hēliz

hēliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hēlijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hēlī (feminine nominative singular strong)
hēlijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hēlį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hēlijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hēlijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hēlijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hēlijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hēlijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hēlį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hēlijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hēlijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hēlīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hēlijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hēlijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hēlijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hēlīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hēlijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hēlijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hēlijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hēlijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hēlijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hēlijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hēlijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hēlijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hēlijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hēlijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hēlijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hēlijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hēlijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hēlijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hēlijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hēlijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hēlijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hēlijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hēlijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hēlijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hēlijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hēlijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hēlijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hēlijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hēlīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hēlijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hēlijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hēlijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hēlīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hēlijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hēlīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hēlijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hēlijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hēlijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hēlīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hēlijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hēlīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hēlijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hēlijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hēlijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hēlīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hēlijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Middle Low German: hāl

Old High German: hāli

Middle High German: hæl, hæle

Vṛddhi gerundive of *helaną (“to conceal”).


mahtīgaz

*mahtīgaz (a-stem)

mahtīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mahtīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mahtīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mahtīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mahtīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mahtīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mahtīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mahtīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mahtīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mahtīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mahtīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mahtīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mahtīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mahtīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mahtīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mahtīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mahtīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mahtīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mahtīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mahtīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mahtīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mahtīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mahtīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mahtīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mahtīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mahtīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mahtīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mahtīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mahtīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mahtīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mahtīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mahtīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mahtīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mahtīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mahtīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mahtīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mahtīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mahtīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mahtīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mahtīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mahtīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mahtīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mahtīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mahtīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mahtīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
mahtīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mahtīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mahtīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
mahtīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mahtīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mahtīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mahtīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mahtīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mahtīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mahtīg
Old English: mæhtiġ, meahtiġ, mehtiġ, mihtiġ
Middle English: maȝty, miȝty, myghty, mighti
Scots: michty, mychty
English: mighty
Old Frisian: machtich, mechtich
Saterland Frisian: machtich
West Frisian: machtich
Old Saxon: mahtig
Middle Low German: mechtich
German Low German: machtig
→ Old Norse: mektugr
Danish: mægtig
Swedish: mäktig
Norwegian: mektig
Old Dutch: mahtig
Middle Dutch: machtech
Dutch: machtig
Afrikaans: magtig
Limburgish: mechtig
Old High German: mahtīg, mahtīc
Middle High German: mechtic
German: mächtig

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: máttugr, máttigr

Icelandic: máttugur

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (mahteigs)


gēbiz

gēbiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gēbijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gēbī (feminine nominative singular strong)
gēbijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gēbį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gēbijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gēbijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gēbijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gēbijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gēbijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gēbį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gēbijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gēbijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gēbīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
gēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gēbijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gēbijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gēbijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gēbīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
gēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gēbijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gēbijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gēbijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gēbijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gēbijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gēbijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gēbijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gēbijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gēbijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gēbijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gēbijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gēbijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gēbijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gēbijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gēbijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gēbijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gēbijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gēbijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gēbijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gēbijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gēbijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gēbijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gēbijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gēbijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gēbīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gēbijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gēbijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gēbijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gēbīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gēbijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gēbīni (dative masculine singular weak)
gēbijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gēbijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gēbijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gēbīni (dative neuter singular weak)
gēbijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gēbīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gēbijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gēbijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gēbijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gēbīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gēbijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: jēve, gēve

Middle Dutch: gāve

Dutch: gaaf

Afrikaans: gaaf

Middle Low German: gēve

Old High German: *gābi

Middle High German: gæbe

Old Norse: gæfr

Icelandic: gæfur

Faroese: gævur

Old Swedish: gǣver

Swedish: gäv

Old Danish: gæv, giæv, gev

Danish: gæv

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjæv

Norwegian Bokmål: gjev

Vṛddhi gerundive of *gebaną (“to give”).


gangiz

gangiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gangijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gangī (feminine nominative singular strong)
gangijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gangį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gangijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gangijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gangijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gangijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gangijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gangį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gangijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gangijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gangīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
gangijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gangijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gangijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gangijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gangīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
gangijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gangijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gangijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gangijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gangijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gangijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gangijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gangijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gangijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gangijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gangijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gangijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gangijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gangijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gangijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gangijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gangijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gangijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gangijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gangijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gangijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gangijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gangijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gangijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gangijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gangīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gangijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gangijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gangijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gangīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gangijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gangīni (dative masculine singular weak)
gangijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gangijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gangijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gangīni (dative neuter singular weak)
gangijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gangīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gangijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gangijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gangijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gangīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gangijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gangī
Old English: genġe
Middle English: genge (early)
Old Frisian: genze, ginse
Old Saxon: *gengi
Middle Low German: genge, ginge
Old Dutch: *gengi
Middle Dutch: genge
Old High German: gengi
Middle High German: genge
German: gänge, gäng

Old Norse: gengr

Icelandic: gengur

Faroese: gongdur (remodelled from neuter gongt)

Old Swedish: gænger

desc

Swedish: gäng (adjective, not the noun), gänge (the latter under influence from Middle Low German)

A verbal adjective derived from *ganganą (“to go”).


hwallaz

*hwallaz (a-stem)

hwallaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwallai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwallō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwallôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwallą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwallō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwallanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwallanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwallǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwallōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwallą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwallō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwallas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwallaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwallaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwallaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwallas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwallaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwallammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwallaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwallaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwallaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwallammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwallaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwallanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwallaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwallaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwallaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwallanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwallaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwallô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwallaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwallǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwallōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwallô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwallōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwallanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwallanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwallōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwallōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwallô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwallōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwalliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwallanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwallōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwallōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwalliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwallanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwallini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwallammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwallōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwallōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwallini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwallammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwallinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwallammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwallōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwallōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwallinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwallammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hweall

Uncertain. Possibly from Pre-Germanic *kʷolh₁nos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (“to turn, go round”).


wōgiz

wōgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wōgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wōgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
wōgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wōgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wōgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wōgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wōgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wōgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wōgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wōgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wōgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wōgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
wōgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wōgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wōgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wōgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
wōgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wōgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wōgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wōgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wōgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wōgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wōgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wōgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wōgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wōgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wōgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wōgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wōgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wōgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wōgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wōgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wōgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wōgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wōgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wōgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wōgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wōgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wōgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wōgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wōgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wōgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wōgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wōgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wōgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wōgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wōgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wōgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wōgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wōgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wōgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wōgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wōgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wōgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wōgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wōgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wōgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wōgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wōgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Dutch: *wuog

Middle Dutch: woeg

Vṛddhi gerundive of *weganą (“to move”), or a related, unattested *waganą.


twigimaz

*twigimaz (a-stem)

twigimaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
twigimai (masculine nominative plural strong)
twigimō (feminine nominative singular strong)
twigimôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
twigimą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
twigimō (neuter nominative plural strong)
twigimanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
twigimanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
twigimǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
twigimōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
twigimą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
twigimō (accusative neuter plural strong)
twigimas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
twigimaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
twigimas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
twigimammai (dative masculine singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
twigimaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
twigimammai (dative neuter singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
twigimanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
twigimaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
twigimaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
twigimaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
twigimanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
twigimaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
twigimô (masculine nominative singular weak)
twigimaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
twigimǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
twigimōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
twigimô (neuter nominative singular weak)
twigimōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
twigimanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
twigimanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
twigimōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
twigimōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
twigimô (accusative neuter singular weak)
twigimōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
twigiminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
twigimanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
twigimōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
twigimōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
twigiminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
twigimanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
twigimini (dative masculine singular weak)
twigimammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
twigimōni (dative feminine singular weak)
twigimōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
twigimini (dative neuter singular weak)
twigimammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
twigiminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
twigimammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
twigimōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
twigimōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
twigiminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
twigimammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Frankish: *twigim (Latinized as tuigimus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwiǵʰimos (“two winters (old)”), from *dwi- (“two”) + a form of *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”). Cognate with Latin bīmus (“two years old”).


slōgiz

slōgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
slōgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
slōgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
slōgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
slōgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
slōgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
slōgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
slōgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
slōgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
slōgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
slōgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
slōgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
slōgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
slōgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
slōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
slōgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
slōgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
slōgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
slōgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
slōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
slōgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
slōgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
slōgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
slōgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
slōgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
slōgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
slōgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
slōgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
slōgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
slōgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
slōgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
slōgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
slōgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
slōgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
slōgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
slōgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
slōgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
slōgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
slōgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
slōgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
slōgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
slōgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
slōgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
slōgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
slōgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
slōgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
slōgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
slōgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
slōgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
slōgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
slōgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
slōgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
slōgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
slōgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
slōgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
slōgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
slōgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
slōgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
slōgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
slōgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
slōgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
slōgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: slœgr

Icelandic: slægur

Norwegian Nynorsk: sløg

Old Danish: sløw

Danish: sløv (obsolete)

Old Swedish: sløgher

Swedish: slög (obsolete)

→ Middle English: sley, sly

Scots: sley, sleye, sley

English: sly

Vṛddhi gerundive of *slahaną (“to hit, strike”).


slaiwaz

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

*slaiwaz (a-stem)

slaiwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
slaiwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
slaiwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
slaiwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
slaiwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
slaiwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
slaiwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
slaiwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
slaiwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
slaiwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
slaiwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
slaiwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
slaiwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
slaiwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
slaiwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
slaiwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
slaiwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
slaiwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
slaiwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
slaiwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
slaiwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
slaiwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
slaiwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
slaiwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
slaiwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
slaiwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
slaiwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
slaiwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
slaiwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
slaiwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
slaiwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
slaiwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
slaiwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
slaiwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
slaiwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
slaiwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
slaiwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
slaiwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
slaiwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
slaiwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
slaiwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
slaiwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
slaiwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
slaiwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
slaiwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
slaiwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
slaiwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
slaiwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
slaiwini (dative masculine singular weak)
slaiwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
slaiwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
slaiwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
slaiwini (dative neuter singular weak)
slaiwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
slaiwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
slaiwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
slaiwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
slaiwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
slaiwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
slaiwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *slaiw

desctree

Old English: slāw, slǣw, slēaw
Middle English: slaw, slow
English: slow
Geordie English: slaw
Scots: slaw

Old Frisian: *slāw, *slāu

Saterland Frisian: släi

West Frisian: sleau

Old Saxon: *slēw, slēu

Middle Low German: sleu, slē

Dutch Low Saxon: slee

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: schlee

Old Dutch: *slēw

Middle Dutch: sleew, sleeu, slee

Dutch: sleeuw, slee

Old High German: slēo

Middle High German: slē

German: schlehe, schleh; schlēch, schlö (“dull, blunt”) (dialectal)

Swabian: schlēw

Old Norse: sljór, sljár, slær
Icelandic: sljór, sljár, slær
Norwegian Nynorsk: sljo, slø
Old Swedish: sliōr
Swedish: slö
Old Danish: sliø̄
Danish: sløv (influenced by sløv, from Old Norse slǿgr)
Norwegian Bokmål: sløv

Uncertain. Expected to reflect either pre-Germanic *sloy(H)-wo-s or *slo/aH-i-wo-s. Kroonen prefers the former, tentatively comparing Sanskrit स्रीव्यति (srī́vyati, “to turn out badly, fail”) for Proto-Indo-European *sliH-u-. For the latter, compare Ancient Greek λαιός (laiós, “left (side); awkward”), Latin laevus, Proto-Slavic *lěvъ (“left”) (originally meaning *“askew”?), but the semantic connection is weak. Kroonen rejects this along with any relation to Ancient Greek λίαρος (líaros, “mild”).


wlispaz

*wlispaz (a-stem)

wlispaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wlispai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wlispō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wlispôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wlispą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wlispō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wlispanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wlispanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wlispǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wlispōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wlispą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wlispō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wlispas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wlispaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wlispaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wlispaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wlispas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wlispaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wlispammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wlispaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wlispaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wlispaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wlispammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wlispaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wlispanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wlispaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wlispaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wlispaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wlispanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wlispaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wlispô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wlispaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wlispǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wlispōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wlispô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wlispōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wlispanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wlispanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wlispōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wlispōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wlispô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wlispōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wlispiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wlispanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wlispōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wlispōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wlispiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wlispanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wlispini (dative masculine singular weak)
wlispammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wlispōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wlispōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wlispini (dative neuter singular weak)
wlispammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wlispinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wlispammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wlispōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wlispōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wlispinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wlispammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wlisp

Old English: wlisp, wlips

Middle English: wlisp, wlipse, lipse

English: lisp

Old Saxon: *wlisp

Middle Low German: *wlisp, *lisp

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: wlispich, lispich (adj)

⇒ Old Saxon: wlisp (adj)

Old Dutch: *wlisp, *lisp

Middle Dutch: lisp

Old High German: lisp

Old Norse:

Old Swedish: læsper

Swedish: läsp

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: lesp

Norwegian Nynorsk: lesp

Old Danish:

Danish: læsp

From Proto-Indo-European *wlis-, *wleys- (“rod”), from *wel- (“to roll”).


salwaz

*salwaz (a-stem)

salwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
salwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
salwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
salwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
salwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
salwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
salwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
salwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
salwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
salwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
salwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
salwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
salwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
salwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
salwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
salwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
salwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
salwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
salwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
salwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
salwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
salwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
salwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
salwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
salwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
salwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
salwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
salwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
salwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
salwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
salwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
salwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
salwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
salwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
salwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
salwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
salwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
salwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
salwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
salwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
salwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
salwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
salwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
salwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
salwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
salwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
salwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
salwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
salwini (dative masculine singular weak)
salwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
salwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
salwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
salwini (dative neuter singular weak)
salwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
salwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
salwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
salwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
salwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
salwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
salwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *salu
Old English: salu, sealu
Middle English: salwe, salow
English: sallow
Scots: chauve
Old Saxon: *salo
⇒ Old Saxon: *salowig, *saluwig
Middle Low German: salich
Old Dutch: *salu
Middle Dutch: salu, saluwe
Dutch: zaluw
Old High German: salo
Middle High German: sale, sal
German: sal, sahl (dialectal)
→ Vulgar Latin: *salvus, *sala
Old French: sale
Middle French: sale
French: sale
Norman: sale (Guernésiais), sale (Jèrriais)
Italian: salvo

Old Norse: sǫlr

Icelandic: sölur

Norwegian: sal

→? Proto-Finnic: *halpa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *solwós (“grey, sallow”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *solvъ (“yellowish-gray”).


sibjaz

*sibjaz (ja-stem)

sibjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sibjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sibjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sibjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sibją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sibjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sibjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sibjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sibjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sibjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sibją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sibjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sibjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sibjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sibjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sibjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sibjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sibjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sibjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sibjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sibjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sibjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sibjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sibjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sibjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sibjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sibjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sibjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sibjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sibjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sibjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sibjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sibjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sibjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sibjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sibjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sibjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sibjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sibjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sibjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sibjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sibjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sibiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sibjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sibjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sibjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sibiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sibjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sibini (dative masculine singular weak)
sibjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sibjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sibjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sibini (dative neuter singular weak)
sibjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sibinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sibjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sibjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sibjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sibinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sibjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *sibb, feorsibb

Old High German: sibbi, sippi

Gothic: *𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*sibjis) (in 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌹𐍃 (unsibjis))

Derived from or related to *sibjō (“kinship, friendship”).


sairagaz

*sairagaz (a-stem)

sairagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sairagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sairagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sairagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sairagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sairagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sairaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sairaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sairagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sairagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sairagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sairagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sairagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sairagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sairagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sairagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sairagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sairagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sairagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sairagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sairagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sairagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sairagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sairagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sairaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sairagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sairagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sairagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sairaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sairagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sairagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sairaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sairagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sairagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sairagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sairagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sairaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sairaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sairagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sairagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sairagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sairagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sairaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sairaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sairagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sairagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sairaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sairaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sairagini (dative masculine singular weak)
sairagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sairagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sairagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sairagini (dative neuter singular weak)
sairagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sairaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sairagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sairagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sairagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sairaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sairagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sairag
Old English: *sāreġ, sāriġ, soriġ
Middle English: sari, sory
Scots: sary, sairie
English: sorry
→ Dutch: sorry
→ German: sorry
Old Frisian: sērich, *sārich
Saterland Frisian: seerich
West Frisian: searich
Old Saxon: sērag
Middle Low German: sêrich
Low German: serig
Old Dutch: *sērag
Middle Dutch: sērich, seerigh
Dutch: zerig
Old High German: sērag
Middle High German: sērec, sērig
German: sehrig, sērich (dialectal)

Old Norse: *sáragr

Swedish: sårig

Gutnish: sarugur

From *sairą + *-gaz and/or *sairaz + *-gaz.


frakunþaz

*frakunþaz (a-stem)

frakunþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frakunþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frakunþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frakunþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frakunþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frakunþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frakunþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frakunþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frakunþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frakunþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frakunþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frakunþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frakunþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frakunþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frakunþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frakunþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frakunþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frakunþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frakunþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frakunþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frakunþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frakunþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frakunþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frakunþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frakunþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frakunþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frakunþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frakunþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frakunþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frakunþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frakunþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frakunþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frakunþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frakunþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frakunþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frakunþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frakunþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frakunþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frakunþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frakunþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frakunþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frakunþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frakunþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frakunþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frakunþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frakunþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frakunþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frakunþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frakunþini (dative masculine singular weak)
frakunþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frakunþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frakunþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frakunþini (dative neuter singular weak)
frakunþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frakunþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frakunþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frakunþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frakunþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frakunþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frakunþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frakunþ

Old English: forcūþ, fracoþ, fracod

Middle English: forcouth, fraked

English: fraked; (frakel)

Old Saxon: forkūth

Old Dutch: farkūth, farkunth (attested as 'farkntha')

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (frakunþs)

Equivalent to *frakunnaną (“to despise”) + *-þaz, or *fra- + *kunþaz.


unkunþaz

*unkunþaz (a-stem)

unkunþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unkunþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unkunþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unkunþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unkunþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unkunþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unkunþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unkunþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unkunþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unkunþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unkunþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unkunþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unkunþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unkunþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unkunþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unkunþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unkunþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unkunþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unkunþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unkunþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unkunþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unkunþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unkunþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unkunþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unkunþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unkunþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unkunþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unkunþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unkunþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unkunþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unkunþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unkunþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unkunþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unkunþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unkunþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unkunþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unkunþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unkunþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unkunþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unkunþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unkunþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unkunþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unkunþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unkunþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unkunþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unkunþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unkunþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unkunþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unkunþini (dative masculine singular weak)
unkunþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unkunþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unkunþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unkunþini (dative neuter singular weak)
unkunþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unkunþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unkunþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unkunþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unkunþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unkunþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unkunþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *unkunþ

Old English: uncūþ

Middle English: uncuth, uncouth

Scots: uncouth, unco

→ English: unco

English: uncouth

Old Frisian: *unkūth

Old Saxon: *unkūth, *unkund

Middle Low German: unkunt

Old Dutch: *unkunt, *uncunt

Middle Dutch: oncont

Dutch: onkond

Old High German: unkund

Middle High German: unkunt; unkünde

German: unkund

Old Norse: úkunnr

Icelandic: ókunnur

Old Swedish: okunder

Swedish: okund

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (unkunþs)


īsarnīnaz

*īsarnīnaz (a-stem)

īsarnīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
īsarnīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
īsarnīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
īsarnīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
īsarnīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
īsarnīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
īsarnīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
īsarnīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
īsarnīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
īsarnīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
īsarnīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
īsarnīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
īsarnīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
īsarnīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
īsarnīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
īsarnīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
īsarnīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
īsarnīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
īsarnīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
īsarnīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
īsarnīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
īsarnīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
īsarnīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
īsarnīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
īsarnīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
īsarnīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
īsarnīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
īsarnīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
īsarnīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
īsarnīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
īsarnīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
īsarnīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
īsarnīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
īsarnīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
īsarnīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
īsarnīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
īsarnīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
īsarnīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
īsarnīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
īsarnīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
īsarnīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
īsarnīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
īsarnīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
īsarnīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
īsarnīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
īsarnīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
īsarnīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
īsarnīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
īsarnīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
īsarnīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
īsarnīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
īsarnīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
īsarnīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
īsarnīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
īsarnīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
īsarnīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
īsarnīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
īsarnīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
īsarnīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
īsarnīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: īsern

Old High German: īsarnīn

Gothic: 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (eisarneins)


triwīnaz

*triwīnaz (a-stem)

triwīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
triwīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
triwīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
triwīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
triwīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
triwīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
triwīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
triwīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
triwīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
triwīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
triwīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
triwīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
triwīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
triwīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
triwīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
triwīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
triwīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
triwīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
triwīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
triwīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
triwīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
triwīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
triwīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
triwīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
triwīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
triwīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
triwīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
triwīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
triwīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
triwīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
triwīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
triwīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
triwīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
triwīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
triwīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
triwīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
triwīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
triwīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
triwīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
triwīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
triwīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
triwīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
triwīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
triwīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
triwīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
triwīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
triwīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
triwīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
triwīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
triwīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
triwīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
triwīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
triwīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
triwīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
triwīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
triwīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
triwīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
triwīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
triwīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
triwīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *triwīn
Old English: trīewen, trēowen
Middle English: trēen
English: treen
Old High German: *trīn
⇒ Old High German: affoltrīn, affultrīn
Middle High German: affolterīn, apfelterīn, apfalterīn, affalterīn
Alemannic German: affolterin

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (triweins)


fadrīnaz

*fadrīnaz (a-stem)

fadrīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fadrīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fadrīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fadrīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fadrīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fadrīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fadrīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fadrīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fadrīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fadrīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fadrīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fadrīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fadrīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fadrīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fadrīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fadrīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fadrīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fadrīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fadrīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fadrīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fadrīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fadrīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fadrīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fadrīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fadrīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fadrīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fadrīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fadrīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fadrīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fadrīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fadrīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fadrīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fadrīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fadrīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fadrīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fadrīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fadrīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fadrīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fadrīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fadrīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fadrīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fadrīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fadrīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fadrīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fadrīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fadrīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fadrīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fadrīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fadrīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
fadrīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fadrīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fadrīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fadrīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
fadrīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fadrīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fadrīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fadrīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fadrīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fadrīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fadrīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fadrīn
Old English: fæderen
Middle English: faderen, fadryn

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (fadreins)

fatherly, paternal, of or pertaining to a father


faganaz

*faganaz (a-stem)

faganaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
faganai (masculine nominative plural strong)
faganō (feminine nominative singular strong)
faganôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
faganą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
faganō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fagananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fagananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
faganǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
faganōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
faganą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
faganō (accusative neuter plural strong)
faganas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
faganaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
faganaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
faganaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
faganas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
faganaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
faganammai (dative masculine singular strong)
faganaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
faganaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
faganaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
faganammai (dative neuter singular strong)
faganaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fagananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
faganaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
faganaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
faganaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fagananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
faganaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
faganô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fagananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
faganǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
faganōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
faganô (neuter nominative singular weak)
faganōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fagananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fagananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
faganōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
faganōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
faganô (accusative neuter singular weak)
faganōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faganiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fagananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
faganōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
faganōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faganiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fagananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
faganini (dative masculine singular weak)
faganammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
faganōni (dative feminine singular weak)
faganōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
faganini (dative neuter singular weak)
faganammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
faganinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
faganammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
faganōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
faganōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
faganinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
faganammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fagan
Old English: fæġen
Middle English: fain
English: fain
Scots: fain
Old Saxon: fagan, fagin
Old High German: fagin

Old Norse: feginn
Faroese: fegin
Icelandic: feginn
Norwegian: fegen
Old Swedish: fæghin
Swedish: fägen

/ˈɸɑ.ɣɑ.nɑz/

From Proto-Indo-European *poh₂ḱ-, *peh₂ḱ- (“to make pretty, rejoice”).


hulaz

*hulaz (a-stem)

hulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
huliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
huliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hulini (dative masculine singular weak)
hulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hulini (dative neuter singular weak)
hulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hol
Old English: hol
Middle English: hol, hole, holle, halle
English: hole
Scots: holl, how, howe
Yola: hel
Old Frisian: hol
Saterland Frisian: hol
West Frisian: hol
Old Saxon: hol
Middle Low German: hol
German Low German: holl
Old Dutch: *hol
Middle Dutch: hol
Dutch: hol
Old High German: hol
Middle High German: hol
Alemannic German: hol
German: hohl
Luxembourgish: huel

Old Norse: holr
Icelandic: holur
Norwegian Nynorsk: hol
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hol
Old Swedish: hul, hol
Swedish: hål
Danish: hul
Norwegian Bokmål: hul

Uncertain. Various explanations have been proposed, none without problems.
* From *ḱel- (“to cover”), the root of *helaną. The regular outcome of the zero grade would be *hl-, but it is possible that u was inserted to avoid a nonsyllabic root, by analogy with many other Germanic zero grades.
* From *ḱewh₁- (“to swell”). A long vowel would be expected in the zero grade due to the following laryngeal, but Kroonen explains this away as "pretonic shortening". In this case, related to Latin cavus and Ancient Greek κοῖλος (koîlos).


falwaz

*falwaz (a-stem)

falwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
falwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
falwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
falwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
falwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
falwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
falwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
falwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
falwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
falwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
falwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
falwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
falwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
falwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
falwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
falwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
falwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
falwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
falwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
falwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
falwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
falwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
falwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
falwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
falwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
falwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
falwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
falwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
falwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
falwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
falwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
falwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
falwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
falwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
falwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
falwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
falwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
falwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
falwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
falwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
falwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
falwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
falwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
falwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
falwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
falwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
falwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
falwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
falwini (dative masculine singular weak)
falwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
falwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
falwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
falwini (dative neuter singular weak)
falwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
falwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
falwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
falwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
falwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
falwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
falwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: fealu

Middle English: falwe, falewe, falow

English: fallow

Scots: fallow, fallaw, fellow, follow

Old Frisian: *falo, *falu

Saterland Frisian: foal

West Frisian: feal

Old Saxon: falu

Middle Low German: fāle, vāle, fāl, vāl

German Low German: fahl

⇒ Middle Low German: falwisch

Frankish: *falu (stem: *falwa-)

Old Dutch: *falo

Middle Dutch: vāle, vālu

Dutch: vaal

→ Medieval Latin: falvus (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: falo

Middle High German: val (stem: valw-)

German: fahl, falb

Old Norse: fǫlr (stem fǫlv-)

Icelandic: fölur

Faroese: følin

Old Swedish:

Swedish: fal

desc

⇒ Swedish: falna (“to become pale”, verb)

⇒ Danish: falme (verb)

⇒ Norwegian: folne, falne, falme (verbs)

⇒ Suevic: *falwisca

→ Galician: faísca (“spark; dandruff”)

From Proto-Indo-European *polHwós (“pale, gray”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelH-. Cognate with Latin pullus (“dark, dusky”), Ancient Greek πολιός (poliós, “gray”) and πελιός (peliós, “dark, dull”), and Proto-Balto-Slavic *palwas (“pale (yellow)”) (e.g. Lithuanian pal̃vas (“pale, straw-colored”)).


grubaz

*grubaz (a-stem)

grubaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grubai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grubō (feminine nominative singular strong)
grubôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grubą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grubō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grubanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grubanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grubǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grubōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grubą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grubō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grubas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
grubaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grubaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grubaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grubas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
grubaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grubammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grubaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grubaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grubaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grubammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grubaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grubanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grubaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grubaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grubaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grubanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grubaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grubô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grubaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grubǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grubōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grubô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grubōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grubanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grubanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grubōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grubōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grubô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grubōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grubiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grubanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grubōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grubōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grubiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grubanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grubini (dative masculine singular weak)
grubammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grubōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grubōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grubini (dative neuter singular weak)
grubammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grubinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grubammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grubōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grubōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grubinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grubammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *grob, *gahrob

Old Frisian: *grof

Saterland Frisian: groaf

West Frisian: grof

Old Saxon: *grof

Middle Low German: grof, grōv-

Low German: groff

Plautdietsch: groff

→ Old Norse: grófr (descendants may reflect other forms)

Norwegian: grov

Danish: grov

Old Swedish: grōver

Swedish: grov

Old Dutch: *grof

desctree

Middle Dutch: grof
Dutch: grof
Afrikaans: grof
Berbice Creole Dutch: grofu
Negerhollands: grof
→ Virgin Islands Creole: grof (dated)
→ Papiamentu: gròf, grof
→ Sranan Tongo: grofu
→ Caribbean Hindustani: grofu
→ Caribbean Javanese: grofu
→ Saramaccan: goófu
Limburgish: graof
→ English: gruff

Old High German: grob, girob

Middle High German: grop, grob

German: grob

⇒ Old High German: griobo (noun) (< *greubô)

Middle High German: griebe

Alemannic German: Grüübi

German: Griebe

Origin uncertain. Possibly from Pre-Germanic *gʰrubʰos, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewbʰ-. Related to Lithuanian grubus (“rough”), Serbo-Croatian grȗb (“rough, coarse”).
Alternatively from *ga- + *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough”).


sīþuz

sīþuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sīþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sīþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
sīþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sīþų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sīþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sīþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sīþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sīþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sīþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sīþų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sīþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sīþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sīþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
sīþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sīþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sīþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sīþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sīþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
sīþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sīþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sīþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sīþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sīþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sīþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sīþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sīþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sīþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sīþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sīþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sīþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sīþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sīþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sīþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sīþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sīþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sīþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sīþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sīþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sīþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sīþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sīþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sīþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sīþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sīþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sīþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sīþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sīþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sīþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sīþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sīþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
sīþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sīþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sīþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sīþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
sīþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sīþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sīþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sīþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sīþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sīþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sīþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old English: sīþ
Middle English: *siþe
Yola: zeeth
⇒ Old English: sīþlīċe
Middle English: siþeli, siddele

⇒ Old Frisian: sether

Old Saxon: sīth

Middle Low German: sît

⇒ Old Saxon: sīthor, sithor

Middle Low German: sider, sēder

Old Dutch: *sīth

Middle Dutch: sîde

⇒ Old Dutch: sither

Middle Dutch: sēder

⇒ Middle Dutch: tsēdert

Dutch: sedert

Old High German: sīd

Middle High German: sīt

German: seit

Luxembourgish: säit

⇒ Old High German: sīdor, sidor

Middle High German: sider, siders

German: sider (obsolete)

Old Norse: síðr, síð

Icelandic: síður, síð

Faroese: síður, síð

Gothic: 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (seiþus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hidas (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *séh₁itus or *sh₁éitus, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁-. Related to Latin sērus (“late, slow”), Old Irish sír (“long, lasting”).


hwalbaz

*hwalbaz (a-stem)

hwalbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwalbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwalbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwalbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwalbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwalbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwalbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwalbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwalbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwalbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwalbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwalbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwalbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwalbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwalbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwalbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwalbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwalbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwalbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwalbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwalbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwalbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwalbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwalbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwalbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwalbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwalbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwalbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwalbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwalbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwalbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwalbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwalbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwalbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwalbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwalbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwalbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwalbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwalbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwalbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwalbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwalbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwalbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwalbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwalbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwalbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwalbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwalbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwalbini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwalbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwalbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwalbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwalbini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwalbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwalbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwalbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwalbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwalbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwalbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwalbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hwealf

From Pre-Germanic *kʷolpós, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷelp-.


uberfullaz

*uberfullaz (a-stem)

uberfullaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
uberfullai (masculine nominative plural strong)
uberfullō (feminine nominative singular strong)
uberfullôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
uberfullą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
uberfullō (neuter nominative plural strong)
uberfullanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
uberfullanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
uberfullǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
uberfullōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
uberfullą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
uberfullō (accusative neuter plural strong)
uberfullas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
uberfullaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
uberfullaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
uberfullaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
uberfullas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
uberfullaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
uberfullammai (dative masculine singular strong)
uberfullaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
uberfullaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
uberfullaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
uberfullammai (dative neuter singular strong)
uberfullaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
uberfullanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
uberfullaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
uberfullaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
uberfullaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
uberfullanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
uberfullaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
uberfullô (masculine nominative singular weak)
uberfullaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
uberfullǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
uberfullōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
uberfullô (neuter nominative singular weak)
uberfullōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
uberfullanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
uberfullanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
uberfullōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
uberfullōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
uberfullô (accusative neuter singular weak)
uberfullōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
uberfulliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
uberfullanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
uberfullōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
uberfullōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
uberfulliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
uberfullanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
uberfullini (dative masculine singular weak)
uberfullammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
uberfullōni (dative feminine singular weak)
uberfullōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
uberfullini (dative neuter singular weak)
uberfullammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
uberfullinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
uberfullammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
uberfullōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
uberfullōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
uberfullinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
uberfullammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *obarfull

Old English: oferfull

English: overfull

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: overvol

Dutch: overvol

Limburgish: euvervol

Old High German: ubarfol

Middle High German:

(German: übervoll)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 (ufarfulls)


selbawiljaz

*selbawiljaz (ja-stem)

selbawiljaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
selbawiljai (masculine nominative plural strong)
selbawiljō (feminine nominative singular strong)
selbawiljôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
selbawilją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
selbawiljō (neuter nominative plural strong)
selbawiljanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
selbawiljanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
selbawiljǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
selbawiljōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
selbawilją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
selbawiljō (accusative neuter plural strong)
selbawiljas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
selbawiljaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
selbawiljaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
selbawiljaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
selbawiljas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
selbawiljaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
selbawiljammai (dative masculine singular strong)
selbawiljaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
selbawiljaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
selbawiljaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
selbawiljammai (dative neuter singular strong)
selbawiljaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
selbawiljanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
selbawiljaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
selbawiljaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
selbawiljaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
selbawiljanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
selbawiljaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
selbawiljô (masculine nominative singular weak)
selbawiljaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
selbawiljǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
selbawiljōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
selbawiljô (neuter nominative singular weak)
selbawiljōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
selbawiljanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
selbawiljanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
selbawiljōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
selbawiljōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
selbawiljô (accusative neuter singular weak)
selbawiljōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
selbawiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
selbawiljanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
selbawiljōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
selbawiljōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
selbawiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
selbawiljanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
selbawilini (dative masculine singular weak)
selbawiljammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
selbawiljōni (dative feminine singular weak)
selbawiljōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
selbawilini (dative neuter singular weak)
selbawiljammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
selbawilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
selbawiljammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
selbawiljōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
selbawiljōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
selbawilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
selbawiljammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: selfwille

Middle English: selfwill

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (silbawiljis)


nēhwaz

nēhw (adverb)
nēhwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nēhwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nēhwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nēhwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nēhwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nēhwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nēhwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nēhwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nēhwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nēhwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nēhwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nēhwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nēhwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nēhwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nēhwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nēhwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nēhwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nēhwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nēhwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nēhwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nēhwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nēhwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nēhwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nēhwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nēhwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nēhwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nēhwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nēhwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nēhwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nēhwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nēhwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nēhwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nēhwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nēhwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nēhwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nēhwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nēhwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nēhwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nēhwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nēhwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nēhwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nēhwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nēhwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nēhwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nēhwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nēhwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nēhwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nēhwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nēhwini (dative masculine singular weak)
nēhwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nēhwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nēhwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nēhwini (dative neuter singular weak)
nēhwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nēhwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nēhwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nēhwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nēhwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nēhwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nēhwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*nēhwaz (a-stem)

Old English: nēah, nēa, nēh, nīh
Middle English: neygh, nygh, nye, nyȝ, nighe
English: nigh
Scots: ne, ney
Yola: neeghe, nich

Old Frisian: nā, nēi

North Frisian: nei, nai

Old Saxon: nāh
Middle Low German: nâch, nâ
German Low German: na

Old Dutch: *nāh, *nā

Dutch: na

Afrikaans: na

Old High German: nāh

Middle High German: nāch

Alemannic German: naach

Central Franconian: noh

German: nah, nach

Luxembourgish: no

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 (nēƕa)

From Pre-Germanic *h₂nḗḱwos, a lengthened-grade adjective derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”).


nīwalaz

*nīwalaz (a-stem)

nīwalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nīwalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nīwalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nīwalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nīwalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nīwalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nīwalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nīwalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nīwalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nīwalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nīwalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nīwalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nīwalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nīwalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nīwalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nīwalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nīwalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nīwalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nīwalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nīwalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nīwalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nīwalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nīwalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nīwalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nīwalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nīwalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nīwalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nīwalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nīwalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nīwalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nīwalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nīwalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nīwalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nīwalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nīwalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nīwalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nīwalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nīwalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nīwalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nīwalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nīwalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nīwalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nīwaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nīwalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nīwalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nīwalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nīwaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nīwalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nīwalini (dative masculine singular weak)
nīwalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nīwalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nīwalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nīwalini (dative neuter singular weak)
nīwalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nīwalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nīwalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nīwalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nīwalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nīwalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nīwalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: neowol, nēol, nihol, niwol

Middle English: neall

Middle Low German: nigel, nule (adverb)

Middle Dutch: niel (adverb)

⇒ Middle Dutch: vernielen

Dutch: vernielen

Likely from earlier *nīgwala-, denominative adjective from pre-Germanic *nih₃kʷ- (“looking down, facing down”), compound of Proto-Indo-European *ni (“down”) and *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). Compare Sanskrit नीच (nīca, “below, down”). For a similar formation, see Ancient Greek ὀπιπεύω (opipeúō) < *h₁opi-h₃kʷ-.


afteraz

aftrōzô (comparative)
aftrōstaz (superlative)
afteraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
afterai (masculine nominative plural strong)
afterō (feminine nominative singular strong)
afterôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
afterą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
afterō (neuter nominative plural strong)
afteranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
afteranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
afterǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
afterōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
afterą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
afterō (accusative neuter plural strong)
afteras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
afteraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
afteraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
afteraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
afteras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
afteraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
afterammai (dative masculine singular strong)
afteraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
afteraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
afteraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
afterammai (dative neuter singular strong)
afteraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
afteranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
afteraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
afteraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
afteraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
afteranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
afteraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
afterô (masculine nominative singular weak)
afteraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
afterǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
afterōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
afterô (neuter nominative singular weak)
afterōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
afteranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
afteranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
afterōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
afterōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
afterô (accusative neuter singular weak)
afterōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
afteriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
afteranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
afterōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
afterōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
afteriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
afteranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
afterini (dative masculine singular weak)
afterammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
afterōni (dative feminine singular weak)
afterōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
afterini (dative neuter singular weak)
afterammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
afterinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
afterammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
afterōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
afterōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
afterinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
afterammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*afteraz (a-stem)

Old High German: aftaro

Middle High German: after

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó + *-teros (contrastive suffix). See *ab.


merkuz

*merkuz (u-stem)

merkuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mirkwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mirkwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
mirkwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
merkų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ijatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mirkwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mirkwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mirkwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mirkwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mirkwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
merkų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ijatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mirkwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mirkwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mirkwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mirkwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mirkwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mirkwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mirkwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mirkwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mirkwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mirkwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mirkwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mirkwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mirkwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mirkwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mirkwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mirkwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mirkwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mirkwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mirkwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mirkwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mirkwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mirkwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mirkwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mirkwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mirkwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mirkwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mirkwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mirkwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mirkwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mirkwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mirkwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mirkwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mirkwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mirkwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mirkwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mirkwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mirkwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mirkwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mirkwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mirkwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mirkwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mirkwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mirkwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mirkwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mirkwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mirkwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mirkwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mirkwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mirkwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mirkwī
Old English: mirce, mierce
Middle English: mirke, merke
Scots: mirk, merk, mark
English: mirk, murk
Old Saxon: mirki

Old Norse: myrkr
Icelandic: myrkur
Faroese: myrkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: myrk, mørk
Swedish: mörk
Danish: mørk
Norwegian Bokmål: mørk

→? Proto-Finnic: *mürkkü (“poison”) (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *merkwuz, from Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)mer(H)gʷ- (“dark”), cognate to Proto-Slavic *mergъ (“brown”). Orr summarizes arguments for borrowing from common Slavic into common Germanic. In any case, related to Proto-Slavic *morkъ (“darkness”).