it

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *it
Old Saxon: it
Middle Low German: it
Low German: et, it
Plautdietsch: et
Old Dutch: it
Middle Dutch: it, et
Old High German: iz
Middle High German: ëz
Alemannic German: es
Bavarian: es
Cimbrian: es, 'z (Luserna), is, 's
Mòcheno: s
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: es
German: es
Luxembourgish: et
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: es
Yiddish: עס (es)

Gothic: 𐌹𐍄𐌰 (ita)

nominative/accusative singular neuter of *iz


bai

bai (masculine nominative plural)
bōz (feminine nominative plural)
bō (neuter nominative plural)
banz (accusative masculine plural)
bōz (accusative feminine plural)
bō (accusative neuter plural)
bajjǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
bajjǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
bajjǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
baimaz (dative masculine plural)
baimaz (dative feminine plural)
baimaz (dative neuter plural)
baimiz (instrumental masculine plural)
baimiz (feminine instrumental plural)
baimiz (instrumental neuter plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: bœ̄ġen, bēġen, bēġġen (< Proto-West Germanic *bōjain, a compound formed from *bō + *jain)

desc

Middle English: beȝenn, beigene, beine, beie, beye, bey

desctree

Old Norse: beggja (genitive)
Icelandic: beggja
Faroese: beggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: begge
Old Swedish: bæggia, begge, bæggias, bægges, beggiars, bæggers
Swedish: bägge
Danish: begge

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹 (bai)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: bā þā

desc

Middle English: baþe, boþe, bayth, bothe

English: both

Scots: bathe, baith

Old Frisian: bēthe

Saterland Frisian: bee

West Frisian: beide

Old Saxon: bēthia

Middle Low German: bêde, beide, beyde

German Low German: beide, beid

Old Dutch: beithe

Middle Dutch: beide

Dutch: beide

Afrikaans: beide

Old High German: beidē

Middle High German: beide, bēde

German: beide

desctree

Old Norse: báðir
Icelandic: báðir
Faroese: báðir
Norwegian Bokmål: både
Norwegian Nynorsk: både; båe
Elfdalian: båðer
Old Swedish: bāþir, bāþe
Swedish: både; båda
Danish: både

Compare Lithuanian abu (“both”), Proto-Slavic *oba, Sanskrit उभय (ubhaya), Latin (am)bō; from a common Proto-Indo-European *bʰoh₁, reflected in the neuter form *bō.


hit

Old English: hit

Middle English: hit, it

English: it, hit (dialectal)

Scots: it

Old Frisian: hit, et

Saterland Frisian: et

West Frisian: it

Old Saxon: hit

Middle Low German: hit

Low German: et, it

Plautdietsch: et

Old Dutch: hit

Middle Dutch: hit, het

Dutch: het

Limburgish: hèt

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌰 (hita)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱe(y)- (“this, here”).

inh

nominative/accusative singular neuter of *hiz


sa

gem-decl-adj-table

*sa (irregular)

sa (masculine nominative singular)
þai (masculine nominative plural)
sō (feminine nominative singular)
þôz (feminine nominative plural)
þat (neuter nominative singular)
þō (neuter nominative plural)
þanǭ (accusative masculine singular)
þanz (accusative masculine plural)
þǭ (accusative feminine singular)
þōz (accusative feminine plural)
þat (accusative neuter singular)
þō (accusative neuter plural)
þas (genitive masculine singular)
þaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
þaizōz (feminine genitive singular)
þaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
þas (genitive neuter singular)
þaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
þammai (dative masculine singular)
þaimaz (dative masculine plural)
þaizōi (dative feminine singular)
þaimaz (dative feminine plural)
þammai (dative neuter singular)
þaimaz (dative neuter plural)
þanō (instrumental masculine singular)
þaimiz (instrumental masculine plural)
þaizō (feminine instrumental singular)
þaimiz (feminine instrumental plural)
þanō (instrumental neuter singular)
þaimiz (instrumental neuter plural)

Nominative

*sa (nominative singular masculine; OE and OS sē derive from related *sai)

Proto-West Germanic:

desctree

Old English: sē, þē — late nom. masc. sg. form, þē — Mercian, sæ, ðē, ðæ — Northumbrian
Middle English: se, ze, sæ

Old Saxon: sē

Proto-Norse: ᛋᛡ (sᴀ)

Old Norse: sá
Icelandic: sá
Faroese: sá
Old Swedish: sa

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰 (sa)

q

⇒ (s- analogically replaced with þ- of the other forms)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: þē

desctree

Middle English: þe, the, thi, thy, þͤ, þᵉ, þi, þy
English: the
Fingallian: tha
Scots: the
Yola: a

Old Frisian: thī, thā

North Frisian: di

Saterland Frisian: die

West Frisian: de, dy

Old Saxon: thē
Middle Low German: de
Low German: de

Old Dutch: thie
Middle Dutch: die
Dutch: de, de
Afrikaans: die
Limburgish: dae

q

Old High German: dēr (also influenced by adjective inflection)

Middle High German: der

Alemannic German: dr

Swabian: d'r

Bavarian: da

Cimbrian: dèar, dar

Mòcheno: der

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: dää

Kölsch: dä

German: der

Hessian: dè

Yiddish: דער (der)

*sō (nominative singular feminine) (see there for further descendants)

*þat (nominative/accusative singular neuter) (see there for further descendants)

*þai (nominative plural masculine) (see there for further descendants)

*þôz (nominative/accusative plural feminine)

desctree

Proto-Norse: ᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ (þᴀiᴀʀ /þaiaʀ/)
Old West Norse: þær
Icelandic: þær
Faroese: tær
Old East Norse: þáʀ, ᚦᛆᛧ
Old Swedish: þār, þā
Old Gutnish: þar

Gothic: 𐌸𐍉𐍃 (þōs)

*þō (nominative/accusative plural neuter)

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᚢᚾ (*þaun)

Old West Norse: þau

Icelandic: þau

Faroese: tey

Old East Norse: þaun, ᚦᛅᚢᚾ, ᚦᛆᚢᚿ

Old Swedish: þø̄n

Old Gutnish: þaun

Gothic: 𐌸𐍉 (þō)

Accusative

*þanǭ (accusative singular masculine)

Proto-West Germanic: *þanā

Old English: þone, ðane — Kentish, þane, þæne, þene — Mercian, ðæne, ðene — Northumbrian, þonne, þon — Northumbrian
Middle English: þone, þane
English: than (obsolete)

Old Saxon: thana, thena
Low German: den

Old Dutch: thana

Dutch: den

Limburgish: den

Old High German: then, den

Cimbrian: den

German: den

Luxembourgish: deen

Old Norse: þann
Icelandic: þann
Faroese: tann
Norwegian Nynorsk: dan, den
Russenorsk: den, dein, денъ (den)
Old Swedish: þæn, ᚦᛅᚿ
Swedish: den; then, dhen (obsolete)
Danish: den, æ
Norwegian Bokmål: den

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 (þana)

*þǭ (accusative singular feminine)

Proto-West Germanic: *þā

Old English: þā

Middle English: þa, þo

English: tho (obsolete)

Old Saxon: thia
Low German: de

Old Dutch: thie-a

Dutch: de

Old High German: diu

Middle High German: diu

Alemannic German: d

Cimbrian: dòi

East Central German: de

German: die

Kölsch: die

Luxembourgish: déi

Yiddish: די (di)

Old Norse: þá

Icelandic: þá

Faroese: ta

Old Swedish: þā, þē

Gothic: 𐌸𐍉 (þō)

*þanz (accusative plural masculine)

Old Norse: þá

Icelandic: þá

Faroese: tá (obsolete)

Old Swedish: þā

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þans)

Genitive

*þas (genitive singular masculine/neuter)

Proto-West Germanic: *þas

Old English: þæs
Middle English: þæs, þas
English: thes (obsolete)

Old Saxon: thes
Low German: des

Old Dutch: thes

Dutch: des

Old High German:

German: des

Old Norse: þess

Icelandic: þess

Faroese: tess

Norwegian: dess

Old Swedish: þæs, thes, thess

Swedish: dess

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐍃 (þis)

*þaizōz (genitive singular feminine)

Proto-West Germanic: *þaiʀā

Old English: þǣre
Middle English: þǣre

Old Saxon: thera

Old Dutch: thero

Dutch: der

Old High German:

German: der

Old Norse: þeirrar

Icelandic: þeirrar

Faroese: teirrar

Old Swedish: þēra, þærra

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (þizōs)

*þaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þaiʀō

Old English: þāra, þǣra
Middle English: þare

Old Saxon: thero
Low German: der

Old Dutch: thero

Dutch: der

Limburgish: dier

Old High German: dēro

Cimbrian: dar

German: der

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᛁᛉᛟ (*þaiʀo /*þaizō/)

Old Norse: þeira, þeirra — Icelandic-Faroese
Icelandic: þeirra
Faroese: teirra
Norwegian Nynorsk: deira
Old Swedish: þēra
Swedish: deras
Old Danish: theræ(s)
Danish: deres
→ Middle English: þeir
English: their
Scots: thair

desc

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 m or n (þizē), 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 f (þizō)

Dative

*þammai (dative singular masculine/neuter)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: þǣm, þām

Old Saxon: thēm

Low German: dem

Old Dutch: themo

Limburgish: dem

Old High German: themu, demu

Alemannic German: em

Cimbrian: dèmme

German: dem

Luxembourgish: deem

Yiddish: דעם (dem)

Old Norse: þeim

Icelandic: þeim

Faroese: teim

Old Swedish: þēm, þæm, þø̄m, þem

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 (þamma)

*þaizōi (dative singular feminine)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: þǣre
Middle English: þǣre

Old Saxon: theru

Old Dutch: thero

Dutch: der

Old High German:

Alemannic German: der

Cimbrian: dèar

German: der

Luxembourgish: där

Yiddish: דער (der)

Old Norse: þeiri, þeirri

Icelandic: þeirri

Faroese: teirri

Old Swedish: þēre, þērre

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (þizōs)

*þaimaz (dative plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þaim

Old English: þǣm, þām

Old Saxon: them

desctree

Old Norse: þeim
Icelandic: þeim
Faroese: teimum
Norwegian Nynorsk: deim
Old Swedish: þem, them
Swedish: dem
Old Danish: þæm, thæm
Danish: dem
Norwegian Bokmål: dem
→ Middle English: þem
English: them, thame
Scots: thaim, them

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 (þaim)

Instrumental

*þanō (instrumental singular masculine/neuter)

Old English: þon
Middle English: þon, þan
English: than (obsolete)

*þaizō (instrumental singular feminine)

Old English: þǣre

*þaimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þǣm, þām


þat

Proto-West Germanic: *þat

Old English: þæt
Middle English: that
English: that
Scots: that
Yola: at, et, thet, that, th', y'at

Old Frisian: thet

Saterland Frisian: dät

West Frisian: dat

Old Saxon: that

Middle Low German: dat

Low German: dat; datt

Old Dutch: that
Middle Dutch: dat
Dutch: dat, het
Afrikaans: dat
Limburgish: det

Old High German: daz, thaz, that, dat — northern
Middle High German: daȥ
Alemannic German: ds, s
Swabian: des
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: des, 's, z
Mòcheno: s
German: das, dass
Hessian: dès
Luxembourgish: dass
Silesian East Central German: doas
Yiddish: דאָס (dos)

Northern Old High German: dat, that, daz, thaz
Middle High German: dat
Central Franconian: dat, datt
Luxembourgish: dat, datt

Proto-Norse: ᚦᚨᛏ (þat), ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt)

Old Norse: þat
Icelandic: það
Faroese: tað, hað
Norn: da
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: det
Norwegian Nynorsk: det, dat
Jamtish: deð, heð
Old Swedish: þæt, þet, thæt, thet, thz
Swedish: det, (obsolete) thet, dhet
Old Danish: thet
Danish: det

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (þata)

⇒ *þes-

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: þes

Middle English: þes
English: these
Middle Scots: thais, thois, theis

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: disse

West Frisian: dizze

Old Saxon: these
Low German: düsse, disse

Old Dutch: these
Middle Dutch: dēse, deze
Dutch: deze, dit
Limburgish: deze

Old High German: dese, these

Cimbrian: diiza

German: diese

Old Norse: sjá, þessi
Icelandic: þessi m or f, þetta n
Faroese: hesin m, henda f, hetta n
Norwegian Nynorsk: denne m or f (-nn- from the accusative), dette n, desse pl
Old Swedish: þænni
Swedish: denna c, detta n, dessa pl
Danish: denne c, dette n, disse pl
Norwegian Bokmål: denne c, dette n, disse pl

nominative/accusative singular neuter of *sa


sō

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: sēo, sio, ðiu, ðio, ðyu, ðy — Northumbrian, siu, sio, sie — Mercian, sia, syo, þeo
Middle English: seo, si, se, zi

Old Saxon: siu

Old Norse: sú

Icelandic: sú

Faroese: sú

Gothic: 𐍃𐍉 (sō)

q

⇒ (s- analogically replaced with þ- of the other forms)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: þēo

Middle English: þeo

English: tho (obsolete)

desctree

Old Saxon: thiu
Middle Low German: de
Low German: de

Old Dutch: thie-a

Dutch: de

Old High German: diu

Middle High German: diu

Alemannic German: d

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: dòi, de, di

Mòcheno: de

East Central German: de

German: die

Kölsch: die

Luxembourgish: déi

Yiddish: די (di)

nominative/accusative singular feminine of *sa


hes

Proto-West Germanic: *hes, *his

Old English: his

Middle English: his

English: his

Scots: his

Old Saxon: is

Old Dutch: is

genitive singular masculine/neuter of *hiz


mīnaz

mīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mīnis (genitive masculine singular strong)
mīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mīnis (genitive neuter singular strong)
mīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mīn
Old English: mīn
Middle English: min
English: mine
Scots: mine
⇒ Middle English: mi, me, mie, my (apocopated)
English: my
Geordie English: my, maw
Scots: my, ma, me
Yola: mee
Old Frisian: mīn
North Frisian: man
Saterland Frisian: min, mien
West Frisian: myn
Old Saxon: mīn
Middle Low German: mīn
German Low German: mien
Old Dutch: mīn
Middle Dutch: mijn
Dutch: mijn
Limburgish: mien
Old High German: mīn
Middle High German: mīn
Alemannic German: miin, myn
Bavarian: mei
Cimbrian: main, moi (Luserna)
Hunsrik: mein
Luxembourgish: mäin
German: mein
Vilamovian: maj
Yiddish: מײַן (mayn)

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*minaʀ /mīnaʀ/) (attested forms: ᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ (minino /mīninō/, m. acc. sg.), ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊ (minas /mīnas/, m. gen. sg.), ᛗᛁᚾᚢ (minu /mīnu/, f. nom. sg.))

Old Norse: mínn, minn
Icelandic: minn
Faroese: mín
Norwegian: min
Old Swedish: mīn
Swedish: min
Danish: min

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (meins)

Crimean Gothic: mine

From pre-Proto-Germanic *mey-no-s, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ ~ *h₁mey, whence also *miz (“me”), + *-nos (adjectival suffix).

my, mine; 1st person singular possessive


þīnaz

þīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þīnis (genitive masculine singular strong)
þīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þīnis (genitive neuter singular strong)
þīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *þīn
Old English: þīn
Middle English: þin, þine, þyn, þyne, thin, thine, thyn, thyne, þinne, thyen, theyn, tin, tine, yin
English: thine (determiner)
⇒ Middle English: þi, they, thi, thy, ti, ty, þei, þey, þhi, þy, yi, yhi (apocopated variant)
English: thy
Old Frisian: thīn
West Frisian: dyn
Old Saxon: thīn
Old Dutch: thīn
Middle Dutch: dijn
Dutch: dijn
Limburgish: dien
Old High German: dīn, thin
Middle High German: dīn
Alemannic German: diin, dyn
Bavarian: dei
Cimbrian: dain, doi (Luserna)
German: dein
Hunsrik: dein
Luxembourgish: däin
Yiddish: דײַן (dayn)

Old Norse: þínn, þinn
Icelandic: þinn, þín
Faroese: tín
Norwegian: din
Old Swedish: þīn
Swedish: din
Danish: din

Gothic: 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (þeins)

your, yours (thy, thine); 2nd person singular possessive


sīnaz

sīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sīnis (genitive masculine singular strong)
sīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sīnis (genitive neuter singular strong)
sīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīn
Old English: sīn
Old Frisian: sīn
Saterland Frisian: sin
West Frisian: syn
Old Saxon: sīn
Middle Low German: sîn
German Low German: sien
Low German: sien
Old Dutch: sīn
Middle Dutch: sijn
Dutch: zijn
Limburgish: zeen
Old High German: sīn
Middle High German: sīn
Alemannic German: siin
Bavarian: sei
Cimbrian: zain, soi (Luserna)
German: sein
Hunsrik: sein
Luxembourgish: säin
Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)

Old Norse: sínn, sinn
Icelandic: sinn
Faroese: sín
Old Swedish: sīn
Swedish: sin
Danish: sin
Norwegian Bokmål: sin
Norwegian Nynorsk: sin

Gothic: 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (seins)

From Proto-Indo-European *séynos, equivalent to the genitive form of Proto-Germanic *se-.

his/her/its/their own; reflexive possessive


unkeraz

unkeraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unkerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unkerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unkerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unkerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unkerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unkeranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unkeranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unkerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unkerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unkerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unkerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unkeras (genitive masculine singular strong)
unkiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
unkeraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unkeraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unkeraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unkeras (genitive neuter singular strong)
unkiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
unkeraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unkerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unkeraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unkeraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unkeraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unkerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unkeraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unkeranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unkeraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unkeraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unkeraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unkeranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unkeraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *unkar
Old English: uncer
Middle English: unker
Old Saxon: unker
>? Old High German:
Sette Comuni Cimbrian: ögnar

Old Norse: okkarr

Icelandic: okkar

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: okka, okkons, kons, kans

Old Swedish: okar, ukar

Gothic: *𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌰𐍂 (*ugkar)

our, of us two; 1st person dual possessive


inkweraz

inkweraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
inkwerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
inkwerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
inkwerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
inkwerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
inkwerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
inkweranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
inkweranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
inkwerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
inkwerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
inkwerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
inkwerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
inkweras (genitive masculine singular strong)
inkwiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
inkweraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
inkweraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
inkweraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
inkweras (genitive neuter singular strong)
inkwiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
inkweraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
inkwerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
inkweraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
inkweraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
inkweraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
inkwerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
inkweraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
inkweranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
inkweraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
inkweraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
inkweraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
inkweranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
inkweraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *inkwar
Old English: incer
Middle English: inker
Old Saxon: inker, inka
Old High German: enker
Middle High German: enker
Yiddish: ענקער (enker) (Poylish)

Proto-Norse: *ᛁᛜᚲᚹᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*iŋkwaraʀ)

Old West Norse: ykkarr, *þykkarr

Icelandic: ykkar

Faroese: tykkara

Norwegian Nynorsk: dykkar

Old East Norse: *ikkarʀ

Old Swedish: *ikkar

Dalian: ikken, ikko, ikka

Gothic: 𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐍂 (igqar)

your, of you two; 2nd person dual possessive


unseraz

unseraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unserai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unserō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unserôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unserą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unserō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unseranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unseranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unserǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unserōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unserą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unserō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unseras (genitive masculine singular strong)
unsiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
unseraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unseraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unseraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unseras (genitive neuter singular strong)
unsiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
unseraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unserammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unseraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unseraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unseraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unserammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unseraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unseranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unseraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unseraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unseraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unseranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unseraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *unsar
Old English: ūser, ūre, ūr, usser
Middle English: oure
Scots: wir
English: our
Old Frisian: ūser, ūse
West Frisian: ús
Old Saxon: ūsa, ūse
Old Dutch: unsa
Middle Dutch: onse
Dutch: ons
Afrikaans: ons
Old High German: unsēr
Middle High German: unser
Alemannic German: öise, öisere, oisere
Cimbrian: ünsar
German: unser
Yiddish: אונדזער (undzer)

Proto-Norse: *ᛟᛊᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*osaraʀ /õsaraʀ/)

Old Norse: várr, órr — archaic
Icelandic: vor
Faroese: vár
Norwegian Nynorsk: vår
Norwegian Bokmål: vår
Elfdalian: ųor (< órr)
Old Swedish: vār
Swedish: vår, våran
Old Danish: vor
Danish: vor, vores
→ Old English: *war (Northumbrian)
English: wor (dialectal, Northern England)
Scots: wir

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂 (unsar)


izweraz

izweraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
izwerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
izwerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
izwerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
izwerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
izwerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
izweranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
izweranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
izwerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
izwerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
izwerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
izwerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
izweras (genitive masculine singular strong)
izwiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
izweraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
izweraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
izweraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
izweras (genitive neuter singular strong)
izwiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
izweraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
izwerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
izweraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
izweraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
izweraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
izwerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
izweraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
izweranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
izweraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
izweraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
izweraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
izweranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
izweraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *iuwar
Old English: ēower, īower
Middle English: your, youre, yowr, yowre, ȝour, ȝoure, yowyr, yowur, yor, yur, yure, yeur, yhure, yhour, yhoure, ȝowyr, ȝowur, ȝor, ȝore, ȝur, ȝure, ȝiore, ȝhour, ȝhoure, ȝaure, ȝiure, ȝiwer, ȝeur, ȝeure, ȝeuer, ȝeuwer, ȝewer, ȝewere, gur, gure, giur, giure, giuor, giuer, giuwer, giwer, ihore, ihoire, iure, eour, eoure, eouer, eouwer, eouwere, eower, eowwer, eore, eur, eure, euwer, euwere, our, oure, or, ore, ouer, ouwer, ouwere, ower, owur, hour, æure
English: your (ya, yer, yo)
Scots: your (yer)
Yola: yer
Old Frisian: jūwer, jūwe
West Frisian: jim
Old Saxon: īuwar, gīuwar, euwar
Middle Low German: juwe
Old Dutch: iuwa, *juwa
Middle Dutch: uwe, juwe, jouwe
Dutch: uw, jouw
Afrikaans: jou
Old High German: iuwar
Middle High German: iuwer, iur, (Central German also) ūwer, ūr
Alemannic German: öie
Cimbrian: ôar
Central Franconian: ühr, ähr, eier, auer
Luxembourgish: är
German: euer
Yiddish: אײַער (ayer)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛁᛉᚹᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*iʀwaraʀ), *ᛁᛞᚹᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*idwaraʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: yðvarr, yðarr
Icelandic: yðar, yðvar
Norwegian Bokmål: deres
Old Swedish: iþar, idhar
Swedish: edar, eder, er
Danish: jeres, eders

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂 (izwar)


hiz

gem-decl-adj-table

*hiz (irregular)

hiz (masculine nominative singular)
hīz (masculine nominative plural)
hijō? (feminine nominative singular)
hijōz (feminine nominative plural)
hit (neuter nominative singular)
hijō (neuter nominative plural)
hinǭ (accusative masculine singular)
hinz (accusative masculine plural)
hijǭ (accusative feminine singular)
hijōz (accusative feminine plural)
hit (accusative neuter singular)
hijō (accusative neuter plural)
hes (genitive masculine singular)
hezǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
hezōz (feminine genitive singular)
hezǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
hes (genitive neuter singular)
hezǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
himmai (dative masculine singular)
himaz (dative masculine plural)
hezōi (dative feminine singular)
himaz (dative feminine plural)
himmai (dative neuter singular)
himaz (dative neuter plural)
hinō (instrumental masculine singular)
himiz (instrumental masculine plural)
hezō (feminine instrumental singular)
himiz (feminine instrumental plural)
hinō (instrumental neuter singular)
himiz (instrumental neuter plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hiʀ

desctree

Old English: hē
Middle English: he, hee, ȝe, e, hey, hi, hie, hye, heo, ho, hæ, ha, a
English: he
Scots: he
Yola: hea, he, hey, hay

Old Frisian: hī
North Frisian:
Most dialects: hi, he
Halligen: hii
Saterland Frisian: hie
West Frisian: hy

Old Saxon: hē, hī

Middle Low German: hê, hî

German Low German: he

Low German: he

Old Dutch: hie
Middle Dutch: hi
Dutch: hij, ie
Limburgish: hae

Old High German: her (northern dialects)

Middle High German: her, *he

Central Franconian: hä

Luxembourgish: hien (from the accusative)

Vilamovian: hār

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛁᚾᛟ (hino) (masculine accusative singular)

Gothic: *𐌷𐌹𐍃 (*his)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱís, compound of *ḱe + *ís.


allaz

allaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
allai (masculine nominative plural strong)
allō (feminine nominative singular strong)
allôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
allą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
allō (neuter nominative plural strong)
allanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
allanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
allǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
allōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
allą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
allō (accusative neuter plural strong)
allas (genitive masculine singular strong)
allis (genitive masculine singular strong)
allaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
allaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
allaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
allas (genitive neuter singular strong)
allis (genitive neuter singular strong)
allaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
allammai (dative masculine singular strong)
allaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
allaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
allaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
allammai (dative neuter singular strong)
allaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
allanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
allaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
allaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
allaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
allanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
allaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *all
Old English: eall, æal, all — Anglian, æall, eal, eæll, ᚪᛚ (al) — Ruthwell Cross
Middle English: all, al
English: all
Geordie English: a'
Scots: a', a, aw, aa, aal (Shetland)
Yola: aul, aal, all, al
Old Frisian: al
Saterland Frisian: al, aal
West Frisian: al
Old Saxon: al, all
Middle Low German: al, alle
German Low German: all, alle (Münsterländisch; Sauerländisch), olle (Paderbornisch)
Old Dutch: al, ol
Middle Dutch: al
Dutch: al
Afrikaans: al
Limburgish: al
Old High German: al, all
Middle High German: al
Alemannic German: älli
German: all
Luxembourgish: all
Yiddish: אַלע (ale)

Old Norse: allr
Icelandic: allur
Faroese: allur
Norwegian Nynorsk: all
Old Swedish: alder, ᛆᛚᚦᚽᚱ (Runic)
Swedish: all
Danish: al
Norwegian Bokmål: all

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (alls)

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

From pre-Germanic *h₂elnós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“beyond, other”).


hwilīkaz

*hwilīkaz (a-stem)

hwilīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwilīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwilīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwilīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwilīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwilīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwilīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwilīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwilīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwilīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwilīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwilīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwilīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwilīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwilīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwilīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwilīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwilīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwilīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwilīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwilīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwilīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwilīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwilīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwilīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwilīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwilīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwilīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwilīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwilīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwilīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwilīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwilīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwilīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwilīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwilīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwilīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwilīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwilīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwilīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwilīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwilīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwilīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwilīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwilīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwilīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwilīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwilīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwilīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwilīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwilīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwilīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwilīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwilīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwilīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwilīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwilīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwilīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwilīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwilīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hwelċ, hwilċ, hwylċ

desc

Middle English: hwilc, hwic, whilk, hwilch, hwulch, wilche, whuch, which

Early Scots: quhilk

Scots: whilk

English: which

Old Frisian: hwelik, hwelk, hwek, hulk, huk, hok

North Frisian: hock

Saterland Frisian: wäl; wäkker, wäkke

West Frisian: hokker

Old Saxon: hwilīk

Middle Low German: welk

German Low German: welke, wecke

Low German: welk

Old Dutch: welik

Middle Dutch: welc

Dutch: welk

desctree

Old High German: welih, hwalīh, hwelīh, hwilīh, wilih
Middle High German: welich, welch
German: welch

q

Old Norse: hvíglíkr, hvílíkr (most descendants from accusative hvílíkan)

Icelandic: hvílíkur

Faroese: hvílíkur

qualifier

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">hvatki</i>; non-standard since 2012

Norwegian Nynorsk: hokken (merged with hvatki; non-standard since 2012), hokke som (from the neuter hokke)

Old Swedish: hvilikin, hulkin

Swedish: vilken, (dialectal) hóken, hôkken

Danish: hvilken

Norwegian Bokmål: hvilken

Gothic: 𐍈𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (ƕileiks)

From *hwi- (“what”) + *-līkaz (“-like”), the former being the stem of *hwaz (“what, who”).


swalīkaz

*swalīkaz (a-stem)

swalīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swalīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swalīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swalīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swalīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swalīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swalīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swalīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swalīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swalīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swalīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swalīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swalīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swalīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swalīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swalīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swalīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swalīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swalīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swalīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swalīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swalīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swalīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swalīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swalīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swalīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swalīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swalīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swalīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swalīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swalīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swalīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swalīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swalīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swalīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swalīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swalīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swalīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swalīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swalīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swalīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swalīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swalīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swalīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swalīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swalīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swalīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
swalīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swalīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swalīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swalīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
swalīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swalīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swalīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swalīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swalīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swalīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swalīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: swelċ, swylċ, swilċ

desc

Middle English: sich, swilk, sik, swilch, swich

Scots: swilk, sik, sic

English: soch, such; sich, sech, sek (dialectal)

Old Frisian: sālik, salk, sēlik, selk, sullik, sellech, sulch, sek, suk

Saterland Frisian: suk

West Frisian: sok

Old Saxon: sulik

Middle Low German: solik, sollik, sollek, solk

Low German: sölk, sulk, suk

Old Dutch: *selik, sulik

Middle Dutch: swilk, solick, solck, selc, sulc, sulck

Dutch: zulk

Afrikaans: sulke

Old High German: sulih, solih, solh

Middle High German: sulich, solich, solch

German: solch

Yiddish: אַזעלכער (azelkher)

Old Norse: slíkr

Icelandic: slíkur

Faroese: slíkur

Norwegian Bokmål: slik

Danish: slig

Old Swedish: slīker, seliker, siliker

Swedish: slik

Dalian: slaiker, slaik

Elfdalian: slaik

Helsingian: slikan

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (swaleiks)


jainaz

jainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
jainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
jainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
jainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
jainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
jainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
jainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
jainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
jainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
jainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
jainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
jainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
jainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
jainis (genitive masculine singular strong)
jainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
jainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
jainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
jainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
jainis (genitive neuter singular strong)
jainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
jainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
jainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
jainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
jainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
jainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
jainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
jainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
jainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
jainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
jainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
jainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
jainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *jain

desctree

Old English: ġeon
Middle English: yon, gion, ȝen, ȝene, ȝeon, ȝhone, ȝon, ȝone, ȝonne, ȝyn, yhon, yoene, yone
English: yon
⇒ English: thon (under the influence of this, that)
Scots: yon, thon

Old Frisian: jen, jena

Saterland Frisian: juns

West Frisian: jinge; itjinge

(Old Saxon: ginuwar, genower; gendro)

(Middle Low German: ginder, gender)

(German Low German: günt, günners, günnert, etc.)

Old Dutch: *gēn

Middle Dutch: gene, ghene

Dutch: ginds, geen, gene

desc

Limburgish: g'n, gen (post-prepositional definite article)

desctree

Old High German: jenēr
Middle High German: jener, ener
Alemannic German: ääne
Central Franconian: jen (post-prepositional definite article in western dialects)
German: jener
Yiddish: יענער (yener)

>? Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*hīnaʀ) (highly uncertain)

Old Norse: hinn, inn, enn, -inn

Icelandic: enn, inn, hinn, -inn

Faroese: -in, hin

Norwegian Nynorsk: -en, hin

Swedish: -en

Danish: -en, hin

Norwegian Bokmål: -en, hin

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (jains)

From the pronominal Proto-Indo-European *ís; related to Old Church Slavonic онъ (onŭ, “he”), Latin idem (“the same”), and Sanskrit एना (enā, “that; he”).


hwarjaz

hwarjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwarjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwarjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwarjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwarją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwarjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwarjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwarjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwarjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwarjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwarją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwarjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwarjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwaris (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwarjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwarjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwarjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwarjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwaris (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwarjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwarjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwarjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwarjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwarjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwarjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwarjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwarjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwarjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwarjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwarjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwarjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwarjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*hwarjaʀ)

Old Norse: hverr (paradigm merged with *hwaz)

Icelandic: hver

Faroese: hvør

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, kven

Old Swedish: hvar (acc. fem. hvaria)

Swedish: varje (var)

Danish: hver

Norwegian Bokmål: hver

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (ƕarjis)

From earlier *kʷoryos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷ-.


hwaþeraz

hwaþeraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwaþerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwaþerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwaþerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwaþerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwaþerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwaþeranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwaþeranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwaþerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwaþerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwaþerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwaþerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwaþeras (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwaþiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwaþeraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwaþeraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwaþeraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwaþeras (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwaþiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwaþeraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwaþerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwaþeraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwaþeraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwaþeraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwaþerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwaþeraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwaþeranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwaþeraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwaþeraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwaþeraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwaþeranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwaþeraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaþar
Old English: hwæþer
Middle English: whether
Scots: quhether, quhither, whedder
English: whether
⇒ Old English: ǣġhwæþer, ǣġþer, āðer
Middle English: either, æȝþer, ethir, eiþer, outher
English: either
Scots: aither
Old Frisian: hweder
Old Saxon: hwēthar
Old Dutch: *wether
Middle Dutch: weder
Dutch: weder, weer
Afrikaans: weer
Limburgish: wieër
Old High German: wedar
Middle High German: weder
Alemannic German: weder
Cimbrian: bèdar
German: weder

Old Norse: hvaðarr, hvárr

Icelandic: hvor; hvorki (from Old Norse hvárt + -gi)

Faroese: hvørki

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, korkje, kven

Old Swedish: hvār; hvarke, hvarkin

Swedish: var; varken

Danish: hver

Norwegian Bokmål: hver

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂 (ƕaþar)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷóteros (“which of two”), from *kʷos (“which”). Cognate with Sanskrit कतर (katará), Ancient Greek πότερος (póteros), Proto-Slavic *koterъjь / *kotorъjь, Latin uter.


sumaz

sumaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sumai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sumō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sumôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sumą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sumō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sumanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sumanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sumǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sumōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sumą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sumō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sumas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sumis (genitive masculine singular strong)
sumaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sumaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sumaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sumas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sumis (genitive neuter singular strong)
sumaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sumammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sumaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sumaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sumaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sumammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sumaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sumanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sumaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sumaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sumaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sumanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sumaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sum
Old English: sum
Middle English: som, somme, summe, zome (Kent)
English: some
Scots: sum, some
Yola: zim, zum
Old Frisian: sum
North Frisian: som, sam, säm
West Frisian: sume, sum
Old Saxon: sum
Middle Low German: som
Low German: sum
Old Dutch: sum
Middle Dutch: som
Dutch: som, saom (dialectal)
Limburgish: zóm
Old High German: sum
Middle High German: sum

Old Norse: sumr
Icelandic: sumur
Faroese: summur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sum, som; (dialectal) sum’e, søm
Old Swedish: sumber
Swedish: somme, somma, somt, (dialectal) sômmer, sômma
Danish: somme
Norwegian Bokmål: somme

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍃 (sums)

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₁-o-, from *sem- (“one, whole”).

(in the singular) some (one), a certain (one)


þai

Proto-West Germanic: *þai

Old English: þā

Middle English: tha, tho; thas, thos

Scots: tha, thai; thais

English: tho; those

Old Frisian: thā

Saterland Frisian: do

West Frisian: dy

Old Saxon: thē

Middle Low German: dê

German Low German: de

Old Dutch: thie

Middle Dutch: die

Dutch: die

Old High German: dē, dea, dia, die

Middle High German: dē, die

German: die

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᛁᛉ (*þaiʀ)

Old Norse: þeir, ᚦᛅᛁᛦ (þaiʀ) — early Common Nordic, ᚦᛅᛁᚱ (þair), ᚦᛂᛁᚱ (þeir) — after merger of r and ʀ, occurring by the 800s in West Norse and late 1000s in East Norse, ᚦᛂᚱ (þer), ᚦᛂᛦ (þeʀ), ᚦᛁᚱ (þir), ᚦᛁᛦ (þiʀ) — after East Norse monophthongization, starting in the mid 900s in Denmark, ᚦᛅ (þa), ᚦᛅᛁᛘ (þaim) — Common Nordic, ᚦᛂᛁᛘ (þeim) — after invention of stung runes, ᚦᛂᛘ (þem), ᚦᛁᛘ (þim) — after East Norse monophthongization, ᚦᛅᛁᚱᛅ (þaira), ᚦᛅᛁᛦᛅ (þaiʀa), ᚦᛂᛁᚱᛅ (þeira), ᚦᛂᛁᛦᛅ (þeiʀa), ᚦᛂᚱᛅ (þera), ᚦᛂᛦᛅ (þeʀa), ᚦᛁᚱᛅ (þira), ᚦᛁᛦᛅ (þiʀa)
Icelandic: þeir
Faroese: teir
Norwegian Nynorsk: dei
Jamtish: di
Elfdalian: dier
Old Swedish: þēr, the, þir, thi
Swedish: de, (archaic) the, dhe (dialectal) di, da
Old Danish: þhe, the
Danish: de
Norwegian Bokmål: de
Old Gutnish: þar
Gutnish: dair, di
→ Middle English: thei, they
Scots: they
English: they

From demonstrative root *þa- with plural suffix *-i, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tóy. Compare *twai (“two”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ with same suffix.

they; those; nominative plural masculine of *sa


himmai

Proto-West Germanic: *himmā, *himō

Old English: him

Middle English: him

English: him

Scots: him

Old Frisian: him

North Frisian: ham, höm (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: him

West Frisian: him

Old Saxon: imu

desc

Middle Low German: ime, ēme, ȫme, gim, jum, um, em, en

German Low German: hum, hüm, em, äm

Dutch Low Saxon: em, um

Plautdietsch: am

Old Dutch: himo, imo, him

Middle Dutch: heme, him, hem, hen

Dutch: hem

Old High German: himo, imo, imu

Middle High German: him, ime, im

German: ihm

dative singular masculine/neuter of *hiz


hezōz

Old Dutch: hiro


hezōi

desctree

Old English: hire, hyre, hiere, heore, hiore, hure, hir, hiræ, hira, hyræ, hyra, hyr, hieræ, heora
Middle English: hire, hir, hyre, hyr, ire, ir, here, her, ere, er, heyre, heore, hare, hure, hur, hurre, huere
English: her
Scots: her
Yola: her

Old Frisian: hire, hiāre

North Frisian: hör

Saterland Frisian: hier

West Frisian: har

Old Saxon: *hiro, *iro

Middle Low German: ere, er

Low German: ehr, hör, eer, er

Old Dutch: hiro

Middle Dutch: haer

Dutch: haar

Old High German: ira

Alemannic German: ire

German: ihr

Luxembourgish: hir

Yiddish: איר (ir)


himaz

Old English: heom

Middle English: hem
English: 'em, hem
Fingallian: a'me
Yola: aam

Old Dutch: hin

Middle Dutch: hen

Dutch: hen

German: ihnen


hijō

Proto-West Germanic: *hiju

Old English: hēo, hæo — Anglian, hiu, hia, hīo
Middle English: ȝho, hyo, hye, scho, hoo, sche
English: she (dialectal hoo, shoo)
Scots: she, sho

Old Frisian: hiō, hiū

Saterland Frisian: jo, ju

West Frisian: so, sy, se

she; nominative singular feminine of *hiz


aljaz

aljaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aljai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aljō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aljôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
alją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aljō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aljanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aljanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aljǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aljōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
alją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aljō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aljas (genitive masculine singular strong)
alis (genitive masculine singular strong)
aljaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aljaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aljaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aljas (genitive neuter singular strong)
alis (genitive neuter singular strong)
aljaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aljammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aljaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aljaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aljaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aljammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aljaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aljanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aljaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aljaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aljaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aljanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aljaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *alljas
Old English: elles
Middle English: else
English: else
Old Frisian: elles, ellis
Old Dutch: elles
Middle Dutch: els
Old High German: elles, alles

Old English: ele-, el-

Old Saxon: eli-

Old Dutch: eli-, ele-

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ (*aljaʀ), ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ (aljamarkiʀ)

Old Norse: ella (“otherwise, or”), ellar (< *aljǭ)

Icelandic: ellar, ella (“otherwise, or”)

Faroese: ella (“or”)

Middle Norwegian: ælle

Norwegian Nynorsk: eller, elder; (dialectal) eld’u, eld’e, elle (“or”)

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: elles (“else, otherwise”)

Old Swedish: ælla, ællar (“or”)

Swedish: eller (“or”), eljest (“else, besides”)

Danish: eller (“or”)

Norwegian Bokmål: eller (“or”)

⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: ellers (“else, otherwise”)

Gutnish: ella (“or”)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis, “other”), 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (alja, “but, except”) (< *aljǭ)

aljǭ

concubine; woman other than man’s main wife


samaz

*samaz (a-stem)

samaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
samai (masculine nominative plural strong)
samō (feminine nominative singular strong)
samôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
samą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
samō (neuter nominative plural strong)
samanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
samanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
samǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
samōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
samą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
samō (accusative neuter plural strong)
samas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
samaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
samaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
samaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
samas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
samaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
samammai (dative masculine singular strong)
samaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
samaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
samaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
samammai (dative neuter singular strong)
samaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
samanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
samaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
samaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
samaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
samanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
samaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
samô (masculine nominative singular weak)
samaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
samǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
samōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
samô (neuter nominative singular weak)
samōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
samanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
samanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
samōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
samōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
samô (accusative neuter singular weak)
samōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
saminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
samanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
samōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
samōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
saminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
samanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
samini (dative masculine singular weak)
samammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
samōni (dative feminine singular weak)
samōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
samini (dative neuter singular weak)
samammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
saminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
samammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
samōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
samōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
saminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
samammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sam
⇒ Old English: same (adverb), sama, some
Middle English: same (conflated with Old Norse borrowing)
English: same
⇒ Old English: sam (conjunction)
Old Frisian: sam
Old Dutch: *sam
⇒ Middle Dutch: sam (conjunction)

Old Norse: samr
Icelandic: samur
Faroese: samur
Norwegian Nynorsk: same
Old Swedish: samber
Swedish: samma
Danish: samme
Norwegian Bokmål: samme
→ Middle English: same
English: same

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰 (sama)

→ Proto-Finnic: *sama (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same, alike”).


hwarjazuh

gem-decl-adj-table

*hwarjaz (a-stem, strong only)

hwarjazuh (masculine nominative singular)
hwarjaihw (masculine nominative plural)
hwarjōhw (feminine nominative singular)
hwarjôzuh (feminine nominative plural)
hwarjahw (neuter nominative singular)
hwarjōhw (neuter nominative plural)
hwarjanǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
hwarjanzuh (accusative masculine plural)
hwarjǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
hwarjōzuh (accusative feminine plural)
hwarjahw (accusative neuter singular)
hwarjōhw (accusative neuter plural)
hwarjasuh (genitive masculine singular)
-isuh (genitive masculine singular)
hwarjaizǫ̂hw (genitive masculine plural)
hwarjaizōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
hwarjaizǫ̂hw (feminine genitive plural)
hwarjasuh (genitive neuter singular)
-isuh (genitive neuter singular)
hwarjaizǫ̂hw (genitive neuter plural)
hwarjammaihw (dative masculine singular)
hwarjaimazuh (dative masculine plural)
hwarjaizōiuh (dative feminine singular)
hwarjaimazuh (dative feminine plural)
hwarjammaihw (dative neuter singular)
hwarjaimazuh (dative neuter plural)
hwarjanōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwarjaimizuh (instrumental masculine plural)
hwarjaizōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
hwarjaimizuh (feminine instrumental plural)
hwarjanōhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwarjaimizuh (instrumental neuter plural)

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 (ƕarjizuh)

From *hwarjaz + *-hw. Compare Latin quisque.


hwaþerazuh

*hwaþeraz (a-stem, strong only)

hwaþerazuh (masculine nominative singular)
hwaþeraihw (masculine nominative plural)
hwaþerōhw (feminine nominative singular)
hwaþerôzuh (feminine nominative plural)
hwaþerahw (neuter nominative singular)
hwaþerōhw (neuter nominative plural)
hwaþeranǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
hwaþeranzuh (accusative masculine plural)
hwaþerǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
hwaþerōzuh (accusative feminine plural)
hwaþerahw (accusative neuter singular)
hwaþerōhw (accusative neuter plural)
hwaþerasuh (genitive masculine singular)
-isuh (genitive masculine singular)
hwaþeraizǫ̂hw (genitive masculine plural)
hwaþeraizōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
hwaþeraizǫ̂hw (feminine genitive plural)
hwaþerasuh (genitive neuter singular)
-isuh (genitive neuter singular)
hwaþeraizǫ̂hw (genitive neuter plural)
hwaþerammaihw (dative masculine singular)
hwaþeraimazuh (dative masculine plural)
hwaþeraizōiuh (dative feminine singular)
hwaþeraimazuh (dative feminine plural)
hwaþerammaihw (dative neuter singular)
hwaþeraimazuh (dative neuter plural)
hwaþeranōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwaþeraimizuh (instrumental masculine plural)
hwaþeraizōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
hwaþeraimizuh (feminine instrumental plural)
hwaþeranōhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwaþeraimizuh (instrumental neuter plural)

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 (ƕaþaruh)


sahw

*sahw (irregular)

sahw (masculine nominative singular)
þaihw (masculine nominative plural)
sōhw (feminine nominative singular)
þôzuh (feminine nominative plural)
þatuh (neuter nominative singular)
þōhw (neuter nominative plural)
þanǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
þanzuh (accusative masculine plural)
þǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
þōzuh (accusative feminine plural)
þatuh (accusative neuter singular)
þōhw (accusative neuter plural)
þasuh (genitive masculine singular)
þaizǫ̂hw (genitive masculine plural)
þaizōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
þaizǫ̂hw (feminine genitive plural)
þasuh (genitive neuter singular)
þaizǫ̂hw (genitive neuter plural)
þammaihw (dative masculine singular)
þaimazuh (dative masculine plural)
þaizōihw (dative feminine singular)
þaimazuh (dative feminine plural)
þammaihw (dative neuter singular)
þaimazuh (dative neuter plural)
þanōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
þaimizuh (instrumental masculine plural)
þaizōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
þaimizuh (feminine instrumental plural)
þanōhw (instrumental neuter singular)
þaimizuh (instrumental neuter plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌷 (sah)