wīlą in Proto-Germanic

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Etymology: Related to Middle Irish fell (“deception”), Lithuanian vìlti (“to deceive”), with further origin of the terms somewhat disputed: * From Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, want”), with semantic shift "will, want" > "change one's wills" > "deceive" (though Smoczynski does not mention the Germanic cognates); * or from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to turn, bend”) + *-ilą (“neuter agentive suffix”). The suffix is the neuter form of *-ilaz. Etymology templates: {{cog|mga|fell|t=deception}} Middle Irish fell (“deception”), {{cog|lt|vìlti|t=to deceive}} Lithuanian vìlti (“to deceive”), {{der|gem-pro|ine-pro|*welh₁-|t=to choose, want}} Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, want”), {{der|gem-pro|ine-pro|*weh₁y-|t=to turn, bend}} Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to turn, bend”) Inflection templates: {{gem-decl-noun}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], wīlą [nominative, singular], wīlō [nominative, plural], wīlą [singular, vocative], wīlō [plural, vocative], wīlą [accusative, singular], wīlō [accusative, plural], wīlas [genitive, singular], wīlis [genitive, singular], wīlǫ̂ [genitive, plural], wīlai [dative, singular], wīlamaz [dative, plural], wīlō [instrumental, singular], wīlamiz [instrumental, plural]

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{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "wīl"
          },
          "expansion": "Old English: wīl\nMiddle English: wile\nEnglish: wile",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old English: wīl\nMiddle English: wile\nEnglish: wile"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "guile",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old French: guile",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old French: guile (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "vél"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: vél, væl\nIcelandic: vél",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: vél, væl\nIcelandic: vél"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mga",
        "2": "fell",
        "t": "deception"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Irish fell (“deception”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "vìlti",
        "t": "to deceive"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian vìlti (“to deceive”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*welh₁-",
        "t": "to choose, want"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, want”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*weh₁y-",
        "t": "to turn, bend"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to turn, bend”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Related to Middle Irish fell (“deception”), Lithuanian vìlti (“to deceive”), with further origin of the terms somewhat disputed:\n* From Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, want”), with semantic shift \"will, want\" > \"change one's wills\" > \"deceive\" (though Smoczynski does not mention the Germanic cognates);\n* or from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to turn, bend”) + *-ilą (“neuter agentive suffix”). The suffix is the neuter form of *-ilaz.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wīlą",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "craft"
      ],
      "id": "en-wīlą-gem-pro-noun-NVVD95Cj",
      "links": [
        [
          "craft",
          "craft"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "30 70",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "11 89",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 93",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "deceit"
      ],
      "id": "en-wīlą-gem-pro-noun-ALmPvmej",
      "links": [
        [
          "deceit",
          "deceit"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wīlą"
}

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{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
    "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
    "Proto-Germanic neuter nouns",
    "Proto-Germanic nouns"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "wīl"
          },
          "expansion": "Old English: wīl\nMiddle English: wile\nEnglish: wile",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old English: wīl\nMiddle English: wile\nEnglish: wile"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "guile",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old French: guile",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old French: guile (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "vél"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: vél, væl\nIcelandic: vél",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: vél, væl\nIcelandic: vél"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "mga",
        "2": "fell",
        "t": "deception"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Irish fell (“deception”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "vìlti",
        "t": "to deceive"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian vìlti (“to deceive”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*welh₁-",
        "t": "to choose, want"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, want”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*weh₁y-",
        "t": "to turn, bend"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to turn, bend”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Related to Middle Irish fell (“deception”), Lithuanian vìlti (“to deceive”), with further origin of the terms somewhat disputed:\n* From Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, want”), with semantic shift \"will, want\" > \"change one's wills\" > \"deceive\" (though Smoczynski does not mention the Germanic cognates);\n* or from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to turn, bend”) + *-ilą (“neuter agentive suffix”). The suffix is the neuter form of *-ilaz.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wīlamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wīlą",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "craft"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "craft",
          "craft"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "deceit"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "deceit",
          "deceit"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "wīlą"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (e4a2c88 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"wīlą" meaning in Proto-Germanic

Noun