See smeukaną in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*smeukan",
"3": "*smūkan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *smeukan, *smūkan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *smeukan, *smūkan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "smēocan",
"noalts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old English: smēocan\nMiddle English: smeken\nScots: smeke, smeek",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: smēocan\nMiddle English: smeken\nScots: smeke, smeek"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*smiekan",
"3": "*smūkan"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *smiekan, *smūkan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *smiekan, *smūkan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "smieken",
"3": "smuken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: smieken, smuken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: smieken, smuken"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "smuiken"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: smuiken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: smuiken"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*smiohhan",
"3": "*smiochan"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *smiohhan, *smiochan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *smiohhan, *smiochan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "smiechen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: smiechen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: smiechen"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "smiehen",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "German: smiehen (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: smiehen (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bar",
"2": "smiechen"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian: smiechen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bavarian: smiechen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*smewgʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *smewgʰ-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σμὐχω",
"3": "",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σμὐχω (smukhō, “to burn”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "smáugiu"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian smáugiu",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *smewgʰ- cognate with Ancient Greek σμὐχω (smukhō, “to burn”) and Lithuanian smáugiu, smáugti (“to choke”). Kroonen assumes the verb was back-formed to the iterative *smukkōną - *smukōną which explains the 'k' instead of the expected 'g'.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-conj-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smiukizi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeuk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukazai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaizau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smiukidi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukadau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukadai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaidau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaiw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"passive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukadiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaidiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukadiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"passive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smiukid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smiukid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukain",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smauk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smukį̄",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smauht",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smauk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smukudiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīdiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smukum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smukud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smukun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "smukanaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smeuk",
"2": "smauk",
"3": "smuk",
"4": "smuk",
"class": "2"
},
"name": "gem-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smeukaną",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to smoke, fume"
],
"id": "en-smeukaną-gem-pro-verb-SzZSA1oJ",
"links": [
[
"smoke",
"smoke"
],
[
"fume",
"fume"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "smūkaną"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsmeu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/"
}
],
"word": "smeukaną"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*smeukan",
"3": "*smūkan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *smeukan, *smūkan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *smeukan, *smūkan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "smēocan",
"noalts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old English: smēocan\nMiddle English: smeken\nScots: smeke, smeek",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: smēocan\nMiddle English: smeken\nScots: smeke, smeek"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*smiekan",
"3": "*smūkan"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *smiekan, *smūkan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *smiekan, *smūkan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "smieken",
"3": "smuken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: smieken, smuken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: smieken, smuken"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "smuiken"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: smuiken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: smuiken"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "*smiohhan",
"3": "*smiochan"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: *smiohhan, *smiochan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: *smiohhan, *smiochan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "smiechen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: smiechen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: smiechen"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "smiehen",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "German: smiehen (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: smiehen (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bar",
"2": "smiechen"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian: smiechen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bavarian: smiechen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*smewgʰ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *smewgʰ-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σμὐχω",
"3": "",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σμὐχω (smukhō, “to burn”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "smáugiu"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian smáugiu",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *smewgʰ- cognate with Ancient Greek σμὐχω (smukhō, “to burn”) and Lithuanian smáugiu, smáugti (“to choke”). Kroonen assumes the verb was back-formed to the iterative *smukkōną - *smukōną which explains the 'k' instead of the expected 'g'.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-conj-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smiukizi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeuk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukazai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaizau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smiukidi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukadau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukadai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaidau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaiw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"passive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukadiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaidiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukadiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"passive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"passive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smiukid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smiukid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukain",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"passive",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukaindau",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"passive",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smauk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smukį̄",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smauht",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smauk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smukudiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīdiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smukum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smukud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "smukun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smukīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "smeukandz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "smukanaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"active",
"participle",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smeuk",
"2": "smauk",
"3": "smuk",
"4": "smuk",
"class": "2"
},
"name": "gem-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smeukaną",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic class 2 strong verbs",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to smoke, fume"
],
"links": [
[
"smoke",
"smoke"
],
[
"fume",
"fume"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsmeu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "smūkaną"
}
],
"word": "smeukaną"
}
Download raw JSONL data for smeukaną meaning in Proto-Germanic (9.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.