frijaz

frijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
friją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
friją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
frīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
frijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
frīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
frijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frīni (dative masculine singular weak)
frijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frīni (dative neuter singular weak)
frijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frī
Old English: frēo, frīo, freoh, frioh, friġ, frī, frȳ
Middle English: fre, vri, vry
English: free
→ Fiji Hindi: firii
Scots: fre
Old Frisian: frī
Saterland Frisian: fräi
West Frisian: frij
Old Saxon: frī
Middle Low German: vri, vrîg
Low German: fri, free, frigg
→ Danish: fri
→ Estonian: prii
→ Faroese: fríur
→ Latvian: brīvs
→ Livonian: brī
→ Norwegian: fri
→ Swedish: fri
Old Dutch: frī
Middle Dutch: vri
Dutch: vrij
Negerhollands: vri, vrie, fri
→ Aukan: felei
→ Caribbean Javanese: frèi, prèi, pré
→ Indonesian: prei (“holiday, free, doing nothing”)
→ Sundanese: peré
Old High German: frī
Middle High German: vrī
German: frei
Luxembourgish: fräi
Vilamovian: frȧj
Yiddish: פֿרײַ (fray)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (freis)

From Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“beloved”). The original meaning was probably something like “from one's own clan”, from which a meaning “being a free man, not a serf” developed.


argaz

*argaz (a-stem)

argaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
argai (masculine nominative plural strong)
argō (feminine nominative singular strong)
argôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
argą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
argō (neuter nominative plural strong)
arganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
arganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
argǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
argōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
argą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
argō (accusative neuter plural strong)
argas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
argaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
argaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
argaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
argas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
argaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
argammai (dative masculine singular strong)
argaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
argaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
argaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
argammai (dative neuter singular strong)
argaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
arganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
argaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
argaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
argaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
arganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
argaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
argô (masculine nominative singular weak)
arganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
argǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
argōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
argô (neuter nominative singular weak)
argōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
arganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
arganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
argōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
argōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
argô (accusative neuter singular weak)
argōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
arginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
arganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
argōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
argōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
arginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
arganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
argini (dative masculine singular weak)
argammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
argōni (dative feminine singular weak)
argōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
argini (dative neuter singular weak)
argammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
arginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
argammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
argōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
argōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
arginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
argammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *arg
Old English: earg, arg
Middle English: arg, argh, eri
Early Scots: argh, arch
Scots: ergh, erfe, erf
English: argh, eerie
Old Frisian: erch, erg
Saterland Frisian: äärch
West Frisian: erch, arch
Old Saxon: *arug, *arg
Middle Low German: arich, arch
Low German: arg
Old Dutch: arug, *arg
Middle Dutch: arch, aerch, erch
Dutch: erg, arg (the form with -a- is now archaic or dialectal, but preserved in several derived forms such as argeloos, argwaan etc.)
Afrikaans: erg
Old High German: arg, arc, arga
Middle High German: arc
Alemannic German: arg, arig
Swabian: arg
Bavarian: oarg
Central Franconian: ärch, arch (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: aarich
German: arg
Luxembourgish: uerg
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: aarich, arch, arich
Pennsylvania German: arig, arrig
→ Medieval Latin: arga

Old Norse: argr
⇒ Old Norse: ragr
Icelandic: ragur
Old Swedish: ragher
Icelandic: argur
Faroese: argur
Old Swedish: argher
Swedish: arg
Danish: arg
→ Scots: arg, arga

Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*args)

→ Spanish: haragán

→ Proto-Finnic: *arka

Estonian: arg

Finnish: arka

Ingrian: arga

Karelian: arga

Livonian: ārga

Ludian: arg

Veps: arg

Votic: arkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *ārkē

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orǵʰ-, *h₃erǵʰ- (“to copulate”). Cognate with Lithuanian aržùs, Russian ёрзать (jórzatʹ).


gōdaz

wela (adverb)
batizô (comparative)
batistaz (superlative)
gōdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gōdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gōdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gōdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gōdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gōdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gōdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gōdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gōdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gōdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gōdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gōdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gōdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gōdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gōdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gōdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gōdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gōdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gōdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gōdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gōdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gōdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gōdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gōdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gōdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gōdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gōdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gōdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gōdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gōdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gōdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gōdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gōdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gōdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gōdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gōdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gōdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gōdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gōdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gōdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gōdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gōdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gōdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gōdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gōdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gōdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gōdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gōdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gōdini (dative masculine singular weak)
gōdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gōdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gōdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gōdini (dative neuter singular weak)
gōdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gōdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gōdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gōdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gōdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gōdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gōdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*gōdaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *gōd
Old English: gōd
Middle English: good
English: good
Solombala English: гудъ (gud)
Scots: guid
Yola: gooude, gude, gayde
Old Frisian: gōd
North Frisian: gud, gödj, gur
Saterland Frisian: goud
West Frisian: goed
Old Saxon: gōd
Middle Low German: gôt, gût
German Low German: good
Dutch Low Saxon: good
Old Dutch: guot
Middle Dutch: goet
Dutch: goed
Afrikaans: goed
Javindo: goet
Jersey Dutch: xût
Negerhollands: goed, goei, goeie, got, gu, gue, guet
Skepi Creole Dutch: gut
Limburgish: good
Zealandic: goed
Old High German: guot
Middle High German: guot
Alemannic German: guet
Alsatian: güet (north), güat (south)
Swabian: guat
Bavarian: guad, guat
Cimbrian: guut, guat (Luserna)
Mòcheno: guat
Central Franconian: jot, got, gut
Hunsrik: gud
Kölsch: joot
Luxembourgish: gutt
Transylvanian Saxon: geat, gäd
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: gutt (inflected gud-)
⇒ Silesian East Central German: Gudes (as in nischt Gudes, viel Gudes)
Upper Saxon German: gudd
Vilamovian: güt
German: gut
Yiddish: גוט (gut)

Old Norse: góðr
Icelandic: góður
Faroese: góður
Norwegian: god
Elfdalian: guoð
Old Swedish: gōþer
Swedish: god, goder (dialectal, in set phrases)
Old Danish: gōth, (Old Scanian) gōþær
Danish: god
Scanian: góðer
Old Gutnish: gōþr
Gutnish: godar

Gothic: 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs)

Vandalic: *guths

Vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested strong verb *gadaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to unite, be associated, suit”).


þridjô

gem-decl-adj-table

*þridjô (an/īn-stem)

þridjô (masculine nominative singular)
þridjaniz (masculine nominative plural)
þridį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
þridīniz (feminine nominative plural)
þridjô (neuter nominative singular)
þridjōnō (neuter nominative plural)
þridjanų (accusative masculine singular)
þridjanunz (accusative masculine plural)
þridīnų (accusative feminine singular)
þridīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
þridjô (accusative neuter singular)
þridjōnō (accusative neuter plural)
þridiniz (genitive masculine singular)
þridjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
þridīniz (feminine genitive singular)
þridīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
þridiniz (genitive neuter singular)
þridjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
þridini (dative masculine singular)
þridjammaz (dative masculine plural)
þridīni (dative feminine singular)
þridīmaz (dative feminine plural)
þridini (dative neuter singular)
þridjammaz (dative neuter plural)
þridinē (instrumental masculine singular)
þridjammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
þridīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
þridīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
þridinē (instrumental neuter singular)
þridjammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

/ˈθrið.jɔːː/

From Pre-Germanic *tretyós, a remodeling of Proto-Indo-European *tr̥tyós, *tritós, ordinal form of *tréyes.

Proto-West Germanic: *þriddjōOld English: þridda

thridEnglish: thirdScots: thridOld Frisian: threddaSaterland Frisian: träädeWest Frisian: treddeOld Saxon: thriddioMiddle Low German: dridde

dardOld Dutch: *thriddoMiddle Dutch: dridde

derdeDutch: derdeAfrikaans: derdeOld High German: drittoMiddle High German: dritte

Old Norse: þriðiIcelandic: þriðjiFaroese: triðiNorwegian Nynorsk: tridje

tredjeOld Swedish: þriþiSwedish: tredjeDanish: tredjeNorwegian Bokmål: tredje Old Gutnish: þriþi


frumô

*frumô (an/īn-stem)

frumô (masculine nominative singular)
frumaniz (masculine nominative plural)
frumį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
frumīniz (feminine nominative plural)
frumô (neuter nominative singular)
frumōnō (neuter nominative plural)
frumanų (accusative masculine singular)
frumanunz (accusative masculine plural)
frumīnų (accusative feminine singular)
frumīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
frumô (accusative neuter singular)
frumōnō (accusative neuter plural)
fruminiz (genitive masculine singular)
frumanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
frumīniz (feminine genitive singular)
frumīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
fruminiz (genitive neuter singular)
frumanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
frumini (dative masculine singular)
frumammaz (dative masculine plural)
frumīni (dative feminine singular)
frumīmaz (dative feminine plural)
frumini (dative neuter singular)
frumammaz (dative neuter plural)
fruminē (instrumental masculine singular)
frumammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
frumīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
frumīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
fruminē (instrumental neuter singular)
frumammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

From *fr- (“for, forward”) + *-umô (“superlative”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr- (“before, formerly; through, throughout”) (see *per-) + Pre-Germanic *-m̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *-mHo-.

der

formar

⇒ Middle English: former (comparative); Scots

frume

Old English: fruma (“beginning; prince; originator”)

Old High German: frumaMiddle High German: vrome

vrumeGerman: Fromme⇒ Middle High German: vrumeGerman: frommYiddish: פֿרום→ English: frum

→ Norwegian: from

⇒ Middle Low German: vrōme (“righteous”)

from

→ Old Swedish: fromber (“pious”); Swedish

vroom

⇒ Middle Dutch: vrome (“firm, upright”, adjective)


anþeraz

anþeraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
anþerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
anþerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
anþerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
anþerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
anþerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
anþeranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
anþeranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
anþerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
anþerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
anþerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
anþerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
anþeras (genitive masculine singular strong)
anþiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
anþeraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
anþeraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
anþeraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
anþeras (genitive neuter singular strong)
anþiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
anþeraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
anþerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
anþeraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
anþeraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
anþeraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
anþerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
anþeraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
anþeranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
anþeraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
anþeraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
anþeraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
anþeranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
anþeraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *anþar
Old English: ōþer; ander- (prefix)
Middle English: other
Scots: uther, ither
English: other
Old Frisian: ōther
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: öler
Hallig: öör
Helgoland: uur
Mooring: ouder
Sylt: üđer
Saterland Frisian: uur, our
West Frisian: oar
Old Saxon: ōthar, āther, āthar, andar
Middle Low German: âr, ander, ender, enger
Low German: anner (most dialects), ander (many southern dialects, Plautdietsch), anger (some southern dialects, some Low Prussian and Pomoranian dialects), Plautdietsch spellings: aunda, aundra
Old Dutch: andar, ander, *athar
Middle Dutch: ander, aer
Dutch: ander, aâr
Afrikaans: ander
West Flemish: aajer (French Flanders)
Old High German: andar
Middle High German: ander
Cimbrian: andar
German: anderer, ander
Hunsrik: anere
Luxembourgish: aner
Mòcheno: ònder
Yiddish: אַנדער (ander)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*aþaraʀ), *ᚨᚾᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*anþaraʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: annarr
Icelandic: annar
Faroese: annar, aðrar
Norwegian Nynorsk: annan
Jamtish: æðnen, ænnen
Old Swedish: annar
Swedish: annan, andra; annor (obsolete, in compounds)
Danish: anden
Norwegian Bokmål: annen

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 (anþar)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énteros (“other”).


newundô

gem-decl-adj-table

*newundô (an/īn-stem)

newundô (masculine nominative singular)
newundaniz (masculine nominative plural)
newundį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
newundīniz (feminine nominative plural)
newundô (neuter nominative singular)
newundōnō (neuter nominative plural)
newundanų (accusative masculine singular)
newundanunz (accusative masculine plural)
newundīnų (accusative feminine singular)
newundīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
newundô (accusative neuter singular)
newundōnō (accusative neuter plural)
newundiniz (genitive masculine singular)
newundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
newundīniz (feminine genitive singular)
newundīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
newundiniz (genitive neuter singular)
newundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
newundini (dative masculine singular)
newundammaz (dative masculine plural)
newundīni (dative feminine singular)
newundīmaz (dative feminine plural)
newundini (dative neuter singular)
newundammaz (dative neuter plural)
newundinē (instrumental masculine singular)
newundammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
newundīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
newundīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
newundinē (instrumental neuter singular)
newundammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *neundō
Old English: niġoþa
Middle English: nynthe, neȝende, nend, neyneþe, neynt, neynþe, niþe, nyneþe, nyend, nyghend, nynnte, nynte, nynþe, nyþe, nieðe, niȝeðe, niȝende, niȝoðe (Early Middle English)
English: ninth
Scots: nint, ninte, nyint, nynt, nynte
Old Frisian: nigunda
Saterland Frisian: njúgende
West Frisian: njoggende
Old Saxon: nigundo, nigutho
Old Dutch: *nigundo
Middle Dutch: nēgende
Dutch: negende
Afrikaans: negende
Negerhollands: negende, neegende
Limburgish: negendje
Old High German: niunto
Middle High German: niunte
Cimbrian: nòinte
German: neunte
Yiddish: נײַנט (naynt)

Old Norse: níundi
Icelandic: níundi
Faroese: níggjundi
Norwegian:
Bokmål: niende
Nynorsk: niande
Old Swedish: niundi
Swedish: nionde
Danish: niende

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (niunda)


sebundô

gem-decl-adj-table

*sebundô (an/īn-stem)

sebundô (masculine nominative singular)
sebundaniz (masculine nominative plural)
sebundį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
sebundīniz (feminine nominative plural)
sebundô (neuter nominative singular)
sebundōnō (neuter nominative plural)
sebundanų (accusative masculine singular)
sebundanunz (accusative masculine plural)
sebundīnų (accusative feminine singular)
sebundīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
sebundô (accusative neuter singular)
sebundōnō (accusative neuter plural)
sebundiniz (genitive masculine singular)
sebundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
sebundīniz (feminine genitive singular)
sebundīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
sebundiniz (genitive neuter singular)
sebundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
sebundini (dative masculine singular)
sebundammaz (dative masculine plural)
sebundīni (dative feminine singular)
sebundīmaz (dative feminine plural)
sebundini (dative neuter singular)
sebundammaz (dative neuter plural)
sebundinē (instrumental masculine singular)
sebundammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
sebundīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
sebundīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
sebundinē (instrumental neuter singular)
sebundammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sebundō
Old English: seofoþa
Middle English: seventhe, sefnthe, sefte, sefth, sevend, sevende, seventh, sevenþe, seveþe, sevynte, sevynth, zevende, sefennde, seofaþe, seofeðe, seofoðe, seoveðe (Early Middle English)
English: seventh
Scots: seevent
Old Frisian: sigunda
Saterland Frisian: sogende
West Frisian: sânde
Old Saxon: sivondo, sivotho
Old Dutch: *sivondo
Middle Dutch: sēvende
Dutch: zevende
Afrikaans: sewende
Negerhollands: sevende, seevende
Limburgish: zeuvendje
Old High German: sibunto
Middle High German: sibente, sibende
Cimbrian: zibante
German: siebente, siebte
Yiddish: זיבעט (zibet)

Old Norse: sjaundi
Icelandic: sjöundi
Faroese: sjeyndi
Norwegian:
Bokmål: sjuende
Nynorsk: sjuande
Old Swedish: siundi
Swedish: sjunde
Danish: syvende
→ Norwegian Bokmål: syvende


fimftô

gem-decl-adj-table

*fimftô (an/īn-stem)

fimftô (masculine nominative singular)
fimftaniz (masculine nominative plural)
fimftį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
fimftīniz (feminine nominative plural)
fimftô (neuter nominative singular)
fimftōnō (neuter nominative plural)
fimftanų (accusative masculine singular)
fimftanunz (accusative masculine plural)
fimftīnų (accusative feminine singular)
fimftīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
fimftô (accusative neuter singular)
fimftōnō (accusative neuter plural)
fimftiniz (genitive masculine singular)
fimftanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
fimftīniz (feminine genitive singular)
fimftīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
fimftiniz (genitive neuter singular)
fimftanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
fimftini (dative masculine singular)
fimftammaz (dative masculine plural)
fimftīni (dative feminine singular)
fimftīmaz (dative feminine plural)
fimftini (dative neuter singular)
fimftammaz (dative neuter plural)
fimftinē (instrumental masculine singular)
fimftammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
fimftīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
fimftīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
fimftinē (instrumental neuter singular)
fimftammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fimftō
Old English: fīfta
Middle English: fifte
English: fifth
Scots: fift, fyft
Old Frisian: fīfta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: füft
Helgoland: füfs
Sylt: fifst
Saterland Frisian: fiefte, füüfte
West Frisian: fyfte
Old Saxon: fīfto
Old Dutch: *fīfto
Middle Dutch: vijfte, vichte (West Flemish)
Dutch: vijfde
Afrikaans: vyfde
Negerhollands: veifde
Limburgish: viefdje
Old High German: fimfto
Middle High German: fünfte
Cimbrian: vünvte, bümbte (Mezzaselva)
German: fünfte
Yiddish: פֿינפֿט (finft)

Old Norse: fimmti, fimti
Icelandic: fimmti
Faroese: fimti
Norwegian Nynorsk: femte
Norwegian Bokmål: femte
Old Swedish: fæmti
Swedish: femte
Danish: femte

Gothic: *𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰 (*fimfta) (in 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (fimftataihunda, “fifteenth”))

/ˈɸimɸ.tɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *penkʷtós, from *pénkʷe. An ordinal to *fimf (“five”).


ahtudô

gem-decl-adj-table

*ahtudô (an/īn-stem)

ahtudô (masculine nominative singular)
ahtudaniz (masculine nominative plural)
ahtudį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
ahtudīniz (feminine nominative plural)
ahtudô (neuter nominative singular)
ahtudōnō (neuter nominative plural)
ahtudanų (accusative masculine singular)
ahtudanunz (accusative masculine plural)
ahtudīnų (accusative feminine singular)
ahtudīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
ahtudô (accusative neuter singular)
ahtudōnō (accusative neuter plural)
ahtudiniz (genitive masculine singular)
ahtudanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
ahtudīniz (feminine genitive singular)
ahtudīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
ahtudiniz (genitive neuter singular)
ahtudanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
ahtudini (dative masculine singular)
ahtudammaz (dative masculine plural)
ahtudīni (dative feminine singular)
ahtudīmaz (dative feminine plural)
ahtudini (dative neuter singular)
ahtudammaz (dative neuter plural)
ahtudinē (instrumental masculine singular)
ahtudammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
ahtudīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
ahtudīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
ahtudinē (instrumental neuter singular)
ahtudammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ahtudō
Old English: eahtoþa, eahteoþa, eahteþa, ehtoþa, ehteoþa, ehteþa, ehtuþa
Middle English: eiȝtthe, eahtuðe, ehtuðe, egteðe, eyghte, aght, eiȝteþe, eyteth, eghte, aiȝtede, eighthe, eghþe, eytþe, eȝte, eytiþ, eiȝtþe
English: eighth
Scots: echt
Old Frisian: achtunda, achtenda, achtanda
Saterland Frisian: oachte
West Frisian: achtste
Old Saxon: ahtodo
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: achde
Suerländer-Märkisch: achte
Westmünsterländisch: achte
Old Dutch: *ahtodo
Middle Dutch: achte
Old High German: ahtodo
Middle High German: ahtode, ahte, ahtede
Cimbrian: achtete
German: achte
Kölsch: aachde (Eischwiele Platt)
Luxembourgish: aacht
Yiddish: אַכט (akht)

Old Norse: átti, áttandi
Icelandic: átti
⇒ Old Norse: áttandi, áttundi
Icelandic: áttundi
Elfdalian: åttund
Faroese: áttandi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: åttende
Norwegian Nynorsk: åttande
Old Swedish: āttunde, āttande
Swedish: åttonde
Danish: ottende

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌿𐌳𐌰 (ahtuda)


sehtô

gem-decl-adj-table

*sehtô (an/īn-stem)

sehtô (masculine nominative singular)
sehtaniz (masculine nominative plural)
sihtį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
sihtīniz (feminine nominative plural)
sehtô (neuter nominative singular)
sehtōnō (neuter nominative plural)
sehtanų (accusative masculine singular)
sehtanunz (accusative masculine plural)
sihtīnų (accusative feminine singular)
sihtīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
sehtô (accusative neuter singular)
sehtōnō (accusative neuter plural)
sihtiniz (genitive masculine singular)
sehtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
sihtīniz (feminine genitive singular)
sihtīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
sihtiniz (genitive neuter singular)
sehtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
sihtini (dative masculine singular)
sehtammaz (dative masculine plural)
sihtīni (dative feminine singular)
sihtīmaz (dative feminine plural)
sihtini (dative neuter singular)
sehtammaz (dative neuter plural)
sihtinē (instrumental masculine singular)
sehtammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
sihtīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
sihtīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
sihtinē (instrumental neuter singular)
sehtammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sehtō
Old English: sixta, siexta, syxta, sihsta, sexta, sesta
Middle English: sixte
English: sixth
Scots: saxt, sext, sixt
Old Frisian: sexta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: seekst
Helgoland: sös
Saterland Frisian: säkste
West Frisian: sechste
Old Saxon: sehsto
Middle Low German: seste, sēste, söste
German Low German: sessde, sessd
Old Dutch: *sesto
Middle Dutch: seste, sesde (Limburgish)
Dutch: zesde
Afrikaans: sesde
Negerhollands: sesde
→ Kwinti: zesde
Limburgish: zèsdje
Old High German: sehto, sehsto
Middle High German: sehte, sehste
Cimbrian: zèkste
German: sechste
Yiddish: זעקסט (zekst)

Old Norse: sétti
Icelandic: sétti, sjötti
Faroese: sætti
Norwegian: sjette
Old Swedish: sætti, siætti
Swedish: sjätte
Danish: sjette

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌰 (saihsta)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱ(s)-tHo-, from *swéḱs. An ordinal to *sehs (“six”).


fedurþô

gem-decl-adj-table

*fedurþô (an/īn-stem)

fedurþô (masculine nominative singular)
fedurþaniz (masculine nominative plural)
fedurþį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
fedurþīniz (feminine nominative plural)
fedurþô (neuter nominative singular)
fedurþōnō (neuter nominative plural)
fedurþanų (accusative masculine singular)
fedurþanunz (accusative masculine plural)
fedurþīnų (accusative feminine singular)
fedurþīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
fedurþô (accusative neuter singular)
fedurþōnō (accusative neuter plural)
fedurþiniz (genitive masculine singular)
fedurþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
fedurþīniz (feminine genitive singular)
fedurþīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
fedurþiniz (genitive neuter singular)
fedurþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
fedurþini (dative masculine singular)
fedurþammaz (dative masculine plural)
fedurþīni (dative feminine singular)
fedurþīmaz (dative feminine plural)
fedurþini (dative neuter singular)
fedurþammaz (dative neuter plural)
fedurþinē (instrumental masculine singular)
fedurþammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
fedurþīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
fedurþīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
fedurþinē (instrumental neuter singular)
fedurþammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *feurþō
Old English: fēorþa, fēorða, fēowerþa
Middle English: feorþe, veorðe, feorðe, forðe, ferthe, fourthe, ferþe, fourþe, feurþe, fourte, ferth, fferth, fourth, fourt, verþe, firþe, firthe, fuyrthe, feorþe, veorðe, feorðe, forðe, IIIIᵗʰ
English: fourth
Scots: fourt
Yola: vourthe
Old Frisian: fiārda
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fjuard
Helgoland: fear
Sylt: fjåårt
Saterland Frisian: fjädde, fjoode
West Frisian: fjirde
Old Saxon: fiortho
Middle Low German: vêrde
Dutch Low Saxon: veerte
German Low German: feerde, feerd
Old Dutch: *fiortho
Middle Dutch: vierde
Dutch: vierde
Afrikaans: vierde
Negerhollands: veerde, vierde, firrde
Limburgish: veerdje
Old High German: fiordo
Middle High German: vierde, vierte
Cimbrian: viarte
German: vierte
Luxembourgish: véiert
Yiddish: פֿערט (fert)

Old Norse: fjórði
Icelandic: fjórði
Faroese: fjórði
Norwegian: fjerde
Old Swedish: fiarþi, fiærþi
Swedish: fjärde
Danish: fjerde

/ˈɸe.ður.θɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwr̥tHo-, from *kʷetwóres. An ordinal to *fedwōr (“four”).


tehundô

gem-decl-adj-table

*tehundô (an/īn-stem)

tehundô (masculine nominative singular)
tehundaniz (masculine nominative plural)
tehundį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
tehundīniz (feminine nominative plural)
tehundô (neuter nominative singular)
tehundōnō (neuter nominative plural)
tehundanų (accusative masculine singular)
tehundanunz (accusative masculine plural)
tehundīnų (accusative feminine singular)
tehundīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
tehundô (accusative neuter singular)
tehundōnō (accusative neuter plural)
tehundiniz (genitive masculine singular)
tehundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
tehundīniz (feminine genitive singular)
tehundīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
tehundiniz (genitive neuter singular)
tehundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
tehundini (dative masculine singular)
tehundammaz (dative masculine plural)
tehundīni (dative feminine singular)
tehundīmaz (dative feminine plural)
tehundini (dative neuter singular)
tehundammaz (dative neuter plural)
tehundinē (instrumental masculine singular)
tehundammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
tehundīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
tehundīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
tehundinē (instrumental neuter singular)
tehundammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tehundō
Old English: tēoþa, tēogoþa
Middle English: tethe, tythe, tithe
English: tithe
Scots: teith (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: tenthe, tende
English: tenth
Scots: teind, tent
Old Frisian: tegotha, tegatha
Saterland Frisian: Teeged
⇒ Old Frisian: tiānda, tēnda
Saterland Frisian: tjaande
West Frisian: tsiende
Old Saxon: tegotho
Middle Low German: tegede, tēgende, teyde
German Low German: Teegd
⇒ Old Saxon: tehando
Middle Low German: teinde
German Low German: tiehnde, tiehnd, tiehnte, tiehnt, teihnde, teihnd, teihnte, teihnt
⇒ German Low German: Teihnte m
Old Dutch: *tiando
Middle Dutch: tiende
Dutch: tiende
Afrikaans: tiende
Negerhollands: tiende
Limburgish: teendje, tieëndje
Old High German: zehanto
Middle High German: zëhente
Cimbrian: sègante
German: zehnte
Luxembourgish: zéngt
Yiddish: צענט (tsent)

Old Norse: tíundi
Icelandic: tíundi
Faroese: tíggjundi
Norwegian Nynorsk: tiande, tionde
Swedish: tionde
Danish: tiende
Norwegian Bokmål: tiende

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (taihunda)


-iskaz

-iskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-iskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-iskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-iskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-iską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-iskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-iskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-iskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-iskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-iskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-iską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-iskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-iskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-iskis (genitive masculine singular strong)
-iskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-iskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-iskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-iskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-iskis (genitive neuter singular strong)
-iskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-iskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-iskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-iskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-iskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-iskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-iskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-iskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-iskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-iskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-iskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-iskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-iskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-iskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-iskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-iskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-iskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-iskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-iskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-iskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-iskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-iskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-iskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-iskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-iskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-iskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-iskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-iskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-iskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-iskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-iskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-iskini (dative masculine singular weak)
-iskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-iskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-iskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-iskini (dative neuter singular weak)
-iskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-iskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-iskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-iskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-iskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-iskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-iskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-isk
Old English: -isċ, -isċe
Middle English: -ish, -isch
Scots: -is, -ish
English: -ish
Old Frisian: -isk
Saterland Frisian: -sk, -isk
West Frisian: -sk
Old Saxon: -isk, -isc
Low German: -isch, -isk
Plautdietsch: -isch
Old Dutch: *-isk, *-sk
Middle Dutch: -sc, -sch
Dutch: -s
Old High German: -isc
German: -isch, -sch
→ Dutch: -isch
Luxembourgish: -esch
Vilamovian: -yś
Yiddish: ־יש (-ish)
→ Late Latin: -iscus (see there for further descendants)
English: -esque

Old Norse: -skr, -iskr

Icelandic: -skur, -iskur

Faroese: -skur, -iskur

Norwegian Bokmål: -sk, -isk

Norwegian Nynorsk: -sk, -isk

Swedish: -sk, -isk

Danish: -sk, -isk

Gothic: -𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (-isks)

From Proto-Indo-European *-iskos (suffix).

Forms adjectives from nouns with the sense “characteristic of; pertaining to”.


jungaz

junhizô (comparative)
junhistaz (superlative)
jungaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
jungai (masculine nominative plural strong)
jungō (feminine nominative singular strong)
jungôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
jungą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
jungō (neuter nominative plural strong)
junganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
junganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
jungǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
jungōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
jungą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
jungō (accusative neuter plural strong)
jungas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
jungaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
jungaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
jungaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
jungas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
jungaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
jungammai (dative masculine singular strong)
jungaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
jungaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
jungaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
jungammai (dative neuter singular strong)
jungaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
junganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
jungaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
jungaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
jungaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
junganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
jungaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
jungô (masculine nominative singular weak)
junganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
jungǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
jungōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
jungô (neuter nominative singular weak)
jungōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
junganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
junganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
jungōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
jungōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
jungô (accusative neuter singular weak)
jungōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
junginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
junganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
jungōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
jungōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
junginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
junganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
jungini (dative masculine singular weak)
jungammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
jungōni (dative feminine singular weak)
jungōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
jungini (dative neuter singular weak)
jungammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
junginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
jungammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
jungōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
jungōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
junginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
jungammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*jungaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *jung
Old English: ġeong, ġing, ġiong, ġiung, ġung, iong, iung, ġeng
Middle English: yong
English: young
Scots: young
Old Frisian: jung
Saterland Frisian: jung, junk
West Frisian: jong
Old Saxon: jung
Middle Low German: jung
Low German: jung
→ Polabian: jungĕ
Old Dutch: jung
Middle Dutch: jonc
Dutch: jong
Limburgish: jong
Old High German: jung
Middle High German: junc
Alemannic German: jung, jungu, jungà, junhs, jòng
Bavarian: junk
Cimbrian: jung, djung, junk
Mòcheno: jung
Central Franconian: jonk
Hunsrik: jung
Luxembourgish: jonk
German: jung
Pennsylvania German: jung
Vilamovian: jung
Yiddish: יונג (yung)

Old Norse: ungr
Icelandic: ungur
Faroese: ungur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ung; (dialectal) ong
Elfdalian: ungg
Old Swedish: unger
Swedish: ung
Old Danish: ungær, ung
Danish: ung
Norwegian Bokmål: ung
Gutnish: unggar
Scanian: onger

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃 (juggs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós, from *h₂yuh₁en-. The shortening of the vowel from earlier *-uHun- is due to Osthoff's law.


tamaz

*tamaz (a-stem)

tamaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tamai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tamō (feminine nominative singular strong)
tamôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tamą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tamō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tamanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tamanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tamǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tamōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tamą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tamō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tamas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
tamaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tamaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tamaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tamas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
tamaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tamammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tamaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tamaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tamaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tamammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tamaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tamanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tamaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tamaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tamaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tamanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tamaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tamô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tamaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tamǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tamōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tamô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tamōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tamanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tamanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tamōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tamōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tamô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tamōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
taminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tamanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tamōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tamōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
taminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tamanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tamini (dative masculine singular weak)
tamammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tamōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tamōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tamini (dative neuter singular weak)
tamammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
taminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tamammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tamōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tamōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
taminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tamammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *tam
Old English: tam, tom
Middle English: tame, tam, tom, tome (early Southwest and Southwest Midlands)
English: tame
Scots: tame
Old Frisian: tam, tom (in compounds)
Saterland Frisian: tom
West Frisian: tam
Old Saxon: tam
Middle Low German: tam
Low German: tamm, tahm
Old Dutch: *tam
Middle Dutch: tam
Dutch: tam
Afrikaans: tam
Negerhollands: teem
Old High German: zam
Middle High German: zam
Alemannic German: zam
German: zahm
Hunsrik: zaam
Luxembourgish: zam

Old Norse: tamr
Icelandic: tamur
Faroese: tamur
Norwegian: tam
Old Swedish: tamber
Swedish: tam
Old Danish: tam
Danish: tam


þunnuz

þunnizô (comparative)
þunnistaz (superlative)
þunnuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þunnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þunnī (feminine nominative singular strong)
þunnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þunnų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þunnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þunnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þunnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þunnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þunnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þunnų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þunnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þunnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þunnīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
þunnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þunnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þunnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þunnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þunnīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
þunnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þunnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þunnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þunnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þunnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þunnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þunnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þunnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þunnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þunnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þunnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þunnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þunnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þunnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þunnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þunnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þunnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þunnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þunnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þunnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þunnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þunnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þunnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þunnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þunnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þunnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þunnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þunnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þunnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þunnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þunnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þunnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
þunnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þunnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þunnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þunnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
þunnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þunnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þunnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þunnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þunnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þunnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þunnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *þunnī
Old English: þynne, þinne
Middle English: thinne, thin, thunne, thenne, þinne, þynne, thynne, thyn
English: thin
Scots: thin
Old Frisian: thenne
Saterland Frisian: tään
West Frisian: tin
Old Saxon: thunni
Middle Low German: dünne
German Low German: dünn
Plautdietsch: denn
Old Dutch: *thunni
Middle Dutch: dunne
Dutch: dun
Afrikaans: dun
Berbice Creole Dutch: doni
Negerhollands: dun, din
→ Aukan: deni, doin
Limburgish: dön
West Flemish: thinne
Old High German: dunni
Middle High German: dünne
Alemannic German: tünn, dünn
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: dünne
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: dinn
Luxembourgish: dënn
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: dynn
East Franconian:
German: dünn
Rhine Franconian: denn, dinn
Frankfurterisch: [d̥in]
Pennsylvania German:
Yiddish: דין (din)

Old Norse: þunnr
Icelandic: þunnur
Faroese: tunnur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: tynn
Norwegian Nynorsk: tynn
Elfdalian: tunn
Old Swedish: þunder
Swedish: tunn
Old Danish: thun
Danish: tynd
Gutnish: tunnar
Scanian: tynðer

From earlier *þunwuz, from Proto-Indo-European *tn̥h₂wús, variant of *ténh₂us (“thin”). Cognate with Sanskrit तनु (tanú), Latin tenuis.


dumbaz

*dumbaz (a-stem)

dumbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dumbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dumbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dumbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dumbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dumbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dumbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dumbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dumbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dumbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dumbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dumbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dumbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dumbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dumbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dumbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dumbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dumbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dumbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dumbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dumbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dumbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dumbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dumbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dumbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dumbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dumbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dumbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dumbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dumbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dumbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dumbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dumbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dumbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dumbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dumbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dumbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dumbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dumbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dumbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dumbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dumbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dumbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dumbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dumbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dumbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dumbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dumbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dumbini (dative masculine singular weak)
dumbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dumbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dumbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dumbini (dative neuter singular weak)
dumbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dumbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dumbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dumbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dumbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dumbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dumbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰm̥bʰ-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, darken, obscure; to confuse, stupefy”).

der

Proto-West Germanic: *dumbOld English: dumbMiddle English: dumbScots: dumbEnglish: dumbOld Frisian: dumbNorth Frisian: dom

dommeSaterland Frisian: dumWest Frisian: domOld Saxon: dumbMiddle Low German: dumLow German: dummOld Dutch: dumbMiddle Dutch: domDutch: domAfrikaans: domBerbice Creole Dutch: dumNegerhollands: dom

dum→ Sranan Tongo: donLimburgish: dómbOld High German: tumbMiddle High German: tumpGerman: dumm


langaz

langizô (comparative)
langistaz (superlative)
langaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
langai (masculine nominative plural strong)
langō (feminine nominative singular strong)
langôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
langą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
langō (neuter nominative plural strong)
langanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
langanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
langǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
langōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
langą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
langō (accusative neuter plural strong)
langas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
langaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
langaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
langaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
langas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
langaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
langammai (dative masculine singular strong)
langaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
langaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
langaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
langammai (dative neuter singular strong)
langaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
langanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
langaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
langaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
langaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
langanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
langaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
langô (masculine nominative singular weak)
langaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
langǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
langōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
langô (neuter nominative singular weak)
langōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
langanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
langanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
langōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
langōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
langô (accusative neuter singular weak)
langōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
langiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
langanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
langōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
langōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
langiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
langanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
langini (dative masculine singular weak)
langammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
langōni (dative feminine singular weak)
langōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
langini (dative neuter singular weak)
langammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
langinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
langammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
langōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
langōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
langinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
langammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*langaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lang
Old English: lang, long
Middle English: long, longe, longue, lang, lange, langhe
English: long
Geordie English: lang
Scots: lang
Yola: lhaung, long
Old Frisian: long, lang
North Frisian: long, lung
Saterland Frisian: loang
West Frisian: lang
Old Saxon: lang, long
Middle Low German: lanc, lang, lanch
Low German: lang
Plautdietsch: lang, lank
Old Dutch: *lang
Middle Dutch: lanc
Dutch: lang
Afrikaans: lank
Berbice Creole Dutch: langgi
Jersey Dutch: lānk
Negerhollands: lang, laṅ
→ Sranan Tongo: langa
→ Aukan: langa
→ Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: langame
→ Saramaccan: lánga, djanga
Limburgish: lank
Zealandic: lank
Old High German: lang
Middle High German: lanc
Alemannic German: lang
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: lång
Mòcheno: lònk
German: lang
Hunsrik: lang
Luxembourgish: laang
Pennsylvania German: lang
Vilamovian: łaong
Yiddish: לאַנג (lang)

Old Norse: langr
Icelandic: langur
Faroese: langur
Norn: lang
Norwegian Nynorsk: lang
Norwegian Bokmål: lang
Old Swedish: langer
Swedish: lång
Danish: lang
Gutnish: langgar, langgår, langgur

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (laggs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lanka (“thread, yarn”)

→ Proto-Samic: *luoŋkē (“rectum”)


hrainiz

hrainizô (comparative)
hrainistaz (superlative)
hrainiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hrainijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hrainī (feminine nominative singular strong)
hrainijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hrainį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hrainijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hrainijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hrainijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hrainijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hrainijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hrainį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hrainijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hrainijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hrainīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hrainijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hrainijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hrainijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hrainijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hrainīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hrainijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hrainijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hrainijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hrainijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hrainijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hrainijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hrainijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hrainijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hrainijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hrainijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hrainijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hrainijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hrainijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hrainijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hrainijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hrainijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hrainijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hrainijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hrainijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hrainijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hrainijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hrainijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hrainijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hrainijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hrainijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hrainīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hrainijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hrainijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hrainijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hrainīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hrainijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hrainīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hrainijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hrainijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hrainijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hrainīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hrainijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hrainīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hrainijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hrainijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hrainijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hrainīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hrainijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrainī
Old Saxon: hrēni
Middle Low German: rein
Low German: rein, ren
Old Dutch: reini
Middle Dutch: reine
Dutch: rein
Afrikaans: rein
Negerhollands: rein
Limburgish: rein
Old High German: reini
Middle High German: reine
German: rein
Yiddish: ריין (reyn)

Old Norse: hreinn
Icelandic: hreinn
Faroese: reinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: rein
Elfdalian: rien
Old Swedish: rēn
Swedish: ren
Danish: ren
Norwegian Bokmål: ren
Gutnish: rainar, rain

Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (hrains)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rainis (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: ráinnas

Southern Sami: raajnes

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to strip, touch”).


hauhaz

hauhizô (comparative)
hauhistaz (superlative)
hauhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hauhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hauhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hauhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hauhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hauhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hauhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hauhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hauhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hauhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hauhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hauhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hauhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hauhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hauhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hauhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hauhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hauhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hauhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hauhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hauhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hauhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hauhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hauhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hauhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hauhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hauhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hauhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hauhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hauhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hauhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hauhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hauhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hauhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hauhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hauhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hauhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hauhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hauhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hauhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hauhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hauhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hauhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hauhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hauhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hauhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hauhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hauhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hauhini (dative masculine singular weak)
hauhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hauhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hauhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hauhini (dative neuter singular weak)
hauhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hauhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hauhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hauhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hauhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hauhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hauhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*hauhaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hauh
Old English: hēah
Middle English: heigh
English: high
Sranan Tongo: hei
→ German: high
Scots: heich
Yola: heigh, heighe, heegh, hia, hie
Scots: he-, hey-
Old Frisian: hāch, hāg
North Frisian: huuch (Föhr-Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: hoog
West Frisian: heech
Old Saxon: hōh
Middle Low German: hôch, hô
German Low German: hooch, hoog
Plautdietsch: hüag, huag
Old Dutch: hō, hōg
Middle Dutch: hôoch
Dutch: hoog
Afrikaans: hoog
Berbice Creole Dutch: hogo
Jersey Dutch: hôx
Negerhollands: hoog, hok
Skepi Creole Dutch: hug, oag
Old High German: hōh
Middle High German: hōch, hō
Alemannic German: hooch
Walser: hoch, hòch
Swabian: hauch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hoach, hòach (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: heach
Northern Bavarian: [hɔːu̯ɣ̊], (comparative) [ˈhɛi̯xɐ], (superlative) [ˈhɛi̯kst]
Central Franconian: huh, hiech, hieh (western Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: hogh
Luxembourgish: héich, héi
German: hoch
Rhine Franconian: houch, hauch, hoch, hok, houk, huch, huk
Frankfurterisch: [hoːx], (comparative) [heːʒ̥æ̆], (superlative) [he(ː)kst]
Pennsylvania German: hooch
Vilamovian: huch
Yiddish: הויך (hoykh)
→ Old French: haut (conflated with Latin altus) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hár, hór, *haugʀ — Old East Norse, hæri
Icelandic: hár
Faroese: háur
Norn: hjog, høg
→ Scots: hoe
Norwegian Nynorsk: håg (< pl. hávir); (dialectal) hå
Old Swedish: hø̄gher
Swedish: hög
→ Middle Norwegian: høg (from ca. 1400)
Norwegian Nynorsk: høg
→ Norwegian Bokmål: høg
Danish: høj
Norwegian Bokmål: høy
→ Faroese: høgur
Old Gutnish: haur
Gutnish: haugar, haug, hau

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃 (hauhs)

Vandalic: *oas

→? Proto-Finnic: *kauka- (see there for further descendants)

, *lēgaz


harduz

hardizô (comparative)
hardistaz (superlative)
harduz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hardijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hardī (feminine nominative singular strong)
hardijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hardų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hardijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hardijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hardijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hardijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hardijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hardų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hardijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hardijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hardīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hardijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hardijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hardijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hardijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hardīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hardijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hardijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hardijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hardijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hardijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hardijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hardijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hardijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hardijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hardijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hardijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hardijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hardijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hardijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hardijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hardijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hardijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hardijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hardijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hardijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hardijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hardijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hardijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hardijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hardijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hardīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hardijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hardijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hardijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hardīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hardijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hardīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hardijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hardijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hardijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hardīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hardijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hardīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hardijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hardijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hardijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hardīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hardijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hard(ī)
Old English: heard
Middle English: hard
English: hard
→ Finnish: haarti
→ Spanish: hard
Scots: hard, haird
Old Frisian: herde, herd
Saterland Frisian: hart
West Frisian: hurd
Old Saxon: hard
Middle Low German: hart, hārde
Low German: hard, hart
Old Dutch: hart
Middle Dutch: hart
Dutch: hard
Jersey Dutch: hārd
Negerhollands: hart
Skepi Creole Dutch: hardt
Old High German: hart
Middle High German: hart, herte
Alemannic German: hert
Swabian: hirrt
Bavarian: hoat
Central Franconian: haat
German: hart
Luxembourgish: haart
Yiddish: האַרט (hart)

Old Norse: harðr
Icelandic: harður
Faroese: harður
Norwegian: hard; (dialectal) hard’u, hard’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hard
Old Swedish: harþer
Swedish: hård
Danish: hård
Norwegian Bokmål: hård

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hardas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, from *kert-, *kret- (“strong, powerful”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong”), Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos, “strength, power, dominion”).


niwjaz

niwizô (comparative)
niwistaz (superlative)
niwjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
niwjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
niwjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
niwjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
niwją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
niwjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
niwjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
niwjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
niwjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
niwjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
niwją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
niwjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
niwjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
niwjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
niwjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
niwjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
niwjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
niwjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
niwjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
niwjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
niwjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
niwjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
niwjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
niwjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
niwjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
niwjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
niwjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
niwjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
niwjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
niwjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
niwjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
niwjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
niwjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
niwjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
niwjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
niwjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
niwjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
niwjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
niwjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
niwjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
niwjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
niwjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
niwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
niwjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
niwjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
niwjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
niwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
niwjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
niwini (dative masculine singular weak)
niwjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
niwjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
niwjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
niwini (dative neuter singular weak)
niwjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
niwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
niwjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
niwjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
niwjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
niwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
niwjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*niwjaz (ja-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *niwi
Old English: nīewe, nīwe, nēowe, nīowe
Middle English: newe, new, neue
English: new
Scots: new
Old Frisian: nīe
North Frisian: nei
Saterland Frisian: näi
West Frisian: nij
Old Saxon: niuwi
Middle Low German: nîe, nîge, nü̂we
Dutch Low Saxon: nij
German Low German: nü, nüe, nii, nee, neei
Plautdietsch: nie
Old Dutch: niuwi
Middle Dutch: niewe, neuwe, newe, niwe, nuwe, niew
Dutch: nieuw
Afrikaans: nuwe, nuut
Javindo: nuwe
Jersey Dutch: njuew
Negerhollands: nieuw, niw
Limburgish: nuuj
Old High German: niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi
Middle High German: niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe
Alemannic German: nüüw, nöi, nüü
Alsatian: nèi
Swabian: nei
Italian Walser: niw, niww, nu
Bavarian: nei, neich
Cimbrian: nòjar, nauk, naüge
Gottscheerish: nai
Hianzisch: neich
Mòcheno: nai
Udinese: naie, naje, noi
Central Franconian: nei, neu
Hunsrik: nei
Kölsch: neu
Transylvanian Saxon: na
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: neu
Upper Saxon German: nei
Erzgebirgisch: nei
East Franconian: nei, neu
German: neu
Luxembourgish: nei
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: nei, neu
Palatine German: nau, nei, neu
Pennsylvania German: nei
Vilamovian: noj
Yiddish: נײַ (nay)
Zipser German: nai, neu

Proto-Norse: *ᚾᛁᚢᛃᚨᛉ (*niujaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚾᛁᚢᛃᛁᛚᚨ (niujila), ᚾᛁᚢᚹᛁᛚᚨ (niuwila)

desctree

Old Norse: nýr
Icelandic: nýr
Faroese: nýggjur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ny, (dialectal) nyr
Old Swedish: nȳr
Swedish: ny
Old Danish: ny
Danish: ny
Norwegian Bokmål: ny

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (niujis)


deupaz

*deupaz (a-stem)

deupaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
deupai (masculine nominative plural strong)
deupō (feminine nominative singular strong)
deupôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
deupą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
deupō (neuter nominative plural strong)
deupanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
deupanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
deupǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
deupōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
deupą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
deupō (accusative neuter plural strong)
deupas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
deupaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
deupaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
deupaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
deupas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
deupaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
deupammai (dative masculine singular strong)
deupaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
deupaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
deupaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
deupammai (dative neuter singular strong)
deupaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
deupanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
deupaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
deupaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
deupaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
deupanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
deupaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
deupô (masculine nominative singular weak)
deupaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
deupǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
deupōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
deupô (neuter nominative singular weak)
deupōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
deupanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
deupanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
deupōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
deupōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
deupô (accusative neuter singular weak)
deupōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
deupiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
deupanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
deupōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
deupōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
deupiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
deupanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
deupini (dative masculine singular weak)
deupammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
deupōni (dative feminine singular weak)
deupōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
deupini (dative neuter singular weak)
deupammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
deupinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
deupammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
deupōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
deupōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
deupinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
deupammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *deup
Old English: dēop
Middle English: depe, deep, deepe, deop, dep, deope
English: deep
Scots: depe, deep, deip
Old Frisian: diāp
North Frisian: diip, jip
Saterland Frisian: djoop
West Frisian: djip
Old Saxon: diop
Middle Low German: dêp
Low German: deep
German Low German: deep
Plautdietsch: deep
Old Dutch: *diop, deop, diep
Middle Dutch: diep
Dutch: diep
Afrikaans: diep
Berbice Creole Dutch: dipu
Negerhollands: diep, dip
→? Sranan Tongo: dipi
→ Caribbean Javanese: dipi
Limburgish: deep
Old High German: tiof, tiuf
Middle High German: tiuf, tief
Alemannic German: tüüf
German: tief
Mòcheno: tiaf
Yiddish: טיף (tif)

Old Norse: djúpr
Icelandic: djúpur
Faroese: djúpur
Norwegian Nynorsk: djup
→ Norwegian Bokmål: djup
Old Swedish: diūper
Swedish: djup
Danish: dyb
Norwegian Bokmål: dyp
Scanian: djyber

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐍃 (diups)

From pre-Germanic *deuppaz < *dʰewbʰnós, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-. The devoicing of what came from the root-final *-bʰ- is due to Kluge's law.
Cognate to Old Church Slavonic дъбрь (dŭbrĭ, “valley”), Lithuanian dubùs (“deep, hollow”), Albanian det (“sea”), Welsh dwfn (“deep”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language
Kluge's law


lēgaz

lēgizô (comparative)
lēgistaz (superlative)
lēgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lēgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lēgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lēgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lēgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lēgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lēganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lēganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lēgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lēgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lēgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lēgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lēgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lēgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lēgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lēgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lēgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lēgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lēgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lēgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lēgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lēgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lēgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lēgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lēganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lēgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lēgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lēgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lēganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lēgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lēgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lēganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lēgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lēgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lēgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lēgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lēganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lēganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lēgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lēgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lēgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lēgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lēginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lēganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lēgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lēgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lēginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lēganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lēgini (dative masculine singular weak)
lēgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lēgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lēgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lēgini (dative neuter singular weak)
lēgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lēginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lēgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lēgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lēgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lēginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lēgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*lēgaz (a-stem)

desctree

Old Norse: lágr
Icelandic: lágur
Faroese: lágur
Norwegian Nynorsk: låg
→ Norwegian Bokmål: låg
Old Swedish: lāgher
Swedish: låg
Old Danish: lagh
Danish: lav
Norwegian Bokmål: lav
→ Middle English: lowe, lohe, lāh
→ Middle English: lah, lagh, lawe, lowe
English: low
Geordie English: law
Scots: laich

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *lēgijaz

Old Frisian: lēch

North Frisian: leeg, liig

Saterland Frisian: läich

West Frisian: leech

Old Saxon: *lāg, *lāgi

desc

Middle Low German: lāch, lāge, lēch, lēge

Low German: laag, leeg

Old Dutch: *lāg (or *lāgi)

Middle Dutch: laech

desctree

Dutch: laag
Afrikaans: laag
Jersey Dutch: lêx
→ Sranan Tongo: lagi
→ Aukan: lagi

Old High German: *lāgi (attested in compounds)

Middle High German: læge

German: läg, leg (obsolete)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laaka (see there for further descendants)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *ligjaną via earlier *legjaną.


wīdaz

*wīdaz (a-stem)

wīdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wīdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wīdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wīdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wīdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wīdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wīdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wīdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wīdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wīdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wīdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wīdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wīdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wīdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wīdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wīdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wīdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wīdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wīdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wīdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wīdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wīdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wīdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wīdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wīdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wīdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wīdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wīdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wīdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wīdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wīdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wīdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wīdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wīdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wīdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wīdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wīdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wīdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wīdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wīdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wīdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wīdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wīdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wīdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wīdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wīdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wīdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wīdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wīdini (dative masculine singular weak)
wīdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wīdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wīdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wīdini (dative neuter singular weak)
wīdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wīdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wīdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wīdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wīdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wīdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wīdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: wīd

Middle English: wid, wyd

Scots: wyd, wid

English: wide

Old Frisian: wīd

Saterland Frisian: wied

North Frisian: widj

West Frisian: wiid

Old Saxon: wīd

Middle Low German: wīt

Low German: wied

Westphalian:

Münsterländisch: wyt

Paderbornisch: weyt, wyt

Sauerländisch: weyt

Old Dutch: *wīd

Middle Dutch: wijt

Dutch: wijd

Afrikaans: wyd

Old High German: wīt
Middle High German: wīt
Central Franconian: weck, wick, wiet, weit
Luxembourgish: wäit (“far”), weit (“wide”)
German: weit
Yiddish: ווײַט (vayt)

Old Norse: víðr
Icelandic: víður
Faroese: víður
Norwegian Nynorsk: vid
Old Swedish: vīþer, widher
Swedish: vid
Danish: vid
Norwegian Bokmål: vid

→ Proto-Samic: *vijδēs (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁weydʰh₁os (“set apart, asunder, in two”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two”) (see *dwóh₁) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put”), apparently with dissimilation of the first d-. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *widuwǭ (“widow”), *widuz (“wood”), Proto-Celtic *weidus (“wild”) and Latin dīvidō (“separate, sunder”), vītō (“avoid, shun”).


raudaz

raudōzô (comparative)
raudōstaz (superlative)
raudaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
raudai (masculine nominative plural strong)
raudō (feminine nominative singular strong)
raudôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
raudą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
raudō (neuter nominative plural strong)
raudanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
raudanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
raudǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
raudōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
raudą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
raudō (accusative neuter plural strong)
raudas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
raudaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
raudaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
raudaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
raudas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
raudaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
raudammai (dative masculine singular strong)
raudaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
raudaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
raudaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
raudammai (dative neuter singular strong)
raudaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
raudanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
raudaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
raudaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
raudaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
raudanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
raudaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
raudô (masculine nominative singular weak)
raudaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
raudǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
raudōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
raudô (neuter nominative singular weak)
raudōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
raudanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
raudanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
raudōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
raudōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
raudô (accusative neuter singular weak)
raudōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
raudiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
raudanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
raudōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
raudōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
raudiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
raudanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
raudini (dative masculine singular weak)
raudammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
raudōni (dative feminine singular weak)
raudōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
raudini (dative neuter singular weak)
raudammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
raudinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
raudammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
raudōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
raudōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
raudinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
raudammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*raudaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *raud
Old English: rēad
Middle English: red, redde, reed, read, ræd
English: red
Scots: rede, reid
Yola: reed
Old Frisian: rād
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: ruad
Goesharde: ruud
Halligen: ruad
Heligoland: rooad
Mooring: rüüdj
Sylt: ruar
Wiedingharde: ruuid
Saterland Frisian: rood
West Frisian: read
Old Saxon: rōd
Middle Low German: rōt
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: rod
Westphalian
Sauerländisch: räod, raud, reyet, rout, rōet
Westmünsterländisch: root
Plautdietsch: root
Old Dutch: rōt
Middle Dutch: rôot
Dutch: rood
Afrikaans: rooi
Jersey Dutch: rôi
Negerhollands: rooi, ro, roo, rood
Skepi Creole Dutch: aro
Limburgish: roead
Old High German: rōt
Middle High German: rōt
Alemannic German: rot, rout, ruat, ròt, röts (Italian Walser)
Central Franconian: rut, rot
Kirchröadsj Ripuarian: roeëd
German: rot
Hunsrik: rod
Luxembourgish: rout
Mòcheno: roat
Pennsylvania German: rot
Vilamovian: rut
Yiddish: רויט (royt)

Old Norse: rauðr
Icelandic: rauður
Faroese: reyður
Norn: rø
Norwegian Nynorsk: raud; (dialectal) raud’u, raud’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: raud-
Norwegian: (dialectal) raug, rauv, rå
Elfdalian: roð, roðå
Old Swedish: rø̄þer
Swedish: röd

Danish: rød
Norwegian Bokmål: rød
Gutnish: raudar, raudår, raudur

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (rauþs)

→ Galician: ruán

→ Portuguese: ruão

→ Spanish: roano

→? Proto-Finnic: *rauta (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Samic: *ruovtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-.


fullaz

*fullaz (a-stem)

fullaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fullai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fullō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fullôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fullą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fullō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fullanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fullanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fullǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fullōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fullą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fullō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fullas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fullaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fullaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fullaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fullas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fullaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fullammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fullaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fullaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fullaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fullammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fullaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fullanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fullaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fullaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fullaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fullanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fullaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fullô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fullaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fullǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fullōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fullô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fullōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fullanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fullanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fullōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fullōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fullô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fullōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fulliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fullanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fullōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fullōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fulliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fullanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fullini (dative masculine singular weak)
fullammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fullōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fullōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fullini (dative neuter singular weak)
fullammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fullinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fullammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fullōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fullōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fullinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fullammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *full
Old English: full, ful
Middle English: ful, fol, full, vol, vul
English: full
Scots: fou, full
Yola: vull
Old Frisian: full
Saterland Frisian: ful
West Frisian: fol
Old Saxon: ful, full
Middle Low German: vul
Low German: vull
Old Dutch: *full
Middle Dutch: vol
Dutch: vol
Afrikaans: vol
Old High German: foll
Middle High German: vol, voll
Alemannic German: vole, voll
Bavarian: voi, vui
Cimbrian: vòll, bòll (Mezzaselva)
Hunsrik: foll
Luxembourgish: voll
German: voll
Vilamovian: fułł
Yiddish: פֿול (ful)

Old Norse: fullr
Icelandic: fullur
Faroese: fullur
Norwegian Nynorsk: full; (dialectal) fudl’u, fudl’e, fudd’e, foill
Russenorsk: fol
Old Swedish: fulder, folder
Swedish: full
Danish: fuld
Norwegian Bokmål: full

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 (fulls)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *pullas (“round, thick”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *polnē (“hillock, mound”)

Southern Sami: belnie

Northern Sami: boldni

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


dēdiz

dēdiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dēdijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dēdī (feminine nominative singular strong)
dēdijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dēdį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dēdijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dēdijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dēdijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dēdijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dēdijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dēdį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dēdijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dēdijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
dēdīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
dēdijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dēdijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dēdijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dēdijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
dēdīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
dēdijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dēdijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dēdijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dēdijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dēdijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dēdijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dēdijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dēdijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dēdijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dēdijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dēdijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dēdijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dēdijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dēdijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dēdijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dēdijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dēdijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dēdijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dēdijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dēdijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dēdijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dēdijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dēdijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dēdijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dēdijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dēdīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dēdijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dēdijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dēdijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dēdīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dēdijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dēdīni (dative masculine singular weak)
dēdijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dēdijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dēdijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dēdīni (dative neuter singular weak)
dēdijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dēdīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dēdijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dēdijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dēdijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dēdīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dēdijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *dǣde, in māndǣde

⇒ Old Saxon: *dādig, in mēndādig

Middle Low German: mêndēdich, meindēdich

⇒ Old High German: *tatīg, in meintatīg

Middle High German: meintætec, meintætic

Verbal adjective derived from *dōną (“to do”). Similar in construction to Sanskrit दधि (dadhi, “giving”), both being derived from the weak perfect stem.


armaz

armōzô (comparative)
armōstaz (superlative)
armaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
armai (masculine nominative plural strong)
armō (feminine nominative singular strong)
armôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
armą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
armō (neuter nominative plural strong)
armanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
armanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
armǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
armōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
armą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
armō (accusative neuter plural strong)
armas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
armaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
armaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
armaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
armas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
armaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
armammai (dative masculine singular strong)
armaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
armaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
armaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
armammai (dative neuter singular strong)
armaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
armanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
armaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
armaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
armaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
armanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
armaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
armô (masculine nominative singular weak)
armaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
armǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
armōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
armô (neuter nominative singular weak)
armōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
armanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
armanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
armōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
armōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
armô (accusative neuter singular weak)
armōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
arminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
armanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
armōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
armōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
arminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
armanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
armini (dative masculine singular weak)
armammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
armōni (dative feminine singular weak)
armōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
armini (dative neuter singular weak)
armammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
arminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
armammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
armōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
armōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
arminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
armammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*armaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arm
Old English: earm
Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: arm
Old Frisian: erm
Saterland Frisian: äärm
West Frisian: earm
Old Saxon: *arm
Middle Low German: arm
German Low German: arm
Plautdietsch: oam, oarm
Old Dutch: arm
Middle Dutch: arm
Dutch: arm
Afrikaans: arm
Berbice Creole Dutch: arum
Jersey Dutch: arm
Negerhollands: aerm
Petjo: arm
Limburgish: erm
Old High German: arm
Middle High German: arm
Cimbrian: arm
German: arm
Luxembourgish: aarm
Plautdietsch: aarem
Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)

Old Norse: armr
Danish: arm
Faroese: armur
Icelandic: armur
Norwegian Bokmål: arm
Norwegian Nynorsk: arm
Swedish: arm

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)

→ Proto-Finnic: *armas, *armo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁erm- (“poor, ill”). Cognate with Hittite 𒅕𒈠𒀭 (erman, “sickness”).
Alternatively, from Pre-Germanic *h₃orbʰmos, with loss of -b- before -m-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-, whence English orphan. Compare the Norse variant aumr, as from *arbmaz with no loss of -b-, which mirrors the dissimilation of Old Norse haustr from *harbistaz.