See dugunþō in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dugunþu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *dugunþu, *dugunþi\nOld English: duguþ\nMiddle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)\nEnglish: douth\nScots: duthe, douth\nOld Frisian: dugethe, dugede\nNorth Frisian: döged, dögd\nSaterland Frisian: Duugd\nWest Frisian: deugd\nOld Saxon: *dugund, *dugunt, *duguth\nMiddle Low German: dogent, doget\nGerman Low German: Döögde, Döögte, Döögd, Döögt\nOld Dutch: *dugath, *dugeth\nMiddle Dutch: doget, doghet, duget, dueget\nDutch: deugd\nAfrikaans: deug\nOld High German: tungundi, tugund, tugind; *dugud (Central German)\nMiddle High German: tugende, tugent; duget, duged (Central German)\nAlemannic German: Tuugend\nGerman: Tugend\n→? Central Franconian: Dugend, Dujend, Tugend, Tuend\n→? Luxembourgish: Dugend\nRhine Franconian:\nPalatine German: Tugend\nVilamovian: tūgyt\nYiddish: טוגענד (tugend)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *dugunþu, *dugunþi\nOld English: duguþ\nMiddle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)\nEnglish: douth\nScots: duthe, douth\nOld Frisian: dugethe, dugede\nNorth Frisian: döged, dögd\nSaterland Frisian: Duugd\nWest Frisian: deugd\nOld Saxon: *dugund, *dugunt, *duguth\nMiddle Low German: dogent, doget\nGerman Low German: Döögde, Döögte, Döögd, Döögt\nOld Dutch: *dugath, *dugeth\nMiddle Dutch: doget, doghet, duget, dueget\nDutch: deugd\nAfrikaans: deug\nOld High German: tungundi, tugund, tugind; *dugud (Central German)\nMiddle High German: tugende, tugent; duget, duged (Central German)\nAlemannic German: Tuugend\nGerman: Tugend\n→? Central Franconian: Dugend, Dujend, Tugend, Tuend\n→? Luxembourgish: Dugend\nRhine Franconian:\nPalatine German: Tugend\nVilamovian: tūgyt\nYiddish: טוגענד (tugend)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "*ᛞᚢᚷᛁᚦᛟ",
"tr": "*duȝiðō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚢᚷᛁᚦᛟ (*duȝiðō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚢᚷᛁᚦᛟ (*duȝiðō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dygð",
"3": "dyggð"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: dygð, dyggð",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: dygð, dyggð"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "dygð",
"3": "dyggð"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: dygð, dyggð",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: dygð, dyggð"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "dygd",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ovd",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Elfdalian: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Elfdalian: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "dyghþ"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: dyghþ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: dyghþ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "dyghth"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: dyghth",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: dyghth"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "dyd"
},
"expansion": "Danish: dyd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: dyd"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "dyd"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: dyd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: dyd"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "dyd",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: dygd"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewgʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ō",
"alt1": "*dugunþaz",
"t1": "productive, useful, strong"
},
"expansion": "*dugunþaz (“productive, useful, strong”) + *-ō",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dʰéwgʰ-ont-s ~ *dʰugʰ-n̥t-és"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰéwgʰ-ont-s ~ *dʰugʰ-n̥t-és",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*dʰewgʰ-",
"3": "*-onts",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "to be productive, useful; to be strong"
},
"expansion": "*dʰewgʰ- (“to be productive, useful; to be strong”) + *-onts",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From unattested *dugunþaz (“productive, useful, strong”) + *-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéwgʰ-ont-s ~ *dʰugʰ-n̥t-és, from *dʰewgʰ- (“to be productive, useful; to be strong”) + *-onts.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dugunþō",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "68 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ō",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ability, usefulness, strength"
],
"id": "en-dugunþō-gem-pro-noun-Z8~Lu3BL",
"links": [
[
"ability",
"ability"
],
[
"usefulness",
"usefulness"
],
[
"strength",
"strength"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"virtue, strength of character"
],
"id": "en-dugunþō-gem-pro-noun-cm6YweqA",
"links": [
[
"virtue",
"virtue"
],
[
"strength",
"strength"
],
[
"character",
"character"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdu.ɣun.θɔː/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dugiþō"
}
],
"word": "dugunþō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewgʰ-",
"Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ō",
"Proto-Germanic ō-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dugunþu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *dugunþu, *dugunþi\nOld English: duguþ\nMiddle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)\nEnglish: douth\nScots: duthe, douth\nOld Frisian: dugethe, dugede\nNorth Frisian: döged, dögd\nSaterland Frisian: Duugd\nWest Frisian: deugd\nOld Saxon: *dugund, *dugunt, *duguth\nMiddle Low German: dogent, doget\nGerman Low German: Döögde, Döögte, Döögd, Döögt\nOld Dutch: *dugath, *dugeth\nMiddle Dutch: doget, doghet, duget, dueget\nDutch: deugd\nAfrikaans: deug\nOld High German: tungundi, tugund, tugind; *dugud (Central German)\nMiddle High German: tugende, tugent; duget, duged (Central German)\nAlemannic German: Tuugend\nGerman: Tugend\n→? Central Franconian: Dugend, Dujend, Tugend, Tuend\n→? Luxembourgish: Dugend\nRhine Franconian:\nPalatine German: Tugend\nVilamovian: tūgyt\nYiddish: טוגענד (tugend)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *dugunþu, *dugunþi\nOld English: duguþ\nMiddle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)\nEnglish: douth\nScots: duthe, douth\nOld Frisian: dugethe, dugede\nNorth Frisian: döged, dögd\nSaterland Frisian: Duugd\nWest Frisian: deugd\nOld Saxon: *dugund, *dugunt, *duguth\nMiddle Low German: dogent, doget\nGerman Low German: Döögde, Döögte, Döögd, Döögt\nOld Dutch: *dugath, *dugeth\nMiddle Dutch: doget, doghet, duget, dueget\nDutch: deugd\nAfrikaans: deug\nOld High German: tungundi, tugund, tugind; *dugud (Central German)\nMiddle High German: tugende, tugent; duget, duged (Central German)\nAlemannic German: Tuugend\nGerman: Tugend\n→? Central Franconian: Dugend, Dujend, Tugend, Tuend\n→? Luxembourgish: Dugend\nRhine Franconian:\nPalatine German: Tugend\nVilamovian: tūgyt\nYiddish: טוגענד (tugend)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "*ᛞᚢᚷᛁᚦᛟ",
"tr": "*duȝiðō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚢᚷᛁᚦᛟ (*duȝiðō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚢᚷᛁᚦᛟ (*duȝiðō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "dygð",
"3": "dyggð"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: dygð, dyggð",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: dygð, dyggð"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "dygð",
"3": "dyggð"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: dygð, dyggð",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: dygð, dyggð"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Nynorsk: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "dygd",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ovd",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Elfdalian: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Elfdalian: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "dyghþ"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: dyghþ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: dyghþ"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: dygd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "dyghth"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: dyghth",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: dyghth"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "dyd"
},
"expansion": "Danish: dyd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: dyd"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "dyd"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål: dyd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian Bokmål: dyd"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "dyd",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyd"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-gut",
"2": "dygd"
},
"expansion": "Gutnish: dygd",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gutnish: dygd"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰewgʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ō",
"alt1": "*dugunþaz",
"t1": "productive, useful, strong"
},
"expansion": "*dugunþaz (“productive, useful, strong”) + *-ō",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*dʰéwgʰ-ont-s ~ *dʰugʰ-n̥t-és"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰéwgʰ-ont-s ~ *dʰugʰ-n̥t-és",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*dʰewgʰ-",
"3": "*-onts",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "to be productive, useful; to be strong"
},
"expansion": "*dʰewgʰ- (“to be productive, useful; to be strong”) + *-onts",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From unattested *dugunþaz (“productive, useful, strong”) + *-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéwgʰ-ont-s ~ *dʰugʰ-n̥t-és, from *dʰewgʰ- (“to be productive, useful; to be strong”) + *-onts.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dugunþōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dugunþō",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"ability, usefulness, strength"
],
"links": [
[
"ability",
"ability"
],
[
"usefulness",
"usefulness"
],
[
"strength",
"strength"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"virtue, strength of character"
],
"links": [
[
"virtue",
"virtue"
],
[
"strength",
"strength"
],
[
"character",
"character"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdu.ɣun.θɔː/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dugiþō"
}
],
"word": "dugunþō"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dugunþō meaning in Proto-Germanic (7.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.