aiganaz

*aiganaz (a-stem)

aiganaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aiganai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aiganō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aiganôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aiganą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aiganō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aigananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aigananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aiganǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aiganōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aiganą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aiganō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aiganas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aiganaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aiganaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aiganaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aiganas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aiganaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aiganammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aiganaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aiganaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aiganaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aiganammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aiganaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aigananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aiganaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aiganaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aiganaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aigananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aiganaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aiganô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aigananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aiganǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aiganōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aiganô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aiganōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aigananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aigananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aiganōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aiganōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aiganô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aiganōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aiganiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aigananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aiganōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aiganōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aiganiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aigananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aiganini (dative masculine singular weak)
aiganammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aiganōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aiganōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aiganini (dative neuter singular weak)
aiganammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aiganinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aiganammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aiganōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aiganōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aiganinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aiganammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aigan
Old English: āgan
Middle English: owen, ouen, own, owe, awen, aȝen
English: owe (present tense), ought (past tense), own (past participle)
Scots: aw, awe
Old Frisian: āga, hāga
North Frisian: age
Old Saxon: ēgan
Middle Low German: êgen, eigen
German Low German: egen
Old Dutch: *ēgan
Middle Dutch: eigen, êgen
Dutch: eigen (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: eigan
Middle High German: eigen

Old Norse: eiginn
Icelandic: eiginn
Faroese: egin
Norwegian Nynorsk: eigen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eigen
Elfdalian: iegen
Old Swedish: ēghin
Swedish: egen
Danish: egen
Norwegian Bokmål: egen


rīkijaz

*rīkijaz (ja-stem)

rīkijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rīkijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rīkijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rīkijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rīkiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rīkijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rīkijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rīkijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rīkijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rīkijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rīkiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rīkijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rīkijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
rīkijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rīkijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rīkijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rīkijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
rīkijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rīkijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rīkijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rīkijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rīkijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rīkijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rīkijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rīkijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rīkijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rīkijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rīkijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rīkijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rīkijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rīkijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rīkijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rīkijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rīkijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rīkijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rīkijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rīkijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rīkijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rīkijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rīkijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rīkijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rīkijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rīkīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rīkijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rīkijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rīkijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rīkīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rīkijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rīkīni (dative masculine singular weak)
rīkijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rīkijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rīkijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rīkīni (dative neuter singular weak)
rīkijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rīkīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rīkijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rīkijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rīkijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rīkīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rīkijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīkī
Old English: rīċe
Middle English: riche, rech, reche, rich, ruche, rych, ryche, reke, rik, rike (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)
English: rich
Scots: rich
Yola: reeche
Old Frisian: rīke
North Frisian: rijck
Saterland Frisian: riek
West Frisian: ryk
Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîk, rîke, rîch
German Low German: riek
Low German: rik, rike
Plautdietsch: rikj
Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk
Limburgish: riek
Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: rīche
Alemannic German: riich
Central Franconian: rich, riech, reich
Luxembourgish: räich
German: reich
Yiddish: רײַך (raykh)
→ Italian: ricco
→ Sicilian: riccu
→ Vulgar Latin: *rīcius, *rīcus
Old French: riche (see there for further descendants)
Old Occitan: ric (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᛁᚲᛁᚨᛉ (*rikiaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᚱᛁᚲᛁᚨᛉ (*aiwarikiaʀ)

Old Norse: ríkr

Icelandic: ríkur

Faroese: ríkur

Norwegian: rik

Old Swedish: rīker

Swedish: rik

Danish: rig

Elfdalian: raik

Gutnish: reikar, reikur

→ Middle English: rike

Scots: rik

English: rike

Gothic: 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (reikeis)

→ Vulgar Latin: *riccus

Friulian: ric

Italian: ricco

Sicilian: riccu

Venetian: rico

Occitan: ric

Catalan: ric

Spanish: rico

Portuguese: rico

→ Proto-Finnic: *rik'as (see there for further descendants)

→ Lithuanian: rikis


walhiskaz

*walhiskaz (a-stem)

walhiskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
walhiskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
walhiskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
walhiskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
walhiską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
walhiskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
walhiskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
walhiskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
walhiskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
walhiskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
walhiską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
walhiskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
walhiskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
walhiskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
walhiskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
walhiskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
walhiskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
walhiskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
walhiskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
walhiskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
walhiskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
walhiskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
walhiskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
walhiskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
walhiskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
walhiskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
walhiskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
walhiskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
walhiskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
walhiskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
walhiskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
walhiskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
walhiskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
walhiskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
walhiskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
walhiskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
walhiskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
walhiskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
walhiskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
walhiskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
walhiskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
walhiskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
walhiskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
walhiskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
walhiskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
walhiskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
walhiskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
walhiskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
walhiskini (dative masculine singular weak)
walhiskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
walhiskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
walhiskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
walhiskini (dative neuter singular weak)
walhiskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
walhiskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
walhiskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
walhiskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
walhiskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
walhiskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
walhiskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walhisk
Old English: wǣlisċ, wēlisċ, wīlisċ, wȳlisċ, wīelisċ
Middle English: Walsch, Welische
Scots: Welsche, Welch
English: Welsh, Welch
→ Dutch: Wels
Old Dutch: *walisc
Middle Dutch: walsch, *wāalsch
Dutch: waals, Waals
Old High German: walask, walahisk, welisk
Middle High German: welisc
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: wälsch, wailsch, walts, wältsch
Bavarian:
Mòcheno: balsch
Cimbrian: bèllos, belisch, belesch
German: welsch
Yiddish: וועליש (velish)
→ English: Vellish
→ Old French: gualeis, walois
Middle French: gaulois
French: gaulois

Old Norse: valskr
Icelandic: valskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: valsk, velsk (Possibly from Middle Low German)
Old Swedish: valsker
Swedish: välsk
Danish: vælsk (Possibly from Middle Low German)
Norwegian Bokmål: velsk

From *walhaz + *-iskaz. Compare Proto-Slavic *volšьskъ (“Roman”).

foreign, non-Germanic (Celtic, later also Roman)


mainaz

*mainaz (a-stem)

mainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mainô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mainaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mainǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mainōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mainô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mainōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mainanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mainanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mainōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mainōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mainô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mainōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
maininiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mainanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mainōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mainōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
maininiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mainanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mainini (dative masculine singular weak)
mainammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mainōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mainōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mainini (dative neuter singular weak)
mainammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
maininē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mainammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mainōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mainōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
maininē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mainammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *main

Old English: mān

Middle English: man, mon, mone; (mene)

(English: mean)

(Scots: mene, mein)

Old Frisian: mēn

Saterland Frisian: meen; (gemeen)

West Frisian: mien; (gemien)

Old Saxon: *mēn

Middle Low German: mên, mein; (gemêne, gemeine)

(German Low German: gemeen)

Old Dutch: *mēn

Middle Dutch: meen, mein; (gemeene)

(Dutch: gemeen)

(Afrikaans: gemeen)

Old High German: mein

Middle High German: mein, meine; (gemein)

German: mein (arhcaic); (gemein)

Old Norse: meinn

Icelandic: meinn

Faroese: meinur

Norwegian Nynorsk: mein, mein-

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂y-, which could be reduced from *meh₂- (“to beckon”) + *-yeti. See also Latin maereo (“I am mournful”), Sanskrit मेनि (meni, “wrath, punishment”), Proto-Slavic *mamiti (“to deceive”).


waikwaz

*waikwaz (a-stem)

waikwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
waikwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
waikwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
waikwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
waikwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
waikwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
waikwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
waikwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
waikwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
waikwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
waikwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
waikwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
waikwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
waikwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
waikwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
waikwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
waikwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
waikwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
waikwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
waikwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
waikwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
waikwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
waikwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
waikwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
waikwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
waikwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
waikwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
waikwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
waikwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
waikwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
waikwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
waikwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
waikwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
waikwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
waikwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
waikwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
waikwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
waikwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
waikwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
waikwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
waikwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
waikwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
waikwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
waikwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
waikwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
waikwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
waikwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
waikwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
waikwini (dative masculine singular weak)
waikwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
waikwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
waikwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
waikwini (dative neuter singular weak)
waikwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
waikwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
waikwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
waikwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
waikwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
waikwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
waikwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waikw
Old English: wāc
Middle English: wac, wake, woc, woke
Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with Norse borrowings)
Old Frisian: wāk
Saterland Frisian: wook
West Frisian: weak
Old Saxon: wēk
Middle Low German: wêk
Low German: week
Old Dutch: wēk (in derivatives)
Middle Dutch: wêec
Dutch: week
Old High German: weih
Middle High German: weich
German: weich
Hunsrik: weuch
Luxembourgish: weech
Yiddish: ווייך (veykh)

Old Norse: veykr, veikr

Icelandic: veikur

Faroese: veikur

Norn: vek

Norwegian Bokmål: veik

Norwegian Nynorsk: veik

Old Swedish: vēker

Swedish: vek

Danish: veg

Gutnish: vaik

→ Middle English: weik, waik

English: weak

Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with native forms)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaikka (“quiet”) (see there for further descendants)

From *wīkwaną (“to yield, buckle, fold”).


wīsaz

*wīsaz (a-stem)

wīsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wīsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wīsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wīsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wīsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wīsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wīsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wīsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wīsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wīsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wīsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wīsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wīsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wīsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wīsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wīsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wīsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wīsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wīsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wīsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wīsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wīsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wīsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wīsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wīsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wīsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wīsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wīsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wīsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wīsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wīsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wīsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wīsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wīsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wīsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wīsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wīsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wīsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wīsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wīsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wīsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wīsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wīsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wīsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wīsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wīsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wīsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wīsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wīsini (dative masculine singular weak)
wīsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wīsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wīsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wīsini (dative neuter singular weak)
wīsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wīsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wīsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wīsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wīsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wīsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wīsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: wīs
Middle English: wis, wys
Scots: wis, wise
English: wise
⇒ English: wizard

Old Frisian: wīs

Saterland Frisian: wies

West Frisian: wys, wiis

Old Saxon: wīs
Middle Low German: wīs
Low German:
German Low German: wies
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: wuise, wuis
Sauerländisch: weyse, wüse, wīse, wuise
Westmünsterländisch: wiese
Plautdietsch: weis

Old Dutch: wīs
Middle Dutch: wijs

Old High German: wīs
Middle High German: wīse
German: weise
⇒ Old High German: wīsi

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᛊᚨᛉ (*wīsaʀ)

Old Norse: víss

Icelandic: vís

Faroese: vísur

Norwegian: vis

Old Swedish: vīs

Swedish: vis

Danish: vis

→ Proto-Finnic: *viisas

Finnish: viisas

→ Proto-Samic: *vijsēs

Northern Sami: viissis

Southern Sami: vijsies

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*weis)

Vandalic: *wīsa- (in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *weydtos (“knowledgeable”), from *weyd-.


wēniz

wēniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wēnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wēnī (feminine nominative singular strong)
wēnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wēnį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wēnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wēnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wēnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wēnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wēnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wēnį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wēnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wēnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
wēnīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wēnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wēnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wēnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wēnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
wēnīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wēnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wēnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wēnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wēnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wēnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wēnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wēnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wēnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wēnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wēnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wēnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wēnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wēnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wēnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wēnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wēnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wēnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wēnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wēnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wēnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wēnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wēnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wēnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wēnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wēnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wēnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wēnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wēnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wēnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wēnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wēnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wēnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wēnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wēnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wēnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wēnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wēnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wēnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wēnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wēnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wēnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wēnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wēnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wānī

Old English: *wēne

⇒ Old English: ġewēne

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anawānī

Old Saxon: anawāni

Old High German: anawāni

Old Norse: vænn
Icelandic: vænn
Faroese: vænur
Norwegian Nynorsk: væn, ven; (dialectal) vén’e
Swedish: vän
Danish: væn
Norwegian Bokmål: ven

Possible vṛddhi gerundive of unattested *wenaną (“to be accustomed to, expect”), from Proto-Indo-European *wénh₁-e-ti, from *wenh₁- (“to love”).


blaikaz

*blaikaz (a-stem)

blaikaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blaikai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blaikō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blaikôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blaiką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blaikō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blaikanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blaikanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blaikǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blaikōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blaiką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blaikō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blaikas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blaikaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blaikaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blaikaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blaikas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blaikaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blaikammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blaikaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blaikaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blaikaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blaikammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blaikaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blaikanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blaikaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blaikaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blaikaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blaikanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blaikaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blaikô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blaikaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blaikǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blaikōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blaikô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blaikōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blaikanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blaikanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blaikōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blaikōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blaikô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blaikōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blaikiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blaikanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blaikōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blaikōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blaikiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blaikanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blaikini (dative masculine singular weak)
blaikammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blaikōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blaikōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blaikini (dative neuter singular weak)
blaikammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blaikinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blaikammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blaikōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blaikōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blaikinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blaikammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blaik
Old English: blāc, blǣc, blǣċ
Middle English: blac, blak, bleke, bleche
English: blake, bleak, bleach
Old Saxon: blēk
Middle Low German: blek, bleik
Low German: bleek, blek, bleik
Old Dutch: *blēc
Middle Dutch: blêec
Dutch: bleek
Afrikaans: bleek
Limburgish: bleik
Old High German: bleih, blaih
Middle High German: bleich
German: bleich
Luxembourgish: bleech
Yiddish: בלייך (bleykh)
→ Italian: biacca (from Lombardic)

Old Norse: bleikr
Icelandic: bleikur
Faroese: bleikur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bleik
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bleik
Old Swedish: blēker
Swedish: blek
Old Danish: blēk
Danish: bleg
Norwegian Bokmål: blek
Elfdalian: bliek
Gutnish: blaikar
→ Middle English: bleik
Scots: bleg; blaiken
English: blake, bleak (partly)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laikka (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰloyǵ-os, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ-.


blankaz

*blankaz (a-stem)

blankaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blankai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blankō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blankôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blanką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blankō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blankanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blankanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blankǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blankōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blanką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blankō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blankas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blankaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blankaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blankaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blankas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blankaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blankammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blankaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blankaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blankaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blankammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blankaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blankanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blankaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blankaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blankaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blankanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blankaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blankô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blankaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blankǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blankōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blankô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blankōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blankanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blankanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blankōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blankōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blankô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blankōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blankiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blankanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blankōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blankōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blankiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blankanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blankini (dative masculine singular weak)
blankammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blankōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blankōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blankini (dative neuter singular weak)
blankammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blankinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blankammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blankōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blankōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blankinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blankammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blank
Old English: blanc
⇒ Old English: blanca, blonca (“white horse”)
Middle English: blanke, blonke
Scots: blonk (“steed”)
English: blank
Old Frisian: blank
Saterland Frisian: blonk
West Frisian: blank
Old Saxon: *blank
Middle Low German: blank
German Low German: blank
→ Old Norse: blankr
Icelandic: blankur
Faroese: blankur
Norwegian: blank
Old Swedish: blanker
Swedish: blank
Old Danish: blank
Danish: blank
Elfdalian: blaunk
Gutnish: blankar
Scanian: blánker
Old Dutch: *blanc
Middle Dutch: blanc
Dutch: blank
Limburgish: blank
Old High German: blanch, blank
Middle High German: blank
German: blank
Luxembourgish: blank
Vilamovian: błān
→ Medieval Latin: blancus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: blakkr

Icelandic: blakkur

Faroese: blakkur

Norwegian: blakk

Old Swedish: blakker

Swedish: black

Old Danish: blak

Danish: blak

Elfdalian: blokk

A late formation from *blinkaną (“to shine, blink”), with the *-i- interpreted as an e-grade vowel. Thus, its formation must have followed the raising of *e to *i before a nasal + consonant, which made this analysis possible.

bright, shining, white, gleaming, blinding


sūraz

*sūraz (a-stem)

sūraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sūrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sūrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sūrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sūrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sūrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sūranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sūranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sūrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sūrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sūrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sūrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sūras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sūraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sūraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sūraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sūras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sūraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sūrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sūraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sūraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sūraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sūrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sūraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sūranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sūraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sūraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sūraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sūranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sūraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sūrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sūraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sūrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sūrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sūrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sūrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sūranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sūranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sūrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sūrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sūrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sūrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sūriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sūranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sūrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sūrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sūriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sūranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sūrini (dative masculine singular weak)
sūrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sūrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sūrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sūrini (dative neuter singular weak)
sūrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sūrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sūrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sūrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sūrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sūrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sūrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sūr
Old English: sūr
Middle English: sur, sour
English: sour
Scots: sour, soor
Old Frisian: *sūr
Saterland Frisian: suur
West Frisian: soer
Old Saxon: sūr (in compounds)
Middle Low German: sūr
Low German: suur
Plautdietsch: sua
Old Dutch: *sūr
Middle Dutch: suur
Dutch: zuur
Afrikaans: suur
Limburgish: zoer
Old High German: sūr
Middle High German: sūr
Central Franconian: suur, souer (Moselle Franconian)
German: sauer
Luxembourgish: sauer
Vilamovian: zaojwer
Yiddish: זויער (zoyer)
→ Polish: żur
→ Old French: sur [1160 CE] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: súrr
Icelandic: súr
Faroese: súrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sur
Norwegian Bokmål: sur
Old Swedish: sūr
Swedish: sur
Danish: sur

From Proto-Indo-European *súHros (“sour, salty, bitter”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *sū́ˀras (“salty, bitter”), Old Prussian suris (“soured milk cheese”).


sairaz

*sairaz (a-stem)

sairaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sairai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sairō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sairôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sairą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sairō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sairanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sairanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sairǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sairōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sairą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sairō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sairas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sairaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sairaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sairaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sairas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sairaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sairammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sairaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sairaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sairaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sairammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sairaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sairanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sairaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sairaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sairaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sairanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sairaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sairô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sairaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sairǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sairōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sairô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sairōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sairanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sairanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sairōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sairōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sairô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sairōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sairiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sairanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sairōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sairōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sairiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sairanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sairini (dative masculine singular weak)
sairammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sairōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sairōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sairini (dative neuter singular weak)
sairammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sairinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sairammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sairōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sairōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sairinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sairammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sair
Old English: sār
Middle English: sore, sar, sor
Scots: sare, sair
English: sore
Old Frisian: *sēr, *sār
Saterland Frisian: seer
West Frisian: sear
Old Saxon: sēr
Middle Low German: sēr
German Low German: sehr
Old Dutch: *sēr
Middle Dutch: sêer
Dutch: zeer
Afrikaans: seer
Old High German: sēr
Middle High German: sēr
Alemannic German: seer
German: sehr
Luxembourgish: séier
Yiddish: זייער (zeyer)

Old Norse: sárr

Icelandic: sár

Faroese: sárur

Norn: sår

Norwegian: sår

Old Swedish: sār

Swedish: sår

Old Danish: sār, saar

Danish: sår

Old Gutnish: sar

Gutnish: sarur, sårur

→ Proto-Finnic: *sairas
Finnish: sairas
→ Karelian: šairas
→ Votic: sairõz

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂yro-, enlargement of *seh₂y- (“to be fierce, afflict”) (compare Hittite [script needed] (sāwar, “anger”), Welsh hoed (“pain”), and Latin saevus. Solmsen also connects Ancient Greek αἱμωδία (haimōdía, “sensation of having teeth on edge”) to the Proto-Germanic word as well.


grēwaz

*grēwaz (a-stem)

grēwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grēwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grēwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
grēwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grēwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grēwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grēwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grēwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grēwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grēwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grēwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grēwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grēwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
grēwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grēwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grēwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grēwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
grēwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grēwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grēwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grēwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grēwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grēwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grēwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grēwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grēwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grēwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grēwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grēwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grēwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grēwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grēwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grēwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grēwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grēwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grēwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grēwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grēwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grēwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grēwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grēwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grēwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grēwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grēwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grēwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grēwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grēwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grēwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grēwini (dative masculine singular weak)
grēwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grēwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grēwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grēwini (dative neuter singular weak)
grēwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grēwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grēwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grēwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grēwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grēwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grēwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grāu
Old English: grǣġ, grēġ — Anglian
Middle English: grey
English: gray, grey
Scots: gray
Yola: gry
Old Frisian: grē
North Frisian:
Föhr, Wiedingharde: grä
Hallig: grai
Mooring: gra
Old Saxon: grāo
Middle Low German: grāu
Low German:
German Low German: grag, grau
Plautdietsch: greiw
→ West Frisian: grauw
Old Dutch: *grāo
Middle Dutch: grau
Dutch: grauw
Afrikaans: grou
Jersey Dutch: xrāuje, grô
Negerhollands: grou
Old High German: grāo
Middle High German: grā
Alemannic German: graaw
Bavarian: grau
Gottscheerish: grūb
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: grau
Luxembourgish: gro
East Central German:
Vilamovian: graoj
East Franconian:
German: grau
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀoː], (newer, from about 1925) [kʀau]
Pennsylvania German: gro
Yiddish: גראָ (gro), גרוי (groy)

Old Norse: grár
Icelandic: grár
Faroese: gráur
Norn: grå, grågi
Norwegian Nynorsk: grå; (dialectal) grår, grår’e, grå’u
Old Swedish: grār
Swedish: grå
Danish: grå
Norwegian Bokmål: grå
Gutnish: graar, grar, gra, graur

→? Proto-Finnic: *raavas (see there for further descendants)

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁- (“to glow, be visible”), and cognate with Proto-Slavic *zьrěti (“to observe, look at”), Lithuanian žėrė́ti (“to shine, sparkle”), and Proto-Germanic *greujaną (“to dawn”) (whence Swedish gry (“to dawn”)).


grautaz

*grautaz (a-stem)

grautaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grautai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grautō (feminine nominative singular strong)
grautôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grautą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grautō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grautanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grautanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grautǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grautōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grautą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grautō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grautas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
grautaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grautaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grautaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grautas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
grautaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grautammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grautaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grautaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grautaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grautammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grautaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grautanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grautaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grautaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grautaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grautanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grautaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grautô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grautaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grautǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grautōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grautô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grautōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grautanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grautanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grautōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grautōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grautô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grautōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grautiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grautanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grautōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grautōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grautiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grautanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grautini (dative masculine singular weak)
grautammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grautōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grautōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grautini (dative neuter singular weak)
grautammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grautinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grautammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grautōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grautōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grautinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grautammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *graut

desctree

Old English: grēat
Middle English: grete, greet, girt, gert (dialectal)
English: great, (dialectal) gert
→ Welsh: grêt
Scots: great, greet, grete, greit
Yola: graat

Old Frisian: grāt

North Frisian: grott

Saterland Frisian: groot

West Frisian: grut

Old Saxon: grōt
Middle Low German: grôt
Low German: groot
German Low German: groot; graut (Münsterländisch)
Plautdietsch: groot

Old Dutch: grōt
Middle Dutch: grôot
Dutch: groot
Afrikaans: groot
Berbice Creole Dutch: groto
Jersey Dutch: x'rôt
Negerhollands: groot, grooto, guṅgu, gro
→ Virgin Islands Creole: gungu (dated)
Petjo: groot
Skepi Creole Dutch: groat
Limburgish: groeat
Zealandic: groôt

→ Bourbonnais-Berrichon: groût (Berry)

→ Bourguignon: grô

Old High German: grōz
Middle High German: grōz
Alemannic German: groß, gruuss
Swabian: groß
Bavarian: groas, grous
Cimbrian: groaz, gròas (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: groas
Central Franconian: jruß, gruß
Hunsrik: gros
Luxembourgish: grouss
German: groß
Rhine Franconian: gruß
Frankfurterisch: [kʀoːs]
Pennsylvania German: gross
Vilamovian: gros
Yiddish: גרויס (groys)

→? Medieval Latin: grossus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-, *gʰer- (“to rub, grind, remove”). Akin to Proto-Slavic *gruda (“pile”), Proto-Slavic *grudьnъ (“crude, lousy”).


leuhtaz

*leuhtaz (a-stem)

leuhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
leuhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
leuhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
leuhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
leuhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
leuhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
leuhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
leuhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
leuhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
leuhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
leuhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
leuhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
leuhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
leuhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
leuhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
leuhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
leuhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
leuhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
leuhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
leuhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
leuhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
leuhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
leuhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
leuhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
leuhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
leuhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
leuhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
leuhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
leuhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
leuhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
leuhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
leuhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
leuhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
leuhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
leuhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
leuhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
leuhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
leuhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
leuhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
leuhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
leuhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
leuhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
leuhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
leuhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
leuhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
leuhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
leuhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
leuhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
leuhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
leuhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
leuhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
leuhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
leuhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
leuhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
leuhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
leuhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
leuhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
leuhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
leuhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
leuhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *leuht
Old English: lēoht, lēht — Anglian, līht
Middle English: leoht, liht, light
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Frisian: liācht
Saterland Frisian: ljoacht
West Frisian: ljocht
Old Saxon: lioht
Middle Low German: licht
Low German:
German Low German: licht
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: lecht, lech (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: lecht (Ravensberger)
Plautdietsch: leicht
Old Dutch: lieht
Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lich, leech
Old High German: lioht
Middle High German: liecht, licht
German: licht
Bavarian: liacht

Old Norse: Ljótr

Icelandic: Ljótur

Faroese: -ljótur


fūlaz

*fūlaz (a-stem)

fūlaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fūlai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fūlō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fūlôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fūlą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fūlō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fūlanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fūlanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fūlǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fūlōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fūlą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fūlō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fūlas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fūlaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fūlaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fūlaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fūlas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fūlaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fūlammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fūlaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fūlaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fūlaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fūlammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fūlaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fūlanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fūlaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fūlaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fūlaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fūlanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fūlaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fūlô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fūlaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fūlǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fūlōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fūlô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fūlōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fūlanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fūlanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fūlōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fūlōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fūlô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fūlōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fūliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fūlanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fūlōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fūlōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fūliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fūlanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fūlini (dative masculine singular weak)
fūlammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fūlōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fūlōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fūlini (dative neuter singular weak)
fūlammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fūlinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fūlammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fūlōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fūlōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fūlinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fūlammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fūl
Old English: fūl
Middle English: foul
English: foul
Scots: foul
Old Frisian: fūl
Saterland Frisian: fuul
West Frisian: fûl
Old Saxon: *fūl (in derivatives)
Middle Low German: vûl
German Low German: fuul
Old Dutch: *fūl (in derivatives)
Middle Dutch: vuul
Dutch: vuil
Afrikaans: vuil
Old High German: fūl
Middle High German: vūl, voul
Cimbrian: baul
German: faul
Yiddish: פֿױל (foyl)

Old Norse: fúll

Icelandic: fúll

Faroese: fúlur

Norwegian Bokmål: ful

Norwegian Nynorsk: ful

Old Swedish: fūl

Swedish: ful

Danish: ful

Gutnish: fäul

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fūls)

From Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to be rotten; putrid”). Cognate with Lithuanian pū́ti (“to rot”), Latin pūs (“foul, corrupt matter; pus”), Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “rots, smells”), Persian پوسیدن (pusidan, “to rot”).


saltaz

*saltaz (a-stem)

saltaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
saltai (masculine nominative plural strong)
saltō (feminine nominative singular strong)
saltôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
saltą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
saltō (neuter nominative plural strong)
saltanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
saltanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
saltǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
saltōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
saltą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
saltō (accusative neuter plural strong)
saltas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
saltaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
saltaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
saltaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
saltas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
saltaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
saltammai (dative masculine singular strong)
saltaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
saltaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
saltaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
saltammai (dative neuter singular strong)
saltaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
saltanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
saltaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
saltaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
saltaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
saltanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
saltaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
saltô (masculine nominative singular weak)
saltaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
saltǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
saltōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
saltô (neuter nominative singular weak)
saltōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
saltanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
saltanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
saltōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
saltōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
saltô (accusative neuter singular weak)
saltōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
saltiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
saltanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
saltōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
saltōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
saltiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
saltanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
saltini (dative masculine singular weak)
saltammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
saltōni (dative feminine singular weak)
saltōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
saltini (dative neuter singular weak)
saltammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
saltinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
saltammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
saltōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
saltōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
saltinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
saltammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *salt
Old English: sealt
Middle English: salt
English: salt
Scots: salt
Old Frisian: salt
West Frisian: sâlt
Old Saxon: salt
Middle Low German: salt, solt
German Low German: solt
Old Dutch: *salt
Middle Dutch: sout
Dutch: zout
Afrikaans: sout
Old High German: *salz
Middle High German: salz

Old Norse: saltr

Icelandic: saltur

Faroese: saltur

Norwegian: salt

Old Swedish: salter

Swedish: salt

Danish: salt

Gutnish: saltar, salt


faitaz

*faitaz (a-stem)

faitaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
faitai (masculine nominative plural strong)
faitō (feminine nominative singular strong)
faitôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
faitą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
faitō (neuter nominative plural strong)
faitanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
faitanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
faitǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
faitōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
faitą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
faitō (accusative neuter plural strong)
faitas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
faitaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
faitaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
faitaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
faitas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
faitaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
faitammai (dative masculine singular strong)
faitaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
faitaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
faitaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
faitammai (dative neuter singular strong)
faitaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
faitanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
faitaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
faitaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
faitaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
faitanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
faitaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
faitô (masculine nominative singular weak)
faitaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
faitǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
faitōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
faitô (neuter nominative singular weak)
faitōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
faitanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
faitanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
faitōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
faitōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
faitô (accusative neuter singular weak)
faitōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faitiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
faitanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
faitōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
faitōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faitiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
faitanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
faitini (dative masculine singular weak)
faitammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
faitōni (dative feminine singular weak)
faitōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
faitini (dative neuter singular weak)
faitammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
faitinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
faitammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
faitōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
faitōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
faitinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
faitammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fait
Old Frisian: fat, fet
Saterland Frisian: fat
West Frisian: fet
Old Saxon: *fēt
Middle Low German: vēt, veet
Old Dutch: feit, *fēt
Old High German: *feiz
Middle High German: veiz
Cimbrian: bòas
German: feiß (obsolete)

Old Norse: feitr
Icelandic: feitur
Faroese: feitur
Norwegian Nynorsk: feit
→ Norwegian Bokmål: feit
Old Swedish: fēter
Swedish: fet
Danish: fed
Norwegian Bokmål: fet

→ Proto-Finnic: *paita (“caul fat”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *puojtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *poyh₂d-o-s, from *péyh₂-de-ti, de-present of *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be swollen, fat”).


rūmaz

*rūmaz (a-stem)

rūmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rūmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rūmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rūmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rūmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rūmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rūmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rūmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rūmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rūmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rūmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rūmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rūmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rūmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rūmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rūmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rūmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rūmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rūmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rūmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rūmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rūmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rūmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rūmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rūmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rūmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rūmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rūmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rūmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rūmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rūmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rūmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rūmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rūmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rūmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rūmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rūmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rūmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rūmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rūmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rūmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rūmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rūminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rūmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rūmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rūmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rūminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rūmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rūmini (dative masculine singular weak)
rūmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rūmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rūmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rūmini (dative neuter singular weak)
rūmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rūminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rūmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rūmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rūmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rūminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rūmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *rūm
Old English: rūm
Middle English: rum, roum
Scots: roum, rowm
English: room (adjective) (archaic)
Old Frisian: rūm
Saterland Frisian: ruum
West Frisian: rom, rûm
Old Saxon: *rūm
Middle Low German: rūm
German Low German: ruum
⇒ German Low German: geruum
Old Dutch: *rūm
Middle Dutch: ruum
Dutch: ruim
Afrikaans: ruim
Old High German: rūmi
Middle High German: rūme
German: raum (rare)

Old Norse: rúmr

Icelandic: rúmur

Faroese: rúmur

Norn: rum

Old Swedish: rūmber

Swedish: rum (archaic)

Danish: rum

Norwegian: rom

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍃 (rums)

From Pre-Germanic *ruh₁mos, an adjectival mo-stem from Proto-Indo-European *rewh₁- (“open space, land”). Related to Latin rūs (“country”).


garwaz

*garwaz (a-stem)

garwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
garwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
garwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
garwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
garwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
garwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
garwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
garwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
garwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
garwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
garwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
garwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
garwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
garwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
garwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
garwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
garwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
garwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
garwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
garwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
garwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
garwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
garwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
garwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
garwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
garwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
garwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
garwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
garwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
garwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
garwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
garwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
garwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
garwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
garwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
garwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
garwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
garwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
garwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
garwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
garwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
garwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
garwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
garwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
garwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
garwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
garwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
garwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
garwini (dative masculine singular weak)
garwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
garwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
garwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
garwini (dative neuter singular weak)
garwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
garwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
garwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
garwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
garwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
garwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
garwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *garu
Old English: ġearu, ġearo
Middle English: ȝare, yare
Scots: yare
English: yare, yar
Old Frisian: *gar, *jer
Saterland Frisian: goar
Old Saxon: garo, garu
Middle Low German: gāre, gār
German Low German: gaar
Old Dutch: garo
Middle Dutch: gāer
Dutch: gaar (“cooked, done”)
Afrikaans: gaar
Old High German: garo, karo
Middle High German: gare, gar
German: gar (“cooked, done”)
Luxembourgish: guer

Old Norse: gǫrr, gerr

Icelandic: gjör, ger

Old Swedish: gør, gior

→ Scots: gar, gare, gair

→ Proto-Samic: *kārvēs (see there for further descendants)

Probably from *ga- + *arwaz (“ready, fast”).


furhtaz

*furhtaz (a-stem)

furhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
furhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
furhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
furhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
furhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
furhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
furhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
furhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
furhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
furhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
furhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
furhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
furhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
furhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
furhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
furhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
furhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
furhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
furhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
furhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
furhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
furhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
furhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
furhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
furhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
furhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
furhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
furhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
furhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
furhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
furhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
furhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
furhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
furhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
furhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
furhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
furhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
furhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
furhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
furhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
furhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
furhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
furhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
furhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
furhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
furhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
furhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
furhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
furhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
furhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
furhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
furhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
furhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
furhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
furhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
furhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
furhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
furhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
furhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
furhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *forht
Old English: forht, froht
Old Saxon: forht
Old High German: *forht, *foraht
⇒ Old High German: gotforht, gotforaht

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 (faurhts)

A zero-grade derivation in *-to- from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥k- (“fear”). Compare Tocharian B pärsk-.


aþalaz

*aþalaz (a-stem)

aþalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aþalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aþalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aþalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aþalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aþalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aþalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aþalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aþalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aþalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aþalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aþalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aþalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aþalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aþalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aþalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aþalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aþalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aþalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aþalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aþalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aþalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aþalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aþalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aþalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aþalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aþalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aþalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aþalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aþalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aþalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aþalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aþalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aþalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aþalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aþalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aþalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aþalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aþalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aþalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aþalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aþalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aþaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aþalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aþalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aþalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aþaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aþalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aþalini (dative masculine singular weak)
aþalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aþalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aþalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aþalini (dative neuter singular weak)
aþalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aþalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aþalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aþalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aþalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aþalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aþalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: æþele

Old High German: adal

Old Norse: aðall

Icelandic: aðall

Faroese: aðal


linhtaz

*linhtaz (a-stem)

linhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
linhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
linhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
linhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
linhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
linhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
linhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
linhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
linhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
linhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
linhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
linhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
linhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
linhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
linhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
linhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
linhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
linhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
linhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
linhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
linhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
linhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
linhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
linhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
linhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
linhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
linhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
linhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
linhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
linhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
linhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
linhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
linhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
linhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
linhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
linhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
linhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
linhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
linhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
linhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
linhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
linhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
linhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
linhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
linhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
linhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
linhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
linhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
linhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
linhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
linhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
linhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
linhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
linhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
linhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
linhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
linhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
linhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
linhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
linhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *lį̄ht
Old English: lēoht
Middle English: liȝt, lyghte
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Frisian: licht
West Frisian: licht
Old Saxon: līht
Middle Low German: licht
Low German: licht
Old Dutch: *līht
Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lich, leech
Old High German: līht, līhti
Middle High German: līht
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: leicht
Luxembourgish: liicht
East Central German:
Vilamovian: łajcht
German: leicht
Rhine Franconian: läicht, leicht, licht
Frankfurterisch: [laiʃt]
Pennsylvania German: leicht
Yiddish: לײַכט (laykht)

Old Norse: léttr

Icelandic: léttur

Faroese: lættur

Norwegian Bokmål: lett

Norwegian Nynorsk: lett

Old Swedish: lǣtter

Swedish: lätt

Danish: let

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (leihts)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁lengʷʰ-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ-.


blakaz

*blakaz (a-stem)

blakaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blakai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blakō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blakôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blaką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blakō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blakanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blakanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blakǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blakōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blaką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blakō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blakas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blakaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blakaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blakaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blakas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blakaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blakammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blakaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blakaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blakaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blakammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blakaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blakanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blakaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blakaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blakaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blakanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blakaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blakô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blakaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blakǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blakōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blakô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blakōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blakanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blakanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blakōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blakōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blakô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blakōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blakiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blakanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blakōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blakōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blakiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blakanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blakini (dative masculine singular weak)
blakammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blakōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blakōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blakini (dative neuter singular weak)
blakammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blakinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blakammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blakōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blakōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blakinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blakammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blak

Old English: blæc

Middle English: blak, blake

Scots: black

English: black

→ Dutch: blak

Yola: bhlock

Old Saxon: *blak

Middle Low German: blak, black (in combinations: blakglas; blakpulwer, blackpulwer; blakvarwe, blakverwe)

Old Dutch: blak

⇒ Old Dutch: giblakmalad

Old High German: blah, plah

Middle High German: blach

German: blach (in combinations: Blachmal Blachfrost, Blachfeld)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Pre-Germanic *bʰlogos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleg-. Compare Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine, burn, scorch”).
Alternatively, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mlagos, from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-. Compare Ancient Greek μέλᾱς (mélās, “dark, black”).


brūnaz

*brūnaz (a-stem)

brūnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brūnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brūnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
brūnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brūną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brūnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brūnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brūnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brūnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brūnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brūną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brūnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brūnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
brūnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brūnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brūnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brūnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
brūnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brūnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brūnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brūnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brūnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brūnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brūnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brūnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brūnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brūnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brūnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brūnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brūnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brūnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brūnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brūnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brūnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brūnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brūnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brūnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brūnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brūnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brūnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brūnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brūnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brūniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brūnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brūnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brūnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brūniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brūnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brūnini (dative masculine singular weak)
brūnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brūnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brūnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brūnini (dative neuter singular weak)
brūnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brūninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brūnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brūnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brūnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brūninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brūnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brūn
Old English: brūn
Middle English: broun, broyn, brown, brun, bruyn
English: brown
Bislama: braon
Tok Pisin: braun
→ Welsh: brown
→ Tongan: palauni
Geordie English: broon
Scots: broon, broun
Old Frisian: brūn
East Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: bruun
→ Latvian: brūns
West Frisian: brún
Old Saxon: brūn
Middle Low German: brûn
Dutch Low Saxon: brun, broen, bruun
German Low German: bruun, brun
Plautdietsch: brun
→ Estonian: pruun
→ Latgalian: bryuns
→ Latvian: brūns
Old Dutch: *brūn
Middle Dutch: bruun
Dutch: bruin
Afrikaans: bruin
Negerhollands: bruun, brin, bryen
→ Papiamentu: brùin, brein, bruin
→ Sranan Tongo: broin
Limburgish: broen
West Flemish: bruun
→ English: bruin
→ Latvian: brūns
Old High German: brūn
Middle High German: brūn
Alemannic German: bruun
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Central Franconian: brong, brung, broun
Hunsrik: braun
Luxembourgish: brong
East Central German:
Vilamovian: braojn
East Franconian:
German: braun
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: brau
Yiddish: ברוין (broyn)
→ Late Latin: brūnus
→ Dalmatian: broin
→ Italian: bruno
→ Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: brun
Portuguese: bruno
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: bruno
⇒ Medieval Latin: brunneus
→ English: brunneous
→ Old French: brun
Middle French: brun
French: brun
→ Breton: brun
Louisiana Creole: brun
→ Romanian: brun
Norman: breun, brun (Jersey)
→ Galician: brun (archaic)

Old Norse: brúnn
Icelandic: brúnn
Faroese: brúnur
Norn: brun
Norwegian Nynorsk: brun, (dialectal) brun’u, brun’e, bron
Jamtish: brún
Elfdalian: braungen
Old Swedish: brūn
Swedish: brun
→ Elfdalian: brun
→ Estonian: pruun
Old Danish: brūn
Danish: brun
Norwegian Bokmål: brun
Gutnish: bräunar
Scanian: brúner

→ Romansch: brin, bregn, brün (from some Germanic language)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“grey, brown”).


sadaz

*sadaz (a-stem)

sadaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sadai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sadō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sadôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sadą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sadō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sadanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sadanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sadǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sadōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sadą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sadō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sadas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sadaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sadaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sadaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sadas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sadaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sadammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sadaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sadaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sadaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sadammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sadaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sadanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sadaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sadaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sadaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sadanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sadaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sadô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sadaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sadǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sadōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sadô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sadōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sadanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sadanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sadōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sadōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sadô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sadōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sadiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sadanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sadōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sadōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sadiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sadanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sadini (dative masculine singular weak)
sadammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sadōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sadōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sadini (dative neuter singular weak)
sadammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sadinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sadammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sadōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sadōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sadinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sadammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sad
Old English: sæd
Middle English: sad, saad, sadd, zed, sæd, sead, sed (Early Middle English)
English: sad
Scots: sad
Old Frisian: sed
Saterland Frisian: sääd
West Frisian: sêd
Old Saxon: sad
Middle Low German: sat
German Low German: satt
Old Dutch: sad, sat
Middle Dutch: sat
Dutch: zat (with unetymological -t)
Afrikaans: sat
Old High German: sat
Middle High German: sat
German: satt
Luxembourgish: sat
Yiddish: זאַט (zat)

Old Norse: saðr

Icelandic: saður

Faroese: saður

Norwegian: sad

Danish: sat

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌸𐍃 (saþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate, satisfy”), related to Latin satis (“enough”).


rankaz

*rankaz (a-stem)

rankaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rankai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rankō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rankôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ranką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rankō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rankanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rankanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rankǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rankōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ranką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rankō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rankas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rankaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rankaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rankaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rankas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rankaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rankammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rankaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rankaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rankaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rankammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rankaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rankanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rankaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rankaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rankaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rankanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rankaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rankô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rankaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rankǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rankōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rankô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rankōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rankanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rankanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rankōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rankōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rankô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rankōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rankiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rankanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rankōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rankōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rankiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rankanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rankini (dative masculine singular weak)
rankammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rankōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rankōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rankini (dative neuter singular weak)
rankammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rankinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rankammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rankōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rankōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rankinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rankammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rank
Old English: ranc
English: rank
Old Dutch: *ranc
Middle Dutch: ranc
Dutch: rank
Afrikaans: rank
Old Saxon: *rank
Middle Low German: rank
Low German: rank
→ German: rank
→ Vulgar Latin: *rancus (possible merging with *hring (“ring”))
Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc
Middle French: ranc, rang
French: rang
→ Middle English: rank
English: rank
Picard: râng (Athois)
Walloon: ran (Forrières), rang (Liégeois)
→ Middle English: renge, reng
Old Occitan: reng, renc
Occitan: reng
Old Catalan: rench
Catalan: reng

Old Norse: rakkr (West), *rankr (East)

Icelandic: rakkur

Norwegian: rank

Swedish: rank

Danish: rank

→ Faroese: rankur

Derived by ablaut from an unattested verb *rinkaną, itself a nasal-infix present from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-.


-ōzô

-ōz ô (canonical)
-ōz (adverb)
-ōstaz (superlative)
-ōzô (masculine nominative singular)
-ōzaniz (masculine nominative plural)
-ōzį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
-ōzīniz (feminine nominative plural)
-ōzô (neuter nominative singular)
-ōzōnō (neuter nominative plural)
-ōzanų (accusative masculine singular)
-ōzanunz (accusative masculine plural)
-ōzīnų (accusative feminine singular)
-ōzīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
-ōzô (accusative neuter singular)
-ōzōnō (accusative neuter plural)
-ōziniz (genitive masculine singular)
-ōzanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
-ōzīniz (feminine genitive singular)
-ōzīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
-ōziniz (genitive neuter singular)
-ōzanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
-ōzini (dative masculine singular)
-ōzammaz (dative masculine plural)
-ōzīni (dative feminine singular)
-ōzīmaz (dative feminine plural)
-ōzini (dative neuter singular)
-ōzammaz (dative neuter plural)
-ōzinē (instrumental masculine singular)
-ōzammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
-ōzīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
-ōzīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
-ōzinē (instrumental neuter singular)
-ōzammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*-ōzô (an/īn-stem)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -ra

Middle English:

English: -er

Old Frisian: -ora

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: -oro

Old Dutch: *-oro

Middle Dutch: -er

Dutch: -er

Old High German: -oro

German: -er

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ari

Icelandic: -ari

Faroese: -ari

Norwegian: -ere

Swedish: -are

Danish: -ere

Gothic: -𐍉𐌶𐌰 (-ōza)

-er. Forms the comparative of certain adjectives.


unrehtaz

*unrehtaz (a-stem)

unrehtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unrehtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unrehtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unrehtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unrehtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unrehtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unrehtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unrehtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unrehtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unrehtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unrehtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unrehtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unrehtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unrehtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unrehtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unrehtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unrehtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unrehtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unrehtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unrehtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unrehtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unrehtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unrehtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unrehtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unrehtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unrehtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unrehtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unrehtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unrehtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unrehtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unrehtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unrehtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unrehtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unrehtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unrehtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unrehtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unrehtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unrehtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unrehtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unrehtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unrehtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unrehtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unrehtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unrehtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unrehtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unrehtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unrehtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unrehtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unrehtini (dative masculine singular weak)
unrehtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unrehtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unrehtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unrehtini (dative neuter singular weak)
unrehtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unrehtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unrehtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unrehtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unrehtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unrehtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unrehtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: unriht

Middle English: vnriȝt, vnryȝt, unriht

Scots: unricht

English: unright

Old Frisian: unriucht

West Frisian: onrjocht

Old Saxon: unreht

Old Dutch: unreht

Middle Dutch: onrecht

Dutch: onrecht

Afrikaans: onreg

Old High German: unreht

German: unrecht, Unrecht

Old Norse: úréttr, óréttr

Icelandic: óréttur

Faroese: órættur

Norwegian: urett

Swedish: orätt

Danish: uret