farą

farą (nominative singular)
farō (nominative plural)
farą (singular vocative)
farō (plural vocative)
farą (accusative singular)
farō (accusative plural)
faras (genitive singular)
faris (genitive singular)
farǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farai (dative singular)
faramaz (dative plural)
farō (instrumental singular)
faramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: fær

gl

merged with descendant of Old English <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">faru</i>

Middle English: fare (merged with descendant of Old English faru)

English: fare

Old High German: far

Middle High German: var

German: Fahr

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚨᚱᚨ (*fara)

Old Norse: far

Icelandic: far

Faroese: far

Norn: far

Old Swedish: far

⇒ Old Norse: farkostr

→ Middle English: farcost

From Pre-Germanic *poro-, from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth, cross”). Related to Ancient Greek πόρος (póros, “means of passing a river, ford, ferry”).


murþrą

murþrą (nominative singular)
murþrō (nominative plural)
murþrą (singular vocative)
murþrō (plural vocative)
murþrą (accusative singular)
murþrō (accusative plural)
murþras (genitive singular)
murþris (genitive singular)
murþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murþrai (dative singular)
murþramaz (dative plural)
murþrō (instrumental singular)
murþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *morþr, *murþr
Old English: morþor
Middle English: morther, murther, murthre, mourdre, mudre, murder
English: murther, murder
Scots: murther, morther, murder
Old Dutch: *morthor, mordor
Old High German: mordor
→ Latin: murdrum
Old French: murdre, mordre, murtre
Middle French: meurtre
French: meurtre

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr)

From Pre-Germanic *mŕ̥trom, an instrumental formation to Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to die”).


farjǭ

farjǭ (nominative singular)
farjōniz (nominative plural)
farjǭ (singular vocative)
farjōniz (plural vocative)
farjōnų (accusative singular)
farjōnunz (accusative plural)
farjōniz (genitive singular)
farjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farjōni (dative singular)
farjōmaz (dative plural)
farjōnē (instrumental singular)
farjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Middle Low German: vere

Middle Dutch: vere

Dutch: veer

Old High German: *fera

Middle High German: vere

German: Fähre

Luxembourgish: Fuer

Old Norse: ferja
Icelandic: ferja
Faroese: ferja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ferje, ferja f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ferje m or f
Norwegian: (dialectal) farje, ferri
Old Swedish: færia
Swedish: färja
Old Danish: færje
Danish: færge
Norwegian Bokmål: ferge
→ Middle English: ferie, fery, ferye, ffery, verye
English: ferry (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ferry

Derived from *farjaną (“to ferry, travel by boat”).


hwalbą

hwalbą (nominative singular)
hwalbō (nominative plural)
hwalbą (singular vocative)
hwalbō (plural vocative)
hwalbą (accusative singular)
hwalbō (accusative plural)
hwalbas (genitive singular)
hwalbis (genitive singular)
hwalbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwalbai (dative singular)
hwalbamaz (dative plural)
hwalbō (instrumental singular)
hwalbamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwalb

Old English: hwealf

Middle English: wholve

English: hull- (in place names)

Old Norse: hvalf, hválf

Icelandic: hválf, hvolf

Faroese: hválv

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: kvelv

Old Swedish: hvalf

Swedish: valv, hvalf (pre-1906 spelling)

→? Danish: hvælv

→? Norwegian Bokmål: hvelv

→ Finnish: holvi

From Pre-Germanic *kʷólpo-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷelp- (“to curve”). Related to Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos, “bosom, lap”), Latin culpa (“mistake, fault”), and Persian کلبه (kolbe, “cottage”).


sprīþaną

sprīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
sprīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
spridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraist (active indicative second-person singular)
spridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
spridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spridū (active dual first-person indicative)
spridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spridum (active first-person indicative plural)
spridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spridud (active indicative plural second-person)
spridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spridun (active indicative plural third-person)
spridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprīþandz (active participle present)
spridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sprīþan
Old High German: *sprīdan, sprīzan (influenced by *sprittōn)
Middle High German: sprīden, sprīten

From pre-Germanic *spreyt-, of uncertain origin; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- + *-ey- + *-t-. Variant stem *sprīt- influenced by iterative *spritt-.

(West Germanic) to break up, become scattered

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


lappōną

lappō (active first-person indicative singular)
lappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
lappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lappō (active imperative second-person singular)
lappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
lappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lappōndz (active participle present)
lappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: lapian

Middle English: lapien, lappen

English: lap, lape (obsolete)

Dutch: labben, lappen (early modern)

Old Norse: *lapa

Old Swedish: lapa

Swedish: lapa

From Pre-Germanic *lapnéh₂-. The root was probably onomatopoeic and might have come about after the PIE period proper. Related to Latin lambō (“to lick”).


laibō

laibō (nominative singular)
laibôz (nominative plural)
laibō (singular vocative)
laibôz (plural vocative)
laibǭ (accusative singular)
laibōz (accusative plural)
laibōz (genitive singular)
laibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laibōi (dative singular)
laibōmaz (dative plural)
laibō (instrumental singular)
laibōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laibu
Old English: lāf
Middle English: love, lave, leve, loove, lafe, læve, loave (Early Middle English)
English: lave
Scots: lave
Old Frisian: lāva
Old Saxon: lēba
Old High German: leiba, leipa
Middle High German: leibe

Proto-Norse: *ᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*laibaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*ainalaibaʀ), *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*aiwalaibaʀ)

Old Norse: leif

Icelandic: leif

Norwegian Nynorsk: leiv, (leivd)

(Faroese: leivd)

Old Swedish: lēf

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰 (laiba)


laisō

laisō (nominative singular)
laisôz (nominative plural)
laisō (singular vocative)
laisôz (plural vocative)
laisǭ (accusative singular)
laisōz (accusative plural)
laisōz (genitive singular)
laisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laisōi (dative singular)
laisōmaz (dative plural)
laisō (instrumental singular)
laisōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laisu
Old Dutch: *lēs
Middle Dutch: lêes
Old High German: leisa
Middle High German: leise
German: Leise
⇒ German: Geleise, Gleise

From Proto-Indo-European *lóyseh₂. Cognate with Latin līra (“furrow”).


krabbô

krabbô (nominative singular)
krabbaniz (nominative plural)
krabbô (singular vocative)
krabbaniz (plural vocative)
krabbanų (accusative singular)
krabbanunz (accusative plural)
krabbiniz (genitive singular)
krabbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krabbini (dative singular)
krabbammaz (dative plural)
krabbinē (instrumental singular)
krabbammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krabbō
Old English: crabba
Middle English: crabbe
Scots: crab, craib
English: crab
Old Frisian: *krabba
North Frisian: kraab
Saterland Frisian: Krabbe
West Frisian: kraab, krab
Old Saxon: *krabbo
Middle Low German: krabbe
German Low German: Krabbe, Krabb
Low German: Krabbe
→ German: Krabbe
→ Lower Sorbian: kraba
Old Dutch: *crabbo
Middle Dutch: crabbe
Dutch: krab
Afrikaans: krap
Limburgish: krab
→ Walloon: crappe, crape
→ Picard: crape
Old High German: *chrappo, *krappo
Middle High German: krappe
German: Krappe
Luxembourgish: Krabb

Old Norse: krabbi

Icelandic: krabbi

Faroese: krabbi

Norn: krabbi

Norwegian: krabbe

Old Swedish: krabbe

Swedish: krabba

Danish: krabbe

→ Old French: crabe

Middle French: crabe

French: crabe

Norman: crabe (Jèrriais)

→ Romanian: crab

others:

→ Latvian: krabis

→ Lithuanian: krabas

→ Belarusian: краб (krab)

→ Russian: краб (krab)

→ Ukrainian: краб (krab)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кра̏ба

Latin script: krȁba

→ Macedonian: крабар (krabar)

→ Czech: krab

→ Kashubian: krab, kraba

→ Polish: krab

→ Slovak: krab

→ Lower Sorbian: kraba

→ Upper Sorbian: kraba

→ Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: krabi

Finnish: rapu

Ingrian: krapu

Votic: krapu

An agent noun derivation of Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to crawl; scratch”) via *krabbōną.


glitmô

glitmô (nominative singular)
glitmaniz (nominative plural)
glitmô (singular vocative)
glitmaniz (plural vocative)
glitmanų (accusative singular)
glitmanunz (accusative plural)
glitminiz (genitive singular)
glitmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glitmini (dative singular)
glitmammaz (dative plural)
glitminē (instrumental singular)
glitmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glitmō
Old High German: glizemo
Middle High German: *glitzme
⇒ Alemannic German: glitzme

From Pre-Germanic *gʰlidmon-; thus equivalent to *glītaną (“to shine”) + *-mô.


glitmunjaną

glitmunjō (active first-person indicative singular)
glitmunjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glitmunjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glitmunisi (active indicative second-person singular)
glitmunjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glitmuni (active imperative second-person singular)
glitmunjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glitmunjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glitmuniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
glitmunjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
glitmunjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glitmunjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
glitmunjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitmunjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitmunjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitmunjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glitmunjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glitmunjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitmunjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glitmunjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glitmuniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
glitmunjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitmuniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
glitmunjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glitmunjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glitmunjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
glitmunjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
glitmunjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glitmunjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glitmunidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
glitmunidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glitmunidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
glitmunidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glitmunidē (active indicative singular third-person)
glitmunidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitmunidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
glitmunidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitmunidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitmunidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitmunidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
glitmunidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitmunidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
glitmunidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitmunidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
glitmunidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glitmunjandz (active participle present)
glitmunidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌻𐌹𐍄𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (glitmunjan)

Derived from *glitmô (“shine”), Pre-Germanic *gʰlidmn̥ye-.


grippōną

grippō (active first-person indicative singular)
grippǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grippōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
grippōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grippōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grippō (active imperative second-person singular)
grippōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grippōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grippōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grippō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grippōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grippōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grippōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grippōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grippōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grippōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grippōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grippōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grippōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grippōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grippōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grippōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grippōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grippōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grippōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grippōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grippōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grippōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grippōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grippōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grippōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grippōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grippōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grippōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grippōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grippōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grippōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
grippōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grippōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grippōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grippōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grippōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grippōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grippōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grippōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grippōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grippōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grippōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grippōndz (active participle present)
grippōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle Dutch: grippen

(Dutch: gribbelen)

Alsatian: grippen (?)

(Old Norse: gripla)

From Pre-Germanic *gʰribʰnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to the root of *grīpaną (“to grip”).


gullōną

gullō (active first-person indicative singular)
gullǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gullōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
gullōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gullōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gullō (active imperative second-person singular)
gullōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gullōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gullōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gullō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gullōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gullōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gullōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gullōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gullōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gullōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gullōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gullōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gullōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gullōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gullōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gullōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gullōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gullōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gullōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gullōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gullōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gullōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gullōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gullōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gullōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gullōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gullōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gullōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gullōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gullōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gullōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
gullōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gullōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gullōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gullōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gullōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gullōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gullōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gullōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gullōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gullōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gullōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gullōndz (active participle present)
gullōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *golla

Norwegian: golle

From Pre-Germanic *gʰl̥néh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *galaną, *gellaną (“to yell”).


grappōną

grappō (active first-person indicative singular)
grappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
grappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grappō (active imperative second-person singular)
grappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
grappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grappōndz (active participle present)
grappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

English: grab, also cf. grapple

Middle Low German: grabben

Middle Dutch: grapen, grabben

(Dutch: grabbelen)

From Pre-Germanic *gʰrobʰneh₂-, apparently an iterative to *grabaną (“to dig”).


glītaną

glītō (active first-person indicative singular)
glītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glīt (active imperative second-person singular)
glītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glītid (active indicative plural second-person)
glītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glītid (active imperative plural second-person)
glītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glait (active first-person indicative singular)
glitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaist (active indicative second-person singular)
glitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glait (active indicative singular third-person)
glitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitū (active dual first-person indicative)
glitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitum (active first-person indicative plural)
glitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitud (active indicative plural second-person)
glitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitun (active indicative plural third-person)
glitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glītandz (active participle present)
glitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *glītan
Old Saxon: glītan
Old High German: glīzan
German: gleißen

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰleyd-, possibly an extension of *ǵʰley- as seen in *glīwą (“joy”). Kroonen considers it likely the strong verb was back-formed from the iterative *glittōną (“to shine”).


glaumaz

glaumaz (nominative singular)
glaumōz (nominative plural)
glaumōs (nominative plural)
glaum (singular vocative)
glaumōz (plural vocative)
glaumōs (plural vocative)
glaumą (accusative singular)
glaumanz (accusative plural)
glaumas (genitive singular)
glaumis (genitive singular)
glaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glaumai (dative singular)
glaumamaz (dative plural)
glaumō (instrumental singular)
glaumamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: glēam

Middle English: glam

Scots: glamer

Old Norse: glaumr

Icelandic: glaumur

From Pre-Germanic *gʰlowmos, a mo-stem noun from Proto-Indo-European *gʰlew- (“to be merry”). Related to Ancient Greek χλεύη (khleúē, “joke, jest”), Old Armenian ձաղ (jał, “derision, mockery”).


ufumô

gem-decl-adj-table

*ufumô (an/īn-stem)

ufumô (masculine nominative singular)
ufumaniz (masculine nominative plural)
ufumį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
ufumīniz (feminine nominative plural)
ufumô (neuter nominative singular)
ufumōnō (neuter nominative plural)
ufumanų (accusative masculine singular)
ufumanunz (accusative masculine plural)
ufumīnų (accusative feminine singular)
ufumīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
ufumô (accusative neuter singular)
ufumōnō (accusative neuter plural)
ufuminiz (genitive masculine singular)
ufumanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
ufumīniz (feminine genitive singular)
ufumīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
ufuminiz (genitive neuter singular)
ufumanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
ufumini (dative masculine singular)
ufumammaz (dative masculine plural)
ufumīni (dative feminine singular)
ufumīmaz (dative feminine plural)
ufumini (dative neuter singular)
ufumammaz (dative neuter plural)
ufuminē (instrumental masculine singular)
ufumammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
ufumīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
ufumīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
ufuminē (instrumental neuter singular)
ufumammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

(Old English: yfemest)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌿𐌼𐌰 (auhuma) (dissimilation of -f- to -h- due to labial environment)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁úpm̥Ho-, equivalent to *ub + *-umô. Cognate with Sanskrit उपम (upamá, “uppermost”), Latin summus (“highest”).


þurftiz

þurftiz (nominative singular)
þurftīz (nominative plural)
þurfti (singular vocative)
þurftīz (plural vocative)
þurftį (accusative singular)
þurftinz (accusative plural)
þurftīz (genitive singular)
þurftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurftī (dative singular)
þurftimaz (dative plural)
þurftī (instrumental singular)
þurftimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *threft (in nēdthreft)

West Frisian: needdrift

Old Saxon: thurft, thuruft; nōdthurft

Old Dutch: *thurft

Middle Dutch: *durft (in nootdurft, nootdruft, nootdorft)

Dutch: nooddruft

Afrikaans: nooddruf

Old High German: durft, duruft; nōtdurft, nōtduruft

Middle High German: durft

German: Durft; Notdurft

Old Norse: þurft, þyrft; nauðþurft

Icelandic: þurft; nauðþurft

Old Swedish: þorft, þyrft

Swedish: -torft in nödtorft

Norwegian Nynorsk: turft

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 (þaurfts); 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍆𐍄𐍃 (naudiþaurfts)

From *þurbaną (“to need”) + *-þiz. Cognate with Sanskrit तृप्ति (tṛpti, “satisfaction, contentment”).


skakkōną

skakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
skakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
skakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakkōndz (active participle present)
skakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle English: schaggen

English: shag

Middle High German: schacken

From pre-Germanic *skoknéh₂-, an iterative to *skehaną (“to move quickly”), *skakaną (“to shake”).


skukkōną

skukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
skukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkōndz (active participle present)
skukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skukkōn

Old English: *sċoccian

Middle English: schoggen, shoggen

English: shog, shock (obsolete), jog

Old Saxon: *skokkōn, *skoggōn

desc

Middle Low German: scokken, schocken, schoggen, schucken

Old Dutch: *skokkon

Middle Dutch: schocken

Dutch: schokken

Afrikaans: skok

→ Middle French: chocquer

French: choquer

→ English: shock

Old High German: *skohhōn

Middle High German: schocken

German: schocken

An unetymological iterative to *skakaną (“to shake”). Due to the frequency of iteratives appearing with zero-grade *-u- and o-grade *-a-, these vowels began to be used to create iteratives to roots where they were unwarranted.


brukkōną

brukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
brukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
brukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
brukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
brukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
brukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
brukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
brukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
brukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
brukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
brukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
brukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
brukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brukkōndz (active participle present)
brukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brokkōn
Old English: brocian
Old Dutch: *brocken, *broken
Middle Dutch: brocken, brōken
Dutch: brokken, broken
Old High German: brohhōn, brokkōn
Middle High German: brocken
⇒ Middle High German: erbrochen

Old Norse: *broka

Norwegian: broka

From earlier paradigm *brukkōþi ~ *brukunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰrug-nā́-ti ~ *bʰrug-un-ánti, iterative to *brekaną (“to break”). Possible parallel formation with Latin frangō (“to break”).


flukkōną

flukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
flukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
flukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
flukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
flukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flukkōndz (active participle present)
flukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle Dutch: flogen

Old High German: *flockōn

Middle High German: vlocken

German: flocken (obsolete?)

From earlier paradigm *flukkōþi ~ *flugunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *pluk-nā́-ti ~ *pluk-un-ánti, iterative to *fleuganą (“to fly”).


mittōną

mittō (active first-person indicative singular)
mittǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mittōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
mittōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mittōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mittō (active imperative second-person singular)
mittōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mittōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mittōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mittō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mittōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mittōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mittōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mittōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mittōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mittōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mittōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mittōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mittōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mittōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mittōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mittōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mittōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mittōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mittōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mittōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mittōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mittōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mittōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mittōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mittōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mittōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mittōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mittōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mittōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mittōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mittōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
mittōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mittōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mittōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mittōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mittōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mittōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mittōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mittōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mittōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mittōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mittōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mittōndz (active participle present)
mittōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: *metzōn

Middle High German: metzen

Norwegian: mita

From Pre-Germanic *mitnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *maitaną (“to cut”).


wiskaz

wiskaz (nominative singular)
wiskōz (nominative plural)
wiskōs (nominative plural)
wisk (singular vocative)
wiskōz (plural vocative)
wiskōs (plural vocative)
wiską (accusative singular)
wiskanz (accusative plural)
wiskas (genitive singular)
wiskis (genitive singular)
wiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiskai (dative singular)
wiskamaz (dative plural)
wiskō (instrumental singular)
wiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *wisk

Middle Dutch: wisch

Dutch: wis

Old High German: wisk

German: Wisch

Luxembourgish: Wësch

Old Norse: visk f (< *wiskō)

Icelandic: visk f

Old Swedish: visk

Swedish: viska

Danish: visk

→ Middle English: wisk

English: whisk

→ Proto-Finnic: *vihko (< *wiskō) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wisgéh₂ (cf. the feminine ō-stem variant *wiskō), from the root *weys-. Cognate with Latin virga (“twig, shoot, rod”).


wiskijaną

wiskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wiskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wiskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wiskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wiskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wiskī (active imperative second-person singular)
wiskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wiskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wiskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wiskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wiskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wiskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wiskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wiskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wiskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wiskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wiskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wiskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wiskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wiskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wiskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wiskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wiskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wiskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wiskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wiskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wiskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wiskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wiskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wiskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wiskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wiskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wiskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wiskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wiskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wiskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wiskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wiskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wiskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wiskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wiskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wiskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wiskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wiskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wiskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wiskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wiskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wiskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wiskijandz (active participle present)
wiskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: *wiskian

Middle Low German: wischen

desctree

Old Dutch: *wisken
Middle Dutch: wisschen
Dutch: wissen
Limburgish: wösje

Old High German: wisken

Bavarian: wischn

German: wischen

→ Esperanto: viŝi

Yiddish: ווישן (vishn)

Old Norse: *viska (or possibly the descendants are loaned from West Germanic)

Icelandic: viska

Faroese: viska

Swedish: viska

Danish: viske

→? Proto-Finnic: *pühkidäk

From *wiskaz (“bundle of hay/straw, wisp”) + *-janą.


bakkōną

bakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
bakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
bakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakkōndz (active participle present)
bakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bakkōn

Old Saxon: *bakkōn

Middle Low German: backen (weak verb)

German Low German: backen

desctree

Old Dutch: *baccon
Middle Dutch: backen (weak verb)
Dutch: bakken
Afrikaans: bak
Berbice Creole Dutch: baki
Negerhollands: bak
→? Aukan: baka
→ Caribbean Hindustani: báká kare
→? Saramaccan: báka
→? Sranan Tongo: baka

Old High German: backōn

Middle High German: backen

German: backen (the weak conjugation)

Old Norse: baka

Icelandic: baka

Faroese: baka

Elfdalian: båkå

From earlier paradigm *bakkōþi ~ *bakunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰəg-nā́-ti ~ *bʰəg-un-ánti, iterative to *bakaną (“to bake”).


smittōną

smittō (active first-person indicative singular)
smittǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smittōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
smittōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smittōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smittō (active imperative second-person singular)
smittōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smittōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smittōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smittō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smittōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smittōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smittōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smittōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smittōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smittōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smittōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smittōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smittōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smittōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smittōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smittōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smittōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smittōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smittōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smittōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smittōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smittōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smittōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smittōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smittōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smittōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smittōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smittōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smittōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smittōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smittōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
smittōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smittōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smittōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smittōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smittōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smittōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smittōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smittōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smittōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smittōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smittōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smittōndz (active participle present)
smittōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: *smizzōn

Middle High German: smitzen

German: schmitzen

Old Norse: *smitta, *smita

Elfdalian: smitå

Old Swedish: smita

From Pre-Germanic *smidnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *smītaną (“to strike”).


smittōną

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smittōn
Old English: smittian
Middle English: smitten
English: smit
Scots: smit
Old Frisian: *smittia, smitta
Old Saxon: *smittōn
Middle Low German: smitten, smetten
→ Swedish: smitta
Old Dutch: *smitton
Middle Dutch: smitten, smetten
Dutch: smetten
Old High German: *smizzōn
Middle High German: smitzen
German: schmitzen

Old Norse: *smita

Norwegian: smita

Elfdalian: smitå

Old Swedish: smita

Swedish: smeta

Derived from *smittǭ (“stain, smear”) + *-ōną. See *smītaną (“to smear, stain, dirty”). Alternatively from *smitiz (“stain”).


sukkōną

sukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
sukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
sukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sukkōndz (active participle present)
sukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: socian

English: soak

German: sucken (dialectal)

From Pre-Germanic *suḱnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to Proto-Indo-European *sewḱ- (“to suck”). The verb(s) *sūkaną/*sūganą ("to suck") very likely represent a back-formation from the iterative, as the expected outcome from inheritance would be *seuhaną.


bullōną

bullō (active first-person indicative singular)
bullǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bullōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bullōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bullōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bullō (active imperative second-person singular)
bullōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bullōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bullōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bullō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bullōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bullōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bullōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bullōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bullōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bullōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bullōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bullōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bullōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bullōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bullōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bullōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bullōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bullōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bullōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bullōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bullōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bullōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bullōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bullōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bullōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bullōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bullōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bullōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bullōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bullōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bullōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bullōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bullōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bullōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bullōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bullōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bullōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bullōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bullōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bullōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bullōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bullōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bullōndz (active participle present)
bullōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: *bullōn

Middle Low German: bullen

Old Dutch: *bullon

Middle Dutch: bullen

Dutch: bullen

Old High German: bullōn

Middle High German: bullen, büllen

German: büllen

Old Norse: bulla

Icelandic: bulla

Faroese: bulla

Norwegian Nynorsk: bulla

From earlier paradigm *bullōþi ~ *bulunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰul-nā́-ti ~ *bʰul-un-ánti, iterative from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound, roar”).


hnappōną

hnappō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnappō (active imperative second-person singular)
hnappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnappōndz (active participle present)
hnappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnappōn

Old English: hnappian

Middle English: nappen

English: nap, nab

Old High German: hnaffezan, hnaffezzan

Middle High German: nafzen

German: napfezen, nafzen (dialectal)

Old Norse: *hnappa

Norwegian: nappe (dialectal)

Norwegian Bokmål: nappe (dialectal)

Old Swedish: nappa

Swedish: nappa

→ Finnic:

Estonian: nappama (dialectal)

Finnish: napata

Ingrian: napata

Karelian: ńapata

From Pre-Germanic *knobʰnéh₂-, an o-grade iterative to Proto-Indo-European *knebʰ- (“to pick”). Related to Lithuanian knabt (“to peck”).


hukkōną

hukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
hukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
hukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hukkōndz (active participle present)
hukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

German: hocken

Old Norse: hoka

Icelandic: hoka

From Pre-Germanic *kuknéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to Proto-Indo-European *kewk- (“to bend, curve(?)”). The strong verb *hūkaną was likely back-formed from the iterative. Related to Sanskrit कुचति (kucati, “to make crooked”), Proto-Slavic *kukati ~ Proto-Slavic *kučati (“to squat”).


hluppōną

hluppō (active first-person indicative singular)
hluppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hluppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hluppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hluppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hluppō (active imperative second-person singular)
hluppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hluppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hluppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hluppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hluppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hluppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hluppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hluppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hluppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hluppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hluppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hluppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hluppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hluppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hluppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hluppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hluppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hluppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hluppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hluppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hluppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hluppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hluppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hluppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hluppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hluppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hluppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hluppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hluppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hluppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hluppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hluppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hluppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hluppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hluppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hluppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hluppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hluppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hluppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hluppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hluppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hluppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hluppōndz (active participle present)
hluppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hloppōn
>? Old English: *hlopian
>? Middle English: lopen (usually adduced from loup, but can continue *hlupōną as well)
>? English: lope
Old Saxon: *loppon
Middle Low German: loppen
Old Dutch: *loppon
Middle Dutch: loppen
Old High German: loffōn

From zero-grade iterative of *hlaupaną (“to leap, jump”).


prikkōną

prikkō (active first-person indicative singular)
prikkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
prikkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
prikkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
prikkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
prikkō (active imperative second-person singular)
prikkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
prikkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
prikkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
prikkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
prikkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
prikkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
prikkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
prikkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
prikkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
prikkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
prikkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
prikkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
prikkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
prikkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
prikkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
prikkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
prikkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
prikkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
prikkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
prikkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
prikkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
prikkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
prikkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
prikkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
prikkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
prikkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
prikkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
prikkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
prikkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
prikkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
prikkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
prikkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
prikkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
prikkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
prikkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
prikkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
prikkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
prikkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
prikkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
prikkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
prikkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
prikkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
prikkōndz (active participle present)
prikkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: prician

Middle English: priken, prikien

English: prick

Middle Low German: pricken

Dutch: prikken

Middle High German: pfrecken

Probably from Pre-Germanic *bri(g/ǵ)néh₂-, though very likely not of Proto-Indo-European origin. Possibly onomatopoeic.


happōną

happō (active first-person indicative singular)
happǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
happōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
happōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
happōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
happō (active imperative second-person singular)
happōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
happōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
happōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
happō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
happōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
happōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
happōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
happōs (active dual first-person indicative)
happōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
happōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
happōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
happōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
happōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
happōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
happōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
happōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
happōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
happōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
happōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
happōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
happōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
happōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
happōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
happōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
happōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
happōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
happōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
happōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
happōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
happōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
happōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
happōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
happōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
happōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
happōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
happōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
happōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
happōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
happōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
happōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
happōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
happōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
happōndz (active participle present)
happōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *happōn, *habbōn

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: happen, habben (early modern)

From pre-Germanic *kh₂pnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *habjaną (“to have”).


happōną

Old Norse: *happa, *habba

Swedish: happa, habba (dialectal)

From pre-Germanic *kobʰnéh₂- an o-grade iterative to Proto-Indo-European *kobʰ- (“to succeed”). Probably related to Old Irish cob (“victory”), Old Church Slavonic кобь (kobĭ, “fate”).


plukkōną

plukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
plukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
plukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
plukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
plukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
plukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
plukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
plukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
plukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
plukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
plukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
plukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
plukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
plukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
plukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
plukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
plukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
plukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
plukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
plukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
plukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
plukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
plukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
plukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
plukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
plukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
plukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
plukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
plukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
plukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
plukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
plukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
plukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
plukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
plukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
plukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
plukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
plukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
plukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
plukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
plukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
plukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
plukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
plukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
plukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
plukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
plukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
plukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
plukkōndz (active participle present)
plukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *plukkōn

Old English: ploccian, pluccian

desctree

Middle English: plukken, ploke, plokke, plucke, pluk, pluke, plukke, plukkyn
English: pluck
Scots: pluck

Old Frisian: *plokkia

Saterland Frisian: plukje

West Frisian: ploaitsje, plôkje

⇒ Old Frisian: hērplokkia

Old Saxon: *plukkōn

Middle Low German: plucken

Low German: ploken

Old Dutch: *plukkon

Middle Dutch: plocken, plucken

Dutch: plukken
Afrikaans: pluk
Jersey Dutch: plökke

Flemish: plokken

Old High German: phlockōn, *phlucken

desc

Middle High German: pflocken, pflucken, pflücken

German: pflocken (obsolete), pflücken

Hunsrik: plicke

Luxembourgish: plécken

Rhine Franconian: plicke, plocke

Old Norse: plukka, plokka (possibly borrowed from Low German)

Icelandic: plokka

Norwegian: plukke

Swedish: plocka

Danish: plukke

Possibly represents a Pre-Germanic *blu(gʰ/ǵʰ)néh₂-. Alternatively, borrowed from Vulgar Latin *pilūc(i)cāre, but the historical evidence is shaky.


rippōną

rippō (active first-person indicative singular)
rippǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rippōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
rippōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rippōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rippō (active imperative second-person singular)
rippōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rippōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rippōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rippō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rippōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rippōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rippōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rippōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rippōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rippōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rippōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rippōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rippōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rippōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rippōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rippōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rippōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rippōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rippōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rippōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rippōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rippōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rippōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rippōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rippōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rippōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rippōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rippōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rippōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rippōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rippōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
rippōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rippōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rippōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rippōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rippōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rippōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rippōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rippōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rippōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rippōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rippōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rippōndz (active participle present)
rippōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: repen

Dutch: reppen (early modern), rippen

Old High German:

Middle High German: reffen

Rhine Franconian: reffe

Old Norse: *ripa

Faroese: ripa

Norwegian: ripe

From Pre-Germanic *Hripnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *rīfaną/*rīpaną (“to tear”).


suppōną

suppō (active first-person indicative singular)
suppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
suppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
suppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
suppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
suppō (active imperative second-person singular)
suppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
suppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
suppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
suppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
suppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
suppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
suppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
suppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
suppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
suppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
suppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
suppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
suppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
suppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
suppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
suppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
suppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
suppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
suppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
suppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
suppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
suppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
suppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
suppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
suppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
suppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
suppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
suppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
suppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
suppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
suppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
suppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
suppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
suppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
suppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
suppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
suppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
suppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
suppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
suppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
suppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
suppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
suppōndz (active participle present)
suppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *soppōn
Old English: soppian
Middle English: soppen
English: sop
Old Frisian: *sopja
West Frisian: sopje
Old Dutch: *soppon
Middle Dutch: soppen
Dutch: soppen
⇒ Middle Dutch: sopperen
Old High German: soffōn, sofōn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 (supōn)

Kroonen reconstructs the Pre-Germanic form as *su(H)ph₃néh₂-, with dissimilation of the first laryngeal, a compound of Proto-Indo-European *sewH- (“to pour”) + *peh₃- (“to drink”). The strong verb *sūpaną (“to guzzle, soak”) was likely back-formed from the iterative. Related to Sanskrit सूप (sūpa, “soup, broth”).


wlaitōną

wlaitō (active first-person indicative singular)
wlaitǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wlaitōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wlaitōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wlaitōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wlaitō (active imperative second-person singular)
wlaitōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wlaitōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wlaitōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wlaitō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wlaitōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wlaitōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wlaitōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wlaitōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wlaitōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wlaitōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wlaitōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wlaitōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wlaitōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wlaitōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wlaitōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wlaitōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wlaitōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wlaitōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wlaitōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wlaitōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wlaitōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wlaitōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wlaitōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wlaitōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wlaitōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wlaitōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wlaitōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wlaitōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wlaitōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wlaitōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wlaitōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wlaitōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wlaitōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wlaitōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wlaitōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wlaitōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wlaitōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wlaitōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wlaitōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wlaitōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wlaitōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wlaitōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wlaitōndz (active participle present)
wlaitōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wlaitōn
Old English: wlātian
Middle English: wlaten, laiten
English: lait
Scots: wlate

Old Norse: leita
Icelandic: leita
Faroese: leita
Norwegian Nynorsk: leita
→ Norwegian Bokmål: leite
Elfdalian: lieta
Danish: lede
Norwegian Bokmål: lete
Old Swedish: lēta
Swedish: leta

Gothic: 𐍅𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽 (wlaitōn)

An o-grade iterative to *wlītaną (“to see”).


þukkōną

þukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
þukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
þukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þukkōndz (active participle present)
þukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þukkōn, *þokōn

Old English: *þocian

⇒ Old English: þocerian

⇒ Old English: *þucc

desc

>? Middle English: thucke (“nasty trick, harm”)

Old High German: *duh, *duk

>? Middle High German: duc, tuc (“push, blow”)

German: Tuck (dialectal)

Old Norse: þoka (“to move, give way, budge”)

Icelandic: þoka

Faroese: toka

Norwegian: toka, tokka

→⇒? Middle English: thoke (adj)

⇒ English: thokish (dialectal)

⇒ English: thoky (dialectal)

desctree

⇒ Old Norse: þukla
Icelandic: þukla
Norwegian Nynorsk: tukla, tukle
Norwegian Bokmål: tukle

From earlier paradigm *þukkōþi ~ *þugunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *tuk-nā́-ti ~ *tuk-un-ánti, iterative from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewk- (“to shove, push”).


hōbō

hōbō (nominative singular)
hōbôz (nominative plural)
hōbō (singular vocative)
hōbôz (plural vocative)
hōbǭ (accusative singular)
hōbōz (accusative plural)
hōbōz (genitive singular)
hōbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōbōi (dative singular)
hōbōmaz (dative plural)
hōbō (instrumental singular)
hōbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hōva

Middle Low German: hōve

Low German: Hoov

desctree

Old Dutch: *huova
Middle Dutch: hoeve
Dutch: hoeve

Old High German: huoba

German: Hube

From Pre-Germanic *keh₂péh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂po- (“land, garden”), from *keh₂p- (“to seize”). Related to Ancient Greek κῆπος (kêpos, “garden, orchard”) and possibly Albanian kopsht (“garden”).


hlakkōną

hlakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
hlakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlakkōndz (active participle present)
hlakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlakkōn, *hlakōn

Old English: *hlacian

⇒ Old English: *hlacerian

⇒ Old English: hlacerung

Old Frisian: hlakkia, hlakia

Saterland Frisian: laachje

West Frisian: laitsje

Old Norse: hlakka

Icelandic: hlakka

Secondary o-grade iterative of *hlahjaną (“to laugh”).


þreutaną

þreutō (active first-person indicative singular)
þreutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þreutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þriutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þreutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þreut (active imperative second-person singular)
þreutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þreutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þriutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þreutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þreutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þreutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þreutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þreutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þreutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þreutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þreutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þreutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þreutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þreutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þreutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þreutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þriutid (active indicative plural second-person)
þreutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þriutid (active imperative plural second-person)
þreutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þreutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þreutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þreutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þreutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þreutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þreutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þraut (active first-person indicative singular)
þrutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þraust (active indicative second-person singular)
þrutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þraut (active indicative singular third-person)
þrutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrutū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrutum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrutud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrutun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þreutandz (active participle present)
þrutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þreutan
Old English: þrēotan
Old Saxon: thriotan
Middle Low German: drēten

Old Norse: þrjóta
Icelandic: þrjóta
Faroese: tróta
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: tryte
Norwegian Nynorsk: tryta, tryte
Old Swedish: þrȳta
Swedish: tryta
Old Danish: tryde
⇒ Old Danish: fortryde
Danish: fortryde

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *uzþreutaną
Proto-West Germanic: *uʀþreutan
Old English: āþrēotan
Old Saxon: āthriotan
Middle Low German: vordrēten, vordreiten
Old High German: irdriozan, irdruzzen
Middle High German: erdriezen, verdriezen
German: erdrießen (archaic), verdrießen
Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (usþriutan)

From Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to harass”).


flagnaną

flagnō (active first-person indicative singular)
flagnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flagnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flagnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flagnō (active imperative second-person singular)
flagnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flagnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flagnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flagnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flagnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flagnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flagnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flagnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flagnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flagnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flagnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flagnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flagnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flagnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flagnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flagnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flagnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flagnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flagnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flagnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flagnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
flagnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flagnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flagnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flagnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flagnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flagnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flagnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flagnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flagnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flagnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flagnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flagnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: flagna

Icelandic: flagna

Swedish: flagna

Scanian: flağna

/ˈɸlɑɣ.nɑ.nɑ̃/