anguz

angwizô (comparative)
angwistaz (superlative)
anguz (masculine nominative singular strong)
angwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
angwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
angwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
angų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
angwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
angwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
angwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
angwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
angwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
angų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
angwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
angwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
angwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
angwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
angwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
angwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
angwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
angwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
angwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
angwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
angwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
angwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
angwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
angwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
angwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
angwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
angwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
angwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
angwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
angwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
angwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
angwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
angwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
angwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
angwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
angwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
angwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
angwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
angwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
angwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
angwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
angwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
angwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
angwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
angwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
angwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
angwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
angwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
angwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
angwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
angwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
angwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
angwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
angwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
angwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
angwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
angwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
angwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
angwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
angwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
angwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *angī
Old English: ange, onge, ænge, enge
Middle English: ange
⇒ Old English: angnæġl
Middle English: agnail
English: agnail
⇒ English: hangnail (by folk etymology)
Scots: angernail, wrangnail, ragnail
Old Frisian: *enge
Saterland Frisian: ääng
West Frisian: ing
⇒ Old Frisian: angneil, ongneil
Old Saxon: engi
Middle Low German: enge
German Low German: eng
Old Dutch: *engi
Middle Dutch: enge
Dutch: eng
Afrikaans: eng
→? English: eng
Limburgish: ing
Old High German: engi, enge
Middle High German: enge
Cimbrian: énghe
German: eng
Hunsrik: eng
Luxembourgish: enk
Rhine Franconian: eng (Frankfurt)
Yiddish: ענג (eng)

Old Norse: ǫngr
Icelandic: öngur

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿𐍃 (aggwus)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰus, from *h₂enǵʰ-. Cognate with Latin angustus, Sanskrit अंहु (áṃhu), Proto-Slavic *ǫzъkъ (“narrow, tight”).


swōtuz

swōtuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swōtijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swōtī (feminine nominative singular strong)
swōtijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swōtų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swōtijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swōtijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swōtijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swōtijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swōtijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swōtų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swōtijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swōtijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
swōtīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
swōtijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swōtijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swōtijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swōtijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
swōtīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
swōtijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swōtijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swōtijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swōtijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swōtijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swōtijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swōtijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swōtijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swōtijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swōtijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swōtijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swōtijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swōtijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swōtijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swōtijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swōtijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swōtijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swōtijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swōtijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swōtijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swōtijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swōtijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swōtijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swōtijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swōtijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swōtīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swōtijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swōtijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swōtijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swōtīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swōtijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swōtīni (dative masculine singular weak)
swōtijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swōtijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swōtijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swōtīni (dative neuter singular weak)
swōtijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swōtīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swōtijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swōtijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swōtijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swōtīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swōtijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swōtī
Old English: swēte, swōt
Middle English: swete, sweete, swoote, soote
Scots: swet, sweit, sweet
English: sweet
→ Zulu: uswidi
→ Swazi: liswidi
Old Frisian: swēte
North Frisian: sweete
Saterland Frisian: swäit
West Frisian: swiet
Old Saxon: swōti
Middle Low German: sôte, sö̂te, sûte
Low German: sööt
Plautdietsch: seet
Old Dutch: suoti
Middle Dutch: soete
Dutch: zoet
Afrikaans: soet
Limburgish: zeut
Old High German: suozi, swuozi
Middle High German: süeze
Alemannic German: süeß
Bavarian: siaß
Central Franconian: söß, seß, sieß
Luxembourgish: séiss
German: süß
Vilamovian: ziss
Yiddish: זיס (zis)

Old Norse: sǿtr, sœtr, sætr
Icelandic: sætur
Faroese: søtur
Norn: søt
Norwegian Nynorsk: søt
Elfdalian: syöt
Old Swedish: sø̄ter, söter
Swedish: söt
Old Danish: sø̄t, sødh
Danish: sød
Norwegian Bokmål: søt
Scanian: sǿder
Old Gutnish: *sýtr
Gutnish: söitar

→ Proto-Samic: *suottë

From Proto-Indo-European *swéh₂dus. Compare Latin suāvis, Ancient Greek ἡδύς (hēdús), Sanskrit स्वादु (svādu).


arbaidiz

arbaidiz (nominative singular)
arbaidīz (nominative plural)
arbaidi (singular vocative)
arbaidīz (plural vocative)
arbaidį (accusative singular)
arbaidinz (accusative plural)
arbaidīz (genitive singular)
arbaidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbaidī (dative singular)
arbaidimaz (dative plural)
arbaidī (instrumental singular)
arbaidimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arbaiþi
Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
Middle English: arveð
Old Frisian: arbēd
Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid
West Frisian: arbeid
Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
→ Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
→ Faroese: arbeiði
→ Norwegian: arbeid
→ Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
Swedish: arbete
→ Danish: arbejde
Old Dutch: aruith, aruit, arbeit
Middle Dutch: arbeit
Dutch: arbeid
Afrikaans: arbeid
Limburgish: arbeid
Old High German: arbeit, arabeit
Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: òrbet
Hunsrik: Aarvet
Upper Saxon German: Orbeid
German: Arbeit
→ Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
→ Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)
Luxembourgish: Aarbecht
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Abeit
Pennsylvania German: Arewet
Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (arbaiþs)

From earlier *arbaiþiz. Apparently linked to a verb *arbijaną, *arbāną (“be orphaned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”) + *-tis (whence *-þiz), though the formation is unclear. Compare, with a different suffix, Proto-Slavic *orbota (“work”).
 PIE word
 *h₃órbʰos


dōmaz

dōmaz (nominative singular)
dōmōz (nominative plural)
dōmōs (nominative plural)
dōm (singular vocative)
dōmōz (plural vocative)
dōmōs (plural vocative)
dōmą (accusative singular)
dōmanz (accusative plural)
dōmas (genitive singular)
dōmis (genitive singular)
dōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōmai (dative singular)
dōmamaz (dative plural)
dōmō (instrumental singular)
dōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōm
Old English: dōm
Middle English: doom, doim, dom, dome
English: doom
Middle Scots: dome, dume
Old Frisian: dōm
West Frisian: doem
Old Saxon: dōm
Old Dutch: *duom
Middle Dutch: doem
Dutch: doem
Afrikaans: doem
Old High German: tuom

Old Norse: dómr
Icelandic: dómur
Faroese: dómur
Norwegian: dom
Old Swedish: dōmber
Swedish: dom
Danish: dom

Gothic: 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐍃 (dōms)

→? Proto-Slavic: *duma (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰóh₁mos (“thing put”), from *dʰeh₁- (“to put, do”). Related to *dōną.


glōdiz

glōdiz (nominative singular)
glōdīz (nominative plural)
glōdi (singular vocative)
glōdīz (plural vocative)
glōdį (accusative singular)
glōdinz (accusative plural)
glōdīz (genitive singular)
glōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glōdī (dative singular)
glōdimaz (dative plural)
glōdī (instrumental singular)
glōdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glōdi
Old English: glēd
Middle English: glede, gleede
English: glede, glead, gleed
Scots: gleed, gleid
Old Frisian: glōd, glēd
Saterland Frisian: Gloud
West Frisian: gloed
Old Saxon: glōd (in compounds: glōdpanna, glōdwelo, etc.)
Middle Low German: glōt
Low German: gloot
Plautdietsch: Gloot
⇒? German Low German: Gloor
Old Dutch: *gluod
Middle Dutch: gloet
Dutch: gloed
Afrikaans: gloed
Limburgish: glood
Old High German: gluot
Middle High German: gluot
Cimbrian: gluut
German: Glut

Old Norse: glóð, *glœð

Icelandic: glóð

Faroese: glóð

Norwegian: glød

Old Swedish: glø̄þ
Swedish: glöd

Old Danish: glø̄th

Danish: glød

→ Scots: glude


dauþuz

dauþuz (nominative singular)
dauþiwiz (nominative plural)
dauþu (singular vocative)
dauþiwiz (plural vocative)
dauþų (accusative singular)
dauþunz (accusative plural)
dauþauz (genitive singular)
dauþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dauþiwi (dative singular)
dauþumaz (dative plural)
dauþū (instrumental singular)
dauþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dauþu
Old English: dēaþ, dǣð
Middle English: deeth, deð, dæð, dæþ, deth, deþ, deeþ, deþe, dethe
English: death
Scots: deith, daith
Old Frisian: dāth
Saterland Frisian: Dood
West Frisian: dead
Old Saxon: dōth
Middle Low German: dōt, dōd
German Low German: Dood
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Däut
Suerländer-Märkisch: Dôd
Westmünsterländisch: Dood
Plautdietsch: Doot
Old Dutch: dōt, dōth
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Berbice Creole Dutch: doto
Petjo: doot
Limburgish: doead
Old High German: tōd, dot, doth
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Daod, Dod
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dod
German: Tod
Luxembourgish: Doud
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚨᚢᚦᚢᛉ (*dauþuʀ)

Old Norse: dauðr
Icelandic: dauður
Faroese: deyður
Norwegian Nynorsk: daud
Old Swedish: dø̄þer
Swedish: död
Danish: død
Norwegian Bokmål: død
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: død

→ Proto-Finnic: *tauti (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 (dauþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰówtus, equivalent to *dawjaną + *-þuz.


daubaz

*daubaz (a-stem)

daubaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daubai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daubō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daubôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daubą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daubō (neuter nominative plural strong)
daubanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
daubanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daubǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daubōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daubą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daubō (accusative neuter plural strong)
daubas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
daubaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
daubaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
daubaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
daubas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
daubaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daubammai (dative masculine singular strong)
daubaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
daubaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
daubaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daubammai (dative neuter singular strong)
daubaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
daubanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
daubaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
daubaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
daubaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
daubanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
daubaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daubô (masculine nominative singular weak)
daubaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daubǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daubōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daubô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daubōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
daubanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
daubanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daubōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daubōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daubô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daubōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
daubiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
daubanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daubōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daubōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
daubiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
daubanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daubini (dative masculine singular weak)
daubammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daubōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daubōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daubini (dative neuter singular weak)
daubammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daubinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daubammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daubōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daubōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daubinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daubammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *daub
Old English: dēaf
Middle English: deef, def
English: deaf
Scots: deef, deif, deaf
Old Frisian: dāf
Saterland Frisian: doof
Old Saxon: dōf
Middle Low German: dōf
Low German: doof
→ German: doof
→ West Frisian: dôf
Plautdietsch: doof
Old Dutch: *dōf
Middle Dutch: dôof
Dutch: doof
Afrikaans: doof
Berbice Creole Dutch: dofu
Negerhollands: doof
→ Papiamentu: dof
→ Sranan Tongo: dofu
Limburgish: douf
Old High German: toub, toup, (Central German) doub
Middle High German: toup; doup, douf
Central Franconian: dauv, doov, daaf
Luxembourgish: daf
Hunsrik: daab
German: taub
Yiddish: טויב (toyb)

Old Norse: daufr
Icelandic: daufur
Faroese: deyvur
Norn: def
Norwegian Nynorsk: dauv
Elfdalian: dov
Old Swedish: dø̄ver
Swedish: döv
Old Danish: dø̄f
Danish: døv
Norwegian Bokmål: døv
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: døv
Gutnish: dauvar
Scanian: dǿver
→ Middle English: daf, daffe
English: daff
→ English: dowf

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍆𐍃 (daufs, “hardened”)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, be obscured”).


ehwaz

ehwaz (nominative singular)
ehwōz (nominative plural)
ehwōs (nominative plural)
ehw (singular vocative)
ehwōz (plural vocative)
ehwōs (plural vocative)
ehwą (accusative singular)
ehwanz (accusative plural)
ehwas (genitive singular)
ehwis (genitive singular)
ehwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ehwai (dative singular)
ehwamaz (dative plural)
ehwō (instrumental singular)
ehwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ehw
Old English: eoh
Old Saxon: ehu-, eo- (in compounds)
Old High German: ehu- (in compounds)

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚢᚨᛉ (euaʀ), *ᛖᚢᛉ (*euʀ)

Old Norse: jór

Icelandic: jór

Gothic: *𐌰𐌹𐍈𐍃 (*aiƕs) (in 𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (aiƕatundi))

→? Proto-Finnic: *hëpo (see there for further descendants)

PIE word
 *h₁éḱwos
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”).


draganą

dragō (active first-person indicative singular)
dragaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dragai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dragizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dragaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drag (active imperative second-person singular)
dragazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dragaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dragidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dragai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dragadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dragadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dragaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dragōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dragaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dragadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dragaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dragadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dragamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dragaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dragandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dragaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dragid (active indicative plural second-person)
dragaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dragid (active imperative plural second-person)
dragandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dragaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dragandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dragain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dragandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dragandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dragaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drōg (active first-person indicative singular)
drōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drōht (active indicative second-person singular)
drōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drōg (active indicative singular third-person)
drōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
drōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
drōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
drōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
drōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dragandz (active participle present)
draganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dragan
Old English: dragan
Middle English: dragen, draȝen, drawen
Scots: draw
English: draw
Old Frisian: draga, drega
Saterland Frisian: drega, drein
Saterland Frisian: dreege
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: dreeg
Mooring: dreege
West Frisian: drage
Old Saxon: dragan
Middle Low German: dragen, dregen
Low German: dregen, dragen
Old Dutch: dragan
Middle Dutch: drāgen
Dutch: dragen
Limburgish: drage
Zealandic: draege
Old High German: tragan
Middle High German: tragen
Alemannic German: trage, traga, traa
Bavarian: drong, drång
Central Franconian: drage, draan, droon
Luxembourgish: droen
German: tragen
Yiddish: טראָגן (trogn)

Old Norse: draga, dræga
Icelandic: draga
Faroese: draga
Norn: draga
Norwegian Bokmål: dra
Norwegian Nynorsk: draga, dra
Elfdalian: drågå
Old Swedish: dragha
Swedish: draga, dra
→ Finnish: raahata
Scanian: drağa
Danish: drage
Gutnish: dräge, dräg', dräga, draga, dra
→ Middle English: dragen, draggen
Scots: dreg
English: drag

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dragan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”).


deuzą

deuzą (nominative singular)
deuzō (nominative plural)
deuzą (singular vocative)
deuzō (plural vocative)
deuzą (accusative singular)
deuzō (accusative plural)
deuzas (genitive singular)
diuzis (genitive singular)
deuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
deuzai (dative singular)
deuzamaz (dative plural)
deuzō (instrumental singular)
deuzamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *deuʀ
Old English: dīor, dēor
Middle English: deor, deure, dure, dier, dere
Scots: dere, deir
English: deer
Old Frisian: diār, diēr
North Frisian: dier
North Frisian: Diirt (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Diert (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)
West Frisian: djier (obsolete), dier
Old Saxon: dior
Middle Low German: dēr, dēre, dērt, deirt, dêrd
Dutch Low Saxon: diert
German Low German: Deer, Deert, Dird, Dairt, Duert, Diert, Dirt, Dier
Old Dutch: dier
Middle Dutch: dier
Dutch: dier
Old High German: tior
Middle High German: tier
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Tier
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dier
Kölsch: Deer, Dier
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Dier
German: Tier
→ Plautdietsch: Tier, Tiea
Luxembourgish: Déier
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Déier

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᛖᚢᛉᚨ (*deuʀa)
Old West Norse: dýr, djór
Icelandic: dýr
Faroese: dýr, djór
Norwegian Nynorsk: dyr
Old East Norse: diūʀ
Old Swedish: diūr, ᚦᛁᚢᚱ
Swedish: djur
Old Danish: diūr
Danish: dyr, (obsolete) djur
Norwegian Bokmål: dyr
Old Gutnish: diaur
Gutnish: djaur

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewsóm, a vṛddhi formation based on *dʰwes- (“to breathe”), which also led to Lithuanian dvēsti, Latvian dvēsele, Proto-Slavic *duša (whence Russian душа́ (dušá)), and possibly Latin bēstia.


dwīnaną

dwīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwīn (active imperative second-person singular)
dwīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dwīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dwīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
dwīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
dwīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwain (active first-person indicative singular)
dwinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaint (active indicative second-person singular)
dwinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwain (active indicative singular third-person)
dwinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwinū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwinum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwinud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwinun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwīnandz (active participle present)
dwinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwīnan
Old English: dwīnan
Middle English: dwinen
Scots: dwyne, dwine
English: dwine; dwindle
Old Frisian: *dwīna
West Frisian: ferdwyne, ferdwine
Old Saxon: *dwīnan
Middle Low German: dwînen
Low German: dwienen, verdwienen
Old Dutch: *dwīnan
Middle Dutch: dwinen
⇒ Middle Dutch: verdwinen
Dutch: verdwijnen

Old Norse: dvína

Icelandic: dvína

Faroese: dvína

Swedish: dvina

According to Orel, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwey- (“to slip away; dwindle; die”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to die; pass away”). Given that Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰ generally becomes Proto-Germanic *w word-internally, according to Kroonen, this would rather be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to decline, perish”).


dwergaz

dwergaz (nominative singular)
dwergōz (nominative plural)
dwergōs (nominative plural)
dwerg (singular vocative)
dwergōz (plural vocative)
dwergōs (plural vocative)
dwergą (accusative singular)
dwerganz (accusative plural)
dwergas (genitive singular)
dwirgis (genitive singular)
dwergǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dwergai (dative singular)
dwergamaz (dative plural)
dwergō (instrumental singular)
dwergamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwerg
Old English: dweorg, dweorh, dwerg
Middle English: dwerf, dwergh, dwerw
English: dwarf
Scots: droich, droch, dwerch, duerch, duerche, dorche
→ Scottish Gaelic: troich
Old Frisian: dwerch
Saterland Frisian: Dwärch
West Frisian: dwerch
Old Saxon: dwerg
Middle Low German: dwerch, dwarch, dwark
Low German: Dwarg
Old Dutch: *dwerg
Middle Dutch: dwerch
Dutch: dwerg
Afrikaans: dwerg
Old High German: twerc, twerg
Middle High German: twerc
German: Zwerg

Old Norse: dvergr
Icelandic: dvergur
Faroese: dvørgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dverg; (dialectal) verg, tverg
Old Swedish: dværgher
Swedish: dvärg
Danish: dværg
Norwegian Bokmål: dverg
Gutnish: dvärg, värg

Uncertain. Sometimes compared with Sanskrit ध्वरस् (dhvaras, “demon”) or Lithuanian dvãsas (“spirit”). Kroonen instead suggests a derivation from strong verb *dwerganą (whence Middle High German zwergen (“to squeeze, press”)).


ebnaz

*ebnaz (a-stem)

ebnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ebnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ebnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ebnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ebną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ebnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ebnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ebnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ebnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ebnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ebną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ebnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ebnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ebnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ebnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ebnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ebnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ebnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ebnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ebnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ebnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ebnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ebnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ebnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ebnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ebnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ebnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ebnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ebnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ebnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ebnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ebnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ebnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ebnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ebnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ebnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ebnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ebnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ebnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ebnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ebnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ebnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ebniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ebnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ebnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ebnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ebniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ebnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ebnini (dative masculine singular weak)
ebnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ebnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ebnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ebnini (dative neuter singular weak)
ebnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ebninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ebnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ebnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ebnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ebninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ebnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ebn
Old English: efn, efen, emn, em
Middle English: even
English: even
Scots: evin
Old Frisian: even, ivin
Saterland Frisian: íeuwen
West Frisian: effen, even
Old Saxon: evan
Middle Low German: even
Low German: effen, even
→ Danish: effen
→ Polabian: aven
→ Swedish: även
Old Dutch: *evan
Middle Dutch: ēven
Dutch: even
Afrikaans: ewe
Limburgish: aeve
Middle Dutch: effen
Dutch: effen
Afrikaans: effe
Old High German: eban
Middle High German: eben
Alemannic German: ëben
Cimbrian: ébane
German: eben

Old Norse: jafn, jamn
Icelandic: jafn
Faroese: javnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: jamn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: jamn
Old Swedish: iæmpn, iamn, iæmn, iampn
Swedish: jämn
Old Danish: iæmfn, iafn, iæfn, ifn, iofn, iauæn, iæuæn, iæmn
Danish: jævn
Norwegian Bokmål: jevn

Elfdalian: iemmen
Jamtish: jamn
Gutnish: jamnar, jämbar
Scanian: jǫvner

Gothic: 𐌹𐌱𐌽𐍃 (ibns)

From Proto-Indo-European *(h₁)ém-no- (“equal, straight; flat, level, even”). Cognate with Sanskrit अम्नस् (amnás, “just now”, adv.), with differing accent.


daudaz

*daudaz (a-stem)

daudaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daudai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daudō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daudôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daudą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daudō (neuter nominative plural strong)
daudanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
daudanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daudǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daudōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daudą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daudō (accusative neuter plural strong)
daudas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
daudaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
daudaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
daudaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
daudas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
daudaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daudammai (dative masculine singular strong)
daudaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
daudaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
daudaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daudammai (dative neuter singular strong)
daudaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
daudanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
daudaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
daudaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
daudaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
daudanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
daudaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daudô (masculine nominative singular weak)
daudaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daudǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daudōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daudô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daudōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
daudanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
daudanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daudōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daudōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daudô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daudōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
daudiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
daudanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daudōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daudōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
daudiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
daudanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daudini (dative masculine singular weak)
daudammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daudōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daudōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daudini (dative neuter singular weak)
daudammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daudinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daudammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daudōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daudōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daudinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daudammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *daud
Old English: dēad
Middle English: ded, deed
Scots: dede, deed, deid
English: dead
Yola: deed
Old Frisian: dād
North Frisian: ded
West Frisian: dead, dea
Saterland Frisian: dood
Old Saxon: dōd
Middle Low German: dōt
Low German: dood
Plautdietsch: doot
Old Dutch: dōt
Middle Dutch: dôot
Dutch: dood
Afrikaans: dood
Berbice Creole Dutch: doto
Petjo: doot
Limburgish: doead
Old High German: tōt
Middle High German: tōt
Alemannic German:
Swabian: daod, dod
Bavarian: doud
Cimbrian: tòat
Central Franconian: dut, dot
Hunsrik: dot
Luxembourgish: dout
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: duud
Upper Saxon German:
East Franconian:
German: tot
Rhine Franconian: dut, dot
Yiddish: טויט (toyt)

Old Norse: dauðr
Icelandic: dauður
Faroese: deyður
Middle Norwegian: daudher, dauder
Norwegian Nynorsk: daud, (dialectal) dauder, daud'e, daug'e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: daud
Old Swedish: dø̄þer
Swedish: död
Old Danish: dø̄th
Danish: død
Norwegian Bokmål: død
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: død

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (dauþs)

From Pre-Germanic *dʰowHtós, original past participle to *dawjaną.


erþō

erþō (nominative singular)
erþôz (nominative plural)
erþō (singular vocative)
erþôz (plural vocative)
erþǭ (accusative singular)
erþōz (accusative plural)
erþōz (genitive singular)
erþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erþōi (dative singular)
erþōmaz (dative plural)
erþō (instrumental singular)
erþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *erþu
Old English: eorþe, earðe — Northumbrian, iorðe — Kentish, eorþ, earþe, iorþe, yrþ, eorðe, eorþo, eorþu, eorþæ, heorðe, heordæ, eorda, eordæ, eorða
Middle English: erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, oerþe, oerþ, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe, yrþe, orþe, ȝorthe, horþe, horðe, urþe, urthe, hurde, erde, earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe (Early Middle English)
English: earth, Earth
Scots: erd (influenced by erd)
Yola: erth, eart, eard, eorth, eord
Old Frisian: erthe, erde, irthe
Saterland Frisian: Äide, Idde, Äid
West Frisian: ierde
Old Saxon: ertha, erda
Middle Low German: ērde
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: eerde
German Low German: Eer, Eerd, Ier, Ierd
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Eren (dative (as in up Eren) and genitive (as in in der Eren Grund))
Ravensbergisch: Airn
Sauerländisch: Ēre, Ere, Ǟre, Ēäre
Westmünsterländisch: Eerde, Eere, Äärde, Ääre, Iärde
Plautdietsch: Ead, Ieed
Old Dutch: ertha
Middle Dutch: erde
Dutch: aarde
Afrikaans: aarde
Negerhollands: aarde, adu, aerde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: adu, ard (archaic)
→ Indonesian: arde
Limburgish: aerd, aerj
Old High German: erda, haerda
Middle High German: ērde
Alemannic German: Ëërde
Bavarian: Erd, Erdn
Cimbrian: èerda
Central Franconian: Ääd, Erd (Moselle Franconian), Äerd
Hunsrik: Äerd
Kölsch: Äd
German: Erde
Luxembourgish: Äerd
Rhine Franconian: Erd
Pennsylvania German: Erd, Aerd, Eaht
Vilamovian: aod
Yiddish: ערד (erd)

Proto-Norse: *ᛖᚱᚦᚢ (*erþu)

Old Norse: jǫrð, jorð
Icelandic: jörð
Faroese: jørð
Norn: yurn (< jǫrðin)
Norwegian Nynorsk: jord f
Jamtish: jórð
Elfdalian: juord
Old Swedish: iorþ, iordh
Swedish: jord
Old Danish: iorþ, iorth, ᛁᚮᚱᚦ
Danish: jord
Norwegian Bokmål: jord m or f
Scanian: jorð
Old Gutnish: iorþ
Gutnish: jård

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 (airþa)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁érteh₂ (“earth”). Related to *erwǭ.


fullijaną

fullijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fullijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fullīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fullijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullī (active imperative second-person singular)
fullijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fullijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fullīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fullijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fullijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fullijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fullijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fullijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fullijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fullijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fullijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fullīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fullijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fullijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fullijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fullijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fullijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fullijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fullijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fullidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fullidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fullidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fullidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fullidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fullidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fullidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fullidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullijandz (active participle present)
fullidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fullijan
Old English: fyllan
Middle English: fillen, felle, fellen, fil, fill, fille, fillyn, fulle, fullen, fylle, velle, vullen, fillenn (Ormulum)
English: fill
Scots: fill
Yola: vill
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: folje
Old Saxon: fullian
Low German: füllen
Old Dutch: *fullen
Middle Dutch: vullen
Dutch: vullen
Afrikaans: vul
Negerhollands: ful, voel
→ Caribbean Javanese: fèl, ngefèl
Limburgish: völle
Old High German: fullen
Middle High German: vüllen
Bavarian: fuin, fülln, fün
Cimbrian: vüllan, büllan (Mezzaselva)
German: füllen
Luxembourgish: fëllen

Old Norse: fylla
Icelandic: fylla
Faroese: fylla
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: fylle
Norwegian Nynorsk: fylla, fylle
Old Swedish: fylla
Swedish: fylla
Old Danish: fyllæ
Danish: fylde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fulljan)


freusaną

freusō (active first-person indicative singular)
freusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
freusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
friusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
freusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
freus (active imperative second-person singular)
freusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
freusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
friusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
freusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
freusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
freusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
freusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
freusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
freusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
freusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
freusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
freusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
freusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
freusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
freusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
freusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
friusid (active indicative plural second-person)
freusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
friusid (active imperative plural second-person)
freusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
freusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
freusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
freusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
freusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
freusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fraus (active first-person indicative singular)
fruzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraust (active indicative second-person singular)
fruzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraus (active indicative singular third-person)
fruzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fruzū (active dual first-person indicative)
fruzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fruzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fruzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fruzum (active first-person indicative plural)
fruzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fruzud (active indicative plural second-person)
fruzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fruzun (active indicative plural third-person)
fruzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freusandz (active participle present)
fruzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *freusan
Old English: frēosan
Middle English: fresen, freese, frese, freosen
English: freeze
→ Maltese: ffriża
Scots: frese
Old Frisian: *friāsa
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: friis
Sölring: früüs
Saterland Frisian: frjoze
West Frisian: frieze
Old Saxon: friosan
Middle Low German: vrêsen, vreisen
German Low German: fresen
Low German: freern, freren, fresen
Old Dutch: *friesan
Middle Dutch: vriesen
Dutch: vriezen
Afrikaans: vries
→ Papiamentu: fris
Limburgish: vrere, vreze
Old High German: friosan
Middle High German: vriesen, vrieren
Bavarian: frian
Cimbrian: vriizan, briizan (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: freese, früüse, friere
Luxembourgish: fréieren
German: frieren
Yiddish: פֿרירן (frirn)

Old Norse: frjósa
Icelandic: frjósa
⇒ Faroese: frosin (adj) (via past participle)
Jamtish: frýse
Elfdalian: friuosa
Old Swedish: frȳsa
Swedish: frysa; fryse (Ångermanland)
Old Danish: frȳsæ
Scanian: frýsa
Danish: fryse
Norwegian Bokmål: fryse
Gutnish: frausa, frause

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”). Cognate with Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost”).


frawaz

*frawaz (a-stem)

frawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frawô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frawaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frawǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frawōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frawô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frawōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frawanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frawanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frawōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frawōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frawô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frawōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frawiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frawanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frawōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frawōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frawiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frawanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frawini (dative masculine singular weak)
frawammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frawōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frawōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frawini (dative neuter singular weak)
frawammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frawinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frawammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frawōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frawōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frawinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frawammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frau

Old Frisian: frē, frō

desctree

Old Saxon: frā
Middle Low German: vrô
Plautdietsch: froo
→ Danish: fro

Old Dutch: *frō, frōlīk

Middle Dutch: fro, vro, vroe

Old High German: frō, frao, frāo
Middle High German: vrō
Bavarian: froh
Cimbrian: fròo
Central Franconian: fruh, froh
Luxembourgish: frou
German: froh
Silesian East Central German: fruh

Old Norse: frár, frór

Icelandic: frár, frór

Faroese: fróur

Old Swedish: frār

Dalian: frår

Helsingian: frå

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍃 (*fraus) (in given names)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rapëda (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *prow-os, likely from Proto-Indo-European *prew- (“to jump, hop”). Cognate with Sanskrit प्रवते (právate, “to jump, leap”).

cog

froihlik

Middle Low German: vrȫlîk, vroulîk, vroilik

Dutch: vrolijkAfrikaans: vrolik→ English: frolic


falkô

falkô (nominative singular)
falkaniz (nominative plural)
falkô (singular vocative)
falkaniz (plural vocative)
falkanų (accusative singular)
falkanunz (accusative plural)
falkiniz (genitive singular)
falkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falkini (dative singular)
falkammaz (dative plural)
falkinē (instrumental singular)
falkammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *falkō
Old English: *fealca
Middle English: falk (in placenames and personal names); fylkere
Scots: falk, fauk, faik; facky, feckie
Old Frisian: *falka
Saterland Frisian: Falke
West Frisian: falk
Old Saxon: falko
Middle Low German: falke, valke
Low German:
German Low German: Falk
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Falke
Plautdietsch: Faulkj
→ Old Norse: falki (possibly, alternatively from root) (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: *falco
Middle Dutch: valke
Dutch: valk
Old High German: falco, falko, falcho, falc
Middle High German: valke
German: Falke, Falk
Hunsrik: Fallek
Luxembourgish: Fallek
→ Late Latin: falcō (possibly) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: falkr
Faroese: falkur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: falk
Norwegian Nynorsk: falk
Swedish: falk
Danish: falk
Elfdalian: falk

Gutnish: falk

There is a clear connection with Latin falcō, but it is unknown whether this word was borrowed from Germanic into Latin or the other way around.
Owing to its widespread use and early attestation in Germanic languages, and relatively late appearance in Latin, it is likely that the word originated in Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European *pelH- (“pale, grey”) + *-(u)k-, a suffix found in the names of several types of birds (e.g. *alkǭ, *habukaz, Proto-West Germanic *kranuk, etc.).


fanją

fanją (nominative singular)
fanjō (nominative plural)
fanją (singular vocative)
fanjō (plural vocative)
fanją (accusative singular)
fanjō (accusative plural)
fanjas (genitive singular)
fanis (genitive singular)
fanjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fanjai (dative singular)
fanjamaz (dative plural)
fanjō (instrumental singular)
fanjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fani
Old English: fenn, fen, fænn, fæn, feon, fien
Middle English: fen, fenne, ven
English: fen
Scots: fen
Yola: ven
Old Frisian: fene, fenne, fane
North Frisian: fenn
Saterland Frisian: Foan
West Frisian: fean
Old Saxon: feni, fenni
Middle Low German: venne, vēn, ven
German Low German: Fenne
Old Dutch: *feni
Middle Dutch: vēne
Dutch: veen
Middle Dutch: venne
Dutch: ven
Old High German: fenni
Middle High German: venne (rare, northern)
German: Fenn, Venn (chiefly based on Low German)
→ Old French: *fagne
Walloon: fanie, fagne
→ French: fagne

Old Norse: fen
Icelandic: fen
Faroese: fen
Norwegian: fen
Danish: fen

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌹 (fani)

From lost *fan- + *-ją, from *pen- (“moist, wet, mud, swamp, water”). Cognate with Old Prussian pannean (“bog”), Proto-Celtic *ɸenos (“water”); possibly also related to Proto-Germanic *funhtijaz (“wet, damp”), Old English fyne (“mold”).


ōþalą

ōþalą (nominative singular)
ōþalō (nominative plural)
ōþalą (singular vocative)
ōþalō (plural vocative)
ōþalą (accusative singular)
ōþalō (accusative plural)
ōþalas (genitive singular)
ōþalis (genitive singular)
ōþalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ōþalai (dative singular)
ōþalamaz (dative plural)
ōþalō (instrumental singular)
ōþalamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ōþil
Old English: ēþel, oeþel
Old Frisian: ēthel
Old Saxon: ōthil
Old High German: uodil

Old Norse: óðal

Icelandic: óðal

Faroese: óðal

Norwegian Nynorsk: odal

Old Swedish: ōþal

Swedish: odal

Danish: odel

Norwegian Bokmål: odel

desc

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: odel (Danicised form of odal)

/ˈɔː.θɑ.lɑ̃/

Vṛddhi derivative of *aþalą (“nature; nobility”).

vrd

ancestral land, the land owned by one's kin

(by extension) one's property, inheritance


gebō

gebō (nominative singular)
gebôz (nominative plural)
gebō (singular vocative)
gebôz (plural vocative)
gebǭ (accusative singular)
gebōz (accusative plural)
gebōz (genitive singular)
gebǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gebōi (dative singular)
gebōmaz (dative plural)
gebō (instrumental singular)
gebōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gebu
Old English: ġiefu, ġifu, ġyfu
Middle English: gife (early), ȝyfe, ȝef, ȝif, yeve
Old Frisian: jef, jeve
Old Saxon: geva
Old Dutch: geva
Middle Dutch: geve
Dutch: geef
Old High German: geba

Old Norse: gjǫf

Icelandic: gjöf

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjæv

Old Swedish: giæf, gæf

Swedish: gäv

Old Danish: giæf, gæf

Danish: gæv

Scanian: gøv

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰 (giba)

Vandalic: *giba


fulką

fulką (nominative singular)
fulkō (nominative plural)
fulką (singular vocative)
fulkō (plural vocative)
fulką (accusative singular)
fulkō (accusative plural)
fulkas (genitive singular)
fulkis (genitive singular)
fulkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulkai (dative singular)
fulkamaz (dative plural)
fulkō (instrumental singular)
fulkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *folk
Old English: folc
Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
English: folk
Scots: fowk
Old Frisian: folk
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: folk
Saterland Frisian: Foulk
West Frisian: folk
Old Saxon: folk, folc
Middle Low German: volk
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Volk
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Volk
Ravensbergisch: Folk
Sauerländisch: Volk
Westmünsterländisch: Volk
Plautdietsch: Volkj
Old Dutch: folc
Middle Dutch: volc
Dutch: volk
Afrikaans: volk
Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
→ Sranan Tongo: folku
Limburgish: vouk
Old High German: folk, folc
Middle High German: volk
Cimbrian: vòlk, bòlk (Mezzaselva)
German: Volk
Hunsrik: Follek
Luxembourgish: Vollek
Vilamovian: fulk
Yiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)
→ Early Medieval Latin: fulcus
Catalan: folc
Italian: folla
Old French: foulc (see there for further descendants)
Galician: foula

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)

Old Norse: folk, fólk
Icelandic: fólk
Faroese: fólk
Norn: folekar
Norwegian Nynorsk: folk; (dialectal) fólk, fókk, følk, fælk
Jamtish: fołk
Elfdalian: fuok
Old Swedish: folk, fulk
Swedish: folk
Old Danish: folk
Danish: folk
Norwegian Bokmål: folk
Scanian: fólk
Old Gutnish: fulk
Gutnish: fålk

Gothic: *𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk) (likely)

→ Proto-Slavic: *pъlkъ
East Slavic:
Old East Slavic: пълкъ (pŭlkŭ)
Old Ruthenian: полкъ (polk) (< influence of the Middle Russian полкъ (polk))
Belarusian: полк (polk)
Ukrainian: полк (polk), повк (povk), півк (pivk)
→ Polish: połk, półk, pułk
→ German: Pulk
→ Latvian: pulks
Middle Russian: полкъ (polk)
Russian: полк (polk)
South Slavic:
Old Church Slavonic:
Old Cyrillic script: плъкъ (plŭkŭ)
Glagolitic script: ⱂⰾⱏⰽⱏ (plŭkŭ)
Bulgarian: пълк (pǎlk)
Macedonian: полк (polk)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: пу̑к
Latin script: pȗk
Slovene: połk
West Slavic:
Czech: pluk
Old Polish: *pełk
Slovak: pluk
Sorbian:
Upper Sorbian: połk

→ Proto-Finnic: *hulkka (see there for further descendants)

From *fulkaz (“crowd, army”). May ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Compare Latin plebs (“common people”). Old Church Slavonic плъкъ (plŭkŭ, “army division”), Lithuanian pulkas (“crowd”) are both believed to be early borrowings from the Proto-Germanic word before Grimm's Law occurred.


gawissaz

*gawissaz (a-stem)

gawissaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gawissai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gawissō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gawissôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gawissą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gawissō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gawissanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gawissanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gawissǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gawissōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gawissą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gawissō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gawissas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gawissaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gawissaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gawissaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gawissas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gawissaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gawissammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gawissaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gawissaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gawissaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gawissammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gawissaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gawissanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gawissaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gawissaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gawissaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gawissanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gawissaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gawissô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gawissaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gawissǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gawissōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gawissô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gawissōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gawissanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gawissanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gawissōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gawissōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gawissô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gawissōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gawissiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gawissanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gawissōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gawissōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gawissiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gawissanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gawissini (dative masculine singular weak)
gawissammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gawissōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gawissōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gawissini (dative neuter singular weak)
gawissammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gawissinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gawissammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gawissōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gawissōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gawissinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gawissammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gawiss
Old English: ġewiss, ġewis
Middle English: ywis, iwis, wis, wiss
English: iwis, wis
Scots: iwis
Old Saxon: giwis, giwiss
Middle Low German: gewis
German Low German: gewiss
→ Kashubian: gwës
⇒ Kashubian: gwësny
→ Polish: gweśny (or from German)
Old Dutch: *giwiss
Middle Dutch: gewis, gewes
Dutch: gewis
⇒ Old Dutch: giwis wêsen
Old High German: giwis
Middle High German: gewis; wis
German: gewiss
→ Saterland Frisian: gewis
Yiddish: געוויס (gevis)

Old Norse: viss

Icelandic: viss

Faroese: vissur

Old Swedish: viss, vis

Swedish: viss

Danish: vis

From *ga- + *wissaz (past participle of *witaną).


naudiz

naudiz (nominative singular)
naudīz (nominative plural)
naudi (singular vocative)
naudīz (plural vocative)
naudį (accusative singular)
naudinz (accusative plural)
naudīz (genitive singular)
naudijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naudī (dative singular)
naudimaz (dative plural)
naudī (instrumental singular)
naudimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *naudi
Old English: nīed, nȳd, nēd, nēad
Middle English: nede
English: need
Scots: nede
Old Frisian: nēd, nād
North Frisian: nud
Saterland Frisian: Nood
West Frisian: need
Old Saxon: nōd
Middle Low German: nōt
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: nôd
Westmünsterländisch: Nood
Plautdietsch: Noot
Old Dutch: *nōd
Middle Dutch: nôot
Dutch: nood
Afrikaans: nood
Limburgish: noead
Old High German: nōt
Middle High German: nōt
German: Not
Luxembourgish: Nout
Yiddish: נויט (noyt)

Proto-Norse: *ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ (naudiz)
Old Norse: nauð, nauðr, neyð
Icelandic: nauð, neyð
Faroese: neyð
Norwegian Nynorsk: naud
Old Swedish: nø̄þ
Swedish: nöd
Danish: nød
Norwegian Bokmål: nød
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: nød

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (nauþs)

From a *ti- stem related to the root of *nawiz (“corpse”). See also Old Norse neyða (“to force”), Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nauþjan).


gamainiz

gamainizô (comparative)
gamainistaz (superlative)
gamainiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gamainijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gamainī (feminine nominative singular strong)
gamainijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gamainį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gamainijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gamainijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gamainijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gamainijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gamainijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gamainį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gamainijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gamainijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gamainīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
gamainijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gamainijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gamainijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gamainijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gamainīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
gamainijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gamainijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gamainijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gamainijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gamainijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gamainijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gamainijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gamainijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gamainijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gamainijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gamainijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gamainijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gamainijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gamainijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gamainijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gamainijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gamainijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gamainijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gamainijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gamainijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gamainijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gamainijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gamainijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gamainijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gamainijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gamainīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gamainijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gamainijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gamainijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gamainīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gamainijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gamainīni (dative masculine singular weak)
gamainijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gamainijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gamainijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gamainīni (dative neuter singular weak)
gamainijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gamainīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gamainijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gamainijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gamainijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gamainīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gamainijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gamainī
Old English: ġemǣne
Middle English: ȝemene, imæne, imeane, imene
English: mean
Scots: mene, mein
Old Frisian: gemēne
Saterland Frisian: gemeen
West Frisian: gemien, mien
Old Saxon: gimēni
Middle Low German: gemêne, gemeine, gemên
Low German: gemeen
→ Swedish: gemen
Old Dutch: *gimēni
Middle Dutch: gemêne
Dutch: gemeen
Afrikaans: gemeen
Negerhollands: gemeen
Petjo: gemeen
Limburgish: gemein
Old High German: gimeini
Middle High German: gemeine
German: gemein
Luxembourgish: gemeeng
⇒ Old High German: gimeinī (noun)
Alemannic German: g'mai
Middle High German: gemeine
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: kamou
Mòcheno: gamoa'
German: Gemeine (archaic)
→ Polish: gmina
→ English: gmina
→ Ukrainian: ґміна (gmina)
Luxembourgish: Gemeng

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (gamains)

From *ga- + *mainiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moynis. Related to Latin commūnis (from earlier comoinis).


hwalaz

hwalaz (nominative singular)
hwalōz (nominative plural)
hwalōs (nominative plural)
hwal (singular vocative)
hwalōz (plural vocative)
hwalōs (plural vocative)
hwalą (accusative singular)
hwalanz (accusative plural)
hwalas (genitive singular)
hwalis (genitive singular)
hwalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwalai (dative singular)
hwalamaz (dative plural)
hwalō (instrumental singular)
hwalamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwal
Old English: hwæl
Middle English: whale, hwæl, qual, whal, swale, quall, quale, whaale, whalle, qwayll, wale, qwall, qwalle
English: whale
Scots: whaul
Old Saxon: hwal
Middle Low German: wal
Low German: Waal
Old Dutch: *wal
Middle Dutch: wal
Dutch: wal
Old High German: wal
Middle High German: wal
German: Wal
→ Estonian: vaal
→ Luxembourgish: Wal

Old Norse: hvalr
Icelandic: hvalur
Faroese: hvalur
Norn: hval
Norwegian Nynorsk: kval
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kval
Elfdalian: wal
Old Swedish: hval
Swedish: val
Scanian: hval
Old Danish: hwal
Danish: hval
Norwegian Bokmål: hval
Gutnish: val

→ Proto-Samic: *fālēs
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: faala
Ume Sami:
Pite Sami: fáles
Lule Sami: sváles (?)
Northern Sami: fális
→ Finnish: valas
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: fäälis
Skolt Sami: vääʹles
Kildin Sami: ва̄лесь (vāljes’)
Ter Sami: valesʹ

Northern Sami: fális

Southern Sami: faelies

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”). Compare Latin squalus, Old Prussian kalis, Ancient Greek ἀσπαλιεύς (aspalieús, “fisherman”), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀 (kara, “kind of fish”).


hwalaz

hwalaz (nominative singular)
hwalizō (nominative plural)
hwalaz (singular vocative)
hwalizō (plural vocative)
hwalaz (accusative singular)
hwalizō (accusative plural)
hwaliziz (genitive singular)
hwalizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwalizi (dative singular)
hwalizumaz (dative plural)
hwalizē (instrumental singular)
hwalizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaliʀ n or m

Old Saxon: *hwels

Middle Low German: wels, wils m

German Low German: Wels

Old Dutch: *wels

Middle Dutch: *wels, wils m

Dutch: wels

Old High German: *wals, *wels

Middle High German: wels m

German: Wels

desc

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hwalʀā f (< *hwalizǭ)

Old Saxon: *hwalra

Middle Low German: walre

Old High German: walra, walira

Middle High German: walre

German: Waler (archaic), Waller

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”).


gladaz

*gladaz (a-stem)

gladaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gladai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gladō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gladôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gladą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gladō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gladanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gladanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gladǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gladōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gladą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gladō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gladas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gladaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gladaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gladaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gladas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gladaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gladammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gladaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gladaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gladaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gladammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gladaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gladanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gladaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gladaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gladaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gladanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gladaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gladô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gladaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gladǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gladōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gladô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gladōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gladanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gladanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gladōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gladōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gladô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gladōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gladiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gladanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gladōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gladōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gladiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gladanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gladini (dative masculine singular weak)
gladammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gladōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gladōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gladini (dative neuter singular weak)
gladammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gladinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gladammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gladōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gladōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gladinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gladammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glad
Old English: glæd
Middle English: glad, glade, gladde, glaid, gled
English: glad
Scots: gled, glaid
Yola: glaude
⇒ Middle English: glade, glode, glede
English: glade
Yola: gladès
Old Frisian: gled
Saterland Frisian: glääd
West Frisian: glêd
Old Saxon: glad
Middle Low German: glad, glat
Low German: glad, glatt
Plautdietsch: glaut
Old Dutch: *glad, *glat
Middle Dutch: glat
Dutch: glad
Afrikaans: glad
Old High German: glat
Middle High German: glat
German: glatt
→ Danish: glat
→ Swedish: glatt
→ Norwegian: glatt
→ Esperanto: glata
Ido: glata
Luxembourgish: glat
Vilamovian: głōt
Yiddish: גלאַט (glat)
→ English: glatt

Old Norse: glaðr

Icelandic: glaður

Faroese: glaður

Norwegian: glad

Old Swedish: glaþer

Swedish: glad

Danish: glad

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: láđis

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰladʰ-, from *gʰleh₂dʰ- (“to shine”).
Cognate to Latin glaber and Old Church Slavonic гладъкъ (gladŭkŭ).


hērą

hērą (nominative singular)
hērō (nominative plural)
hērą (singular vocative)
hērō (plural vocative)
hērą (accusative singular)
hērō (accusative plural)
hēras (genitive singular)
hēris (genitive singular)
hērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hērai (dative singular)
hēramaz (dative plural)
hērō (instrumental singular)
hēramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hār
Old English: hǣr, hēr
Middle English: her
English: hair
Scots: hair, hayr, hare
Yola: haar
Old Frisian: hēr
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: hiar
Goesharde: heer, häär
Halligen: heer
Heligoland: Hear
Mooring: häär
Sylt: Hiir
Wiedingharde: heer
Saterland Frisian: Híer
West Frisian: hier
Old Saxon: hār
Middle Low German: hâr
German Low German: Hoor, Haar
Plautdietsch: Hoa
Old Dutch: hār
Middle Dutch: hâer
Dutch: haar
Old High German: hār
Middle High German: hār
Alemannic German: Härre
Swabian: Hoar
Walser: haar, hoar, hoor, hàre
Bavarian: hoor
Cimbrian: har, haar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hor
Central Franconian: Hoor
German: Haar
Luxembourgish: Hoer
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haar
Yiddish: האָר (hor)

Old Norse: hár
Icelandic: hár
Faroese: hár
Norwegian Nynorsk: hår
Norwegian Bokmål: hår
Elfdalian: år
Old Swedish: hār
Swedish: hår
Danish: hår
Gutnish: har, hår

Often traced to Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-, *ḱeres- (“rough hair, bristle”), though this leaves the lengthened grade unaccounted for. Alternatively, from earlier *hezra-, with loss of -z- before -r- and compensatory lengthening of the vowel, from Pre-Germanic *kesróm (“that which is combed”), substantivization of an adjective *kesros, derived from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to comb, scrape”).


geldaną

geldō (active first-person indicative singular)
geldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gildizi (active indicative second-person singular)
geldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geld (active imperative second-person singular)
geldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
geldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gildidi (active indicative singular third-person)
geldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
geldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
geldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
geldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
geldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
geldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
geldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
geldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
geldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
geldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
geldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
geldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
geldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gildid (active indicative plural second-person)
geldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gildid (active imperative plural second-person)
geldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
geldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
geldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
geldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
geldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
geldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gald (active first-person indicative singular)
guldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galst (active indicative second-person singular)
guldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gald (active indicative singular third-person)
guldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
guldū (active dual first-person indicative)
guldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
guldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
guldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
guldum (active first-person indicative plural)
guldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
guldud (active indicative plural second-person)
guldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
guldun (active indicative plural third-person)
guldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geldandz (active participle present)
guldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *geldan
Old English: ġieldan, ġyldan, ġildan, ġeldan
Middle English: yielden, yelden
English: yield
Scots: yield
Old Frisian: ielda
North Frisian: jilde
Saterland Frisian: jeelde
West Frisian: jilde
Old Saxon: geldan
Middle Low German: gelden
Low German: gellen
Old Dutch: *geldan
Middle Dutch: gelden
Dutch: gelden
Limburgish: gèlje
Old High German: geltan
Middle High German: gëlten
Cimbrian: ghèltan
German: gelten
Luxembourgish: gëllen

Old Norse: gjalda
Icelandic: gjalda
Faroese: gjalda
Norwegian Nynorsk: gjelda; (dialectal) galda, gjedla, gjelja
Norwegian Bokmål: gjelde
Old Swedish: giælda, gialda, giælla, gælla
Swedish: gälla, gälda
Old Danish: gialdæ
Danish: gælde

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*gildan) (in derivatives)

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Akin to Proto-Slavic *želsti (attested only in Old Church Slavonic жлѣсти (žlěsti) and Old East Slavic желести (želesti)). If not an early borrowing from Germanic, these may be from common Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ-. Old Irish gell (“pledge”) may also continue the same root.


raidō

raidō (nominative singular)
raidôz (nominative plural)
raidō (singular vocative)
raidôz (plural vocative)
raidǭ (accusative singular)
raidōz (accusative plural)
raidōz (genitive singular)
raidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raidōi (dative singular)
raidōmaz (dative plural)
raidō (instrumental singular)
raidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raidu
Old English: rād
Middle English: rode, rade, rod, rood, roode
English: road
Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd
→ Old French: *rade
Middle French: rade
French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada
Old Frisian: *rēd
West Frisian: reed
Old Saxon: *rēda
>? Middle Low German: rêde, reide
→ German: Reede
Old Dutch: rēda
>? Middle Dutch: rêde
Dutch: rede
Old High German: reita
Middle High German: reite

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᛁᛞᚢ (*raidu)

Old Norse: reið

Icelandic: reið

Faroese: reið

Norwegian Nynorsk: rei, reid (unofficial, Sunnmørsk, Høgnorsk)

Norwegian Bokmål: rei

Old Swedish: redh

Swedish: red

Danish: red

Old Gutnish: raiþ

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (*raida) (attested as 𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰 (rēda))

→ Finnish: raita, raide

→ Proto-Samic: *rājδō
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: raajroe
Ume Sami: rájđđuo
Pite Sami: rájjdo
Lule Sami: rájddo
Northern Sami: ráidu
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: ráiđu
Skolt Sami: räidd
Kildin Sami: ра̄ййт (rājjt)
Ter Sami: раййта (râjjtâ)
→ Swedish: rajd

From o-grade of Proto-Indo-European *Hreydʰ-, whence also *rīdaną.


juką

juką (nominative singular)
jukō (nominative plural)
juką (singular vocative)
jukō (plural vocative)
juką (accusative singular)
jukō (accusative plural)
jukas (genitive singular)
jukis (genitive singular)
jukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jukai (dative singular)
jukamaz (dative plural)
jukō (instrumental singular)
jukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *juk
Old English: ġeoc, ġioc, ioc
Middle English: yok, ȝocke, ȝok, ȝoke, ȝook, ȝoocke, jok, yoke, yokke, ȝeoce, ȝocc, iuc (Early Middle English)
English: yoke (obsolete yock)
Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke
Scots: yoke, yock
Old Frisian: *juk, *jok
Saterland Frisian: Juk
West Frisian: jok, jûk
Old Saxon: juk
Middle Low German: juk, jok
German Low German: Jok, Jog
Plautdietsch: Joch
Old Dutch: *juk
Middle Dutch: joc, juc
Dutch: juk
Negerhollands: jok
Limburgish: jaok
Old High German: joh
Middle High German: joch
Cimbrian: jòch
German: Joch
Hunsrik: Joch
Luxembourgish: Jach

Old Norse: ok
Icelandic: ok
Faroese: ok
Norwegian: åk
Old Swedish: uk, ok
Swedish: ok
Danish: åg
Elfdalian: uok
Gutnish: uk

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌺 (juk)


rōdō

rōdō (nominative singular)
rōdôz (nominative plural)
rōdō (singular vocative)
rōdôz (plural vocative)
rōdǭ (accusative singular)
rōdōz (accusative plural)
rōdōz (genitive singular)
rōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōdōi (dative singular)
rōdōmaz (dative plural)
rōdō (instrumental singular)
rōdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: rōd

Middle English: rod, roode, rood

Scots: rude, ruid

English: rood

Old Frisian: rōd; rōde

Saterland Frisian: Roue

West Frisian: roede

Old Saxon: rōda, ruoda

Middle Low German: rôde

German Low German: Rood, Roo, Roe

Old Dutch: ruoda

Middle Dutch: rude, roede

Dutch: roede, roe

Old High German: ruota

Middle High German: ruote

German: Rute

Luxembourgish: Rutt

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*rōdǭ</i>

Old Norse: róða (< *rōdǭ)

Icelandic: róða

Norwegian: roda

Danish: rode

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁t- (“post”).


þeuraz

þeuraz (nominative singular)
þeurōz (nominative plural)
þeurōs (nominative plural)
þeur (singular vocative)
þeurōz (plural vocative)
þeurōs (plural vocative)
þeurą (accusative singular)
þeuranz (accusative plural)
þeuras (genitive singular)
þiuris (genitive singular)
þeurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeurai (dative singular)
þeuramaz (dative plural)
þeurō (instrumental singular)
þeuramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þeur, *þiuri

Old Saxon: *thiuri

Middle Low German: *düre, *dür

Low German: Dür

Old Dutch: *thiuri

Middle Dutch: duer

Dutch: deur, duur (dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: þjórr
Icelandic: þjór
Faroese: tjórur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjor
Old Swedish: þiūr
Swedish: tjur
Old Danish: thiūr
Danish: tyr
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: tyr
Norwegian Nynorsk: tyr
Gutnish: tjur
Scanian: týr

→ Finnish: teuras

From Proto-Indo-European *táwros. The synonym *steuraz derives from the same base, but with an added s-mobile.


steuraz

steuraz (nominative singular)
steurōz (nominative plural)
steurōs (nominative plural)
steur (singular vocative)
steurōz (plural vocative)
steurōs (plural vocative)
steurą (accusative singular)
steuranz (accusative plural)
steuras (genitive singular)
stiuris (genitive singular)
steurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
steurai (dative singular)
steuramaz (dative plural)
steurō (instrumental singular)
steuramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *steur
Old English: stēor
Middle English: steer
English: steer
Middle Scots: ster, stere, steir
Scots: steer
Old Frisian: stiār
Old Saxon: *stior, stier
Middle Low German: stēr
Old Dutch: stier
Middle Dutch: stier
Dutch: stier
Afrikaans: stier
Old High German: stior
Middle High German: stier
Alemannic German: Stier
German: Stier
Luxembourgish: Stéier

Old Norse: stjórr

Icelandic: stjór

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂 (stiur)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)táwros. The synonym *þeuraz derives from the same base, but without s-mobile.


knewą

knewą (nominative singular)
knewō (nominative plural)
knewą (singular vocative)
knewō (plural vocative)
knewą (accusative singular)
knewō (accusative plural)
knewas (genitive singular)
kniwis (genitive singular)
knewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knewai (dative singular)
knewamaz (dative plural)
knewō (instrumental singular)
knewamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kneu
Old English: cnēow, cnēo
Middle English: kne, knewe, knee, knew, know, kneo, cneowe, cneo
English: knee
Scots: kne, kney, knie
Yola: konnee
Old Frisian: kniu, knī, knē
Saterland Frisian: Knie
⇒ Old Frisian: knībola, knēbolla
Saterland Frisian: Kniebel
West Frisian: knibbel
Old Saxon: knio, kneo, kniu
Middle Low German: knê
Low German:
German Low German: Kneei
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Knåi
Sauerländisch: Knai, Knoi, Knaue, Knī
Westmünsterländisch: Knee
Plautdietsch: Kjnee
Old Dutch: *cnio
Middle Dutch: cnie
Dutch: knie
Afrikaans: knie
Limburgish: kneen (plural reanalysed as singular)
Old High German: kneo, kniu, knio, chniu, chneo
Middle High German: knie
Alemannic German: Chnüüw
Cimbrian: khnia
German: Knie
Luxembourgish: Knéi
Vilamovian: kni
Yiddish: קני (kni)

Old Norse: kné
Icelandic: kné, hné
Faroese: knæ
Norwegian Nynorsk: kne; (dialectal) ne, (h)nje
Norwegian Bokmål: kne
Old Swedish: knǣ
Swedish: knä
Old Danish: knæ
Danish: knæ
Gutnish: knei

Gothic: 𐌺𐌽𐌹𐌿 (kniu)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (specifically the oblique stem *ǵnéw-).


justaz

justaz (nominative singular)
justōz (nominative plural)
justōs (nominative plural)
just (singular vocative)
justōz (plural vocative)
justōs (plural vocative)
justą (accusative singular)
justanz (accusative plural)
justas (genitive singular)
justis (genitive singular)
justǫ̂ (genitive plural)
justai (dative singular)
justamaz (dative plural)
justō (instrumental singular)
justamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ostr

Icelandic: ostur

Faroese: ostur

Norwegian Bokmål: ost

Norwegian Nynorsk: ost

Old Swedish: oster

Swedish: ost; ust (dialectal)

Danish: ost

→ Proto-Finnic: *juusto

Finnish: juusto

Estonian: juust

Ingrian: juusso

Votic: juusso

→ Proto-Samic: *vuostā (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“sap, juice, broth”), from *yewH- (“to blend, mix (food), knead”). Cognate with Latin iūs (“juice, broth”), Welsh uwd (“porridge”), and dialectal Lithuanian jū́šė (“fish soup”).


klimbaną

klimbō (active first-person indicative singular)
klimbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klimbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klimbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klimbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klimb (active imperative second-person singular)
klimbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klimbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klimbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klimbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klimbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klimbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klimbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klimbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klimbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klimbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klimbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klimbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klimbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klimbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klimbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klimbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klimbid (active indicative plural second-person)
klimbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klimbid (active imperative plural second-person)
klimbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klimbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klimbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klimbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klimbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klimbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klimbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klamb (active first-person indicative singular)
klumbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klamft (active indicative second-person singular)
klumbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klamb (active indicative singular third-person)
klumbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klumbū (active dual first-person indicative)
klumbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klumbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klumbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klumbum (active first-person indicative plural)
klumbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klumbud (active indicative plural second-person)
klumbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klumbun (active indicative plural third-person)
klumbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klimbandz (active participle present)
klumbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *klimban
Old English: climban
Middle English: climben
Scots: clim, clym
English: climb
Old Frisian: *klimba
West Frisian: klimme
Old Saxon: klimban
Middle Low German: klimmen
German Low German: klimmen
Old Dutch: *climban
Middle Dutch: climmen
Dutch: klimmen
Limburgish: klumme, klömme
Old High German: klimban, chlimban
Middle High German: klimmen
German: klimmen
Luxembourgish: klammen

Possibly a nasalized variant of *klībaną (“to stick, cleave”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ-, an extended form of *gley- (“to stick”).


jainaz

jainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
jainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
jainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
jainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
jainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
jainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
jainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
jainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
jainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
jainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
jainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
jainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
jainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
jainis (genitive masculine singular strong)
jainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
jainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
jainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
jainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
jainis (genitive neuter singular strong)
jainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
jainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
jainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
jainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
jainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
jainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
jainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
jainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
jainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
jainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
jainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
jainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
jainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *jain

Old English: ġeon
Middle English: yon, gion, ȝen, ȝene, ȝeon, ȝhone, ȝon, ȝone, ȝonne, ȝyn, yhon, yoene, yone
English: yon
⇒ English: thon (under the influence of this, that)
Scots: yon, thon

Old Frisian: jen, jena

Saterland Frisian: juns

West Frisian: jinge; itjinge

(Old Saxon: ginuwar, genower; gendro)

(Middle Low German: ginder, gender)

(German Low German: günt, günners, günnert, etc.)

Old Dutch: *gēn

Middle Dutch: gene, ghene

Dutch: ginds, geen, gene

Old High German: jenēr
Middle High German: jener, ener
Alemannic German: ääne
German: jener
Yiddish: יענער (yener)

>? Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*hīnaʀ)

Old Norse: hinn, inn, enn, -inn

Icelandic: enn, inn, hinn, -inn

Faroese: -in, hin

Norwegian Nynorsk: -en, hin

Swedish: -en

Danish: -en, hin

Norwegian Bokmål: -en, hin

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (jains)

From the pronominal Proto-Indo-European *ís; related to Old Church Slavonic онъ (onŭ, “he”), Lithuanian ans (“he”), Latin idem (“the same”), and Sanskrit एना (enā, “that; he”).


þingą

þingą (nominative singular)
þingō (nominative plural)
þingą (singular vocative)
þingō (plural vocative)
þingą (accusative singular)
þingō (accusative plural)
þingas (genitive singular)
þingis (genitive singular)
þingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þingai (dative singular)
þingamaz (dative plural)
þingō (instrumental singular)
þingamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þing
Old English: þing, þinċġ, þinġċ
Middle English: thing, thinge, thyng
English: thing
Scots: thing, ting, hing
Yola: dhing
Old Frisian: thing
Saterland Frisian: Ding
West Frisian: ting, ding
Old Saxon: thing
Middle Low German: dinc, dink, tink
German Low German: Ding
Plautdietsch: Dinkj
Old Dutch: thinc
Middle Dutch: dinc
Dutch: ding
Afrikaans: ding
Berbice Creole Dutch: dinggi
Jersey Dutch: däng
Limburgish: dink, ding
Old High German: ding, dinc, dink, thing
Middle High German: dinc
Cimbrian: ding
German: Ding
Luxembourgish: Déngen
Pennsylvania German: Ding

Old Norse: þing
Icelandic: þing
Faroese: ting
Norn: ting
Norwegian Nynorsk: ting
Old Swedish: þing
Swedish: ting
Old Danish: þing, thing (Jutland)
Danish: ting
Norwegian Bokmål: ting
Gutnish: tingg
→ German: Thing

→ Proto-Samic:

Southern Sami: digkie

Northern Sami: diggi

Lule Sami: tigge

Skolt Sami: teʹǧǧ

From earlier Proto-Indo-European *tenkó-, likely from *tenk- (“to be suitable”) (compare *þinhaną (“to succeed”)), in which case the original meaning was "suitable time; scheduled time" then "assembly; issue, matter to discuss".

case, matter, issue (such as what is discussed at an assembly)


kurną

kurną (nominative singular)
kurnō (nominative plural)
kurną (singular vocative)
kurnō (plural vocative)
kurną (accusative singular)
kurnō (accusative plural)
kurnas (genitive singular)
kurnis (genitive singular)
kurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kurnai (dative singular)
kurnamaz (dative plural)
kurnō (instrumental singular)
kurnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *korn
Old English: corn
Middle English: corn
English: corn (see there for further descendants)
Scots: corn, curn
Yola: coorn, koorn
Old Frisian: korn
Saterland Frisian: Koarel (via dissimilation)
West Frisian: koarn
Old Saxon: korn
Middle Low German: korn
Low German: korn, Korn, Koorn, Kuurn, Kurn
Plautdietsch: Korn
Old Dutch: korn, coren (in compounds)
Middle Dutch: corn, kōren
Dutch: koren
Afrikaans: koring
Negerhollands: koorn
→ Sranan Tongo: karu
→ Saramaccan: kálu
Old High German: korn
Middle High German: korn
Alemannic German: Chorn
Central Franconian: Koon, Kor, Korn (Moselle Franconian)
Cimbrian: khòrn
German: Korn
Luxembourgish: Kar
Mòcheno: kourn
Yiddish: קאָרן (korn)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᛟᚱᚾᚨ (*korna)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurnē) (dative singular)

Old Norse: korn
Icelandic: korn
Faroese: korn
Norn: korn
Norwegian Nynorsk: (dialectal) korn, kørn
Norwegian Bokmål: korn
Old Swedish: korn
Swedish: korn
Danish: korn

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (kaurn)

Crimean Gothic: kor

→ Proto-Samic: *kornē (see there for further descendants)


swē

Proto-West Germanic: *swā
Old English: swā
Middle English: so, swo
English: so
Old Frisian: sā
West Frisian: sa
Old Saxon: sō
Middle Low German: swê, swô
Low German: so
Old Dutch: sō
Middle Dutch: so
Dutch: zo
Old High German: sō
German: so

Old Norse: svá
Icelandic: svo
Faroese: svá, so
Middle Norwegian: svá, svo, so
Norwegian Nynorsk: so; (dialectal) så, sø, sé, sér
Jamtish: su
Elfdalian: so
Old Swedish: svā, svo
Swedish: så
Old Danish: swā, swo, so
Danish: så
Norwegian Bokmål: så
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: så
Gutnish: så
Scanian: sá

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴 (swē)


wedrą

wedrą (nominative singular)
wedrō (nominative plural)
wedrą (singular vocative)
wedrō (plural vocative)
wedrą (accusative singular)
wedrō (accusative plural)
wedras (genitive singular)
widris (genitive singular)
wedrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wedrai (dative singular)
wedramaz (dative plural)
wedrō (instrumental singular)
wedramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wedr
Old English: weder
Middle English: weder, wethyr
English: weather
Scots: weddir, wethir, wathir
Old Frisian: weder, wedder
Saterland Frisian: Weeder
West Frisian: waar
Old Saxon: wedar
German Low German: Weder
Plautdietsch:
Old Dutch: wedar
Dutch: weder, weer
Afrikaans: weer
Old High German: wetar, *wedar
Middle High German: weter (classical), wetter (late), weder (Central German)
Alemannic German: Wätter
Swabian:
Bavarian: Wetta
Austrian: Weda
Cimbrian: bèttar
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Wedder, Wäder, Weader, Wäer
Hunsrik: Wetter
Luxembourgish: Wieder
Transylvanian Saxon: Wadder, Wodder
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Wättr
East Franconian:
German: Wetter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Wedder
Yiddish: וועטער (veter)

Old Norse: veðr, -viðri
Icelandic: veður
Faroese: veður
Norwegian Nynorsk: vêr, veder; (dialectal) veir, vør, ve
Elfdalian: weðer
Old Swedish: væþer
Swedish: väder
Old Danish: wæthær
Danish: vejr, vær, vædder
Norwegian Bokmål: vær
Gutnish: vädar
Scanian: væðer

Uncertain; traditionally linked to Proto-Slavic *vedro (“good weather”), reconstructing a common Proto-Indo-European *wedʰrom, which is sometimes assumed to be from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow; wind”) + *-dʰrom (instrument noun–deriving suffix), equivalent to *wēaną + *-þrą. However, this etymology suffers phonetic difficulties, namely the lack of a long vowel and the descendants that reflect unvoiced *-þrą in the suffix. If from pre-Germanic *h₂weh₁tróm, perhaps a formation in common with Latvian vētra, Lithuanian vė́tra (“storm”) and Proto-Slavic *vě̀trъ (“wind, air”).


walhaz

walhaz (nominative singular)
walhōz (nominative plural)
walhōs (nominative plural)
walh (singular vocative)
walhōz (plural vocative)
walhōs (plural vocative)
walhą (accusative singular)
walhanz (accusative plural)
walhas (genitive singular)
walhis (genitive singular)
walhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walhai (dative singular)
walhamaz (dative plural)
walhō (instrumental singular)
walhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walh
Old English: wealh
Middle English: wælh, wale
→ English: wealh (learned)
→ Medieval Latin: wallus
⇒ Old English: Cornwēalas (“Cornwall”)
Middle English: Cornwale, Cornwaile
English: Cornwall
⇒ Old English: Wēalas (“Wales”) (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: *Wala, *Wale
Middle Dutch: wāle
Dutch: Waal
Old High German: walh, walah
Middle High German: walch
German: Walchen pl, Walen pl (in placenames)
→ Vulgar Latin: *Wallō
Walloon: walon, Walon
→ French: wallon, Wallon
→ English: Walloon
→? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ
→ English: Vlach, Wallachia

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᛉ (*walhaʀ)

Old Norse: valr sg, valir pl

Icelandic: valur sg, valir pl

⇒ Old Norse: val-

Faroese: val-

Icelandic: val-

Old Swedish: val sg, valar pl

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurnē, “gold”, dat.sg., literally “Roman grain”)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃 (*walhs)

→? Proto-Slavic: *volxъ (“Roman; Romance speaker”)

→ English: Vlach, Wallachia

From the name of a Celtic tribe, the Volcae. Historically the tribe's name has been linked to an animal, possibly Proto-Celtic *wolkos (“hawk”), or alternatively (but less likely) Proto-Celtic *ulkʷos (“wolf”), in turn from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos, as Caesar described the Celts having fought with huge dogs.
For the first possibility, cf. the personal name Gaulish Catuvolcus and Welsh cadwalch (“hero, champion, warrior”, literally “battle-hawk”).

cog

speaker of Latin or a Romance or Celtic language


windaz

windaz (nominative singular)
windōz (nominative plural)
windōs (nominative plural)
wind (singular vocative)
windōz (plural vocative)
windōs (plural vocative)
windą (accusative singular)
windanz (accusative plural)
windas (genitive singular)
windis (genitive singular)
windǫ̂ (genitive plural)
windai (dative singular)
windamaz (dative plural)
windō (instrumental singular)
windamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wind
Old English: wind
Middle English: wynd, wend, wende, wind, winde, wynde
English: wind
Scots: wind, win
Yola: weend, wyeene
Old Frisian: wind
Saterland Frisian: Wíend
West Frisian: wyn
Old Saxon: wind
Middle Low German: wint
German Low German: Wind
Plautdietsch: Wint
Old Dutch: wint
Middle Dutch: wint
Dutch: wind
Afrikaans: wind
Berbice Creole Dutch: wende
Negerhollands: wind, win, wen
Skepi Creole Dutch: went
→ Aukan: winta
→ Sranan Tongo: winti
Limburgish: windj
Old High German: wint
Middle High German: wint
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: winn, wend, wénn, wind
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bint
Mòcheno: bint
Udinese: bint
Viennese: Wind
German: Wind
Luxembourgish: Wand
Vilamovian: wynt
Yiddish: ווינט (vint)

Old Norse: vindr
Icelandic: vindur
Faroese: vindur
Norwegian Nynorsk: vind
Elfdalian: wind
Old Swedish: vinder
Swedish: vind
→ Finnish: vintti
Old Danish: wende
Danish: vind, vend
Norwegian Bokmål: vind
Gutnish: vinn, vind

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (winds)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (genitive *h₂uh₁n̥tés), present participle of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”). Cognate with Latin ventus.