middle Welsh: ryc
Welsh: rhyg

Old Norse: rugr
Icelandic: rúgur
Faroese: rugur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rug
Old Swedish: rogher
Swedish: råg; rôg (dialectal)
Old Danish: rugh
Danish: rug
Norwegian Bokmål: rug
Elfdalian: rug
Scanian: ruğ
Gutnish: ryg

→ Proto-Finnic: *rugis (see there for further descendants)


spituz

spituz (nominative singular)
spitiwiz (nominative plural)
spitu (singular vocative)
spitiwiz (plural vocative)
spitų (accusative singular)
spitunz (accusative plural)
spitauz (genitive singular)
spitiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spitiwi (dative singular)
spitumaz (dative plural)
spitū (instrumental singular)
spitumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spitu f

Middle English: spite, spytte

English: spit

Old Saxon: *spit

Middle Low German: spit n

German Low German: Spitt

→ Norwegian: spidd (possibly)

→ Swedish: spett (possibly)

→ Danish: spid (possibly)

Frankish: *spita; *spit

Old Dutch: *spit

Middle Dutch: spit, spet

Dutch: spit

→ Old French: espeiz

Middle French: espois

French: épois

→ Late Latin: spidus

Old Italian: spito, spedo

Spanish: espeto

Portuguese: espeto

Old High German: spiz n or m

Middle High German: spiz

Old Norse: spýta

Icelandic: spýta

Faroese: spýta

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp, sharp stick”).


sakkuz

sakkuz (nominative singular)
sakkiwiz (nominative plural)
sakku (singular vocative)
sakkiwiz (plural vocative)
sakkų (accusative singular)
sakkunz (accusative plural)
sakkauz (genitive singular)
sakkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sakkiwi (dative singular)
sakkumaz (dative plural)
sakkū (instrumental singular)
sakkumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sakku, *sakk
Old English: sæċċ, sæċ, seċ, sacc, sæc
Middle English: sak, sek, sach, sech, zech
English: sack (see there for further descendants)
Scots: seck
Old Frisian: sekk, sekke
Saterland Frisian: Säk
West Frisian: sek
Old Saxon: sak
Middle Low German: sak, sack
German Low German: Sack
Plautdietsch: Sak
Old Dutch: sac
Middle Dutch: sac
Dutch: zak
Afrikaans: sak
→ Fwe: mà-sákà (via Lozi)
→ Zulu: saka
Fanagalo: saka
Berbice Creole Dutch: saka
Negerhollands: sak, saku, sakko
Skepi Creole Dutch: sak
→ Lokono: sâka
→ Caribbean Javanese: sak
→ Kari'na: saki
→ Indonesian: sak, saku
→ Munsee: shàkiinótay
→ Saramaccan: sáku
→ Sranan Tongo: saka
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sáká
→ Caribbean Javanese: sakah
Limburgish: zak
Old High German: sakk, sack, sak, sac
Middle High German: sac
German: Sack
Luxembourgish: Sak
Yiddish: זאַק (zak)
→ Hungarian: zsák

Old Norse: sekkr
Icelandic: sekkur
Faroese: sekkur
Norn: sekk
Norwegian: sekk
Old Swedish: sækker
Swedish: säck
→ Finnish: säkki
→ Ingrian: säkki
→ Proto-Samic:
Kildin Sami: са̄һк (sāhk)
Danish: sæk
Gutnish: säkk

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌺𐌿𐍃 (sakkus)


wīgą

wīgą (nominative singular)
wīgō (nominative plural)
wīgą (singular vocative)
wīgō (plural vocative)
wīgą (accusative singular)
wīgō (accusative plural)
wīgas (genitive singular)
wīgis (genitive singular)
wīgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīgai (dative singular)
wīgamaz (dative plural)
wīgō (instrumental singular)
wīgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīg m
Old English: wīġ
Middle English: wiȝe, wi
Old Frisian: wīg, wīch
North Frisian: wigh, wych
Old Saxon: wīg
Middle Low German: wīch
Old Dutch: wīg
Middle Dutch: wijch
Dutch: wijg (obsolete)
Old High German: wīg
→ Middle Low German: wīc

Old Norse: víg

Icelandic: víg

Faroese: víggj, víg

Old Swedish: vīgh

desc

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (wigan), *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (*weigs), *𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (*wigs) (in proper nouns)


furhō

furhō (nominative singular)
furhôz (nominative plural)
furhō (singular vocative)
furhôz (plural vocative)
furhǭ (accusative singular)
furhōz (accusative plural)
furhōz (genitive singular)
furhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhōi (dative singular)
furhōmaz (dative plural)
furhō (instrumental singular)
furhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *furhu
Old English: fyrh, furh
Middle English: firre (perhaps partially or wholly derived from Old Norse)
English: fir
Scots: fir
Old Frisian: *fēre, *fiūre
Saterland Frisian: Fjúre
Old Saxon: furia
Middle Low German: vūre
Low German: Fuhr
Old Dutch: *fura
⇒ Dutch: Forolta
⇒ Dutch: Fornhese
Old High German: furh, furuh
Middle High German: vorhe
German: Föhre

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚢᚱᚺᛟ (*furho) (< *furhǭ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚢᚱᚺᛁᛃᚨ (*furhija)

Old Norse: fýri

Old Norse: fura
Icelandic: fura f
Faroese: fura f
Norwegian Nynorsk: fura f, fure f, furu f
Norwegian: (dialectal) furu, furo, foro (East Norway); føru, fårå, fåra, faro (Trøndelag); før, får (Northern Norway)
Norwegian Bokmål: furu f or m
Old Swedish: fora
Swedish: fura c, furu c
Danish: fyr c
Norwegian Bokmål: fyrr m
>? Middle English: firre
English: fir

From Proto-Indo-European *pérk-u-s ~ *pr̥kʷ-éw-s (“oak”).


fergunją

fergunją (nominative singular)
fergunjō (nominative plural)
fergunją (singular vocative)
fergunjō (plural vocative)
fergunją (accusative singular)
fergunjō (accusative plural)
fergunjas (genitive singular)
fergunis (genitive singular)
fergunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fergunjai (dative singular)
fergunjamaz (dative plural)
fergunjō (instrumental singular)
fergunjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fergunī

desc

Old English: fiergen, firgen, fyrgen, firing, firgin

desctree

⇒ Old English: fiergengāt, firgengāt, fyrgengāt
Middle English: firegat

desc

Old High German: Firgunnea, Fergunna, Virgunnia, Virgundia

Old Norse: fjǫrgyn f

Icelandic: fjörgyn f

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 (fairguni)

From Proto-Indo-European *pérwn̥-yo-m, from *pérwr̥ (“rock, mountain”), or from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“oak tree”). The former possibility would have an unexplained irregular development of w > g in Germanic, while the latter matches in form but poses difficulties in the meaning.
The existence in Old Norse of a masculine noun Fjǫrgyn (“Frigg's father”) — ostensibly from Proto-Germanic *Fergunjaz (“masculine divine personification of mountainland”) — alongside the feminine noun Fjǫrgyn (“Thor's mother; earth, land, mountain”) — from Proto-Germanic *Fergunjō (“feminine divine personification of mountainland”) — and the neuter, whose original meaning in Proto-Germanic can be reconstructed as “(forested) mountain(land)”, suggests that the underlying term was a Proto-Germanic adjective *fergunjaz, probably cognate with Proto-Celtic *Φerkunyos (“Hercynian Forest”), presumably originally an appellative meaning “forested (mountain)land”.
The Celtic word could have been also originally an adjective. Compare the Gallo-Latin adjective found in Hercynia silva alongside Hercynius saltus, which in both cases can be reconstructed as meaning “forested”. The suggested derivation from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- fits this well and suggests an original meaning “covered in oaks” for Proto-Indo-European *perk(ʷ)unyos, rather than a noun meaning “forest”.


hagatusjō

hagatusjō (nominative singular)
hagatusjôz (nominative plural)
hagatusjō (singular vocative)
hagatusjôz (plural vocative)
hagatusjǭ (accusative singular)
hagatusjōz (accusative plural)
hagatusjōz (genitive singular)
hagatusjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagatusjōi (dative singular)
hagatusjōmaz (dative plural)
hagatusjō (instrumental singular)
hagatusjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hagatussjā, *hagatusi
Old English: hægtesse, hæġtes, hæġtess, heġtes, hǣts
Middle English: hagge, hegge
English: hag
Old Frisian: *hegtesse, *hexe
Saterland Frisian: Häkse
West Frisian: hekse
Old Saxon: *hagatusia
Middle Low German: hexe
German Low German: Häxe, Hexe
Plautdietsch: Hakjs
→ Danish: heks
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: heks
→ Swedish: häxa
Old Dutch: *hagatissa
Middle Dutch: hagetisse
Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)
Old High German: hagzissa, hagazussa, hagzussa, hāzissa, hāzussa, hāzessa, hāzus
Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
German: Hexe
→ Dutch: heks
Afrikaans: heks
→ Papiamentu: hèks
→ Polish: heksa
Luxembourgish: Hex

Uncertain; possibly from *hagaz (“skilled, crafty”) + *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-yéh₂, from *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”) (whence *deuzą (“animal, beast”)). However, this devoicing is phonetically irregular. The second part is more likely from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad, evil”).

af

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


hagustaldaz

hagustaldaz (nominative singular)
hagustaldōz (nominative plural)
hagustaldōs (nominative plural)
hagustald (singular vocative)
hagustaldōz (plural vocative)
hagustaldōs (plural vocative)
hagustaldą (accusative singular)
hagustaldanz (accusative plural)
hagustaldas (genitive singular)
hagustaldis (genitive singular)
hagustaldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagustaldai (dative singular)
hagustaldamaz (dative plural)
hagustaldō (instrumental singular)
hagustaldamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hagustald
Old English: hagosteald, hagusteald, hæġsteald, hehsteald
Middle English: hassel, haselle
→? Old Norse: haukstaldar, haukstallar
Old Saxon: hagastald, hagustald
Middle Low German: hāgestolte, hāgestolt, hāgenstolt
Old High German: hagastalt, hagustalt
Middle High German: hagestalt, hagestolt
German: Hagestolz

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ (hagustaldaʀ)

>? Old Norse: haukstaldr, haukstallr

Icelandic: haukstaldur

desc

>? Old Norse: ᛅᛋ[ᚴᚢ]ᛚᛏᛦ (as[ku]ltʀ /*Hǫskuldr/)

Icelandic: Höskuldur

From *haguz (“fence, enclosure, hedge”) + *staldaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steld-.


amliz

amliz (nominative singular)
amlīz (nominative plural)
amli (singular vocative)
amlīz (plural vocative)
amlį (accusative singular)
amlinz (accusative plural)
amlīz (genitive singular)
amlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
amlī (dative singular)
amlimaz (dative plural)
amlī (instrumental singular)
amlimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: amar, amarkorn, amer, amur

Old High German: *amal, amar, amari

desc

Middle High German: amel, amelkorn, amer, amerkorn, emer, emerkorn

German: Amelkorn, Amelmehl, Ammer, Emmer, Merkorn

→ English: emmer

Possibly from Ancient Greek—Latin amylum (“starch”) since the presumably more conservative -l- variant is found in South West Germanic (Alemannic) languages, which border Latin. Ultimately cognate with *melwą.
The stem-final r—l interchangeability as well as the similar word *amazǭ are also to be considered.


amliz

Old English: amor, omer

Middle English: emer, emere

English: ammer

Old Saxon: amar, amor, amur

Old High German: amar, amarling, amaring, amarzo, amerzo, amirzo

Middle High German: amer, amerlinc, amerinc, emer, emerlinc, emberiz

German: Ammer, Emmer, Emmerling, Emmering, Emmeritz, Emmeritze

→ Medieval Latin: amera, amarellus, ameringa, merlus, emberiza


spiltaz

spiltaz (nominative singular)
spiltōz (nominative plural)
spiltōs (nominative plural)
spilt (singular vocative)
spiltōz (plural vocative)
spiltōs (plural vocative)
spiltą (accusative singular)
spiltanz (accusative plural)
spiltas (genitive singular)
spiltis (genitive singular)
spiltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spiltai (dative singular)
spiltamaz (dative plural)
spiltō (instrumental singular)
spiltamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: spelta

Middle Low German: spelte

Low German: Spelt

→ Norwegian: spelt

→ Swedish: spelt

→ Danish: spelt

→? West Frisian: spjelt

→ Old English: spelt

Middle English: spelt

desctree

English: spelt
→ Irish: speilt
→ Welsh: sbelt

Frankish: *spelta

Old Dutch: *spelta

Middle Dutch: spelte

Dutch: spelt

→ Latin: spelta (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: spelz

Middle High German: spelz

German: Spelz

Luxembourgish: Spelz

Old Norse: spelti, speldi (< *spiltō)

Icelandic: speldi

Unknown. It may or may not be cognate with Russian по́лба (pólba, “spelt”) and Latin puls (“porridge (usually of spelt)”) and Ancient Greek πόλτος (póltos, “porridge (usually of spelt)”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pelH- (“to split off, separate”), or borrowed from an unknown substrate by Germanic and Latin.


abjǭ

abjǭ (nominative singular)
abjōniz (nominative plural)
abjǭ (singular vocative)
abjōniz (plural vocative)
abjōnų (accusative singular)
abjōnunz (accusative plural)
abjōniz (genitive singular)
abjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abjōni (dative singular)
abjōmaz (dative plural)
abjōnē (instrumental singular)
abjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *abbjā

Old English: ebba m

Middle English: ebbe

English: ebb

Scots: ebb, eb

Old Frisian: *ebbe f; ebba m

North Frisian: ebe

Saterland Frisian: Äbbe f

West Frisian: ebbe

Old Saxon: *ebbia; (ebbiunga)

Middle Low German: ebbe f

German Low German: Ebbe

→ German: Ebbe

→ Danish: ebbe

→ Swedish: ebb

Old Dutch: *ebba

Middle Dutch: ebbe

Dutch: eb

Afrikaans: eb

Old High German: *ebba (suggested by derivatives: ebbunga; firebbēn)

desctree

Old Norse: efja f
Icelandic: efja
Faroese: evja
Norwegian Nynorsk: evje
Norwegian: ave m (dialectal)
Old Swedish: æfia
Swedish: ävja

→ Proto-Samic: *vuopējē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *apaja (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *abjō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂épyeh₂, from *h₂epó (“from, off, away”).


mēkijaz

mēkijaz (nominative singular)
mēkijōz (nominative plural)
mēkijōs (nominative plural)
mēkī (singular vocative)
mēkijōz (plural vocative)
mēkijōs (plural vocative)
mēkiją (accusative singular)
mēkijanz (accusative plural)
mēkijas (genitive singular)
mēkīs (genitive singular)
mēkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēkijai (dative singular)
mēkijamaz (dative plural)
mēkijō (instrumental singular)
mēkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mākī
Old English: mǣċe, mēċe
Middle English: meche, mache, mæche
Old Saxon: māki

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛗᚨᚲᛁᛃᚨ (makija /mākija/, accusative singular) [210–260 AD]

desctree

Old Norse: mækir
Icelandic: mækir
Faroese: mæki
Norwegian Nynorsk: mækje; (dialectal) mækjer
→ Middle English: meeke
English: meak

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (mēkeis)

Crimean Gothic: mycha

→ Proto-Finnic: *mëëkka (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *mьčь, *mečь

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂giyos (“cutter”), from *(s)meh₂- (“to cut”). Cognates: Proto-Germanic *mītǭ (“biting insect”, literally “cutter”), *mittōną (“to cut”), *maitaną (“to cut”), Proto-Slavic *māxàti (“to wave”) etc.


wadǭ

wadǭ (nominative singular)
wadōniz (nominative plural)
wadǭ (singular vocative)
wadōniz (plural vocative)
wadōnų (accusative singular)
wadōnunz (accusative plural)
wadōniz (genitive singular)
wadōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadōni (dative singular)
wadōmaz (dative plural)
wadōnē (instrumental singular)
wadōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wade

Saterland Frisian: Woade

Old Saxon: *wada

Middle Low German: wāde

Old Dutch: *wada

Middle Dutch: wāde

Dutch: wade

Old High German: wata

Middle High German: wate

German: Wate

From Proto-Indo-European *awAdʰ-, *audʰ- (“band, weave, plait”). Cognate with Latvian vads (“dragnet”).


wadō

wadō (nominative singular)
wadôz (nominative plural)
wadō (singular vocative)
wadôz (plural vocative)
wadǭ (accusative singular)
wadōz (accusative plural)
wadōz (genitive singular)
wadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadōi (dative singular)
wadōmaz (dative plural)
wadō (instrumental singular)
wadōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wadu

Old High German: wata

Middle High German: wate

German: Wate


wadaz

wadaz (nominative singular)
wadōz (nominative plural)
wadōs (nominative plural)
wad (singular vocative)
wadōz (plural vocative)
wadōs (plural vocative)
wadą (accusative singular)
wadanz (accusative plural)
wadas (genitive singular)
wadis (genitive singular)
wadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadai (dative singular)
wadamaz (dative plural)
wadō (instrumental singular)
wadamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: vaðr

Icelandic: vaður

Norwegian: vad

Swedish: vad

Danish: vod

→ Proto-Finnic: *vata (see there for further descendants)


mōhô

mōhô (nominative singular)
mōhaniz (nominative plural)
mōhô (singular vocative)
mōhaniz (plural vocative)
mōhanų (accusative singular)
mahanunz (accusative plural)
mahanaz (genitive singular)
mahanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magini (dative singular)
magummaz (dative plural)
mahanē (instrumental singular)
magummiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mahō, *magō
Old Saxon: māho
Middle Low German: mân
German Low German: Mahn, Maon
Old Dutch: *māho
Middle Dutch: maen, mane
Old High German: maho, mago
Middle High German: mahe, mahen, mān, magen, mage
Cimbrian: mago
German: Mohn
→ Estonian: moon
Swabian: mage
→ Estonian: magun
→ Latvian: magone
→ Lithuanian: aguona

Old Norse: *mogi

⇒ Old Norse: *valmogi

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: valmoe

Old Swedish: valmoghe

Swedish: vallmo

Old Danish: valmughæ

Danish: valmue

Norwegian Bokmål: valmue

→ Icelandic: valmúi

→ Faroese: valmúi

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: valmue

→ Norman: vamoque

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₂k-ō ~ *m̥h₂k-né-s, from *meh₂k- + *-ō. Close cognate with Ancient Greek μήκων (mḗkōn, “poppy”). Also related to Proto-Slavic *makъ (“poppy”), Albanian mokth (“pheasant's eye”).


midlą

midlą (nominative singular)
midlō (nominative plural)
midlą (singular vocative)
midlō (plural vocative)
midlą (accusative singular)
midlō (accusative plural)
midlas (genitive singular)
midlis (genitive singular)
midlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midlai (dative singular)
midlamaz (dative plural)
midlō (instrumental singular)
midlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: middel

Middle English: middel, medil

Scots: middil, midle

English: middle

Old Frisian: middel

Saterland Frisian: Middel

West Frisian: middel, mil, mul

Old Saxon: middil

Middle Low German: middel

Low German: Middel

qualifier

→ Old Swedish: midhel (Also under influence from its inherited form)

Swedish: medel

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: middel

Norwegian Nynorsk: middel

→ Old Danish: middel

Danish: middel

Old Dutch: middil

Middle Dutch: middel

Dutch: middel

Old High German: mittil; metal (in compounds)

Middle High German: mittel

German: Mittel

Luxembourgish: Mëttel

Vilamovian: mytuł

Yiddish: מיטל (mitl)

Old Norse: meðal

Icelandic: meðal

Norwegian: middel (possibly from Low German)

Old Swedish: medhel-, midhal-

Swedish: medel- (Also under influence from Middle Low German)

Danish: middel- (possibly from Low German)

From *midjō + *-ilą; see *midjaz (“middle”) for more.


kelǭ

kelǭ (nominative singular)
kelōniz (nominative plural)
kelǭ (singular vocative)
kelōniz (plural vocative)
kelōnų (accusative singular)
kelōnunz (accusative plural)
kelōniz (genitive singular)
kelōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kelōni (dative singular)
kelōmaz (dative plural)
kelōnē (instrumental singular)
kelōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kelā
Old English: ċeole, ċiole
Middle English: chel, cholle, joll
English: jowl
Scots: chowl, choul
Old Frisian: *kele
Saterland Frisian: Kääle
West Frisian: kiel
⇒ Old Frisian: kolk
Saterland Frisian: Kolk
West Frisian: kolcke
Old Saxon: kela
Middle Low German: kēle, keele
German Low German: Kehl
Old Dutch: kela
Middle Dutch: kēle
Dutch: keel
Afrikaans: keel
Negerhollands: keel
Limburgish: kael
Old High German: kela, chela
Middle High German: kële, kël
Cimbrian: khéela
German: Kehle

Old Norse: *kjala

⇒ Elfdalian: grą̊-tjyölu

→ Proto-Samic: *kielō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *këlo (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gel-, *gʷel- (“to swallow; throat”).
Cognate with Latin gula (“throat”), Russian глота́ть (glotátʹ, “to swallow, gulp”), Old Armenian կլանեմ (klanem, “to swallow”), Persian گلو (galu, “throat”), Hindi गला (galā, “neck, throat”).


būlǭ

būlǭ (nominative singular)
būlōniz (nominative plural)
būlǭ (singular vocative)
būlōniz (plural vocative)
būlōnų (accusative singular)
būlōnunz (accusative plural)
būlōniz (genitive singular)
būlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būlōni (dative singular)
būlōmaz (dative plural)
būlōnē (instrumental singular)
būlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *būle

Saterland Frisian: Buule

Old Dutch: būla

Middle Dutch: bule

Dutch: buil

Seemingly from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to blow; swell”); see *būkaz (“belly”) for more.

der

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)


krabitaz

krabitaz (nominative singular)
krabitōz (nominative plural)
krabitōs (nominative plural)
krabit (singular vocative)
krabitōz (plural vocative)
krabitōs (plural vocative)
krabitą (accusative singular)
krabitanz (accusative plural)
krabitas (genitive singular)
krabitis (genitive singular)
krabitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krabitai (dative singular)
krabitamaz (dative plural)
krabitō (instrumental singular)
krabitamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krabit
Old Saxon: krevit
Middle Low German: krēvet
German Low German: Kreeft, Krefft
Plautdietsch: Kjräft
→ Danish: kræft
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreft
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreft
→ Old Swedish: krævet, kræveta
Swedish: kräfta
Old Dutch: *crevet
Middle Dutch: creft, crēvet, crēeft
Dutch: kreeft
Afrikaans: kreef
Negerhollands: kreeft, greef
→ Papiamentu: kref, kreeft
Limburgish: kreef
→ Norman: crabette, cravette, crevette (possibly)
→ French: crevette
Old High German: krebiz, krebazzo
Old High German: crebiz, krëbez, krebz
Alemannic German: Chräps
German: Krebs
→ Danish: krebs
→ German Low German: Krebs
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreps
→ Saterland Frisian: Krääps
→ Scanian: krævs
→ Yiddish: קרעבס (krebs)
Luxembourgish: Kriibs
→ Old French: crevice, crevez, crevis, crevesce, creveche, creveis, escrevise, escreveice, escreviche (either from a diminutive *krabitjō or from Old High German krebiz)
Middle French: escrevice, escrevisse, escrevisce, crevis, creviche, crevice
French: écrevisse
→ Middle Dutch: crevetse
→ Middle English: crevis, crevyse, creuez, crevez, crevise, creveys, crevesse, krevys
English: crevis; crayfish, crawfish (influenced by fish)

Traditionally considered a relative of *krabbô (“crab”) and thus derived from Pre-Germanic *grobʰidos, from the zero-grade form of *gerbʰ- (“to carve, scratch”) + *-itaz, *-utaz (animal suffix) (compare *hurznutō (“hornet”), *herutaz (“deer”), *ganutô (“gander”)). However, Kroonen notes that, in addition to the above theory, significant influence or even outright borrowing from the same substrate continuum whence Ancient Greek κᾱ́ρᾰβος (kā́răbos, “beetle, crustacean”) and Proto-Germanic *humaraz (“lobster”) is possible.

cog

(West Germanic) A crustacean (crab, lobster, crayfish).


airuz

airuz (nominative singular)
airiwiz (nominative plural)
airu (singular vocative)
airiwiz (plural vocative)
airų (accusative singular)
airunz (accusative plural)
airauz (genitive singular)
airiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
airiwi (dative singular)
airumaz (dative plural)
airū (instrumental singular)
airumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *airu
Old English: ār
Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air

Old Norse: árr

Icelandic: ár

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *airu- (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Orel considers the word a nominal derivative of *airi (“early”), while others derive the word from Proto-Indo-European *ey- (“to go”).


skīrīniz

skīrīniz (nominative singular)
skīrīnīz (nominative plural)
skīrīni (singular vocative)
skīrīnīz (plural vocative)
skīrīnį (accusative singular)
skīrīninz (accusative plural)
skīrīnīz (genitive singular)
skīrīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skīrīnī (dative singular)
skīrīnimaz (dative plural)
skīrīnī (instrumental singular)
skīrīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skírn

Icelandic: skírn

Faroese: skírn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (skeireins)

From *skīrijaną (“to make clear, make pure”) + *-īniz.

af

making clear, pure; clarification, purification


hauzīniz

hauzīniz (nominative singular)
hauzīnīz (nominative plural)
hauzīni (singular vocative)
hauzīnīz (plural vocative)
hauzīnį (accusative singular)
hauzīninz (accusative plural)
hauzīnīz (genitive singular)
hauzīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hauzīnī (dative singular)
hauzīnimaz (dative plural)
hauzīnī (instrumental singular)
hauzīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: heyrn

Icelandic: heyrn

Faroese: hoyrn

Norwegian Nynorsk: høyrn (arcaic, Høgnorsk)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (hauseins)


warīniz

warīniz (nominative singular)
warīnīz (nominative plural)
warīni (singular vocative)
warīnīz (plural vocative)
warīnį (accusative singular)
warīninz (accusative plural)
warīnīz (genitive singular)
warīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warīnī (dative singular)
warīnimaz (dative plural)
warīnī (instrumental singular)
warīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *werī

Middle Low German: wēre

Old Dutch: were, *werī

Middle Dutch: were

Dutch: weer

Old High German: werī

Middle High German: were

German: Wehr

desctree

Old Norse: vǫrn
Old Danish: værn f
Danish: værn n
Norwegian Bokmål: vern n
Faroese: vørn f
Icelandic: vörn f
Norwegian Nynorsk: vern n
Old Swedish: værn
Swedish: värn n


luką

luką (nominative singular)
lukō (nominative plural)
luką (singular vocative)
lukō (plural vocative)
luką (accusative singular)
lukō (accusative plural)
lukas (genitive singular)
lukis (genitive singular)
lukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lukai (dative singular)
lukamaz (dative plural)
lukō (instrumental singular)
lukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lok
Old English: loc
Middle English: lok, loc, lock, loke
English: lock
Scots: lock
Yola: lauckès (plural)
→ Anglo-Norman: loc
⇒ Anglo-Norman: loquet
Middle French: loquet
French: loquet
→ English: locket
→ Italian: lucchetto
→ Lombard: lochet
→ Portuguese: aloquete, loquete
→ Middle English: locket
English: locket
Old Frisian: lok
Old Saxon: *lok
Middle Low German: lok
German Low German: Lock
Old Dutch: *lok
Middle Dutch: loc
Dutch: lok
Old High German: loh
Middle High German: loch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: loch, lòch (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Loch
Luxembourgish: Lach
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: łöch
East Franconian:
German: Loch
→ Czech: loch
→ Dutch: loch
→ Polish: loch
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: Loch
Pennsylvania German: Loch
Yiddish: לאָך (lokh)

Old Norse: lok

Icelandic: lok

Faroese: lok

Norwegian Nynorsk: lok, lokk

Norwegian Bokmål: lokk

Old Swedish: lok, luk

Swedish: lock

Danish: låg

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌺 (*luk) (in 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺 (usluk))

From Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend; turn”). Synchronically analyzable as a nominal formation related to *lūkaną (“to close, lock”).


hriþiz

hriþiz (nominative singular)
hriþīz (nominative plural)
hriþi (singular vocative)
hriþīz (plural vocative)
hriþį (accusative singular)
hriþinz (accusative plural)
hriþīz (genitive singular)
hriþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hriþī (dative singular)
hriþimaz (dative plural)
hriþī (instrumental singular)
hriþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hriþ; hriþing

Old Saxon: hrido

Middle Low German: rēde

Old Dutch: *rido

Middle Dutch: rēde

Dutch: rede

Old High German: rito, ritto

Middle High German: rite

German: Ritte (obsolete)

Old Norse: riða (< *hriþǭ)

Icelandic: riða

Old Swedish: rīdha

From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake; quiver; tremble”). Compare Welsh cryd (“fever”).


swambaz

swambaz (nominative singular)
swambōz (nominative plural)
swambōs (nominative plural)
swamb (singular vocative)
swambōz (plural vocative)
swambōs (plural vocative)
swambą (accusative singular)
swambanz (accusative plural)
swambas (genitive singular)
swambis (genitive singular)
swambǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swambai (dative singular)
swambamaz (dative plural)
swambō (instrumental singular)
swambamiz (instrumental plural)

Frequently compared to Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós), but this cannot be of inherited Indo-European origin given the lack of the expected shift *sw > *hw in Greek.


limuz

limuz (nominative singular)
limiwiz (nominative plural)
limu (singular vocative)
limiwiz (plural vocative)
limų (accusative singular)
limunz (accusative plural)
limauz (genitive singular)
limiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
limiwi (dative singular)
limumaz (dative plural)
limū (instrumental singular)
limumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *limu
Old English: lim, lym n
Middle English: lyme, lim
Scots: lim, lym
English: limb
Old Saxon: *limu, *lim
Middle Low German: lem n (“limb”) (possibly borrowed from Scandinavian)
Old Dutch: *limu
Middle Dutch: lēme (“fishbone, stubble of flax”)
Dutch: leem (“pine needle”)
⇒ Old Dutch: druhtlimig

Old Norse: limr m; lim f; lim n

Icelandic: limur

Faroese: limur

Norwegian Bokmål: lem

Norwegian Nynorsk: lem

Old Swedish: limber

Swedish: lem

Danish: lem

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning “to bend, skew”, but which root in particular is uncertain: possibilities include *h₂el- (extended as *h₂l-ey-), *Heh₃l- (extended as *(H)h₃l-ey-), and *leyH-. Perhaps cognate with Latin līmus (“askew”), but with a slightly different derivation, and/or Lithuanian liemuõ (“log, torso”) (the latter for which Kroonen reconstructs *ley- as the base Indo-European root). Also compare *liþuz (“joint, bend, limb”).


-umnijō

-umnijō (nominative singular)
-umnijôz (nominative plural)
-umnijō (singular vocative)
-umnijôz (plural vocative)
-umnijǭ (accusative singular)
-umnijōz (accusative plural)
-umnijōz (genitive singular)
-umnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-umnijōi (dative singular)
-umnijōmaz (dative plural)
-umnijō (instrumental singular)
-umnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *-unnia

Gothic: -𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌹 (-ubni)

Uncertain. Possibly representing a substantivization of the original middle participle *-m̥h₁nós > *-m̥h₁n-yo-, or an extension to what was originally an mn-stem formation.


angulaz

angulaz (nominative singular)
angulōz (nominative plural)
angulōs (nominative plural)
angul (singular vocative)
angulōz (plural vocative)
angulōs (plural vocative)
angulą (accusative singular)
angulanz (accusative plural)
angulas (genitive singular)
angulis (genitive singular)
angulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angulai (dative singular)
angulamaz (dative plural)
angulō (instrumental singular)
angulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *angul

desc

Old English: angol, angul, ongul, angel, ongel

Middle English: angel, angell

Scots: angell, angel

English: angle

desctree

Old Frisian: *angel, *ongel
Saterland Frisian: Ongel
West Frisian: angel

Old Saxon: angul

Middle Low German: angel

German Low German: Angel

Old Dutch: *angul

Middle Dutch: angel

Dutch: angel

Old High German: angul
Middle High German: angel, ange
Central Franconian:
Luxembourgish: Aangel
Hunsrik: Angel
German: Angel

Old Norse: ǫngull
Icelandic: öngull
Faroese: ongul
Norwegian Bokmål: angel
Norwegian Nynorsk: angel, ongel
Swedish: angel
Gutnish: anggel, anggul

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to bend; crook”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *angô + *-ulaz (diminutive suffix).


tundrą

tundrą (nominative singular)
tundrō (nominative plural)
tundrą (singular vocative)
tundrō (plural vocative)
tundrą (accusative singular)
tundrō (accusative plural)
tundras (genitive singular)
tundris (genitive singular)
tundrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tundrai (dative singular)
tundramaz (dative plural)
tundrō (instrumental singular)
tundramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tundr m; *tundrijā f

Old English: tyndre f, tynder

Middle English: tunder, tinder

English: tinder

Scots: tunder, tundir

Old Frisian: *tunder

Saterland Frisian: Tunder m

West Frisian: tonder

Old Saxon: *tundar

Middle Low German: tunder

German Low German: Tunder

Old Dutch: *tundar

Middle Dutch: tunder

Dutch: tonder

Old High German: *zuntar

Middle High German: zunder n or m

German: Zunder m

Old Norse: tundr n

Icelandic: tundur

Faroese: tundur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: tunder; (dialectal) tundr

Elfdalian: tunder

Old Swedish: tunder, tønder

Swedish: tunder

Old Danish: tunder

Danish: tønder

→ Norman: tondre

Derived from the same root as *tandijaną (“to kindle”), with quasi-Indo-European form *dndʰ-ro-.


þrakjaz

þrakjaz (nominative singular)
þrakjōz (nominative plural)
þrakjōs (nominative plural)
þraki (singular vocative)
þrakjōz (plural vocative)
þrakjōs (plural vocative)
þrakją (accusative singular)
þrakjanz (accusative plural)
þrakjas (genitive singular)
þrakis (genitive singular)
þrakjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrakjai (dative singular)
þrakjamaz (dative plural)
þrakjō (instrumental singular)
þrakjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þraki
Old English: þreahs, þreax
Old Frisian: threkk
>? Saterland Frisian: Dräk (possibly borrowed from Low German)
(West Frisian: dridze ?)
Old Saxon: *threkk
Middle Low German: dreck
German Low German: Dreck
Old Dutch: *threc
Middle Dutch: drec
Dutch: drek
Afrikaans: drek
Old High German: threc (in compound mūsthrec)
Middle High German: drëc
Cimbrian: drèkh
German: Dreck
→ Czech: drek
→ Kashubian: drëk
→ Serbo-Croatian: дре̏к (drȅk)
→ Slovene: drȅk
Luxembourgish: Dreck
Yiddish: דרעק (drek)
→ English: dreck, drek
→ Russian: дрек (drɛk)

Old Norse: þrekkr

Faroese: trekkur

Icelandic: þrekkur

Old Swedish: thrækker

Swedish: träck

Old Danish: træk

Danish: dræk

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terǵ-, *(s)terḱ-, *(s)treḱ- (“manure, dung; to sully, soil, decay”); see Latin stercus (“dung, manure”) for more.


skitiz

skitiz (nominative singular)
skitīz (nominative plural)
skiti (singular vocative)
skitīz (plural vocative)
skitį (accusative singular)
skitinz (accusative plural)
skitīz (genitive singular)
skitjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skitī (dative singular)
skitimaz (dative plural)
skitī (instrumental singular)
skitimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skiti, *skīt, *skīti
Old English: *sċite
Middle English: schite, Schit, schute, schyt
English: shite, shit
Scots: schit, shit
⇒ Old English: sċitel, sċytel
Old Frisian: *skite
North Frisian: skitj
Saterland Frisian: Skiete; Skiet m
West Frisian: skyt
Old Saxon: *skiti
Middle Low German: schite, schît, schîte, schete, schēte
German Low German: Schitte, Schiete, Schiet
→ German: Schitte; Schiet- (chiefly in Schietwetter)
→ Early Modern Danish: schijt
Danish: skidt
Norwegian Bokmål: skitt
Plautdietsch: Schiet
Old Dutch: *skiti, scite (attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: scite, schite, schete
Dutch: schijt, schit (dialectal)
Old High German: *skizi, *skizzi, *skīz
Middle High German: schīze, schīz
Alemannic German: Schiss
Swabian: Scheiß
Bavarian: Scheissa, Scheißn, Schaisn, Schaisa
Central Franconian: Schiss, Schess, Schass, Scheß, Schet
Hunsrik: Scheis
German: Schiss, Scheiße, Scheiß
→ Danish: scheisse
→ English: scheisse, Scheiss, Scheisse, Scheiße, scheiss, scheiße, shize
Luxembourgish: Schäiss
Pennsylvania German: Schiss
Rhine Franconian: Schiss
Palatine German: Schiss, Schisse
Vilamovian: śajs

Old Norse: skítr (< *skītaz)

Icelandic: skítur

Faroese: skítur

Norwegian Nynorsk: skit, skitt

Norwegian Bokmål: skitt

Swedish: skit

Danish: skid

→ Middle English: skyt, skytte, skytt

English: skite

Scots: skyte, skite

Nominal formation from *skītaną (“to shit”).


spiką

spiką (nominative singular)
spikō (nominative plural)
spiką (singular vocative)
spikō (plural vocative)
spiką (accusative singular)
spikō (accusative plural)
spikas (genitive singular)
spikis (genitive singular)
spikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spikai (dative singular)
spikamaz (dative plural)
spikō (instrumental singular)
spikamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spik
Old English: spiċ
Middle English: spik, spyk, spike, spich
Scots: spick, spect
English: speck
Old Frisian: spek
Saterland Frisian: Späk
West Frisian: spek
Old Saxon: spek, spekk
Middle Low German: spek, speck
German Low German: Speck
→ Norwegian: spekk
→ Danish: spæk
→ Swedish: späck
Old Dutch: spek
Middle Dutch: spec
Dutch: spek
Old High German: spek, spec
Middle High German: spëc
German: Speck
Luxembourgish: Speck
Yiddish: שפּעק (shpek)

Old Norse: spik

Icelandic: spik

Faroese: spik

From Proto-Indo-European *spēy- (“to stretch; thrive; succeed”).


stauraz

stauraz (nominative singular)
staurōz (nominative plural)
staurōs (nominative plural)
staur (singular vocative)
staurōz (plural vocative)
staurōs (plural vocative)
staurą (accusative singular)
stauranz (accusative plural)
stauras (genitive singular)
stauris (genitive singular)
staurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staurai (dative singular)
stauramaz (dative plural)
staurō (instrumental singular)
stauramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Middle Low German: stūr

desctree

Old Norse: staurr
Danish: stør
Faroese: steyrur
Icelandic: staur
→ Middle English: stoure
English: stour (“stake”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: staur
Norwegian Bokmål: staur
Old Swedish: stūr
Swedish: stör

→ Proto-Finnic: *sapra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-u-ró-s (“pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”). Compare, in particular, Ancient Greek σταυρός (staurós, “pale, stake”), Latin īnstaurō (“to set up, erect”).


stauraz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *staur
Old Dutch: *stōr
Middle Dutch: stoor

Apparently from Proto-Indo-European *(s)towr-o-s, from *(s)tewrH-, *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate”), though Kroonen assigns no etymology and compares only Latvian stũrs (“stubborn, unruly”), which he considers potentially loaned from the Germanic.


awô

awô (nominative singular)
awaniz (nominative plural)
awô (singular vocative)
awaniz (plural vocative)
awanų (accusative singular)
awanunz (accusative plural)
awiniz (genitive singular)
awanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awini (dative singular)
awammaz (dative plural)
awinē (instrumental singular)
awammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: afi, ái (possibly; alternatively from Proto-Germanic *anô)

Icelandic: afi, ái

Faroese: avi

⇒ Faroese: abbi

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂ō, an on-stem variant of *h₂éwh₂os. Compare in particular Proto-Celtic *awon-tīr (“uncle”) and Latin avunculus (“~ maternal uncle”).


pukô

pukô (nominative singular)
pukaniz (nominative plural)
pukô (singular vocative)
pukaniz (plural vocative)
pukanų (accusative singular)
pukanunz (accusative plural)
pukiniz (genitive singular)
pukanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pukini (dative singular)
pukammaz (dative plural)
pukinē (instrumental singular)
pukammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pokō, *pokkō
Old English: pohha, pocca
Middle English: pogh, pouge, poc, pok
English: poke (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)
Scots: poke, poik (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)
Old Saxon: *poko, *puko; *pukil
Middle Low German: pok m; pocke, poche f; pukel, pockel
German Low German: Pock f; Puckel m
Old Dutch: *poko; *poka
Middle Dutch: poke
Dutch: pook (obsolete)
Old High German: *pfohho, *pfocho
Middle High German: pfoch
German: Pfoche (dialectal)
→ Vulgar Latin: *poca, *pocca
Old French: puche, poche, pouche; pochete (diminutive)
Middle French: poche; pochete, poucette, pochette
French: poche; pochette
Middle English: pouch
English: pouch
Old Northern French: poke, poque, pouche, puche
Picard: poque
Norman: pouque, pouquette
→ Middle English: poke, pok, poc, puke
English: poke (regional)
Scots: pock, poke, pok, polk, pook, pyock
Yola: poake, pooke
→ Irish: póca
Old Occitan: pocha; pocheta
Occitan: pòcha; pocheta

Old Norse: poki

Icelandic: poki

Faroese: poki

Probably from an earlier *puhō (in view of the variation of the stems *puhhô, *pukkô, and pukô), apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *bewk- (“to puff up”), and possibly cognate with Polish buczyć (“to puff oneself up”), though this is uncertain. Regardless, probably sound-symbolic.


hakô

hakô (nominative singular)
hakaniz (nominative plural)
hakô (singular vocative)
hakaniz (plural vocative)
hakanų (accusative singular)
hakanunz (accusative plural)
hakiniz (genitive singular)
hakanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hakini (dative singular)
hakammaz (dative plural)
hakinē (instrumental singular)
hakammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hakō

Old English: haca, hæca

Middle English: *hake

English: hake

Scots: hake, haik

⇒ Old English: hæċċe f (< *hakjǭ)

Old Frisian: haka

Saterland Frisian: Hoake

West Frisian: heak

Old Saxon: haco, hako

Middle Low German: hāke

German Low German: Hake, Haak

Old Dutch: *hako

desctree

Middle Dutch: hake
Dutch: haak
Afrikaans: haak
Berbice Creole Dutch: haki
Negerhollands: huk
→ Indonesian: hak
→ Papiamentu: hak, haak
→ Sranan Tongo: aka
→ Caribbean Javanese: akah
Limburgish: haok

Old High German: haho, hako
Middle High German: hāken
German: Haken
→ Czech: hák
→ Polish: hak

Old Norse: haki

Icelandic: haki

Faroese: haki

Norwegian Bokmål: hake

Norwegian Nynorsk: hake

Elfdalian: atji

Old Swedish: haki

Swedish: hake

Danish: hage

Appears to stem from a pre-Germanic *kh₂/₃k-on-, with no certain cognates outside of Germanic, due to a degree of semantic uncertainty with words of similar sound and meaning in other branches. Orel compares Hittite [script needed] (kaka-, “tooth”) and Proto-Slavic *kogъtь (“claw, talon”). The Germanic has been traditionally reconstructed further to a Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“peg; hook”), and, in addition to the Slavic, compared with Persian چنگ (čang, “claw, talon”).


hulþô

hulþô (nominative singular)
hulþaniz (nominative plural)
hulþô (singular vocative)
hulþaniz (plural vocative)
hulþanų (accusative singular)
hulþanunz (accusative plural)
hulþiniz (genitive singular)
hulþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulþini (dative singular)
hulþammaz (dative plural)
hulþinē (instrumental singular)
hulþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: holda

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: houde

Dutch: houd

Old High German: holdo

German: Holde


unhulþô

unhulþô (nominative singular)
unhulþaniz (nominative plural)
unhulþô (singular vocative)
unhulþaniz (plural vocative)
unhulþanų (accusative singular)
unhulþanunz (accusative plural)
unhulþiniz (genitive singular)
unhulþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unhulþini (dative singular)
unhulþammaz (dative plural)
unhulþinē (instrumental singular)
unhulþammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unholþō
Old English: unholda
Old Saxon: unholdo
Old Dutch: unholdo
Middle Dutch: onhoude
Dutch: onhoud
Old High German: unholdo
Middle High German: unholde
German: Unhold

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌰 (unhulþa)

Substantivised form of *unhulþaz. Compare *hulþô.


dukkǭ

dukkǭ (nominative singular)
dukkōniz (nominative plural)
dukkǭ (singular vocative)
dukkōniz (plural vocative)
dukkōnų (accusative singular)
dukkōnunz (accusative plural)
dukkōniz (genitive singular)
dukkōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dukkōni (dative singular)
dukkōmaz (dative plural)
dukkōnē (instrumental singular)
dukkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dokkā
Old English: *docce
Middle English: *dokke, dok (merger with Old Norse *dokkr)
English: dock
Scots: dok
⇒? Old English: docga (“stocky breed of dog”) (see there for descendants)
⇒ Old English: fingerdocce
Old Frisian: *dokke
Saterland Frisian: Dokke
West Frisian: dok
Old Saxon: dokka
Middle Low German: docke
German Low German: Docke, Dock
Old Dutch: *dokka
Middle Dutch: docke
Dutch: dok
Old High German: tokka, tocka
Middle High German: tocke
German: Docke

Old Norse: dokka

Icelandic: dokka

Danish: dukke

→ Icelandic: dúkka

Norwegian: dukke

Swedish: docka

From pre-Germanic *dʰugʰ-néh₂-, from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce; to be strong”), To yield. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dugь (“strength, power”), Old Armenian յանդուգն (yandugn, “headstrong”).


raihô

raihô (nominative singular)
raihaniz (nominative plural)
raihô (singular vocative)
raihaniz (plural vocative)
raihanų (accusative singular)
raihanunz (accusative plural)
raihiniz (genitive singular)
raihanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raihini (dative singular)
raihammaz (dative plural)
raihinē (instrumental singular)
raihammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raihō, *raih
Old English: rāha, rāa, rā m (rǣġe f)
Middle English: ro, roo, ra, raa, roa
English: roe
Scots: ra, rae
Old Frisian: *rāha, *rē, *rā
>? Saterland Frisian: Räi n (possibly via Middle Low German)
West Frisian: ree
Old Saxon: rēho m; *rēh n
Middle Low German: rē n
German Low German: Reh
Plautdietsch: Ree
Old Dutch: reio m
Middle Dutch: ree, re
Dutch: ree
Afrikaans: ree
Limburgish: rieë
Old High German: rēho m; rēh n (reiga, rēia f)
Middle High German: rēch n, rē n
German: Reh
Hunsrik: Reh
Luxembourgish: Réi
Mòcheno: reach

Proto-Norse: ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ (raïhan)
Old English: rāha, rāa, rā m (rǣġe f)
Middle English: ro, roo, ra, raa, roa
English: roe
Scots: ra, rae
Old Norse: rá f
Icelandic: rá
Faroese: rá
Norwegian: rå
Old Swedish: rā
Swedish: rå
Danish: rå

From Proto-Indo-European *róyko-, from Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“spotted, streaked”). Compare Irish riabh (“stripe; streak”), Latvian ràibs (“spotted”), Russian рябо́й (rjabój, “mottled fur”).


Raginawaldaz

Raginawaldaz (nominative singular)
Raginawald (singular vocative)
Raginawaldą (accusative singular)
Raginawaldai (dative singular)
Raginawaldō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: Ræġnald

desc

Old High German: Raginoald, Raginald, Reginwald

German: Reinhold

→ Norwegian: Reinold

desctree

Old Norse: Rǫgnvaldr
Icelandic: Rögnvaldur
Faroese: Røgnvaldur
Norwegian: Ragnvald
Old Swedish: Ragnvalder
Swedish: Ragnvald
→ Old East Slavic: Рогъволодъ (Rogŭvolodŭ)
→ English: Ronald
→ Italian: Ronaldo
→ Spanish: Ronaldo
→ Portuguese: Ronaldo
→ Old Irish: Ragnall
Irish: Raghnall
Scottish Gaelic: Raghnall
→ Scots: Ranald
→ English: Ranald

→ Latin: Reginaldus

Catalan: Reginald

Anglo-Norman: Reinald, Reynaud, Reinold

→ English: Reynold

French: Renaud, Renault

→ French: Reginald

→ English: Renault

→ English: Reginald

Italian: Rinaldo, Reginaldo

Portuguese: Reinaldo

Spanish: Reinaldo

→ Dutch: Reinoud

→ Old High German: Regnald

From *raginą (“decision, advice, counsel”) + *waldaz (“ruler”).


tainijǭ

tainijǭ (nominative singular)
tainijōniz (nominative plural)
tainijǭ (singular vocative)
tainijōniz (plural vocative)
tainijōnų (accusative singular)
tainijōnunz (accusative plural)
tainijōniz (genitive singular)
tainijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tainijōni (dative singular)
tainijōmaz (dative plural)
tainijōnē (instrumental singular)
tainijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tainijā

Old Frisian: *tēne

Saterland Frisian: Täine

Old Saxon: *tēna

Middle Low German: têne

desctree

Old High German: zeina, zeinna
Middle High German: zeine
Alemannic German: Zeine
German: Zaine, Zeine
→ Italian: zaino
⇒ Lombardic: *zainjā
→ Italian: zana

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *tainīl

Old English: tǣnel, tēnil
Middle English: tenel, tenell
English: teanel (dialectal)

Old High German: *zeinīl

Middle High German: zeinel

desc

⇒ Middle High German: zeinelære, zeinler

German: Zainler (“basket-maker”)

Old Norse: teina

Icelandic: teinur

Faroese: teinur

Norwegian: teine

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉 (tainjō)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tainijo (see there for further descendants)


ūdarą

ūdarą (nominative singular)
ūdarō (nominative plural)
ūdarą (singular vocative)
ūdarō (plural vocative)
ūdarą (accusative singular)
ūdarō (accusative plural)
ūdaras (genitive singular)
ūdaris (genitive singular)
ūdarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūdarai (dative singular)
ūdaramaz (dative plural)
ūdarō (instrumental singular)
ūdaramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ūder

Middle English: udder, uddyr, iddyr

English: udder

Scots: udder, uther, ether

Old Frisian: ūder, jāder

Saterland Frisian: Jadder, Jader (Skäddel, Strukelje)

West Frisian: jaar

Old Saxon: ūder, ioder, ieder, geder

Middle Low German: ûder, jeder

German Low German: Jüdder, Jidder, Jadder

Dutch Low Saxon:

→ Dutch: jadder m or n

Old Dutch: *ūdar

Middle Dutch: uder, uyder, uider m

Dutch: uier

Afrikaans: uier

desctree

Old High German: ūter, ūtar, ūtaro, ūtiro
Middle High German: ūter, iuter m or n
Cimbrian: autar n
German: Euter n
Luxembourgish: Auder m

Old Norse: *júðr, júgr, júr (< *eudur)

Icelandic: júgur

Faroese: júgur

Norwegian: jur

Old Swedish: iūgher, iūver

Swedish: juver

Old Danish: *iūghær

Danish: yver

Elfdalian: juor

Gutnish: jaur

Scanian: ýr

→ Middle English: ȝowre

→ Scots: ure, ewer

→ English: ewer, yure (dialectal)

/ˈuː.ðɑ.rɑ̃/

Thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ówHdʰr̥ (“udder”). Cognate with Latin ūber.


hammō

hammō (nominative singular)
hammôz (nominative plural)
hammō (singular vocative)
hammôz (plural vocative)
hammǭ (accusative singular)
hammōz (accusative plural)
hammōz (genitive singular)
hammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hammōi (dative singular)
hammōmaz (dative plural)
hammō (instrumental singular)
hammōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hamm, ham, hom
Middle English: hamme
English: ham
Scots: hamb, ham

Old Saxon: *hama, *hamma

desc

Middle Low German: ham, hame, hamme, amme

Old Dutch: *hama, *hamma

Middle Dutch: hame, hamme

Dutch: ham

Old High German: hama, hamma

Middle High German: hamme

Alemannic German: Hamme

German: Hamme

Luxembourgish: Ham

desctree

Old Norse: hǫm
Icelandic: höm
Norwegian Bokmål: homme
Swedish: hamboge
Danish: hambugt

Uncertain. Perhaps from earlier *hanmō, from Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂méh₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂m (“leg”), and thus cognate with Old Irish cnáim (“bone”) and Ancient Greek κνήμη (knḗmē, “tibia”).


maiską

maiską (nominative singular)
maiskō (nominative plural)
maiską (singular vocative)
maiskō (plural vocative)
maiską (accusative singular)
maiskō (accusative plural)
maiskas (genitive singular)
maiskis (genitive singular)
maiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiskai (dative singular)
maiskamaz (dative plural)
maiskō (instrumental singular)
maiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: māsc

English: mash

Old Saxon: mēsk

Middle Low German: mēsch

→ Swedish: mäsk

Old High German: meisk

Middle High German: meisch

German: Maisch

From earlier *maihską, from Proto-Indo-European *moiḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂-, from *meyḱ- (“mix”).


spadô

spadô (nominative singular)
spadaniz (nominative plural)
spadô (singular vocative)
spadaniz (plural vocative)
spadanų (accusative singular)
spadanunz (accusative plural)
spadiniz (genitive singular)
spadanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spadini (dative singular)
spadammaz (dative plural)
spadinē (instrumental singular)
spadammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spada

Middle English: spade

Scots: spade, spaid

English: spade
→ Scottish Gaelic: spaid
→ Fiji Hindi: sipi

→ Irish: spád, spáid

Old Frisian: spada

North Frisian: spade

Saterland Frisian: Spoade

West Frisian: *spa, *spar (in stikelspa, stikelspar)

Old Saxon: spado

Middle Low German: spāde

German Low German: Spaa

Old Dutch: *spado

Middle Dutch: spade

Dutch: spade, spa

Old High German: *spato (possibly)

i

Middle High German: spade, spate (rare or northern word, possibly from Old Saxon)

German: Spaten

Luxembourgish: Spuet

Old Norse: spaði; járnspaði (possibly from Low German)

Icelandic: spaði

Faroese: spaði

Norwegian: spade

Old Swedish: spadhi

Swedish: spade

Danish: spade

From Proto-Indo-European *sph₂-dʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”), Hittite [script needed] (išpatar, “spear”).


spōlǭ

spōlǭ (nominative singular)
spōlōniz (nominative plural)
spōlǭ (singular vocative)
spōlōniz (plural vocative)
spōlōnų (accusative singular)
spōlōnunz (accusative plural)
spōlōniz (genitive singular)
spōlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spōlōni (dative singular)
spōlōmaz (dative plural)
spōlōnē (instrumental singular)
spōlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *spōle

Middle English: spole (also possibly from Dutch)

Scots: spule, spuil

English: spool

→ Irish: spól

Old Frisian: *spōle

Saterland Frisian: Spoule

West Frisian: spoel

Old Saxon: spōla

Middle Low German: spōle

German Low German: Spool

Plautdietsch: Spool

Old Dutch: *spuola, *spōla

Middle Dutch: spoele

Dutch: spoel

→ Old French: spole, espole

French: espole, espoule; espolin

→ Italian: spola, spuola

→ Spanish: espolin

Old High German: spuola

Middle High German: spuole f

German: Spule

→ Polish: szpula

Luxembourgish: Spull

Yiddish: שפּול (shpul)

Old Norse: spóla

Icelandic: spóla

(Faroese: spóli m)

Norwegian: spole

Old Swedish: spōle m

Swedish: spole

Danish: spole

/ˈspɔː.lɔ̃ː/

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to split; cleave; rend; tear”).


turbz

turbz (nominative singular)
turbiz (nominative plural)
turb (singular vocative)
turbiz (plural vocative)
turbų (accusative singular)
turbunz (accusative plural)
turbiz (genitive singular)
turbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turbi (dative singular)
turbumaz (dative plural)
turbē (instrumental singular)
turbumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *turb
Old English: turf f
Middle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe
English: turf
Scots: turr, truff
Yola: thrive
Old Frisian: turf
>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks
West Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *torf, turf m
Middle Low German: torf m
German Low German: Torf
→ German: Torf
Polish: torf
Portuguese: turfa
Russian: торф (torf)
→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)
→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)
→ Azerbaijani: torf
→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)
→ Ossetian: торф (torf)
→ Old French: torbe
French: tourbe
→ Catalan: torba
→ Galician: turba
→ Italian: torba
→ Romanian: turbă
→ Spanish: turba
→ Turkish: turba
Old Dutch: *torf, *turf
Middle Dutch: turf, torf m
Dutch: turf m
Afrikaans: turf
>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)

Old Norse: torf n, torfa f

Icelandic: torf n

Faroese: torv n

Norwegian:

Norwegian: torv n or m

Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f

Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f

Swedish: torv c, torva c

Danish: tørv c

→ Norman: torve f

→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass; to wind, spin”), as tufts of plants tend to cluster and form winding shapes; compare Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá, “tuft of grass”).
Don Ringe argues that the lack of a-mutation in Old High German shows that zurba must have originally been a consonant stem. In addition, Old English turf clearly shows a consonant-stem declension.
In many of the descendants, the noun was thematized early on enough to cause a-mutation in the descendant forms.


Audawarduz

Audawarduz (nominative singular)
Audawardu (singular vocative)
Audawardų (accusative singular)
Audawardauz (genitive singular)
Audawardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Audawardu

Old English: Ēadweard

Middle English: Edward

English: Edward

→ Norwegian: Edvard

→ Swedish: Edvard

→ Danish: Edvard

→ Icelandic: Eðvarð

→ Faroese: Edvard (or possibly directly from English)

→ Old Norse: Játvarðr

Icelandic: Játvarður

Faroese: Jatvarður

Old Swedish: Jedvard

→ Old French: Edward

Middle French: Edward

French: Édouard

→ German: Eduard

→ Latin: Edwardus, Eduardus

Italian: Edoardo, Eduardo

Spanish: Eduardo

Portuguese: Eduardo

→ Irish: Éadbhard

Old Norse: Auðvarðr

Faroese: Eyðvarður

Norwegian: Audvard

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *warduz (“guard”).


tibǭ

tibǭ (nominative singular)
tibōniz (nominative plural)
tibǭ (singular vocative)
tibōniz (plural vocative)
tibōnų (accusative singular)
tibōnunz (accusative plural)
tibōniz (genitive singular)
tibōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tibōni (dative singular)
tibōmaz (dative plural)
tibōnē (instrumental singular)
tibōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tibā
Old English: tife
Old Frisian: *tive, *teve
Saterland Frisian: Tieuwe
Old Saxon: *tiva
Middle Low German: teve, tiffe
German Low German: Teve, Teev, Tiff
→ Old Norse: tefja
Danish: tæve
Swedish: täva; (täfsa (dialectal))
Old Dutch: *tiva
Middle Dutch: tēve
Dutch: teef
Afrikaans: teef
→ West Frisian: teef
>? Old High German: *zibba
>? Middle High German: *zibbe, *zippe
>? German: Zibbe, Zippe (attetsted 19th c.)

Unknown. Perhaps related to the root of Old Norse tík (“bitch”). A geminate byform *tibbǭ gave German dialectal Zippe, Zibbe (“ewe; doe (hare, rabbit)”), Icelandic tebba (“vixen”), and possibly English tib (“working-class woman”).


tigulǭ

tigulǭ (nominative singular)
tigulōniz (nominative plural)
tigulǭ (singular vocative)
tigulōniz (plural vocative)
tigulōnų (accusative singular)
tigulōnunz (accusative plural)
tigulōniz (genitive singular)
tigulōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tigulōni (dative singular)
tigulōmaz (dative plural)
tigulōnē (instrumental singular)
tigulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tigulā, *tēgulā
Old English: tigele, tigule, tigle, tiegle, tighele, tygele
Middle English: tigel, tighele, teghell, teȝele, tiȝel, tyle, tile
English: tile (see there for further descendants)
Scots: tyl, tild
Old Frisian: *tigel, *tichel
Saterland Frisian: Tichel
West Frisian: tichel, tegel, teil (possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: tiegla
Middle Low German: tēgel, tichel
German Low German: Tichel
Plautdietsch: Tieejel
Old Dutch: tegela
Middle Dutch: tigele, tegel, tichel
Dutch: tegel, tichel
Afrikaans: teël
Old High German: ziagala, ziagal
Middle High German: ziegel
German: Ziegel
→ Serbo-Croatian: cígla
Hunsrik: Zieghel
Luxembourgish: Zill
→ Czech: cihla
→ Polish: cegła
→ Belarusian: цэ́гла (céhla)
→ Ukrainian: це́гла (céhla)

Old Norse: tigl

Icelandic: tigl

Faroese: tigul

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: tigl, tegl; (dialectal) tægl

Old Swedish: tighl

Swedish: tegel

→ Finnish: tiili

Danish: tegl

Norwegian Bokmål: tegl

Gutnish: tigel, tigul