See grunduz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grundu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grundu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grundu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Old English: grund\nMiddle English: ground, grund, grounde\nEnglish: ground\n→ Fiji Hindi: garaund\n→ Maltese: grawnd\nGeordie English: grund, groond\nScots: grund, groond, greund\nYola: greoune, greoun, greound",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: grund\nMiddle English: ground, grund, grounde\nEnglish: ground\n→ Fiji Hindi: garaund\n→ Maltese: grawnd\nGeordie English: grund, groond\nScots: grund, groond, greund\nYola: greoune, greoun, greound"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: grund"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Gruund"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Gruund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Gruund"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grûn"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: grûn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: grûn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: grund"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "grunt"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: grunt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: grunt"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Grund"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Grund"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "grunt"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: grunt\nMiddle Dutch: gront\nDutch: grond",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: grunt\nMiddle Dutch: gront\nDutch: grond"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "grunt"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: grunt\nMiddle High German: grunt\nCimbrian: grund, grumf (< with epenthetic -f- *grumfþuz)\nGerman: Grund\nLuxembourgish: Grond\n→ Old Polish: grunt\nPolish: grunt, gront, grąt (Middle Polish), gruńt (Southern Greater Poland)\n→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt\nSilesian: grōnt\n→ Russian: грунт (grunt)\n→ Serbo-Croatian: грунт\nYiddish: גרונט (grunt)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: grunt\nMiddle High German: grunt\nCimbrian: grund, grumf (< with epenthetic -f- *grumfþuz)\nGerman: Grund\nLuxembourgish: Grond\n→ Old Polish: grunt\nPolish: grunt, gront, grąt (Middle Polish), gruńt (Southern Greater Poland)\n→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt\nSilesian: grōnt\n→ Russian: грунт (grunt)\n→ Serbo-Croatian: грунт\nYiddish: גרונט (grunt)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "*grundr",
"3": "grunnr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: *grundr, grunnr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: *grundr, grunnr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "grunnur",
"3": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: grunnur, grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: grunnur, grund"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "grunnur",
"3": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: grunnur, grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: grunnur, grund"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "grunn"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: grunn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: grunn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "grunder"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: grunder",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: grunder"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: grund"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Danish: grund, grundet\nNorwegian Bokmål: grunn",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Danish: grund, grundet\nNorwegian Bokmål: grunn"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "*𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*grundus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*grundus) (in 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (grunduwaddjus))"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "der",
"3": "ine-pro>*gʰrem->rumble",
"id": "ground"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰrem-",
"t": "floor, settlement"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“floor, settlement”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰarmyám",
"t": "permanent building"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (“permanent building”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pãgrindas",
"3": "pã-grindas",
"lit": "under-floorboard",
"t": "lake bottom"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian pã-grindas (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindiz",
"t": "fence made of bars"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grindiz (“fence made of bars”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*gʰrendʰ-",
"t": "beam, plank"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From pre-Germanic *gʰrm̥tús, a tu-stem derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“floor, settlement”), whose relation to *gʰrem- in the sense of \"to rumble\", if any, is unclear. Kroonen connects Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (“permanent building”), which would imply the root to be *ǵʰrem- ~ *ǵʰerm-. Less likely related to Lithuanian pã-grindas (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”) (pace Orel), for which see Proto-Germanic *grindiz (“fence made of bars”), Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grundauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grundiwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grundiwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grundumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grundū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grundumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grunduz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "grundijaną"
},
{
"word": "grundiją"
},
{
"word": "grundōną"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ground, foundation"
],
"id": "en-grunduz-gem-pro-noun-hnJMGwg5",
"links": [
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"foundation",
"foundation"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "grandô"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "grumþuz"
},
{
"alt": "Verner alternant from *gʰrḿ̥tus",
"word": "grumfþuz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɣrun.duz/"
}
],
"word": "grunduz"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "grundijaną"
},
{
"word": "grundiją"
},
{
"word": "grundōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*grundu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *grundu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *grundu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Old English: grund\nMiddle English: ground, grund, grounde\nEnglish: ground\n→ Fiji Hindi: garaund\n→ Maltese: grawnd\nGeordie English: grund, groond\nScots: grund, groond, greund\nYola: greoune, greoun, greound",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: grund\nMiddle English: ground, grund, grounde\nEnglish: ground\n→ Fiji Hindi: garaund\n→ Maltese: grawnd\nGeordie English: grund, groond\nScots: grund, groond, greund\nYola: greoune, greoun, greound"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: grund"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Gruund"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Gruund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Gruund"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grûn"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: grûn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: grûn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: grund"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "grunt"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: grunt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: grunt"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Grund"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Grund"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "grunt"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: grunt\nMiddle Dutch: gront\nDutch: grond",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: grunt\nMiddle Dutch: gront\nDutch: grond"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "grunt"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: grunt\nMiddle High German: grunt\nCimbrian: grund, grumf (< with epenthetic -f- *grumfþuz)\nGerman: Grund\nLuxembourgish: Grond\n→ Old Polish: grunt\nPolish: grunt, gront, grąt (Middle Polish), gruńt (Southern Greater Poland)\n→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt\nSilesian: grōnt\n→ Russian: грунт (grunt)\n→ Serbo-Croatian: грунт\nYiddish: גרונט (grunt)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: grunt\nMiddle High German: grunt\nCimbrian: grund, grumf (< with epenthetic -f- *grumfþuz)\nGerman: Grund\nLuxembourgish: Grond\n→ Old Polish: grunt\nPolish: grunt, gront, grąt (Middle Polish), gruńt (Southern Greater Poland)\n→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt\nSilesian: grōnt\n→ Russian: грунт (grunt)\n→ Serbo-Croatian: грунт\nYiddish: גרונט (grunt)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "*grundr",
"3": "grunnr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: *grundr, grunnr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: *grundr, grunnr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "grunnur",
"3": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: grunnur, grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: grunnur, grund"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "grunnur",
"3": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: grunnur, grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: grunnur, grund"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "grunn"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: grunn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: grunn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "grunder"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: grunder",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: grunder"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: grund",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: grund"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "grund"
},
"expansion": "Danish: grund, grundet\nNorwegian Bokmål: grunn",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Danish: grund, grundet\nNorwegian Bokmål: grunn"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "*𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*grundus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*grundus) (in 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (grunduwaddjus))"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "der",
"3": "ine-pro>*gʰrem->rumble",
"id": "ground"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰrem-",
"t": "floor, settlement"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“floor, settlement”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*ȷ́ʰarmyám",
"t": "permanent building"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (“permanent building”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pãgrindas",
"3": "pã-grindas",
"lit": "under-floorboard",
"t": "lake bottom"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian pã-grindas (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*grindiz",
"t": "fence made of bars"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grindiz (“fence made of bars”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*gʰrendʰ-",
"t": "beam, plank"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From pre-Germanic *gʰrm̥tús, a tu-stem derived from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“floor, settlement”), whose relation to *gʰrem- in the sense of \"to rumble\", if any, is unclear. Kroonen connects Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (“permanent building”), which would imply the root to be *ǵʰrem- ~ *ǵʰerm-. Less likely related to Lithuanian pã-grindas (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”) (pace Orel), for which see Proto-Germanic *grindiz (“fence made of bars”), Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþuz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþiwiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grumþunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grundauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grundiwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grundiwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grundumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "grundū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "grundumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grunduz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "grandô"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic irregular nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰrem-",
"Proto-Germanic u-stem nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"ground, foundation"
],
"links": [
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"foundation",
"foundation"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɣrun.duz/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "grumþuz"
},
{
"alt": "Verner alternant from *gʰrḿ̥tus",
"word": "grumfþuz"
}
],
"word": "grunduz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for grunduz meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.