klawjaną

klawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
klawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
klawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klawi (active imperative second-person singular)
klawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klōw (active first-person indicative singular)
klōwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klōwt (active indicative second-person singular)
klōwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klōw (active indicative singular third-person)
klōwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klōwū (active dual first-person indicative)
klōwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klōwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klōwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klōwum (active first-person indicative plural)
klōwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klōwud (active indicative plural second-person)
klōwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klōwun (active indicative plural third-person)
klōwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klawjandz (active participle present)
klawanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *klauwjan
Old English: clawan; clāwan, *clēn (strong class 7)
Middle English: clawen, cleen
English: claw
Scots: claw
Old Saxon: *clawōn
Middle Low German: klâwen
Old Dutch: *clōien, *clouen
Middle Dutch: clôyen, clooien, clouwen
Dutch: klooien, klauwen (remodelled after the noun, or from West Germanic *klawēn)
Old High German: klawjan
Middle High German: kleuen, klæwen
German: kläuen (dialectal or obsolete), klauen (remodelled after the noun, or from West Germanic *klawēn)

Old Norse: klá, kleyja
Icelandic: klá
Faroese: kláa
Norwegian Nynorsk: klå
Norwegian Bokmål: klø (< kleyja)
Old Swedish: klā
Swedish: klå

From a Proto-Indo-European root *glew-, from a base *gel- (“to make round, clench”).


hainō

hainō (nominative singular)
hainôz (nominative plural)
hainō (singular vocative)
hainôz (plural vocative)
hainǭ (accusative singular)
hainōz (accusative plural)
hainōz (genitive singular)
hainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hainōi (dative singular)
hainōmaz (dative plural)
hainō (instrumental singular)
hainōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hān

Middle English: hone, hayn, hoone
English: hone
→ Scots: hone, whoon

Low German: Hän, Heenk, Hant, Hänke (?)

Dutch: heen (?)

Old Norse: hein

Icelandic: hein

Norwegian: hein, hen

Swedish: hein, hen (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃i- (“to sharpen”).


furþą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *forþ
Old English: forþ, forð
Middle English: forth, vorð, furth, feorð, forh, fort, ford
English: forth
Scots: furth
Old Frisian: forth
Saterland Frisian: fout
West Frisian: fuort
Old Saxon: forth, forð
Middle Low German: fort, vort
German Low German: foort
→ Danish: fort
→ Norwegian: fort
→ Swedish: fort
Old Dutch: forth
Middle Dutch: vort, voort
Dutch: voort
Jersey Dutch: vôrt
Old High German: forth
Middle High German: vort
Cimbrian: vort
German: fort

Old Norse: forð

From pre-Germanic *pŕ̥-to(m), perhaps with accent retraction from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥-tó-m or *pr̥-t-ó, derived from *per- (“to cross; across, before, in front”). Compare Ancient Greek πάρ (pár), Latin por-, Sanskrit प्र् (pr).


þūmilaz

þūmilaz (nominative singular)
þūmilōz (nominative plural)
þūmilōs (nominative plural)
þūmil (singular vocative)
þūmilōz (plural vocative)
þūmilōs (plural vocative)
þūmilą (accusative singular)
þūmilanz (accusative plural)
þūmilas (genitive singular)
þūmilis (genitive singular)
þūmilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þūmilai (dative singular)
þūmilamaz (dative plural)
þūmilō (instrumental singular)
þūmilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þȳmel
Middle English: thymbyll, themel, þymel, thymbyl, themyl, thymle, themelle
English: thimble
Scots: thummle, thumble

Old Norse: þumall (← *þūmalaz); *þumill

Icelandic: þumall

Faroese: tummil

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: tommel

Norwegian Bokmål: tommel

Danish: tommel


agalaitiją

agalaitiją (nominative singular)
agalaitijō (nominative plural)
agalaitiją (singular vocative)
agalaitijō (plural vocative)
agalaitiją (accusative singular)
agalaitijō (accusative plural)
agalaitijas (genitive singular)
agalaitīs (genitive singular)
agalaitijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agalaitijai (dative singular)
agalaitijamaz (dative plural)
agalaitijō (instrumental singular)
agalaitijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *agalaitī

Old High German: agaleizi

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹 (aglaiti)


agalaitijaz

*agalaitijaz (ja-stem)

agalaitijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
agalaitijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
agalaitijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
agalaitijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
agalaitiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
agalaitijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
agalaitijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
agalaitijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
agalaitijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
agalaitijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
agalaitiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
agalaitijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
agalaitijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
agalaitijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
agalaitijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
agalaitijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
agalaitijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
agalaitijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
agalaitijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
agalaitijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
agalaitijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
agalaitijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
agalaitijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
agalaitijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
agalaitijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
agalaitijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
agalaitijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
agalaitijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
agalaitijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
agalaitijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
agalaitijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
agalaitijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
agalaitijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
agalaitijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
agalaitijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
agalaitijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
agalaitijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
agalaitijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
agalaitijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
agalaitijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
agalaitijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
agalaitijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
agalaitīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
agalaitijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
agalaitijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
agalaitijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
agalaitīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
agalaitijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
agalaitīni (dative masculine singular weak)
agalaitijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
agalaitijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
agalaitijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
agalaitīni (dative neuter singular weak)
agalaitijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
agalaitīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
agalaitijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
agalaitijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
agalaitijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
agalaitīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
agalaitijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *agalaitī
Old High German: agaleizi
Middle High German: ageleize, ageleiz

Possibly haplologically syncopated from earlier *aglalaitjaz, from *aglaz (“shameful”) + *laitjaz (whence Rhinelandic German leizig (“annoying; excited”)).


ahjaną

ahjō (active first-person indicative singular)
ahjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ahjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ahisi (active indicative second-person singular)
ahjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ahi (active imperative second-person singular)
ahjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ahjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ahiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ahjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ahjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ahjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ahjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ahjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ahjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ahjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ahjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ahjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ahjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ahjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ahjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ahjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ahiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ahjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ahiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ahjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ahjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ahjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ahjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ahjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ahjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ahjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ahidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ahidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ahidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ahidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ahidē (active indicative singular third-person)
ahidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ahidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ahidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ahidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ahidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ahidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ahidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ahidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ahidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ahidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ahidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ahjandz (active participle present)
ahidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ahjan)

Uncertain. Has been compared to *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) (by Osthoff) and to Ancient Greek ὄκνος (óknos, “hesitation”) (by Pokorny). Kroonen instead suggests it could be identical to *ahjaną (“to graze”), whence Old Norse æja, if the intermediate meaning was “to ruminate”, except for the fact that he reconstructs that verb as *aiwjaną.

cog

Brill Publishers
Hermann Osthoff
Julius Pokorny


aiglaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*aiglaz (a-stem)

aiglaz (nominative singular)
aiglōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
aigl (singular vocative)
aiglōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
aiglą (accusative singular)
aiglanz (accusative plural)
aiglas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
aiglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiglai (dative singular)
aiglamaz (dative plural)
aiglō (instrumental singular)
aiglamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *eigl

Swedish: egel (dialectal), äjel (dialectal)

Unknown. Compare Ancient Greek αἶκλοι (aîkloi, “corners of an arrow”, pl.) and αἰχμή (aikhmḗ, “point of a spear, head of an arrow”). Kroonen maintains a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eyḱ- as the source, but this comes with phonetic problems. Perhaps a European substrate word in common with Old Prussian ayculo (“needle”) and Proto-Slavic *jьgъlà (“needle”).


aihtrōną

aihtrō (active first-person indicative singular)
aihtrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aihtrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
aihtrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aihtrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aihtrō (active imperative second-person singular)
aihtrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aihtrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aihtrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aihtrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aihtrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aihtrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aihtrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aihtrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aihtrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aihtrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aihtrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aihtrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aihtrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aihtrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aihtrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aihtrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aihtrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aihtrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aihtrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aihtrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aihtrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aihtrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aihtrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aihtrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aihtrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aihtrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aihtrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aihtrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aihtrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aihtrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aihtrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
aihtrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aihtrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aihtrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aihtrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aihtrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aihtrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aihtrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aihtrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aihtrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aihtrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aihtrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aihtrōndz (active participle present)
aihtrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍂𐍉𐌽 (aihtrōn)

Related to *aikaną (“to make one's own”).


aflaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*aflaz (a-stem)

aflaz (nominative singular)
aflōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
afl (singular vocative)
aflōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
aflą (accusative singular)
aflanz (accusative plural)
aflas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
aflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aflai (dative singular)
aflamaz (dative plural)
aflō (instrumental singular)
aflamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: afl

Icelandic: afl

Faroese: alvur, alvi

Undetermined; Kroonen suggests a relationship to Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-ap-pé-na-aš /ḫappenas/, “fire pit, oven”, gen. sg.), so that both would be from a Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic l/n-stem *h₂épōl or *h₂épl̥, genitive *h₂pnós (compare the derivation of *aplaz). On the other hand, this Hittite term may instead be related to a widespread Wanderwort from which may have come also Germanic *ufnaz, or alternatively from a root *h₃ep- (“to bake”). Likewise, a substrate origin for *aflaz cannot be ruled out.


aisōną

aisō (active first-person indicative singular)
aisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
aisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aisō (active imperative second-person singular)
aisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
aisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aisōndz (active participle present)
aisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: eisa

Icelandic: eisa


aitilaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*aitilaz (a-stem)

aitilaz (nominative singular)
aitilōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
aitil (singular vocative)
aitilōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
aitilą (accusative singular)
aitilanz (accusative plural)
aitilas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
aitilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aitilai (dative singular)
aitilamaz (dative plural)
aitilō (instrumental singular)
aitilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: eizala f

Middle High German: eizel n

Old Norse: eitill

Faroese: eitil

Icelandic: eitill


airinōną

airinō (active first-person indicative singular)
airinǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
airinōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
airinōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
airinōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
airinō (active imperative second-person singular)
airinōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
airinōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
airinōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
airinō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
airinōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
airinōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
airinōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
airinōs (active dual first-person indicative)
airinōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
airinōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
airinōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
airinōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
airinōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
airinōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
airinōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
airinōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
airinōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
airinōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
airinōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
airinōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
airinōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
airinōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
airinōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
airinōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
airinōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
airinōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
airinōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
airinōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
airinōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
airinōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
airinōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
airinōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
airinōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
airinōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
airinōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
airinōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
airinōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
airinōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
airinōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
airinōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
airinōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
airinōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
airinōndz (active participle present)
airinōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: árna

Faroese: árna

Icelandic: árna

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 (airinōn)


aistāną

aistō (active first-person indicative singular)
aistaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
aistai (active imperative second-person singular)
aistāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aistaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aistāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aistāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aistōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aistāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aistāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aistāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aistānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aistaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aistaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aistānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aistānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aistānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aistānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aistadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aistadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aistadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aistadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aistadē (active indicative singular third-person)
aistadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aistadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aistadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aistadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aistadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aistadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aistadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aistadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aistadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aistadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aistadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aistāndz (active participle present)
aistadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (aistan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eysd- (“to laud, honour”). Cognate with Sanskrit ईळे (īḷe, “I praise”).


aiwijaną

aiwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
aiwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aiwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aiwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aiwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aiwī (active imperative second-person singular)
aiwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aiwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aiwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aiwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aiwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aiwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aiwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aiwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aiwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aiwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aiwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aiwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aiwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aiwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aiwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aiwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aiwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aiwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aiwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aiwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aiwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aiwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aiwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aiwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aiwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aiwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aiwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aiwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aiwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aiwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aiwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
aiwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aiwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aiwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aiwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aiwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aiwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aiwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aiwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aiwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aiwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aiwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aiwijandz (active participle present)
aiwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Dutch: *ēwen

Middle Dutch: *êwen

Dutch: eeuwen

Old Norse: æja


aisǭ

aisǭ (nominative singular)
aisōniz (nominative plural)
aisǭ (singular vocative)
aisōniz (plural vocative)
aisōnų (accusative singular)
aisōnunz (accusative plural)
aisōniz (genitive singular)
aisōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aisōni (dative singular)
aisōmaz (dative plural)
aisōnē (instrumental singular)
aisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aisā

Old Saxon: *ēsa

Middle Low German: êse

desctree

Old Norse: eisa
Icelandic: eisa
Norwegian Nynorsk: eisa, eise; (dialectal) ese, hese
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eise
Swedish: (dialectal) ajsa
→ Scots: aes, es, aze


aiþį̄

aiþį̄ (nominative singular)
aiþīniz (nominative plural)
aiþį̄ (singular vocative)
aiþīniz (plural vocative)
aiþīnų (accusative singular)
aiþīnunz (accusative plural)
aiþīniz (genitive singular)
aiþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiþīni (dative singular)
aiþīmaz (dative plural)
aiþīnē (instrumental singular)
aiþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiþī

Old High German: *eidī

Middle High German: eide

⇒ Old High German: fuotareidī

Old Norse: eiða

Icelandic: eiða

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 (aiþei)

→ Proto-Finnic: *äitei (see there for further descendants)

1) Nursery word; compare Basque aita (father).
2) From Proto-Indo-European. Compare Proto-Indo-Aryan *āyiH (“mother”), whence Marathi आई (āī, “mother”), Assamese আই (ai, “mother”)

onomatopoeic

Nursery word


ainijaz

ainijaz (nominative singular)
ainijōz (nominative plural)
ainijōs (nominative plural)
ainī (singular vocative)
ainijōz (plural vocative)
ainijōs (plural vocative)
ainiją (accusative singular)
ainijanz (accusative plural)
ainijas (genitive singular)
ainīs (genitive singular)
ainijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ainijai (dative singular)
ainijamaz (dative plural)
ainijō (instrumental singular)
ainijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: einir
Icelandic: einir
Faroese: eini
Norwegian Nynorsk: eine, einer
Norwegian Bokmål: einer
Elfdalian: ien, iene
Old Swedish: ēn, ēne
Swedish: en, ene
Danish: ene, ener
Norwegian Bokmål: ener

The details of the derivation and those of the supposed cognates are uncertain, but seemingly related to the beginning element of Latin iūniperus (“juniper”), as well as perhaps to Hittite 𒂊𒅀𒀭 (e-i̯a-an /ei̯an-/, “(a kind of) evergreen tree (yew?)”), in which case they may be from a Proto-Indo-European acrostatic n-stem noun *h₁óy-n- ~ *h₁éy-n-s. The Germanic form points to *h₁oy-n-yo-; also, it probably began as a collective formation.
Compare also *īhwaz.


aistô

aistô (nominative singular)
aistōnō (nominative plural)
aistô (singular vocative)
aistōnō (plural vocative)
aistô (accusative singular)
aistōnō (accusative plural)
aistiniz (genitive singular)
aistanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aistini (dative singular)
aistammaz (dative plural)
aistinē (instrumental singular)
aistammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: eista
Icelandic: eista
Faroese: eista
Norwegian Nynorsk: eiste

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oyd-sth₂-o-, from the root *h₂eyd- (“to swell”) (see *aitaz, *aitrą) with a suffixed root *-sth₂-, a formation common also to Balto-Slavic: Lithuanian ìnkstas (“testicle, kidney”), Old Church Slavonic исто (isto, “testicle, (pl.) kidneys, guts”). Compare also Albanian eshke, veshkë (“kidney”).


ahanō

gem-decl-noun-table

*ahanō (ō-stem)

ahanō (nominative singular)
ahanôz (nominative plural)
ahanō (singular vocative)
ahanôz (plural vocative)
ahanǭ (accusative singular)
ahanōz (accusative plural)
ahanōz (genitive singular)
ahanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahanōi (dative singular)
ahanōmaz (dative plural)
ahanō (instrumental singular)
ahanōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: agnu, aegne, egenu

Old High German: agana, agena, agina

Middle High German: agene

German: Agen, Ahne

desctree

Old Norse: ǫgn
Icelandic: ögn
Faroese: øgn
Norwegian Nynorsk: agn
Norwegian Bokmål: agn
Old Danish: aghn
Danish: avne
→ North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: aagen
Mooring-Sylt:
Mooring: åågene
Sylt: Aagen
Wiedingharde: aagene
Swedish: agn
Elfdalian: aungen
→? Middle English: awne, agune, auene, aune, awene, awun
English: awn; awns
Scots: yawin, yavin, yewn

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 (ahana)

→ Proto-Finnic: *akana (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂e(ḱ)-on-eh₂-, from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”). See also *ahaz (“ear (of grains)”) and Latin agna (“ear (of grains)”).


aiwiskaz

*aiwiskaz (a-stem)

aiwiskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aiwiskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aiwiskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aiwiskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aiwiską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aiwiskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aiwiskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aiwiskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aiwiskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aiwiskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aiwiską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aiwiskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aiwiskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aiwiskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aiwiskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aiwiskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aiwiskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aiwiskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aiwiskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aiwiskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aiwiskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aiwiskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aiwiskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aiwiskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aiwiskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aiwiskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aiwiskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aiwiskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aiwiskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aiwiskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aiwiskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aiwiskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aiwiskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aiwiskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aiwiskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aiwiskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aiwiskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aiwiskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aiwiskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aiwiskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aiwiskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aiwiskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aiwiskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aiwiskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aiwiskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aiwiskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aiwiskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aiwiskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aiwiskini (dative masculine singular weak)
aiwiskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aiwiskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aiwiskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aiwiskini (dative neuter singular weak)
aiwiskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aiwiskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aiwiskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aiwiskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aiwiskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aiwiskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aiwiskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: āwisċ, ǣwisċ, ēawisċ

Old Saxon: *ēwisk

Middle Low German: êsch, eisch

German Low German: aiwisk, eisk, aisch

Old High German: *ēwisk

Middle High German: eisch

⇒ Old High German: ēwisklīh

Gothic: *𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*aiwisks) (in 𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (unaiwisks))

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eygʷʰ- + *-iskos; for the root, compare Sanskrit अनेहस् (an-ehás, “flawless, unrivalled”) (< *n̥-h₂eygʷʰós).
Formerly often compared with Ancient Greek αἶσχος (aîskhos), but this hypothesis has largely been abandoned due to its formal difficulty.


aikaną

aikō (active first-person indicative singular)
aikaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aikai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
aikaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aik (active imperative second-person singular)
aikazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aikaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
aikai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aikadau (active imperative singular third-person)
aikadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aikaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aikōz (active dual first-person indicative)
aikaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aikadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aikaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aikadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aikamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aikaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aikandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aikaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aikid (active indicative plural second-person)
aikaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aikid (active imperative plural second-person)
aikandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aikaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aikandi (active indicative plural third-person)
aikain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aikandau (active imperative plural third-person)
aikandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aikaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
eaik (active first-person indicative singular)
eaikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
eaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
eaikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
eaik (active indicative singular third-person)
eaikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
eaikū (active dual first-person indicative)
eaikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
eaikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
eaikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
eaikum (active first-person indicative plural)
eaikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
eaikud (active indicative plural second-person)
eaikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
eaikun (active indicative plural third-person)
eaikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aikandz (active participle present)
aikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *aikan

Old High German: *eihhan (in ineihhan)

Gothic: *𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (*aikan) (in 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (afaikan))


aikaną

Proto-West Germanic: *aikan

Proto-West Germanic: *aikulōn

Old English: āclian

⇒ Old Norse: eikinn (past participle)

From Proto-Indo-European *oyk- (“to be out of tune, be grumpy or cranky”).


aitaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*aitaz (a-stem)

aitaz (nominative singular)
aitōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
ait (singular vocative)
aitōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
aitą (accusative singular)
aitanz (accusative plural)
aitas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
aitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aitai (dative singular)
aitamaz (dative plural)
aitō (instrumental singular)
aitamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *ēt

Middle Dutch: *êet

Dutch: eet

Old High German: eiz

Middle High German: eiz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óydos, whence also possibly Proto-Slavic *ě̑dъ, *jadъ (“poison, malice”) (Old Church Slavonic ядъ (jadŭ), Czech jed, Polish jad, Russian яд (jad), Serbo-Croatian ȉjed, jȁd), from the root *h₂eyd- (“to swell”). Cognate with Old Armenian այտնում (aytnum, “to swell”) (aorist այտեայ (ayteay)), այտ (ayt, “cheek”), Ancient Greek οἰδέω (oidéō, “to swell”), *οἰδί- (*oidí-, “swollen”), Latin aemidus (“swollen”), Persian استیم (astim, “pus”).

ref

For the Slavic, Derksen prefers a derivation from <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*h₁ed-</i> (“to eat”) (which Kroonen also notes as a possibility) involving a euphemistic semantic shift “food” > “poison”.


dankō

dankō (nominative singular)
dankôz (nominative plural)
dankō (singular vocative)
dankôz (plural vocative)
dankǭ (accusative singular)
dankōz (accusative plural)
dankōz (genitive singular)
dankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dankōi (dative singular)
dankōmaz (dative plural)
dankō (instrumental singular)
dankōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: dǫkk

Icelandic: dökk

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: dokk (“low lying ground, depression”)


algijaną

algijō (active first-person indicative singular)
algijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
algijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
algīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
algijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
algī (active imperative second-person singular)
algijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
algijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
algīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
algijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
algijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
algijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
algijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
algijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
algijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
algijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
algijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
algijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
algijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
algijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
algijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
algijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
algīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
algijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
algīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
algijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
algijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
algijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
algijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
algijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
algijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
algijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
algidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
algidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
algidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
algidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
algidē (active indicative singular third-person)
algidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
algidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
algidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
algidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
algidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
algidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
algidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
algidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
algidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
algidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
algidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
algijandz (active participle present)
algidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *elgja

Icelandic: elgja

Norwegian: elgja


rōkijaną

rōkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rōkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rōkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rōkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rōkī (active imperative second-person singular)
rōkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rōkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rōkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rōkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rōkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rōkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rōkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rōkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rōkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rōkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rōkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rōkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rōkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rōkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rōkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rōkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rōkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rōkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rōkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rōkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rōkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rōkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rōkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rōkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rōkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rōkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rōkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rōkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōkijandz (active participle present)
rōkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rōkijan
Old English: rēċan, rēċċan
Middle English: recchen
English: retch
Old Saxon: rōkian
Middle Low German: rôken, rûken
Low German: roken, ruken
Old Dutch: ruoken
Middle Dutch: roeken
Dutch: roeken (obsolete)
Old High German: ruohhen, ruochen
Middle High German: ruochen, rūchen
⇒ Old High German: giruohhen
Middle High German: geruochen
German: geruhen

Old Norse: rœkja

Icelandic: rækja

→ Middle English: reken, rekken

English: reck

Scots: rek, rak, rack

→ Proto-Finnic: *rookkidak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“straight, right, just”).


aliskōną

aliskō (active first-person indicative singular)
aliskǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aliskōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
aliskōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aliskōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aliskō (active imperative second-person singular)
aliskōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aliskōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aliskōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aliskō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aliskōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aliskōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aliskōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aliskōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aliskōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aliskōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aliskōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aliskōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aliskōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aliskōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aliskōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aliskōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aliskōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aliskōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aliskōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aliskōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aliskōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aliskōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aliskōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aliskōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aliskōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aliskōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aliskōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aliskōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aliskōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aliskōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aliskōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
aliskōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aliskōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aliskōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aliskōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aliskōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aliskōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aliskōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aliskōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aliskōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aliskōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aliskōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aliskōndz (active participle present)
aliskōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: elska, ælska

Icelandic: elska

Faroese: elska, alska

Norwegian Bokmål: elske

Norwegian Nynorsk: elske, elska

Old Swedish: ælska

Swedish: älska

Danish: elske

→ Scots: elsk (Shetlandic)

Kroonen suggests a connection with *alaną (“to grow, rear”).

(North Germanic) to tend to, to care for


ampraz

*ampraz (a-stem)

ampraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
amprai (masculine nominative plural strong)
amprō (feminine nominative singular strong)
amprôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
amprą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
amprō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ampranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ampranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
amprǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
amprōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
amprą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
amprō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ampras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ampraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ampraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ampraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ampras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ampraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
amprammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ampraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ampraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ampraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
amprammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ampraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ampranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ampraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ampraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ampraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ampranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ampraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
amprô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ampraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
amprǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
amprōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
amprô (neuter nominative singular weak)
amprōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ampranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ampranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
amprōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
amprōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
amprô (accusative neuter singular weak)
amprōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ampriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ampranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
amprōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
amprōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ampriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ampranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
amprini (dative masculine singular weak)
amprammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
amprōni (dative feminine singular weak)
amprōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
amprini (dative neuter singular weak)
amprammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
amprinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
amprammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
amprōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
amprōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
amprinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
amprammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ampr
Old Frisian: *amper, *omper
West Frisian: amper
Old Dutch: *ampar
Middle Dutch: amper
Dutch: amper

Old Norse: apr (< *appr < *amp-) (descendants may be influenced by Low German)

Icelandic: apur

Norwegian Bokmål: amper

Norwegian Nynorsk: amper

Swedish: amper

Danish: amper

Gutnish: ampårr, anpän

Jamtish: ampen

Angermannian: ampen, anpäs (verb)

Sudermannian: amper

Wermlandian: amper

Nilandian: amper

From Proto-Indo-European *amrós (probably *h₂h₃mrós; see *h₂eh₃mós). Cognate to Sanskrit अम्ल (amlá, “sour; wood-sorrel”) and Latin amārus (“bitter”). Kroonen, skeptical, compares Semitic (e.g. Hebrew מַר (mar, “bitter”)).

cog

Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis


angwijaną

angwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
angwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
angwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
angwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
angwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
angwī (active imperative second-person singular)
angwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
angwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
angwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
angwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
angwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
angwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
angwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
angwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
angwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
angwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
angwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
angwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
angwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
angwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
angwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
angwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
angwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
angwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
angwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
angwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
angwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
angwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
angwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
angwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
angwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
angwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
angwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
angwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
angwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
angwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
angwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
angwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
angwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
angwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
angwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
angwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
angwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
angwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
angwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
angwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
angwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
angwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
angwijandz (active participle present)
angwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *angwijan
Old English: engan
Old Saxon: *engian
Middle Low German: engen
Old Dutch: *engen
Middle Dutch: engen
Dutch: engen
Old High German: engen
Middle High German: engen
German: engen

Old Norse: øngva, øngja

Icelandic: öngva, öngja

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaaggwjan)


angraz

gem-decl-noun-table

*angraz (a-stem)

angraz (nominative singular)
angrōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
angr (singular vocative)
angrōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
angrą (accusative singular)
angranz (accusative plural)
angras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
angrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angrai (dative singular)
angramaz (dative plural)
angrō (instrumental singular)
angramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: angar

Middle Low German: anger

Old Dutch: *angar

Middle Dutch: anger

Old High German: angar

Middle High German: anger

German: Anger

Old Norse: angr

Icelandic: angur

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“corner”) in sense "narrow meadow beside waterway". Compare Angrivarii.


angraz

*angraz (a-stem)

Old High German: angar

A North-European word probably from or related to Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥gʷʰ-, variant of *h₂engʷʰ-, see also Latin anguis, Lithuanian angìs.


anduraz

*anduraz (a-stem)

anduraz (nominative singular)
andurōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
andur (singular vocative)
andurōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
andurą (accusative singular)
anduranz (accusative plural)
anduras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
andurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andurai (dative singular)
anduramaz (dative plural)
andurō (instrumental singular)
anduramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ǫndurr

Icelandic: öndur

Norwegian: onder

Elfdalian: andur

→ Proto-Finnic: *antura


lustusamaz

*lustusamaz (a-stem)

lustusamaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lustusamai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lustusamō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lustusamôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lustusamą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lustusamō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lustusamanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lustusamanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lustusamǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lustusamōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lustusamą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lustusamō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lustusamas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lustusamaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lustusamaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lustusamaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lustusamas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lustusamaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lustusamammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lustusamaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lustusamaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lustusamaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lustusamammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lustusamaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lustusamanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lustusamaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lustusamaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lustusamaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lustusamanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lustusamaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lustusamô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lustusamaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lustusamǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lustusamōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lustusamô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lustusamōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lustusamanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lustusamanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lustusamōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lustusamōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lustusamô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lustusamōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lustusaminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lustusamanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lustusamōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lustusamōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lustusaminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lustusamanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lustusamini (dative masculine singular weak)
lustusamammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lustusamōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lustusamōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lustusamini (dative neuter singular weak)
lustusamammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lustusaminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lustusamammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lustusamōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lustusamōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lustusaminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lustusamammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lustusam
Old English: *lustsum
Middle English: lustsum
English: lustsome
⇒ Old English: lustsumlīċ
Old Saxon: lustsam
Middle Low German: lustsām
Old Dutch: *lustsam, lussam
Old High German: lustsam
Middle High German: lustsam, lussam, lossam
German: lustsam

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰 (lustusama)


fradrībaną

fradrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
fradrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fradrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fradrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
fradrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fradrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fradrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fradrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fradrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fradrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fradrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fradrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fradrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fradrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fradrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fradrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
fradrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
fradrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fradrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fradrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fradrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fradrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fradrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fradraib (active first-person indicative singular)
fradribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradraift (active indicative second-person singular)
fradribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradraib (active indicative singular third-person)
fradribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradribū (active dual first-person indicative)
fradribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradribum (active first-person indicative plural)
fradribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradribud (active indicative plural second-person)
fradribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradribun (active indicative plural third-person)
fradribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradrībandz (active participle present)
fradribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fradrīban
Old English: fordrīfan
Middle English: fordriven
English: fordrive
Old Frisian: fordrīva
Saterland Frisian: ferdrieuwe
West Frisian: ferdriuwe
Old Saxon: fardrīvan
Middle Low German: vordriven
German Low German: verdrieven
Dutch Low Saxon: verdrieven
→ Old Danish: fordriffue
→ Danish: fordrive
→ Old Swedish: fordriva
Swedish: fördriva
→ Elfdalian: fedraiva
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: fordrive
Norwegian Nynorsk: fordriva, fordrive
Old Dutch: fardrīvan
Middle Dutch: verdriven
Dutch: verdrijven
Afrikaans: verdryf
Limburgish: verdrieve
Old High German: fartrīban
Middle High German: vertrīben
German: vertreiben
Alemannic German: vertriibe

Old Norse: fordrífa


waitijaną

waitijō (active first-person indicative singular)
waitijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waitijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waitīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waitijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waitī (active imperative second-person singular)
waitijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waitijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waitīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waitijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waitijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waitijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waitijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waitijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waitijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waitijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waitijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waitijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waitijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waitijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waitijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waitijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waitīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waitijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waitīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waitijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waitijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waitijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waitijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waitijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waitijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waitijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waitidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waitidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waitidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waitidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waitidē (active indicative singular third-person)
waitidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waitidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waitidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waitidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waitidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waitidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waitidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waitidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waitidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waitidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waitidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waitijandz (active participle present)
waitidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waitijan
Old Frisian: wēta (“to claim, testify”)
Old High German: weizen (“to show, prove”)

Old Norse: veita (“to give, grant”)

desc

Faroese: veita (“to yield, render, give, grant, allot, allocate, assign”)

Icelandic: veita (“to give, grant, offer”)

Old Danish: vide/vede (“to give, offer, admit”)

Middle Norwegian: veita (“to give, promise, fulfill”)

Old Swedish: vēta (“to give, grant, offer”)

From Proto-Indo-European *woydéyeti, causative of *weyd- (“to see”). Equivalent to *wītaną (“to know”) + *-janą. Cognate with Sanskrit वेदयति (vedayati, “announce”) and Old Irish foídid (“send”).


gunþifanô

gunþifanô (nominative singular)
gunþifananiz (nominative plural)
gunþifanô (singular vocative)
gunþifananiz (plural vocative)
gunþifananų (accusative singular)
gunþifananunz (accusative plural)
gunþifaniniz (genitive singular)
gunþifananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gunþifanini (dative singular)
gunþifanammaz (dative plural)
gunþifaninē (instrumental singular)
gunþifanammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gunþifanō
Old English: gūþfana
Old Saxon: gūthfano
Old High German: gundfano
→ Old French: gonfanon
French: gonfanon
→ Middle Dutch: gonfanoen
Dutch: gonfanon
→ Middle English: gonfanon
English: gonfanon

Old Norse: gunnfani

Icelandic: gunnfáni

/ˈɣun.θi.ˌɸɑ.nɔːː/

From *gunþiz (“battle”) + *fanô (“flag”).


anþō

gem-decl-noun-table

*anþō (ō-stem)

anþō (nominative singular)
anþôz (nominative plural)
anþō (singular vocative)
anþôz (plural vocative)
anþǭ (accusative singular)
anþōz (accusative plural)
anþōz (genitive singular)
anþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anþōi (dative singular)
anþōmaz (dative plural)
anþō (instrumental singular)
anþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ǫnn, ǫnd

Icelandic: önd


ansaz

*ansaz (a-stem)

ansaz (nominative singular)
ansōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
ans (singular vocative)
ansōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
ansą (accusative singular)
ansanz (accusative plural)
ansas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
ansǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ansai (dative singular)
ansamaz (dative plural)
ansō (instrumental singular)
ansamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German:

⇒ Middle High German: ansboum

Old Norse: áss

Faroese: ásur

Norwegian: ås

Old Swedish: ās

Swedish: ås

⇒ Elfdalian: guovą̊s

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐍃 (ans)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ansas (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. Connections to *amsaz (“shoulder”), Latin onus (“load”), and Latin asser (“beam”) are deemed problematic by Kroonen.


fitnaną

fitnō (active first-person indicative singular)
fitnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fitnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fitnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fitnō (active imperative second-person singular)
fitnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fitnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fitnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fitnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fitnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fitnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fitnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fitnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fitnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fitnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fitnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fitnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fitnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fitnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fitnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fitnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fitnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fitnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fitnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fitnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fitnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fitnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fitnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fitnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fitnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fitnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fitnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fitnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fitnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fitnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fitnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fitnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fitnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: fitna

Faroese: fitna

Icelandic: fitna


ardugaz

*ardugaz (a-stem)

ardugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ardugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ardugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ardugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ardugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ardugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
arduganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
arduganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ardugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ardugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ardugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ardugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ardugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ardugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ardugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ardugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ardugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ardugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ardugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ardugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ardugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ardugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ardugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ardugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
arduganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ardugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ardugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ardugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
arduganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ardugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ardugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
arduganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ardugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ardugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ardugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ardugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
arduganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
arduganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ardugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ardugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ardugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ardugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
arduginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
arduganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ardugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ardugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
arduginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
arduganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ardugini (dative masculine singular weak)
ardugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ardugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ardugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ardugini (dative neuter singular weak)
ardugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
arduginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ardugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ardugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ardugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
arduginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ardugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: ǫrðugr

Icelandic: örðugur

Faroese: ørðugur

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃érdʰ-u-s, from *h₃erdʰ- + *-us. Cognate with Latin arduus.


apaldraz

*apaldraz (a-stem)

apaldraz (nominative singular)
apaldrōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
apaldr (singular vocative)
apaldrōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
apaldrą (accusative singular)
apaldranz (accusative plural)
apaldras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
apaldrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
apaldrai (dative singular)
apaldramaz (dative plural)
apaldrō (instrumental singular)
apaldramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *apaldr
Old English: apuldur, apulder
Old Saxon: apalder

Old Norse: apaldr
Faroese: apaldur
Norwegian: apald, apall, apal
→ Norwegian Bokmål: apal
Old Danish: apæld
Danish: abild
Norwegian Bokmål: abild
Swedish: apel

From *aplaz (“apple, fruit”) + *-draz (tree suffix).


atiską

gem-decl-noun-table

*atiską (a-stem)

atiską (nominative singular)
atiskō (nominative plural)
atiską (singular vocative)
atiskō (plural vocative)
atiską (accusative singular)
atiskō (accusative plural)
atiskas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
atiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
atiskai (dative singular)
atiskamaz (dative plural)
atiskō (instrumental singular)
atiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *etisk

Middle Dutch: esch

Dutch: es

Old High German: ezzisc

German: Esch

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 (atisk)


artǭ

artǭ (nominative singular)
artōniz (nominative plural)
artǭ (singular vocative)
artōniz (plural vocative)
artōnų (accusative singular)
artōnunz (accusative plural)
artōniz (genitive singular)
artōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
artōni (dative singular)
artōmaz (dative plural)
artōnē (instrumental singular)
artōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: earte

Old Norse: arta

Swedish: årta

Elfdalian: arta


arnijaz

arnijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
arnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
arnijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
arnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
arniją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
arnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
arnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
arnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
arnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
arnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
arniją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
arnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
arnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
arnīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
arnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
arnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
arnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
arnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
arnīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
arnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
arnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
arnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
arnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
arnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
arnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
arnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
arnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
arnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
arnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
arnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
arnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
arnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
arnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
arnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
arnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
arnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
arnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
arnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
arnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
arnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
arnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
arnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
arnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
arnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
arnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
arnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
arnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
arnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
arnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
arnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
arnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
arnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
arnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
arnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
arnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
arnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
arnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
arnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
arnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
arnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
arnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
arnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: ern

Icelandic: ern

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌰 (arniba)


arfô

*arfô (an-stem)

arfô (nominative singular)
arfaniz (nominative plural)
arfô (singular vocative)
arfaniz (plural vocative)
arfanų (accusative singular)
arfanunz (accusative plural)
arfiniz (genitive singular)
arfanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arfini (dative singular)
arfammaz (dative plural)
arfinē (instrumental singular)
arfammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arfō
Old English: earfan pl
Old Frisian: *arfa
Saterland Frisian: arf, arve
Old Saxon: *arfo
Middle Low German: *arfe
German Low German: Arf
→? Old Norse: arfi, ᛅᚱᚠᛁ (arfi) — nominative singular, ᛅᚱᚠᛅ (arfa) — dative/accusative/genitive singular, ᛅᚱᚠᛅᛦ (arfaʀ), ᛆᚱᚠᛆᛦ (arfaʀ), ᛅᚱᚠᛅᚱ (arfar) — nominative plural
Icelandic: arfi
Faroese: arvi
Norwegian: arve
Old Swedish: arve
Swedish: arv (dialectal)
Danish: arve
Old Dutch: *arfo
Middle Dutch: *erfe
Dutch: erf


aþulijaz

*aþulijaz (ja-stem)

aþulijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aþulijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aþulijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aþulijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aþuliją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aþulijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aþulijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aþulijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aþulijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aþulijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aþuliją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aþulijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aþulijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
aþulijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aþulijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aþulijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aþulijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
aþulijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aþulijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aþulijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aþulijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aþulijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aþulijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aþulijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aþulijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aþulijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aþulijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aþulijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aþulijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aþulijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aþulijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aþulijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aþulijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aþulijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aþulijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aþulijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aþulijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aþulijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aþulijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aþulijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aþulijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aþulijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aþulīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aþulijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aþulijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aþulijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aþulīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aþulijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aþulīni (dative masculine singular weak)
aþulijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aþulijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aþulijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aþulīni (dative neuter singular weak)
aþulijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aþulīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aþulijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aþulijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aþulijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aþulīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aþulijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *aþuli, *aþlī
Old English: æþele, eþele
Middle English: athel, ethel
English: athel
Scots: athill
Old Frisian: ethele
Saterland Frisian: eedel
West Frisian: eal
Old Saxon: ethili
Middle Low German: ēdele, ēdel
→ Danish: ædel
→ Norwegian Bokmål: edel
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: edel
→ Swedish: ädel
German Low German: edel
Old Dutch: ethele
Middle Dutch: ēdel
Dutch: edel
Afrikaans: edel
Limburgish: aedel
Old High German: edili
Middle High German: edle, edel
German: edel
Yiddish: איידל (eydl)

From *aþalą (“nobility; kin, lineage”) + *-jaz.


auþijaz

*auþijaz (ja-stem)

auþijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
auþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
auþijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
auþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
auþiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
auþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
auþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
auþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
auþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
auþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
auþiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
auþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
auþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
auþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
auþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
auþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
auþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
auþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
auþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
auþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
auþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
auþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
auþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
auþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
auþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
auþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
auþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
auþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
auþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
auþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
auþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
auþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
auþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
auþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
auþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
auþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
auþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
auþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
auþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
auþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
auþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
auþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
auþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
auþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
auþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
auþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
auþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
auþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
auþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
auþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
auþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
auþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
auþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
auþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
auþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
auþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auþī
Old English: īeþe
Old Saxon: *ōthi
Middle Low German: ȫde
German Low German: öde, ööd
Old Dutch: *ōdi
⇒ Middle Dutch: odelijc
Dutch: olijk
Old High German: ōdi
Middle High German: œde
German: öde

Old Norse: auðr
Icelandic: auður
Faroese: eyður
Norwegian Nynorsk: aud
Old Swedish: ø̄þe
Swedish: öde
⇒ Old Swedish: öþkn, økn
Swedish: öken
Old Danish: ødtæ
Danish: øde
Norwegian Bokmål: øde
⇒ Old Danish: øthkn, øthken
Danish: ørken
Norwegian Bokmål: ørken
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ørken

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (auþeis)

→ Proto-Finnic: *autijo (see there for further descendants)

→ Pre-Samic: *awta

Proto-Samic: *vuovtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewtyos (“forlorn, deserted”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away from”).


awadī

awadī (nominative singular)
awadijôz (nominative plural)
awadī (singular vocative)
awadijôz (plural vocative)
awadijǭ (accusative singular)
awadijōz (accusative plural)
awadijōz (genitive singular)
awadijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awadijōi (dative singular)
awadijōmaz (dative plural)
awadijō (instrumental singular)
awadijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: æðr

Icelandic: æður

→ English: eider

→ Dutch: eider

→ German: Eider

→ Swedish: ejder

Faroese: æður

Norwegian: ær (dialectal), æd (dialectal)

Swedish: åda


trannijaną

trannijō (active first-person indicative singular)
trannijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trannijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trannīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
trannijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trannī (active imperative second-person singular)
trannijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
trannijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trannīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
trannijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trannijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
trannijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
trannijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
trannijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
trannijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trannijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trannijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trannijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
trannijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
trannijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trannijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
trannijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trannīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
trannijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trannīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
trannijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
trannijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
trannijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
trannijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trannijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
trannijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
trannijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trannidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
trannidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trannidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
trannidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trannidē (active indicative singular third-person)
trannidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trannidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
trannidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trannidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trannidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trannidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
trannidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trannidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
trannidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trannidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
trannidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trannijandz (active participle present)
trannidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *trannijan
Old Frisian: *trenna
Saterland Frisian: tränne
Old Saxon: *trennian
Middle Low German: trennen, drennen
German Low German: trennen
Old Dutch: *trennen
Middle Dutch: trennen, ternen, tornen
Dutch: tornen
Old High German: trennen
Middle High German: trennen
German: trennen


skapą

skapą (nominative singular)
skapō (nominative plural)
skapą (singular vocative)
skapō (plural vocative)
skapą (accusative singular)
skapō (accusative plural)
skapas (genitive singular)
skapis (genitive singular)
skapǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skapai (dative singular)
skapamaz (dative plural)
skapō (instrumental singular)
skapamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skap
Old English: sceap, ġesceap
Middle English: shap, schape
English: shape
Old Frisian: skep
North Frisian: schååp
Old Saxon: skap
Middle Low German: schap
Low German: Schapp
→ German: Schapp
Plautdietsch: Schaup
→ Old Norse: skáp (late)
Icelandic: skápur
Faroese: skáp
Old Danish: skap, skaap
Danish: skab
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skap
Norwegian Nynorsk: skap, skåp
Old Swedish: skap, skāp
Swedish: skåp
→ Finnish: kaappi
→ Ingrian: kaappi
→ Votic: kaappi
→ Estonian: kapp
→ Latvian: skapis
Old Dutch: *skap
Middle Dutch: schap
Dutch: schap
Old High German: scaf
Middle High German: schaf
Central Franconian: Schaf
Luxembourgish: Schaf
German: Schaff
→ Polish: szafa
→ Belarusian: ша́фа (šáfa)
→ Ukrainian: ша́фа (šáfa)
→ Yiddish: שאַפֿע (shafe)
→ Russian: шкаф (škaf) (see there for further descendants)
→ Bulgarian: шкаф (škaf)
→ Serbo-Croatian: шкаф
Italo-Romance:
→ Italian: scaffa
→ Sicilian: scaffa
→ Maltese: xkaffa

Old Norse: skap

Icelandic: skap

Norwegian Bokmål: skap m or n


bardō

bardō (nominative singular)
bardôz (nominative plural)
bardō (singular vocative)
bardôz (plural vocative)
bardǭ (accusative singular)
bardōz (accusative plural)
bardōz (genitive singular)
bardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bardōi (dative singular)
bardōmaz (dative plural)
bardō (instrumental singular)
bardōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bardu

Old High German: barta

Old Norse: barða

Icelandic: barða (archaic)

→? Proto-Slavic: *bordy (“axe”) (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; possibly from *bardaz (“edge, brim; beard”),, from earlier *barzdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰórsdʰ-o-s from *bʰers- (“tip, edge”) + *-dʰh₁eti (compare Sanskrit भृस्ति (bhṛstí, “tip, edge”)). Alternatively perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰórHdʰ-o-s, from *bʰerHdʰ-, from *bʰerH- (“to strike, pierce; to work with sharp tools”) + *-dʰh₁eti.


flunþrijǭ

flunþrijǭ (nominative singular)
flunþrijōniz (nominative plural)
flunþrijǭ (singular vocative)
flunþrijōniz (plural vocative)
flunþrijōnų (accusative singular)
flunþrijōnunz (accusative plural)
flunþrijōniz (genitive singular)
flunþrijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flunþrijōni (dative singular)
flunþrijōmaz (dative plural)
flunþrijōnē (instrumental singular)
flunþrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flunþrijā
Old Saxon: *fluntheria, *flunthera
Middle Low German: flundere, vlunder
German Low German: Flunder, Flunner, Flinder, Flinger, Flonder
→ German: Flunder, Flünder
→ Bavarian: Flunder
→ Czech: flundra
→ Polish: flądra
→ Swabian: Flander
→ Swedish: flunder

Old Norse: flyðra, *flundra, *flyndra

Icelandic: flyðra

Faroese: flundra

Norwegian Nynorsk: flundre, flyndre

Norwegian Bokmål: flyndre

Old Swedish: flundra

Swedish: flundra

Old Danish: flundra, flynder

Danish: flynder

desc

→ Old Northern French: flondre, flundre, floundre

Norman: fliandre

desctree

→ Middle English: flowndre, flowndur, flondyre, flounder, ffloundre, floundre, flundre
English: flounder
Scots: flunner, flunder

From *flunþrą (“something flat”). Compare cognate Late Latin platessa (“flatfish, plaice”).


smeltaz

smeltaz (nominative singular)
smeltōz (nominative plural)
smeltōs (nominative plural)
smelt (singular vocative)
smeltōz (plural vocative)
smeltōs (plural vocative)
smeltą (accusative singular)
smeltanz (accusative plural)
smeltas (genitive singular)
smiltis (genitive singular)
smeltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smeltai (dative singular)
smeltamaz (dative plural)
smeltō (instrumental singular)
smeltamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smelt
Old English: smelt, smylt
Middle English: smelt, smelte, smelth
English: smelt
Scots: smelt
Old Dutch: *smelt
Middle Dutch: *smelt
West Flemish: smelt

Old Norse: *smeltr

Danish: smelt

Swedish: smält

From *smeltaną, possibly due to the fish's soft flesh.


haisaz

haisaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haisai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haisō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haisôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haisą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haisō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haisanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haisanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haisǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haisōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haisą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haisō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haisas (genitive masculine singular strong)
haisis (genitive masculine singular strong)
haisaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haisaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haisaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haisas (genitive neuter singular strong)
haisis (genitive neuter singular strong)
haisaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haisammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haisaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haisaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haisaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haisammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haisaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haisanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haisaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haisaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haisaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haisanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haisaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haisô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haisaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haisǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haisōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haisô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haisōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haisanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haisanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haisōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haisōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haisô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haisōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haisiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haisanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haisōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haisōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haisiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haisanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haisini (dative masculine singular weak)
haisammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haisōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haisōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haisini (dative neuter singular weak)
haisammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haisinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haisammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haisōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haisōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haisinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haisammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hās, *hārs

Middle English: hos, hose, hoos, hoose, hoce, hase, haase, hayse, hors, horse, hoorse
English: hoarse
Scots: hairse, hairsh, haise

Old Frisian: *hās

West Frisian: heas

Old Dutch: hēs, heis, *hērs

Middle Dutch: hêes, heis, *hêers

⇒ Middle Dutch: hêesc, hêesch, hêersch

q

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">hêes</i>

Dutch: hees (conflated with hêes)

Afrikaans: hees

Old Saxon: hēs, *heis

Middle Low German: hēes, heis

⇒ Middle Low German: hēsch, heisch

Low German: heesch

Old High German: heis, heisar

⇒ Old High German: heisi

Middle High German: heise

desc

Middle High German: heis, heiser, heisch, heischer

German: heiser

Luxembourgish: hees

Old Norse: háss, heiss

Old Danish: hees

Danish: hæs

Elfdalian: įes

Faroese: hásur

Icelandic: hás

Jamtish: hás

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: hås

Norwegian Bokmål: hes, hås

Old Swedish: hes

Swedish: hes

Unknown; the expected Pre-Germanic form would be *koysos~*ḱoysos; with forms in -r- being from the addition of *-raz (Kroonen, Orel) or conflation with *hairaz (Orel). Kroonen speculatively connects it with Albanian kirrem. Perhaps related to *hwistlōną (“to hiss”).

Brill
Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Vladimir Orel


kutą

kutą (nominative singular)
kutō (nominative plural)
kutą (singular vocative)
kutō (plural vocative)
kutą (accusative singular)
kutō (accusative plural)
kutas (genitive singular)
kutis (genitive singular)
kutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kutai (dative singular)
kutamaz (dative plural)
kutō (instrumental singular)
kutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kot

Old English: cot

Middle English: cot, cote

English: cot, cote

Scots: cott, cot

Old Saxon: *kot

Middle Low German: kot, kōt

Low German: Kote

Old Dutch: cot (“little house”), kot

Middle Dutch: kot (“hut, cabin”)

desctree

Dutch: kot
Negerhollands: kot, cot
→ Virgin Islands Creole: kot (dated)

Old Norse: kot (“cottage, hut”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: kott
Norwegian Bokmål: kott

desc

→ Old Northern French: cot, cote (“hut, cottage”)

→⇒ Medieval Latin: cotagium

→ Anglo-Norman: cotage

→ Middle English:

English: cottage
→ French: cottage

⇒ Old French: cotin

Origin Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gewd- (“to stretch, curve, vault”).
Alternatively, of non-Indo-European origin, but possibly borrowed from Uralic; compare Finnish kota (“hut, house”) and Hungarian ház (“house”), both from Proto-Finno-Ugric/Proto-Uralic *kota. However, compare Dutch and English hut.

der

cote

merged with descendant of Old English cot