nabōgaizaz

nabōgaizaz (nominative singular)
nabōgaizōz (nominative plural)
nabōgaizōs (nominative plural)
nabōgaiz (singular vocative)
nabōgaizōz (plural vocative)
nabōgaizōs (plural vocative)
nabōgaizą (accusative singular)
nabōgaizanz (accusative plural)
nabōgaizas (genitive singular)
nabōgaizis (genitive singular)
nabōgaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabōgaizai (dative singular)
nabōgaizamaz (dative plural)
nabōgaizō (instrumental singular)
nabōgaizamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nabugaiʀ
Old English: nafugār, nafogār, nafegār
Middle English: nauger, auger
English: auger
Old Frisian: navoger
Old Saxon: navugēr, nabugēr
Middle Low German: neveger, eveger, never
Low German: naviger, näviger
Plautdietsch: Auger
Old Dutch: *navugēr
Middle Dutch: nāvegêer, nāveger, nāvegāer, āvegêer
Dutch: avegaar, eveger, egger
Old High German: nabagēr, nabigēr, nabugēr
Middle High German: nabeger, nebeger
German: Näber
Vilamovian: nȧgwer
→ Proto-Slavic: *nebozězъ, *nabozězъ

Proto-Norse: *ᚾᚨᛒᛟᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*nabogaiʀaʀ)

Old Norse: nafarr
Icelandic: nafar
Faroese: navar, navari
Norn: naver
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: navar
Norwegian Nynorsk: navar
Elfdalian: nåvår
Old Swedish: navar
Swedish: navar, naver, navare
Old Danish: nauer
Danish: naver, navr, naur, navre, naure, nav, nave, nager
Gutnish: navare
→ Old French: nafrer, navrer
Middle French: navrer
French: navrer

→ Finnic:

Finnish: napakaira

/ˈnɑ.βɔːˌɣɑi̯.zɑz/

From *nabō (“nave”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


delbaną

delbō (active first-person indicative singular)
delbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
delbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dilbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
delbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
delb (active imperative second-person singular)
delbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
delbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dilbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
delbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
delbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
delbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
delbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
delbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
delbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
delbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
delbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
delbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
delbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
delbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
delbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
delbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dilbid (active indicative plural second-person)
delbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dilbid (active imperative plural second-person)
delbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
delbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
delbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
delbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
delbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
delbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
delbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dalb (active first-person indicative singular)
dulbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dalft (active indicative second-person singular)
dulbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dalb (active indicative singular third-person)
dulbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dulbū (active dual first-person indicative)
dulbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dulbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dulbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dulbum (active first-person indicative plural)
dulbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dulbud (active indicative plural second-person)
dulbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dulbun (active indicative plural third-person)
dulbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
delbandz (active participle present)
dulbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *delban
Old English: delfan
Middle English: delven
Scots: delve
English: delve
Old Frisian: delva
West Frisian: dolle
Old Saxon: *delvan (in compounds: bidelvan)
Middle Low German: delven
Low German: dölven
Old Dutch: *delvan
Middle Dutch: delven
Dutch: delven
Afrikaans: delf, delwe
Limburgish: dèlve
Old High German: *telpan, *telban (in compounds: bitelban)
Middle High German: tëlben, dëlben
German: delben, telben (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰelbʰ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Lithuanian delbti (“to drop, cast down”).


ankijǭ

ankijǭ (nominative singular)
ankijōniz (nominative plural)
ankijǭ (singular vocative)
ankijōniz (plural vocative)
ankijōnų (accusative singular)
ankijōnunz (accusative plural)
ankijōniz (genitive singular)
ankijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankijōni (dative singular)
ankijōmaz (dative plural)
ankijōnē (instrumental singular)
ankijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ankijā

Old High German: anka, anca, enka, enca

Middle High German: anke

German: Anke

gl

second element instead possibly from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*angô</i>

⇒? Swabian: Halsanke (second element instead possibly from Proto-Germanic *angô)

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: ἄντζα f (ántza, “calf (of leg)”)

Old Norse: ekkja (“heel”)

Icelandic: ekkja

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng-ieh₂-, from *h₂eng- (“curve, bend”).

(anatomy) limb or joint (e.g. foot joint, ankle, nape of the neck, etc.)


erlaz

erlaz (nominative singular)
erlōz (nominative plural)
erlōs (nominative plural)
erl (singular vocative)
erlōz (plural vocative)
erlōs (plural vocative)
erlą (accusative singular)
erlanz (accusative plural)
erlas (genitive singular)
irlis (genitive singular)
erlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erlai (dative singular)
erlamaz (dative plural)
erlō (instrumental singular)
erlamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *erl
Old English: eorl
Middle English: erl, ærl, eerl, eorl, erle, eryl, ȝerle, ȝierl, yerl
English: earl
Scots: yerl, yarl (merged with Old Norse jarl)
Yola: earle
Old Saxon: erl

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ), ᛁᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (irilaʀ)
Old Norse: jarl, ᛁᛅᚱᛚ (iarl) — Old East Norse
Icelandic: jarl
Faroese: jallur
Norwegian Nynorsk: jarl
Old Swedish: iarl, iærl
Swedish: järl
Old Danish: ierl
→ Danish: jarl (reborrowed)
Norwegian Bokmål: jarl
→ English: jarl
→ Finnish: jaarli
→ Swedish: jarl (reborrowed)

>? Latin: Heruli, Eruli

Unknown. Possibly related to *erǭ (“battle”), with agentive suffix *-ilaz, thus meaning ‘one who makes war’.


gamalaz

*gamalaz (a-stem)

gamalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gamalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gamalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gamalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gamalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gamalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gamalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gamalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gamalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gamalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gamalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gamalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gamalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gamalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gamalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gamalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gamalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gamalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gamalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gamalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gamalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gamalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gamalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gamalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gamalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gamalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gamalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gamalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gamalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gamalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gamalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gamalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gamalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gamalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gamalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gamalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gamalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gamalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gamalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gamalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gamalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gamalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gamaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gamalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gamalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gamalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gamaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gamalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gamalini (dative masculine singular weak)
gamalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gamalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gamalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gamalini (dative neuter singular weak)
gamalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gamalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gamalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gamalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gamalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gamalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gamalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: gamol, gomel, gomol

Old Frisian: *gamel

Saterland Frisian: gammel

Old Saxon: *gamal

Middle Low German: *gammel

⇒ Low German: gammlig

→ German: gammelig

→ Dutch: gammel

Old Dutch: *gamal

Middle Dutch: gamel

Dutch: gamel (dialectal)

Old High German: gamal (only in names)

Old Norse: gamall
Icelandic: gamall
Faroese: gamal
Elfdalian: gåmål
Norn: gammel
Norwegian Nynorsk: gamal, gammal, gamall
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gammal
Norwegian: gammalle, gåmål, gåmæⁱll, gabmal, gamadle (dialectal)
Old Swedish: gamal
Swedish: gammal
Danish: gammel
Norwegian Bokmål: gammel
Gutnish: gammel, gamal

Uncertain, but often derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (in o-grade *ǵʰyom- with loss of -y-) and cognate with Latin hiems (“winter”). Alternatively, it is an old compound, *ḱom-h₂el-o, related to *aldaz (“old”).


spēnuz

spēnuz (nominative singular)
spēniwiz (nominative plural)
spēnu (singular vocative)
spēniwiz (plural vocative)
spēnų (accusative singular)
spēnunz (accusative plural)
spēnauz (genitive singular)
spēniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spēniwi (dative singular)
spēnumaz (dative plural)
spēnū (instrumental singular)
spēnumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spānu
Old English: spōn
Middle English: spone, spon, sponne, spoon, spoun, spoune, spun, spune
English: spoon
Geordie English: spuin, speun
Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune
Yola: spone
Old Frisian: *spōn
North Frisian:
Sylt: spuun
Wiedingharde: spoon
Saterland Frisian: Spoune
West Frisian: spoen, spoan
Old Saxon: *spān, *spōn
Middle Low German: spân, spôn
Low German: spoon
German Low German: Spoon
Old Dutch: *spān
Middle Dutch: spâen, spon
Dutch: spaan
→ West Frisian: spaan
Limburgish: spoon
Old High German: spān; spanna (“spoon”)
Middle High German: spān
Alemannic German: Spään
German: Span
Luxembourgish: Spoun

Old Norse: spánn, spónn
Icelandic: spánn, spónn
Faroese: spónur
Norwegian Nynorsk: spon
Old Swedish: spān
Swedish: spån
Danish: spån
Gutnish: span, spån

→? Proto-Finnic: *pëëna (“cleat”)

Finnish: piena

Uncertain. Traditionally compared with Ancient Greek σφήν (sphḗn, “wedge”) and Sanskrit स्फ्य (sphyá, “flat piece of wood used as a ritual sword”), for a tentative Proto-Indo-European *(s)peH- (“to cut off; chip, shaving, log, length of wood”). However, this connection is phonologically impossible, and all of the supposed cognates are themselves of disputed origin.


flakaz

*flakaz (a-stem)

flakaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
flakai (masculine nominative plural strong)
flakō (feminine nominative singular strong)
flakôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
flaką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
flakō (neuter nominative plural strong)
flakanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
flakanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
flakǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
flakōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
flaką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
flakō (accusative neuter plural strong)
flakas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
flakaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
flakaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
flakaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
flakas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
flakaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
flakammai (dative masculine singular strong)
flakaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
flakaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
flakaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
flakammai (dative neuter singular strong)
flakaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
flakanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
flakaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
flakaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
flakaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
flakanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
flakaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
flakô (masculine nominative singular weak)
flakaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
flakǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
flakōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
flakô (neuter nominative singular weak)
flakōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
flakanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
flakanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
flakōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
flakōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
flakô (accusative neuter singular weak)
flakōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
flakiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
flakanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
flakōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
flakōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
flakiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
flakanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
flakini (dative masculine singular weak)
flakammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
flakōni (dative feminine singular weak)
flakōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
flakini (dative neuter singular weak)
flakammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
flakinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
flakammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
flakōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
flakōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
flakinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
flakammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *flak

> (Old English: flōc (“flatfish”)) ?

(Middle English: flok)

(English: fluke)

(Scots: fleuk)

Old Frisian: *flak

Saterland Frisian: flak

West Frisian: flak

Old Saxon: flak

Middle Low German: vlak

German Low German: flack

→ Swedish: flack

→ Danish: flak

Old Dutch: *flak

Middle Dutch: vlak

Dutch: vlak

Afrikaans: vlak

Limburgish: vlaak

Old High German: flah

Middle High German: vlach

Bavarian: flåch

German: flach

Luxembourgish: flaach

Vilamovian: fłaoch

Swedish: flak

Yiddish: פֿלאַך (flakh)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lakja (< *flakją)

Finnish: laaja

Estonian: lai

Livonian: laiga

q

nativized with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ëda</i>

→ Proto-Finnic: *lakëda (nativized with *-ëda)

Finnish: lakea

Uncertain, though resembling other Indo-European words meaning “flat”. If from pre-Germanic *plog- or *pleh₂g-, or from earlier *flakkaz from *plog-n- or *pleh₂k-n-, the origin could be an extended form of Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“broad, wide, flat”); compare the synonymous Proto-Germanic *flataz, possibly from *pleth₂-n-.


flataz

*flataz (a-stem)

flataz (masculine nominative singular strong)
flatai (masculine nominative plural strong)
flatō (feminine nominative singular strong)
flatôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
flatą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
flatō (neuter nominative plural strong)
flatanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
flatanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
flatǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
flatōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
flatą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
flatō (accusative neuter plural strong)
flatas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
flataizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
flataizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
flataizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
flatas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
flataizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
flatammai (dative masculine singular strong)
flataimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
flataizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
flataimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
flatammai (dative neuter singular strong)
flataimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
flatanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
flataimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
flataizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
flataimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
flatanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
flataimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
flatô (masculine nominative singular weak)
flataniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
flatǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
flatōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
flatô (neuter nominative singular weak)
flatōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
flatanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
flatanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
flatōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
flatōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
flatô (accusative neuter singular weak)
flatōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
flatiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
flatanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
flatōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
flatōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
flatiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
flatanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
flatini (dative masculine singular weak)
flatammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
flatōni (dative feminine singular weak)
flatōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
flatini (dative neuter singular weak)
flatammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
flatinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
flatammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
flatōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
flatōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
flatinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
flatammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *flat

Old Frisian: *flat

Saterland Frisian: flot

Old Saxon: flat

Old High German: flaz; (flazzi, flezzi)

(Middle High German: vletze)

(German: Flöz)

→⇒ Old French: flat

desc

→ Middle English: flat (“a blow (with a weapon)”)

⇒ Old French: flater

Middle French: flatter

French: flatter

Old Norse: flatr

Icelandic: flatur

Faroese: flatur

Norwegian: flat

Old Swedish: flater

Swedish: flat

Old Danish: flat

Danish: flad

Elfdalian: flat

Gutnish: flatar

Scanian: flader

→ Middle English: flat, flatte, flatt

English: flat

Scots: flat, flet

Likely cognates outside Germanic are found with *t also, e.g. Ancient Greek πλατύς (platús), Lithuanian platùs, Sanskrit पृथु (pṛthú). These do not straightforwardly match the Germanic *t due to Grimm's law. Kroonen proposes a derivation with a geminate, i.e. pre-Germanic *plottos, presumably from *plotnos via Kluge's law. This would make it derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *pleth₂-.


bakiz

bakiz (nominative singular)
bakīz (nominative plural)
baki (singular vocative)
bakīz (plural vocative)
bakį (accusative singular)
bakinz (accusative plural)
bakīz (genitive singular)
bakjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakī (dative singular)
bakimaz (dative plural)
bakī (instrumental singular)
bakimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baki
Old English: bæċ
Middle English: bæcche, bæche, bache
English: beach, batch
Old Frisian: *beke, *betze
Saterland Frisian: Bäke
West Frisian: beek, (in placenames) beets
Old Saxon: *bak, beki
Middle Low German: bēke, bach
German Low German: Beek
Plautdietsch: Bach
→ German: -beck
Old Dutch: beki
Middle Dutch: bēke
Dutch: beek
Limburgish: baek
Old High German: bah
Middle High German: bach
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pach
Mòcheno: pòch
German: Bach
Luxembourgish: Baach
→ Medieval Latin: bacha

Old Norse: bekkr

Icelandic: bekkur

Norwegian Bokmål: bekk

Norwegian Nynorsk: bekk

Old Swedish: bækker

Swedish: bäck

Danish: bæk

Danish: bæk

→ Old English: bæc, becc (mostly in placenames)

Middle English: bec, becc

Scots: bek, bekk

English: beck

Old French: *bec

Norman: -bec, Bec (in placenames)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰog-i-s, from *bʰog- (“flowing water, brook, stream”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *bagnò (“swamp, bog, marsh”).


ankulaz

ankulaz (nominative singular)
ankulōz (nominative plural)
ankulōs (nominative plural)
ankul (singular vocative)
ankulōz (plural vocative)
ankulōs (plural vocative)
ankulą (accusative singular)
ankulanz (accusative plural)
ankulas (genitive singular)
ankulis (genitive singular)
ankulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankulai (dative singular)
ankulamaz (dative plural)
ankulō (instrumental singular)
ankulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ankul, *ankil

desc

Old English: *ancol, *ancel, anclēo, anclēow

Middle English: ankel, ankyll, ancle, ankne, anknee

English: ankle

Scots: ankleth, anklet (fusion of Middle English ancle and lith)

Old Frisian: onkel, anckel, inzil, onklef

North Frisian: onkel

Saterland Frisian: Onkel, Oankel n

West Frisian: ankel

Old Saxon: enkel, ankel

Middle Low German: ankel, enkel, anclef, antcleve, antclau n

German Low German: Enkel

Low German: Enkel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ankel

→ Swedish: ankel

→ Danish: ankel

→ Gutnish: ankel, ankul, ankål

Old Dutch: *enklow, *enkle, *ankel

Middle Dutch: enkel, ankel, inkel, enklauw, enclau, anclief, inclouwe

Dutch: enkel, enklauw

Afrikaans: enkel

Old High German: enkil; ankala f; anchlāo n

Middle High German: enkel

German: Enkel

Old Norse: ǫkkla, ǫkla f, ǫkli m

Icelandic: ökla, ökli, ökkli

Faroese: økil, økul

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“joint; to bend”) + *-ulaz.


maidaz

*maidaz (a-stem)

maidaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
maidai (masculine nominative plural strong)
maidō (feminine nominative singular strong)
maidôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
maidą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
maidō (neuter nominative plural strong)
maidanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
maidanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
maidǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
maidōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
maidą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
maidō (accusative neuter plural strong)
maidas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
maidaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
maidaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
maidaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
maidas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
maidaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
maidammai (dative masculine singular strong)
maidaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
maidaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
maidaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
maidammai (dative neuter singular strong)
maidaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
maidanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
maidaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
maidaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
maidaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
maidanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
maidaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
maidô (masculine nominative singular weak)
maidaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
maidǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
maidōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
maidô (neuter nominative singular weak)
maidōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
maidanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
maidanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
maidōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
maidōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
maidô (accusative neuter singular weak)
maidōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
maidiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
maidanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
maidōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
maidōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
maidiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
maidanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
maidini (dative masculine singular weak)
maidammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
maidōni (dative feminine singular weak)
maidōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
maidini (dative neuter singular weak)
maidammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
maidinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
maidammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
maidōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
maidōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
maidinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
maidammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: ġemād

Old Saxon: gimēd

Middle Low German: gemeit, gemeyt

Old Dutch: *gimeid

Middle Dutch: gemeit, gemeet

Old High German: gimeit

Middle High German: gemeit

German: gemeit

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (gamaiþs)

From Pre-Germanic *moyth₂ós, an o-grade adjective from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to hurt”).


maidaz

maidaz (nominative singular)
maidōz (nominative plural)
maidōs (nominative plural)
maid (singular vocative)
maidōz (plural vocative)
maidōs (plural vocative)
maidą (accusative singular)
maidanz (accusative plural)
maidas (genitive singular)
maidis (genitive singular)
maidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maidai (dative singular)
maidamaz (dative plural)
maidō (instrumental singular)
maidamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: meiðr
Icelandic: meiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mei
Norwegian Bokmål: mei, meie
Elfdalian: mįeð
Swedish: med, mede
Danish: mede


laukaz

laukaz (nominative singular)
laukōz (nominative plural)
laukōs (nominative plural)
lauk (singular vocative)
laukōz (plural vocative)
laukōs (plural vocative)
lauką (accusative singular)
laukanz (accusative plural)
laukas (genitive singular)
laukis (genitive singular)
laukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laukai (dative singular)
laukamaz (dative plural)
laukō (instrumental singular)
laukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lauk
Old English: lēac, *lǣc, lāec, lēc — Anglian
Middle English: lek, leek, leeke, leke, leyke
English: leek
→ Maori: riki
Scots: leke, leik
Old Frisian: *lāk
Saterland Frisian: Look
West Frisian: lak, lok (possibly from Middle Dutch)
Old Saxon: lōk
Middle Low German: lōk
Low German: Look
Plautdietsch: Luak
Old Dutch: *lōk
Middle Dutch: look
Dutch: look
West Flemish: look
Old High German: louh
Middle High German: loch
Alemannic German: Làuich
German: Lauch

Proto-Norse: ᛚᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉ (laukaʀ)
Old Norse: laukr
Icelandic: laukur
Faroese: leykur
Norwegian Nynorsk: lauk
Elfdalian: lok
Old Swedish: lø̄ker
Swedish: lök
Old Danish: lø̄k
Danish: løg
Norwegian Bokmål: løk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: løk
Scanian: løg
Gutnish: lauk

→ Proto-Slavic: *lukъ (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laukka (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend”).


klawō

klawō (nominative singular)
klawôz (nominative plural)
klawō (singular vocative)
klawôz (plural vocative)
klawǭ (accusative singular)
klawōz (accusative plural)
klawōz (genitive singular)
klawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klawōi (dative singular)
klawōmaz (dative plural)
klawō (instrumental singular)
klawōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klawu

Old English: clawu

Middle English: clawe, claw

Scots: claw, clau

English: claw

Old Frisian: klawe, kle

Saterland Frisian: Klaue

West Frisian: klau, kloer

Old Saxon: klawa

Middle Low German: klowe, kla

Low German: Klau

Old Dutch: klawa

Middle Dutch: klawe, klauwe

Dutch: klauw

Afrikaans: klou

Limburgish: klaw

Old High German: klawa

Middle High German: klawe

German: Klaue

Luxembourgish: Klo

Old Norse: kló

Icelandic: kló

Faroese: klógv

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: klo

Norwegian Nynorsk: klo

Old Swedish: klō

Swedish: klo

Old Danish: klo

Danish: klo

Gutnish: klau

From *klawjaną, from a Proto-Indo-European root *glew-, from a base *gel- (“to make round, clench”).


strandō

strandō (nominative singular)
strandôz (nominative plural)
strandō (singular vocative)
strandôz (plural vocative)
strandǭ (accusative singular)
strandōz (accusative plural)
strandōz (genitive singular)
strandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strandōi (dative singular)
strandōmaz (dative plural)
strandō (instrumental singular)
strandōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *strand m

Old English: strand m
Middle English: strand, strande, stround, stronde, strond
English: strand
Scots: strand
Yola: sthroane, sthroan, sthrone, stronde
→ Old French: estrande, estran

Old Frisian: stran

North Frisian:

Föhr: strun

Hallig: ströön

Helgoland: Strun

Mooring: strönj

Saterland Frisian: Strand

West Frisian: strân

Old Saxon: *strand
Middle Low German: strant m or n
German Low German: Strand m
Plautdietsch: Straunt

Old Dutch: *strand

Middle Dutch: strand, strant; strange, strang

Dutch: strand
Afrikaans: strand

→ Picard Old French: estranghe

→ Middle French: estranc, estran

French: estran

Old High German: *strant

Middle High German: strant, strand m

German: Strand
→ Hungarian: strand
→ Romanian: ștrand
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: штранд
Latin script: štrand

Luxembourgish: Strand

Old Norse: strǫnd
Icelandic: strönd
Faroese: strond
Norn: stranjd
Norwegian Nynorsk: strond, strand; (dialectal) strønd
Norwegian Bokmål: strand
Old Swedish: strand
Swedish: strand
Danish: strand
Gutnish: strand

→? Proto-Finnic: *ranta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to broaden, spread out”). Cognate with Lithuanian trénta (“place, region, direction”). Kroonen however assigns no etymology.


snigilaz

snigilaz (nominative singular)
snigilōz (nominative plural)
snigilōs (nominative plural)
snigil (singular vocative)
snigilōz (plural vocative)
snigilōs (plural vocative)
snigilą (accusative singular)
snigilanz (accusative plural)
snigilas (genitive singular)
snigilis (genitive singular)
snigilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snigilai (dative singular)
snigilamaz (dative plural)
snigilō (instrumental singular)
snigilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: snigill
Icelandic: snigill
Faroese: snigil
Norwegian Nynorsk: snigel
Norwegian Bokmål: snile
Old Swedish: snighil
Swedish: snigel
Old Danish: snigel, snæghæl
Danish: snegl
Norwegian Bokmål: snegl, snegle

Gutnish: snegel, snigull

From *sneganą (“to crawl, creeping”) + *-ilaz (agent suffix). Parallel formation with *snagilaz.

af

(North Germanic) snail (alternative form of *snagilaz)


lagjaz

lagjaz (nominative singular)
lagjōz (nominative plural)
lagjōs (nominative plural)
lagi (singular vocative)
lagjōz (plural vocative)
lagjōs (plural vocative)
lagją (accusative singular)
lagjanz (accusative plural)
lagjas (genitive singular)
lagis (genitive singular)
lagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lagjai (dative singular)
lagjamaz (dative plural)
lagjō (instrumental singular)
lagjamiz (instrumental plural)

Lombardic: lagi

desctree

Old Norse: leggr
Icelandic: leggur
Faroese: leggur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: legg
Norwegian Nynorsk: legg
Old Swedish: lægger
Swedish: lägg

Danish: læg
→ Middle English: leg, legge, leggue, leige, lige
English: leg
→ Finnish: legi
→ Hungarian: leg
Scots: leg

Of unclear origin:
* Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *lihwizô, *ligwizô (“thigh; groin”), from Proto-Indo-European *lekʷs-, *lewks- (“groin”).
* Possibly from a root meaning "to bend," shared with Latin lacertus (“the arm”).
* Possibly related to *lagjaną (“to place, lay”).

unk

unclear


muldō

muldō (nominative singular)
muldôz (nominative plural)
muldō (singular vocative)
muldôz (plural vocative)
muldǭ (accusative singular)
muldōz (accusative plural)
muldōz (genitive singular)
muldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
muldōi (dative singular)
muldōmaz (dative plural)
muldō (instrumental singular)
muldōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: molde
Middle English: molde
English: mold, mould, mool
Scots: muild, moud

Old Dutch: *molda

Middle Dutch: moude

Dutch: moude

Old High German: molta

Middle High German: molte f, molt m

German: Molte, Molde (Central Germany) (obsolete or dialectal)

Old Norse: mold
Faroese: mold
Icelandic: mold
Norwegian Nynorsk: mold
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mold
Old Swedish: muld
Swedish: mull
Old Danish: muld
Danish: muld
Norwegian Bokmål: muld m or f

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌳𐌰 (mulda)

→ Proto-Finnic: *multa

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”)


hraigrô

hraigrô (nominative singular)
hraigraniz (nominative plural)
hraigrô (singular vocative)
hraigraniz (plural vocative)
hraigranų (accusative singular)
hraigranunz (accusative plural)
hraigriniz (genitive singular)
hraigranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hraigrini (dative singular)
hraigrammaz (dative plural)
hraigrinē (instrumental singular)
hraigrammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hraigrō
Old English: hrāgra
⇒? Old English: *sċitehrāgra, *sċitehrāga
Middle English: schiterow
Yola: shederow
Old Frisian: *hrāgra, *hrēgra
Saterland Frisian: Reger
West Frisian: reager
Old Saxon: *hrēgar; hēgiro
Middle Low German: rêger, reiger
German Low German: Reiger
Old Dutch: heigero, *reigaro, *rēgaro
Middle Dutch: heiger, reiger, rêger
Dutch: reiger
Afrikaans: reier
Limburgish: reiger
Old High German: heigaro, reigaro, reigar
Middle High German: heiger, reiger
German: Reiher
→ Saterland Frisian: Raier
Luxembourgish: Räer
→ Italian: airone (partially from Old French)
→ Medieval Latin: hairō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hegri

Icelandic: hegri

Faroese: hegri

Norwegian: hegre, heire

Old Swedish: hægher

Swedish: häger

Danish: hejre

→ Scots: hegrie, haigrie

→ Proto-Finnic: *haikari (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱrey- (“to scream, screech”), from *sḱer- (“to caw, crow”).


hrabnaz

hrabnaz (nominative singular)
hrabnōz (nominative plural)
hrabnōs (nominative plural)
hrabn (singular vocative)
hrabnōz (plural vocative)
hrabnōs (plural vocative)
hrabną (accusative singular)
hrabnanz (accusative plural)
hrabnas (genitive singular)
hrabnis (genitive singular)
hrabnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrabnai (dative singular)
hrabnamaz (dative plural)
hrabnō (instrumental singular)
hrabnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrabn, *hrabō
Old English: hræfn, hrefn, hræmn, hrem, hremn, hræfen
Middle English: raven, reven, revin
English: raven
Scots: ravin, revin, rawin
Old Frisian: ravan
Saterland Frisian: Roave (possibly from Middle Low German)
West Frisian: raven
Old Saxon: hravan, hraƀan, ravan
Middle Low German: rāven, rāve, rāvene, rāmme
German Low German: Raav, Roov
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Räwe
Lippisch: Rabe
Westmünsterländisch: Raawe, Raabe
Plautdietsch: Rowen
Old Dutch: ravan
Middle Dutch: rāven
Dutch: raaf
Old High German: raban, hraban, hram, ram, rabo, rappo
Middle High German: raben, ram; rabe, rab, rappe, rapp; rauen (plural; Niederrheinisch)
Alemannic German: Rapp
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Raab, Raaf
Luxembourgish: Ramm
German: Rabe
Rhine Franconian: Rab, Ramm, Rapp
Frankfurterisch: [ʀɑːp]
Yiddish: ראָב (rob)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ)
Old Norse: hrafn, hramn
Icelandic: hrafn
Faroese: ravnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ramn, (dialectal) rabn, rabm, ravn
Old Swedish: ramn, rampn, rafn
Swedish: ramn, ramm (dialectal)
Old Danish: rafn
Danish: ravn
Norwegian Bokmål: ravn

Possibly from a root Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-, whence also Latin corvus, Proto-Balto-Slavic *śárˀkāˀ.


tōmaz

*tōmaz (a-stem)

tōmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tōmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tōmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
tōmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tōmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tōmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tōmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tōmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tōmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tōmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tōmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tōmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tōmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
tōmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tōmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tōmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tōmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
tōmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tōmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tōmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tōmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tōmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tōmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tōmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tōmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tōmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tōmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tōmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tōmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tōmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tōmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tōmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tōmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tōmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tōmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tōmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tōmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tōmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tōmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tōmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tōmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tōmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tōminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tōmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tōmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tōmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tōminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tōmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tōmini (dative masculine singular weak)
tōmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tōmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tōmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tōmini (dative neuter singular weak)
tōmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tōminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tōmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tōmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tōmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tōminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tōmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *tōm(ī)

Old English: tōm
Middle English: tome, tom, toume, tombe, toyme, tum, tume (Northern)
English: toom
Scots: tume, tuim

Old Saxon: tōm, tōmi

Old High German: *zuom, *zuomi

⇒ Old High German: widarzuomi

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *tōmīg

Old Saxon: tōmig

Old High German: zuomīg

Old Norse: tómr
Icelandic: tómur
Faroese: tómur
Norn: tøm
Norwegian Nynorsk: tom
Old Swedish: tōmber
Swedish: tom
Danish: tom
Norwegian Bokmål: tom

From Pre-Germanic *deH-, further origin unknown. Potentially from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to divide, share”), but semantically unconvincing.


maskwǭ

maskwǭ (nominative singular)
maskwōniz (nominative plural)
maskwǭ (singular vocative)
maskwōniz (plural vocative)
maskwōnų (accusative singular)
maskwōnunz (accusative plural)
maskwōniz (genitive singular)
maskwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maskwōni (dative singular)
maskwōmaz (dative plural)
maskwōnē (instrumental singular)
maskwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maskā
Old English: mæsċre f, masc n, max n
Middle English: maske, *masche, mesche
Scots: mask
English: mesh
Old Frisian: *maske
Saterland Frisian: Mäske
West Frisian: mesk, mêsk
Old Saxon: maska, *māska
Middle Low German: masche
German Low German: Maske, Mask
Old Dutch: *maska, *māska
Middle Dutch: maessce, masche, maesche
Dutch: maas
Old High German: masca, maska, māska, māsca
Middle High German: masche
German: Masche
Luxembourgish: Masch
→? Medieval Latin: masca (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mǫskvi m, mǫskun f

Icelandic: möskvi

Faroese: meskur

Norwegian: moske

Old Swedish: maska

Swedish: maska

Danish: maske

From Proto-Indo-European *mozgo- (“netting, mesh, knot, loop”), from Proto-Indo-European *mezgʷ- (“to knit, tie, make a loop”). Cognate with Lithuanian mègzti (“to make a knot, knit”).


kutjaną

kutjō (active first-person indicative singular)
kutjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kutjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kutisi (active indicative second-person singular)
kutjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kuti (active imperative second-person singular)
kutjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kutjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kutiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kutjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kutjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kutjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kutjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kutjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kutjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kutjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kutjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kutjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kutjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kutjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kutjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kutjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kutiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kutjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kutiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kutjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kutjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kutjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kutjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kutjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kutjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kutjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kutidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kutidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kutidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kutidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kutidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kutidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kutidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kutidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kutidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kutidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kutidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kutidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kutidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kutidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kutidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kutidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kutjandz (active participle present)
kutidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: kytja, kutta

Icelandic: kutta

desc

→ Middle English: cutten, kitten, kytten, ketten

Scots: kut, kit

English: cut

Possibly related to *ketwą (“meat”). Also compare *kwetwą (“flesh”). For possible sense development, compare Latin carō (“meat”), which probably was originally "a piece of meat cut off".


garną

garną (nominative singular)
garnō (nominative plural)
garną (singular vocative)
garnō (plural vocative)
garną (accusative singular)
garnō (accusative plural)
garnas (genitive singular)
garnis (genitive singular)
garnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garnai (dative singular)
garnamaz (dative plural)
garnō (instrumental singular)
garnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *garn
Old English: ġearn
Middle English: yarn, ȝarn, ȝern, ȝerne, jarne, yarne, yeern
English: yarn
Scots: yairn
Middle English: garn, garne (conflated with Old Norse garn)
English: garn (obsolete)
Old Frisian: *jern, *jirn
Saterland Frisian: Jäiden, Jidden
West Frisian: jern
Old Saxon: garn
Middle Low German: garn
German Low German: Gaarn
Old Dutch: *garn
Middle Dutch: gāren
Dutch: garen
Old High German: garn
Middle High German: garn
Cimbrian: gaarn, ghèrn
German: Garn
Luxembourgish: Gar

Old Norse: garn

Icelandic: garn

Faroese: garn

Norwegian: garn

Old Swedish: garn

Swedish: garn

Danish: garn

From *garnō (“gut, intestine”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“gut, intestine”). Cognate with Latin hernia (“rupture”), Latin hīra (“empty gut”), Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, “string”), Sanskrit हिर (híra, “band, strip”).


smilāną

smilō (active first-person indicative singular)
smilaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
smilai (active imperative second-person singular)
smilāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smilaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smilāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smilāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smilōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smilāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smilāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smilāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smilānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smilaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smilaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smilānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smilānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smilānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smilānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smiladǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smiladēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smiladēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smiladēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smiladē (active indicative singular third-person)
smiladēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smiladēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smiladēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smiladēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smiladēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smiladēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smiladēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smiladēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smiladēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiladēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smiladēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smilāndz (active participle present)
smiladaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *smilēn; *smīlēn

Old High German: smielēn

Middle High German: smielen

→ Middle Low German: *smîlen, *smielen

German Low German: smielen

→ Dutch: smuilen

→ Saterland Frisian: smielje

→ Old Danish: smile

Danish: smile

→ Faroese: smíla

→ Norwegian: smile

→ Swedish: smila

→ Middle English: smilen

English: smile

Scots: smil, smyl

From Proto-Indo-European *smey- (“to laugh; be glad”).

smerian

Proto-West Germanic: *smirēn, *smīrēn; *smirōn, *smīrōn


blauþuz

blauþuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blauþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blauþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
blauþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blauþų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blauþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blauþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blauþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blauþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blauþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blauþų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blauþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blauþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
blauþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
blauþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blauþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blauþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blauþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
blauþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
blauþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blauþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blauþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blauþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blauþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blauþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blauþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blauþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blauþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blauþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blauþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blauþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blauþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blauþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blauþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blauþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blauþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blauþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blauþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blauþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blauþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blauþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blauþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blauþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blauþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blauþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blauþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blauþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blauþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blauþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blauþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blauþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
blauþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blauþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blauþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blauþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
blauþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blauþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blauþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blauþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blauþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blauþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blauþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: blēaþ

Middle English: bleath, bleth, blethe

Scots: blait, blate

→ English: blate, bloat

Old Frisian: *blāth

Saterland Frisian: blood

West Frisian: blea

Old Saxon: *blōth, blōthi

Middle Low German: blōde, blöde

German Low German: blood, blööd, bleud

Frankish: *blauthi, *blōdi

Old Dutch: *blōdi

Middle Dutch: blōde, bloot

Dutch: blood, bloo, bleu

Old High German: plōdi, blōdi

Middle High German: blöde

Bavarian: bled

German: blöde, blöd

Luxembourgish: bléid

Old Norse: blauðr

Icelandic: blauður

Old Swedish: blø̄dher

Swedish: blöd

Danish: blød

From Proto-Indo-European *mlew-. Related to Proto-Germanic *blewwaną (“to beat (up), blow”), Ancient Greek ἀμβλύς (amblús, “blunt; dim, faint”), Avestan 𐬨𐬭𐬎𐬙𐬀 (mruta, “crushed (?), weak”).


smertaną

smertō (active first-person indicative singular)
smertaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smertai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smirtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smertaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smert (active imperative second-person singular)
smertazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smertaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smirtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smertai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smertadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smertadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smertaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smertōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smertaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smertadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smertaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smertadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smertamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smertaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smertandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smertaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smirtid (active indicative plural second-person)
smertaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smirtid (active imperative plural second-person)
smertandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smertaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smertandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smertain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smertandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smertandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smertaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smart (active first-person indicative singular)
smurtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smarst (active indicative second-person singular)
smurtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smart (active indicative singular third-person)
smurtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smurtū (active dual first-person indicative)
smurtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smurtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smurtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smurtum (active first-person indicative plural)
smurtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smurtud (active indicative plural second-person)
smurtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smurtun (active indicative plural third-person)
smurtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smertandz (active participle present)
smurtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smertan
Old English: *smeortan
Middle English: smerten, smeorten, smearten, smarten
English: smart
Scots: smert, smairt
Old Frisian: *smerta
Saterland Frisian: smeete, smäite
West Frisian: smerte
Old Saxon: *smertan
Middle Low German: smerten, smarten
German Low German: smarten
Low German: smerten
→ Danish: smerte
→ Swedish: smärta
→ Norwegian: smerte
Old Dutch: *smertan
Middle Dutch: smerten, smarten
Dutch: smarten
Afrikaans: smart
Old High German: smerzan
Middle High German: schmerzen
German: schmerzen


galaną

galō (active first-person indicative singular)
galaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galai (first-person indicative passive singular)
galizi (active indicative second-person singular)
galaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gal (active imperative second-person singular)
galazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
galaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
galidi (active indicative singular third-person)
galai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galadau (active imperative singular third-person)
galadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
galaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
galōz (active dual first-person indicative)
galaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
galamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
galaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
galaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
galid (active indicative plural second-person)
galaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galid (active imperative plural second-person)
galandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
galaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
galandi (active indicative plural third-person)
galain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galandau (active imperative plural third-person)
galandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
galaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gōl (active first-person indicative singular)
gōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
gōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gōl (active indicative singular third-person)
gōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
gōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
gōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
gōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
gōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galandz (active participle present)
galanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *galan
Old English: galan
Middle English: galen
English: gale
Scots: gale
Old Saxon: galan
Old Dutch: *galan
Middle Dutch: gālen
Old High German: galan, kalan
>? Middle High German: golen, goln
German: golen
⇒ Middle High German: begalen
⇒? Old High German: galt (“(of cows) not milch, infertile”, past participle) (from the belief that sterile or un-milch cows are bewitched)
Middle High German: galt
Alemannic German: galt (“(of cows) not milch”)
Swabian: gall (“(of sheep) not pregnant”)
Bavarian:
Carinthian: galt (“(of cows) infertile or pregnant (therefore not milch)”)
Cimbrian: galt (“(of cows) not milch; (of cows and human women) infertile”)
⇒ Tyrolean: galt (“unfarmed land”)
>? German: gelt (“(of non-human animals) infertile”)
⇒ Middle High German: galte (“one-year-old calf”)
Alemannic German: Galti (“two-year-old cow that has not yet become pregnant”)

Old Norse: gala
Danish: gale
Faroese: gala
Icelandic: gala
Norwegian Nynorsk: gala, gale
Norwegian Bokmål: gale
Old Swedish: gala, (verbal noun) gall
Swedish: gala, (verbal noun) gall, (derivation) gallra

/ˈɣɑ.lɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout, cry”).


taumaz

taumaz (nominative singular)
taumōz (nominative plural)
taumōs (nominative plural)
taum (singular vocative)
taumōz (plural vocative)
taumōs (plural vocative)
taumą (accusative singular)
taumanz (accusative plural)
taumas (genitive singular)
taumis (genitive singular)
taumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taumai (dative singular)
taumamaz (dative plural)
taumō (instrumental singular)
taumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taum

desctree

Old English: tēam
Middle English: tem, teem, teeme, teme, teome, them, theam, tæm, team (Early Middle English)
English: team (see there for further descendants)
Scots: team

Old Frisian: tām

Saterland Frisian: Toom

West Frisian: team

Old Saxon: *tām, *tōm

Middle Low German: tôm

German Low German: Toom

Old Dutch: *toum, tōm

Middle Dutch: toom

Dutch: toom

Afrikaans: toom

Old High German: zoum

Middle High German: zoum

German: Zaum

Luxembourgish: Zam

Old Norse: taumr

Icelandic: taumur

Faroese: teymur

Norwegian: taum

Old Swedish: tømber

Swedish: töm

Danish: tømme

From earlier *taugmaz, from *teuhaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull”).

der

a tie; tether; rope; cord; strap; leash; bridle

that which is tied or bound together; group; team


auþuz

auþuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
auþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
auþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
auþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
auþų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
auþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
auþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
auþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
auþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
auþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
auþų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
auþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
auþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
auþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
auþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
auþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
auþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
auþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
auþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
auþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
auþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
auþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
auþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
auþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
auþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
auþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
auþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
auþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
auþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
auþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
auþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
auþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
auþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
auþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
auþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
auþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
auþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
auþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
auþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
auþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
auþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
auþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
auþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
auþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
auþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
auþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
auþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
auþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
auþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
auþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
auþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
auþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
auþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
auþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
auþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
auþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auþī
Old English: īeþe, ēaþe, ȳþe
Middle English: ethe, eithe, ith
English: eath
Scots: eith
Yola: eeth, eêth, eafe, eeefe
Old Saxon: ōthi
Middle Low German: ode
German Low German: ööd, öög
Old Dutch: *oudi
Middle Dutch: ode
Dutch: (dialectal) ode
Limburgish: uue, uui
Old High German: *ōdi (attested in derivatives: ōdlīh, unōdi)
Middle High German: œde
German: öde

Old Norse: auð-

Icelandic: auð-; auð (adverb)

Faroese: eyð-

Norwegian: aud-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwtus, itself a derivation from *h₂ew-.


nawiz

nawiz (nominative singular)
nawīz (nominative plural)
nawi (singular vocative)
nawīz (plural vocative)
nawį (accusative singular)
nawinz (accusative plural)
nawīz (genitive singular)
nawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nawī (dative singular)
nawimaz (dative plural)
nawī (instrumental singular)
nawimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nawi

Old English: nēo, nē

Old Norse: nár
Icelandic: nár
Norwegian Bokmål: nåe

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍃 (naus)

From Proto-Indo-European *neh₂wis (“corpse”), from *neh₂w- (“death; corpse”). Cognate with Latvian nāve (“death”), Proto-Slavic *navь (“corpse”). Cf. also Tocharian B naut- (“to disappear; be destroyed”).


neudaz

neudaz (nominative singular)
neudōz (nominative plural)
neudōs (nominative plural)
neud (singular vocative)
neudōz (plural vocative)
neudōs (plural vocative)
neudą (accusative singular)
neudanz (accusative plural)
neudas (genitive singular)
niudis (genitive singular)
neudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
neudai (dative singular)
neudamaz (dative plural)
neudō (instrumental singular)
neudamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nēod; nēodlīċe

Middle English: neod, nede (through merger with Old English nīed); neodliche, needely

Scots: nede

English: need; needly

Old Frisian: niōd

North Frisian: njoe

Saterland Frisian: nuddelk

Old Saxon: niud; niudlīk

Middle Low German: nut, not, note

German Low German: nüüt; nüütjes; nütelk

Old High German: niot; niotlīh

Middle High German: gegenniet; northern: niethlīch; nītlīch

German: niedlich

From Proto-Indo-European *newdʰ- (“seeking, need”), from Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to incline, push, move, nod, wave”). Cognate with Lithuanian nauditi (“to desire, covet, crave”).


hrōfą

hrōfą (nominative singular)
hrōfō (nominative plural)
hrōfą (singular vocative)
hrōfō (plural vocative)
hrōfą (accusative singular)
hrōfō (accusative plural)
hrōfas (genitive singular)
hrōfis (genitive singular)
hrōfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōfai (dative singular)
hrōfamaz (dative plural)
hrōfō (instrumental singular)
hrōfamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōf

Old English: hrōf

Middle English: rof, roof, ruffe

English: roof

Scots: ruf, ruif

Old Frisian: hrōf

Old Saxon: *hrōf

Middle Low German: rôf

Low German: Roof

→ German: Roof

Old Dutch: *ruof

Middle Dutch: roef, rouf

Dutch: roef

→ French: rouf

→ Norwegian: ruff

→ Swedish: ruff

→ Danish: ruf

→ Icelandic: rúff

→ Faroese: ruff

Old High German: ruof

Old Norse: hróf

Icelandic: hróf

Faroese: rógv (possibly)

Norwegian:

i

likely merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*rubą</i>

Norwegian Nynorsk: rōv (“collapsed building”) (likely merged with *rubą)

Old Swedish: rōgh

Swedish: ro (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *krāpo-, *ḱrapo- (“roof”), from Proto-Indo-European *krāwə- (“to cover, heap”).
Cognate with Irish cró (“pen, barn, cabin”), Proto-Slavic *stropъ.


skrudōną

skrudō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrudǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrudōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrudōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrudō (active imperative second-person singular)
skrudōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrudōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrudō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrudōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrudōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrudōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrudōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skrudōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrudōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrudōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrudōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrudōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrudōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrudōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrudōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrudōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skrudōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrudōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skrudōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrudōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrudōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrudōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrudōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrudōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrudōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrudōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skrudōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skrudōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrudōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skrudōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrudōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrudōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrudōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrudōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrudōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrudōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrudōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrudōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrudōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrudōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrudōndz (active participle present)
skrudōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrudōn

Old English: sċrūdnian, sċrūtnian

desc

Old High German: skrodōn, scrodōn, scrutōn, scrutilōn

→ Late Latin: scrūtor

→ Medieval Latin: scrūtinium

→ Middle English: scrutiny

English: scrutiny

⇒ English: scrutinise

From earlier *skruþōną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewt- (“to cut”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


ēlō

ēlō (nominative singular)
ēlôz (nominative plural)
ēlō (singular vocative)
ēlôz (plural vocative)
ēlǭ (accusative singular)
ēlōz (accusative plural)
ēlōz (genitive singular)
ēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēlōi (dative singular)
ēlōmaz (dative plural)
ēlō (instrumental singular)
ēlōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ālu
>? Old English: āl, ǣl
Old Frisian: *âl, *ēl
Saterland Frisian: Äil
Old Saxon: *āla
Middle Low German: âl
Low German: Ahl
Old Dutch: *āla
Middle Dutch: *âle, *ael
Dutch: aal (possibly borrowed)
Old High German: āla
Middle High German: āle
Cimbrian: aala
German: Ahle

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ólos or *ēl- (“awl, prong”). Cognate with Sanskrit आरा (ā́rā).


linnaną

linnō (active first-person indicative singular)
linnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
linnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
linnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
linnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
linn (active imperative second-person singular)
linnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
linnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
linnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
linnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
linnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
linnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
linnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
linnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
linnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
linnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
linnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
linnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
linnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
linnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
linnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
linnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
linnid (active indicative plural second-person)
linnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
linnid (active imperative plural second-person)
linnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
linnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
linnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
linnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
linnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
linnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
linnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lann (active first-person indicative singular)
lunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lannt (active indicative second-person singular)
lunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lann (active indicative singular third-person)
lunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
lunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
lunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
lunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
lunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
linnandz (active participle present)
lunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *linnan
Old English: linnan
Middle English: linnen, linne, lyn, lyne, lynne
English: lin (obsolete)
Scots: lin
Old Frisian: lenda

Old Norse: linna

Icelandic: linna

Norwegian: linna

Swedish: linna

Danish: linne

Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*linnan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aflinnan))

From Proto-Indo-European *leyh₂- (“to avoid, elude, decline, shrink away from, recede”).


bugô

bugô (nominative singular)
buganiz (nominative plural)
bugô (singular vocative)
buganiz (plural vocative)
buganų (accusative singular)
buganunz (accusative plural)
buginiz (genitive singular)
buganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bugini (dative singular)
bugammaz (dative plural)
buginē (instrumental singular)
bugammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bogō
Old English: boga
Middle English: bowe
Scots: bow
English: bow
Old Frisian: boga
Saterland Frisian: Booge
West Frisian: boge
Old Saxon: bogo
Middle Low German: bōge
German Low German: Boog
Old Dutch: bogo
Middle Dutch: bōge
Dutch: boog
Afrikaans: boog
Old High German: bogo
Middle High German: boge
German: Bogen
Hunsrik: Bohe
Luxembourgish: Bou
Rhine Franconian: Boche, Bouche, Boge, Boo, Booe
Frankfurterisch: [b̥oːɣ̥ə]
Yiddish: בויגן (boygn)

Old Norse: bogi, bugi
Icelandic: bogi
Faroese: bogi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: bue, boge
Jamtish: buga
Elfdalian: bugi
Old Swedish: bughi, boghi
Swedish: båge, båga(archaic), boge, boga(dialectal), bôg
Old Danish: boghæ
Scanian: buğe
Danish: bue
Gutnish: buge
→ Old Irish: boga
Irish: bogha
Scottish Gaelic: bogha

Crimean Gothic: boga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰugʰ- (“bow; arch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend; arch”).


bultaz

bultaz (nominative singular)
bultōz (nominative plural)
bultōs (nominative plural)
bult (singular vocative)
bultōz (plural vocative)
bultōs (plural vocative)
bultą (accusative singular)
bultanz (accusative plural)
bultas (genitive singular)
bultis (genitive singular)
bultǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bultai (dative singular)
bultamaz (dative plural)
bultō (instrumental singular)
bultamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bolt
Old English: bolt
Middle English: bolt
English: bolt
→ Irish: bolta
→ Japanese: ボルト (boruto)
→ Maltese: bolt
→ Russian: болт (bolt)
→ Azerbaijani: bolt
→ Ingrian: boltta
→ Scottish Gaelic: bolta
→ Welsh: bollt
Old Frisian: bolt
West Frisian: bout
Old Saxon: bolt
Middle Low German: bolte
German Low German: Bolt (Baltic)
→ Estonian: polt
→ Danish: bolt
→ Faroese: boltur
→ Latvian: bulta
→ Middle Norwegian: boltr
Norwegian: bolt
→ Swedish: bult
→ Finnish: pultti
Old Dutch: *bolt
Middle Dutch: bout
Dutch: bout
Afrikaans: bout
Berbice Creole Dutch: bauta
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bowtu
→ Indonesian: baut
→ Papiamentu: bout
→ Sranan Tongo: bowtu (shank)
→ Sranan Tongo: bowtu (bolt)
Old High German: bolz
Middle High German: bolz
German: Bolz, Bolzen

Old Norse: boltr, bolti

Icelandic: bolti

Faroese: bóltur

Norwegian: bolt

Swedish: bult

Danish: bolt

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeld- (“to knock, strike”). Cf. Lithuanian beldu (“I knock”), baldas (“pole for striking”).


wēraz

*wēraz (a-stem)

wēraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wērai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wērō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wērôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wērą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wērō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wēranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wēranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wērǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wērōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wērą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wērō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wēras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wēraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wēraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wēraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wēras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wēraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wērammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wēraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wēraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wēraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wērammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wēraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wēranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wēraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wēraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wēraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wēranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wēraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wērô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wēraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wērǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wērōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wērô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wērōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wēranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wēranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wērōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wērōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wērô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wērōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wēriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wēranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wērōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wērōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wēriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wēranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wērini (dative masculine singular weak)
wērammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wērōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wērōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wērini (dative neuter singular weak)
wērammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wērinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wērammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wērōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wērōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wērinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wērammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wār
Old English: wǣr
Old Frisian: wēr
North Frisian: wer
Saterland Frisian: weer
West Frisian: wier
Old Saxon: wār; *wāri
Middle Low German: wâr
German Low German: wahr
Old Dutch: wār; *wāri
Middle Dutch: waer
Dutch: waar
Old High German: wār
Middle High German: wār
Cimbrian: baar
German: wahr
Hunsrik: woher
Luxembourgish: wouer
Yiddish: וואָר (vor)

Old Norse: værr Vár; alværð; alvara (possibly borrowed)

Icelandic: alvara; vær

Faroese: álvarsamur

Swedish: allvar

Norwegian: alvor

Old Danish: allvar

Danish: alvor

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐍂𐍃 (*wērs) or *𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*wēreis), in derivates such as 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹 (allawērei)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros (“true”), from *weh₁-. Cognate with Latin vērus (“true”), Irish fíor (“true”), Proto-Slavic *vě̀ra (“faith/belief”).


failijaz

*failijaz (ja-stem)

failijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
failijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
failijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
failijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
failiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
failijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
failijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
failijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
failijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
failijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
failiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
failijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
failijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
failijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
failijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
failijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
failijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
failijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
failijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
failijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
failijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
failijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
failijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
failijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
failijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
failijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
failijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
failijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
failijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
failijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
failijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
failijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
failijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
failijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
failijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
failijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
failijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
failijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
failijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
failijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
failijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
failijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
failīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
failijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
failijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
failijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
failīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
failijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
failīni (dative masculine singular weak)
failijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
failijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
failijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
failīni (dative neuter singular weak)
failijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
failīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
failijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
failijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
failijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
failīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
failijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *failī
Old English: fǣle
Middle English: fele, feele, fell, felle, feale (Early Middle English)
English: feal
Scots: feal, feel, feil
Old Frisian: fēle
West Frisian: feil
Old Saxon: *fēli
Middle Low German: vêle, veile
Old Dutch: *feili, *fēli
Middle Dutch: veile
Dutch: veil
Old High German: feili
Middle High German: veile, veil
German: feil

Uncertain; has been linked with Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”), but the -l- is unusual.


bō-

bō- (canonical)
bōbō- (canonical)
bōl- (canonical)
bōj- (canonical masculine)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰā-, *bʰāt- (“father, (elder) brother”). Cognate with Lithuanian batis (“father, dad, friend”), Proto-Slavic *batę (“older male relative or brother, dad”) (whence Russian ба́тя (bátja, “dad”)).

cog

A stem meaning father, brother, close male relation.

babo

Proto-West Germanic: *babō; Old High German

bōfa

attested as Bōba, Bōfa (male given names)

boef

Old Frisian: *bōba, *bōfa, *bōva; West Frisian

bōla

attested as Bōla, Bōlla (male given name)

boie

Old Frisian: boy, boi; Boio (male given name); West Frisian

>? Proto-Germanic: *baswôProto-West Germanic: *baswōOld Frisian: *basa

possibly borrowed from Middle Low German

basSaterland Frisian: BoasWest Frisian: baes

baasOld Saxon: *basoMiddle Low German: bāsLow German: BasGerman Low German: Baas→ German: Bas

Baas→ Danish: bas→ Swedish: bas→ Norwegian: basOld Dutch: *basoMiddle Dutch: baesDutch: baasAfrikaans: baas→ English: baasNegerhollands: baas

baes→ Lokono: basia→ Aukan: basi→ Belizean Creole: baas→ Caribbean Hindustani: bás→ Caribbean Javanese: bas→ English: boss→ Cantonese: 波士→ Danish: boss→ French: boss→ Indonesian: bos→ Italian: boss→ Japanese: ボス→ Korean: 보스→ Guyanese Creole English: baas→ Indonesian: bas→ Petjo: bas→ Jamaican Creole: baas→ Kwinti: basia→ Papiamentu: bas

ba→ Saramaccan: bási→ Sranan Tongo: basi→ Kari'na: ba`si→ Trió: paasi→ West Frisian: baasWest Flemish: baos→ French: bausse


sundą

sundą (nominative singular)
sundō (nominative plural)
sundą (singular vocative)
sundō (plural vocative)
sundą (accusative singular)
sundō (accusative plural)
sundas (genitive singular)
sundis (genitive singular)
sundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sundai (dative singular)
sundamaz (dative plural)
sundō (instrumental singular)
sundamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sund

Middle English: sund, sound

Scots: sund, sound

English: sound

→ Middle French: sonder

French: sonder; sonde

→ English: sound

Old Saxon: *sund

Middle Low German: sunt

→ Middle High German: sund

German: Sund

Old Dutch: *sund

Middle Dutch: sund, sond

Dutch: zond (variants: sont, sond)

Old Norse: sund

Icelandic: sund

Faroese: sund

Norwegian: sund

Old Swedish: sund, sond

Swedish: sund

Danish: sund

From earlier *swumdan (compare Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌻 (swumsl, “pool”)), from Proto-Indo-European *swm̥tóm.


wlitiz

wlitiz (nominative singular)
wlitīz (nominative plural)
wliti (singular vocative)
wlitīz (plural vocative)
wlitį (accusative singular)
wlitinz (accusative plural)
wlitīz (genitive singular)
wlitjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wlitī (dative singular)
wlitimaz (dative plural)
wlitī (instrumental singular)
wlitimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wliti
Old English: wlite, wlitu
Middle English: wlite
Old Frisian: wlite
Old Saxon: wliti

Old Norse: litr
Icelandic: litur
Faroese: litur
Norwegian Nynorsk: let, lit
Norwegian Bokmål: let
Old Swedish: liter
Swedish: let, lit
Old Danish: lyt
Danish: lød
Norwegian Bokmål: lød
→ Old English: lit
Middle English: lit, litte
Scots: lit, litt
English: lit

Gothic: 𐍅𐌻𐌹𐍄𐍃 (wlits)

From Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”). Cognate with Latin vultus (“feature, appearance, visage, aspect, look”) and Old Armenian գեղ (geł). Compare *wulþuz.


þanhtaz

þanhtaz (nominative singular)
þanhtōz (nominative plural)
þanhtōs (nominative plural)
þanht (singular vocative)
þanhtōz (plural vocative)
þanhtōs (plural vocative)
þanhtą (accusative singular)
þanhtanz (accusative plural)
þanhtas (genitive singular)
þanhtis (genitive singular)
þanhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þanhtai (dative singular)
þanhtamaz (dative plural)
þanhtō (instrumental singular)
þanhtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þą̄ht

desc

Old English: þōht m or n, ġeþōht m or n, þeaht n, ġeþeaht f or n

Middle English: ȝeþoȝt, ithoght, thought

Scots: thocht

English: thought

Old Frisian: thōchte, gethāht, *thāht

Saterland Frisian: Toacht

West Frisian: dacht (in compounds)

Old Saxon: githāht f

Middle Low German: gedahte, gedochte

Low German: Gedacht (rare), Andacht

Old Dutch: *githāht (attested as plural githāhti)

Middle Dutch: gedachte, ghedachte, ghedochte

Dutch: gedachte

Afrikaans: gedagte

Old High German: gidāht, gedāht, *dāht, anadāht

Middle High German: gedǣhte, dāht f, andāht

German: Andacht

Old Norse: þóttr m, þótti n

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (andaþāhts) (adjective)

/ˈθɑ̃ːx.tɑz/

From *þankijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *teng- (“to think”).


þigjaną

þigjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þigjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þigjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þigisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þigjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þigi (active imperative second-person singular)
þigjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þigjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þigiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þigjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þigjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þigjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þigjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þigjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þigjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þigjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þigjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þigjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þigjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þigjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þigjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þigjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þigiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þigjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þigiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þigjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þigjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þigjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þigjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þigjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þigjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þigjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þag (active first-person indicative singular)
þēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þaht (active indicative second-person singular)
þēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þag (active indicative singular third-person)
þēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
þēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
þēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
þēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
þēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þigjandz (active participle present)
þeganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þiggjan
Old English: þiċġan
Middle English: thiggen
Scots: thig
English: thig (obsolete)
Old Saxon: thiggian
Old Dutch: thiggen
Old High German: *thicken, *thiggen, diggen
Middle High German: digen, diegen
German: digen (obsolete)

Old Norse: þiggja
Icelandic: þiggja
Faroese: tiggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: tigga; (dialectal) tiggja, teggja, tige
Norwegian Bokmål: tigge
Old Swedish: þiggia
Swedish: tigga
Danish: tigge

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Proto-Indo-European *tek-yé-ti, from the root Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take by the hand, receive, obtain”). Cognate with Old Irish techtaim (“I possess”), Lithuanian tèkti (“to be granted”), Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to acquire”).


razną

razną (nominative singular)
raznō (nominative plural)
razną (singular vocative)
raznō (plural vocative)
razną (accusative singular)
raznō (accusative plural)
raznas (genitive singular)
raznis (genitive singular)
raznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raznai (dative singular)
raznamaz (dative plural)
raznō (instrumental singular)
raznamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raʀn
Old English: ærn, earn, ern
Middle English: ern
⇒ Old English: bereærn
Middle English: bern
Scots: bern
English: barn

Old Norse: rann

Icelandic: rann

Faroese: rann

→ Middle English: ran

⇒ Old Norse: rannsaka
Icelandic: rannsaka
Faroese: at rannsaka
Norn: ransla
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: ransake
Norwegian Nynorsk: ransake, ransaka
Old Swedish: ransaka
Swedish: rannsaka
Danish: ransage
→ Middle English: ransaken, ronsaken
English: ransack
→ Norman: ransaquer
Scots: ransak, runsik
→ Scottish Gaelic: rannsaich

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 (razn)

From pre-Germanic *h₁rh̥₁-s-nó-m, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erh₁- (“to rest”). Cognate with Irish árus (“dwelling, premises”).


hupiz

hupiz (nominative singular)
hupīz (nominative plural)
hupi (singular vocative)
hupīz (plural vocative)
hupį (accusative singular)
hupinz (accusative plural)
hupīz (genitive singular)
hupijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hupī (dative singular)
hupimaz (dative plural)
hupī (instrumental singular)
hupimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hupi
Old English: hype
Middle English: hippe, hip
English: hip
Scots: hip
Old Frisian: *hepe, *hope
Saterland Frisian: Hepe
West Frisian: heupe, heup
Old Saxon: *hupi, *hup
Middle Low German: hüp, hüf, hüfte (the main form was hüf; from High German?)
German Low German: Hüft
Plautdietsch: Hoft
→ Swedish: höft
→ Danish: hofte
→ Elfdalian: öft
→ Gutnish: höft, höift
→ Old Norse: huppr (in combination)
Icelandic: huppur
Faroese: huppur
Norwegian: hupp
Old Dutch: *hupi
Middle Dutch: hope, huepe
Dutch: heup
Afrikaans: heup
Negerhollands: hep, heep
Old High German: huf
Middle High German: huf, huft
Cimbrian: huff
⇒ Middle High German: hüfte pl
German: Hüfte
Luxembourgish: Hëft

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐍀𐍃 (hups)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kubëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱewbh₂-, *(s)kub-, *(s)ḱub- (“shoulder, thigh”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew-, *(s)ḱew- (“to bend, arch, bow”). Cognate with Latin cubitus (“elbow, bend, arch”), Latin cubō (“lie down, recline”).


maiþmaz

maiþmaz (nominative singular)
maiþmōz (nominative plural)
maiþmōs (nominative plural)
maiþm (singular vocative)
maiþmōz (plural vocative)
maiþmōs (plural vocative)
maiþmą (accusative singular)
maiþmanz (accusative plural)
maiþmas (genitive singular)
maiþmis (genitive singular)
maiþmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiþmai (dative singular)
maiþmamaz (dative plural)
maiþmō (instrumental singular)
maiþmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maiþm
Old English: māþum, māþm
Middle English: mathem, madme
→ English: mathum, mathom
Old Saxon: mēthom, mēþom
Old High German: *meidam
Middle High German: meidem, meiden

Old Norse: *meiðm, meiðmar pl

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌼𐍃 (maiþms)

From Proto-Indo-European *meytH-, from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to exchange, swap”). Cognate with Latin mūtare (“to change, exchange, barter”).


alaz

alaz (nominative singular)
alōz (nominative plural)
alōs (nominative plural)
al (singular vocative)
alōz (plural vocative)
alōs (plural vocative)
alą (accusative singular)
alanz (accusative plural)
alas (genitive singular)
alis (genitive singular)
alǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alai (dative singular)
alamaz (dative plural)
alō (instrumental singular)
alamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: *al, æl, eal
Middle English: alle, al
English: awl (merged with descendant of Old English awel)
Scots: awl

Old Norse: alr
Icelandic: alur
Norwegian: ale

Gothic:

→? Old Prussian: ylo

→ Latvian: ĩlęns, ĩlins

→ Lithuanian: yla


malskaz

*malskaz (a-stem)

malskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
malskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
malskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
malskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
malską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
malskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
malskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
malskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
malskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
malskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
malską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
malskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
malskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
malskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
malskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
malskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
malskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
malskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
malskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
malskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
malskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
malskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
malskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
malskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
malskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
malskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
malskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
malskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
malskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
malskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
malskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
malskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
malskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
malskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
malskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
malskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
malskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
malskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
malskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
malskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
malskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
malskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
malskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
malskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
malskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
malskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
malskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
malskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
malskini (dative masculine singular weak)
malskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
malskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
malskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
malskini (dative neuter singular weak)
malskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
malskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
malskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
malskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
malskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
malskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
malskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *malsk

Old English: *malsċ > *malsċrian; malsċrung

Middle English: malskren, *maskeren, masken

English: masker, mask

Old Saxon: malsk, malsc (“wanton”)

desc

Middle Low German: malsch, mals (“arrogant, proud, bold, daring”)

desctree

Old Dutch: *malsc
Middle Dutch: malsch
Dutch: mals

Old High German: *malsk > *malscrōn; malscrunc

desc

Middle High German: malsch, malz (“bold, daring”)

Gothic: *𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*malsks); 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌺𐍃 (untilamalsks)

From earlier *malhskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mel- (“to weaken, soften, crush, grind”), equivalent to *malh- + *-skaz. Cognate with Ancient Greek μαλακός (malakós, “soft, weak”).


klebô

klebô (nominative singular)
klebaniz (nominative plural)
klebô (singular vocative)
klebaniz (plural vocative)
klebanų (accusative singular)
klebanunz (accusative plural)
klibiniz (genitive singular)
klebanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klibini (dative singular)
klebammaz (dative plural)
klibinē (instrumental singular)
klebammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cleofa, cleafa

Middle English: cleve

English: cleve

Old Norse: klefi, klifi

Icelandic: klefi

Faroese: klivi

Norwegian: kleve

→ Scots: klaivie


hwelpaz

hwelpaz (nominative singular)
hwelpōz (nominative plural)
hwelpōs (nominative plural)
hwelp (singular vocative)
hwelpōz (plural vocative)
hwelpōs (plural vocative)
hwelpą (accusative singular)
hwelpanz (accusative plural)
hwelpas (genitive singular)
hwilpis (genitive singular)
hwelpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwelpai (dative singular)
hwelpamaz (dative plural)
hwelpō (instrumental singular)
hwelpamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwelp
Old English: hwelp
Middle English: whelp
Scots: whalp, whaulp
English: whelp
Old Frisian: *hwelp
West Frisian: welp
Old Saxon: hwelp
Middle Low German: welp, welpe
German Low German: Welpe
→ German: Welpe, Welp
Old Dutch: welp
Middle Dutch: welp
Dutch: welp
Old High German: hwelf, welpf, welph, welf
Middle High German: wëlp, wëlf
German: Welf

Old Norse: hvelpr
Icelandic: hvolpur
Faroese: hvølpur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvelp, kvalp; (dialectal) kvølp, kvolp
Elfdalian: wep
Old Swedish: hvælper, hvalper
Swedish: valp
Danish: hvalp
Norwegian Bokmål: valp, hvalp
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: valp (defunct)

→ Proto-Samic: *vielppēs

Northern Sami: vielppis

Perhaps from *hwelpaną (“to yelp; bark”), maybe from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to call; shout; cry; make a noise”).

der

used also of other baby animals: cub, pup


galgô

galgô (nominative singular)
galganiz (nominative plural)
galgô (singular vocative)
galganiz (plural vocative)
galganų (accusative singular)
galganunz (accusative plural)
galginiz (genitive singular)
galganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galgini (dative singular)
galgammaz (dative plural)
galginē (instrumental singular)
galgammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galgō
Old English: ġealga
Middle English: galwes, galwe, galowe, galewes
Scots: galow, gallo, gallows
English: gallow, gallows
Old Frisian: galga
North Frisian: gulig
Saterland Frisian: Galge
West Frisian: galge
Old Saxon: galgo
Middle Low German: galge
German Low German: Galge, Galg
Low German: Galgen
Plautdietsch: Gaulj
Old Dutch: *galga
Middle Dutch: galge
Dutch: galg
Old High German: galgo, galga
Middle High German: galge
Alemannic German: Galge
German: Galgen
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: галге
Latin script: galge
Luxembourgish: Gaalgen
→ Old French: jauge, gauge
Middle French: jauge
French: jauge
→ Galician: galgar
→ Middle English: gauge, gage
Scots: gauge
English: gauge

Old Norse: galgi

Icelandic: gálgi

Faroese: gálgi

Norwegian: galge

Old Swedish: galghe, ᚵᛆᛚᚵᚼᚽ
Swedish: galge

Danish: galge

Gutnish: galge

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌲𐌰 (galga)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰolgʰ- ~ *ǵʰolg- (“long switch, rod, shaft, pole, perch”), a root with irregular variation. Cognate with Old Armenian ձաղկ (jałk).