Þunraz

Þunraz (nominative singular)
Þunr (singular vocative)
Þunrą (accusative singular)
Þunras (genitive singular)
Þunris (genitive singular)
Þunrai (dative singular)
Þunrō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Þunr, *Þonr, *Þonr
Old English: Þunor, Þūr, Þor
→ English: Thunor (learned)
Old Saxon: Thunær [9th c. CE, Old Saxon Baptismal Vow]
Old High German: Donar
→ German: Donar (learned)
→ Dutch: Donar (learned)
⇒ Old High German: ᚹᛁᚷᛁᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ (wigiþonar) [6th–7th c. CE, Nordendorf fibula]

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*þonaraʀ), *ᚦᛟᚱᚨᛉ (*þoraʀ /Þǭraʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: Þórr, ᚦᚢᚱ (þur), ᚦᚮᚱ (þor) — nominative
Icelandic: Þór
Faroese: Tórur
Norwegian: Tor
Old Swedish: Þōr
Swedish: Tor
Old Danish: Thor
Danish: Tor (older spelling Thor)
→ Chinese: 索爾／索尔 (suǒ'ěr)
→ English: Thor
→ French: Thor
→ Japanese: トール
→ Korean: 토르 (toreu)
→ Russian: Тор (Tor)

Personification of *þunraz (“thunder”). Identified with the Roman deity Jupiter by way of interpretatio germanica in Germanic weekday names (see Thursday), yet otherwise identified with Hercules by way of interpretatio romana.


Skadinawjō

Skadinawjō (nominative singular)
Skadinawjôz (nominative plural)
Skadinawjō (singular vocative)
Skadinawjôz (plural vocative)
Skadinawjǭ (accusative singular)
Skadinawjōz (accusative plural)
Skadinawjōz (genitive singular)
Skadinawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
Skadinawjōi (dative singular)
Skadinawjōmaz (dative plural)
Skadinawjō (instrumental singular)
Skadinawjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Skadinauwju

Old English: Sċedenīġ

Lombardic: Scatenauge

Old Norse: Skáney (contraction of *Skaðney)
Icelandic: Skáney, Skáni, Skánn
Faroese: Skánoy
Norwegian Nynorsk: Skånøy
Swedish: Skåne
Danish: Skåne
Norwegian Bokmål: Skåne
→ Faroese: Skáni
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Skåne
→ Old English: Sconeġ
→ Latin: Scania
→ English: Scania
→ Old High German: Sconaowe
German: Schonen

desc

→ Latin: Scatinavia, Scadinavia, Scandinavia

→ English: Scandinavia

→ Dutch: Scandinavië

→ German: Skandinavien

→ Faroese: Skandinavia

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Skandinavia

→ Swedish: Skandinavien

→ Danish: Skandinavien

Norwegian Bokmål: Skandinavia

From the first element, of uncertain (possibly non-Germanic) origin, and *awjō (“island”). According to Knut Helle, the first formant may be related to Proto-Germanic *skaþô (“damage, danger”).


Frijjō

Frijjō (nominative singular)
Frijjō (singular vocative)
Frijjǭ (accusative singular)
Frijjōz (genitive singular)
Frijjōi (dative singular)
Frijjō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Frīju
Old English: Frīġ, Fricg, Frycg, *Frie, *Frigge (attested Friggan (gen.))
Middle English: Frie, Fri, Frye, Fre, Frea, Fræa, Frææ, Freon
Old High German: Friia
Lombardic: Frea

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚱᛁᚷᛃᚢ (*frigju /*Friggju/)

Old Norse: Frigg

Icelandic: Frigg

Faroese: Frigg

Norwegian: Frigg

Swedish: Frigg

Danish: Frigg

→ English: Frigg, Frigga

Frigg or Frigga, the Germanic goddess of love and home, wife of Odin. Identified in later times with the Roman goddess Venus.


Wōdanaz

Wōdanaz (nominative singular)
Wōdanai (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Wōdan, *Wōdin (Anglo-Frisian)
Old English: Wōden, *Wēden, *Wœden, Wodæn, Woddan
→ Latin: Wothen
Middle English: Woden
→ English: Woden (learned)
Old Frisian: *Wēden, *Wēda
North Frisian: Wedke
Old Saxon: Wōden
Middle Low German: Wode
Old Dutch: Wuodan, Wuadan, *Wuotan
Middle Dutch: *Woeden, *Woen
Dutch: Woen (likely back-formation from woensdag)
Old High German:
Latin script: Wōdan, Wuotan, Uuodan
Runic script: ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ (wodan)
→ Dutch: Wodan (learned)
→ German: Wotan, Wodan, Wuodan, Wuotan (learned)
→ English: Wotan
→ Latin: Vōdanus
Lombardic: Godan, *Wōdan
→ Latin: Godan

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛟᛞᛁᚾᚨᛉ (wodinaʀ /Wōdinaʀ/), ᚹᛟᛞᛁᚾᛦ (wodinʀ /Wōdinʀ/)
Old Norse: Óðinn, ᚢᚦᛁᚾ (uþin), ᚮᚦᛂᚾ (oþen)
Icelandic: Óðinn
Faroese: Óðin
Norwegian Nynorsk: Oden, ons- (< Óðins), Odin
Old Swedish: Ōþin, Ōdhen, Ōdhin
Swedish: Oden
Old Danish: Odhen
Scanian: Óðen, Nóðen
Danish: Oden
→ Danish: Odin
Norwegian Bokmål: Odin
→ Old English: Ōþen, Ōðon, Ōwðen
→ English: Odin
→ Japanese: オーディン (Ōdin)
→ Chinese: 奧丁／奥丁 (Àodīng)
→ Latin: Ōthinus, Ōdinus, Ōthin
Italian: Odino
→ Portuguese: Ódin
→ Spanish: Odín
→ German: Odin
→ French: Odin
→ Swedish: Odin
→ Finnish: Odin
→ Russian: О́дин (Ódin)

Related to *wōdaz (“rage, manic inspiration”), from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“to be excited”). Compare Old Norse óðr (“rage”), Dutch woede (“rage”) and woeden (“to rage”), Irish fáidh, Latin vātēs.
English Wednes (in Wednes-day) is not an exact cognate but rather continues Proto-Germanic *Wōdinaz, pre-Germanic *Wātenos. (Old Norse Óðinn, however, due to its lack of umlaut, appears to continue *Wōdanaz and the replacement of the suffix vowel appears to be secondary, (compare Proto-Norse ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉ (haitinaʀ) and ᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ (slaginaʀ), from *haitanaz and *slaganaz, respective past participles of *haitaną and *slahaną).)
This suggests a variation of the theonym in early Germanic, *Wōdanaz vs. *Wōdinaz. The form with -i- as attested in Old Frisian wednesdei appears to have been present in Frisia (cf. also similar Middle Dutch wenesdach). The situation in Old English is unclear. The attested Old English forms point to *Wōdanaz, but i-umlauted forms surface in records after the end of the Old English period. Thus, wōdnesdæġ is replaced by continuations of *wēdnesdæġ around AD 1200.
The same transition to the umlauted form of the theonym during the 12th or early 13th century (early Middle English) is also found in English placenames, such as Wensley (Wednesleg ca. 1212, earlier Wodnesleie), Wednesbury (Wednesbiri 1227, earlier Wadnesberie, Wodnesberia), Wednesfield (Wednesfeld 1251, earlier Wodnesfelde).
Based on an Old English form Ōdon, which appears to have been borrowed from Old Danish, Schaffner deduces that the original shape of the theonym was likely *Wōdunaz rather than *Wōdanaz.
The oldest attestation of the theonym, Proto-Norse ᚹᛟᛞᚾᚨᛊ (wodnas) from the Vindelev bracteate X13 (c. 5th century), suggests a fourth possibility, *Wōdnaz, although this would require independent i-insertion in both Proto-/Old Norse (after i-mutation had run its course) and proto-Anglo Frisian (before i-mutation had begun). It is conceivable that such a change could have originated in one of the two groups and spread through diffusion to the other (since these are the two northernmost branches of Proto-Germanic).

der

Woden or Odin, the Germanic supreme god. Identified in later times with the Roman god Mercury.


Rīnaz

Rīnaz (nominative singular)
Rīnanz (accusative plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Rīn
Old English: Rīn
English: Rhine
Old Dutch: *Rīn
Middle Dutch: Rijn
Dutch: Rijn, Rhijn
Afrikaans: Ryn
Limburgish: Rien
Old High German: Rīn
Middle High German: Rīn
Alemannic German: Rhy
Swabian: Rhãẽ
Central Franconian: Rheng, Rhing, Rhien, Rhein
Luxembourgish: Rhäin
German: Rhein
Rhine Franconian: Rhoi, Rhei, Rhein, Rhien

Old Norse: Rín

Icelandic: Rín

Faroese: Rín

Norwegian: Rhinen

Swedish: Rhen (based on the Ancient Greek word, displaced the native word, which would have been R(h)in)

Danish: Rhinen

Borrowed from Gaulish *Rēnos, from Proto-Celtic *reinos (“river, waterway”).


Rūmō

Rūmō (nominative singular)
Rūmō (singular vocative)
Rūmō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Rūmu
Old English: Rōm, Rūm
Middle English: Rome
English: Rome
Scots: Roum, Rome
Old Frisian: Rūme
Old Saxon: Rūma
Middle Low German: Rōme, Rōm
Dutch Low Saxon: Rome
Old Dutch: *Rōma
Middle Dutch: rōme
Dutch: Rome
Afrikaans: Rome
Limburgish: Roeme
Old High German: Rūma, Rōma
Middle High German: Rōme
German: Rom
Luxembourgish: Roum
Yiddish: רוים (roym)

Old Norse: Rúm

Icelandic: Róm

Faroese: Róm

⇒ Old Norse: Rúmaborg (+ *burgz)

Icelandic: Rómaborg, Rúmaborg

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 (rūma)

→ Proto-Slavic: *Rimъ (likely from a Germanic language)

From Latin Rōma, possibly through Proto-Celtic *Rūmā.


Masō

Masō (nominative singular)
Masō (singular vocative)
Masō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Masu
Old Dutch: *masa
Middle Dutch: māse
Dutch: Maas
→ West Frisian: Maas
→ Norwegian: Maas
→ Swedish: Maas
→ Danish: Maas
→ Hungarian: Maas
→ Bulgarian: Маас (Maas)
→ Russian: Маас (Maas)
Limburgish: Maas, Maos
Old High German: Masa
Middle High German: *Mase
German: Maas
→ Czech: Máza

From a Celtic language, presumably Proto-Celtic *Mosā. Despite the obvious similarities, the name is not derived from Latin Mosa. It shows evidence of the change from of o to a; this is known to have occurred before the first contact of Germanic people with the Romans, but probably after first contact with the Celts. Most likely, Latin and Germanic both borrowed the name from Celtic independently.
Albrecht Greule writes that its ultimate origin is unclear, but could perhaps be Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d-, whence Latin madeō (“I am wet”) and Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”). Or, from Proto-Indo-European *mā- (“to stupefy”) in the sense of the river's tortuousness, cognate with Proto-Germanic *masōną (“to confound, be weary, dream”) (modern English maze), Welsh mydu (“to vault, arch”), Old Norse meis (“curvatura”).


Austrǭ

Austrǭ (nominative singular)
Austrǭ (singular vocative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Austrā
Old English: ēastre
Middle English: Eestour, Ester, Yestre
English: Easter
→ Chickasaw: Iista'
Scots: Easter
Old English: Ēastre, Ēostre (“goddess of spring and fertility”)
→ English: Eostre
Old Frisian: āsteron
Old Saxon: *ōstara, *ōstarūn
Middle Low German: ôsteren, ôstern
German Low German: Oostern
Plautdietsch: Oostren
Old High German: ōstra, ōstrūn, ōstarūn
Middle High German: ōstre, ōstere, ōster
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: Oastarn
Mòcheno: Oastern
German: Ostern
Hunsrik: Oostre
Luxembourgish: Ouschteren
East Central German: Ustern

→ Proto-Slavic:

Kashubian: Jastrë, Jastra

Polabian: jostråi

Lower Sorbian: jatšy

Upper Sorbian: jutry

Often cited as deriving from *h₂ews- (“dawn; to dawn”), whence Proto-Balto-Slavic *auštrā́ˀ (“dawn, morning”); however, a derivation from *austrą, *auzrą, a metathesized form of *wazrą (“spring (season)”), + *-ǭ, is more semantically plausible.

noncog

Easter, festival celebrated at the spring equinox


Agilaz

Agilaz (nominative singular)
Agilai (dative singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Agilō

Old High German: Agilo, Egilo

desctree

Old Norse: Egill
Icelandic: Egill
Faroese: Egil
Norwegian: Egel, Egil, Eigil
Old Swedish: Æghil
Swedish: Egil
Old Danish: Eghil
Danish: Eigil, Ejgil
→ Greenlandic: Eikili
→ Sami: Egel

From the element *agaz (“fear; dread”) or *agjō (“edge, point ( of a weapon)”) + *-ilaz.

Egil, a famous archer of Germanic legend


Batawjō

Batawjō (nominative singular)
Batawjō (singular vocative)
Batawjǭ (accusative singular)
Batawjōz (accusative plural)
Batawjōz (genitive singular)
Batawjōi (dative singular)
Batawjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Batauwju
Old Dutch: *Batouwa, *Betuwa
Middle Dutch: *Betuwe
Dutch: Betuwe

→ Latin: Batavia
→ Dutch: Batavia
Javindo: Batafia
Petjo: Betawie
→ Caribbean Javanese: Betawi, mBetawi
→ Danish: Batavia
→ English: Batavia
→ French: Batavia
→ Indonesian: Batavia, Betawi
→ Javanese: ꦧꦠꦮꦶ (Batawi), ꦧꦼꦠꦮꦶ (Betawi)
→ Peranakan Indonesian: Betawi
→ Sundanese: Batawi
→ Old High German: Pazauwa (various forms attested)
Middle High German:
German: Passau

From *bataz (“good”) + *awjō (“island”).


Rēdawulfaz

Rēdawulfaz (nominative singular)
Rēdawulf (singular vocative)
Rēdawulfą (accusative singular)
Rēdawulfai (dative singular)
Rēdawulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Rādawulf
Old English: Rǣdwulf
Middle English: Radulf
English: Ralph
→ German: Ralf
→ Norwegian: Ralf
→ Swedish: Ralf
Old Saxon: Rādolf
Old Dutch: *Rādolf
Middle Dutch: Radolf
Old High German: Ratolf
→ Old French: Raol, Raoul
French: Raoul
→ Catalan: Raül
→ English: Raoul
→ Portuguese: Raul
→ Spanish: Raúl

Old Norse: Ráðulfr

Norwegian Nynorsk: Rådulv, Rådolv

Swedish: Rådulf

Danish: Radulf

→ German: Radulf

→ Old English: Raulf

→ Old French: Radulf, Radulph (Norman)

From *rēdaz (“counsel”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Hrōþiwulfaz

Hrōþiwulfaz (nominative singular)
Hrōþiwulf (singular vocative)
Hrōþiwulfą (accusative singular)
Hrōþiwulfai (dative singular)
Hrōþiwulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþiwulf
Old English: Hrōþwulf, Hrōþulf
Old Saxon: *Hrōtholf
Middle Low German: Rōdolf, Rōdelof
Old Dutch: *Ruotholf
Middle Dutch: Roedolf, Roelof
Dutch: Roedolf, Roelof, Roel (may also be from Roeland)
Old High German: *Hruodwolf, *Ruodolf
Middle High German: Ruodolf
German: Rudolf, Rudolph, Rudi
→ Dutch: Rudolf, Ruud
→ English: Rudolf, Rudolph, Rudy
→ Medieval Latin: Ruodolfus, Ruodolphus, Rodolphus
Italian: Rodolfo
→ English: Rodolphus

desc

*ᚺᚱᛟᚦᛁᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚱᛟᚦᛁᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ (*hroþiwulfaʀ /*Hrōþiwulfaʀ/)

Old Norse: Hróðulfr, Hróðólfr, Hrólfr

Icelandic: Hróðólfur, Hrólfur

Faroese: Rólvur, Róðolvur

Norwegian Nynorsk: Rolv, Rodolv, Rodulv

Swedish: Rolf, Rodulf

Danish: Rolf

→ English: Rolf

→ Latin: Rollo

Old French: Rollon

→ Norman: Rouf, Rou

From *hrōþiz (“praise, fame, glory, renown”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Aþalawulfaz

Aþalawulfaz (nominative singular)
Aþalawulf (singular vocative)
Aþalawulfą (accusative singular)
Aþalawulfai (dative singular)
Aþalawulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Aþalawulf

Old English: Æþelwulf, Æþulf

Middle English: Alulf

→ English: Ethelwolf

Old High German: Adalwolf

Middle High German: Adolf

German: Adolf, Adolph

Gothic: *𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 (*aþalawulfs) (attested as Atawulf, Athaulf, king of the Visigoths)

→ English: Adolf, Adolph

→ Latin: Adolphus

→ English: Adolphus

→ Czech: Adolf

→ Danish: Adolf

→ Icelandic: Adolf, Adólf

→ Faroese: Adolf

→ Finnish: Adolf

→ Hungarian: Adolf

→ Polish: Adolf

→ Dutch: Adolf

→ Norwegian: Adolf

→ Slovene: Adolf

→ Slovak: Adolf

→ Swedish: Adolf

→ Spanish: Adolfo, Ataúlfo

→ Portuguese: Adolfo

→ Italian: Adolfo

→ Esperanto: Adolfo

→ Lithuanian: Adolfas

→ French: Adolphe

→ Russian: Адо́льф (Adólʹf)

From *aþalaz (“noble”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Hrōþigaizaz

Hrōþigaizaz (nominative singular)
Hrōþigaiz (singular vocative)
Hrōþigaizą (accusative singular)
Hrōþigaizai (dative singular)
Hrōþigaizō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþigaiʀ

Old English: Hrōþgār, Hrōðgār

Old High German: Ruodigēr, Ruodgēr

Middle High German: Rüedeger, Rüedger

German: Rüdiger, Rütger

→ Dutch: Rutger

→ Latin: Rogerius

Old French: Rogier

Catalan: Roger

Spanish: Rogelio

French: Roger

→ English: Roger, Rodger

Italian: Ruggero

→ Middle Dutch: Rogier

Dutch: Rogier

Old Norse: Hróðgeirr, Hróarr

Icelandic: Hróðgeir

Faroese: Róar

Norwegian: Rodgeir, Roar

From *hrōþiz (“fame”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Þeudōrīks

Þeudōrīks (nominative singular)
Þeudōrīk (singular vocative)
Þeudōrīkų (accusative singular)
Þeudōrīkiz (genitive singular)
Þeudōrīki (dative singular)
Þeudōrīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeudurīk

desctree

Old English: Þēodrīċ, Ðeodric
→ English: Thedric
→ Old Welsh: Tewdrig

Old Saxon: *Thiodarīk

Middle Low German: Dēderic

→ Swedish: Didrik

→ Norwegian: Didrik, Diderich

→ Danish: Didrik, Diderich

→ English: Derek

→ Old Norse: Þiðrekr, Þiðrikr

Faroese: Tíðrikur

Frankish: *Theodarīk

Old Dutch: *Thiodarīk

Middle Dutch: Diederic, Dieric

Dutch: Diederik, Dirk

→ English: Dirk

→ Old French: Thierri, Tierri

French: Thierry

→ English: Terry

Old High German: Diotrih, Theotrih, Detrih, Deotrich
Middle High German: Dietrich
German: Dietrich
→ Czech: Dětřich

desc

Old Norse: Þjóðrekr, Þjórekr, ᚦᛁᛆᚢᚱᛁᚴᛧ (þiaurikʀ) (Rök runestone)

Icelandic: Þjóðrekur, Þjóðríkur

Norwegian: Tjodrik

Swedish: Tjudrik, Tjudrek

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*þiudareiks)

→ Galician: Toiriz (place name; alternatively from Suebic)

→ Latin: Theodoricus, Theodericus

French: Théodoric

Galician: Toiriz (place name)

Italian: Teodorico

Spanish: Teodorico

→ English: Theoderic, Theodoric

→ Middle High German: Theodoricus; Theodericus (late 14th and 15th century)

→ German: Theoderich, Theodorich

→ German: Theuderich

From *þeudō (“people”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”). Equivalent to Proto-Celtic *Toutorīxs.


Friþugaizaz

Friþugaizaz (nominative singular)
Friþugaiz (singular vocative)
Friþugaizą (accusative singular)
Friþugaizai (dative singular)
Friþugaizō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Friþugaiʀ
Old English: Friþugār, Freoþegār, Freoþogār, Friþogār
Old High German: Frithugēr, Fridugēr
German: Fridger, Friedger, Friedeger
→ Latin: Fredegarus
French: Frédégaire
Italian: Fredegario
Greek: Φρεδέγαρος (Fredégaros)

Old Norse: Friðgeirr

Icelandic: Friðgeir

Norwegian: Fridgeir, Fredgeir

Old Swedish: Fridhger

Old Danish: Frithger

From *friþuz (“peace”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Alarīks

Alarīks (nominative singular)
Alarīk (singular vocative)
Alarīkų (accusative singular)
Alarīki (dative singular)
Alarīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Alarīk

Old English: Alrīċa

desc

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">Ælfrīċ</i> etc.

Middle English: Alrich, Aldrich (conflated with Ælfrīċ etc.)

German: Alarich

Old Norse: Alrekr, Alríkr

Icelandic: Alrekur

Gothic: *𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*alareiks)

→ Latin: Alarīcus

→ English: Alaric

→ Italian: Alarico

→ Spanish: Alarico

From *allaz (“all”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


Dōnawjaz

Dōnawjaz (nominative singular)
Dōnawjai (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Dōnauwjā
Old English: Dōnua (hapax att. c. 890, possibly actually from Old Cornish or Old Saxon)
Old Saxon: *Dōnūa
Middle Low German: Dônouw, Dônouwe, Dunouw, Dunouwe
→ Old Norse: Dónua
Old Dutch: *Donouwa
Middle Dutch: Danouwe, Dunouwe, Denouwe
Old High German: Tuonouwa, Duonowa, Tuonouwe
Middle High German: Tuonouwe, Tuonowe, Tuonawe, Tunaw
German: Donau, Dunau, Tonau, Dhonau, Thonau, Donaw, Dunaw, Dhonaw, Tonaw, Tunaw, Thonaw, Thunaw (obsolete)
→ Chinese: 多瑙 (Duōnǎo)
→ Danish: Donau
→ Dutch: Donau
→ Icelandic: Dóná
→ Japanese: ドナウ (Donau)
→ Low German: Donau
→ Norwegian Bokmål: Donau
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Donau
→ Swedish: Donau

Gothic: *𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹 (*dōnawi)

→ Ancient Greek: Δούναβις (Doúnabis)

Greek: Δούναβης (Doúnavis)

→ Proto-Slavic: *Dunavь (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Celtic *Dānowyos, an extended form of the river-name *Dānu, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂nu (“river goddess”), akin to *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion; to flow”). The Celtic name is also the source of Latin Dānuvius, Dānubius and Ancient Greek Δανούιος (Danoúios) and Δανούβιος (Danoúbios). *Dōnawjaz was reinterpreted as a feminine jō-stem in West Germanic (Schumacher 2007: 181).


Audarīks

Audarīks (nominative singular)
Audarīk (singular vocative)
Audarīkų (accusative singular)
Audarīkiz (genitive singular)
Audarīki (dative singular)
Audarīkē (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Audarīk
Old English: Ēadrīc
English: Edrick, Edric
Old High German: Ōtrih, Ōtric, Ōtrich

Old Norse: Auðríkr

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


Grīmaz

Grīmaz (nominative singular)
Grīmai (dative singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Grīm

Old English: *Grīm

Old Norse: Grímr

Icelandic: Grímur

Faroese: Grímur

Possibly related to *grimmaz (“fierce”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to thunder”).


Sigiwarduz

Sigiwarduz (nominative singular)
Sigiwardu (singular vocative)
Sigiwardų (accusative singular)
Sigiwardauz (genitive singular)
Sigiwardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Sigiwardu

Old English: Siġeweard

English: Siward

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: Sieuwerd

Old High German: Sigiwart

German: Siegwart

→ Vulgar Latin: *Sigivardus

Spanish: Sigivardo

Portuguese: Sigurdo

desctree

Old Norse: Sigurðr, Sigvarðr
Icelandic: Sigurður
Faroese: Sjúrður
Norwegian: Sjurd
Jamtish: Sjúł
Old Swedish: Sighvardh, Siughurdh
Swedish: Sjurd, Sjul
→ Norwegian: Sigurd
→ Faroese: Sigurð
→ Swedish: Sigurd
→ Danish: Sigurd

From *sigiz (“victory”) + *warduz (“guard”).


Friþurīks

Friþurīks (nominative singular)
Friþurīk (singular vocative)
Friþurīkų (accusative singular)
Friþurīkiz (genitive singular)
Friþurīki (dative singular)
Friþurīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Friþurīk
Old English: Friþurīc, Freoþorīc
Old Saxon: Frithurik
Middle Low German: Vrederik
Low German: Frederik
→ Norwegian: Fredrik
→ Swedish: Fredrik
→ Danish: Frederik
Old Dutch: *Frithurīk
Middle Dutch: Vrederic
Dutch: Frederik
Old High German: Fridurih
German: Friedrich
→ English: Frederick
→ Chinese: → 弗里德里希 (Fúlǐdélǐxī) (transliteration)
→ Latin: Friderīcus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *Friðríkr, *Friðrekr (likely from German)

Icelandic: Friðrik, Friðrekur

Faroese: Fríðrikur

Norwegian Nynorsk: Fridrek, Frikk

→ Estonian: Vidrik

From *friþuz (“peace”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


Hrōþirīks

Hrōþirīks (nominative singular)
Hrōþirīk (singular vocative)
Hrōþirīkų (accusative singular)
Hrōþirīkiz (genitive singular)
Hrōþirīki (dative singular)
Hrōþirīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþirīk

Old English: Hrēþrīċ

→ English: Hrethric (learned)

desc

Old High German: Hrōderich, Rōderich, Ruoderich, Ruodrich

→ Middle Low German: Roderich

→ German: Roderich

→ Swedish: Rodrik

→ English: Roderick

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: Hrórekr, Hrœrekr

Icelandic: Hrærekur

Norwegian: Rørek

Old East Norse: Hrø̄rīkʀ, Rǫrekr

Old Swedish: Rø̄rik

→ Old East Slavic: Рюрикъ (Rjurikŭ)

desctree

Russian: Рю́рик (Rjúrik)
→ Danish: Rurik
→ Icelandic: Rúrik (partially from English)
→ English: Ruric, Rurik
→ Swedish: Rurik

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*hrōþireiks)

→ Galician: Rodrigo, Roi

→ Italian: Roderico

→ Portuguese: Rodrigo, Rui

→ Spanish: Rodrigo, Ruy

→ Italian: Rodrigo

From *hrōþiz (“fame”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


Stainawarjaz

Stainawarjaz (nominative singular)
Stainawarją (accusative singular)
Stainawarjai (dative singular)
Stainawarjō (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Steinheri

German: Steiner

desc

ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ

Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawārijaʀ)

Old Norse: Steinarr

Icelandic: Steinar, Steinarr

Faroese: Steinar

Norwegian: Steinar

Danish: Stener

Swedish: Stenar

From *stainaz (“stone”) + *warjaz (“inhabitant”).


Wiljahelmaz

Wiljahelmaz (nominative singular)
Wiljahelm (singular vocative)
Wiljahelmą (accusative singular)
Wiljahelmai (dative singular)
Wiljahelmō (instrumental singular)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *Willjahelm, *Willahelm

desctree

Middle Dutch: willem
> Dutch: Willem (inherited)
> Afrikaans: Willem (inherited)
Japanese: ウィレム (Wiremu)
Korean: 빌럼 (Billeom)
Toba Batak: ᯅᯪᯞ᯲ᯞᯩᯔ᯲ (Billem)

Old High German: Willahelm, *Willihelm

> German: Wilhelm (inherited) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Latin: Guilhelmus, Guilielmus, Gulielmus, Guillermus, Vilhelmus, Wilhelmus, Wilielmus, Willelmus (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Norse: Vilhjálmr
Danish: Vilhjælm
> Faroese: Vilhjálmur, Viljormur (inherited)
> Icelandic: Vilhjálmur (inherited)
Norwegian: Vilhjelm, Vilhjalm
> Old Swedish: Vilhiælm (inherited)

From *wiljô (“will”) + *helmaz (“helmet”).


Hrōþiberhtaz

Hrōþiberhtaz (nominative singular)
Hrōþiberht (singular vocative)
Hrōþiberhtą (accusative singular)
Hrōþiberhtai (dative singular)
Hrōþiberhtō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþiberht

Old English: Hrōþberht, Hrōdberht

Old High German: Hruodperht

Middle High German: Ruoperht, Ruopreht

German: Rupert, Ruprecht

→ Dutch: Robrecht

→ English: Rupert

→ Latin: Robertus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: Hróbjartr

Icelandic: Hróbjartur

Faroese: Róðbjartur

From *hrōþiz (“fame”) + *berhtaz (“bright, shining”).


Þeudōbalþaz

Þeudōbalþaz (nominative singular)
Þeudōbalþ (singular vocative)
Þeudōbalþą (accusative singular)
Þeudōbalþas (genitive singular)
Þeudōbalþis (genitive singular)
Þeudōbalþai (dative singular)
Þeudōbalþō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeudubalþ

Old English: Þēodbald

English: Theobald

→ Latin: Theobaldus

Old French: Tibaut

French: Thibault

→ German: Thibaut

Italian: Teobaldo

Spanish: Teobaldo

Old High German: Theudobald, Dietbald

Old Norse:

Norwegian: Teovald

/ˈθeu̯.ðɔː.ˌbɑl.θɑz/

From *þeudō (“people, nation”) + *balþaz (“strong, bold”).


Þeudōberhtaz

Þeudōberhtaz (nominative singular)
Þeudōberht (singular vocative)
Þeudōberhtą (accusative singular)
Þeudōberhtas (genitive singular)
Þeudōbirhtis (genitive singular)
Þeudōberhtai (dative singular)
Þeudōberhtō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeuduberht

Old English: *Þeodberht

desc

Old High German: *Diotberaht, *Diotberht

Middle High German: *Dietberht

German: Dietbert

→ Old French:

Middle French: Thibert

French: Thibert

→ Medieval Latin: Theudebertus

→ English: Theudebert

→ German: Theudebert

Icelandic: Þjóðbjartur (recoined as a translation)

Visigothic/Suevic/Vandalic:

→ Late Latin: Theodibertus

Galician: Toiberde (place name)

From *þeudō (“people, nation”) + *berhtaz (“bright, shining”).


Haimarīks

Haimarīks (nominative singular)
Haimarīk (singular vocative)
Haimarīkų (accusative singular)
Haimarīkiz (genitive singular)
Haimarīki (dative singular)
Haimarīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Haimarīk

Old Dutch: *Hēmrīk, *Heimrīk

Middle Dutch: Henric, Hendric

Dutch: Hendrik

Old High German: Heimrih

German: Heinrich, Heinz

→ Czech: Jindřich

→ Italian: Enzo

→ English: Enzo

→ French: Enzo

→ Spanish: Enzo

→ Latin: Henrīcus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: Heimríkr


Audawiniz

Audawiniz (nominative singular)
Audawini (singular vocative)
Audawinīz (genitive singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Audawini
Old English: Ēadwine
English: Edwin (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: Audowin, *Ōtwini
Middle High German:
German: Otwin

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: Auðunn (perhaps < earlier *Auðvin)

Icelandic: Auðunn

Faroese: Eyðun

Norwegian: Audun, Augun, Odin

Swedish: Öden

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *winiz (“friend”).


Harjawaldaz

Harjawaldaz (nominative singular)
Harjawald (singular vocative)
Harjawaldą (accusative singular)
Harjawaldai (dative singular)
Harjawaldō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Hereweald

English: Harold

desc

*ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᚹᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᚹᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ (*harjawaldaʀ), *ᚺᚨᚱᛁᚹᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ (*hariwaldaʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: Haraldr
Icelandic: Haraldur
Faroese: Haraldur
Norwegian: Harald, Hareld
Swedish: Harald
Danish: Harald
→ German: Harald
→ Estonian: Harald
→ Latvian: Haralds

→ Finnish: Harjavalta

→ Latin: Chariovalda (Attested by Tacitus)

Suevic or Gothic:

→ Latin: Arvaldus

Galician: Albarde (place name)

From an unknown later Germanic language:

→ Latin: Haroldus

Italian: Araldo

French: Hérault

From *harjaz (“army”) + *waldaz (“ruler, authority”). Compare *Waldaharjaz, composed of the same elements but in the reverse order.


Agiþewaz

Agiþewaz (nominative singular)
Agiþewai (dative singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Agiþeu

Old English: Eċġþēow, Eċġþēo, Eċġþīow

Old High German: Egidio, Egideo

Old Norse: Eggþér

From *agjō (“edge”) + *þewaz (“servant”).


Frōdô

Frōdô (nominative singular)
Frōdô (singular vocative)

Proto-West Germanic: *Frōdō

Old English: Frōda

→ English: Frodo

Old Saxon: Frodo

desctree

Old Norse: Fróði
Icelandic: Fróði
Faroese: Fróði
Norwegian: Frode
Danish: Frode
→ Latin: Frodo
→ English: Frodo

/ˈɸrɔː.ðɔːː/

From the masculine definite of *frōdaz (“wise”), literally "the wise."


Ansulaibaz

Ansulaibaz (nominative singular)
Ansulaib (singular vocative)
Ansulaibą (accusative singular)
Ansulaibai (dative singular)
Ansulaibō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Ansulaib

Old English: Ōslāf

Old Saxon: Ōslēf

Old High German: Ansleib

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛊᚢᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*asulaibaʀ)

Old Norse: Ásleifr

Icelandic: Ásleifur

Faroese: Ásleivur

From *ansuz (“deity”) + *laibō (“remnant”).


Albiharjaz

Albiharjaz (nominative singular)
Albiharją (accusative singular)
Albiharjai (dative singular)
Albiharjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Albihari

Old English: Ælfhere

Old Saxon: Alfheri

Old Norse: Alfarr

Icelandic: Álfar

Norwegian: Alvar

Swedish: Alvar

→? Latin: Alvarus

Spanish: Álvaro

From *albiz (“elf”) + *harjaz (“warrior”).


Gunþilaibaz

Gunþilaibaz (nominative singular)
Gunþilaib (singular vocative)
Gunþilaibą (accusative singular)
Gunþilaibai (dative singular)
Gunþilaibō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gunþilaib

Old English: Gūþlāf

Old High German: Gundleip

Old Norse: Gunnleifr

Icelandic: Gunnleifur (reintroduced)

Faroese: Gunnleivur

From *gunþiz (“battle”) + *laibō (“remnant”).


Harjamōdaz

Harjamōdaz (nominative singular)
Harjamōd (singular vocative)
Harjamōdą (accusative singular)
Harjamōdai (dative singular)
Harjamōdō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Heremōd

Old High German: Herimuot

Old Norse: Hermóðr

Icelandic: Hermóður

Faroese: Hermóður

From *harjaz (“army”) + *mōdaz (“mind, courage, anger”).


Gunþiwulfaz

Gunþiwulfaz (nominative singular)
Gunþiwulf (singular vocative)
Gunþiwulfą (accusative singular)
Gunþiwulfai (dative singular)
Gunþiwulfō (instrumental singular)

Old Norse: Gunnólfr

Icelandic: Gunnólfur

Faroese: Gunnolvur, Gunnálvur

Lombardic: *Gundulf?

→ Latin: Gondulphus, Gundulfus

Italian: Gundolfo, Gandolfo, Gandolfi (surname)

Suevic or Gothic:

→ Latin: Gundulfus

desc

Galician: Gondulfe, Gondulfes, Vilargondurfe (place names)

From *gunþiz (“battle”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Kunjamunduz

Kunjamunduz (nominative singular)
Kunjamundu (singular vocative)
Kunjamundų (accusative singular)
Kunjamundauz (genitive singular)
Kunjamundū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Kunimundu

Old English: Cynemund

Old High German: Chunimunt

Proto-Norse: ᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ (kunimudiu /Kunimundiu/) (dative)

Old Norse: ᚴᚢᚿᛙᚢᚿᛐᛆᛧ (kunmuntaʀ) (plural)

→ Latin: Cunimundus (from an East-Germanic language)

From *kunją (“kin, family”) + *mundō (“protection”).


Uzdagaizaz

Uzdagaizaz (nominative singular)
Uzdagaiz (singular vocative)
Uzdagaizą (accusative singular)
Uzdagaizai (dative singular)
Uzdagaizō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Ordgār

Old Norse: Oddgeirr

Icelandic: Oddgeir

Faroese: Oddgeir

Norwegian: Oddgeir

Old Swedish: Uddger

Old Danish: Oddger

From *uzdaz (“sharp point”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Uzdawulfaz

Uzdawulfaz (nominative singular)
Uzdawulf (singular vocative)
Uzdawulfą (accusative singular)
Uzdawulfai (dative singular)
Uzdawulfō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Ordwulf

Old Norse: Oddulfr (attested only in East Norse runic inscriptions)

Old Swedish: Oddolf, Uddolf


Albigaizaz

Albigaizaz (nominative singular)
Albigaiz (singular vocative)
Albigaizą (accusative singular)
Albigaizai (dative singular)
Albigaizō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Albigaiʀ

Old English: Ælfgār

English: Elgar

Old Norse: Álfgeirr

Icelandic: Álfgeir

Faroese: Álvgeir

Norwegian: Alvgeir

Old Danish: Alger (uncertain derivation)

From *albiz (“elf”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Aþalagaizaz

Aþalagaizaz (nominative singular)
Aþalagaiz (singular vocative)
Aþalagaizą (accusative singular)
Aþalagaizai (dative singular)
Aþalagaizō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Aþalagaiʀ

Old English: Æþelgār

English: Elgar (or from Old English: Ælfgār)

Old High German: Adalgēr

Middle High German: Adelgēr

German: Adelger

Old Norse: Aðalgeirr

Icelandic: Aðalgeir

Faroese: Aðalgeir

/ˈɑ.θɑ.lɑ.ˌɣɑi̯.zɑz/

From *aþalaz (“noble”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Andaswaraz

Andaswaraz (nominative singular)
Andaswar (singular vocative)
Andaswarą (accusative singular)
Andaswarai (dative singular)
Andaswarō (instrumental singular)

desc

Old Norse: Ǫzurr, Andsvarr, Ansurr, Azurr

Icelandic: Össur, Özur

Faroese: Øssur, Øksur

Old Norwegian: Ozor, Øzor

Norwegian: Assar, Asser (lack of u-mutation suggests Danish and Swedish influence)

Old Swedish: Ansvar, Azur

Swedish: Assar

Old Danish: Azur, Aswar

Danish: Adser, Asser

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Late Latin: Ansuarius

Galician: Ansoar, Ansar

Meaning “one who answers”, based on *andaswarō and related terms.


Hildirīks

Hildirīks (nominative singular)
Hildirīk (singular vocative)
Hildirīkų (accusative singular)
Hildirīkiz (genitive singular)
Hildirīki (dative singular)
Hildirīkē (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Hildirīk
→ Latin: Hilderīcus, Childerīcus, Ilderīcus (see there for further descendants)

Vandalic: *Hildirīx

desc

From *hildiz (“battle, fight”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


Helparīks

Helparīks (nominative singular)
Helparīk (singular vocative)
Helparīkų (accusative singular)
Helparīkiz (genitive singular)
Helparīki (dative singular)
Helparīkē (instrumental singular)

Old English: Helprīċ

Frankish: *Helparīk

→ Latin: Chilpericus

Old French: Chilperic

French: Chilpéric

→ English: Chilperic

→ German: Chilperich

Burgundian:

→ Latin: Chilpericus

Old French: Chilperic

French: Chilpéric

→ English: Chilperic

→ German: Chilperich

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Latin: Ilpericus

Galician: Alperiz

From *helpaną (“help, aid, assistance”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


Brunjōhildiz

Brunjōhildiz (nominative singular)
Brunjōhildi (singular vocative)
Brunjōhildį (accusative singular)
Brunjōhildīz (genitive singular)
Brunjōhildī (dative singular)
Brunjōhildī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Brunnjuhildi

desc

Old High German: Brunichildis, *Brunnīhilta

Middle High German: Briunhilde, Priunhilde

German: Brunhilde, Brünhild, Brünnhilde, Brunhild

→ English: Brunhild

→ French: Brunehilde

→ Italian: Brunilde

→ Spanish: Brunilda

→ Portuguese: Brunilda

→ Catalan: Brunilda

Old Norse: Brynhildr

Icelandic: Brynhildur

Faroese: Brynhild

Norwegian: Brynhild

Swedish: Brynhild

→ Finnish: Brynhild

Danish: Brynhild

From *brunjǭ (“breastplate”) + *hildiz (“battle, fight”).


Ermunahildiz

Ermunahildiz (nominative singular)
Ermunahildi (singular vocative)
Ermunahildį (accusative singular)
Ermunahildīz (genitive singular)
Ermunahildī (dative singular)
Ermunahildī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Ermunahildi

Old High German: *Ermenhilta

Middle High German: Ermhilde, Irmhilde

German: Irmhild

→ Italian: Imelda

→ Catalan: Imelda

→ Irish: Imelda

→ Spanish: Imelda

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Late Latin: Ermildi, Ermilli

Galician: Esmelle, Ermilda

From *ermunaz (“strong, whole”) + *hildiz (“battle, fight”).


Audawulfaz

Audawulfaz (nominative singular)
Audawulf (singular vocative)
Audawulfą (accusative singular)
Audawulfai (dative singular)
Audawulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Audawulf

Old English: Ēadwulf

Old High German: Odolf, *Ōtwolf

→ Norwegian: Odolf, Odolv

→ Swedish: Odolf

Old Norse: Auðulfr, Auðúlfr, Auðólfr

Icelandic: Auðólfur

Faroese: Eyðolvur

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Inguz

Inguz (nominative singular)
Ingauz (genitive singular)

Adolf Kirchhoff
Beowulf
Codex Vindobonensis 795
Ring of Pietroassa
Wolfgang Krause
de:Brian D. Joseph
de:Ludwig Rübekeil

Proto-West Germanic: *Ingu

Old English: Ing

→ English: Ing (learned)

Old Norse: *Yngr

⇒ Old Norse: Ynglingr (+ -lingr)

ref

Latin transcription from the Codex Vindobonensis 795. "Wulfilan" Gothic forms are scholarly reconstructions.

Gothic: *𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*iggus) or *𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (*iggws /enguz/)

Uncertain; possibly from *inguz, *unguz (“mortal; man”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱús (“dead, mortal”), from *neḱ- (“to die, perish”) + *-us. Thought to be the human incarnation of Nerthus, and the original name of the Norse fertility god Freyr.

Yngvin

*Ingwiniz (< *Ingwiniz gen.sg. of *Ingwô, or + *winiz (“friend”))

→ Latin: Inguiomerus

*Ingwjamērijaz, *Ingwjamēraz (+ *mērijaz, *mēraz)

Inguin

Proto-West Germanic: *Ingwini; Old High German

→ Late Latin: Inguo [9th c. CE, Codex Sangallensis 732]

Son of Mannus, progenitor of the Ynglings and Ingaevones.

(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᛜ, ᛝ (ng)


Gunþiharjaz

Gunþiharjaz (nominative singular)
Gunþiharją (accusative singular)
Gunþiharjai (dative singular)
Gunþiharjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gunþihari

Old English: Gūþhere

Old Dutch: *Guntheri (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: Guntheer

German: Gunther

→ English: Gunter

desctree

Old Norse: Gunnarr
Icelandic: Gunnar
Faroese: Gunnar
Norwegian: Gunna(r), Gon(n)ar, Gunnår
Old Swedish: Gunnar
Swedish: Gunnar
Danish: Gunder, → Gunnar
→ Faroese: Gundur
→ Norwegian: Gunder, Gunner
→ Estonian: Gunnar, Kunnar

Suevic or Gothic:

→ Late Latin: Gundiarius

Galician: Gontar, Gonxar, Gonzar (place names)

From *gunþiz (“battle”) + *harjaz (“warrior”).


Eutalandą

Proto-West Germanic: *Eutaland

Old English: Ēotaland

desctree

Old Norse: Jótland
Icelandic: Jótland
Faroese: Jútland
Swedish: Jutland
Old Danish: Iutland
Danish: Jylland
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Jylland
→ Swedish: Jylland

→ Dutch: Jutland

→ English: Jutland

→ German: Jütland

→ Low German: Jötlann

→ German Low German: Jüütland

Jutland (a peninsula in northwestern Europe)


Ansuwaldaz

Ansuwaldaz (nominative singular)
Ansuwald (singular vocative)
Ansuwaldą (accusative singular)
Ansuwaldai (dative singular)
Ansuwaldō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Ansuwald

Old English: Ōsweald

Middle English: Oswald

English: Oswald

Old High German: Answalt

German: Answald

→ Latin: Ansoaldus

Italian: Ansaldo

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛊᚢᚹᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ (*asuwaldaʀ)

Old Norse: Ásvaldr

Icelandic: Ásvaldur

Faroese: Ásvaldur

Norwegian: Åsvald

→ Latin: Osvaldus

Italian: Osvaldo

Spanish: Osvaldo

Portuguese: Osvaldo

From *ansuz (“deity”) + *waldą (“authority”).


Mahtihildiz

Mahtihildiz (nominative singular)
Mahtihildi (singular vocative)
Mahtihildį (accusative singular)
Mahtihildīz (genitive singular)
Mahtihildī (dative singular)
Mahtihildī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Mahtihild

desc

Old High German: Mahthildis, Mahthilt, *Mahthilta

Middle High German: ?

German: Mathilde, Mechthild

→ Latin: Mahthildis

Old French: Mathilde, Mahaut

French: Mathilde

→ Old English: Mathild

English: Matilda, Maud

Old Norse: Matthildr

Icelandic: Matthildur

Faroese: Matthild

From *mahtiz (“strength”) + *hildiz (“battle, fight”).


Waldaharjaz

Waldaharjaz (nominative singular)
Waldaharją (accusative singular)
Waldaharjai (dative singular)
Waldaharjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Waldahari

Old English: Waldhere

Old Dutch: *Waldheri

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: Wouter

→ Old Northern French: Waltier

→ English: Walter

French: Gauthier, Gautier

→ Italian: Gualtiero

→ Spanish: Gutierre

→ Galician: Guterre

desctree

Old High German: Waltheri
Middle High German:
German: Walther, Walter
→ Latin: Waltharius

Old Norse: Valdarr

Icelandic: Valdar

Norwegian: Valdar

Danish: Valdar

→ Latin: Gualterius

Portuguese: Gualtério

Spanish: Gualterio

From *waldaz or *waldą + *harjaz. Compare *Harjawaldaz, composed of the same elements but in the reverse order.


Nerþuz

Nerþuz (nominative singular)
Nerþauz (genitive singular)

Old Norse: Njǫrðr
Icelandic: Njörður
Faroese: Njørður
Norwegian Nynorsk: Njord
Swedish: Njärd, Njord
Danish: Njørd, Njord
→ English: Njorth, Njord

→ Latin: Nerthus

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr (“power, vitality, force”). More at Njörðr, Njörun, and Nerthus.

der

A Germanic goddess (or God), reconstructed from the Latinized form Nerthus


Gaizarīks

Gaizarīks (nominative singular)
Gaizarīk (singular vocative)
Gaizarīkų (accusative singular)
Gaizarīkiz (genitive singular)
Gaizarīki (dative singular)
Gaizarīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gaiʀarīk

Old English: *Gārrīċ

Middle English:

English: Garrick

Vandalic: *Gaisarīx

→ Latin: Gaisericus/Geisericus (which see for more)

From *gaizaz (“spear”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”). Cognate with Celtic Gaesorix.


Alamann-

Alamann- (nominative singular)
Alamanniz (nominative plural)
Alamann (singular vocative)
Alamanniz (plural vocative)
Alamannų (accusative singular)
Alamanniz (genitive singular)
Alamannǫ̂ (genitive plural)
Alamanni (dative singular)
Alamannē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Alamann

Old High German: Alaman

→ Ancient Greek: Αλαμανοὶ (Alamanoì)

→ Latin: Alemannī (see there for further descendants)


Ingumēraz

Ingumēraz (nominative singular)
Ingumērai (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Ingumār
Old High German: Ingomār
German: Ingemar
→ German: Ingomar (semi-learned)
→ Latin: Hincmārus, Inguiomērus
→ French: Hincmar, Incmar (semi-learned)
→? Galician: Angumil

Old Norse: Ingimarr
Icelandic: Ingmar, Ingimar
Faroese: Ingimar, Ingmar
Norwegian: Ingemar, Ingmar, Ingemor, Ingemår
Swedish: Ingemar
→ Estonian: Ingemar, Ingomar
→ Latin: Ingimarus, Ingemarus

Gothic: *Engumērs

→? Late Latin: Engomirus

Galician: Angumil

From *Inguz (“the Germanic god of fertility”) + *mēraz (“fame”).


Haþuwulfaz

Haþuwulfaz (nominative singular)
Haþuwulf (singular vocative)
Haþuwulfą (accusative singular)
Haþuwulfai (dative singular)
Haþuwulfō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Heaðuwulf

Old High German: Haduwolf, Hathowulf

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ (hᴀþuwolᴀfʀ /Haþuwolᵃfʀ/), ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉ (hᴀþuwulafʀ /Haþuwulᵃfʀ/)

Old Norse: *Hǫðulfr, Hǫlfr, >? Hálfr

Norwegian: Hodolv, Hodulv, Hålv

→ Middle English: Hathulf

From *haþuz (“battle, fight”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Harjabrandaz

Harjabrandaz (nominative singular)
Harjabrand (singular vocative)
Harjabrandą (accusative singular)
Harjabrandai (dative singular)
Harjabrandō (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Heribrant

Old Norse: Herbrandr

Faroese: Herbrandur

Icelandic: Herbrandur

→ Latin: Heribrandus, Ariprandus

From *harjaz (“army; army ruler, commander, warrior”) + *brandaz (“fire, sword”). Note that the name is attested primarily in the context of legends commonly cited as dating back to the Germanic Heroic Age. This may point to the name being a post-Proto-Germanic innovation that spread through the Germanic languages through borrowing, but inheritance from Proto-Germanic cannot be ruled out completely.


Sigimēraz

Sigimēraz (nominative singular)
Sigimērai (dative singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Sigimār

Old English: Siġemǣr

⇒ German: Sigmaringen

desctree

Proto-Norse: ᛋᛁᚷᛁᛗᛡᚱᛡᛉ (sigimᴀrᴀʀ /Sigimāraʀ/)
Old Norse: Sigmarr
Icelandic: Sigmar
Faroese: Sigmar

→ Latin: Segimerus

From *sigiz (“victory”) + *mēraz (“famous”).


Harigastiz

Harigastiz (nominative singular)
Harigastīz (nominative plural)
Harigasti (singular vocative)
Harigastīz (plural vocative)
Harigastį (accusative singular)
Harigastinz (accusative plural)
Harigastīz (genitive singular)
Harigastī (dative singular)
Harigastimaz (dative plural)
Harigastī (instrumental singular)
Harigastimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: Herigast
→ Old Danish: Heriest, Hæryst

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚱᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (*harigastiʀ)

Old Norse: *Hergestr

→ Icelandic: Hergestur (learned)

q

>? Norwegian: Hergjest (mainly a new construction from the same elements)

→ Swedish: Härgäst (learned)

→ Danish: Hærgæst (learned)

From *harjaz (“army”) + *gastiz (“guest”).

𐌇𐌀𐌓𐌉𐌙𐌀𐌔𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀///𐌉𐌐
hariχastiteiva\\\ip
Harigasti teiw(a) [?]

c. 450 BC–350 BC, inscription on the Negau helmet

Harigast the priest / o, Harigast, divine one


Hlūdahildiz

Hlūdahildiz (nominative singular)
Hlūdahildi (singular vocative)
Hlūdahildį (accusative singular)
Hlūdahildīz (genitive singular)
Hlūdahildī (dative singular)
Hlūdahildī (instrumental singular)

English: Clotilda

French: Clotilde

From *hlūdaz (“famous”) + *hildiz (“battle, fight”).


swihaniz

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


Anulaibaz

Anulaibaz (nominative singular)
Anulaibai (dative singular)

Old English: Anlāf

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚾᚢᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*anulaibaʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: Óláfr, Ǫ́láfr, Óleifr, Áleifr, Ǫ́leifr
⇒ Old Norse: Óli (nickname)
Icelandic: Óli
Faroese: Óli
Norwegian: Ole
Swedish: Olle
Danish: Ole
→ Finnish: Olli
Icelandic: Ólafur
Faroese: Ólavur
Norwegian: Olav, Ola, → Olaf
Old Swedish: Olawær
Swedish: Olof, Olov
Danish: Olaf, Olav
→ English: Olaf
→ Estonian: Olev
→ Finnish: Olavi, Uolevi
→ Latin: Olaus
→ Faroese: Lávus
→ Old Irish: Amlaíb (< Ǫ́lęifr, with nasal ǫ́-)
→ Irish: Amhlaoibh
→ Scottish Gaelic: Amhlaidh, Amhlaigh
→ Polish: Olaf
→ Portuguese: Olavo
→ Skolt Sami: Åʹll, Åållaž
→ Spanish: Olavo

From *anô (“ancestor”) and *laibō (“remnant”)


Arnuwulfaz

Arnuwulfaz (nominative singular)
Arnuwulf (singular vocative)
Arnuwulfą (accusative singular)
Arnuwulfai (dative singular)
Arnuwulfō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Earnwulf

Old High German: *Arnwolf

Middle High German: *Arnwolf

German: Arnulf

→ Latin: Arnulfus

French: Arnoul

Old Norse: Arnulfr, Ǫrnúlfr

Icelandic: Arnúlfur

Norwegian: Ørnulf


Friþuberhtaz

Friþuberhtaz (nominative singular)
Friþuberht (singular vocative)
Friþuberhtą (accusative singular)
Friþuberhtai (dative singular)
Friþuberhtō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Friþuberht

Old English: Freoþoberht, *Friþberht

Old High German: *Friduberaht

Middle High German: ?

German: Friedbert

English: Fredbert

Old Norse: *Friðbjartr

Icelandic: Friðbert

From *friþuz (“peace”) + *berhtaz (“bright, shining”).


Friþumundō

Friþumundō (nominative singular)
Friþumundō (singular vocative)
Friþumundǭ (accusative singular)
Friþumundōz (genitive singular)
Friþumundōi (dative singular)
Friþumundō (instrumental singular)

Old English: Freoþomund, Friþumund

Old High German: *Fridumund

Middle High German: ?

German: Friedmund, Fredmund, Fridmund

English: Fredmund

Old Norse: *Friðmundr

Icelandic: Friðmundur

Faroese: Fríðmundur

Norwegian: *Fridmund

From *friþuz (“peace”) + *mundō (“protection”).


Fulkamērijaz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Folkmārī
Old English: Folcmǣr
Old Frisian: *Folkmēr
West Frisian: Folkmar
Old Dutch: *Folcmār
Dutch: Folkmar
Old High German: *Folkmār
German: Volkmar, Folkmar, Folmar
Latin: Folcmarus, Volcmarus

Old Norse: Folkmarr

Danish: Folkmar

Norwegian: Folkmar

From *fulką (“people, folk”) + *mērijaz (“renowned, famous”).


Gaizawulfaz

Gaizawulfaz (nominative singular)
Gaizawulf (singular vocative)
Gaizawulfą (accusative singular)
Gaizawulfai (dative singular)
Gaizawulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gaiʀwulf

Old English: Gārwulf

Old Dutch: *Gerolf

Dutch: Gerlof, Gerolf

Old High German: *Gerolf

German: Gerolf, Gerulf

Latin: Gerulfus, Gerolfus

French: Gérulphe

Italian: Gerolfo

Old Norse: *Geirulfr

Norwegian: Geirulf, Gjerulf

Icelandic: Geirólfur

Faroese: Geirolvur

From *gaizaz (“spear, pike, javelin”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Þeudōmēraz

Þeudōmēraz (nominative singular)
Þeudōmēr (singular vocative)
Þeudōmērą (accusative singular)
Þeudōmēras (genitive singular)
Þeudōmēris (genitive singular)
Þeudōmērai (dative singular)
Þeudōmērō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeudumārī

Old English: Þēodmǣr

Old High German: *Diotmar

German: Dietmar

Old Norse: *Þjóðmærr

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍂 (*þiudamir)

Latin: Theodomarus, Theodemirus

English: Theodemer

Spanish: Teodomiro

/ˈθeu̯.ðɔː.ˌmɛː.rɑz/

From *þeudō (“people”) + *mēraz (“famous”).


Sigimunduz

Sigimunduz (nominative singular)
Sigimundu (singular vocative)
Sigimundų (accusative singular)
Sigimundauz (genitive singular)
Sigimundū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Sigimundu

Old English: Sigemund

desc

Middle English: Symount (conflated with Old Northern French Sigmund and Latin Simon)

English: Simon

Scots: Simon

Old Saxon: Sigimund

Old High German: Sigimunt

Middle High German: Sigemunt

desctree

German: Siegmund
→ English: Sigmund
→ Polish: Zygmunt
→ Lithuanian: Žygimantas
→ Old Ruthenian: Жыґимо́нтъ (Žygimónt)
> Belarusian: Жыгімо́нт (Žyhimónt) (inherited)
> Ukrainian: Жиґимо́нт (Žygymónt) (inherited)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Latin script: Sigmund
Cyrillic script: Сѝгмунд

→ Hungarian: Zsigmond

→ Slovak: Žigmund

desc

→ Latin: Sigmundus, Sigismundus (possibly influenced by or from Gothic)

Italian: Sigismondo, Gismondo

→ Spanish: Segismundo

→ English: Sigismund

→ French: Sigismond

→ Latvian: Sigismunds

→ Portuguese: Sigismundo

Old Norse: Sigmundr

Icelandic: Sigmundur

Faroese: Sigmundur

Norwegian: Sigmund

Old Swedish: Sigmunder

Swedish: Sigmund

→ Old Northern French: Sigmund

for <i class="Polyt mention" lang="grc">Σεγιμοΰντος</i> (Segimoǘntos)

→ Ancient Greek: Σεμιγοΰντος (Semigoǘntos) (for Σεγιμοΰντος (Segimoǘntos))

→ Latin: Segimundus

From *sigiz (“victory”) + *mundō (“protection”).


Gaizawaldaz

Gaizawaldaz (nominative singular)
Gaizawald (singular vocative)
Gaizawaldą (accusative singular)
Gaizawaldai (dative singular)
Gaizawaldō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gaiʀwald

Old English: Gārwald, Old English: *Gārweald

Old High German: *Gerwalt

German: Gerold

Frankish: *Gaiʀwald

Latin: Geraldus

Spanish: Geraldo

Portuguese: Geraldo

Italian: Geraldo

French: Gérald, Géraud

English: Gerald

Old Norse: *Geiraldr

Norwegian Nynorsk: Geirvald

From *gaizaz (“spear, pike, javelin”) + *waldaz (“powerful, mighty”).


Amalarīks

Amalarīks (nominative singular)
Amalarīk (singular vocative)
Amalarīkų (accusative singular)
Amalarīkiz (genitive singular)
Amalarīki (dative singular)
Amalarīkē (instrumental singular)

German: Emmerich

English: Amery

→ Italian: Amerigo

From *amalaz (“vigor; bravery”) + *rīks (“king”).


Gaizaharduz

Gaizaharduz (nominative singular)
Gaizahardu (singular vocative)
Gaizahardų (accusative singular)
Gaizahardauz (genitive singular)
Gaizahardū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Gaiʀahard
Old English: Gārheard
Old Dutch: *Gērhart (attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: Gherart, Gerart
Dutch: Gerard, Geert, Gert
Old High German: Gērhart
German: Gerhard
→ Hungarian: Gellért
→ Old Norse: Geirarðr
→ Old French: Gerart
French: Gérard
→ English: Gerard
→ Irish: Gearóid
→ Latin: Gerardus
Catalan: Gerard
Italian: Gerardo, Gherardo
Spanish: Gerardo

Old Norse:

Icelandic: Geirharður

From *gaizaz (“spear, pike, javelin”) + *harduz (“hard, brave”).


Anulô

Anulô (nominative singular)
Anulô (singular vocative)

Old English: Onela

Old High German: Anilo

Proto-Norse: ᚨᚾᚢᛚᚨ (anula /Anulā/) [290–310 AD]

Old Norse: Áli

Icelandic: Áli

*anô (“ancestor, forefather”) + *-ulô (“diminutive suffix”), thus meaning “little ancestor”.


Badwōhildiz

Badwōhildiz (nominative singular)
Badwōhildi (singular vocative)
Badwōhildį (accusative singular)
Badwōhildīz (genitive singular)
Badwōhildī (dative singular)
Badwōhildī (instrumental singular)

Old English: Beaduhild, Beadohild

Old Norse: Bǫðvildr

Icelandic: Böðvildur

From *badwō (“battle, fight”) + *hildiz (“battle, fight”).


Berhtamēraz

Berhtamēraz (nominative singular)
Berhtamēr (singular vocative)
Berhtamērą (accusative singular)
Berhtamērai (dative singular)
Berhtamērō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Berhtamārī

desc

Old English: Beorhtmǣr, Berhtmēr, Brihtmǣr

Frankish: *Berahtmar

Latin: Bertmerus

Old High German: Berchtmar

German: Bertmar

Old Norse: Bjartmarr

Icelandic: Bjartmar

Faroese: Bjartmar

Norwegian: Bjartmar

Swedish: Bjartmar

From *berhtaz (“bright, shining”) + *mēraz (“great, famous”).