swōtuz

swōtuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swōtijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swōtī (feminine nominative singular strong)
swōtijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swōtų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swōtijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swōtijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swōtijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swōtijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swōtijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swōtų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swōtijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swōtijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
swōtīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
swōtijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swōtijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swōtijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swōtijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
swōtīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
swōtijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swōtijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swōtijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swōtijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swōtijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swōtijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swōtijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swōtijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swōtijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swōtijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swōtijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swōtijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swōtijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swōtijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swōtijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swōtijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swōtijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swōtijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swōtijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swōtijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swōtijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swōtijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swōtijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swōtijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swōtijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swōtīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swōtijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swōtijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swōtijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swōtīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swōtijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swōtīni (dative masculine singular weak)
swōtijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swōtijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swōtijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swōtīni (dative neuter singular weak)
swōtijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swōtīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swōtijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swōtijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swōtijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swōtīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swōtijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *swōtī
Old English: swēte, swōt
Middle English: swete, sweete, swoote, soote
Scots: swet, sweit, sweet
English: sweet
→ Zulu: uswidi
→ Swazi: liswidi
Old Frisian: swēte
North Frisian: sweete
Saterland Frisian: swäit
West Frisian: swiet
Old Saxon: swōti
Middle Low German: sôte, sö̂te, sûte
Low German: sööt
Plautdietsch: seet
Old Dutch: suoti
Middle Dutch: soete
Dutch: zoet
Afrikaans: soet
Limburgish: zeut
Old High German: suozi, swuozi
Middle High German: süeze
Alemannic German: süeß
Bavarian: siaß
Central Franconian: söß, seß, sieß
Luxembourgish: séiss
German: süß
Vilamovian: ziss
Yiddish: זיס (zis)

Old Norse: sǿtr, sœtr, sætr
Icelandic: sætur
Faroese: søtur
Norn: søt
Norwegian Nynorsk: søt
Elfdalian: syöt
Old Swedish: sø̄ter, söter
Swedish: söt
Old Danish: sø̄t, sødh
Danish: sød
Norwegian Bokmål: søt
Scanian: sǿder
Old Gutnish: *sýtr
Gutnish: söitar

→ Proto-Samic: *suottë

From Proto-Indo-European *swéh₂dus. Compare Latin suāvis, Ancient Greek ἡδύς (hēdús), Sanskrit स्वादु (svādu).


daubaz

*daubaz (a-stem)

daubaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daubai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daubō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daubôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daubą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daubō (neuter nominative plural strong)
daubanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
daubanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daubǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daubōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daubą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daubō (accusative neuter plural strong)
daubas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
daubaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
daubaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
daubaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
daubas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
daubaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daubammai (dative masculine singular strong)
daubaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
daubaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
daubaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daubammai (dative neuter singular strong)
daubaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
daubanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
daubaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
daubaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
daubaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
daubanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
daubaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daubô (masculine nominative singular weak)
daubaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daubǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daubōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daubô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daubōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
daubanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
daubanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daubōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daubōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daubô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daubōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
daubiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
daubanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daubōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daubōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
daubiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
daubanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daubini (dative masculine singular weak)
daubammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daubōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daubōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daubini (dative neuter singular weak)
daubammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daubinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daubammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daubōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daubōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daubinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daubammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *daub
Old English: dēaf
Middle English: deef, def
English: deaf
Scots: deef, deif, deaf
Old Frisian: dāf
Saterland Frisian: doof
Old Saxon: dōf
Middle Low German: dōf
Low German: doof
→ German: doof
→ West Frisian: dôf
Plautdietsch: doof
Old Dutch: *dōf
Middle Dutch: dôof
Dutch: doof
Afrikaans: doof
Berbice Creole Dutch: dofu
Negerhollands: doof
→ Papiamentu: dof
→ Sranan Tongo: dofu
Limburgish: douf
Old High German: toub, toup, (Central German) doub
Middle High German: toup; doup, douf
Central Franconian: dauv, doov, daaf
Luxembourgish: daf
Hunsrik: daab
German: taub
Yiddish: טויב (toyb)

Old Norse: daufr
Icelandic: daufur
Faroese: deyvur
Norn: def
Norwegian Nynorsk: dauv
Elfdalian: dov
Old Swedish: dø̄ver
Swedish: döv
Old Danish: dø̄f
Danish: døv
Norwegian Bokmål: døv
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: døv
Gutnish: dauvar
Scanian: dǿver
→ Middle English: daf, daffe
English: daff
→ English: dowf

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 (daufs, “hardened”)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, be obscured”).


ebnaz

*ebnaz (a-stem)

ebnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ebnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ebnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ebnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ebną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ebnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ebnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ebnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ebnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ebnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ebną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ebnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ebnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ebnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ebnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ebnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ebnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ebnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ebnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ebnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ebnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ebnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ebnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ebnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ebnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ebnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ebnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ebnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ebnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ebnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ebnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ebnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ebnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ebnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ebnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ebnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ebnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ebnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ebnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ebnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ebnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ebnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ebniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ebnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ebnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ebnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ebniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ebnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ebnini (dative masculine singular weak)
ebnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ebnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ebnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ebnini (dative neuter singular weak)
ebnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ebninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ebnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ebnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ebnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ebninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ebnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ebn
Old English: efn, efen, emn, em
Middle English: even
English: even
Scots: evin
Old Frisian: even, ivin
Saterland Frisian: íeuwen
West Frisian: effen, even
Old Saxon: evan
Middle Low German: even
Low German: effen, even
→ Danish: effen
→ Polabian: aven
→ Swedish: även
Old Dutch: *evan
Middle Dutch: ēven
Dutch: even
Afrikaans: ewe
Limburgish: aeve
Middle Dutch: effen
Dutch: effen
Afrikaans: effe
Old High German: eban
Middle High German: eben
Alemannic German: ëben
Cimbrian: ébane
German: eben

Old Norse: jafn, jamn
Icelandic: jafn
Faroese: javnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: jamn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: jamn
Old Swedish: iæmpn, iamn, iæmn, iampn
Swedish: jämn
Old Danish: iæmfn, iafn, iæfn, ifn, iofn, iauæn, iæuæn, iæmn
Danish: jævn
Norwegian Bokmål: jevn

Elfdalian: iemmen
Jamtish: jamn
Gutnish: jamnar, jämbar
Scanian: jǫvner

Gothic: 𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍃 (ibns)

From Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ém-no- (“equal, straight; flat, level, even”). Cognate with Sanskrit अम्नस् (amnás, “just now”, adv.), with differing accent.


daudaz

*daudaz (a-stem)

daudaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daudai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daudō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daudôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daudą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daudō (neuter nominative plural strong)
daudanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
daudanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daudǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daudōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daudą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daudō (accusative neuter plural strong)
daudas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
daudaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
daudaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
daudaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
daudas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
daudaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daudammai (dative masculine singular strong)
daudaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
daudaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
daudaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daudammai (dative neuter singular strong)
daudaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
daudanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
daudaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
daudaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
daudaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
daudanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
daudaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daudô (masculine nominative singular weak)
daudaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daudǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daudōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daudô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daudōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
daudanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
daudanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daudōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daudōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daudô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daudōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
daudiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
daudanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daudōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daudōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
daudiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
daudanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daudini (dative masculine singular weak)
daudammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daudōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daudōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daudini (dative neuter singular weak)
daudammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daudinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daudammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daudōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daudōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daudinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daudammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *daud
Old English: dēad
Middle English: ded, deed
Scots: dede, deed, deid
English: dead
Yola: deed
Old Frisian: dād
North Frisian: ded
West Frisian: dead, dea
Saterland Frisian: dood
Old Saxon: dōd
Middle Low German: dōt
Low German: dood
Plautdietsch: doot
Old Dutch: dōt
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Berbice Creole Dutch: doto
Petjo: doot
Limburgish: doead
Old High German: tōt
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: daod, dod
Bavarian: doud
Cimbrian: tòat
Central Franconian: dut, dot
Hunsrik: dot
Luxembourgish: dout
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: duud
Upper Saxon German:
East Franconian:
German: tot
Rhine Franconian: dut, dot
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

Old Norse: dauðr
Icelandic: dauður
Faroese: deyður
Middle Norwegian: daudher, dauder
Norwegian Nynorsk: daud, (dialectal) dauder, daud'e, daug'e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: daud
Old Swedish: dø̄þer
Swedish: död
Old Danish: dø̄th
Danish: død
Norwegian Bokmål: død
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: død

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (dauþs)

From Pre-Germanic *dʰowHtós, original past participle to *dawjaną.


frawaz

*frawaz (a-stem)

frawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frawô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frawaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frawǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frawōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frawô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frawōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frawanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frawanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frawōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frawōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frawô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frawōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frawiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frawanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frawōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frawōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frawiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frawanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frawini (dative masculine singular weak)
frawammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frawōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frawōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frawini (dative neuter singular weak)
frawammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frawinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frawammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frawōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frawōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frawinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frawammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frau

Old Frisian: frē, frō

Old Saxon: frā
Middle Low German: vrô
Plautdietsch: froo
→ Danish: fro

Old Dutch: *frō, frōlīk

Middle Dutch: fro, vro, vroe

Old High German: frō, frao, frāo
Middle High German: vrō
Bavarian: froh
Cimbrian: fròo
Central Franconian: fruh, froh
Luxembourgish: frou
German: froh
Silesian East Central German: fruh

Old Norse: frár, frór

Icelandic: frár, frór

Faroese: fróur

Old Swedish: frār

Dalian: frår

Helsingian: frå

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 (*fraus) (in given names)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rapëda (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *prow-os, likely from Proto-Indo-European *prew- (“to jump, hop”). Cognate with Sanskrit प्रवते (právate, “to jump, leap”).

cog

froihlik

Middle Low German: vrȫlîk, vroulîk, vroilik

Dutch: vrolijkAfrikaans: vrolik→ English: frolic


gawissaz

*gawissaz (a-stem)

gawissaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gawissai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gawissō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gawissôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gawissą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gawissō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gawissanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gawissanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gawissǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gawissōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gawissą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gawissō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gawissas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gawissaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gawissaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gawissaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gawissas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gawissaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gawissammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gawissaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gawissaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gawissaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gawissammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gawissaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gawissanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gawissaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gawissaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gawissaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gawissanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gawissaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gawissô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gawissaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gawissǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gawissōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gawissô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gawissōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gawissanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gawissanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gawissōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gawissōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gawissô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gawissōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gawissiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gawissanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gawissōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gawissōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gawissiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gawissanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gawissini (dative masculine singular weak)
gawissammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gawissōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gawissōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gawissini (dative neuter singular weak)
gawissammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gawissinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gawissammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gawissōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gawissōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gawissinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gawissammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gawiss
Old English: ġewiss, ġewis
Middle English: ywis, iwis, wis, wiss
English: iwis, wis
Scots: iwis
Old Saxon: giwis, giwiss
Middle Low German: gewis
German Low German: gewiss
→ Kashubian: gwës
⇒ Kashubian: gwësny
→ Polish: gweśny (or from German)
Old Dutch: *giwiss
Middle Dutch: gewis, gewes
Dutch: gewis
⇒ Old Dutch: giwis wêsen
Old High German: giwis
Middle High German: gewis; wis
German: gewiss
→ Saterland Frisian: gewis
Yiddish: געוויס (gevis)

Old Norse: viss

Icelandic: viss

Faroese: vissur

Old Swedish: viss, vis

Swedish: viss

Danish: vis

From *ga- + *wissaz (past participle of *witaną).


gladaz

*gladaz (a-stem)

gladaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gladai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gladō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gladôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gladą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gladō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gladanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gladanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gladǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gladōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gladą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gladō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gladas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gladaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gladaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gladaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gladas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gladaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gladammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gladaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gladaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gladaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gladammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gladaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gladanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gladaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gladaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gladaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gladanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gladaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gladô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gladaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gladǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gladōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gladô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gladōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gladanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gladanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gladōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gladōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gladô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gladōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gladiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gladanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gladōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gladōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gladiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gladanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gladini (dative masculine singular weak)
gladammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gladōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gladōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gladini (dative neuter singular weak)
gladammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gladinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gladammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gladōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gladōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gladinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gladammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *glad
Old English: glæd
Middle English: glad, glade, gladde, glaid, gled
English: glad
Scots: gled, glaid
Yola: glaude
⇒ Middle English: glade, glode, glede
English: glade
Yola: gladès
Old Frisian: gled
Saterland Frisian: glääd
West Frisian: glêd
Old Saxon: glad
Middle Low German: glad, glat
Low German: glad, glatt
Plautdietsch: glaut
Old Dutch: *glad, *glat
Middle Dutch: glat
Dutch: glad
Afrikaans: glad
Old High German: glat
Middle High German: glat
German: glatt
→ Danish: glat
→ Swedish: glatt
→ Norwegian: glatt
→ Esperanto: glata
Ido: glata
Luxembourgish: glat
Vilamovian: głōt
Yiddish: גלאַט (glat)
→ English: glatt

Old Norse: glaðr

Icelandic: glaður

Faroese: glaður

Norwegian: glad

Old Swedish: glaþer

Swedish: glad

Danish: glad

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: láđis

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰladʰ-, from *gʰleh₂dʰ- (“to shine”).
Cognate to Latin glaber and Old Church Slavonic гладъкъ (gladŭkŭ).


gamainiz

gamainizô (comparative)
gamainistaz (superlative)
gamainiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gamainijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gamainī (feminine nominative singular strong)
gamainijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gamainį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gamainijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gamainijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gamainijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gamainijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gamainijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gamainį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gamainijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gamainijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gamainīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
gamainijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gamainijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gamainijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gamainijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gamainīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
gamainijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gamainijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gamainijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gamainijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gamainijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gamainijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gamainijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gamainijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gamainijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gamainijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gamainijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gamainijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gamainijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gamainijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gamainijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gamainijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gamainijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gamainijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gamainijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gamainijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gamainijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gamainijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gamainijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gamainijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gamainijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gamainīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gamainijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gamainijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gamainijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gamainīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gamainijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gamainīni (dative masculine singular weak)
gamainijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gamainijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gamainijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gamainīni (dative neuter singular weak)
gamainijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gamainīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gamainijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gamainijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gamainijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gamainīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gamainijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gamainī
Old English: ġemǣne
Middle English: ȝemene, imæne, imeane, imene
English: mean
Scots: mene, mein
Old Frisian: gemēne
Saterland Frisian: gemeen
West Frisian: gemien, mien
Old Saxon: gimēni
Middle Low German: gemêne, gemeine, gemên
Low German: gemeen
→ Swedish: gemen
Old Dutch: *gimēni
Middle Dutch: gemêne
Dutch: gemeen
Afrikaans: gemeen
Negerhollands: gemeen
Petjo: gemeen
Limburgish: gemein
Old High German: gimeini
Middle High German: gemeine
German: gemein
Luxembourgish: gemeeng
⇒ Old High German: gimeinī (noun)
Alemannic German: g'mai
Middle High German: gemeine
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: kamou
Mòcheno: gamoa'
German: Gemeine (archaic)
→ Polish: gmina
→ English: gmina
→ Ukrainian: ґміна (gmina)
Luxembourgish: Gemeng

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (gamains)

From *ga- + *mainiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moynis. Related to Latin commūnis (from earlier comoinis).


seukaz

*seukaz (a-stem)

seukaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
seukai (masculine nominative plural strong)
seukō (feminine nominative singular strong)
seukôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
seuką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
seukō (neuter nominative plural strong)
seukanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
seukanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
seukǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
seukōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
seuką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
seukō (accusative neuter plural strong)
seukas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
seukaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
seukaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
seukaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
seukas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
seukaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
seukammai (dative masculine singular strong)
seukaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
seukaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
seukaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
seukammai (dative neuter singular strong)
seukaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
seukanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
seukaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
seukaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
seukaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
seukanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
seukaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
seukô (masculine nominative singular weak)
seukaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
seukǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
seukōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
seukô (neuter nominative singular weak)
seukōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
seukanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
seukanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
seukōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
seukōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
seukô (accusative neuter singular weak)
seukōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
seukiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
seukanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
seukōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
seukōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
seukiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
seukanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
seukini (dative masculine singular weak)
seukammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
seukōni (dative feminine singular weak)
seukōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
seukini (dative neuter singular weak)
seukammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
seukinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
seukammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
seukōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
seukōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
seukinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
seukammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *seuk
Old English: sēoc, sēc
Middle English: sik
English: sick
→? Navajo: sxih
Scots: seek, seeck
Yola: zeek
Old Frisian: siāk
North Frisian: sük
Saterland Frisian: säik, süük
West Frisian: siik
Old Saxon: siok
Middle Low German: sêk, sîk, sǖk
German Low German: seek, süük
Old Dutch: *siok
Middle Dutch: siek
Dutch: ziek
Afrikaans: siek
Old High German: sioh, siuh
Middle High German: siech
Alemannic German: siech
German: siech

Old Norse: sjúkr
Icelandic: sjúkur
Faroese: sjúkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjuk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sjuk
Elfdalian: siouk
Old Swedish: siūker
Swedish: sjuk
Old Danish: siūkær, sȳk
Danish: syg
Norwegian Bokmål: syk
Gutnish: sjaukar
Scanian: sjúger, śöger

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌺𐍃 (siuks)


wilþijaz

*wilþijaz (ja-stem)

wilþijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wilþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wilþijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wilþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wilþiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wilþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wilþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wilþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wilþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wilþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wilþiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wilþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wilþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wilþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wilþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wilþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wilþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wilþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wilþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wilþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wilþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wilþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wilþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wilþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wilþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wilþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wilþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wilþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wilþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wilþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wilþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wilþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wilþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wilþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wilþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wilþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wilþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wilþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wilþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wilþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wilþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wilþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wilþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wilþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wilþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wilþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wilþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wilþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wilþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wilþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wilþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wilþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wilþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wilþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wilþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wilþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wilþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wilþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wilþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wilþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wilþī
Old English: wilde
Middle English: wild, wilde, wielde, wille, will
English: wild
Scots: wylde, wild, wile
Old Frisian: wilde
Saterland Frisian: wíeld, wüüld
West Frisian: wyld
Old Saxon: wildi
Middle Low German: wilde, wilt
Low German: wild
Plautdietsch: wilt
→ Danish: vild
→ Swedish: vild
Old Dutch: wildi
Middle Dutch: wilde, wilt
Dutch: wild
Afrikaans: wild
Berbice Creole Dutch: weldri
Jersey Dutch: wäld
Negerhollands: wild, weeld, welt, willit, wil
Limburgish: wildj
Old High German: wildi
Middle High German: wilde
Central Franconian: weld, well (chiefly Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: wild
Luxembourgish: wëll
Bavarian: wüd, wuid, wüld
Cimbrian: bill
German: wild
Vilamovian: wyłd
Yiddish: ווילד (vild)

Old Norse: villr
Icelandic: villur
Faroese: villur
Norn: vill
Norwegian: vill
Old Swedish: viller
Swedish: vill
→ Finnish: villi
Gutnish: vildar, villar
Scanian: vilðer
⇒ Danish: vild (influenced by Old Saxon wildi)
⇒ Old Swedish: vilder (influenced by Old Saxon wildi)
Swedish: vild

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (wilþeis)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wel-, *welw- (“hair, wool, grass, ear (of corn), forest”). Alternatively from *gʷʰel-t-, whence also Proto-Celtic *gʷeltis (“wild”) (Welsh gwyllt (“wild”), Irish gealt (“lunatic”)).


kaldaz

*kaldaz (a-stem)

kaldaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kaldai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kaldō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kaldôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kaldą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kaldō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kaldanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kaldanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kaldǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kaldōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kaldą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kaldō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kaldas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kaldaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kaldaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kaldaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kaldas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kaldaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kaldammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kaldaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kaldaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kaldaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kaldammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kaldaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kaldanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kaldaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kaldaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kaldaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kaldanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kaldaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kaldô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kaldaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kaldǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kaldōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kaldô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kaldōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kaldanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kaldanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kaldōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kaldōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kaldô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kaldōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kaldiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kaldanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kaldōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kaldōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kaldiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kaldanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kaldini (dative masculine singular weak)
kaldammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kaldōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kaldōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kaldini (dative neuter singular weak)
kaldammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kaldinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kaldammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kaldōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kaldōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kaldinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kaldammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kald
Old English: ċeald, cald — Anglian
Middle English: cold, cald, cheld, cheald, chald
English: cold
Geordie English: cawd, cauld
Scots: cald, cauld
Yola: coale, khoal, cole
Old Frisian: kald
Saterland Frisian: koold
West Frisian: kâld
Old Saxon: kald
Middle Low German: kold, kolt
Low German:
German Low German: kold, kol, kolt, koolt, koold
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: käult
Lippisch: kault
Sauerländisch: kàld
Westmünsterländisch: kold
Plautdietsch: kolt
Old Dutch: kalt, *kald, *kold (in toponyms)
Middle Dutch: cout, calt
Dutch: koud
Afrikaans: koud
Berbice Creole Dutch: kautu
Negerhollands: koud, koude, kout, kot, kou
Skepi Creole Dutch: kout
→ Kwinti: kowru
→ Saramaccan: koto
Limburgish: kaad
West Flemish: koed, kod
Old High German: kalt
Middle High German: kalt
Alemannic German: chalt
Walser: chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte
Bavarian: ckolt, koid
Cimbrian: kalt, khalt (Luserna, Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: khòlt, kòlt
Central Franconian: kalt
German: kalt
Luxembourgish: kal
Pennsylvania German: kalt
Vilamovian: kāłt
Yiddish: קאַלט (kalt)

Old Norse: kaldr
Icelandic: kaldur
Faroese: kaldur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kald; (dialectal) kald’u, kald’e
Norwegian Bokmål: kald
Elfdalian: kold
Old Swedish: kalder, kaller
Swedish: kall
Old Danish: kald
Danish: kold
Norwegian Bokmål: kold
Gutnish: kaldar

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds)

From *kalaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Diachronically from Proto-Indo-European *goltós.


blindaz

*blindaz (a-stem)

blindaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blindai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blindō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blindôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blindą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blindō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blindanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blindanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blindǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blindōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blindą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blindō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blindas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blindaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blindaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blindaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blindas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blindaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blindammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blindaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blindaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blindaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blindammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blindaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blindanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blindaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blindaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blindaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blindanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blindaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blindô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blindaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blindǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blindōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blindô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blindōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blindanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blindanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blindōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blindōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blindô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blindōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blindiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blindanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blindōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blindōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blindiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blindanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blindini (dative masculine singular weak)
blindammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blindōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blindōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blindini (dative neuter singular weak)
blindammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blindinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blindammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blindōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blindōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blindinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blindammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blind
Old English: blind
Middle English: blind, blynd
Scots: blynd, blind
English: blind
Old Frisian: blind
Saterland Frisian: bliend
West Frisian: blyn
Old Saxon: blind
Middle Low German: blint
German Low German: blind
Plautdietsch: blint
Old Dutch: *blint
Middle Dutch: blint
Dutch: blind
Old High German: blint, blintēr
Middle High German: blint
German: blind
→ Esperanto: blinda
Luxembourgish: blann
Vilamovian: błynd
Yiddish: בלינד (blind)

Old Norse: blindr

Icelandic: blindur

Faroese: blindur

Norn: blind

Norwegian: blind

Old Swedish: blinder

Swedish: blind

Danish: blind

Gutnish: blindar, blindur

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (blinds)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰlendʰos, an adjective related to *blandaną (“to make murky”).


braidaz

*braidaz (a-stem)

braidaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
braidai (masculine nominative plural strong)
braidō (feminine nominative singular strong)
braidôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
braidą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
braidō (neuter nominative plural strong)
braidanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
braidanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
braidǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
braidōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
braidą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
braidō (accusative neuter plural strong)
braidas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
braidaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
braidaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
braidaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
braidas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
braidaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
braidammai (dative masculine singular strong)
braidaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
braidaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
braidaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
braidammai (dative neuter singular strong)
braidaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
braidanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
braidaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
braidaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
braidaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
braidanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
braidaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
braidô (masculine nominative singular weak)
braidaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
braidǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
braidōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
braidô (neuter nominative singular weak)
braidōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
braidanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
braidanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
braidōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
braidōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
braidô (accusative neuter singular weak)
braidōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
braidiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
braidanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
braidōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
braidōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
braidiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
braidanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
braidini (dative masculine singular weak)
braidammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
braidōni (dative feminine singular weak)
braidōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
braidini (dative neuter singular weak)
braidammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
braidinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
braidammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
braidōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
braidōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
braidinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
braidammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *braid
Old English: brād
Middle English: brood, brod, brode
English: broad
Scots: braid
Yola: brode
Old Frisian: brēd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: briad
Goesharde: briid
Halligen: briad
Mooring: briidj
Sylt: breer
Wiedingharde: briidj
Saterland Frisian: breed
West Frisian: brie
Old Saxon: brēd
Middle Low German: *brêd
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: breet
Low Prussian, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch): breed
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: braẹ̆t
Sauerländisch: bräit, brait (Elpe, Felbecke, Finnentrop, Attendorn, Elspe), brǟt (Niedersfeld)
East Westphalian: breit (Lippe)
Eastphalian: breit (Wedemark)
Old Dutch: *brēd, *breid, *brēt
Middle Dutch: brêet
Dutch: breed
Afrikaans: breed
Berbice Creole Dutch: brete
Negerhollands: breed
→ Caribbean Javanese: bradi (via Sranan Tongo)
→ West Frisian: breed
Limburgish: breid
Zealandic: breêd
Old High German: breit
Middle High German: breit
Bavarian: brad, broad
Central Franconian: breet
German: breit
Hunsrik: breid
Luxembourgish: breet
Vilamovian: braat
Yiddish: ברייט (breyt)

Old Norse: breiðr
Icelandic: breiður
Faroese: breiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: brei, breid
→ Norwegian Bokmål: brei
Old Swedish: brēþer
Swedish: bred
Danish: bred
Norwegian Bokmål: bred

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (braiþs)

Of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr-oy-tos, a participle from an i-present of *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”); compare Lithuanian ber̃ti (“to strew, scatter”).


unwissaz

*unwissaz (a-stem)

unwissaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unwissai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unwissō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unwissôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unwissą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unwissō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unwissanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unwissanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unwissǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unwissōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unwissą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unwissō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unwissas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unwissaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unwissaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unwissaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unwissas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unwissaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unwissammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unwissaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unwissaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unwissaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unwissammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unwissaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unwissanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unwissaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unwissaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unwissaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unwissanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unwissaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unwissô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unwissaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unwissǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unwissōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unwissô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unwissōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unwissanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unwissanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unwissōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unwissōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unwissô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unwissōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unwissiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unwissanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unwissōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unwissōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unwissiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unwissanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unwissini (dative masculine singular weak)
unwissammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unwissōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unwissōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unwissini (dative neuter singular weak)
unwissammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unwissinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unwissammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unwissōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unwissōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unwissinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unwissammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: unġewiss

Old Frisian: unewiss

Old Dutch: *unwis, *ungiwis

Middle Dutch: onwis, onwisse, ongewis

Dutch: onwis, ongewis

Old High German: *unwis, ungiwis

Middle High German: unwis, unwisse, ungewis

German: ungewiss

Old Norse: úviss, úvíss

Icelandic: óviss

Faroese: óvissur

Danish: uvis

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃 (unwiss)

From *un- + *wissaz (past participle of *witaną).


manniskaz

*manniskaz (a-stem)

manniskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
manniskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
manniskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
manniskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
manniską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
manniskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
manniskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
manniskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
manniskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
manniskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
manniską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
manniskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
manniskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
manniskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
manniskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
manniskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
manniskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
manniskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
manniskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
manniskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
manniskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
manniskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
manniskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
manniskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
manniskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
manniskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
manniskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
manniskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
manniskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
manniskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
manniskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
manniskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
manniskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
manniskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
manniskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
manniskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
manniskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
manniskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
manniskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
manniskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
manniskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
manniskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
manniskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
manniskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
manniskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
manniskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
manniskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
manniskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
manniskini (dative masculine singular weak)
manniskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
manniskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
manniskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
manniskini (dative neuter singular weak)
manniskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
manniskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
manniskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
manniskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
manniskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
manniskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
manniskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *mannisk

Old English: mennisċ
Middle English: mennesc, mennish, mænnisc, mannish
English: mennish, mannish

Old Frisian: menniska, manniska

North Frisian: mansche

Saterland Frisian: Moanske

West Frisian: minske

Old Saxon: mennisk, mennisko

Middle Low German: mensche, minsche

Low German:

Dutch Low Saxon: meanske, méénse

German Low German: Minsch

Hamburgisch: Mensch

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Mensk m (poetic), Minsche m

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Minske

Westmünsterlandisch: Mensk, Menske, Määnske, Määske, Mense, Mentse, Mainske, Maiske

Plautdietsch: Mensch

→ Old Norse: manneskja

Icelandic: manneskja

Faroese: menniskja

Norwegian Bokmål: menneske

Old Swedish: mænniskia

Swedish: människa

Danish: menneske

Old Dutch: *mennisko

Middle Dutch: mensc, mensch

Dutch: mens

Old High German: mennisko, mennisk
Middle High German: mensch, mensche
Alemannic German: Mänsch
Bavarian: Mensch
Mòcheno: mènsch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Mensch
Kölsch: Minsch
Luxembourgish: Mënsch
German: Mensch
Rhine Franconian: Mensch (Frankfurterisch)
Pennsylvania German: Mensch
Vilamovian: menś
Yiddish: מענטש (mentsh)
→ English: mensch

Old Norse: mennskr, mennska

Icelandic: mennskur, mennska

Faroese: menskur

Old Swedish: mænsker

Swedish: mänska

→ Middle English: menske

English: mensk, mense

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (mannisks)


lausaz

*lausaz (a-stem)

lausaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lausai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lausō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lausôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lausą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lausō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lausanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lausanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lausǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lausōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lausą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lausō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lausas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lausaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lausaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lausaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lausas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lausaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lausammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lausaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lausaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lausaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lausammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lausaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lausanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lausaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lausaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lausaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lausanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lausaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lausô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lausaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lausǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lausōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lausô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lausōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lausanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lausanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lausōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lausōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lausô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lausōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lausiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lausanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lausōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lausōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lausiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lausanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lausini (dative masculine singular weak)
lausammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lausōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lausōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lausini (dative neuter singular weak)
lausammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lausinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lausammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lausōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lausōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lausinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lausammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *laus
Old English: lēas
Middle English: leas, lees, les
Old Frisian: *lās (in compounds)
North Frisian: lus, luas
Saterland Frisian: loos
West Frisian: loas
Old Saxon: lōs
Middle Low German: lōs
Plautdietsch: looss
Old Dutch: *lōs
Middle Dutch: loos
Dutch: loos
Afrikaans: los
Old High German: lōs, -laos (once)
Middle High German: lōs
German: los

Old Norse: lauss
Icelandic: laus
Faroese: leysur
Norn: los
Norwegian Nynorsk: laus
→ Norwegian Bokmål: laus
Swedish: lös
Danish: løs
Norwegian Bokmål: løs
Gutnish: låss
→ Middle English: laus, lous, loos
English: loose
Scots: lous, lows, loose

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (laus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lausas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to untie, set free, separate”). Related to *leusaną; outside of Germanic, related to Ancient Greek λύω (lúō), Latin luō (“expiate, pay”), Sanskrit लून (lūna, “sever, cut forth, destroy, annihilate”), and possibly Old Armenian լուծանեմ (lucanem) and Albanian lirë.

cog

(in compounds) -less, lacking, devoid of


frumistaz

frumist (adverb)
frumistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frumistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frumistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frumistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frumistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frumistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frumistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frumistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frumistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frumistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frumistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frumistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frumistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frumistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frumistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frumistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frumistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frumistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frumistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frumistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frumistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frumistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frumistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frumistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frumistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frumistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frumistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frumistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frumistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frumistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frumistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frumistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frumistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frumistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frumistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frumistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frumistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frumistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frumistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frumistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frumistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frumistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frumistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frumistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frumistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frumistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frumistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frumistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frumistini (dative masculine singular weak)
frumistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frumistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frumistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frumistini (dative neuter singular weak)
frumistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frumistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frumistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frumistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frumistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frumistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frumistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*frumistaz (a-stem)


maistaz

maist (adverb)
maistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
maistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
maistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
maistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
maistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
maistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
maistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
maistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
maistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
maistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
maistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
maistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
maistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
maistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
maistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
maistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
maistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
maistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
maistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
maistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
maistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
maistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
maistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
maistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
maistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
maistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
maistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
maistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
maistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
maistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
maistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
maistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
maistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
maistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
maistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
maistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
maistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
maistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
maistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
maistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
maistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
maistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
maistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
maistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
maistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
maistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
maistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
maistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
maistini (dative masculine singular weak)
maistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
maistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
maistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
maistini (dative neuter singular weak)
maistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
maistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
maistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
maistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
maistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
maistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
maistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*maistaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *maist

desctree

Old English: mǣst
Middle English: maste, most, moste
English: most
Geordie English: myest
Scots: maste, mast, maist

Old Frisian: māsta

Saterland Frisian: maast

West Frisian: meast

Old Saxon: mēst

Old Dutch: *mēst, meist

Middle Dutch: meest

Dutch: meest

Afrikaans: meeste

Old High German: meist

German: meist

Old Norse: mestr
Icelandic: mestur
Faroese: mestur
Old Swedish: mæster
Swedish: mest
Norwegian Nynorsk: mest (obsolete or dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (maists)


airizô

airiz (adverb)
airistaz (superlative)
airizô (masculine nominative singular)
airizaniz (masculine nominative plural)
airizį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
airizīniz (feminine nominative plural)
airizô (neuter nominative singular)
airizōnō (neuter nominative plural)
airizanų (accusative masculine singular)
airizanunz (accusative masculine plural)
airizīnų (accusative feminine singular)
airizīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
airizô (accusative neuter singular)
airizōnō (accusative neuter plural)
airiziniz (genitive masculine singular)
airizanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
airizīniz (feminine genitive singular)
airizīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
airiziniz (genitive neuter singular)
airizanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
airizini (dative masculine singular)
airizammaz (dative masculine plural)
airizīni (dative feminine singular)
airizīmaz (dative feminine plural)
airizini (dative neuter singular)
airizammaz (dative neuter plural)
airizinē (instrumental masculine singular)
airizammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
airizīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
airizīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
airizinē (instrumental neuter singular)
airizammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*airizô (an/īn-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *airiʀōOld English: ǣrraMiddle English: ærre

eroreOld Frisian:West Frisian: earderOld Saxon:Middle Low German: êrerLow German: ehrderOld Dutch: *ēriroMiddle Dutch: eerreDutch: eerderAfrikaans: eerderOld High German: ēriro

ēroroMiddle High German: ērer(German: eher)


maizô

maiz (adverb)
maizô (masculine nominative singular)
maizaniz (masculine nominative plural)
maizį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
maizīniz (feminine nominative plural)
maizô (neuter nominative singular)
maizōnō (neuter nominative plural)
maizanų (accusative masculine singular)
maizanunz (accusative masculine plural)
maizīnų (accusative feminine singular)
maizīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
maizô (accusative neuter singular)
maizōnō (accusative neuter plural)
maiziniz (genitive masculine singular)
maizanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
maizīniz (feminine genitive singular)
maizīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
maiziniz (genitive neuter singular)
maizanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
maizini (dative masculine singular)
maizammaz (dative masculine plural)
maizīni (dative feminine singular)
maizīmaz (dative feminine plural)
maizini (dative neuter singular)
maizammaz (dative neuter plural)
maizinē (instrumental masculine singular)
maizammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
maizīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
maizīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
maizinē (instrumental neuter singular)
maizammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

*maizô (an/īn-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maiʀō
Old English: māra
Middle English: more, mare, moore
English: more
Geordie English: mair
Scots: mair
Yola: mo', more
Old Frisian: māra
Saterland Frisian: moor
West Frisian: mear
Old Saxon: mēro
Middle Low German: mêr
Low German: mehr
Old Dutch: mēro, mērro
Middle Dutch: mere
Dutch: meer
Afrikaans: meer
Old High German: mēro
Middle High German: mēr, mēre
Alemannic German: meer
German: mehr
Yiddish: מער (mer)

Old Norse: meiri
Icelandic: meiri, meira, meir
Faroese: meiri, meira
Norwegian Nynorsk: meir; (dialectal) meire, meira
Swedish: mera
Danish: mere
Norwegian Bokmål: mer, mere

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰 (maiza)

/ˈmɑi̯.zɔːː/


warmaz

*warmaz (a-stem)

warmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
warmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
warmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
warmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
warmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
warmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
warmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
warmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
warmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
warmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
warmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
warmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
warmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
warmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
warmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
warmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
warmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
warmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
warmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
warmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
warmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
warmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
warmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
warmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
warmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
warmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
warmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
warmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
warmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
warmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
warmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
warmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
warmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
warmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
warmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
warmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
warmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
warmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
warmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
warmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
warmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
warmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
warminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
warmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
warmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
warmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
warminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
warmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
warmini (dative masculine singular weak)
warmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
warmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
warmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
warmini (dative neuter singular weak)
warmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
warminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
warmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
warmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
warmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
warminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
warmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *warm
Old English: wearm
Middle English: warm, warme, werm, wearm
Scots: wairm
English: warm
Old Frisian: warm
Saterland Frisian: woorm
West Frisian: waarm
Old Saxon: warm
Middle Low German: warm
Low German: warm
German Low German: warm
Old Dutch: *warm
Middle Dutch: warm
Dutch: warm
Afrikaans: warm
Limburgish: werm
West Flemish: werm
Old High German: warm
Middle High German: warm
Alemannic German: warm
Italian Walser: warm, woare, woarm, wore, wérme
Bavarian: borm
Cimbrian: barm
Mòcheno: bòrm
Udinese: borm, borbm, boarm
Viennese: wårm
Central Franconian: wärm, warm
Hunsrik: waarem
German: warm
Luxembourgish: waarm
Yiddish: וואַרעם (varem)

Old Norse: varmr
Icelandic: varmur
Faroese: varmur
Norwegian Nynorsk: varm; (dialectal) varm’u, varm’e
Elfdalian: warm
Old Swedish: varmber, værmber
Swedish: varm
Old Danish: warm
Danish: varm
Norwegian Bokmål: varm
Scanian: værmer
Old Gutnish: varmbr
Gutnish: varmar

Uncertain. Two different etymologies have been proposed.
# From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰór-mo-s, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) + *-mos, related to Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós), Latin formus, Persian گرم (garm) and Sanskrit घर्म (gharma).
# From Proto-Indo-European *wór-mo-s, from *wer- (“to burn”) + *-mos, related to Hittite [script needed] (warnuzi).
The dispute is due to differing hypotheses on how Proto-Indo-European initial *gʷʰ- evolved in Germanic. Some maintain that *gʷʰ would have turned to *b, and therefore that the root *gʷʰer- would instead have given rise to *ber- (“to burn”) etc. (compare *banô < *gʷʰon-ō). A counterargument (e.g. Kroonen (2013: p. xxviii)) is that Germanic *w is in fact the usual outcome of *gʷʰ, citing uncontroversial examples such as *snaiwaz < *snóygʷʰos and *neurô < *négʷʰrō. There have also been etymologies proposing a merger of the two roots.

warm (having a higher temperature than usual)


rehtaz

*rehtaz (a-stem)

rehtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rehtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rehtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rehtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rehtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rehtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rehtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rehtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rehtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rehtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rehtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rehtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rehtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rehtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rehtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rehtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rehtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rehtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rehtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rehtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rehtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rehtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rehtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rehtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rehtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rehtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rehtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rehtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rehtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rehtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rehtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rehtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rehtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rehtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rehtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rehtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rehtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rehtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rehtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rehtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rehtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rehtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rehtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rehtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rehtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rehtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rehtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rehtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rehtini (dative masculine singular weak)
rehtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rehtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rehtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rehtini (dative neuter singular weak)
rehtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rehtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rehtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rehtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rehtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rehtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rehtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *reht
Old English: riht, reht — Mercian, reht, reoht, reiht, ryht
Middle English: right, reȝt, riȝte, riȝt, ryȝt, ryght, righte, riht
English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit
Geordie English: reet
Scots: richt
Yola: reights (plural)
Old Frisian: riucht, riocht
Saterland Frisian: riucht, gjucht
West Frisian: rjocht
Old Saxon: reht
Middle Low German: recht, richt
Low German: recht
Old Dutch: reht
Middle Dutch: recht
Dutch: recht
Berbice Creole Dutch: rekti
Jersey Dutch: rääxt
Negerhollands: recht, rek, ret, tret, regt
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tret (dated)
→ Papiamentu: rècht
→ Saramaccan: leti
Limburgish: rèch
Old High German: reht
Middle High German: rëht
Alemannic German: Rëcht
Central Franconian: rääch, räht, räät (western Ripuarian, parts of western Moselle Franconian), reht, reet, reecht (other parts of Moselle Franconian), räächt (eastern Moselle Franconian)
German: recht, Recht
Hunsrik: richt
Luxembourgish: riets, riicht, Recht (influenced by German)
Vilamovian: racht
Yiddish: רעכט (rekht)

Old Norse: réttr
Icelandic: réttur
Faroese: rættur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rett
Elfdalian: rett
Old Swedish: rǣtter
Swedish: rätt, rät
Old Danish: rǣt
Scanian: rǽtter
Danish: ret
Norwegian Bokmål: rett
Gutnish: rettar

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (raihts)


tehswô

gem-decl-adj-table

*tehswô (n-stem)

tehswô (masculine nominative singular)
tehswaniz (masculine nominative plural)
tehswǭ (feminine nominative singular)
tehswōniz (feminine nominative plural)
tehswô (neuter nominative singular)
tehswōnō (neuter nominative plural)
tehswanų (accusative masculine singular)
tehswanunz (accusative masculine plural)
tehswōnų (accusative feminine singular)
tehswōnunz (accusative feminine plural)
tehswô (accusative neuter singular)
tehswōnō (accusative neuter plural)
tihswiniz (genitive masculine singular)
tehswanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
tehswōniz (feminine genitive singular)
tehswōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
tihswiniz (genitive neuter singular)
tehswanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
tihswini (dative masculine singular)
tehswammaz (dative masculine plural)
tehswōni (dative feminine singular)
tehswōmaz (dative feminine plural)
tihswini (dative neuter singular)
tehswammaz (dative neuter plural)
tihswinē (instrumental masculine singular)
tehswammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
tehswōnē (feminine instrumental singular)
tehswōmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
tihswinē (instrumental neuter singular)
tehswammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tehswō
Old High German: zeso
Middle High German: zëse (inflected forms: zësewer, zëswer, zësem, etc.)
German: zese

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰 (taihswa)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right”). Cognate with Latin dexter (“right”), Lithuanian dešinys (“right”).


winistraz

*winistraz (a-stem)

winistraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
winistrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
winistrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
winistrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
winistrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
winistrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
winistranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
winistranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
winistrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
winistrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
winistrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
winistrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
winistras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
winistraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
winistraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
winistraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
winistras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
winistraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
winistrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
winistraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
winistraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
winistraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
winistrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
winistraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
winistranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
winistraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
winistraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
winistraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
winistranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
winistraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
winistrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
winistraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
winistrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
winistrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
winistrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
winistrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
winistranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
winistranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
winistrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
winistrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
winistrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
winistrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
winistriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
winistranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
winistrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
winistrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
winistriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
winistranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
winistrini (dative masculine singular weak)
winistrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
winistrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
winistrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
winistrini (dative neuter singular weak)
winistrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
winistrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
winistrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
winistrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
winistrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
winistrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
winistrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

As with many words for 'left', this word was probably a taboo formation from *winiz (“friend”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive for, wish for, desire, love”).


-īnaz

*-īnaz (a-stem)

-īnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-īnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-īnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-īnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-īną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-īnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-īnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-īnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-īnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-īnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-īną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-īnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-īnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-īnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-īnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-īnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-īnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-īnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-īnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-īnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-īnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-īnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-īnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-īnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-īnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-īnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-īnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-īnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-īnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-īnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-īnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-īnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-īnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-īnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-īnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-īnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-īnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-īnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-īnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-īnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-īniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-īnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-īnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-īnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-īniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-īnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-īnini (dative masculine singular weak)
-īnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-īnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-īnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-īnini (dative neuter singular weak)
-īnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-īninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-īnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-īnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-īnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-īninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-īnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en

Scots: -en, -in

English: -en

Old Saxon: -īn

Middle Low German: -en

Low German: -en

Old Dutch: *-īn

Middle Dutch: -ijn, -en

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -īn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en, -ern

Old Norse: -inn

Icelandic: -inn

Gothic: -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins)

From Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos. Cognate with Latin -īnus and Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

-en. Originally forming adjectives of material from nouns, meaning 'made of (noun)'; either later in proto-Germanic proper or a subsequent development in pre-Germanic expanding to also form adjectives or nominalised adjectives pertaining to a thing, as in ‘characteristic of (noun)’.


upanaz

*upanaz (a-stem)

upanaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
upanai (masculine nominative plural strong)
upanō (feminine nominative singular strong)
upanôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
upaną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
upanō (neuter nominative plural strong)
upananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
upananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
upanǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
upanōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
upaną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
upanō (accusative neuter plural strong)
upanas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
upanaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
upanaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
upanaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
upanas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
upanaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
upanammai (dative masculine singular strong)
upanaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
upanaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
upanaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
upanammai (dative neuter singular strong)
upanaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
upananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
upanaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
upanaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
upanaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
upananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
upanaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
upanô (masculine nominative singular weak)
upananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
upanǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
upanōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
upanô (neuter nominative singular weak)
upanōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
upananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
upananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
upanōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
upanōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
upanô (accusative neuter singular weak)
upanōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
upaniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
upananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
upanōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
upanōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
upaniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
upananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
upanini (dative masculine singular weak)
upanammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
upanōni (dative feminine singular weak)
upanōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
upanini (dative neuter singular weak)
upanammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
upaninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
upanammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
upanōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
upanōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
upaninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
upanammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *opan
Old English: open
Middle English: open, opyn, ope
Scots: appen, apen
English: open
Old Frisian: open, epen
Saterland Frisian: eepen
West Frisian: iepen
Old Saxon: opan, open
Middle Low German: open, apen
Low German: open, apen
Old Dutch: *opan
Middle Dutch: ōpen
Dutch: open
Afrikaans: oop
Negerhollands: open, hopo
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hopo
→? Aukan: obo
Limburgish: aop
Old High German: offan, ophan, ofan
Middle High German: offen
Alemannic German: offe
German: offen
Yiddish: אָפֿן (ofn)

Old Norse: opinn

Icelandic: opinn

Faroese: opin

Norwegian Nynorsk: open

Old Swedish: ypin

Swedish: öppen

Danish: åben

Norwegian Bokmål: åpen

Seemingly the past participle of a verb *eupaną, *ūpaną, though no other evidence of such a verb exists. Related to *upp (“up”) and thus originally meaning "lying on top" > "clear, open".


hailagaz

*hailagaz (a-stem)

hailagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hailagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hailagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hailagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hailagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hailagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hailaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hailaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hailagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hailagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hailagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hailagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hailagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hailagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hailagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hailagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hailagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hailagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hailagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hailagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hailagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hailagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hailagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hailagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hailaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hailagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hailagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hailagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hailaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hailagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hailagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hailaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hailagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hailagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hailagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hailagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hailaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hailaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hailagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hailagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hailagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hailagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hailaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hailaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hailagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hailagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hailaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hailaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hailagini (dative masculine singular weak)
hailagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hailagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hailagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hailagini (dative neuter singular weak)
hailagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hailaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hailagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hailagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hailagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hailaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hailagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hailag
Old English: hāliġ, hāleġ, hālæġ, hǣliġ
Middle English: holy
English: holy
Scots: haly, halie
Yola: holly, holy
Old Frisian: hēlich
North Frisian: hallig, hellig, hillig, hoeldig
Saterland Frisian: helig, halg
West Frisian: hillig
Old Saxon: hēlag
Middle Low German: hilch, hillich (inflected hillig-)
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: hilg-, (en) Hilgen
Münsterländisch: hillig
Westmünsterländisch: hillig
East Westphalian: hilg (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: heilich
Old Dutch: heilig
Middle Dutch: heilich
Dutch: heilig
Old High German: heilag
Middle High German: heilec, heilic
Alemannic German: heilig
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: heilich
Cimbrian: hòolig
German: heilig
Luxembourgish: helleg
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: heilich
Yiddish: הייליק (heylik)

Old Norse: heilagr, helgr
Icelandic: heilagur, helgur
Faroese: heilagur, halgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: heilag; (dialectal) heilag’u
Old Swedish: hēlagher
Swedish: helig
Danish: hellig
Norwegian Bokmål: hellig
Icelandic: helgi f
Norwegian Nynorsk: helg f; (dialectal) hæg f, halg f, helj f, halj f
Norwegian Bokmål: helg m or f
Swedish: helg c
Danish: helg c

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌲𐍃 (hailags)


hailaz

*hailaz (a-stem)

hailaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hailai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hailō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hailôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hailą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hailō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hailanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hailanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hailǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hailōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hailą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hailō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hailas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hailaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hailaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hailaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hailas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hailaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hailammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hailaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hailaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hailaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hailammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hailaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hailanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hailaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hailaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hailaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hailanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hailaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hailô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hailaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hailǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hailōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hailô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hailōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hailanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hailanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hailōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hailōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hailô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hailōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hailiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hailanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hailōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hailōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hailiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hailanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hailini (dative masculine singular weak)
hailammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hailōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hailōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hailini (dative neuter singular weak)
hailammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hailinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hailammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hailōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hailōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hailinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hailammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hail
Old English: hāl, hǣl
Middle English: hole
English: whole
Scots: hole, holl
Yola: haoleghey
Northern Middle English: hal
Geordie English: hyel
Scots: hale
Old Frisian: hēl
Saterland Frisian: heel
West Frisian: hiel
Old Saxon: hēl
Middle Low German: hêl, heil
Low German: hel, heel, heil
Old Dutch: *hēl, heil
Middle Dutch: hêel
Dutch: heel
Afrikaans: heel
Old High German: heil
Middle High German: heil
German: heil

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛁᛚᚨᛉ (*hailaʀ)

Old Norse: heill, hęill
Icelandic: heill
Faroese: heilur
Norwegian Nynorsk: heil
→ Norwegian Bokmål: heil
Old Swedish: hēl
Swedish: hel
Old Danish: hel, hiæl
Danish: hel
Norwegian Bokmål: hel
→ Middle English: heil
English: hail
Scots: hail

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 (hails)

Vandalic: *hailz (early), eils, *hēlz (late)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“healthy, whole”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *káilas (> Proto-Slavic *cělъ (“whole”), Old Prussian kailūstiskan (“health”)).