dūbǭ

dūbǭ (nominative singular)
dūbōniz (nominative plural)
dūbǭ (singular vocative)
dūbōniz (plural vocative)
dūbōnų (accusative singular)
dūbōnunz (accusative plural)
dūbōniz (genitive singular)
dūbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dūbōni (dative singular)
dūbōmaz (dative plural)
dūbōnē (instrumental singular)
dūbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dūbā
Old English: *dūfe
Middle English: douve, dove, duve, dowve, dowe, doufe, douf
English: dove
Scots: doo, dow
Old Frisian: *dūve, *dūe
Saterland Frisian: Dúve
West Frisian: do
Old Saxon: dūva
Middle Low German: dūve
Low German:
German Low German: Duuv, Duve, Duuf, Duuw, Düüv, Düüw
→ Kashubian: duwa
Dutch Low Saxon: duve, doeve
Plautdietsch: Duw, Düw, Duuv, Düüv, Duuw, Düüw, Duv, Düv
→ Estonian: tuvi
Old Dutch: dūva
Middle Dutch: duve
Dutch: duif
Afrikaans: duif
Negerhollands: dufje, difi, diffie
→ Sranan Tongo: doifi
Limburgish: doef
Old High German: tūba; (West Central German) dūva
Middle High German: tūbe, dūve
Bavarian: Taubm, Daum, Taubn
Alemannic German: Tuub, Duub, Duube, Düüwe, Daup, Taub, Tuube, Tube, Tubo
German: Taube
Central Franconian: Duuv, Dauv
Kirchröadsj: Doef
Luxembourgish: Dauf
Rhine Franconian: daup, dǫup
Pennsylvania German: Daub
Swabian: Taub, Daup
Vilamovian: tue, taoj
Yiddish: טויב (toyb)

Old Norse: dúfa

Icelandic: dúfa

Faroese: dúgva, dúva

Norwegian Bokmål: due

Norwegian Nynorsk: due

Old Swedish: dūva

Swedish: duva

Old Danish: dufæ

Danish: due

Scanian: dâwwa

Gothic: *𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍉 (*dubō)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk; smoke; make obscure”). According to Kroonen, derived from Proto-Germanic *dūbaną (“to dive; to sink”), likely referring to the dove's characteristic divebombing flight.


kalbaz

kalbaz (nominative singular)
kalbizō (nominative plural)
kalbaz (singular vocative)
kalbizō (plural vocative)
kalbaz (accusative singular)
kalbizō (accusative plural)
kalbiziz (genitive singular)
kalbizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kalbizi (dative singular)
kalbizumaz (dative plural)
kalbizē (instrumental singular)
kalbizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kalb
Old English: ċealf, cælf
Middle English: calf, chelve, chalf, kelf
Scots: calf, cawf, caff, cauf
English: calf
Yola: callef
Old Frisian: *kalf, *kālch, *kāl
North Frisian: kuulew, kualew
Saterland Frisian: Koolich
West Frisian: keal
Old Saxon: kalf
Middle Low German: kalf
Low German: Kalv, Kalf
Plautdietsch: Kaulf
Old Dutch: calf
Middle Dutch: calf
Dutch: kalf
Limburgish: kalf
Old High German: kalb, chalb, chalp
Middle High German: kalp
Alemannic German: Chalp
Central Franconian: Kallev
Cimbrian: khalp, khalbe (Luserna)
German: Kalb
Luxembourgish: Kallef
Vilamovian: kołp
Yiddish: קאַלב (kalb)

Old Norse: kalfr m
Icelandic: kálfur
Faroese: kálvur
Norn: kvålv
Norwegian Nynorsk: kalv; (dialectal) kæłv, kålv’e, kåv’e
Norwegian Bokmål: kalv
Elfdalian: kåv
Old Swedish: kalver
Swedish: kalv
Danish: kalv
Gutnish: kalv

→ Proto-Samic: *kālpē (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. The connection with Proto-Indo-European *gʷelbʰ- (“womb”) is problematic due to the missing labiovelar in Germanic. However, *gʷl̥bʰus- or the weak stem of *gʷélbʰ-us ~ *gʷl̥bʰ-éws would yield *kulbuz-, from which the variant *kelbuz-, also attested in Germanic, could have been derived analogically as a strong stem, whose influence might explain the missing labialization in *kalbiz-.
Pokorny connects it to Latin galba (“little worm, larva; small person or animal”), itself perhaps of Gaulish origin, and proposes Proto-Indo-European *gel(e)b⁽ʰ⁾- as a labial extension of *gel- (“form into a ball; ball”); compare Old English clyppan (“to hug, embrace; to clasp”) (modern English clasp), German Klafter (“armful, fathom”), Latvian glābt (“to save”), and Latin glaeba (“clod”), globus (“round object”). However, such irregular correspondences between *kalbaz and galba would more likely point to substrate origin.
Has been compared to Mingrelian ქაბლა (kabla), itself of uncertain origin.


kalbaz

Proto-West-Germanic:

Dutch: kalf (“soft part of wood”)

German: Kalb (“muscle”) (dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: kalfi (“calf of the leg”)
Icelandic: kálfi
Faroese: kálvi
Norwegian Nynorsk: kalve; (dialectal) kæłve, kålve, kåvi
Norwegian Bokmål: kalve
Old Swedish: kalver
Swedish: kalv
→ Middle English: calf, calfe
English: calf
Scots: cauf, cauve, cawve

Of uncertain origin; perhaps related to *kulbaz (“round object, lump; club, staff”).


fulô

fulô (nominative singular)
fulaniz (nominative plural)
fulô (singular vocative)
fulaniz (plural vocative)
fulanų (accusative singular)
fulanunz (accusative plural)
fuliniz (genitive singular)
fulanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulini (dative singular)
fulammaz (dative plural)
fulinē (instrumental singular)
fulammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *folō
Old English: fola
Middle English: fole
English: foal
Scots: fole, foill
Old Frisian: fola, folla
West Frisian: fôle, foalle
Saterland Frisian: Foole
Old Saxon: folo
Middle Low German: vōle
German Low German: Fohl
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Fahle
Old Dutch: *folo
Middle Dutch: vōle
Dutch: vool
Old High German: folo
Middle High German: vole

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚨ (*fola)

Old Norse: foli

Icelandic: foli

Faroese: foli

Norwegian: fole

Old Swedish: foli

Swedish: fåle

Old Danish: folæ

Danish: fole

Elfdalian: fuoli

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰 (fula)

From pre-Germanic *pl̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *pelH-.


ēlaz

ēlaz (nominative singular)
ēlōz (nominative plural)
ēlōs (nominative plural)
ēl (singular vocative)
ēlōz (plural vocative)
ēlōs (plural vocative)
ēlą (accusative singular)
ēlanz (accusative plural)
ēlas (genitive singular)
ēlis (genitive singular)
ēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēlai (dative singular)
ēlamaz (dative plural)
ēlō (instrumental singular)
ēlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *āl
Old English: ǣl
Middle English: el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele
English: eel
Scots: eel
Yola: eale
Old Frisian: ēl
Saterland Frisian: Äil
West Frisian: iel
Old Saxon: āl
Middle Low German: âl, êl
German Low German: Aal
Old Dutch: *āl, ael (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: ael
Dutch: aal
Afrikaans: aal
Old High German: āl
Middle High German: āl
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ool
Luxembourgish: Éil
German: Aal
Rhine Franconian: Ool (West Palatine)

Old Norse: áll

Icelandic: áll

Faroese: állur

Norn: ål

Norwegian: ål

Old Swedish: āl

Swedish: ål

Old Danish: āl, aal

Danish: ål

Gutnish: al

Unknown; no known cognates outside Germanic, but an obfuscated substrate origin from a Neolithic language is possible.
Kroonen tentatively compares *ēlō and *alaz (“awl”).


lahsaz

lahsaz (nominative singular)
lahsōz (nominative plural)
lahsōs (nominative plural)
lahs (singular vocative)
lahsōz (plural vocative)
lahsōs (plural vocative)
lahsą (accusative singular)
lahsanz (accusative plural)
lahsas (genitive singular)
lahsis (genitive singular)
lahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahsai (dative singular)
lahsamaz (dative plural)
lahsō (instrumental singular)
lahsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lahs
Old English: leax
Middle English: lax
Scots: lax
English: lax
Old Saxon: lahs
Middle Low German: las
Old Dutch: *lahs
Middle Dutch: lachs, lasche, lacks, lack
Dutch: las
Old High German: lahs
Middle High German: lahs
German: Lachs
→ German Low German: Lachs
→ Saterland Frisian: Lachs
Yiddish: לאַקס (laks)
→ English: lox

Old Norse: lax
Icelandic: lax
Faroese: laksur
Norn: laks
Norwegian Nynorsk: laks
Elfdalian: laks
Old Swedish: lax
Swedish: lax
Old Danish: lax
Danish: laks
Norwegian Bokmål: laks
Gutnish: lax

From Pre-Germanic *laḱsos, from Proto-Indo-European *laḱs- (“salmon, trout”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *lososь, Ossetian лӕсӕг (læsæg, “salmon”), Tocharian B laks (“fish”). See lax and Latvian lasis for further non-Germanic cognates.


sparwô

sparwô (nominative singular)
sparwaniz (nominative plural)
sparwô (singular vocative)
sparwaniz (plural vocative)
sparwanų (accusative singular)
sparwanunz (accusative plural)
sparwiniz (genitive singular)
sparwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sparwini (dative singular)
sparwammaz (dative plural)
sparwinē (instrumental singular)
sparwammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sparwō
Old English: spearwa
Middle English: sparwe, sparuwe, sparowe, sparewe, speruwe, sparu, sparow
Scots: sparrowe, sparow
English: sparrow
→ Manx: sparroo
Old Saxon: *sparo; *sperling
Middle Low German: sperlink
Old High German: sparo
Middle High German: sparwe, spare, spar
Alemannic German: Spar
⇒ Middle High German: spaz, spatze (diminutive)
Alemannic German: Spatz, Schpatz
Bavarian: Spåtz
German: Spatz
→ Luxembourgish: Spatz
⇒ Old High German: sperilig
Middle High German: sperlinc
German: Sperling
Yiddish: שפּערל (shperl)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 (sparwa)

sparwarī

Proto-Germanic: *sparwarjaz; Proto-West Germanic


wisulǭ

wisulǭ (nominative singular)
wisulōniz (nominative plural)
wisulǭ (singular vocative)
wisulōniz (plural vocative)
wisulōnų (accusative singular)
wisulōnunz (accusative plural)
wisulōniz (genitive singular)
wisulōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wisulōni (dative singular)
wisulōmaz (dative plural)
wisulōnē (instrumental singular)
wisulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wisulā
Old English: weosule, wesle, uuesulae, uuesole — early
Middle English: wesele, wassele, wasyll, whesille, weesylle, wesel, wesil, wesile, wezele
English: weasal
Middle Scots: quhasill, wasyll, wasyll
Scots: whaisel, whaizle, wheesel, weasel (associated with whaisle "to wheeze")
Old Frisian: *wisele
Saterland Frisian: Wiezelke (possibly borrowed from German)
West Frisian: wezeling (possibly borrowed from Low German)
Old Saxon: *wisula
Middle Low German: wēsel, wesele
Low German: Wessel, Wissel
Plautdietsch: Wäsel
Old Dutch: *wisala
Middle Dutch: wēsel
Dutch: wezel
Afrikaans: wesel
Limburgish: wezel, wieëzel
Old High German: wisula, wisala
Middle High German: wisele
German: Wiesel
Luxembourgish: Wisel

Old Norse: visla; hreysivisla

Icelandic: hreysivisla

Faroese: vesla

Norwegian: vesel

Old Swedish: visla

Swedish: vessla

Old Danish: wæslæ

Danish: væsel

Gutnish: vissle, visslå

A diminutive of a word *wisō- (“European polecat, Mustela putorius”). From the root Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to ooze, stink”), compare *wisundz (“bison”).


swanaz

swanaz (nominative singular)
swanōz (nominative plural)
swanōs (nominative plural)
swan (singular vocative)
swanōz (plural vocative)
swanōs (plural vocative)
swaną (accusative singular)
swananz (accusative plural)
swanas (genitive singular)
swanis (genitive singular)
swanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swanai (dative singular)
swanamaz (dative plural)
swanō (instrumental singular)
swanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swan
Old English: swan, swon
Middle English: swan
Scots: swan
English: swan
Old Frisian: *swan
Saterland Frisian: Swoan, Swonne, Swoon
West Frisian: swan
Old Saxon: swan
Middle Low German: swan, swane
Low German: Swaan, Swoon, swan, swane
Plautdietsch: Schwon
→ Norwegian: svane
→ Danish: svane
Old Dutch: *swan
Middle Dutch: swan, swāne
Dutch: zwaan
Afrikaans: swaan
Limburgish: zwaan
Old High German: swan
Middle High German: swan
German: Schwan
→ Lower Sorbian: šwon
→ Luxembourgish: Schwan
Hunsrik: Schwaan
Luxembourgish: Schwunn (archaic)
Yiddish: שוואַן (shvan)

Old Norse: svanr

Icelandic: svanur

Faroese: svanur

Norwegian: svane

Old Swedish: svan

Swedish: svan

Danish: svane

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound, resound”). More at *swin-.


swanaz

swanaz (nominative singular)
swanizō (nominative plural)
swanaz (singular vocative)
swanizō (plural vocative)
swanaz (accusative singular)
swanizō (accusative plural)
swaniziz (genitive singular)
swanizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swanizi (dative singular)
swanizumaz (dative plural)
swanizē (instrumental singular)
swanizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swan
Old Saxon: swanur m
Old High German: *swanar
Middle High German: swaner m
⇒ Old High German: swanering m

From Proto-Indo-European *sewH- (“to bear, give birth”).


werką

werką (nominative singular)
werkō (nominative plural)
werką (singular vocative)
werkō (plural vocative)
werką (accusative singular)
werkō (accusative plural)
werkas (genitive singular)
wirkis (genitive singular)
werkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
werkai (dative singular)
werkamaz (dative plural)
werkō (instrumental singular)
werkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *werk
Old English: weorc, worc
Middle English: werk, work
Scots: wark
English: work
Old Frisian: werk, wirk
Saterland Frisian: Wierk
West Frisian: wurk
Old Saxon: werk
Middle Low German: wark, werk
Low German: wark, werk
Old Dutch: werc
Middle Dutch: werk, wark
Dutch: werk
Afrikaans: werk
Old High German: werc, werh, werah
Middle High German: wërc
German: Werk
Luxembourgish: Wierk

Old Norse: verk
Icelandic: verk
Faroese: verk
Norwegian Bokmål: verk
Norwegian Nynorsk: verk
Old Swedish: værk
Swedish: verk
Old Danish: værk
Danish: værk
Old Gutnish: werk

From Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom (“work”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to make, work”) (whence *wurkijaną). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon).


werką

Proto-West Germanic: *werk

Old Frisian: *werk, *wirk

Saterland Frisian: Wäierk, Wíerk

West Frisian: wurk

Old Saxon: *werk

Middle Low German: werk, wark

→ Danish: værk

→ Norwegian: verk (archaic)

Old Dutch: *werk

Middle Dutch: werc

Dutch: werk

→ French: warq (dialectal)

desc

Old High German: werh, werah, werc, werk

Middle High German: werc, werch, werich

German: Werg

→ Proto-Finnic: *vërka (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ-nó- (> pre-Germanic *werkka-), from *werǵʰ- (“to bind, squeeze”), whence also *wurgijaną (“to strangle”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *wer(k/ḱ)-nó-, from a root *wer(k/ḱ), and cognate with Welsh cywarch (“hemp, rope”).

rope or cord, especially one made of hemp


jehwlą

jehwlą (nominative singular)
jeulō (nominative plural)
jehwlą (singular vocative)
jeulō (plural vocative)
jehwlą (accusative singular)
jeulō (accusative plural)
jehwlas (genitive singular)
jihwlis (genitive singular)
jeulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jehwlai (dative singular)
jeulamaz (dative plural)
jehwlō (instrumental singular)
jeulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jehwl

desctree

Old English: ġēol, ġehhol, ġehhel, ġēohol, ġēohel, ġēohhel, iūl, ġiūl, iōl, ġeohhel, ġeochol, ġeohhol, ġeohol
Middle English: yol, yole, ȝeolue, yiol, ȝol, ȝole, Yoil, yolde, ȝoul, ȝowl, ȝoule, Yhole, youle
English: Yule
Middle Scots: Yule, Ȝule, Yuill, Ȝuill
Scots: Yule

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛃᛖᚢᛚᚢ (*jeulu), *ᛖᚢᛚᚢ n pl (*eulu)

desctree

Old Norse: jól, *iūl — Old East Norse
Icelandic: jól
Faroese: jól
Norwegian Nynorsk: jol
Old Swedish: iūl
Swedish: jul
Old Danish: iūl
Danish: jul
Norwegian Bokmål: jul
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jul (partially from an earlier East Nordic borrowing)
→ German: Jul
→ Dutch: joel
⇒ German: Julfest
→ Dutch: joelfeest
→ Greenlandic: juulli
Old Gutnish: iaul
→? Old French: jolif (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *joulu (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *juhla

Estonian: juhlad

Finnish: juhla

Unknown; suggested to be connected to Latin iocus (“a joke, jest”), itself thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to speak”), yet this is semantically unconvincing.

(in the plural) Yule, literally, “the festivities”

jólmánuður

Old Norse: jólmánaðr, jólmánuðr; Icelandic


mariswīną

mariswīną (nominative singular)
mariswīnō (nominative plural)
mariswīną (singular vocative)
mariswīnō (plural vocative)
mariswīną (accusative singular)
mariswīnō (accusative plural)
mariswīnas (genitive singular)
mariswīnis (genitive singular)
mariswīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mariswīnai (dative singular)
mariswīnamaz (dative plural)
mariswīnō (instrumental singular)
mariswīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mariswīn
Old English: mereswīn
Middle English: mereswyn, mereswyne, mersuine
English: mereswine
Scots: mereswine
Old Frisian: *mereswīn
Saterland Frisian: Meerswien
Old Saxon: meriswīn
Middle Low German: merswîn
German Low German: Meerswien; Meerswientje
Old Dutch: meriswīn
Middle Dutch: mēerswijn, maerswijn, merswijn
Dutch: meerzwijn
Old High German: meriswīn
Middle High German: merswīn
German: Meerschwein; Meerschweinchen
→ Old French: marsouin
Middle French: marsouin
French: marsouin

Old Norse: marsvín

Icelandic: marsvín

Faroese: marsvín

Norwegian: marsvin

Old Swedish: marsvīn, marrsvīn

Swedish: marsvin

Danish: marsvin


saiwiz

saiwiz (nominative singular)
saiwīz (nominative plural)
saiwi (singular vocative)
saiwīz (plural vocative)
saiwį (accusative singular)
saiwinz (accusative plural)
saiwīz (genitive singular)
saiwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saiwī (dative singular)
saiwimaz (dative plural)
saiwī (instrumental singular)
saiwimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *saiwi m
Old English: sǣ f or m
Middle English: see, ce, sæ, se, sea, sei, ze
English: sea
Scots: se, see, sey, seye, sie
Yola: zea, zee
Old Frisian: sē
North Frisian: see
Saterland Frisian: See, Säi
West Frisian: see
Old Saxon: sēo m, sēu
Middle Low German: sê
German Low German: See, Sei
Plautdietsch: See
Old Dutch: sēo m
Middle Dutch: sêe f or m
Dutch: zee f
Afrikaans: see
Berbice Creole Dutch: sei
Javindo: see
Negerhollands: see
→ Saramaccan: zé
→ Sranan Tongo: se
Limburgish: zieë f
West Flemish: zji m or f, zêe
Old High German: sēo m
Middle High German: sē m (rarely f)
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: sea
Mòcheno: sea
German: See m (“lake”), See f (“sea”) (latter in part from Low German)
Luxembourgish: Séi

Old Norse: sær, sjár, sjór m

Icelandic: sær, sjár, sjór m

Faroese: sjógvur

Norn: sju

Norwegian: sjø

Old Swedish: siār, siōr

Swedish: sjö

Old Danish: sǣ, siō

Danish: sø

Elfdalian: sju

Gutnish: sjo

Scanian: sjǿ

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 m (saiws)

→ Proto-Samic: *sājvë (see there for further descendants)

An i-stem nominal derived from *sīhwaną (“to percolate, filter”), from earlier *saigwiz, Pre-Germanic *soykʷís (“to moisten, filter”).
Alternatively, an older theory by Orel postulates a derivation from from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey-wo- (“to be fierce, afflict”) (compare Latin saevus (“wild, fierce”), Tocharian saiwe (“itch”), Latvian sievs, sīvs (“sharp, biting”)). Compare *sairaz (“sore, painful”).


mēnô

mēnô (nominative singular)
mēnaniz (nominative plural)
mēnô (singular vocative)
mēnaniz (plural vocative)
mēnanų (accusative singular)
mēnanunz (accusative plural)
mēniniz (genitive singular)
mēnanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēnini (dative singular)
mēnammaz (dative plural)
mēninē (instrumental singular)
mēnammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mānō
Old English: mōna, mōne
Middle English: mone, moone, mon, moyn, monæ, mona
English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun
Scots: muin, mone, monne, moon, moune, mowne, moyn, moyne, mune, mwne
Yola: mond
Geordie English: muin, meun
Old Frisian: mōna
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: muun
Mooring: moune
Saterland Frisian: Moune
West Frisian: moanne
Old Saxon: māno
Middle Low German: mâne
Dutch Low Saxon: maone
German Low German: Maan
Hamburgisch: Maan, Maand
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Mon m
Ravensbergisch: Måne
Sauerländisch: Mōne f, Mond m, Mōn m, Mound m Mōend m
Westmünsterländisch: Maone, Maon f, Maond m
Plautdietsch: Mon
→ Polabian: mon
Old Dutch: māno
Middle Dutch: mâne
Dutch: maan
Afrikaans: maan
Berbice Creole Dutch: manti
Jersey Dutch: mân, môn
Negerhollands: maand, man, maen
→ Aukan: manti
Limburgish: maon
West Flemish: moane
Zealandic: maene, maone
Old High German: māno
Middle High German: māne, mān, mōne, mōn
Alemannic German: Maan, manä, meini, moanu, Mond, manòd, mànund
Swabian: Moo, Mao
Bavarian: Mou, mone
Cimbrian: maano, ma, må
Mòcheno: mu'
Central Franconian: Mond, Muund (rare variant in Moselle Franconian)
German: Mond
Luxembourgish: Mound
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Muhn
Vilamovian: mönd
Yiddish: מאָנט (mont)

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚾᛟ (*mano), *ᛗᚨᚾᚨ (*mana /mānā/)
Old Norse: máni
Icelandic: máni
Faroese: máni
Norn: måni
Norwegian: måne
Old Swedish: māne
Swedish: måne
Old Danish: mānæ
Danish: måne
Gutnish: mane
→ Proto-Samic: *mānō (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 (mēna)

Crimean Gothic: mine

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₁nōs, from *mḗh₁n̥s (“moon, month”). Originally s-stem, later remodeled as n-stem based on nominative singular. Cognate with Lithuanian mė́nuo.


tīwaz

tīwaz (nominative singular)
tīwōz (nominative plural)
tīwōs (nominative plural)
tīw (singular vocative)
tīwōz (plural vocative)
tīwōs (plural vocative)
tīwą (accusative singular)
tīwanz (accusative plural)
tīwas (genitive singular)
tīwis (genitive singular)
tīwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīwai (dative singular)
tīwamaz (dative plural)
tīwō (instrumental singular)
tīwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Tīw
Old English: Tīw, Tuu, Tig, Tiig — Mercian
→ English: Tiw
Old Frisian: Tii
Old High German: Ziu, *Zīw

Old Norse: týr, Týr

Icelandic: týr, Týr

→ Danish: Tyr

→ Swedish: Tyr

→ English: Tyr

Faroese: Týrur

Norwegian: Ty

Swedish: Ti

Danish: Ty, Ti (dialectal, place names)

desc

Gothic: *𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 (*teiws /tyz/) (uncertain interpretation of Latin transliteration)

From Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”). Possibly attested as 𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (teiva) on the Negau helmet.

(as a proper noun) Tyr, the Germanic god of war. Identified in later times with the Roman god Mars.


sunnǭ

sunnǭ (nominative singular)
sunnōniz (nominative plural)
sunnǭ (singular vocative)
sunnōniz (plural vocative)
sunnōnų (accusative singular)
sunnōnunz (accusative plural)
sunnōniz (genitive singular)
sunnōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunnōni (dative singular)
sunnōmaz (dative plural)
sunnōnē (instrumental singular)
sunnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sunnā
Old English: sunne f
Middle English: sonne, sunne, sone, son, sune, sun, sunna, sunnæ, synne, soen, zunne (Southern West Mid), zonne (Kent)
English: sun
Scots: sun
Yola: zin
Old Frisian: sunne f
North Frisian: san
Saterland Frisian: Sunne
West Frisian: sinne
Old Saxon: sunna f
Middle Low German: sunne, sonne f or m
Dutch Low Saxon: zunne
German Low German: Sünn, Sünne
Plautdietsch: Sonn
Old Dutch: sunna f
Middle Dutch: sonne f or m
Dutch: zon
Afrikaans: son
Berbice Creole Dutch: sono
Jersey Dutch: zon
Negerhollands: son, zon
→ Sranan Tongo: son (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zón
West Flemish: zunne
Zealandic: zunne
Old High German: sunna f
Middle High German: sunne f or m
Alemannic German: Sunnä
Italian Walser: sunna, sunnu, sònnò, ŝchunna, ŝchunnà
Bavarian: Son
Cimbrian: sunn, sonde, zunna
Mòcheno: sunn
Udinese: suna, sune, sunne
Viennese: Sun
Central Franconian: Sonn, Sunn (rarer variant)
Hunsrik: Sunn, Sonn
Luxembourgish: Sonn
German: Sonne
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Sunn
Pennsylvania German: Sunn
Vilamovian: zunn, zun
Yiddish: זון (zun)

Old Norse: sunna

Icelandic: sunna

Faroese: sunna

Norn: sjiner

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 (sunnō)

Crimean Gothic: sune

Possibly feminized from *sunnô (“sun”) in an opposing gender pair with masculine *mēnô (“moon”), akin to Latin cognate sōl m (“sun”) and lūna f (“moon”). See *sunnô.

Brill Publishers
Jörundur Garðar Hilmarsson


sōl

Proto-West Germanic: *sōl f (consonant stem)
Old English: sōl ?
⇒? Old English: siġel, sæġl, syġel, seġl n
⇒? Old English: sweġel, sweġl, swæġl n
Old Saxon: sōl f

Old Norse: sól f, ᛋᚢᛚ (sul), ᛌᚢᛚ (sul) — nominative singular, Runic form, ᛋᛟᛚᚢ (sᴏlu) — dative singular, 600s, Runic form (rebuilt strong ō-stem)
Icelandic: sól
Faroese: sól
Norn: sul
Norwegian Bokmål: sol
Norwegian Nynorsk: sol
Old Swedish: sōl
Swedish: sol
Danish: sol
Gutnish: sol, soli
→ Scots: sul, sool

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 n (sauil)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ ~ *sh₂wén-s (“sun”), though how and as what inflection type is uncertain. Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 (sauil) and Old Norse sól point to *s(ᵉ/ₒ)h₂wel- and *sᵉ/ₒh₂wul-, respectively, which perhaps suggests an inherited l/n-stem paradigm *sōl (< *sōwul) ~ *sawiniz (or consonant stem *sōl ~ *sawiliz), with the Gothic leveled from the weak case.
Alternatively reconstructed as *sōel (< *sōwel) ~ *suniz, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂wel ~ *sh₂un-és, and although this would account for the Gothic form, is problematic for the West Germanic and Old Norse forms, where one might expect the outcome in Old Saxon to be **sō(w)el, **sō(w)il, compare Old Saxon hnōil, from Proto-West Germanic *hnōil (“planer”).

ref

With the loss of *w between a stressed vowel and *u (*w > ∅ / V́_*u), followed by Mahlow's Law (*ōu > *ō / _C{#,V}).


þaką

þaką (nominative singular)
þakō (nominative plural)
þaką (singular vocative)
þakō (plural vocative)
þaką (accusative singular)
þakō (accusative plural)
þakas (genitive singular)
þakis (genitive singular)
þakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þakai (dative singular)
þakamaz (dative plural)
þakō (instrumental singular)
þakamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þak
Old English: þæc
Middle English: thak, thakk, thakke
English: thack
Scots: thak, thek, thack
⇒ Middle English: thacche, thetche (influenced by þeċċan (“to cover”))
English: thatch
Old Frisian: thek, thak
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: taag
Mooring: tååge
Saterland Frisian: Täk
West Frisian: tek
Old Saxon: thak
Middle Low German: dak
German Low German: Dack
Old Dutch: *thak
Middle Dutch: dac, dak, dec
Dutch: dak
Afrikaans: dak
Negerhollands: dak
→ Caribbean Hindustani: dák
→ Caribbean Javanese: dag
→ Indonesian: dak
→ Papiamentu: dak
→ Sranan Tongo: daki
Limburgish: daak
Old High German: dah
Middle High German: dach
Central Franconian: Daach
Hunsrik: Dach
Cimbrian: dach, tach (Luserna)
German: Dach
→ Belarusian: дах (dax)
→ Polish: dach
→ Ukrainian: дах (dax)
Luxembourgish: Daach
Pennsylvania German: Dach
Yiddish: דאַך (dakh)

Old Norse: þak
Icelandic: þak
Faroese: tak
Norwegian: tak
Old Swedish: þak
Swedish: tak
Danish: tag

→ Northern Sami: dáhkki

From Proto-Indo-European *tog-o-s, from *(s)teg- (“to cover”).


þeubaz

þeubaz (nominative singular)
þeubōz (nominative plural)
þeubōs (nominative plural)
þeub (singular vocative)
þeubōz (plural vocative)
þeubōs (plural vocative)
þeubą (accusative singular)
þeubanz (accusative plural)
þeubas (genitive singular)
þiubis (genitive singular)
þeubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeubai (dative singular)
þeubamaz (dative plural)
þeubō (instrumental singular)
þeubamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þeub
Old English: þēof
Middle English: thef, theef, theff, thyef, þef, þeef, þief, þyef, þeof, thefe
English: thief
Scots: thef, theif, thief
Old Frisian: thiāf, tiēf
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tiif
Saterland Frisian: Tjoof
West Frisian: tsjeaf
Old Saxon: thiof
Middle Low German: dêf, dief
German Low German: Deef, Deev, Deew, Deiw
Plautdietsch: Deef, Deiw
→ Saterland Frisian: Däif
Old Dutch: *thiof
Middle Dutch: dief
Dutch: dief
Afrikaans: dief
Limburgish: deef
Old High German: diob
Middle High German: diup, diep
Cimbrian: diip
German: Dieb
Luxembourgish: Déif
Pennsylvania German: Dieb
Vilamovian: dīb

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (*þeubaʀ) (in ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (mariþeubaʀ))
Old West Norse: þjófr
Icelandic: þjófur
Faroese: tjóvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjov, tjuv; (dialectal) tjóv’e, tju, tjyv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjuv
Old East Norse: *þiūβʀ
Elfdalian: tjuov
Old Swedish: þiūver, þiuuær, þiuvær
Swedish: tjuv, (archaic or obsolete) tjuf, tiuf
Old Danish: thiūf, (Scanian) þiufær
Scanian: tjúv
Danish: tyv
Norwegian Bokmål: tyv
Old Gutnish: þiaufr
Gutnish: töiv

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (þiufs)

From Pre-Proto-Germanic *tewpós, further origin is unknown. Probably related to Lithuanian tupė́ti (“to crouch, cower, squat”) (from Proto-Indo-European *tewp- (“to get down, conceal oneself”)). Alternatively, borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.


þrēduz

þrēduz (nominative singular)
þrēdiwiz (nominative plural)
þrēdu (singular vocative)
þrēdiwiz (plural vocative)
þrēdų (accusative singular)
þrēdunz (accusative plural)
þrēdauz (genitive singular)
þrēdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrēdiwi (dative singular)
þrēdumaz (dative plural)
þrēdū (instrumental singular)
þrēdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrādu

desctree

Old English: þrǣd
Middle English: thred, threed, threde, þræd, þred, þrede
English: thread
Scots: threid
Yola: dreade

Old Frisian: thrēd

Saterland Frisian: Träid

West Frisian: tried, trie

Old Saxon: thrād

Middle Low German: drât

German Low German: Drahd

→ Estonian: traat (possibly from German)

Old Dutch: *thrāt

Middle Dutch: drâet
Dutch: draad
Afrikaans: draad
→ Aukan: dalati
→ Caribbean Javanese: drat
→ Indonesian: drat (“screw thread”)
→ Papiamentu: drat, drachi
Limburgish: draod

Old High German: drāt

Middle High German: drāt

Cimbrian: draat

German: Draht

→ Hungarian: drót (“wire”)

→ Polish: drut (“wire, knitting needle”)

Hunsrik: Droot

Luxembourgish: Drot

Vilamovian: dröt

Yiddish: דראָט (drot)

→ Polish: dratwa (“strong thread”)

→ Slovak: dratva (“strong thread”)

Old Norse: þráðr
Icelandic: þráður
Faroese: tráður
Norn: tråð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tråd
Norwegian Bokmål: tråd
Elfdalian: tråð
Old Swedish: þrāþer, thrādher
Swedish: tråd
Old Danish: thrāth
Danish: tråd
Scanian: tráð
Gutnish: trad

From *þrēaną + *-þuz. Also corresponds to a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *treh₁tus.


ahaz

ahaz (nominative singular)
ahizō (nominative plural)
ahaz (singular vocative)
ahizō (plural vocative)
ahaz (accusative singular)
ahizō (accusative plural)
ahiziz (genitive singular)
ahizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahizi (dative singular)
ahizumaz (dative plural)
ahizē (instrumental singular)
ahizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ahaʀ, *ahiʀ
Old English: ēar, æhher — Northumbrian
Middle English: eere, ear, ere, er, ȝer, eyre
English: ear
Scots: aicher, icker, aiker (< æhher)
Old Frisian: *ēr
Saterland Frisian: Iere
West Frisian: ier
Old Saxon: ahar, ahir, ehir
Middle Low German: ār
Low German: Ohr
Plautdietsch: Oa
Old Dutch: *ār
Middle Dutch: aer
Dutch: aar
Afrikaans: aar
Old High German: ahir, ahar, ehir
Middle High German: eher, äher
Alemannic German: Äli
Central Franconian: Ohr, Öhr, Ähr, Ähjer, Iehr
Luxembourgish: Éi
German: Ähre
Vilamovian: yjer

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


baraz

baraz (nominative singular)
barizō (nominative plural)
baraz (singular vocative)
barizō (plural vocative)
baraz (accusative singular)
barizō (accusative plural)
bariziz (genitive singular)
barizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barizi (dative singular)
barizumaz (dative plural)
barizē (instrumental singular)
barizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: barr (“barley; pine needles”)
Icelandic: barr
Faroese: barr
Norwegian Nynorsk: bar
Old Swedish: bar
Swedish: barr

From a Proto-Indo-European s-stem *bʰors-es- or *bʰor-es- (more traditionally reconstructed as *bʰars-), the further origin of which is uncertain; possibly from or related to *bʰers- (“tip, bristle; pointy, prickly”) (compare *barsaz, *burstiz), the sense of which may be preserved in the North Germanic descendants. For the semantic development, compare Albanian halë (“pointed tip, splinter; awn; pine needle”).
Cognate with Latin far n (“emmer; grits”) and fārīna f (“flour”), Faliscan 𐌅𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”), Proto-Slavic *boršьno (“flour”), Old Irish bairgen f (“bread, loaf”), Welsh bara (“bread”), Breton bara (“bread”), Old Cornish bara, Albanian bar (“grass”), Proto-Slavic *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) and perhaps Latvian barĩba (“food”).

noncog

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃

+ -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins); or directly from *barizīnaz

*barizaz (“barley”) (thematicized from the oblique stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *barīOld English: bereMiddle English: bereEnglish: bereScots: bere

beir⇒ Old English: bærlīċMiddle English: barly

berleyEnglish: barleyScots: barlieYola: baarich


aiþaz

aiþaz (nominative singular)
aiþōz (nominative plural)
aiþōs (nominative plural)
aiþ (singular vocative)
aiþōz (plural vocative)
aiþōs (plural vocative)
aiþą (accusative singular)
aiþanz (accusative plural)
aiþas (genitive singular)
aiþis (genitive singular)
aiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiþai (dative singular)
aiþamaz (dative plural)
aiþō (instrumental singular)
aiþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aiþ
Old English: āþ
Middle English: oth, ooth, ath
English: oath
Scots: aith
Yola: oathès (plural)
Old Frisian: ēth, āth
North Frisian: ith, iss
Saterland Frisian: Eed
West Frisian: eed
Old Saxon: ēth
Middle Low German: êt
German Low German: Eed
Plautdietsch: Eit
Old Dutch: *ēth
Middle Dutch: êet
Dutch: eed
Afrikaans: eed
Negerhollands: eed, eid
Old High German: eid, aid — Lombardic
Middle High German: eit
German: Eid
Luxembourgish: Eed
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: IPA [ait]
⇒ Lombardic: *aido (“oath-helper”) (attested as aidos pl (“oath-helpers”))

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚦᚨᛉ (*aiþaʀ)
Old Norse: eiðr
Icelandic: eiður
Faroese: eiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: eid
Old Swedish: ēþer
Swedish: ed
Old Danish: ēþ, eth
Danish: ed
Norwegian Bokmål: ed
Old Gutnish: aiþr
Gutnish: aid

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (aiþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óytos (“oath”). Cognate with Old Irish óeth (“oath”).


aihtiz

aihtiz (nominative singular)
aihtīz (nominative plural)
aihti (singular vocative)
aihtīz (plural vocative)
aihtį (accusative singular)
aihtinz (accusative plural)
aihtīz (genitive singular)
aihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aihtī (dative singular)
aihtimaz (dative plural)
aihtī (instrumental singular)
aihtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aihti
Old English: ǣht
Middle English: aught, ought
English: aught, ought
Scots: aucht
Old Saxon: ēht
⇒ Old Saxon: *frēht (prefixed with *fra-)
Middle Low German: vracht
German Low German: fracht
→ Middle Dutch: vracht
Dutch: vracht
Afrikaans: vrag
→ Danish: fragt
→ English: freight, fraught (possibly via Middle Dutch)
→ German: Fracht
→ Gutnish: frakt
→ Norwegian: frakt (possibly via Middle Dutch)
→ Swedish: frakt
Old Dutch: *ēht
⇒ Old Dutch: *frēht
Middle Dutch: vrecht
Old High German: ēht

Old Norse: átt, ætt

Icelandic: átt, ætt

Faroese: ætt

Norwegian Nynorsk: ætt

Old Swedish: æt

Swedish: ätt

Danish: æt

Norwegian Bokmål: ætt

Old Gutnish: ǣt

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (aihts)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyḱ-tis. By surface analysis, *aiganą + *-þiz.


akraz

akraz (nominative singular)
akrōz (nominative plural)
akrōs (nominative plural)
akr (singular vocative)
akrōz (plural vocative)
akrōs (plural vocative)
akrą (accusative singular)
akranz (accusative plural)
akras (genitive singular)
akris (genitive singular)
akrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akrai (dative singular)
akramaz (dative plural)
akrō (instrumental singular)
akramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *akr, *akkr
Old English: æcer
Middle English: aker, acre
English: acre, aker (archaic), acer (-er form, chiefly UK)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: acre
→ Malay: ekar
→ Telugu: ఎకరా (ekarā), ఎకరము (ekaramu)
Scots: acre, acker, ackre, accre, aacre, awker, yicker
→? Scottish Gaelic: acaire, acair
Yola: aager
→ Irish: acra
→ Welsh: acer
Norman: acre
Old Frisian: ekker
Saterland Frisian: Äkker
West Frisian: eker, ikker
Old Saxon: akkar
Middle Low German: acker
Low German: Acker
Plautdietsch: Aka
Old Dutch: accar, ackar (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: acker
Dutch: akker
Afrikaans: akker
Negerhollands: akker
→ Min Nan: kah
Old High German: ackar, akkar
Middle High German: acker
Cimbrian: akhar
German: Acker
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Acker
Luxembourgish: Aker
Yiddish: אַקער (aker)

Old Norse: akr, ákr
Icelandic: akur
Faroese: akur
Norwegian Nynorsk: åker; (dialectal) åkur, åkr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: åker
Old Swedish: aker
Swedish: åker
Old Danish: akær
Danish: ager
Norwegian Bokmål: aker (obsolete)
→ Norman: acre

Elfdalian: åker

Scanian: ager

Gothic: 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃 (akrs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros, possibly from *h₂eǵ-.


angustiz

angustiz (nominative singular)
angustīz (nominative plural)
angusti (singular vocative)
angustīz (plural vocative)
angustį (accusative singular)
angustinz (accusative plural)
angustīz (genitive singular)
angustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angustī (dative singular)
angustimaz (dative plural)
angustī (instrumental singular)
angustimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: angst, ongost, ongest

Saterland Frisian: Oangst

West Frisian: eangst

Old Saxon: *angust

Middle Low German: angest

German Low German: Angst

→ Old Norse: angist

Icelandic: angist

Faroese: angist

Swedish: ångest

Norwegian Bokmål: angst

→ Danish: angst

→ English: angst

Old Dutch: *angust

Middle Dutch: ancst, anxt, angest

Dutch: angst

Afrikaans: angs

Old High German: angust

Middle High German: angest

Alemannic German: Angscht

Bavarian: Ångst, Ångscht

Central Franconian:

Kölsch: Angks

German: Angst

Luxembourgish: Angscht

A nominal derivative of *anguz (“narrow, tight”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- (“to constrict”). Compare Latin angustia (“narrowness, tightness”), from the same PIE root.


arbaidiz

arbaidiz (nominative singular)
arbaidīz (nominative plural)
arbaidi (singular vocative)
arbaidīz (plural vocative)
arbaidį (accusative singular)
arbaidinz (accusative plural)
arbaidīz (genitive singular)
arbaidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbaidī (dative singular)
arbaidimaz (dative plural)
arbaidī (instrumental singular)
arbaidimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arbaiþi
Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
Middle English: arveð
Old Frisian: arbēd
Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid
West Frisian: arbeid
Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
→ Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
→ Faroese: arbeiði
→ Norwegian: arbeid
→ Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
Swedish: arbete
→ Danish: arbejde
Old Dutch: aruith, aruit, arbeit
Middle Dutch: arbeit
Dutch: arbeid
Afrikaans: arbeid
Limburgish: arbeid
Old High German: arbeit, arabeit
Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: òrbet
Hunsrik: Aarvet
Upper Saxon German: Orbeid
German: Arbeit
→ Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
→ Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)
Luxembourgish: Aarbecht
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Abeit
Pennsylvania German: Arewet
Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (arbaiþs)

From earlier *arbaiþiz. Apparently linked to a verb *arbijaną, *arbāną (“be orphaned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”) + *-tis (whence *-þiz), though the formation is unclear. Compare, with a different suffix, Proto-Slavic *orbota (“work”).
 PIE word
 *h₃órbʰos


bainą

bainą (nominative singular)
bainō (nominative plural)
bainą (singular vocative)
bainō (plural vocative)
bainą (accusative singular)
bainō (accusative plural)
bainas (genitive singular)
bainis (genitive singular)
bainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bainai (dative singular)
bainamaz (dative plural)
bainō (instrumental singular)
bainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bain
Old English: bān
Middle English: bon, ban, bane, bone, boon
English: bone
Geordie English: byen
Scots: bane, bain, bean, been
Yola: bane
Old Frisian: bēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bian
Goesharde: biin
Halligen: bian
Heligoland: Bean
Mooring: biinj
Sylt: Biin
Wiedingharde: biin
Saterland Frisian: Been
West Frisian: bien
Old Saxon: bēn
Middle Low German: bên
Low German: Been, Bein
Plautdietsch: Been
Old Dutch: bēn
Middle Dutch: bêen
Dutch: been
Afrikaans: been
Berbice Creole Dutch: been
Jersey Dutch: beîn
Negerhollands: been
→ Lokono: bèna
Limburgish: bein
Old High German: bein
Middle High German: bein
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Boi, Boa
Bavarian: Boan
Central Franconian: Been
Hunsrik: Been
Luxembourgish: Been
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Been, Baa
German: Bein
Vilamovian: baan
Yiddish: ביין (beyn)

Old Norse: bein
Icelandic: bein
Faroese: bein
Norn: ben
Norwegian Nynorsk: bein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bein
Old Swedish: bēn
Swedish: ben
Danish: ben
Norwegian Bokmål: ben
Elfdalian: bien
Old Gutnish: bain
Gutnish: bain

Nominal formation from *bainaz (“straight”).


glōdiz

glōdiz (nominative singular)
glōdīz (nominative plural)
glōdi (singular vocative)
glōdīz (plural vocative)
glōdį (accusative singular)
glōdinz (accusative plural)
glōdīz (genitive singular)
glōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glōdī (dative singular)
glōdimaz (dative plural)
glōdī (instrumental singular)
glōdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glōdi
Old English: glēd
Middle English: glede, gleede
English: glede, glead, gleed
Scots: gleed, gleid
Old Frisian: glōd, glēd
Saterland Frisian: Gloud
West Frisian: gloed
Old Saxon: *glōd
Middle Low German: glōt
Low German: gloot
Plautdietsch: Gloot
⇒ Old Saxon: glōdpanna
⇒ Old Saxon: glōdwelo
Old Dutch: *gluod
Middle Dutch: gloet
Dutch: gloed
Afrikaans: gloed
Limburgish: glood
Old High German: gluot
Middle High German: gluot
Cimbrian: gluut
German: Glut

Old Norse: glóð, *glœð

Icelandic: glóð

Faroese: glóð

Norwegian: glød

Old Swedish: glø̄þ
Swedish: glöd

Old Danish: glø̄th

Danish: glød

→ Scots: glude


dōmaz

dōmaz (nominative singular)
dōmōz (nominative plural)
dōmōs (nominative plural)
dōm (singular vocative)
dōmōz (plural vocative)
dōmōs (plural vocative)
dōmą (accusative singular)
dōmanz (accusative plural)
dōmas (genitive singular)
dōmis (genitive singular)
dōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōmai (dative singular)
dōmamaz (dative plural)
dōmō (instrumental singular)
dōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōm
Old English: dōm, ᛞᚩᛗ (dóm) — Franks Casket
Middle English: doom, doim, dom, dome
English: doom
Middle Scots: dome, dume
Old Frisian: dōm
West Frisian: doem
Old Saxon: dōm
Old Dutch: *duom
Middle Dutch: doem
Dutch: doem
Afrikaans: doem
Old High German: tuom

Old Norse: dómr
Icelandic: dómur
Faroese: dómur
Norwegian: dom
Old Swedish: dōmber
Swedish: dom
Danish: dom

Gothic: 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐍃 (dōms)

→? Proto-Slavic: *duma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰóh₁mos (“thing put”), from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, do”). Related to *dōną.


dauþuz

dauþuz (nominative singular)
dauþiwiz (nominative plural)
dauþu (singular vocative)
dauþiwiz (plural vocative)
dauþų (accusative singular)
dauþunz (accusative plural)
dauþauz (genitive singular)
dauþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dauþiwi (dative singular)
dauþumaz (dative plural)
dauþū (instrumental singular)
dauþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dauþu
Old English: dēaþ, dǣð, dēað
Middle English: deeth, deð, dæð, dæþ, deth, deþ, deeþ, deþe, dethe
English: death
Scots: deith, daith
Old Frisian: dāth, dād, dāt
Saterland Frisian: Dood
West Frisian: dead
Old Saxon: dōth
Middle Low German: dōt, dōd
German Low German: Dood
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Däut
Suerländer-Märkisch: Dôd
Westmünsterländisch: Dood
Plautdietsch: Doot
Old Dutch: dōt, dōth
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Berbice Creole Dutch: doto
Petjo: doot
Limburgish: doead
Old High German: tōd, dot, doth
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Daod, Dod
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dod
German: Tod
Luxembourgish: Doud
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚨᚢᚦᚢᛉ (*dauþuʀ)

Old Norse: dauðr
Icelandic: dauður
Faroese: deyður
Norwegian Nynorsk: daud
Old Swedish: dø̄þer
Swedish: död
Danish: død
Norwegian Bokmål: død
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: død

→ Proto-Finnic: *tauti (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 (dauþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰówtus, equivalent to *dawjaną + *-þuz.


deuzą

deuzą (nominative singular)
deuzō (nominative plural)
deuzą (singular vocative)
deuzō (plural vocative)
deuzą (accusative singular)
deuzō (accusative plural)
deuzas (genitive singular)
diuzis (genitive singular)
deuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
deuzai (dative singular)
deuzamaz (dative plural)
deuzō (instrumental singular)
deuzamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *deuʀ
Old English: dīor, dēor
Middle English: deor, deure, dure, dier, dere
Scots: dere, deir
English: deer
Old Frisian: diār, diēr
North Frisian: dier
North Frisian: Diirt (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Diert (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)
West Frisian: djier (obsolete), dier
Old Saxon: dior
Middle Low German: dēr, dēre, dērt, deirt, dêrd
Dutch Low Saxon: diert
German Low German: Deer, Deert, Dird, Dairt, Duert, Diert, Dirt, Dier
Old Dutch: dier
Middle Dutch: dier
Dutch: dier
Old High German: tior
Middle High German: tier
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Tier
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dier
Kölsch: Deer, Dier
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dier
German: Tier
→ Plautdietsch: Tier, Tiea
Luxembourgish: Déier
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Déier

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᛖᚢᛉᚨ (*deuʀa)
Old West Norse: dýr, djór
Icelandic: dýr
Faroese: dýr, djór
Norwegian Nynorsk: dyr
Old East Norse: diūʀ
Old Swedish: diūr, ᚦᛁᚢᚱ
Swedish: djur
Old Danish: diūr
Danish: dyr, (obsolete) djur
Norwegian Bokmål: dyr
Old Gutnish: diaur
Gutnish: djaur
→ Proto-Samic: *tivrē (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewsóm, a vṛddhi formation based on *dʰwes- (“to breathe”), which also led to Lithuanian dvēsti, Latvian dvēsele, Proto-Slavic *duša (whence Russian душа́ (dušá)), and possibly Latin bēstia.


dwergaz

dwergaz (nominative singular)
dwergōz (nominative plural)
dwergōs (nominative plural)
dwerg (singular vocative)
dwergōz (plural vocative)
dwergōs (plural vocative)
dwergą (accusative singular)
dwerganz (accusative plural)
dwergas (genitive singular)
dwirgis (genitive singular)
dwergǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dwergai (dative singular)
dwergamaz (dative plural)
dwergō (instrumental singular)
dwergamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwerg
Old English: dweorg, dweorh, dwerg
Middle English: dwerf, dwergh, dwerw
English: dwarf
Scots: droich, droch, dwerch, duerch, duerche, dorche
→ Scottish Gaelic: troich
Old Frisian: dwerch
Saterland Frisian: Dwärch
West Frisian: dwerch
Old Saxon: dwerg
Middle Low German: dwerch, dwarch, dwark
Low German: Dwarg
Old Dutch: *dwerg
Middle Dutch: dwerch
Dutch: dwerg
Afrikaans: dwerg
Old High German: twerc, twerg
Middle High German: twerc
German: Zwerg

Old Norse: dvergr
Icelandic: dvergur
Faroese: dvørgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dverg; (dialectal) verg, tverg
Old Swedish: dværgher
Swedish: dvärg
Danish: dværg
Norwegian Bokmål: dverg
Gutnish: dvärg, värg

Uncertain. Sometimes compared with Sanskrit ध्वरस् (dhvaras, “demon”) or Lithuanian dvãsas (“spirit”). Kroonen instead suggests a derivation from strong verb *dwerganą (whence Middle High German zwergen (“to squeeze, press”)), albeit with no adduced cognates outside of Germanic.


ehwaz

ehwaz (nominative singular)
ehwōz (nominative plural)
ehwōs (nominative plural)
ehw (singular vocative)
ehwōz (plural vocative)
ehwōs (plural vocative)
ehwą (accusative singular)
ehwanz (accusative plural)
ehwas (genitive singular)
ehwis (genitive singular)
ehwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ehwai (dative singular)
ehwamaz (dative plural)
ehwō (instrumental singular)
ehwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ehw
Old English: eoh
Old Saxon: ehu-, eo- (in compounds)
Old High German: ehu- (in compounds)

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚢᚨᛉ (euaʀ), *ᛖᚢᛉ (*euʀ)

Old Norse: jór

Icelandic: jór

Gothic: *𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍃 (*aiƕs) (in 𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (aiƕatundi))

→? Proto-Finnic: *hëpo (see there for further descendants)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”).


erþō

erþō (nominative singular)
erþôz (nominative plural)
erþō (singular vocative)
erþôz (plural vocative)
erþǭ (accusative singular)
erþōz (accusative plural)
erþōz (genitive singular)
erþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erþōi (dative singular)
erþōmaz (dative plural)
erþō (instrumental singular)
erþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *erþu, (weak declension) *erþā
Old English: eorþe, earðe — Northumbrian, iorðe — Kentish, eorþ, earþe, iorþe, yrþ, eorðe, eorþo, eorþu, eorþæ, heorðe, heordæ, eorda, eordæ, eorða
Middle English: erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, oerþe, oerþ, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe, yrþe, orþe, ȝorthe, horþe, horðe, urþe, urthe, hurde, erde, earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe (Early Middle English)
English: earth, Earth
Scots: erd (influenced by erd)
Yola: erth, eart, eard, eorth, eord
Old Frisian: erthe, erde, irthe
Saterland Frisian: Äide, Idde, Äid
West Frisian: ierde
Old Saxon: ertha, erda
Middle Low German: ērde
Low German: Erde
Dutch Low Saxon: eerde
German Low German: Eer, Eerd, Ier, Ierd
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Eren (dative (as in up Eren) and genitive (as in in der Eren Grund))
Ravensbergisch: Airn
Sauerländisch: Ēre, Ere, Ǟre, Ēäre
Westmünsterländisch: Eerde, Eere, Äärde, Ääre, Iärde
Plautdietsch: Ead, Ieed
Old Dutch: ertha
Middle Dutch: erde
Dutch: aarde
Afrikaans: aarde
Negerhollands: aarde, adu, aerde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: adu, ard (archaic)
→ Indonesian: arde
Limburgish: aerd, aerj
Old High German: erda, haerda
Middle High German: ërde
Alemannic German: Ëërde
Bavarian: Erd, Erdn
Cimbrian: èerda
Central Franconian: Ääd, Erd (Moselle Franconian), Äerd
Hunsrik: Äerd
Kölsch: Äd
German: Erde
Luxembourgish: Äerd
Rhine Franconian: Erd
Pennsylvania German: Erd, Aerd, Eaht
Vilamovian: aod
Yiddish: ערד (erd)

Proto-Norse: *ᛖᚱᚦᚢ (*erþu)

Old Norse: jǫrð, jorð
Icelandic: jörð
Faroese: jørð
Norn: yurn (< jǫrðin)
Norwegian Nynorsk: jord f
Jamtish: jórð
Elfdalian: juord
Old Swedish: iorþ, iordh
Swedish: jord
Old Danish: iorþ, iorth, ᛁᚮᚱᚦ
Danish: jord
Norwegian Bokmål: jord m or f
Scanian: jorð
Old Gutnish: iorþ
Gutnish: jård

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 (airþa)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁érteh₂ (“earth”). Related to *erwǭ (“sand, soil”).


fulką

fulką (nominative singular)
fulkō (nominative plural)
fulką (singular vocative)
fulkō (plural vocative)
fulką (accusative singular)
fulkō (accusative plural)
fulkas (genitive singular)
fulkis (genitive singular)
fulkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulkai (dative singular)
fulkamaz (dative plural)
fulkō (instrumental singular)
fulkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *folk
Old English: folc
Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
English: folk
Scots: fowk
Old Frisian: folk
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: folk
Saterland Frisian: Foulk
West Frisian: folk
Old Saxon: folk, folc
Middle Low German: volk
Low German: Volk
German Low German: Volk
Hamburgisch: Volk
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Volk
Ravensbergisch: Folk
Sauerländisch: Volk
Westmünsterländisch: Volk
Plautdietsch: Volkj
Old Dutch: folc
Middle Dutch: volc
Dutch: volk
Afrikaans: volk
Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
→ Sranan Tongo: folku
Limburgish: vouk
Old High German: folk, folc
Middle High German: volk
Cimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)
German: Volk
Hunsrik: Follek
Luxembourgish: Vollek
Vilamovian: fulk
Yiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)
→ Early Medieval Latin: fulcus
Catalan: folc
Italian: folla
Old French: foulc (see there for further descendants)
Galician: foula

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)

Old Norse: folk, fólk
Icelandic: fólk
Faroese: fólk
Norn: folekar
Norwegian Nynorsk: folk; (dialectal) fólk, fókk, følk, fælk
Jamtish: fołk
Elfdalian: fuok
Old Swedish: folk, fulk
Swedish: folk
Old Danish: folk
Danish: folk
Norwegian Bokmål: folk
Scanian: fólk
Old Gutnish: fulk
Gutnish: fålk

→ Proto-Samic: *fuolkkē (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: *𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk) (likely)

→ Proto-Slavic: *pъlkъ
East Slavic:
Old East Slavic: пълкъ (pŭlkŭ)
Old Ruthenian: полкъ (polk) (< influence of the Middle Russian полкъ (polk))
Belarusian: полк (polk)
Ukrainian: полк (polk), повк (povk), півк (pivk)
→ Polish: połk, półk, pułk
→ German: Pulk
→ Latvian: pulks
Middle Russian: полкъ (polk)
Russian: полк (polk)
South Slavic:
Old Church Slavonic:
Old Cyrillic script: плъкъ (plŭkŭ)
Glagolitic script: ⱂⰾⱏⰽⱏ (plŭkŭ)
Bulgarian: пълк (pǎlk)
Macedonian: полк (polk)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: пу̑к
Latin script: pȗk
Slovene: połk
West Slavic:
Czech: pluk
Old Polish: *pełk
Slovak: pluk
Sorbian:
Upper Sorbian: połk

→ Proto-Finnic: *hulkka (see there for further descendants)

From *fulkaz (“crowd, army”), of uncertain origin. May ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Compare Latin plebs (“common people”). Old Church Slavonic плъкъ (plŭkŭ, “army division”), Lithuanian pulkas (“crowd”) are both believed to be early borrowings from the Proto-Germanic word before Grimm's Law occurred.
Orel's connection with Welsh ôl (“track, trace”) is unlikely, considering the latter's likely origin from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“alien, other”).


fanją

fanją (nominative singular)
fanjō (nominative plural)
fanją (singular vocative)
fanjō (plural vocative)
fanją (accusative singular)
fanjō (accusative plural)
fanjas (genitive singular)
fanis (genitive singular)
fanjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fanjai (dative singular)
fanjamaz (dative plural)
fanjō (instrumental singular)
fanjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fani
Old English: fenn, fen, fænn, fæn, feon, fien
Middle English: fen, fenne, ven
English: fen
Scots: fen
Yola: ven
Old Frisian: fene, fenne, fane
North Frisian: fenn
Saterland Frisian: Foan
West Frisian: fean
Old Saxon: feni, fenni
Middle Low German: venne, vēn, ven
German Low German: Fenne
Old Dutch: *feni
Middle Dutch: vēne
Dutch: veen
Middle Dutch: venne
Dutch: ven
Old High German: fenni
Middle High German: venne (rare, northern)
German: Fenn, Venn (chiefly based on Low German)
→ Old French: *fagne
Walloon: fanie, fagne
→ French: fagne

Old Norse: fen
Icelandic: fen
Faroese: fen
Norwegian: fen
Danish: fen

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹 (fani)

From lost *fan- + *-ją, from *pen- (“moist, wet, mud, swamp, water”). Cognate with Old Prussian pannean (“bog”), Proto-Celtic *ɸenos (“water”); possibly also related to Proto-Germanic *funhtijaz (“wet, damp”), Old English fyne (“mold”).


falkô

falkô (nominative singular)
falkaniz (nominative plural)
falkô (singular vocative)
falkaniz (plural vocative)
falkanų (accusative singular)
falkanunz (accusative plural)
falkiniz (genitive singular)
falkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falkini (dative singular)
falkammaz (dative plural)
falkinē (instrumental singular)
falkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *falkō
Old English: *fealca, *falca
Middle English: falk (in placenames and personal names); fylkere
Scots: falk, fauk, faik; facky, feckie
Old Frisian: *falka
Saterland Frisian: Falke
West Frisian: falk
Old Saxon: falko
Middle Low German: falke, valke
Low German:
German Low German: Falk
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Falke
Plautdietsch: Faulkj
→ Old Norse: falki (possibly, alternatively from root) (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: *falco
Middle Dutch: valke
Dutch: valk
Old High German: falco, falko, falcho, falc
Middle High German: valke
German: Falke, Falk
Hunsrik: Fallek
Luxembourgish: Fallek
→ Late Latin: falcō (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: falkr
Faroese: falkur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: falk
Norwegian Nynorsk: falk
Swedish: falk
Danish: falk
Elfdalian: falk

Gutnish: falk

There is a clear connection with Latin falcō, but it is unknown whether this word was borrowed from Germanic into Latin or the other way around.
Owing to its widespread use and early attestation in Germanic languages, and relatively late appearance in Latin, it is likely that the word originated in Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European *pelH- (“pale, grey”) + *-(u)k-, a suffix found in the names of several types of birds (e.g. *alkǭ, *habukaz, Proto-West Germanic *kranuk, etc.).


hwalaz

hwalaz (nominative singular)
hwalōz (nominative plural)
hwalōs (nominative plural)
hwal (singular vocative)
hwalōz (plural vocative)
hwalōs (plural vocative)
hwalą (accusative singular)
hwalanz (accusative plural)
hwalas (genitive singular)
hwalis (genitive singular)
hwalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwalai (dative singular)
hwalamaz (dative plural)
hwalō (instrumental singular)
hwalamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwal
Old English: hwæl
Middle English: whale, hwæl, qual, whal, swale, quall, quale, whaale, whalle, qwayll, wale, qwall, qwalle
English: whale
Scots: whaul
Old Saxon: hwal
Middle Low German: wal
Low German: Waal
Old Dutch: *wal
Middle Dutch: wal
Dutch: wal
Old High German: wal
Middle High German: wal
German: Wal
→ Estonian: vaal
→ Luxembourgish: Wal

Old Norse: hvalr
Icelandic: hvalur
Faroese: hvalur
Norn: hval
Norwegian Nynorsk: kval
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kval
Elfdalian: wal
Old Swedish: hval
Swedish: val
Scanian: hval
Old Danish: hwal
Danish: hval
Norwegian Bokmål: hval
Gutnish: val

→ Proto-Samic: *fālēs
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: faala
Ume Sami:
Pite Sami: fáles
Lule Sami: sváles (?)
Northern Sami: fális
→ Finnish: valas
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: fäälis
Skolt Sami: vääʹles
Kildin Sami: ва̄лесь (vāljes’)
Ter Sami: valesʹ

Northern Sami: fális

Southern Sami: faelies

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”). Compare Latin squalus, Old Prussian kalis, Ancient Greek ἀσπαλιεύς (aspalieús, “fisherman”), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀 (kara, “kind of fish”).


hwalaz

hwalaz (nominative singular)
hwalizō (nominative plural)
hwalaz (singular vocative)
hwalizō (plural vocative)
hwalaz (accusative singular)
hwalizō (accusative plural)
hwaliziz (genitive singular)
hwalizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwalizi (dative singular)
hwalizumaz (dative plural)
hwalizē (instrumental singular)
hwalizumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *hwal, *hwaliʀu n or m

Old Saxon: *hwels

Middle Low German: wels, wils m

German Low German: Wels

Old Dutch: *wels

Middle Dutch: *wels, wils m

Dutch: wels

Old High German: *wals, *wels

Middle High German: wels m

German: Wels

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hwalʀā f (< *hwalizǭ)

Old Saxon: *hwalra

Middle Low German: walre

Old High German: walra, walira

Middle High German: walre

German: Waler (archaic), Waller

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”), from the same source as Etymology 1.


gebō

gebō (nominative singular)
gebôz (nominative plural)
gebō (singular vocative)
gebôz (plural vocative)
gebǭ (accusative singular)
gebōz (accusative plural)
gebōz (genitive singular)
gebǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gebōi (dative singular)
gebōmaz (dative plural)
gebō (instrumental singular)
gebōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gebu
Old English: ġiefu, ġifu, ġyfu
Middle English: gife (early), ȝyfe, ȝef, ȝif, yeve
Old Frisian: jef, jeve
Old Saxon: geva
Old Dutch: geva
Middle Dutch: geve
Old High German: geba

Old Norse: gjǫf

Icelandic: gjöf

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjæv

Old Swedish: giæf, gæf

Swedish: gäv

Old Danish: giæf, gæf

Danish: gæv

Scanian: gøv

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 (giba)

Vandalic: *giba


hērą

hērą (nominative singular)
hērō (nominative plural)
hērą (singular vocative)
hērō (plural vocative)
hērą (accusative singular)
hērō (accusative plural)
hēras (genitive singular)
hēris (genitive singular)
hērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hērai (dative singular)
hēramaz (dative plural)
hērō (instrumental singular)
hēramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hār
Old English: hǣr, hēr
Middle English: her
English: hair
→ Russian: хаер (xajer)
→⇒ Russian: хайратник (xajratnik)
Scots: hair, hayr, hare
Yola: haar
Old Frisian: hēr
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hiar
Goesharde: heer, häär
Halligen: heer
Heligoland: Hear
Mooring: häär
Sylt: Hiir
Wiedingharde: heer
Saterland Frisian: Híer
West Frisian: hier
Old Saxon: hār
Middle Low German: hâr
German Low German: Hoor, Haar
Plautdietsch: Hoa
Old Dutch: hār
Middle Dutch: hâer
Dutch: haar
Old High German: hār
Middle High German: hār
Alemannic German: Härre
Swabian: Hoar
Walser: haar, hoar, hoor, hàre
Bavarian: hoor
Cimbrian: har, haar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hor
Central Franconian: Hoor
German: Haar
Luxembourgish: Hoer
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haar
Yiddish: האָר (hor)

Old Norse: hár
Icelandic: hár
Faroese: hár
Norwegian Nynorsk: hår
Norwegian Bokmål: hår
Elfdalian: år
Old Swedish: hār
Swedish: hår
Danish: hår
Gutnish: har, hår

Perhaps derived from Proto-Indo-European *kēs-ró-m, a lengthened-grade formation from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”), and compared in particular to Old Irish cír (“comb”). Alternatively, Gasiorowski derives the Germanic from an earlier *hezra-, with loss of -z- before -r- and compensatory lengthening of the vowel, from Pre-Germanic *kes-ró-m (“that which is combed”), substantivization of an adjective *kes-ro-s, ultimately from the same root *kes- as above.
Older theories traced the word to a Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-, *ḱeres- (“rough hair, bristle”), though this leaves the lengthened grade unaccounted for.


naudiz

naudiz (nominative singular)
naudīz (nominative plural)
naudi (singular vocative)
naudīz (plural vocative)
naudį (accusative singular)
naudinz (accusative plural)
naudīz (genitive singular)
naudijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naudī (dative singular)
naudimaz (dative plural)
naudī (instrumental singular)
naudimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *naudi
Old English: nīed, nȳd, nēd, nēad
Middle English: nede
English: need
Scots: nede
Old Frisian: nēd, nād
North Frisian: nud
Saterland Frisian: Nood
West Frisian: need
Old Saxon: nōd
Middle Low German: nōt
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: nôd
Westmünsterländisch: Nood
Plautdietsch: Noot
Old Dutch: *nōd
Middle Dutch: nôot
Dutch: nood
Afrikaans: nood
Limburgish: noead
Old High German: nōt
Middle High German: nōt
German: Not
Luxembourgish: Nout
Yiddish: נויט (noyt)

Proto-Norse: *ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ (naudiz)
Old Norse: nauð, nauðr, neyð
Icelandic: nauð, neyð
Faroese: neyð
Norwegian Nynorsk: naud
Old Swedish: nø̄þ
Swedish: nöd
Danish: nød
Norwegian Bokmål: nød
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: nød

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (nauþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w-tí-s, a *ti- stem related to the root of *nawiz (“corpse”). See also Old Norse neyða (“to force”), Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nauþjan).


ōþalą

ōþalą (nominative singular)
ōþalō (nominative plural)
ōþalą (singular vocative)
ōþalō (plural vocative)
ōþalą (accusative singular)
ōþalō (accusative plural)
ōþalas (genitive singular)
ōþalis (genitive singular)
ōþalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ōþalai (dative singular)
ōþalamaz (dative plural)
ōþalō (instrumental singular)
ōþalamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ōþil
Old English: ēþel, oeþel
Old Frisian: ēthel
Old Saxon: ōthil
Old High German: uodil

Old Norse: óðal

Icelandic: óðal

Faroese: óðal

Norwegian Nynorsk: odal

Old Swedish: ōþal

Swedish: odal

Danish: odel

Norwegian Bokmål: odel

desc

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: odel (Danicised form of odal)

/ˈɔː.θɑ.lɑ̃/

Vṛddhi derivative of *aþalą (“nature; nobility”).

vrd

ancestral land, the land owned by one's kin

(by extension) one's property, inheritance


raidō

raidō (nominative singular)
raidôz (nominative plural)
raidō (singular vocative)
raidôz (plural vocative)
raidǭ (accusative singular)
raidōz (accusative plural)
raidōz (genitive singular)
raidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raidōi (dative singular)
raidōmaz (dative plural)
raidō (instrumental singular)
raidōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raidu
Old English: rād, *ᚱᚪᛞ (*rad)
Middle English: rode, rade, rod, rood, roode
English: road
Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd
→ Old French: *rade
Middle French: rade
French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada
Old Frisian: *rēd
West Frisian: reed
Old Saxon: *rēda
>? Middle Low German: rêde, reide
→ German: Reede
Old Dutch: rēda
>? Middle Dutch: rêde
Dutch: rede
Old High German: reita
Middle High German: reite

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᛁᛞᚢ (*raidu)

Old Norse: reið

Icelandic: reið

Faroese: reið

Norwegian Nynorsk: rei, reid (unofficial, Sunnmørsk, Høgnorsk)

Norwegian Bokmål: rei

Old Swedish: redh

Swedish: red

Danish: red

Old Gutnish: raiþ

ref

Latin transcription from the Codex Vindobonensis 795. The "Wulfilan" Gothic form is a reconstruction.

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (*raida /reda/)

→ Finnish: raita, raide

desctree

→ Proto-Samic: *rājδō
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: raajroe
Ume Sami: rájđđuo
Pite Sami: rájjdo
Lule Sami: rájddo
Northern Sami: ráidu
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: ráiđu
Skolt Sami: räidd
Kildin Sami: ра̄ййт (rājjt)
Ter Sami: раййта (râjjtâ)
→ Swedish: rajd

An o-grade nominal formation from *rīdaną (“to ride”).


juką

juką (nominative singular)
jukō (nominative plural)
juką (singular vocative)
jukō (plural vocative)
juką (accusative singular)
jukō (accusative plural)
jukas (genitive singular)
jukis (genitive singular)
jukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jukai (dative singular)
jukamaz (dative plural)
jukō (instrumental singular)
jukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *juk
Old English: ġeoc, ġioc, ioc
Middle English: yok, ȝocke, ȝok, ȝoke, ȝook, ȝoocke, jok, yoke, yokke, ȝeoce, ȝocc, iuc (Early Middle English)
English: yoke (obsolete yock)
Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke
Scots: yoke, yock
Old Frisian: *juk, *jok
Saterland Frisian: Juk
West Frisian: jok, jûk
Old Saxon: juk
Middle Low German: juk, jok
German Low German: Jok, Jog
Plautdietsch: Joch
Old Dutch: *juk
Middle Dutch: joc, juc
Dutch: juk
Negerhollands: jok
Limburgish: jaok
Old High German: joh
Middle High German: joch
Cimbrian: jòch
German: Joch
Hunsrik: Joch
Luxembourgish: Jach

Old Norse: ok
Icelandic: ok
Faroese: ok
Norwegian: åk
Old Swedish: uk, ok
Swedish: ok
Danish: åg
Elfdalian: uok
Gutnish: uk

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk)


kurną

kurną (nominative singular)
kurnō (nominative plural)
kurną (singular vocative)
kurnō (plural vocative)
kurną (accusative singular)
kurnō (accusative plural)
kurnas (genitive singular)
kurnis (genitive singular)
kurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kurnai (dative singular)
kurnamaz (dative plural)
kurnō (instrumental singular)
kurnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *korn
Old English: corn
Middle English: corn, coorn, coren, corne, curn, koren, korn
English: corn (see there for further descendants)
Scots: corn, curn
Yola: coorn, koorn
Old Frisian: korn
Saterland Frisian: Koarel (via dissimilation)
West Frisian: koarn
Old Saxon: korn
Middle Low German: korn
Low German: korn, Korn, Koorn, Kuurn, Kurn
Plautdietsch: Korn
Old Dutch: korn, coren (in compounds)
Middle Dutch: corn, kōren
Dutch: koren, koorn (archaic)
Afrikaans: koring
Negerhollands: koorn
→ Sranan Tongo: karu
→ Saramaccan: kálu
Old High German: korn
Middle High German: korn
Alemannic German: Chorn
Central Franconian: Koon, Kor, Korn (Moselle Franconian)
Cimbrian: khòrn
German: Korn
Luxembourgish: Kar
Mòcheno: kourn
Yiddish: קאָרן (korn)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᛟᚱᚾᚨ (*korna)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurnē) (dative singular)

Old Norse: korn
Icelandic: korn
Faroese: korn
Norn: korn
Norwegian Nynorsk: (dialectal) korn, kørn
Norwegian Bokmål: korn
Old Swedish: korn
Swedish: korn
Danish: korn

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (kaurn)

Crimean Gothic: kor

→ Proto-Samic: *kornē (see there for further descendants)


knewą

knewą (nominative singular)
knewō (nominative plural)
knewą (singular vocative)
knewō (plural vocative)
knewą (accusative singular)
knewō (accusative plural)
knewas (genitive singular)
kniwis (genitive singular)
knewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knewai (dative singular)
knewamaz (dative plural)
knewō (instrumental singular)
knewamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kneu
Old English: cnēow, cnēo
Middle English: kne, knewe, knee, knew, know, kneo, cneowe, cneo
English: knee
Scots: kne, kney, knie
Yola: konnee
Old Frisian: kniu, knī, knē
Saterland Frisian: Knie
⇒ Old Frisian: knībola, knēbolla
Saterland Frisian: Kniebel
West Frisian: knibbel
Old Saxon: knio, kneo, kniu
Middle Low German: knê
Low German: Knee, Knie
German Low German: Kneei
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Knåi
Sauerländisch: Knai, Knoi, Knaue, Knī
Westmünsterländisch: Knee
Plautdietsch: Kjnee
Old Dutch: *cnio
Middle Dutch: cnie
Dutch: knie
Afrikaans: knie
Limburgish: kneen (plural reanalysed as singular)
Old High German: kneo, kniu, knio, chniu, chneo
Middle High German: knie
Alemannic German: Chnüüw
Cimbrian: khnia
German: Knie
Luxembourgish: Knéi
Vilamovian: kni
Yiddish: קני (kni)

Old Norse: kné
Icelandic: kné, hné
Faroese: knæ
Norwegian Nynorsk: kne; (dialectal) ne, (h)nje
Old Swedish: knǣ
Swedish: knä
Old Danish: knæ
Danish: knæ
Norwegian Bokmål: kne
Gutnish: knei

Gothic: 𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌿 (kniu)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn-ew-o-s, from *ǵónu (“knee”) (specifically the oblique stem *ǵnéw-).


þingą

þingą (nominative singular)
þingō (nominative plural)
þingą (singular vocative)
þingō (plural vocative)
þingą (accusative singular)
þingō (accusative plural)
þingas (genitive singular)
þingis (genitive singular)
þingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þingai (dative singular)
þingamaz (dative plural)
þingō (instrumental singular)
þingamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þing
Old English: þing, þinċġ, þinġċ
Middle English: thing, thinge, thyng
English: thing
Scots: thing, ting, hing
Yola: dhing
Old Frisian: thing
Saterland Frisian: Ding
West Frisian: ting, ding
Old Saxon: thing
Middle Low German: dinc, dink, tink
German Low German: Ding
Plautdietsch: Dinkj
Old Dutch: thinc
Middle Dutch: dinc
Dutch: ding
Afrikaans: ding
Berbice Creole Dutch: dinggi
Jersey Dutch: däng
Limburgish: dink, ding
Old High German: ding, dinc, dink, thing
Middle High German: dinc
Cimbrian: ding
German: Ding
Luxembourgish: Déngen
Pennsylvania German: Ding

Old Norse: þing
Icelandic: þing
Faroese: ting
Norn: ting
Norwegian Nynorsk: ting
Old Swedish: þing
Swedish: ting
Old Danish: þing, thing (Jutland)
Danish: ting
Norwegian Bokmål: ting
Gutnish: tingg
→ German: Thing

→ Proto-Samic: *tiŋkē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tinka

Finnish: tinka

From earlier Proto-Indo-European *tenk-ó-, likely from *tenk- (“to be suitable”) (compare *þinhaną (“to succeed”) for more cognates), in which case the original meaning was "suitable time; scheduled time", which then shifted to "assembly; issue, matter to discuss".

case, matter, issue (such as what is discussed at an assembly)


þeuraz

þeuraz (nominative singular)
þeurōz (nominative plural)
þeurōs (nominative plural)
þeur (singular vocative)
þeurōz (plural vocative)
þeurōs (plural vocative)
þeurą (accusative singular)
þeuranz (accusative plural)
þeuras (genitive singular)
þiuris (genitive singular)
þeurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeurai (dative singular)
þeuramaz (dative plural)
þeurō (instrumental singular)
þeuramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þeur, *þiuri

Old Saxon: *thiuri

Middle Low German: *düre, *dür

Low German: Dür

Old Dutch: *thiuri

Middle Dutch: duer

Dutch: deur, duur (dialectal)

Old Norse: þjórr
Icelandic: þjór
Faroese: tjórur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjor
Old Swedish: þiūr
Swedish: tjur
Old Danish: thiūr
Danish: tyr
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: tyr
Norwegian Nynorsk: tyr
Gutnish: tjur
Scanian: týr

→ Finnish: teuras

From Proto-Indo-European *táwros (“wild bull”). The synonym *steuraz derives from the same base, but with an added s-mobile.


steuraz

steuraz (nominative singular)
steurōz (nominative plural)
steurōs (nominative plural)
steur (singular vocative)
steurōz (plural vocative)
steurōs (plural vocative)
steurą (accusative singular)
steuranz (accusative plural)
steuras (genitive singular)
stiuris (genitive singular)
steurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
steurai (dative singular)
steuramaz (dative plural)
steurō (instrumental singular)
steuramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *steur
Old English: stēor
Middle English: steer, steor, ster, stere
English: steer
Middle Scots: ster, stere, steir
Scots: steer
Old Frisian: stiār
Old Saxon: *stior, stier
Middle Low German: stēr
Old Dutch: stier
Middle Dutch: stier
Dutch: stier
Afrikaans: stier
Old High German: stior
Middle High German: stier
Alemannic German: Stier
German: Stier
Luxembourgish: Stéier

Old Norse: stjórr

Icelandic: stjór

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (stiur)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)táwros (“wild bull”). The synonym *þeuraz derives from the same base, but without s-mobile.


justaz

justaz (nominative singular)
justōz (nominative plural)
justōs (nominative plural)
just (singular vocative)
justōz (plural vocative)
justōs (plural vocative)
justą (accusative singular)
justanz (accusative plural)
justas (genitive singular)
justis (genitive singular)
justǫ̂ (genitive plural)
justai (dative singular)
justamaz (dative plural)
justō (instrumental singular)
justamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ostr

Icelandic: ostur

Faroese: ostur

Norwegian Bokmål: ost

Norwegian Nynorsk: ost

Old Swedish: oster

Swedish: ost; ust (dialectal)

Danish: ost

→ Proto-Finnic: *juusto

Finnish: juusto

Estonian: juust

Ingrian: juusso

Votic: juusso

→ Proto-Samic: *vuostā (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“sap, juice, broth”), from *yewH- (“to blend, mix (food), knead”). Cognate with Latin iūs (“juice, broth”), Welsh uwd (“porridge”), and dialectal Lithuanian jū́šė (“fish soup”).


rōdō

rōdō (nominative singular)
rōdôz (nominative plural)
rōdō (singular vocative)
rōdôz (plural vocative)
rōdǭ (accusative singular)
rōdōz (accusative plural)
rōdōz (genitive singular)
rōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōdōi (dative singular)
rōdōmaz (dative plural)
rōdō (instrumental singular)
rōdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōd

Middle English: rod, roode, rood

Scots: rude, ruid

English: rood

Old Frisian: rōd; rōde

Saterland Frisian: Roue

West Frisian: roede

Old Saxon: rōda, ruoda

Middle Low German: rôde

German Low German: Rood, Roo, Roe

Old Dutch: ruoda

Middle Dutch: rude, roede

Dutch: roede, roe

Old High German: ruota

Middle High German: ruote

German: Rute

Luxembourgish: Rutt

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*rōdǭ</i>

Old Norse: róða (< *rōdǭ)

Icelandic: róða

Norwegian: roda

Danish: rode

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁t- (“post”).


walhaz

walhaz (nominative singular)
walhōz (nominative plural)
walhōs (nominative plural)
walh (singular vocative)
walhōz (plural vocative)
walhōs (plural vocative)
walhą (accusative singular)
walhanz (accusative plural)
walhas (genitive singular)
walhis (genitive singular)
walhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walhai (dative singular)
walhamaz (dative plural)
walhō (instrumental singular)
walhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walh
Old English: wealh
Middle English: wælh, wale
→ English: wealh (learned)
→ Medieval Latin: wallus
⇒ Old English: Cornwēalas (“Cornwall”)
Middle English: Cornwale, Cornwaile
English: Cornwall
⇒ Old English: Wēalas (“Wales”) (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: *Wala, *Wale
Middle Dutch: wāle
Dutch: Waal
Old High German: walh, walah
Middle High German: walch
German: Walchen pl, Walen pl (in placenames)
→ Vulgar Latin: *Wallō
Walloon: walon, Walon
→ French: wallon, Wallon
→ English: Walloon
→? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ
→ English: Vlach, Wallachia

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᛉ (*walhaʀ)

Old Norse: valr sg, valir pl

Icelandic: valur sg, valir pl

⇒ Old Norse: val-

Faroese: val-

Icelandic: val-

Old Swedish: val sg, valar pl

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurnē, “gold”, dat.sg., literally “Roman grain”)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃 (*walhs)

→? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ (“Roman; Romance speaker”)

→ English: Vlach, Wallachia

From earlier *wólkos, from the name of a Celtic tribe, the Volcae. Historically the tribe's name has been linked to an animal, possibly Proto-Celtic *wolkos (“hawk”), or alternatively (but less likely) Proto-Celtic *ulkʷos (“wolf”), in turn from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos, as Caesar described the Celts having fought with huge dogs.
For the first possibility, cf. the personal name Gaulish Catuvolcus and Welsh cadwalch (“hero, champion, warrior”, literally “battle-hawk”).

cog

speaker of Latin or a Romance or Celtic language


wedrą

wedrą (nominative singular)
wedrō (nominative plural)
wedrą (singular vocative)
wedrō (plural vocative)
wedrą (accusative singular)
wedrō (accusative plural)
wedras (genitive singular)
widris (genitive singular)
wedrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wedrai (dative singular)
wedramaz (dative plural)
wedrō (instrumental singular)
wedramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wedr
Old English: weder
Middle English: weder, wethyr
English: weather
Scots: weddir, wethir, wathir
Old Frisian: weder, wedder
Saterland Frisian: Weeder
West Frisian: waar
Old Saxon: wedar
German Low German: Weder
Plautdietsch:
Old Dutch: wedar
Dutch: weder, weer
Afrikaans: weer
Old High German: wetar, *wedar
Middle High German: weter (classical), wetter (late), weder (Central German)
Alemannic German: Wätter
Swabian:
Bavarian: Wetta
Austrian: Weda
Cimbrian: bèttar
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Wedder, Wäder, Weader, Wäer
Hunsrik: Wetter
Luxembourgish: Wieder
Transylvanian Saxon: Wadder, Wodder
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Wättr
East Franconian:
German: Wetter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Wedder
Yiddish: וועטער (veter)

Old Norse: veðr, -viðri
Icelandic: veður
Faroese: veður
Norwegian Nynorsk: vêr, veder; (dialectal) veir, vør, ve
Elfdalian: weðer
Old Swedish: væþer
Swedish: väder
Old Danish: wæthær
Danish: vejr, vær, vædder
Norwegian Bokmål: vær
Gutnish: vädar
Scanian: væðer

→ Proto-Samic: *vierttō (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; traditionally linked to Proto-Slavic *vedro (“good weather”), reconstructing a common Proto-Indo-European *wedʰrom, which is sometimes assumed to be from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow; wind”) + *-dʰrom (instrument noun–deriving suffix), equivalent to *wēaną + *-þrą. However, this etymology suffers phonetic difficulties, namely the lack of a long vowel and the descendants that reflect unvoiced *-þrą in the suffix. If from pre-Germanic *h₂weh₁tróm, perhaps a formation in common with Latvian vētra, Lithuanian vė́tra (“storm”) and Proto-Slavic *vě̀trъ (“wind, air”).


windaz

windaz (nominative singular)
windōz (nominative plural)
windōs (nominative plural)
wind (singular vocative)
windōz (plural vocative)
windōs (plural vocative)
windą (accusative singular)
windanz (accusative plural)
windas (genitive singular)
windis (genitive singular)
windǫ̂ (genitive plural)
windai (dative singular)
windamaz (dative plural)
windō (instrumental singular)
windamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wind
Old English: wind
Middle English: wynd, wend, wende, wind, winde, wynde
English: wind
Scots: wind, win
Yola: weend, wyeene
Old Frisian: wind
Saterland Frisian: Wíend
West Frisian: wyn
Old Saxon: wind
Middle Low German: wint
German Low German: Wind
Plautdietsch: Wint
Old Dutch: wint
Middle Dutch: wint
Dutch: wind
Afrikaans: wind
Berbice Creole Dutch: wende
Negerhollands: wind, win, wen
Skepi Creole Dutch: went
→ Aukan: winta
→ Sranan Tongo: winti
Limburgish: windj
Old High German: wint
Middle High German: wint
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: winn, wend, wénn, wind
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bint
Mòcheno: bint
Udinese: bint
Viennese: Wind
German: Wind
Luxembourgish: Wand
Vilamovian: wynt
Yiddish: ווינט (vint)

Old Norse: vindr
Icelandic: vindur
Faroese: vindur
Norwegian Nynorsk: vind
Elfdalian: wind
Old Swedish: vinder
Swedish: vind
→ Finnish: vintti
Old Danish: wende
Danish: vind, vend
Norwegian Bokmål: vind
Gutnish: vinn, vind

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (winds)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (“blowing; that which blows, i.e. air, wind”) (genitive *h₂uh₁n̥tés), present participle of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”). Cognate with Latin ventus (“wind”).


namô

namô (nominative singular)
namnō (nominative plural)
namô (singular vocative)
namnō (plural vocative)
namô (accusative singular)
namnō (accusative plural)
namniz (genitive singular)
namnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
namni (dative singular)
namnamaz (dative plural)
namnē (instrumental singular)
namnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *namō
Old English: nama, noma
Middle English: name, nome
English: name
→ Sranan Tongo: nen
→ Japanese: ネーム
Geordie English: nyem
Scots: name, naim, nem, nome
Yola: naame, name, naume
Old Frisian: nama, noma
North Frisian: nom
(Mooring): noome
(Föhr-Amrum): nööm
Saterland Frisian: Nome
West Frisian: namme
Old Saxon: namo
Middle Low German: nāme, nōme, nām
German Low German: Naam
Plautdietsch: Nomen
Old Dutch: namo
Middle Dutch: nāme
Dutch: naam
Limburgish: naam, naom
Old High German: namo
Middle High German: name
Alemannic German: Naame
Italian Walser: namä, noame, nomu, nàmund
Bavarian: Nama, Nam, Nåm
Cimbrian: nåm, name, naamo
Mòcheno: nu'm
Udinese: nome, nòmm, nome, nomat
German: Name, Namen
Luxembourgish: Numm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Naame
Yiddish: נאָמען (nomen)

Old Norse: namn, nafn, naβn — Old East Norse, namn
Icelandic: nafn
Faroese: navn
Norn: namn
Norwegian Nynorsk: nabn, namn
Old Swedish: nampn
Swedish: namn
Old Danish: nafn, nauæn
Danish: navn
Norwegian Bokmål: navn
Gutnish: namn

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 (namō)

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”).


wikǭ

wikǭ (nominative singular)
wikōniz (nominative plural)
wikǭ (singular vocative)
wikōniz (plural vocative)
wikōnų (accusative singular)
wikōnunz (accusative plural)
wikōniz (genitive singular)
wikōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wikōni (dative singular)
wikōmaz (dative plural)
wikōnē (instrumental singular)
wikōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wikā
Old English: wiċe, wicu, wucu, wieċe, weoce
Middle English: weke
English: week
Scots: wouk
Yola: wick, wik
Old Frisian: wike
North Frisian: weg
Saterland Frisian: Wíek
West Frisian: wike
Old Saxon: wika
Middle Low German: wēke
→ North Frisian: Week
German Low German: Week
Plautdietsch: Wäakj
Old Dutch: *wica
Middle Dutch: wēke
Dutch: week
Afrikaans: week
Berbice Creole Dutch: weki
Jersey Dutch: wêk
Negerhollands: week
→ Lokono: wiki
→? Sranan Tongo: wiki
→ Aukan: wiki
→ Saramaccan: wíki
Limburgish: waek
Old High German: wehha, wohha
Middle High German: wëche, woche
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: bòchò, wuchu, wucha, wucchu
Bavarian: Woch, Wocha, Wochn
Cimbrian: bòcha, boch (Luserna)
Mòcheno: boch
Central Franconian: Woch, Wech, Wääch (Ripuarian; now widely obsolete)
German: Woche
Luxembourgish: Woch
Pennsylvania German: Woch
Vilamovian: woch
Yiddish: וואָך (vokh)

Old Norse: vika
Icelandic: vika
Faroese: vika
Norn: voga
Norwegian Nynorsk: veke, vika, viku; (dialectal) vyku, vuku, væka
Jamtish: vuku
Elfdalian: wiku, wikå
Old Swedish: vika
Swedish: vecka
Old Danish: uka, uku, wiku
Scanian: uga
Danish: uge
Norwegian Bokmål: uke
Old Gutnish: wika
Gutnish: vike, vika, viku, vikå

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍉 (wikō)

→ Proto-Samic: *vëkkō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *viikko (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃weyg- (“to bend, wind, turn, yield”), with semantic shift "to bend, give way" > "to shift" > "sequence, week". See also *wīkwaną (“to yield, retreat”). The concept of a week was borrowed by the Germanic peoples from the Romans around the 1st century.


attô

attô (nominative singular)
attaniz (nominative plural)
attô (singular vocative)
attaniz (plural vocative)
attanų (accusative singular)
attanunz (accusative plural)
attiniz (genitive singular)
attanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
attini (dative singular)
attammaz (dative plural)
attinē (instrumental singular)
attammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *attō
Old Frisian: atta, aththa, atha, eththa
North Frisian: ate, aatj, taatje, tääte
West Frisian: heit
Old Saxon: *atto, *etto
>? Middle Low German: ette (“local elder, hereditary male judge”)
Old Dutch: *atto, *etto
Middle Dutch: ette
Dutch: ette
Old High German: atto
Middle High German: atte
Alemannic German: Ätti, Ätte
Italian Walser: attu, àttu, attò
⇒ Alemannic German: Großätti, Großatt
Bavarian: Ätt
⇒? Cimbrian: tatta

>? Old Norse: Atti

Norwegian Nynorsk: Atte

Old Swedish: Atte

Old Danish: Atti

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta)

From Proto-Indo-European *átta. Cognate with Latin atta (“father”). The word was probably originally only a vocative, but was extended with a full paradigm in most descendants, including Germanic where it was reformed as a masculine n-stem.


gaizaz

gaizaz (nominative singular)
gaizōz (nominative plural)
gaizōs (nominative plural)
gaiz (singular vocative)
gaizōz (plural vocative)
gaizōs (plural vocative)
gaizą (accusative singular)
gaizanz (accusative plural)
gaizas (genitive singular)
gaizis (genitive singular)
gaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaizai (dative singular)
gaizamaz (dative plural)
gaizō (instrumental singular)
gaizamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaiʀ
Old English: gār
Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær
⇒ Middle English: garfysche
English: garfish
Scots: gairfish
Old Frisian: *gār, gēr
Saterland Frisian: Goare
West Frisian: gear
Old Saxon: gēr
Middle Low German: gêr
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Geere, Geer
Old Dutch: *gēr
Middle Dutch: gêer
Dutch: geer
Old High German: gēr, giri
Lombardic: ger
→⇒ Italian: gherone
Middle High German: gēr
German: Ger

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*gaiʀaʀ)

Old Norse: geirr, ᚴᛅᛁᛦ (kaiʀ) — runic
Icelandic: geir
Norwegian Bokmål: geir
Norwegian Nynorsk: geir
Danish: ger
Swedish: gere, gir

→ Proto-Samic: *kājsē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaira (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 (*gais) (preserved in given names)

Vandalic: *gais/*geis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaihas (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Celtic: *gaisos (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, fling”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (heṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).


frijōndz

frijōndz (nominative singular)
frijōndiz (nominative plural)
frijōnd (singular vocative)
frijōndiz (plural vocative)
frijōndų (accusative singular)
frijōndunz (accusative plural)
frijōndiz (genitive singular)
frijōndǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijōndi (dative singular)
frijōndumaz (dative plural)
frijōndē (instrumental singular)
frijōndumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *friund
Old English: frēond, frīond — Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish
Middle English: frend, frende, freond, friend, vrend, freend, frond, frund, freind, freynde, vryend, frind
English: friend (see there for further descendants)
Scots: freend, frende, freynd, freind
Yola: vriene, friend
→ Welsh: ffrind
Old Frisian: friūnd, friōnd
Saterland Frisian: Früünd, Fjund
West Frisian: freon
Old Saxon: friund
Middle Low German: vrint, vrünt, vrent
German Low German: Fründ, Frund, Frönd
Plautdietsch: Frint
→ Old Swedish: frynt, frynd
Swedish: frynt (obsolete)
Old Dutch: friunt, friund
Middle Dutch: vrient
Dutch: vriend, vrind
Afrikaans: vriend
Berbice Creole Dutch: frindi
Javindo: friend
Jersey Dutch: vrînt
Negerhollands: vriend, vrient
Petjo: pring (archaic)
Limburgish: vröndj
Old High German: friunt
Middle High German: vriunt
Alemannic German: Fründ
Bavarian: Freind
Cimbrian: vròint, bròint (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: Frönd, Frend, Frind (Moselle Franconian), Frönk (Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects), Fründ (Kölsch)
Hunsrik: Freind
Luxembourgish: Frënd
German: Freund
Vilamovian: frajnd
Volhynian German: Freind
Yiddish: פֿרײַנד (fraynd)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fríandi, frjándi, frændi
Icelandic: frændi
Faroese: frændi
Norn: frend
Norwegian Nynorsk: frende
Old Swedish: frænde
Swedish: frände
Danish: frænde
Norwegian Bokmål: frende

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds)

Present participle of *frijōną, equivalent to *frijōną + *-ndz.


fijandz

fijandz (nominative singular)
fijandiz (nominative plural)
fijand (singular vocative)
fijandiz (plural vocative)
fijandų (accusative singular)
fijandunz (accusative plural)
fijandiz (genitive singular)
fijandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fijandi (dative singular)
fijandumaz (dative plural)
fijandē (instrumental singular)
fijandumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fijand

Old English: fēond

Middle English: feend

Scots: fient

English: fiend

Old Frisian: fīand

Saterland Frisian: Fäind

West Frisian: fijân

Old Saxon: fīand, fīond, fīoud
Middle Low German: vîent, vîant, vîen, vigent, vigen, vînt, vîend, fīent
German Low German: Feend, Fiend
Plautdietsch: Fient

Old Dutch: *fīand

Middle Dutch: viant
Dutch: vijand
Afrikaans: vyand
Negerhollands: vyand, vieand
→ Sranan Tongo: feyanti
→ Aukan: feyanti
→ Saramaccan: feántima
Limburgish: vieënd, vieëndj

Old High German: fīant, fīand

Middle High German: vīant, vīent, vīnt

Cimbrian: faint

German: Feind

Yiddish: פֿײַנד (faynd)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fjándi
Icelandic: fjandi
Faroese: fjandi (“devil, fiend”)
Norn: fjandi (“devil”)
Norwegian Bokmål: fiende
Norwegian Nynorsk: fiende
Elfdalian: fiend, fiund
Old Swedish: fiænde, fiande, fionde
Swedish: fiende
Danish: fjende
Gutnish: fiende, feiunde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (fijands)

Present participle of *fijāną, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate”), equivalent to *fijāną + *-ndz.


rūnō

rūnō (nominative singular)
rūnôz (nominative plural)
rūnō (singular vocative)
rūnôz (plural vocative)
rūnǭ (accusative singular)
rūnōz (accusative plural)
rūnōz (genitive singular)
rūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūnōi (dative singular)
rūnōmaz (dative plural)
rūnō (instrumental singular)
rūnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rūnu
Old English: rūn
Middle English: roun
Scots: rune, roun, round
English: roun, round
Old Saxon: rūna
Middle Low German: rûne, rune
Old Dutch: *rūna
Middle Dutch: rune, ruun, ruen; (alruna, alrune)
(Dutch: alruin)
Old High German: rūna
Middle High German: rūne
German: Raune, Rune

Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (rūnō) (accusative singular)
Old Norse: rún, ᚱᚢᚾ (run), ᚱᚢᚾᛅᛦ (runaʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᛁᛦ (runiʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᚬᛦ (runąʀ)
Icelandic: rún f
Faroese: rún f
Norwegian Nynorsk: run f, runer f pl (← rúnir); (dialectal) rón f, rjón n
Old Swedish: rūn, rūna
Swedish: runa c or f
Old Danish: rune
Danish: rune c (partially through artificial revival), runer pl
Norwegian Bokmål: rune m or f
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rune f, runa f
→ German: Rune f
→ Dutch: rune
→ English: rune
→ Mandarin: 盧恩 /卢恩 (lú'ēn)
→ Finnish: runo
→ Swedish: runa c or f, runo c or f

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna)

Possibly a borrowing either from Proto-Celtic *rūnā or from the same source as it; see there for more.

inscription written with runes (letters of the Germanic runic alphabet)


sēmô

sēmô (nominative singular)
sēmnō (nominative plural)
sēmô (singular vocative)
sēmnō (plural vocative)
sēmô (accusative singular)
sēmnō (accusative plural)
sēmniz (genitive singular)
sēmnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sēmni (dative singular)
sēmnamaz (dative plural)
sēmnē (instrumental singular)
sēmnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sāmō
Old Saxon: sāmo
Middle Low German: sāme
Old High German: sāmo
Middle High German: sāme, saume
Cimbrian: zamo
German: Samen, Same (now rare)
→ Japanese: ザーメン (zāmen)
Hunsrik: Some
Luxembourgish: Som
Vilamovian: zöma
Yiddish: זוימען (zoymen) (< saume)

→ Finnish: hieman (through earlier *šeema)

From Proto-Indo-European *séh₁mn̥ (“seed”); thus equivalent to *sēaną + *-mô.


uhsô

uhsô (nominative singular)
uhsniz (nominative plural)
uhsô (singular vocative)
uhsniz (plural vocative)
uhsanų (accusative singular)
uhsnuz (accusative plural)
uhsniz (genitive singular)
uhsnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uhsni (dative singular)
uhsnamaz (dative plural)
uhsnē (instrumental singular)
uhsnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ohsō
Old English: oxa
Middle English: oxe, hox, nox, occe, ocxe, okse, ox, oxhe, oxse
English: ox (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ox
Old Frisian: oxa
North Frisian: Aus, oxse
West Frisian: okse
Saterland Frisian: Okse
Old Saxon: *ohso
Middle Low German: osce, ochse, osse
German Low German: Osse, Oss
Plautdietsch: Oss
Old Dutch: osso
Middle Dutch: osse
Dutch: os
Afrikaans: os
Negerhollands: os
Old High German: ohso
Middle High German: ohse, ochse, osse, ox
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: oks
Mòcheno: ocks
German: Ochse, Ochs (regional or poetic)
→ Luxembourgish: Ochs
Central Franconian: Ohs
Hunsrik: Ochs
Luxembourgish: Uess
Yiddish: אָקס (oks)

Old Norse: oxi, uxi
Icelandic: oxi, uxi
Faroese: oksi
Norwegian Nynorsk: okse, ukse
Old Swedish: oxe, uxe
Swedish: oxe
Old Danish: oxæ, uxæ
Danish: okse
Norwegian Bokmål: okse
Scanian: oğse

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰 (auhsa)

→ Proto-Samic: *vuoksā (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (“bull”).


abô

abô (nominative singular)
abniz (nominative plural)
abô (singular vocative)
abniz (plural vocative)
abanų (accusative singular)
abnuz (accusative plural)
abniz (genitive singular)
abnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abni (dative singular)
abnamaz (dative plural)
abnē (instrumental singular)
abnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: afi
Faroese: avi
Icelandic: afi

Gothic: 𐌰𐌱𐌰 (aba)

Probably represents a zero-grade agent n-stem derived from the lost strong verb *afaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep- (“to work”). The semantics probably developed from "he who works, labors" > "man of the household". However, Kroonen is skeptical and prefers to take the word as a Germanic-specific nursery word.


haiduz

haiduz (nominative singular)
haidiwiz (nominative plural)
haidu (singular vocative)
haidiwiz (plural vocative)
haidų (accusative singular)
haidunz (accusative plural)
haidauz (genitive singular)
haidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haidiwi (dative singular)
haidumaz (dative plural)
haidū (instrumental singular)
haidumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haidu; *-haidu, *-haidi

Old English: hād, -hād; *hǣd, *-hǣd, *-hǣdu

Middle English: had, hod, hode, hede; -had, -hod, -hed, -hede

Scots: had, hade, haid, -heid

English: hade, hede, hode, -hood; -head

Old Frisian: -hēd

Saterland Frisian: -haid, -gaid

West Frisian: -heid

Old Saxon: -hēd

Middle Low German: -heit

desc

German Low German: -heid (East Frisian), -heit (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommerisch, Paderbornisch), -heet, -het

→ Norwegian Bokmål: -het

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -heit

→ Swedish: -het

→ Danish: -hed

→ Icelandic: -heit

Old Dutch: *-hēd, *-heid

Middle Dutch: -heit

Dutch: -heid
Afrikaans: -heid

Old High German: heit, -heit

Middle High German: -heit

German: -heit, -keit

Yiddish: ־הייט (-heyt), ־קייט (-keyt)

>? Old French: hait (“emotion, joy”)

⇒ Old French: haitier

Old Norse: heiðr

Icelandic: heiður

Faroese: heiður

Norwegian Bokmål: heder

Norwegian Nynorsk: heider

Old Swedish: hēþer

Swedish: heder

Danish: hæder

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (haidus)

Apparently identical to Sanskrit केतु (ketú, “brightness, light; appearance, form, mark”), from Proto-Indo-European *koyt-ús, from the root *keyt- (“clear, bright, shining”), whence also *haidraz (“clear, bright”). A pre-form *keydʰ- is also possible.


hringaz

hringaz (nominative singular)
hringōz (nominative plural)
hringōs (nominative plural)
hring (singular vocative)
hringōz (plural vocative)
hringōs (plural vocative)
hringą (accusative singular)
hringanz (accusative plural)
hringas (genitive singular)
hringis (genitive singular)
hringǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hringai (dative singular)
hringamaz (dative plural)
hringō (instrumental singular)
hringamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hring
Old English: hring, hrincg, hrinċġ, ring, ᚱᛁᚾᚷ (rinġ) — Wheatley Hill Finger Ring
Middle English: ryng, rynge, ring
English: ring
Scots: ring
Yola: ring
→ Medieval Latin: ringa, renga (Anglo-Latin)
Old Frisian: hring
North Frisian: Ring, Rink
Saterland Frisian: Ring
West Frisian: ring
Old Saxon: hring
Middle Low German: rinc, rink, ring
German Low German: Ring
Low German: rink
Plautdietsch: Rinkj
Old Dutch: rinc
Middle Dutch: rinc
Dutch: ring
Afrikaans: ring
Negerhollands: rink, riṅ
→? Aukan: linga
→ Indonesian: ring
→ Papiamentu: renchi, ringtsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: rink
Old High German: ring, hring
Middle High German: rinc, ring
German: Ring
Luxembourgish: Rank
Yiddish: רינג (ring)
→ Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc (see there for further descendants)
→ Old French: renge, range (“sword-belt”)
Middle French: renge
→ Middle English: renge, raunge

Old Norse: hringr
Icelandic: hringur
Faroese: ringur
Norn: ring
Norwegian Nynorsk: ring
Elfdalian: ringg
Old Swedish: ringer
Swedish: ring
Old Danish: ring
Danish: ring
Norwegian Bokmål: ring
Gutnish: ringg

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (*hriggs)

→ Italian: aringo, arringo

Italian: aringa, arringa

→ Old French: harangue

French: harangue

→ English: harangue

→ Occitan: arengua

→ Spanish: arenga

→ Portuguese: arenga

→ Latin: harenga

→ Medieval Latin: arengum

→ Italian: arengo

Crimean Gothic: ringo

→ Proto-Finnic: *rëngas (< *hrengaz) (see there for further descendants)

From an earlier *hrengaz (compare the Proto-Finnic loanword *rëngas), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ- (“ring, circle”), and cognate with Proto-Slavic *krǫgъ (“circle”). The root, which features both a plain stop and a voiced aspirate and thus violates traditional Proto-Indo-European phonotactics, was probably formed in the post-IE phase, and appears to be an extended nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


hringaz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hring
Old English: hring
Middle English: *ring
English: ring

Of uncertain origin. Orel tentatively connects the word to the "ring, circle" of Etymology 1, i.e. "the noise that clashing rings make". Other theories derive the word from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreg-, *(s)kArg-, *(s)kArk- (“to caw, crow, croak, pipe, shout”), and compare Lithuanian krañkti (“to caw, cough, croak”). Alternatively, an intra-Germanic onomatopoeic formation.


hasô

hesô (nominative singular)
hesaniz (nominative plural)
hesô (singular vocative)
hesaniz (plural vocative)
hesanų (accusative singular)
haznunz (accusative plural)
haznaz (genitive singular)
haznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hazini (dative singular)
hazummaz (dative plural)
haznē (instrumental singular)
hazummiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hasō ~ *haʀ-
Old English: hara
Middle English: hare
English: hare
Scots: hare, hair
Old Frisian: hasa, hase
North Frisian:
Sylt: Haas
Saterland Frisian: Hoaze, Hoase
West Frisian: hazze
Old Saxon: haso
Middle Low German: hāse
German Low German: Haas, Hoos
Plautdietsch: Hos
Old Dutch: *haso
Middle Dutch: hāse
Dutch: haas
Afrikaans: haas
Jersey Dutch: hâśe (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haas
Old High German: haso
Middle High German: hase
Alemannic German: Haase
Bavarian: Hås
Cimbrian: haazo, has (Luserna)
Mòcheno: hos
Central Franconian: Has, Hoas
Luxembourgish: Hues
German: Hase, Haase
→ French: hase
Vilamovian: hoza
Yiddish: האָז (hoz)

Old Norse: hjasi

Icelandic: hjasi

Norwegian Nynorsk: jase

Old Norse: *hjeri

Icelandic: héri

Old Norse: heri, hari — Old East Norse
Icelandic: héri
Norwegian Bokmål: hare
Norwegian Nynorsk: hare
Elfdalian: eri
Old Swedish: hari
Swedish: hare
Danish: hare
→ Faroese: hara f
→ Middle English: here, ere

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s- (“hare”). Compare with Welsh ceinach (“hare”), English hare, Latin cascus (“old”), Old Prussian sasins (“hare”), Pashto سوی (soe, “hare”), Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare”). Note also Welsh cannu (“to whiten”).