liþugaz

*liþugaz (a-stem)

liþugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
liþugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
liþugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
liþugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
liþugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
liþugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
liþuganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
liþuganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
liþugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
liþugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
liþugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
liþugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
liþugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
liþugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
liþugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
liþugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
liþugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
liþugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
liþugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
liþugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
liþugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
liþugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
liþugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
liþugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
liþuganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
liþugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
liþugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
liþugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
liþuganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
liþugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
liþugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
liþuganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
liþugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
liþugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
liþugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
liþugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
liþuganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
liþuganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
liþugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
liþugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
liþugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
liþugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
liþuginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
liþuganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
liþugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
liþugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
liþuginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
liþuganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
liþugini (dative masculine singular weak)
liþugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
liþugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
liþugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
liþugini (dative neuter singular weak)
liþugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
liþuginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
liþugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
liþugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
liþugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
liþuginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
liþugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: liþiġ

Middle English: lethi

English: lithy

Old Frisian: lethoch, lethech, lethich

Saterland Frisian: leedich

West Frisian: liddich, leeg

Old Saxon: *lithig

Middle Low German: ledich

German Low German: leddig

Plautdietsch: lädich

→ Danish: ledig

→ Swedish: ledig

→ Norwegian: ledig

Frankish: *lithig

Old Dutch: *lithig

Middle Dutch: lēdich
Dutch: leeg
Afrikaans: leeg, ledig
Negerhollands: leeg
→ Sranan Tongo: leigi
→ Aukan: leigi
→ Caribbean Javanese: légi
Limburgish: leidig, laeg

→ Old French: liege, lige

→ English: liege

Old High German: *lidig (?)

i

Middle High German: lëdec, lëdic, leidec (expected i-form is rare; northern influence is speculative)

desc

Central Franconian: leddig, lääch, lädig

Hunsrik: lettich

German: ledig

Yiddish: ליידיק (leydik)

Old Norse: liðugr

Icelandic: liðugur

Faroese: liðugur

Old Swedish: lidhugher

Swedish: ledig (likely from Low German)

Presumably from *liþuz (“joint, member”) + *-gaz (forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of “being, having or doing”).


balwaz

*balwaz (a-stem)

balwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
balwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
balwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
balwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
balwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
balwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
balwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
balwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
balwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
balwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
balwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
balwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
balwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
balwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
balwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
balwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
balwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
balwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
balwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
balwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
balwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
balwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
balwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
balwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
balwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
balwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
balwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
balwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
balwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
balwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
balwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
balwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
balwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
balwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
balwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
balwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
balwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
balwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
balwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
balwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
balwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
balwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
balwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
balwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
balwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
balwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
balwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
balwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
balwini (dative masculine singular weak)
balwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
balwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
balwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
balwini (dative neuter singular weak)
balwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
balwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
balwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
balwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
balwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
balwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
balwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balu
Old English: bealu
Old Frisian: *bale
West Frisian: bal
Old Saxon: *balu
Middle Low German: bal
Old Dutch: *balo
Middle Dutch: bal

Old Norse: *bǫlvíss

Icelandic: bölvís

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (*balus) (in 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹 (balwawēsei) (< *balwa-wēs-); 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balwjan))

Unknown. Possibly related to Old Church Slavonic болѣти (bolěti, “to be sick, be in pain”), Cornish bal (“disease”).


dwalaz

*dwalaz (a-stem)

dwalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dwalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dwalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dwalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dwalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dwalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dwalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dwalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dwalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dwalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dwalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dwalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dwalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dwalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dwalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dwalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dwalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dwalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dwalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dwalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dwalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dwalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dwalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dwalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dwalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dwalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dwalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dwalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dwalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dwalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dwalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dwalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dwalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dwalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dwalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dwalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dwalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dwalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dwalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dwalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dwalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dwalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dwaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dwalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dwalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dwalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dwaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dwalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dwalini (dative masculine singular weak)
dwalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dwalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dwalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dwalini (dative neuter singular weak)
dwalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dwalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dwalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dwalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dwalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dwalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dwalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwal

Old English: *dwal, *dwol; (dwala, dwela (noun))

Middle English: dwal

⇒ Old English: dwolma

Old Frisian: *dwal, *dwel

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Dwäl, Dweel

⇒ Saterland Frisian: dwälsk

Old Saxon: *dwal

Middle Low German: dwal, dwel

→ Danish: dval

⇒ German Low German: dweelsk

Gothic: 𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍃 (dwals)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwel-, *dʰewel- (“to dim, dull, cloud, make obscure, swirl, whirl”). Cognate with Latvian dulls (“crazy, mad”), Lithuanian dvylas (“dark, reddish brown”).


skuldiz

skuldiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skuldijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skuldī (feminine nominative singular strong)
skuldijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skuldį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skuldijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skuldijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skuldijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skuldijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skuldijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skuldį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skuldijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skuldijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skuldīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
skuldijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skuldijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skuldijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skuldijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skuldīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
skuldijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skuldijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skuldijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skuldijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skuldijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skuldijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skuldijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skuldijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skuldijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skuldijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skuldijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skuldijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skuldijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skuldijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skuldijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skuldijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skuldijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skuldijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skuldijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skuldijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skuldijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skuldijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skuldijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skuldijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skuldijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skuldīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skuldijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skuldijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skuldijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skuldīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skuldijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skuldīni (dative masculine singular weak)
skuldijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skuldijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skuldijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skuldīni (dative neuter singular weak)
skuldijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skuldīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skuldijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skuldijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skuldijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skuldīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skuldijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: skyldr

Icelandic: skyldur

Old Swedish: skylder


dwēsaz

*dwēsaz (a-stem)

dwēsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dwēsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dwēsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dwēsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dwēsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dwēsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dwēsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dwēsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dwēsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dwēsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dwēsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dwēsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dwēsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dwēsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dwēsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dwēsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dwēsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dwēsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dwēsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dwēsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dwēsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dwēsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dwēsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dwēsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dwēsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dwēsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dwēsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dwēsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dwēsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dwēsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dwēsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dwēsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dwēsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dwēsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dwēsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dwēsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dwēsini (dative masculine singular weak)
dwēsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dwēsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dwēsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dwēsini (dative neuter singular weak)
dwēsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dwēsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dwēsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dwēsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dwēsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dwēsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dwēsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwās
Old English: dwǣs
Middle English: dwæs
Old Frisian: dwēs
Old Saxon: *dwās
Middle Low German: dwâs
Low German: dwas
Old Dutch: *dwās
Middle Dutch: dwâes
Dutch: dwaas
Afrikaans: dwaas
→ West Frisian: dwaas (noun)
Limburgish: dwaos
Old High German: *dwās, *twās
Middle High German: twās, dwās

Compare *dusāną (“to slumber”); also Latvian dusēt (“to sleep, rest”).


dulaz

*dulaz (a-stem)

dulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
duliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
duliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dulini (dative masculine singular weak)
dulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dulini (dative neuter singular weak)
dulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *dol

Old English: dol

Middle English: dul, dull, dulle

Scots: dull, dul, doll

English: dull

Old Frisian: dol, dul, doll, dull

North Frisian: dol, doll, dull

Saterland Frisian: dul

West Frisian: dol

Old Saxon: dol

Middle Low German: dol

Low German: dol, dul

→ German: doll

Old Dutch: *dol

Middle Dutch: dul, dol, dolle

Dutch: dol
Afrikaans: dol
Negerhollands: dol
Petjo: dol
→ Indonesian: dol (“out of control”)
→ Papiamentu: dol (dated)

Old High German: tol

Middle High German: tol

German: toll

Old Norse: dulr

Icelandic: dulur

Faroese: dulur

Old Swedish: dol, dul

From earlier *dwulaz, zero-grade form of *dwalaz. Related to Old Irish dall (“blind”), Latvian dulls (“crazy, furious”).


furistaz

furist (adverb)
furistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
furistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
furistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
furistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
furistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
furistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
furistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
furistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
furistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
furistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
furistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
furistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
furistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
furistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
furistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
furistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
furistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
furistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
furistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
furistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
furistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
furistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
furistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
furistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
furistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
furistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
furistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
furistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
furistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
furistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
furistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
furistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
furistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
furistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
furistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
furistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
furistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
furistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
furistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
furistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
furistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
furistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
furistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
furistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
furistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
furistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
furistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
furistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
furistini (dative masculine singular weak)
furistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
furistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
furistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
furistini (dative neuter singular weak)
furistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
furistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
furistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
furistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
furistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
furistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
furistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*furistaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *furist

Old English: fyrest
Middle English: first, furst, ferst, fyrst
Scots: first
English: first

Old Frisian: *forsta

West Frisian: foarst (“ruler”)

Old Saxon: furisto (“leader”)

Old Dutch: *furista, *fursta

Middle Dutch: vorste (“ruler”)

Dutch: vorst

Old High German: furisto (“first, prince”)
Middle High German: vürste
German: Fürst
Luxembourgish: viischt (possibly)

Old Norse: fyrstr
Icelandic: fyrstur
Faroese: fyrstur
Norwegian Nynorsk: fyrst
Old Swedish: fyrster
Swedish: först
Danish: først
Norwegian Bokmål: først
Old Gutnish: fyrst

Superlative of *furai, *furi (“before”), from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-.


friskaz

*friskaz (a-stem)

friskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
friskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
friskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
friskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
friską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
friskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
friskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
friskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
friskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
friskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
friską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
friskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
friskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
friskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
friskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
friskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
friskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
friskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
friskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
friskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
friskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
friskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
friskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
friskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
friskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
friskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
friskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
friskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
friskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
friskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
friskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
friskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
friskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
friskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
friskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
friskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
friskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
friskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
friskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
friskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
friskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
friskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
friskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
friskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
friskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
friskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
friskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
friskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
friskini (dative masculine singular weak)
friskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
friskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
friskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
friskini (dative neuter singular weak)
friskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
friskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
friskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
friskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
friskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
friskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
friskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frisk
Old English: fersċ
Middle English: fersh, fresch, fresk, freche, versh
Scots: fresch, frech, freish
English: fresh
→ Welsh: ffres
Old Frisian: fersk
North Frisian: fersck
Saterland Frisian: frisk
West Frisian: farsk
Old Saxon: *frisk, *fersk
Middle Low German: vrisch, versch
Low German: frisk
→ Icelandic: frískur
→ Faroese: frískur
→ Danish: frisk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: frisk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: frisk
→ Polabian: frišă
→ Swedish: frisk
→ Estonian: priske
Old Dutch: *frisc
Middle Dutch: versch, varsch
Dutch: vers
Afrikaans: vars
Limburgish: vèrsj
Old High German: frisc
Middle High German: vrisch
German: frisch
→ Hungarian: friss
Luxembourgish: frësch
Vilamovian: fryś
Yiddish: פֿריש (frish)
→ Middle Dutch: vrisch, frisch, frisc
Dutch: fris
Afrikaans: fris
→ West Frisian: fris
→ Middle French: frisque, fricque, frique, friche
French: frisque
→ Middle English: frisk
English: frisk
→ Walloon: frisse

Old Norse: ferskr
Icelandic: ferskur
Faroese: feskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: fersk
Norwegian Bokmål: fersk
Swedish: färsk
Danish: fersk

→ Vulgar Latin: *friscum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *preyskos (“fresh, unsalted”), and cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *prēˀskas (“unleavened, unfermented, unsalted”) (though there are phonetic difficulties).


skurtaz

*skurtaz (a-stem)

skurtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skurtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skurtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skurtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skurtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skurtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skurtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skurtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skurtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skurtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skurtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skurtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skurtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
skurtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skurtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skurtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skurtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
skurtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skurtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skurtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skurtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skurtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skurtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skurtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skurtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skurtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skurtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skurtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skurtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skurtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skurtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skurtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skurtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skurtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skurtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skurtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skurtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skurtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skurtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skurtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skurtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skurtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skurtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skurtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skurtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skurtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skurtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skurtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skurtini (dative masculine singular weak)
skurtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skurtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skurtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skurtini (dative neuter singular weak)
skurtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skurtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skurtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skurtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skurtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skurtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skurtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skurt
Old English: sċort, sċeort
Middle English: schort
English: short
→ French: short
→ Vietnamese: soóc
Scots: schort, short
Old Frisian: *skort
Old High German: scurt, scurz
Middle High German: schurz
⇒ German: Schurz (nominalized)

⇒ Old Norse: skortr (nominalized)

Icelandic: skortur

Faroese: skortur

Norwegian Nynorsk: skort

Norwegian Bokmål: skort

→ Danish: skort (borrowed through Norwegian)

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerd-, *(s)kert- (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Cognate with Latin curtus (“shortened, incomplete”), Proto-Slavic *kortъkъ (“short”).


haitaz

*haitaz (a-stem)

haitaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haitai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haitō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haitôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haitą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haitō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haitanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haitanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haitǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haitōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haitą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haitō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haitas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haitaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haitaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haitaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haitas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haitaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haitammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haitaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haitaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haitaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haitammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haitaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haitanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haitaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haitaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haitaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haitanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haitaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haitô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haitaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haitǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haitōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haitô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haitōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haitanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haitanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haitōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haitōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haitô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haitōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haitiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haitanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haitōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haitōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haitiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haitanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haitini (dative masculine singular weak)
haitammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haitōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haitōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haitini (dative neuter singular weak)
haitammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haitinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haitammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haitōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haitōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haitinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haitammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hait
Old English: hāt
Middle English: hot, hote, hoot, hoote, hoth, whote, hate, hatte (northern)
English: hot
Geordie English: het
Scots: hat, hait, hate
Yola: hoat, hote, hoate
Old Frisian: hēt
North Frisian: hiet
Saterland Frisian: heet
West Frisian: hjit, hyt
Old Saxon: hēt
Middle Low German: hêt
German Low German: heet
Low German: heet, hitt
Old Dutch: heit, *hēt
Middle Dutch: heet
Dutch: heet
Berbice Creole Dutch: hete
Jersey Dutch: heît
Negerhollands: heet
Old High German: heiz
Middle High German: heiz
Bavarian: hoaß
Central Franconian: heeß, hääß, heiß
East Central German: heeß
German: heiß, heiss
Hunsrik: heis
Yiddish: הייס (heys)

Old Norse: heitr
Icelandic: heitur
Faroese: heitur
Norwegian Nynorsk: heit
→ Norwegian Bokmål: heit
Old Swedish: hēter
Swedish: het
Danish: hed
Norwegian Bokmål: het

From Proto-Indo-European *keHid-o-s, from *keHy- (“to be hot”).


lēziz

lēziz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lēzijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lēzī (feminine nominative singular strong)
lēzijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lēzį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lēzijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lēzijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lēzijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lēzijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lēzijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lēzį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lēzijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lēzijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
lēzīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
lēzijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lēzijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lēzijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lēzijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
lēzīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
lēzijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lēzijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lēzijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lēzijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lēzijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lēzijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lēzijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lēzijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lēzijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lēzijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lēzijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lēzijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lēzijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lēzijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lēzijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lēzijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lēzijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lēzijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lēzijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lēzijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lēzijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lēzijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lēzijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lēzijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lēzijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lēzīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lēzijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lēzijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lēzijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lēzīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lēzijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lēzīni (dative masculine singular weak)
lēzijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lēzijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lēzijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lēzīni (dative neuter singular weak)
lēzijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lēzīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lēzijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lēzijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lēzijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lēzīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lēzijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *lāʀi, *lāʀī

Old English: *lǣre, lǣr, ġelǣr

Middle English: ȝelar, ilær, iler, lere

English: leer, lear

Old Saxon: lāri

Middle Low German: lêre

Old Dutch: *lāri

Middle Dutch: laer

Dutch: laar

Old High German: lāri

Middle High German: lǣre, lēre, lēr

German: leer

Hunsrik: läer

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *les- (“to gather, lease”): compare *lesaną.


wraiþaz

*wraiþaz (a-stem)

wraiþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wraiþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wraiþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wraiþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wraiþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wraiþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wraiþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wraiþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wraiþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wraiþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wraiþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wraiþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wraiþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wraiþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wraiþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wraiþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wraiþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wraiþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wraiþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wraiþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wraiþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wraiþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wraiþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wraiþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wraiþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wraiþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wraiþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wraiþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wraiþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wraiþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wraiþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wraiþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wraiþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wraiþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wraiþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wraiþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wraiþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wraiþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wraiþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wraiþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wraiþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wraiþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wraiþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wraiþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wraiþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wraiþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wraiþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wraiþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wraiþini (dative masculine singular weak)
wraiþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wraiþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wraiþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wraiþini (dative neuter singular weak)
wraiþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wraiþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wraiþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wraiþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wraiþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wraiþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wraiþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wraiþ
Old English: wrāþ
Middle English: wrath, wroth
English: wrath, wroth
Scots: wraith
Old Frisian: wrēth
Saterland Frisian: wreed
West Frisian: wreed
Old Saxon: wrēth
Middle Low German: wrêt
German Low German: wreed, wreet
Old Dutch: *wrēth
Middle Dutch: wreet
Dutch: wreed
Afrikaans: wreed
Old High German: reid, (Central Franconian) wrēde
Middle High German: reit
Alemannic German: reid
Central Franconian: fried

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: reiðr, vreiðr — older form, Old East Norse
Icelandic: reiður
Faroese: vreiður, reiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: reid

Old East Norse: vreiðr, reiðr — Old West Norse
Old Swedish: vrēþer
Swedish: vred
Old Danish: wredher, wredh
Danish: vred
Norwegian Bokmål: vred
→ Russenorsk: vred
Norwegian Nynorsk: vreid

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to turn, twist”).


þekuz

þekuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þekwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þekwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
þekwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þekų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þekwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þekwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þekwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þekwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þekwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þekų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þekwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þekwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þekwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
þekwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þekwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þekwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þekwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þekwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
þekwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þekwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þekwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þekwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þekwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þekwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þekwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þekwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þekwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þekwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þekwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þekwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þekwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þekwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þekwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þekwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þekwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þekwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þekwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þekwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þekwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þekwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þekwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þekwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þekwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þekwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þekwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þekwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þekwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þekwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þekwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þekwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
þekwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þekwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þekwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þekwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
þekwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þekwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þekwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þekwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þekwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þekwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þekwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þikkwī
Old English: þicce
Middle English: thikke, thicke, thik, thyke, thykke, þikke
English: thick
Scots: thik, thicke, thick
Old Frisian: thikke, *thiukke, *thiuke
Saterland Frisian: tjuk
West Frisian: tsjok, tsjûk
Old Saxon: thikki
Middle Low German: dicke
Low German: dick
Plautdietsch: dikj
Old Dutch: *thicki
Middle Dutch: dicke
Dutch: dik
Afrikaans: dik
Berbice Creole Dutch: deki
Negerhollands: dik
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dik (archaic)
→ Aukan: deki
→ Papiamentu: diki, dek
→ Saramaccan: dégi (via Skepi Creole Dutch)
→ Sranan Tongo: deki
Limburgish: diek
Zealandic: dik
Old High German: dicchi, dichi, dicki, dikki, dihhi, thichi, thihhi, thiki, ticchi
Middle High German: dicke, dic
Central Franconian: deck
Cimbrian: dikh, dikhe (Luserna)
German: dick
Hunsrik: dick
Luxembourgish: déck
Pennsylvania German: dick
Yiddish: דיק (dik)

Old Norse: þykkr, þjokkr, þjukkr
Icelandic: þykkur
Faroese: tjúkkur, tjukkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjukk, tykk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjukk
Old Swedish: thiokker, thiukker
Swedish: tjock
Old Danish: thyk, thiuk, thiok
Danish: tyk
Norwegian Bokmål: tykk
Elfdalian: tiokk
Jamtish: tjukk
Gutnish: tjåkkar
Scanian: tjykker
→ Finnish: tykky (“thick snow on trees”)
→ Karelian: tykky

→ Proto-Samic: *teakkē (“thick meat”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *tégus (“thick”).


diurijaz

*diurijaz (ja-stem)

diurijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
diurijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
diurijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
diurijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
diuriją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
diurijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
diurijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
diurijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
diurijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
diurijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
diuriją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
diurijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
diurijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
diurijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
diurijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
diurijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
diurijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
diurijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
diurijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
diurijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
diurijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
diurijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
diurijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
diurijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
diurijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
diurijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
diurijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
diurijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
diurijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
diurijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
diurijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
diurijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
diurijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
diurijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
diurijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
diurijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
diurijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
diurijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
diurijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
diurijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
diurijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
diurijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
diuriiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
diurijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
diurijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
diurijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
diuriiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
diurijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
diuriini (dative masculine singular weak)
diurijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
diurijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
diurijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
diuriini (dative neuter singular weak)
diurijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
diuriinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
diurijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
diurijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
diurijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
diuriinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
diurijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *diurī
Old English: dīere, dīore — Northumbrian, dȳre, dēore
Middle English: dere, deere, deore
English: dear
Scots: dere, deir
Yola: dear
Old Frisian: diore, diure
Saterland Frisian: djuur
West Frisian: djoer
Old Saxon: diuri
Middle Low German: dûre, dûr
German Low German: düür
Old Dutch: diuri
Middle Dutch: diere
Dutch: dier, duur
Limburgish: deer, duur
West Flemish: diere
Old High German: tiuri
Middle High German: tiure
Alemannic German: tüür
Bavarian: teier
German: teuer
Vilamovian: taojer
Yiddish: טײַער (tayer)

Old Norse: dýrr

Icelandic: dýr

Faroese: dýrur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: dyr

Norwegian Nynorsk: dyr

Old Swedish: dȳr

Swedish: dyr

Danish: dyr

→ Proto-Finnic: *tiüris (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *tiwrē

Northern Sami: divrras

Southern Sami: dovres

Unknown.
One suggested derivation is from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), which assumes a semantic shift of “to heat up” > “warming” > “dear, cherished”. However, the semantic variation among descendants (see more at *diuriþō) may point to the original meaning having been “rare, scarce”. Alternatively, Guus Kroonen notes that this adjective is similar to Proto–West Germanic *dūrēn (“to grieve, regret, suffer”) (whence German dauern, Middle English douren), ultimately a loan from Latin dūrus (“tough, hard”), and may be a vṛddhi-gerundive thereof.


hradaz

*hradaz (a-stem)

hradaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hradai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hradō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hradôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hradą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hradō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hradanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hradanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hradǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hradōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hradą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hradō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hradas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hradaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hradaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hradaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hradas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hradaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hradammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hradaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hradaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hradaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hradammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hradaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hradanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hradaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hradaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hradaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hradanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hradaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hradô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hradaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hradǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hradōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hradô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hradōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hradanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hradanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hradōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hradōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hradô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hradōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hradiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hradanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hradōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hradōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hradiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hradanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hradini (dative masculine singular weak)
hradammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hradōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hradōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hradini (dative neuter singular weak)
hradammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hradinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hradammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hradōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hradōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hradinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hradammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrad, *hraþ
Old English: hræd, hræþ
Middle English: rad, radde, rade, red, ræd (Early Middle English)
Scots: redd, red
Old Dutch: *rath, *rad
Middle Dutch: rat
Dutch: rad
⇒ Afrikaans: rats
Old High German: hrad

Old Norse: hraðr

Icelandic: hraður

Norwegian: rad

Old Swedish: radher

Swedish: rad

Uncertain. Per Kroonen, most likely from Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake, move suddenly”), whence also the verbs *hurtoną and *hrattōną (“to rush, tumble”); cognate with Old Irish crothaim (“I shake”), Latvian kratît (“to shake out”), Lithuanian kratýti (“id.”), Latvian krist (“to fall, drop, die”), Lithuanian krìsti (“id.”), and Lithuanian kretė́ti (“to tremble (with old age)”).
Formerly derived from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (compare Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “I swing, brandish”), Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, “(s/he) leaps”), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (“puts, lays; moves”)), but the root codas (PGmc *d ~ *þ versus PIE *d) do not match. Compare Proto-Germanic *herzô (“hinge”) and Old High German scerdo (“hinge”).


lataz

latizô (comparative)
latistaz (superlative)
lataz (masculine nominative singular strong)
latai (masculine nominative plural strong)
latō (feminine nominative singular strong)
latôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
latą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
latō (neuter nominative plural strong)
latanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
latanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
latǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
latōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
latą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
latō (accusative neuter plural strong)
latas (genitive masculine singular strong)
latis (genitive masculine singular strong)
lataizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lataizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lataizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
latas (genitive neuter singular strong)
latis (genitive neuter singular strong)
lataizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
latammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lataimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lataizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lataimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
latammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lataimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
latanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lataimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lataizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lataimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
latanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lataimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lat
Old English: læt
Middle English: lat, late
Scots: lat
English: late
Yola: laate
Old Frisian: let
Saterland Frisian: leet
West Frisian: let
Old Saxon: lat
Middle Low German: lat
Low German: laat
Plautdietsch: lot
Old Dutch: *lat
Middle Dutch: lat, lāat
Dutch: laat
Afrikaans: laat
Limburgish: laat
Old High German: laz
Middle High German: laz
German: lass, lasch

Old Norse: latr
Icelandic: latur
Faroese: latur
Norwegian: lat (Bokmål), lat (Nynorsk)
Old Swedish: later
Swedish: lat
Danish: lad
Elfdalian: lat
Gutnish: latar, latur, lattur
Scanian: lader

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐍄𐍃 (lats)

From Proto-Indo-European *lh₁d-o-, verbal adjective from the root *leh₁d- (“to be tired”). Cognate with Latin lassus (“weary, faint”).


smalaz

*smalaz (a-stem)

smalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
smalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
smalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
smalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
smalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
smalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
smalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
smalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
smalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
smalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
smalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
smalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
smalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
smalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
smalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
smalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
smalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
smalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
smalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
smalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
smalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
smalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
smalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
smalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
smalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
smalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
smalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
smalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
smalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
smalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
smalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
smalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
smalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
smalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
smalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
smalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
smalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
smalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
smalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
smalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
smalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
smalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
smaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
smalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
smalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
smalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
smaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
smalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
smalini (dative masculine singular weak)
smalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
smalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
smalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
smalini (dative neuter singular weak)
smalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
smalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
smalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
smalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
smalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
smalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
smalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *smal
Old English: smæl
Middle English: smal
Scots: smal, smaw
English: small
Old Frisian: smel
North Frisian: smaal, smääl, smeel
Saterland Frisian: smäl
West Frisian: smel
Old Saxon: smal
Middle Low German: smal
Low German: small
Old Dutch: smal
Middle Dutch: smal
Dutch: smal
Old High German: smal
Middle High German: smal
Bavarian: schmål, schmoi
German: schmal
Hunsrik: schmaal
Luxembourgish: schmuel
Vilamovian: śmoł
Yiddish: שמאָל (shmol)

i

Old Norse: smalr (late Old Norse; possibly borrowed from Low German)

Icelandic: smalur

Faroese: smalur

Norwegian: smal

Swedish: smal

Danish: smal

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*smals)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (smalists)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal-, *(s)mel-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *malъ (“small; little”) and possibly Latin malus (“bad”).


wrangaz

*wrangaz (a-stem)

wrangaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wrangai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wrangō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wrangôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wrangą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wrangō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wranganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wranganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wrangǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wrangōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wrangą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wrangō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wrangas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wrangaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wrangaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wrangaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wrangas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wrangaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wrangammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wrangaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wrangaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wrangaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wrangammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wrangaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wranganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wrangaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wrangaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wrangaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wranganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wrangaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wrangô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wranganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wrangǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wrangōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wrangô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wrangōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wranganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wranganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wrangōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wrangōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wrangô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wrangōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wranginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wranganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wrangōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wrangōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wranginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wranganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wrangini (dative masculine singular weak)
wrangammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wrangōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wrangōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wrangini (dative neuter singular weak)
wrangammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wranginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wrangammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wrangōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wrangōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wranginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wrangammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrang

Old Frisian: *wrang

West Frisian: wrang

Old Saxon: *wrang, *wrank

Middle Low German: wrank, wrange

Old Dutch: *wrang, *wrank

Middle Dutch: wranc

Dutch: wrang
Afrikaans: vrank, wrang

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚱᚨᛜᚨᛉ (*wraŋaʀ)

Old Norse: vrangr

Norwegian: vrang; (dialectal) vrang’e, vrång’e

Old Danish: wrangær

Danish: vrang

Norwegian Bokmål: vrang

Old Swedish: wranger

Swedish: vrång

Scanian: vránger

→ Old English: wrang (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Later Old West Norse: rangr
Icelandic: rangur
Faroese: rangur
Norn: rang
Norwegian: rang; (dialectal) rang’u, rång’e
Jamtish: ráng

From *wringaną (“to wring, twist”), from Proto-Indo-European *wrenǵʰ- (“to twist, wry, constrict, choke, thring”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to twist, bend”).


bainaz

bainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
bainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
bainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
bainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
bainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
bainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
bainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
bainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
bainis (genitive masculine singular strong)
bainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
bainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
bainis (genitive neuter singular strong)
bainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
bainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
bainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
bainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
bainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Old Norse: beinn
Icelandic: beinn
Faroese: beinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bein
Norwegian Bokmål: ben, bein
Swedish: bena
Danish: ben
→ Middle English: beyn, bayn, bayne, bain
Scots: bein, bien
English: bain

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to hit, strike, beat”).


kalwaz

*kalwaz (a-stem)

kalwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kalwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kalwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kalwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kalwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kalwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kalwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kalwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kalwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kalwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kalwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kalwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kalwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kalwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kalwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kalwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kalwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kalwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kalwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kalwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kalwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kalwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kalwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kalwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kalwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kalwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kalwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kalwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kalwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kalwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kalwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kalwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kalwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kalwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kalwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kalwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kalwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kalwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kalwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kalwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kalwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kalwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kalwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kalwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kalwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kalwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kalwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kalwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kalwini (dative masculine singular weak)
kalwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kalwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kalwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kalwini (dative neuter singular weak)
kalwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kalwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kalwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kalwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kalwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kalwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kalwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kalu

Old English: calu

Middle English: calwe

English: callow

Old Frisian: kale, kāle

Saterland Frisian: koal

West Frisian: keal

Old Saxon: kalo

Middle Low German: kāle, kāl

German Low German: kahl

→ Swedish: kal

Old Dutch: *kalo

Middle Dutch: cale, calu

Dutch: kaal

Old High German: kalo, chalo; kalwēr, chalwēr, chalawēr

Middle High German: kal

German: kahl

Luxembourgish: kuel

Old Norse: *kǫlr

Swedish: kal, kalka (dialectal)

From Pre-Germanic *golH-wo-s, from Proto-Indo-European *gelH-, a root found only in Germanic and Balto-Slavic.


maidaz

*maidaz (a-stem)

maidaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
maidai (masculine nominative plural strong)
maidō (feminine nominative singular strong)
maidôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
maidą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
maidō (neuter nominative plural strong)
maidanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
maidanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
maidǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
maidōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
maidą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
maidō (accusative neuter plural strong)
maidas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
maidaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
maidaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
maidaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
maidas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
maidaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
maidammai (dative masculine singular strong)
maidaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
maidaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
maidaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
maidammai (dative neuter singular strong)
maidaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
maidanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
maidaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
maidaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
maidaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
maidanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
maidaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
maidô (masculine nominative singular weak)
maidaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
maidǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
maidōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
maidô (neuter nominative singular weak)
maidōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
maidanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
maidanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
maidōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
maidōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
maidô (accusative neuter singular weak)
maidōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
maidiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
maidanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
maidōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
maidōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
maidiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
maidanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
maidini (dative masculine singular weak)
maidammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
maidōni (dative feminine singular weak)
maidōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
maidini (dative neuter singular weak)
maidammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
maidinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
maidammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
maidōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
maidōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
maidinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
maidammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: ġemād

Old Saxon: gimēd

Middle Low German: gemeit, gemeyt

Old Dutch: *gimeid

Middle Dutch: gemeit, gemeet

Old High German: gimeit

Middle High German: gemeit

German: gemeit

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (gamaiþs)

From Pre-Germanic *moyth₂ós, an o-grade adjective from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to hurt”).


flataz

*flataz (a-stem)

flataz (masculine nominative singular strong)
flatai (masculine nominative plural strong)
flatō (feminine nominative singular strong)
flatôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
flatą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
flatō (neuter nominative plural strong)
flatanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
flatanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
flatǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
flatōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
flatą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
flatō (accusative neuter plural strong)
flatas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
flataizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
flataizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
flataizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
flatas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
flataizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
flatammai (dative masculine singular strong)
flataimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
flataizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
flataimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
flatammai (dative neuter singular strong)
flataimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
flatanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
flataimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
flataizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
flataimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
flatanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
flataimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
flatô (masculine nominative singular weak)
flataniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
flatǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
flatōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
flatô (neuter nominative singular weak)
flatōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
flatanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
flatanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
flatōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
flatōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
flatô (accusative neuter singular weak)
flatōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
flatiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
flatanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
flatōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
flatōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
flatiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
flatanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
flatini (dative masculine singular weak)
flatammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
flatōni (dative feminine singular weak)
flatōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
flatini (dative neuter singular weak)
flatammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
flatinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
flatammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
flatōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
flatōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
flatinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
flatammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *flat

Old Frisian: *flat

Saterland Frisian: flot

Old Saxon: flat

Old High German: flaz; (flazzi, flezzi)

(Middle High German: vletze)

(German: Flöz)

→⇒ Old French: flat

desc

→ Middle English: flat (“a blow (with a weapon)”)

⇒ Old French: flater

Middle French: flatter

French: flatter

Old Norse: flatr

Icelandic: flatur

Faroese: flatur

Norwegian: flat

Old Swedish: flater

Swedish: flat

Old Danish: flat

Danish: flad

Elfdalian: flat

Gutnish: flatar

Scanian: flader

→ Middle English: flat, flatte, flatt

English: flat

Scots: flat, flet

Likely cognates outside Germanic are found with *t also, e.g. Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Lithuanian platùs, Sanskrit पृथु (pṛthú). These do not straightforwardly match the Germanic *t due to Grimm's law. Kroonen proposes a derivation with a geminate, i.e. pre-Germanic *plottos, presumably from *plotnos via Kluge's law. This would make it derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *pleth₂-.


flakaz

*flakaz (a-stem)

flakaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
flakai (masculine nominative plural strong)
flakō (feminine nominative singular strong)
flakôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
flaką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
flakō (neuter nominative plural strong)
flakanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
flakanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
flakǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
flakōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
flaką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
flakō (accusative neuter plural strong)
flakas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
flakaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
flakaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
flakaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
flakas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
flakaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
flakammai (dative masculine singular strong)
flakaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
flakaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
flakaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
flakammai (dative neuter singular strong)
flakaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
flakanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
flakaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
flakaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
flakaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
flakanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
flakaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
flakô (masculine nominative singular weak)
flakaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
flakǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
flakōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
flakô (neuter nominative singular weak)
flakōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
flakanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
flakanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
flakōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
flakōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
flakô (accusative neuter singular weak)
flakōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
flakiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
flakanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
flakōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
flakōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
flakiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
flakanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
flakini (dative masculine singular weak)
flakammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
flakōni (dative feminine singular weak)
flakōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
flakini (dative neuter singular weak)
flakammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
flakinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
flakammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
flakōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
flakōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
flakinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
flakammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *flak

> (Old English: flōc (“flatfish”)) ?

(Middle English: flok)

(English: fluke)

(Scots: fleuk)

Old Frisian: *flak

Saterland Frisian: flak

West Frisian: flak

Old Saxon: flak

Middle Low German: vlak

German Low German: flack

→ Swedish: flack

→ Danish: flak

Old Dutch: *flak

Middle Dutch: vlak

Dutch: vlak

Afrikaans: vlak

Limburgish: vlaak

Old High German: flah

Middle High German: vlach

Bavarian: flåch

German: flach

Luxembourgish: flaach

Vilamovian: fłaoch

Swedish: flak

Yiddish: פֿלאַך (flakh)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lakja (< *flakją)

Finnish: laaja

Estonian: lai

Livonian: laiga

q

nativized with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ëda</i>

→ Proto-Finnic: *lakëda (nativized with *-ëda)

Finnish: lakea

Uncertain, though resembling other Indo-European words meaning “flat”. If from pre-Germanic *plog- or *pleh₂g-, or from earlier *flakkaz from *plog-n- or *pleh₂k-n-, the origin could be an extended form of Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“broad, wide, flat”); compare the synonymous Proto-Germanic *flataz, possibly from *pleth₂-n-.


gamalaz

*gamalaz (a-stem)

gamalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gamalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gamalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gamalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gamalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gamalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gamalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gamalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gamalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gamalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gamalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gamalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gamalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gamalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gamalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gamalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gamalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gamalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gamalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gamalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gamalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gamalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gamalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gamalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gamalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gamalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gamalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gamalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gamalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gamalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gamalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gamalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gamalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gamalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gamalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gamalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gamalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gamalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gamalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gamalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gamalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gamalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gamaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gamalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gamalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gamalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gamaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gamalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gamalini (dative masculine singular weak)
gamalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gamalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gamalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gamalini (dative neuter singular weak)
gamalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gamalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gamalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gamalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gamalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gamalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gamalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: gamol, gomel, gomol

Old Frisian: *gamel

Saterland Frisian: gammel

Old Saxon: *gamal

Middle Low German: *gammel

⇒ Low German: gammlig

→ German: gammelig

→ Dutch: gammel

Old Dutch: *gamal

Middle Dutch: gamel

Dutch: gamel (dialectal)

Old High German: gamal (only in names)

desctree

Old Norse: gamall
Icelandic: gamall
Faroese: gamal
Elfdalian: gåmål
Norn: gammel
Norwegian Nynorsk: gamal, gammal, gamall
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gammal
Norwegian: gammalle, gåmål, gåmæⁱll, gabmal, gamadle (dialectal)
Old Swedish: gamal
Swedish: gammal
Danish: gammel
Norwegian Bokmål: gammel
Gutnish: gammel, gamal

Uncertain, but often derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (in o-grade *ǵʰyom- with loss of -y-) and cognate with Latin hiems (“winter”). Alternatively, it is an old compound, *ḱom-h₂el-o, related to *aldaz (“old”).


tōmaz

*tōmaz (a-stem)

tōmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tōmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tōmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
tōmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tōmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tōmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tōmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tōmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tōmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tōmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tōmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tōmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tōmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
tōmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tōmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tōmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tōmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
tōmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tōmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tōmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tōmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tōmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tōmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tōmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tōmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tōmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tōmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tōmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tōmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tōmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tōmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tōmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tōmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tōmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tōmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tōmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tōmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tōmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tōmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tōmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tōmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tōmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tōminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tōmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tōmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tōmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tōminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tōmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tōmini (dative masculine singular weak)
tōmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tōmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tōmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tōmini (dative neuter singular weak)
tōmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tōminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tōmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tōmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tōmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tōminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tōmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *tōm(ī)

Old English: tōm
Middle English: tome, tom, toume, tombe, toyme, tum, tume (Northern)
English: toom
Scots: tume, tuim

Old Saxon: tōm, tōmi

Old High German: *zuom, *zuomi

⇒ Old High German: widarzuomi

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *tōmīg

Old Saxon: tōmig

Old High German: zuomīg

Old Norse: tómr
Icelandic: tómur
Faroese: tómur
Norn: tøm
Norwegian Nynorsk: tom
Old Swedish: tōmber
Swedish: tom
Danish: tom
Norwegian Bokmål: tom

From Pre-Germanic *deH-, further origin unknown. Potentially from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to divide, share”), but semantically unconvincing.


blauþuz

blauþuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blauþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blauþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
blauþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blauþų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blauþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blauþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blauþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blauþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blauþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blauþų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blauþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blauþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
blauþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
blauþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blauþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blauþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blauþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
blauþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
blauþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blauþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blauþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blauþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blauþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blauþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blauþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blauþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blauþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blauþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blauþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blauþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blauþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blauþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blauþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blauþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blauþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blauþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blauþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blauþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blauþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blauþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blauþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blauþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blauþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blauþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blauþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blauþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blauþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blauþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blauþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blauþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
blauþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blauþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blauþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blauþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
blauþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blauþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blauþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blauþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blauþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blauþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blauþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: blēaþ

Middle English: bleath, bleth, blethe

Scots: blait, blate

→ English: blate, bloat

Old Frisian: *blāth

Saterland Frisian: blood

West Frisian: blea

Old Saxon: *blōth, blōthi

Middle Low German: blōde, blöde

German Low German: blood, blööd, bleud

Frankish: *blauthi, *blōdi

Old Dutch: *blōdi

Middle Dutch: blōde, bloot

Dutch: blood, bloo, bleu

Old High German: plōdi, blōdi

Middle High German: blöde

Bavarian: bled

German: blöde, blöd

Luxembourgish: bléid

Old Norse: blauðr

Icelandic: blauður

Old Swedish: blø̄dher

Swedish: blöd

Danish: blød

From Proto-Indo-European *mlew-. Related to Proto-Germanic *blewwaną (“to beat (up), blow”), Ancient Greek ἀμβλύς (amblús, “blunt; dim, faint”), Avestan 𐬨𐬭𐬎𐬙𐬀 (mruta, “crushed (?), weak”).


auþuz

auþuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
auþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
auþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
auþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
auþų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
auþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
auþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
auþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
auþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
auþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
auþų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
auþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
auþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
auþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
auþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
auþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
auþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
auþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
auþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
auþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
auþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
auþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
auþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
auþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
auþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
auþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
auþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
auþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
auþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
auþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
auþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
auþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
auþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
auþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
auþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
auþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
auþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
auþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
auþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
auþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
auþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
auþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
auþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
auþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
auþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
auþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
auþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
auþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
auþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
auþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
auþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
auþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
auþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
auþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
auþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
auþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auþī
Old English: īeþe, ēaþe, ȳþe
Middle English: ethe, eithe, ith
English: eath
Scots: eith
Yola: eeth, eêth, eafe, eeefe
Old Saxon: ōthi
Middle Low German: ode
German Low German: ööd, öög
Old Dutch: *oudi
Middle Dutch: ode
Dutch: (dialectal) ode
Limburgish: uue, uui
Old High German: *ōdi (attested in derivatives: ōdlīh, unōdi)
Middle High German: œde
German: öde

Old Norse: auð-

Icelandic: auð-; auð (adverb)

Faroese: eyð-

Norwegian: aud-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwtus, itself a derivation from *h₂ew-.


wēraz

*wēraz (a-stem)

wēraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wērai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wērō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wērôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wērą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wērō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wēranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wēranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wērǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wērōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wērą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wērō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wēras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wēraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wēraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wēraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wēras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wēraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wērammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wēraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wēraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wēraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wērammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wēraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wēranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wēraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wēraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wēraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wēranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wēraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wērô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wēraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wērǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wērōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wērô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wērōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wēranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wēranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wērōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wērōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wērô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wērōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wēriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wēranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wērōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wērōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wēriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wēranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wērini (dative masculine singular weak)
wērammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wērōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wērōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wērini (dative neuter singular weak)
wērammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wērinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wērammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wērōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wērōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wērinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wērammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wār
Old English: wǣr
Old Frisian: wēr
North Frisian: wer
Saterland Frisian: weer
West Frisian: wier
Old Saxon: wār; *wāri
Middle Low German: wâr
German Low German: wahr
Old Dutch: wār; *wāri
Middle Dutch: waer
Dutch: waar
Old High German: wār
Middle High German: wār
Cimbrian: baar
German: wahr
Hunsrik: woher
Luxembourgish: wouer
Yiddish: וואָר (vor)

Old Norse: værr Vár; alværð; alvara (possibly borrowed)

Icelandic: alvara; vær

Faroese: álvarsamur

Swedish: allvar

Norwegian: alvor

Old Danish: allvar

Danish: alvor

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐍂𐍃 (*wērs) or *𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*wēreis), in derivates such as 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹 (allawērei)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros (“true”), from *weh₁-. Cognate with Latin vērus (“true”), Irish fíor (“true”), Proto-Slavic *vě̀ra (“faith/belief”).