ab

Proto-West Germanic: *ab(a), *af(a)

Old English: ob, æf, af, of

Middle English: of, off

Scots: of, off, af, aff

English: of, off

Old Frisian: af, of

Saterland Frisian: oawe, ou

West Frisian: af, ôf

Old Saxon: af

Middle Low German: af

Low German: af, of

Plautdietsch: auf

Old Dutch: ava, af-

Middle Dutch: ave, af

Dutch: af (but also ave- in averechts)

Afrikaans: af

Limburgish: aaf, aof

West Flemish: of

Old High German: aba; (rarely) ab; (northern) ava, af

Middle High German: abe, ab; (northern) ave, af

German: ab

Norwegian Bokmål: ab

Luxembourgish: of

Yiddish: אָפּ (op)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛒ (*ab)

desctree

Old Norse: af
Icelandic: af
Faroese: av
Norn: av
Elfdalian: åv
Old Swedish: af, āf, aff
Swedish: av, af (pre-1906 spelling; remains in surnames)
Danish: af
Norwegian Bokmål: av

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆 (af)


nu

Proto-West Germanic: *nū
Old English: nū
Middle English: nu, nou
Scots: noo, nou
English: now
Northumbrian: noo
Old Frisian: nū
Saterland Frisian: nu
West Frisian: no
Old Saxon: nū
Middle Low German: nū
Low German: nu
Old Dutch: nū
Middle Dutch: nu
Dutch: nu
Limburgish: noe
Old High German: nu, nū
Middle High German: nu, nū, nun, nūn
German: nun, nu
Esperanto: nun

Old Norse: nú, ᚾᚢ (nu), ᚿᚢ (nu)
Icelandic: nú, núna
Faroese: nú, núgv
Norwegian Nynorsk: no; (chiefly dialectal) nå
Norwegian Bokmål: nå
Jamtish: nú
Elfdalian: nų
Old Swedish: nū
Swedish: nu
Danish: nu
Norwegian Bokmål: nu

Gothic: 𐌽𐌿 (nu)

From Proto-Indo-European *nu (“now”). Cognate with Lithuanian nù (“now, well now”), Lithuanian nūnái (“now, today, nowadays”), Latin num (“now”), Latin nunc (“now, soon, today, nowadays”), Sanskrit नु (nu), नू (nū, “now”), Old Irish no-, Russian ны́не (nýne).


after

From the locative form of Pre-Germanic *h₂ep(o)teros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“away, off, from”) + *-teros.


an

Proto-West Germanic: *an, *ana

desctree

Old English: an, on
Middle English: an, on, one, onne, hon, ane, an (before initial h or vowel), æn (Early Middle English), one, onne, an
English: on
Scots: an, on
Yola: on

Old Frisian: on, an

North Frisian: a

Saterland Frisian: an, oun

West Frisian: oan

Old Saxon: ana, an

Middle Low German: an

Low German: an

Old Dutch: ana, an, in

Middle Dutch: āne, āen, an
Dutch: aan
Afrikaans: aan
Jersey Dutch: ân
Negerhollands: aan, an
Skepi Creole Dutch: an
Limburgish: aan

Old High German: ana
Middle High German: ane, an
Cimbrian: å
German: an
Hunsrik: aan
Luxembourgish: un
Pennsylvania German: aa
Yiddish: אָן (on)

Proto-Norse: ᚨᚾ (an), ᚨᚾᚨ (ana)
Old Norse: á
Icelandic: á
Faroese: á
Norwegian Nynorsk: å (dialectal)
Elfdalian: ą̊
Old Swedish: ā
Swedish: å, a (dialectal)
Old Danish: ā
Danish: å (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ana)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ani (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂én (“up, on high”), but the exact formation is disputed due to the final vowel in descendants that reflect *ana. According to Kroonen, who derives both *an and *ana from a pre-Germanic *h₂enh̥₂, the final vowel was lost by regular sound change but remained in compound forms, whence it was restored in some of the daughter languages. Alternative explanations for the final vowel include a fossilized suffix *-o/*-ó of uncertain (allative?) function, as in *anda.


inn

Old English: in

English: in

Old Frisian: in

Old Saxon: in

Old High German: īn

Old Norse: inn

Icelandic: inn

Faroese: inn

Norwegian Nynorsk: inn

Old Swedish: in

Swedish: in

Danish: ind

Norwegian Bokmål: inn

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌽 (inn)

From *in, with either the same *-n- suffix seen in the related *innai and *innanē, or by analogy with those forms.


auk

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auk
Old English: ēac, ek, ec — Mercian, æac
Middle English: ek, eek, eke
Scots: eik, ek
English: eke
⇒ Middle English: ekename
⇒ English: nickname (via rebracketing)
Old Frisian: āk
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: uk
Saterland Frisian: uk, ook
West Frisian: ek
Old Saxon: ōk
Middle Low German: ôk
Dutch Low Saxon: ok, ook
German Low German: ok, auk, ock, ohk, ook
Plautdietsch: uk
Old Dutch: ōk, ouk, ouch
Middle Dutch: ooc
Dutch: ook
Afrikaans: ook
Berbice Creole Dutch: oko
Jersey Dutch: ôk
Negerhollands: ook
Petjo: ook
Skepi Creole Dutch: oak
West Flemish: wok
Old High German: ouh
Middle High German: ouch
Alemannic German: au
Alemannic German: ou
Cimbrian: òch
German: auch
Luxembourgish: och
Hunsrik: aach
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: aa
Yiddish: אויך (oykh)

Old Norse: auk, ok
Icelandic: auk, og
Faroese: og
Norwegian Nynorsk: og, au, aug; (dialectal) ok, auk, ug
→ Norwegian Bokmål: au
Jamtish: og
Elfdalian: og
Old Swedish: ok, oc, och, ogh
Swedish: och, ock
Old Danish: oc
Danish: og
Norwegian Bokmål: og
→ Middle English: oc, ok
⇒ Scots: okname, ockname

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌺 (auk)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, again”) + *ge (intensifier); compare Ancient Greek αὖ (aû, “again”), γε (ge, “at least, at any rate”), also found as Ancient Greek αὖγε (aûge). But compare also Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg-.


hinder

Old English: hinder

Old Dutch: hinder

Middle Dutch: hinder (rare as simplex)

Dutch: hinder (rare as simplex)

desctree

Old High German: hintar
Middle High German: hinter
Central Franconian: henger, henner (Moselle Franconian), honner, hönner (Eifel), hinger (Kölsch)
Cimbrian: hintare
German: hinter
Luxembourgish: hanner
Yiddish: הינטער (hinter)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 (hindar)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱem-tér- (“down, back, along, over, through”), from *ḱóm (“beside, near, by, with”). Cognate with Latin contrā (“back, against”), Old Welsh cant (“with, at, along”); > Modern Welsh gan (“with, by”), Ancient Greek κατά (katá, “downwards”).


ud

Old High German: dārot (only in compound with dār, "there")

German: dort

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-te. Cognate with उत (uta, “and, also”); probably further to be connected with Latin aut, autem and Ancient Greek αὖτε (aûte) from full-grade *h₂eu-te.


sunder

Old English: sundor, sunder

Scots: sinder

English: sunder

Old Frisian: sunder

Old Saxon: sundar

Old Dutch: sunder

Dutch: zonder

Old High German: suntar

German: sondern, sonder-

desctree

Old Norse: sundr
Icelandic: sundur
Faroese: sundur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sund, sunder
Old Swedish: sunder, synder
Swedish: sönder
Danish: sønder
Norwegian Bokmål: sund, sønder

From Pre-Germanic *sn̥tér or *sn̥Htér, from Proto-Indo-European *sen-, *senH-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄτερ (áter, “apart from, without”). Compare Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “apart from”).


þar

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þār
Old English: þǣr, þār, þēr
Middle English: ther, there, that, thare, thore
Scots: that, thare, thair, thaire
English: there
Old Frisian: thēr, dēr
Saterland Frisian: deer
West Frisian: der
Old Saxon: thār, thar
Middle Low German: dār
Low German: dor
Old Dutch: thār
Middle Dutch: dâer
Dutch: daar, d'r, er
Limburgish: daer, dao
Old High German: dār
Middle High German: dār, dā
German: dar-, da
Luxembourgish: do

Proto-Norse: ᚦᚨᚱ (þar)
Old Norse: þar, þær
Icelandic: þar
Faroese: har
Norwegian Nynorsk: dar, der
Norwegian Bokmål: der
Old Swedish: þar, þær
Swedish: där, (dialectal) dér, dar
Old Danish: thær
Danish: der

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐍂 (þar)


þau

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿 (þau)

From pre-Germanic *to-we, "or that/than", from Proto-Indo-European *to- (“that”) + *-we (“or”).


swa

Proto-West Germanic: *swā
Old English: swā
Middle English: swa, swo, so
Scots: swa, sa, swae, sae
English: so
Old Frisian: sā
Saterland Frisian: so
West Frisian: sa
Old Saxon: sō
Middle Low German: swê, swî, swô
Low German: so
Old Dutch: sō
Middle Dutch: sô
Dutch: zo
Limburgish: zoe, zoea
Old High German: sō
Middle High German: sō
Central Franconian: su, so
Luxembourgish: sou
German: so

Old Norse: svá
Icelandic: svo
Faroese: svá, so
Middle Norwegian: svá, svo, so
Norwegian Nynorsk: so; (dialectal) så, sø, sé, sér
Jamtish: su
Elfdalian: so
Old Swedish: svā, svo
Swedish: så
Old Danish: swā, swo, so
Danish: så
Norwegian Bokmål: så
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: så
Gutnish: så
Scanian: sá

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰 (swa)


hwan

Proto-West Germanic: *hwan
Old Frisian: hwon
Old Saxon: hwan
Middle Low German: wan
Low German: wann, wenn
Old Dutch: *wan
Middle Dutch: wann
Dutch: wen (archaic)
Limburgish: wen

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌽 (ƕan)

From *hwaz + *-n. Compare with Latin quandō and Old Irish cuin.


niþer

Proto-West Germanic: *niþer
Old English: niþer, nyder
Middle English: nithere, nethere, nether
English: nether
Scots: nether, nedder
Old Frisian: nither, nether
West Frisian: near
Old Saxon: nithar
Middle Low German: nider
Low German: nedder
Old Dutch: nither
Middle Dutch: nēder
Dutch: neder
Afrikaans: neer
Old High German: nidar
Middle High German: nider, neider
German: nieder
Hunsrik: nitter
Luxembourgish: nidder
Vilamovian: nejder

Old Norse: niðr
Icelandic: niður
Faroese: niður
Norwegian: ned, ner
Old Swedish: niþer, niþ, nedher, nedh
Swedish: ned, ner, neder
Old Danish:
Danish: ned
Old Gutnish: niþer

From Proto-Indo-European *niter. Compare Sanskrit नितराम् (nitarām, “down, downwards”).


fram

framiz (comparative)
framist (superlative)

desctree

Old English: fram, from
Middle English: from, fram, vrom, vram, fro, fra, vra, fray (from Old Norse)
English: from
→ Scots: from, frome
Yola: vrem, vrim, vreem, vream, vrom

Old Frisian: from

Old Saxon: fram

Old Dutch: fram-

Old High German: fram

Middle High German: vram

Old Norse: frá
Icelandic: frá
Faroese: frá
Norwegian Nynorsk: frå
Elfdalian: frą̊
Old Swedish: frā
⇒ Old Swedish: frān
Swedish: från
Old Danish: fra, fraa, fran
Danish: fra
Norwegian Bokmål: fra
→ Old English: fra
Middle English: fra, fro
English: fro
Geordie English: frae, fra
Scots: frae, fra, fro, fae

Old Norse: fram

Icelandic: fram

Faroese: fram, frá

Old Swedish: fram

Swedish: fram

Danish: frem

Norwegian Bokmål: frem

Norwegian: fram

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 (fram)

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forth, forward”). Related to Proto-Germanic *framaz (“forward, prominent”) whence Old Norse framr (“forward; superior”), Old English fram (“strenuous, active, bold, strong”), German fromm (“good, upright, devout, pious”), Ancient Greek πρόμος (prómos, “foremost one, champion, leader, prince”), Umbrian promom (“at first, initially”), Lithuanian pìrmas (“first”).


upp

desctree

Old English: upp, up
Middle English: up, upp, ap
English: up
Scots: up
Yola: ap, up

Old Frisian: uppa, oppa, up, op

North Frisian:

Sylt: üp

Saterland Frisian: op, ap

West Frisian: op

Old Saxon: ūp

Middle Low German: up

Low German: up, op

Old Dutch: ūp

Middle Dutch: op

Dutch: op, (dialectal) oep

West Flemish: up, ip

Old High German: ūf
Middle High German: ūf
Alemannic German: uf, ufe
Bavarian: aaf, auf
Cimbrian: af
German: auf
Vilamovian: u̇f
Yiddish: אויף (oyf)
Old Rhine Franconian: uf
Middle Rhine Franconian: uf
Rhine Franconian: uff, off
Pennsylvania German: uff
Hunsrik: uff
Old Central Franconian: *up
Middle Central Franconian: up
Central Franconian: op
Kölsch: op

Old Norse: upp
Icelandic: upp
Faroese: upp
Norwegian Nynorsk: upp
Old Swedish: up
Swedish: upp
Danish: op
Norwegian Bokmål: opp
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: opp

Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup)

The form is from either *ub + a nasal affix representing an earlier *up-nó, related to *uppai (earlier *up-nóy) and *ubanē; or by analogy with *uppai.


wela

gōdaz (adjective)
batiz (comparative)
batist (superlative)

Old English: wel
Middle English: wel, well, weel, weele, wele, welle, wulle, wille, wal, wol
English: well
Geordie English: weel
Scots: weel, wele, weil, weill
Yola: waal, wull, well, wel, vella (before consonant)

Old Frisian: wel, wal, wol

North Frisian: wel, weil, wal

Saterland Frisian: wul, wäil

West Frisian: wol

Old Saxon: wela, wel, wala, wola
Middle Low German: wole, wol, wal
Low German: wol, wull

Old Dutch: *wela, wala

Middle Dutch: wel
Dutch: wel
Afrikaans: wel
Negerhollands: wel
Skepi Creole Dutch: wel
→ Kwinti: wel
Limburgish: wèl, waal

we- > wo- as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">wohha</i> etc.

Old High German: wola, wela (we- > wo- as in wohha etc.)
Middle High German: wol, wole
Cimbrian: bóol, boll
German: wohl
Luxembourgish: wuel
Yiddish: ווויל (voyl)

Old Norse: vel
Icelandic: vel
Faroese: væl
Norwegian: vel
Old Swedish: væl, val
Swedish: väl
Old Danish: væl
Danish: vel

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰 (waila)

Probably from earlier *welat, neuter accusative to an unattested adjective *welaz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁-. Cognate with Sanskrit वर (vára, “better, best”).


furi

furiz (comparative)
furist (superlative)

Proto-West Germanic: *furi
Old English: for, fore (in meaning, the form from *forē)
Middle English: for
English: for
Scots: for
Yola: vor, var
Old Frisian: fori, for
Saterland Frisian: foar, far
West Frisian: foar
Old Saxon: furi
Middle Low German:
Low German: för
Old Dutch: furi, fure
Middle Dutch: vuere, vuer
Dutch: veur (dialectal)
Afrikaans: vir
Old High German: furi
Middle High German: vür
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: büar
Mòcheno: ver
Central Franconian: für, vür (fully merged)
German: für
Luxembourgish: fir
Upper Saxon German: for
Yiddish: פֿאַר (far)

Old Norse: fyrir, fyr (probably with analogical -ir based on eptir, yfir, undir)
Icelandic: fyrir
Faroese: fyri
Norwegian Nynorsk: føre, for, fyre (dated)
Old Swedish: fyri(r), for
Swedish: före, för
Danish: for

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂 (faur)

From Pre-Germanic *pr̥h₂-i, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-.


ju

Proto-West Germanic: *jū

Old English: iū, ġeō; ġēn, ġīen, ġēna, ġīena

Middle English: iu

Old Saxon: jū, giū, gio, īū

Middle Low German: iû, jû

Old Dutch: *jū, ju, iu

Old High German: jū, giu

Middle High German: jū

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿 (ju)

→ Proto-Finnic: *jo (“already”)
Estonian: ju
Finnish: jo
Ingrian: jo
Karelian:
North Karelian: jo
South Karelian: jo
Livonian: jo, ju
Livvi: jo
Ludian: d'o
Veps: jo
Võro: jo, joq
Votic: jo

* Apparently derived from the feminine accusative form of the pronoun Proto-Indo-European *yā́m, itself thematic form of Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m, see also Latvian jau (“already”), Lithuanian jau, Polish już, and Latin iam (“already, now”). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic words represent the locative case, while the Latin descended from the accusative.
* Based on a long stem vowel in Old High German derived from u-stem locative *h₂y-éw to Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu, compare Lithuanian jaū, Proto-Germanic *aiwaz, etc.


ferrai

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: feorr, feor
Middle English: fer, feor, for, fur, feer, ver, veir, far
English: far
Scots: faur
Yola: var

Old Frisian: fir, fer

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *ferrō

Old Saxon: fer, ferr, ferro
Middle Low German: verre

Old Dutch: ferro

Middle Dutch: verre
Dutch: ver
Afrikaans: ver
Berbice Creole Dutch: faru
Javindo: fer
Negerhollands: ver

Old High German: ferro
Middle High German: verre
Cimbrian: vèrre, bèrre (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: vèrr

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚱᛖ (*fere)
Old Norse: fjarri
Icelandic: fjarri
Faroese: fjarri
Old Swedish: fiærre
⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚱᚨᚾᚨ (*ferana /ferrana/)
Old Swedish: fiærran
Swedish: fjärran
Danish: fjern
Norwegian Bokmål: fjern
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fjern

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 (fairra)

From Proto-Indo-European *per-nóy (locative), from *per- (“to cross, pass”).


maiz

mor

Old Frisian: mā, mē, mār, mēr; North Frisian


samana

Proto-West Germanic: *saman

Old English: samen, somen; tōsamne, tōsomne

Middle English: samen, samenn; samen- (prefix)

Scots: samen, samin

English: sam (obsolete); same (dialectal)

Old Frisian: samin, semin; tō samene, tō semine

Saterland Frisian: tousommen

Old Saxon: saman; te samne, tesamna

Middle Low German: samen

German Low German: tosamen

Old Dutch: saman, samon; te saman

Middle Dutch: te samen, tesamen

Dutch: tsamen, samen, saam, tezamen

Afrikaans: saam

Old High German: saman; zi samane, zisamane

Middle High German: samen; ze samene, ze samen

German: sammen; zusammen

Luxembourgish: zesummen

Old Norse: saman; til samans

Icelandic: saman; til samans

Faroese: saman

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: saman

Norwegian Bokmål: sammen

Old Swedish: saman; til saman, til samans

Swedish: samman; tillsamman, tillsammans

Danish: sammen

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰 (samana)

From Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one, same”).


-r

Creates adverbs indicating stationary location from nominal stems.


nuh

Proto-West Germanic: *noh

Old Frisian: noch

North Frisian: nog

Saterland Frisian: noch

West Frisian: noch

Old Saxon: noh

Middle Low German: noch

Low German: noch

German Low German: noch

Westphalian:

Münsterländisch: noch

Paderbornisch: nau

Old Dutch: noh
Middle Dutch: noch (“still”, adverb)
Dutch: nog
Afrikaans: nog
Berbice Creole Dutch: noko
Petjo: noh
Skepi Creole Dutch: nug
Limburgish: nag
Middle Dutch: noch (“neither, nor”, conjunction), nō
Dutch: noch
Limburgish: nóch

Old High German: noh, noc
Middle High German: noch
Bavarian: noch, nu
Cimbrian: nó
German: noch
Luxembourgish: nach
Yiddish: נאָך (nokh)

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷 (nauh)

From Proto-Indo-European *nu-kʷe (“and now”), equivalent to *nu + *-hw. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *nu-kʷe, whence Old Irish noch (“and yet”).


-ô

Proto-West Germanic: *-ō
Old English: -o, -a
Middle English: -e (fossilised)
Old Frisian: -a
Old Saxon: -o
Middle Low German: -e
Old Dutch: -o
Middle Dutch: -e
Old High German: -o
Middle High German: -e

desc

may have merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*-ê</i>

Old Norse: -a (may have merged with *-ê)

Icelandic: -a

Old Swedish: -a, -æ

Swedish: -a (non-productive)

Danish: -e (non-productive)

Gothic: -𐍉 (-ō)

Uncertain. Possibly a fossilised form of the Proto-Indo-European thematic ablative *-eh₂d, in which case it would reflect earlier *-ôt before word-final -t was lost.

-ly. Creates adverbs of manner from adjectives.


batist

Old English: betest, betst

Old High German: bezzist

Old Norse: bazt, bezt


batiz

Old English: bet

Middle English: bet, bett, bette

English: bet, bett (obsolete)

Old Frisian: bet

Old Saxon: bet

Old Dutch: *bat, *bet

Middle Dutch: bat, bet

Dutch: bet- only in betovergroot- (“great grand-”) and betweter (“know-it-all”)

Old High German: baz

German: bass

desctree

Old Norse: betr
Icelandic: betur
Faroese: betur
Norwegian Nynorsk: beter
Old Swedish: bæter


felauz

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (filaus)


felu

Proto-West Germanic: *felu
Old English: fela, feola, fiolu, feolu, feolo, fala, feola — Mercian
Middle English: fele, fale, feel, fel, feole, vele, feala, fela, felæ, feola, veole (Early Middle English)
English: fele (obsolete)
Middle Scots: fele (poetic)
Old Frisian: felo, fele, fel
East Frisian:
Wangerooge Frisian: fêl, feyhl
Wursten Frisian: vlia
West Frisian: fel
Old Saxon: filu, filo
Middle Low German: vele, vil
Low German: veel
Old Dutch: filo
Middle Dutch: vele
Dutch: veel
Old High German: filu, vilu, filo, fila, vili
Middle High German: vil, vile
Alemannic German: viel
Swabian: viel
Bavarian: vui, vei, vii
Cimbrian: vil, viil, biil (Sette Comuni)
Viennese: vü
German: viel
Luxembourgish: vill
Yiddish: פֿיל (fil)

Old Norse: fjǫl-, fjǫlð (< ?)

Icelandic: fjöl-

Faroese: fjøl-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu)

Originally the neuter singular form of older *feluz (“many”), from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, derived from the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognate with Latin plūs, Ancient Greek πολύς (polús).


swē

Proto-West Germanic: *swā
Old English: swā
Middle English: so, swo
English: so
Old Frisian: sā
West Frisian: sa
Old Saxon: sō
Middle Low German: swê, swô
Low German: so
Old Dutch: sō
Middle Dutch: so
Dutch: zo
Old High German: sō
German: so

Old Norse: svá
Icelandic: svo
Faroese: svá, so
Middle Norwegian: svá, svo, so
Norwegian Nynorsk: so; (dialectal) så, sø, sé, sér
Jamtish: su
Elfdalian: so
Old Swedish: svā, svo
Swedish: så
Old Danish: swā, swo, so
Danish: så
Norwegian Bokmål: så
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: så
Gutnish: så
Scanian: sá

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴 (swē)


airi

airiz (comparative)
airist (superlative)

Proto-West Germanic: *airi
Old English: ǣr
Middle English: er
English: ere
Scots: air
Yola: ear
Old Frisian: ēr
Saterland Frisian: eer, ädder
West Frisian: ier
⇒ West Frisian: eardat, ear't
Old Saxon: ēr
Middle Low German: êr
German Low German: ehr
⇒ German Low German: ehrdat
⇒ German Low German: ehrder
⇒ German Low German: ehrtieds
Old Dutch: ēr
Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Limburgish: ieër
Old High German: ēr
Middle High German: ēr, ē (loss of -r as in hie, dā)
German: eher, ehe, eh

Old Norse: ár, áðr

Icelandic: ár, áður (áður may be from *airiz)

Faroese: áður

Norwegian Nynorsk: år

Old Swedish: *ar

⇒ Old Norse: árla

Icelandic: árla

Faroese: árla

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: årle; (dialectal) årla

Old Swedish: aarla, arla

Swedish: arla

Danish: årle

Norwegian Bokmål: årle

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air)


airiz

desctree

>? Old Norse: áðr, áðan
Icelandic: áður
Faroese: áður
Norwegian Nynorsk: åder

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐍃 (airis)

earlier, before; comparative degree of *airi


hwar

Proto-West Germanic: *hwār
Old English: hwǣr, huœ̄r — Northumbrian, hwār, hwēr, hwīer, wēr, wār
Middle English: wher, where, wheir, whare, were, qwere
English: where, quhair, quhar, quher, quhere (obsolete)
Scots: whaur
Old Frisian: hwēr
Saterland Frisian: wier
West Frisian: wêr
Old Saxon: hwār, hwar
Middle Low German: wār, wōr
German Low German: waar
Low German: wor
Old Dutch: war, wara
Middle Dutch: waer, war
Dutch: waar
Afrikaans: waar
Javindo: waar
Jersey Dutch: wääir
Negerhollands: waar, wa
Petjo: waar
Skepi Creole Dutch: war
Old High German: hwār, wār
Middle High German: wār, wā, wō
Alemannic German: warr
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bo, ba (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: bou
German: wo
Hunsrik: wo
Luxembourgish: wou

Old Norse: hvar
Icelandic: hvar
Faroese: hvar
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, kor
Russenorsk: kor
Old Swedish: hvar, hwor
Swedish: var, (pre-1906 spelling) hvar, (dialectal) hôr
Danish: hvor
Norwegian Bokmål: hvor
Gutnish: var

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂 (ƕar)


ubiri

(Old English: yferra (adj))

Old High German: ubari, ubiri, ubere, uviri
Middle High German: über
Central Franconian: üvver
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: übar
Mòcheno: iber
German: über
→ Serbo-Croatian: iber
Hunsrik: iwer
Luxembourgish: iwwer
Yiddish: איבער (iber)

Old Norse: yfir
Icelandic: yfir
Faroese: yvir
Norwegian: over
Danish: over
Old Swedish: yvir, ivir, over
Swedish: över; öv (dialectal)
Gutnish: yfvar, yfver
Dalian: yvyr

From Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér (ultimately from *upo + *-i).


nēhw

nēhwiz (comparative)
nēhwist (superlative)

Proto-West Germanic: *nāhw
Old English: nēah, nēa, nēh, nīh
Middle English: neygh, nygh, nye, nyȝ, nighe
English: nigh
Scots: ne, ney
Yola: neeghe, nich
Old Frisian: nach, nā, nēi, nī
Saterland Frisian: nai
West Frisian: nei
Old Saxon: nāh
Middle Low German: nâch, nâ
German Low German: na, nao, nå
Old Dutch: nāh
Middle Dutch: na
Dutch: na
Afrikaans: na
Limburgish: nao
Old High German: nāh
Middle High German: nāh
German: nah, nach
Luxembourgish: no

Old Norse: ná-

Icelandic: ná-

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐍈 (nēƕ)

Derived from the adjective *nēhwaz (“near”).


aljar

Proto-West Germanic: *alljar
Old English: ellor
Old Saxon: ellior
Old Dutch: *ellar
Middle Dutch: eller, elre, eldre
Dutch: elders

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂 (aljar)


hē₂r

Proto-West Germanic: *hēr
Old English: hēr
Middle English: her, here, heer
English: here
Scots: her, here
Old Frisian: hīr
Saterland Frisian: hier
West Frisian: hjir
Old Saxon: hēr, hīr
Middle Low German: hêr, hîr, hîre
Low German: hier
Plautdietsch: hia, häa
Old Dutch: *hiar, hier, hiera
Middle Dutch: hier
Dutch: hier, her
Afrikaans: hier
Limburgish: hier; hie, heej (influenced by High German)
Old High German: hia, hiar
Middle High German: hie
Alemannic German: hie
Bavarian: hia
Cimbrian: hia
Central Franconian: hee, hie
German: hie
Luxembourgish: hei
Middle High German: hier
German: hier

Old Norse: hér
Icelandic: hér
Faroese: her
Norwegian: her
Old Swedish: hær, hiær
Swedish: här, (dialectal) héer, hera
Danish: her
Elfdalian: jär
Gutnish: hjär, hjä

Gothic: 𐌷𐌴𐍂 (hēr)

From *hiz + *-r. There is compensatory lengthening of the vowel after loss of /z/ before /r/ by rhotacism, but the origin of the e₂-vowel is not known.


minniz

minnizô (adjective)
minnist (superlative)

Old English: min

Middle English: min

Scots: min, myn

English: min

Old Frisian: min

Saterland Frisian: min

West Frisian: min

Old Saxon: *min

Middle Low German: min

Low German: minn

Old Dutch: min

Middle Dutch: min

Dutch: min

Afrikaans: min

Old High German: min

Luxembourgish: mann

Old Norse: minnr

Old Swedish: min, minner

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (mins)

Comparative of Proto-Indo-European *minu-, *mey- (“small”). Cognate with Latin minor, minus.


-ê

Proto-West Germanic: *-ē

Old English: -e

Middle English: -e

Old Frisian: -e

desc

may have merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*-ô</i>

Old Norse: -a (may have merged with *-ô)

Icelandic: -a

Gothic: -𐌴 (-ē)

Unknown. Compare with Proto-Slavic *-ě and maybe Latin -ē (adverbial suffixes).

creates adverbs of manner from adjectives: -ly


jainar

Old English: ġeonre

Middle English: ȝendre, ȝondre

English: yonder

Scots: ȝondir

Old Frisian: *jenre, *jener

Saterland Frisian: junner

Old Saxon: ginuwar, genower; gendro

Middle Low German: ginder, gender

German Low German: günner, günners, günnert

Old Dutch: *gendro, *gindro

Middle Dutch: ginder

Dutch: ginder

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍂 (jainar)


ūt

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ūt
Old English: ūt
Middle English: oute, out, ut, ute, uth, wt, uot
English: out
Geordie English: oot
Scots: out, oot
Yola: udh, uth, ut, out, outh
Old Frisian: ūt
Saterland Frisian: uut
West Frisian: út
Old Saxon: ūt
Middle Low German: ût
German Low German: uut
Low German: ut
Old Dutch: ūt
Middle Dutch: uut, ute
Dutch: uit
Afrikaans: uit
Berbice Creole Dutch: oiti
Jersey Dutch: äut
Negerhollands: ut, it, yt
Old High German: ūz
Middle High German: ūz
Alemannic German: us
Cimbrian: aus, auz (Luserna)
German: aus
Luxembourgish: aus
Yiddish: אויס (oys)

Old Norse: út

Icelandic: út

Faroese: út

Norwegian: ut

Old Swedish: ūt

Swedish: ut

Danish: ud

Gothic: 𐌿𐍄 (ūt)

From Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”).


ub

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ob
Old English: ob-, of-
>? Old English: ufe-, ofe-
Old Saxon: of
>? Middle Low German: uf
Old Dutch: of
Old High German: ob, oba
Middle High German: ob, obe
German: ob

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆 (uf)

From Proto-Indo-European *upó. Cognate with Latin sub, Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó), Sanskrit उप (úpa).


hwaruh

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 (ƕaruh)


þan

Proto-West Germanic: *þan
Old Frisian: than
Saterland Frisian: dan, do
West Frisian: dan
Old Saxon: than
Middle Low German: dan
Old Dutch: than
Middle Dutch: dan
Dutch: dan (“then, than”)
Old High German: dan
Middle High German: dan
Cimbrian: dan
German: dann (“then”), denn (“than, for”)
Hunsrik: dann
Luxembourgish: dann

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᚾ (*þan)

Old Norse: þá (“then”)
Icelandic: þá
Faroese: tá
Norwegian Nynorsk: då
Old Swedish: þā
Swedish: då, tå (obsolete)
Danish: da
Norwegian Bokmål: da
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: da

Old Norse: an (“than”)
⇒ Old Norse: en
Icelandic: en
Norwegian Nynorsk: enn
Norwegian Bokmål: enn
Old Swedish: æn
Swedish: än
Danish: end

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽 (þan, “then”)

Unclear. Probably from demonstrative *sa + an unclear suffix, possibly an earlier *-no or *-ne. But it could also continue Proto-Indo-European *tóm, whence also Latin tum.


ufta

Old English: oft

Middle English: oft, ofte, often

Scots: oft, oftin, aften

English: oft, often

→ Esperanto: ofte

→ Ido: ofte

Old Frisian: ofta, ofte

North Frisian: oft, oftem

Saterland Frisian: oafte

Old Saxon: ofto, oft

Middle Low German: ofte, oft

Low German: oft

Old Dutch: ofto

Middle Dutch: ofte

Dutch: oft (obsolete)

Old High German: ofta, ofto, oftu

Middle High German: ofte, oft, uft

German: oft

Old Norse: oft, opt

Icelandic: oft

Faroese: oft, ofta

Norwegian Bokmål: ofte

Norwegian Nynorsk: ofte

Old Swedish: opt

Danish: ofte

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 (ufta)

Uncertain; according to Kroonen, derived from *ub (“under”).


þauh

Proto-West Germanic: *þauh
Old English: þēah, þēh
Middle English: þah, thagh, thaugh, thogh, theigh
Scots: thoch (through confluence with Old Norse þó)
English: though (through confluence with Old Norse þó)
Old Frisian: thāch
Saterland Frisian: dach, daach
West Frisian: dôch, dochs
Old Saxon: thōh
Middle Low German: doch
Low German: doch
→ Old Danish: dogh
Danish: dog
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dog
→ Swedish: dock
Old Dutch: thoh
Middle Dutch: doch, toch
Dutch: doch, toch
Afrikaans: dog, tog
Old High German: thōh, dōh, doh
Middle High German: doch
Bavarian: do
German: doch
Luxembourgish: dach
Yiddish: דאָך (dokh)

Old Norse: þó
Icelandic: þó
Faroese: tó
Norwegian Nynorsk: do
Old Swedish: þō
Old Gutnish: þau

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 (þauh)

From *þau (“in that case”) + *-hw (“and”).


uppai

Old English: uppe

Middle English: uppe

Old Saxon: uppa

Old High German: ūffe

Middle High German: ūfe, ūve

Old Norse: uppi
Faroese: uppi
Icelandic: uppi
Danish: oppe
Norwegian Bokmål: oppe
Norwegian Nynorsk: oppe
Old Swedish: uppe
Swedish: uppe

Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰 (iupa)

From *ub + *-nai, a locative suffix, with assimilation due to Kluge's Law.


seldanē

Proto-West Germanic: *seldanā
Old English: seldan, seldum
Middle English: selden, seilden, seldom
Scots: seld, seldin, seendil
English: seldom
Old Frisian: sielden
Saterland Frisian: säilden
West Frisian: komselden
Old Saxon: seldan
Middle Low German: selden
Old Dutch: *seldan
Middle Dutch: selden
Dutch: zelden
Afrikaans: selde
Negerhollands: selden
Old High German: seltan; *seldan (Central German)
Middle High German: selten; selden
Alemannic German: selte
German: selten
Central Franconian: säle, seale, selle, selde
Luxembourgish: sielen
Yiddish: זעלטן (zeltn)

Old Norse: sjaldan
Icelandic: sjaldan
Faroese: sjáldan, sjaldan
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: sjelden
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjeldan
Old Swedish: siäldan, säldan, siällan
Swedish: sällan
Old Danish: siældæn
Danish: sjælden

From unattested *seldaz (“rare”) + *-anē.


furai

Proto-West Germanic: *forē
Old English: fore
Middle English: fore
Scots: fore
English: fore
Old Frisian: fora, fore
Old Saxon: fora, for, fore, fur, far
German Low German: för, vär, veer, ver (Low Prussian), vör, vœr
Old Dutch: fora, fore
Middle Dutch: vōre, vor, vōor
Dutch: voor
Afrikaans: voor
Berbice Creole Dutch: foro
Javindo: foor
Negerhollands: voor, fo, for
Jersey Dutch: för, f'r
→ Virgin Islands Creole: voor (dated)
Petjo: voor, foor
Skepi Creole Dutch: foo, fou
Limburgish: veur
Old High German: fora, for, fore
Middle Low German: vor, vore
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vóar, bóar (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: vour
Central Franconian: vür
German: vor

Old Norse: fyrir (probably merged completely with *furi)

Norn: for

Old Swedish: fyri(r), for

Swedish: före, för

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (faura)

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-éy, an innovative dative formation from *preh₂-. Compare Latin prae, Ancient Greek παραί (paraí) and Sanskrit पुरे (pure). Alternatively from *pr̥h₃-éy or *pr̥h₃-óy, from *perh₃-. In any case, ultimately from the root *per-.


-anē

Proto-West Germanic: *-anā

Old English: -an

Old Saxon: -an, -ana

Old High German: -ana

Proto-Norse: -ᚨᚾᚨ (-ana)

Old Norse: -an

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽𐌰 (-ana)

Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *-neh₁, which would also be the source of Sanskrit विना (vinā, “without”) and possibly Latin supernē (“from above”). The final vowel itself is uncertain; it is usually given as *-ē based on the possibly related forms above.
The first vowel *-a- might not have originally been part of the suffix at all, possibly being detached from the forms the suffix was attached to; but it is usually found as such in Germanic languages.

Creates adverbs with ablative direction.


innai

Old English: inne

Middle English: in

English: in

Old Frisian: inna, inne

Old Saxon: inna

Old Dutch: inna

Old High German: inne

Middle High German: inne

Old Norse: inni

Icelandic: inni

Faroese: inni

Danish: inde

Old Swedish: inne

Swedish: inne

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰 (inna)

From *in (“in”) + *-nai the locative form of a suffix with unclear origin, from earlier *-n-oy.


innanē

Proto-West Germanic: *innanā
Old English: innan
Middle English: innen
Old Saxon: innan
Old High German: innana
Middle High German: innen
German: innen

Proto-Norse: ᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ (inana /innana/)

Old Norse: innan
Icelandic: innan
Faroese: innan
Norwegian Nynorsk: innan
Old Swedish: innan
Swedish: innan
Danish: inden
Norwegian Bokmål: innen

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 (innana)

From *in + *-anē. The development of the form of the word is uncertain. If the vowel *-a- was not part of the suffix itself, it could have been picked up from similar words, namely *ubanē, in which case the gemination had been introduced by analogy with *inn or *innai. If the original allative form of *inn were Pre-Germanic *en-no, then the ablative could have been built upon that, or as likely the locative *en-noy, which would explain the vowel and the gemination.

from inside, from within (ablative direction)


ubanē

Proto-West Germanic: *obanā
Old English: ufan, ufane
Middle English: uven
Old Frisian: ova, with -pp- uppa, oppa (also uppe, oppe, but these might be from *uppai instead)
Old Saxon: ovan, ovana, with -pp- uppan
Old Dutch: uppan (with -pp-)
Old High German: obana, ūfana, *ovana
Middle High German: oben, obene, *oven
Alemannic German: obe
Swabian: oba
Bavarian: obn, om, oum, uom
German: oben
Luxembourgish: uewen
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: owe
Rhine Franconian: owen, owe, uwe
Pennsylvania German: owwe
Vilamovian: uwa
Yiddish: אויבן (oybn)

Old Norse: ofan
Icelandic: ofan
Faroese: oman
Norwegian Nynorsk: ovan
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ova-
Old Swedish: ovan
Swedish: ovan
Danish: oven
Norwegian Bokmål: oven


ūtanē

Proto-West Germanic: *ūtanā
Old English: ūtan
Middle English: outen, oute
English: outen
Scots: outin, outtin
Old Frisian: ūta, ūte
Old Saxon: ūtana, ūtan, ūta
Middle Low German: ûten
Low German: uten
Old Dutch: *ūtan
Middle Dutch: ûten, ûte
Dutch: uite-
Old High German: ūzana
Middle High German: ūzen
German: außen

Old Norse: útan
Icelandic: utan
Faroese: uttan
Norwegian Bokmål: uten
Norwegian Nynorsk: utan
Old Swedish: ūtan
Swedish: utan
Old Danish: utan, utæn, uten
Danish: uden

Gothic: 𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ūtana)


ūtai

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: ūte

Middle English: ūte

English: out

Old Saxon: ūta, ūte

Old Dutch: *ūte

Middle Dutch: ute

Dutch: uit

Old High German: ūze

Middle High German: ūze

Old Norse: úti

Icelandic: úti

Faroese: úti

Old Swedish: ūte

Swedish: ute

Old Danish: utæ

Danish: ude

Gothic: 𐌿𐍄𐌰 (uta)


ferudi

Old High German:

Middle High German: vert

Alemannic German: fëret

Cimbrian: vèart, bèart (Mezzaselva)

German: fert

Old Norse: fjǫrð, fjorð, fjörð
Old Norse: í fjǫrð
Icelandic: í fyrra
Faroese: í fjør
Norwegian: i fjor
Old Swedish: fiordh
Swedish: i fjol, i fjor
Danish: i fjor

From Proto-Indo-European *peruti (“last year”), from a compound of *per (“across, on the other side”) + *uti, locative singular to *wet- (“year”). Compare Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi, “last year”), Sanskrit परुत् (parut, “last year”).


furist

Proto-West Germanic: *furist

Old English: fyrst

Middle English: fyrst, first

English: first

Old Saxon: *furist

Middle Low German: fȫrst, vȫrst

Old High German: furist

Old Norse: fyrst

Icelandic: fyrst

Faroese: fyrst

Norwegian Nynorsk: fyrst, først

Old Swedish: fyrst

Swedish: först

Old Danish: først, fyrst

Danish: først

Norwegian Bokmål: først


andiz

Proto-West Germanic: *andi

Old English: end

Old High German: enti

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *andīsk

Old Dutch: endisk, entisc

Old High German: entisk, entisc

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *andiʀī (noun)

Old High German: enterī, enteri

⇒ Old High German: enterisk, entrisk

Middle High German: enterisch, entrisch

Bavarian: antrisch, enterisch, entrisch

German: entrisch

Old Norse: endr

Icelandic: endur

Comparative adverb formation to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“front”).


simlê

desc

Old English: simel, simble, simbel, simbles, semle, siemle, symle, symble; simel-, simbel-

Middle English: simle, simble

Old Saxon: simla, simbla

Old High German: simble, simple, simpal, simles, simples

Old Norse: simul

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌼𐌻𐌴 (simlē)

From Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one; together; same”) + *-ê (adverbial suffix).


nurþanē

Old English: norþan

Old Saxon: northan

Old High German: nordana

Middle High German: nordane, norden

desctree

Old Norse: norðan
Icelandic: norðan
Faroese: norðan
Norwegian Nynorsk: nordan
Old Swedish: norþan
Swedish: nordan
Danish: norden
Norwegian Bokmål: norden


austanē

Proto-West Germanic: *austanā
Old English: ēastan
Middle English: easten
Old Saxon: ōstan, ōstana
Old High German: ōstana
Middle High German: ōsten, ōstene

Old Norse: austan
Icelandic: austan
Faroese: eystan
Norwegian Nynorsk: austa, austan
Old Swedish: ø̄stan
Swedish: östan

From *austraz + *-anē. Likely a later formation developed after the reinterpretation of *aus-traz as *aust-raz.


westanē

Proto-West Germanic: *westanā
Old English: westan, westane
Middle English: westen, westan, westene
Yola: westan
Old Saxon: westan, westana
Old High German: *westana
Middle High German: westen, westene

Old Norse: vestan
Icelandic: vestan
Faroese: vestan
Old Swedish: væstan
Swedish: västan


sunþanē

Proto-West Germanic: *sunþanā
Old English: sūþan
Middle English: suthen
Old Saxon: sūthan
Old Dutch: *sūthan
Middle Dutch: sūden
→ German: Süden
→ Alemannic German: Süde
Dutch: zuiden
Old High German: sundan, sundana
Middle High German: sunden

Old Norse: sunnan
Icelandic: sunnan
Faroese: sunnan
Norwegian Nynorsk: sunnan
Old Swedish: sunnan
Swedish: sunnan
Danish: sønden


westraz

westrōz (comparative)
westrōst (superlative)

Proto-West Germanic: *westr
Old English: west
Middle English: west
English: west
Scots: wast
→ Old French: west (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: wester
Old High German: westar
Middle Low German: wester

Old Norse: vestr
Icelandic: vestur
Faroese: vestur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: vest
Norwegian Nynorsk: vest
Old Swedish: væster, væst
Swedish: väster, väst
Old Danish: væster, væst
Danish: vest, vester

PIE word
 *wek(ʷ)speros
From Proto-Indo-European *wek(ʷ)speros (“evening, dusk”), with the -p- passing to -t- under the influence of the dentals in *austraz, *nurþraz, *sunþraz.


sunþraz

sunþrōz (comparative)
sunþrōst (superlative)

Old English: sūþ

English: south

Old Saxon: sūthar

Old High German: *sundar

Middle High German: sunder

desctree

Old Norse: suðr, sunnr
Icelandic: suður
Faroese: suður
Norn: sud
Norwegian Nynorsk: sud, sør
Norwegian Bokmål: sør
Old Swedish: sudher
Swedish: söder, syd (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
Danish: syd
Norwegian Bokmål: syd
Gutnish: sudar, sudur

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ún-teros, from *sóh₂w-l̥ ~ *sh₂w-én-s (“the sun”) + *-teros (directional suffix).


austraz

austrōz (comparative)
austrōst (superlative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *austr
Old English: ēast
Middle English: est
English: east
→ Old French: est
French: est (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: ōstar
Middle High German: ōster

Old Norse: austr, ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱ (austr) — Runic form
Icelandic: austur
Faroese: eystur
Norwegian Nynorsk: aust, auster; (dialectal) aust’u, aust’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: aust
Old Swedish: ø̄ster
Swedish: öster
Old Danish: øst
Danish: øster, øst
Norwegian Bokmål: øst
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: øst

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros (“in the direction of dawn, east”).


nurþraz

nurþrōz (comparative)
nurþrōst (superlative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
Old English: norþ
Middle English: north
English: north
Scots: north
Yola: nordh
Old Frisian: *north
West Frisian: noard
Old Saxon: north
Old Dutch: *north
Middle Dutch: nort
Dutch: noord
Afrikaans: noord
Negerhollands: noord
→ Papiamentu: nort, nòrt, noord
Limburgish: naord
Old High German: *nordar
Middle High German: norder

Old Norse: norðr

Icelandic: norður

Faroese: norður

Old Swedish: nor

Swedish: norr

Danish: nord

From Pre-Germanic *h₁nŕ̥t(e)ros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ner- (“inner, under”), from *h₁en (“in”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐνέρτερος (enérteros), νέρτερος (nérteros).


aftrą

Old Norse: aptr, aftr

Icelandic: aftur

Faroese: aftur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: atter

Norwegian Nynorsk: att

Old Swedish: āter

Swedish: åter

Old Danish: attær

Danish: atter

Elfdalian: atter, att

Gutnish: atar

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 (aftra)

From the accusative/allative form of Pre-Germanic *h₂ep(o)teros. Compare Sanskrit अपतरम् (apataram, “further away”).


sundrô

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)


uftō

Proto-West Germanic: *oftō

Old English: oft

Middle English: oft, ofte, often

Scots: oft, oftin, aften

English: oft, often

→ Esperanto: ofte

→ Ido: ofte

Old Frisian: ofta, ofte

North Frisian: oft, oftem

Saterland Frisian: oafte

West Frisian: ofte, oft

Old Saxon: ofto, oft

Middle Low German: ofte, oft

Low German: oft

Old Dutch: *ofto

Middle Dutch: ofte, oft

Dutch: oft

Old High German: ofto

Middle High German: ofte, oft

German: oft

Old Norse: opt, oft

Icelandic: oft, ott

Faroese: ofta

Norwegian: ofte

Old Swedish: opta

Swedish: ofta

Danish: ofte

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 (ufta)

Uncertain; according to Kroonen, derived from *ub (“under”).


nēhwiz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nāhuriʀ(ō)
Old English: nēar, nēarra
Middle English: ner, nere
Scots: nere, neir
English: near
Old Frisian: niār
Saterland Frisian: naier
West Frisian: neier
Old Saxon: nāhōr
Middle Low German: nâr; nârre
(German Low German: nahder)
Old Dutch: *nāor
Middle Dutch: naer; naerre
Dutch: naar
Afrikaans: naar
Old High German: nāhōr
Middle High German: nāher, nāhere, næher, nār
German: näher

Old Norse: nær
Icelandic: nær
Faroese: nær
Norwegian Nynorsk: nær, nærre
Norwegian Bokmål: nær
Elfdalian: nęr
Old Swedish: nær
Swedish: när, nära
Danish: nær

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌹𐍃 (nēƕis)

comparative degree of *nēhw (“near”): closer, nearer


hwargin

Old English: hwerġen

Old Saxon: hwergin

Old High German: hwergin, wergin

Old Norse: hvargi, hvergi

Icelandic: hvargi, hvergi


hidrê

Old English: hider

Middle English: hider, hither

English: hither

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛖᛞᛖᚱᛡ (hederᴀ) (Stentoften stone), ᚺᛡᛁᛞᛖᚱᛡ (hᴀiderᴀ) (Björketorp stone)

Old Norse: heðra

Icelandic: heðra, héðra

Faroese: higar

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌳𐍂𐌴 (hidrē)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱíteros (“here”).


frōi

Old High German: fruo

Middle High German: vruo

German: früh

From pre-Germanic *proHi. Cognate with Ancient Greek πρῴ (prṓi).


afti

Old English: eft

Old Frisian: eft

Old Saxon: eft

From resegmentation of *af-ter as *aft-er + allative/goal marker *-i as in *furi.


aftai

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰 (afta)

From resegmentation of *af-ter as *aft-er + dative/locative marker *-ai, compare *furai.


aferą

Old Saxon: avur, *aver

Middle Low German: āver, ōver, ēver

German Low German: aver

Old High German: aber, aver, abur, avur, afur

Middle High German: aber, aver, afer

German: aber

→ German Low German: aber

→ Norwegian Bokmål: aber

→ Saterland Frisian: oaber

Old Norse: aur- (prefix)

⇒ Old Norse: aurfalr

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar)

From pre-Germanic *h₂ép-erom, accusative/allative to an adjective *h₂ép-eros, compare Sanskrit अपर (apara, “posterior, later; following”) and अपरम् (aparam).


aftanē

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aftanā
Old English: æftan

Old Norse: aptan

Icelandic: aftan

Faroese: aftan

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌰 (aftana)

/ˈɑɸ.tɑ.nɛː/

From resegmentation of *af-ter as *aft-er + *-anē.


niþanē

Proto-West Germanic: *niþanā
Old English: neoþan
Middle English: nēthen
English: neath
Scots: neath, neth
Old Saxon: nithana
Middle Low German: *neden
Plautdietsch: naden
Old High German: nidana
Middle High German: niden, nidene
German: nieden (obsolete)

Old Norse: neðan
Icelandic: neðan
Faroese: niðan
Norwegian: nedan
Old Swedish: niþan, næþan
Swedish: nedan
Old Danish: næthæn
Danish: neden


furþą

Proto-West Germanic: *forþ
Old English: forþ, forð
Middle English: forth, vorð, furth, feorð, forh, fort, ford
English: forth
Scots: furth
Old Frisian: forth
Saterland Frisian: fout
West Frisian: fuort
Old Saxon: forth, forð
Middle Low German: fort, vort
German Low German: foort
→ Danish: fort
→ Norwegian: fort
→ Swedish: fort
Old Dutch: forth
Middle Dutch: vort, voort
Dutch: voort
Jersey Dutch: vôrt
Old High German: forth
Middle High German: vort
Cimbrian: vort
German: fort

Old Norse: forð

From pre-Germanic *pŕ̥-to(m), perhaps with accent retraction from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥-tó-m or *pr̥-t-ó, derived from *per- (“to cross; across, before, in front”). Compare Ancient Greek πάρ (pár), Latin por-, Sanskrit प्र् (pr).


nēhwist

Proto-West Germanic: *nāhwist(ō)
Old English: nīehsta, nīehste
Middle English: nexte, nexste, nixte
English: next
Old Frisian: nest
Saterland Frisian: naist
Old Saxon: nāhisto
Old Dutch: *nāist, *nāst
Middle Dutch: naest
Dutch: naast
Afrikaans: naaste
Old High German: nāhisto
German: nächster
Yiddish: נעקסט (nekst)

Old Norse: næst

Icelandic: næst

Swedish: nästa

Danish: næste

superlative degree of *nēhw (“near”): nearest, closest


gernô

Proto-West Germanic: *gernō
Old English: ġeorne
Middle English: ȝeorne, ȝerne, gerne, ȝorne
Old Saxon: gerno
Middle Low German: gerne
Old Dutch: *gerno
Middle Dutch: gerne
Dutch: gaarne
Limburgish: gaern, gaer
West Flemish: geirn
Old High German: gerno
Middle High German: gerne
Bavarian: gean
Cimbrian: gearn
Central Franconian: jään, jär, gär(e), geare
Luxembourgish: gär, gären
German: gern, gerne

Old Norse: gjarna, gjarnan, gerna, gerna
Icelandic: gjarna, gjarnan
Faroese: gjarna
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjerne
Norwegian Bokmål: gjerne
Old Swedish: giærna, giarna, gærna, gerna, görna
Swedish: gärna
Danish: gerne


haimanē

Proto-West Germanic: *haimanā
Old Saxon: hēmena
Old High German: heimina

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛁᛗᚨᚾᚨ (*haimana)

Old Norse: heiman
Icelandic: heiman
Faroese: heiman
Norwegian: heiman


fulu

Proto-West Germanic: *fulu
Old Frisian: fule, fula, ful
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: föl
Mooring: foole
Wiedingharde: fole
East Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: fúul, ful
West Frisian: folle
Hindeloopen: fulle
Schiermonnikoog: fole
>? Old High German: fulu, folo (potentially scribal errors)

Like *felu, originally the neuter singular form of older *fuluz (“many”), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁ús, derived from the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Húš (Avestan 𐬞𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 (poᵘru), Sanskrit पुरु (puru)).


sneumô

Proto-West Germanic: *sneumō
Old English: snēome, snīome
Old Saxon: sniumo
Old Dutch: sniumo
Old High German: sniumo

Old Norse: snemma, snimma

Faroese: snimma

Icelandic: snemma


wirsiz

Proto-West Germanic: *wirsi

Old English: wiers, wyrs

Old Norse: verr

Icelandic: verr

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃 (wairs)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to confuse, mix up; to beat, thresh, grind”).


gēz

Proto-Norse: *gāʀ

Old Norse: gær, gjár

Icelandic: í gær

Faroese: í gjár

Norwegian Bokmål: i går

Norwegian Nynorsk: i går

Swedish: i går

Danish: i går


framiz

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐍃 (framis)

(East Germanic) comparative degree of *fram (“away”): further


þadrê

Old English: þæder, þider

Middle English: thider

English: thither (archaic)

Old Norse: þaðra

Icelandic: þaðra

Faroese: hagar


hwadrê

desctree

Old English: hwæder, hwider, hweder
Middle English: whider
English: whither (archaic)
Yola: fidi, vidy, vidie

Old Norse: *hvaðra

Faroese: hvagar

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌴 (ƕadrē)

/ˈxʷɑ.ðrɛːː/

From Proto-Germanic *hwi-, from a form of Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns, see also *hwō.


suniz

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 (suns)

From (a form closely related to) the root of *sēnô/sēna + *-iz (“adverbial suffix”).


hwēhw

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴𐌷 (ƕēh)


hinō dagō

Proto-West Germanic: *hiu dagu
Old English: hēodæġ
Old Frisian: hiūdega, hiōda
West Frisian: hjoed
Old Saxon: hiudagu hiudu, hūdigu, hōdigo
Middle Low German: hü̂de, hü̂den, hü̂digen
German Low German: hüüt
→⇒ Saterland Frisian: hüütich
Old Dutch: hiudo
Middle Dutch: hude (southeastern)
⇒ Middle Dutch: hudig
Dutch: huidig
Middle Dutch: hēden, hēde, hiden (with unclear change in vowel)
Dutch: heden
Afrikaans: hede
Old High German: hiutu
Middle High German: hiute
Alemannic German: hüt, hütt, hüüd, hit
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: häut, hòite (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hait
Central Franconian: höck, hück, heit, hout
German: heute, Heute
Hunsrik: heit
Luxembourgish: haut (probably; irregular vocalism)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰 (himma daga)