skrīaną

skrīō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrīaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrīai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrīizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrīaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrī (active imperative second-person singular)
skrīazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrīaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrīai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrīadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrīaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrīaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrīadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrīaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrīadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrīamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrīaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrīandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrīaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrīid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrīaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrīandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrīaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrīain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrīandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrīaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrai (active first-person indicative singular)
skriį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrait (active indicative second-person singular)
skriīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrai (active indicative singular third-person)
skriī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skriū (active dual first-person indicative)
skriīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skriudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skriīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrium (active first-person indicative plural)
skriīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skriud (active indicative plural second-person)
skriīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skriun (active indicative plural third-person)
skriīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīandz (active participle present)
skrianaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrīan
Old English: sċrēon
Old Frisian: skrīa
Old Saxon: *skrīan
Old Dutch: *scrīan
Middle Dutch: schriën
Dutch: schriën, schrieën (dialectal)
Old High German: scrīan
Middle High German: schrīen
Alemannic German: schriie
German: schreien
Hunsrik: schreue
Yiddish: שרײַען (shrayen)
→ Old French: escrier, acrier, escrïer
Middle French: escrier, écrier
French: écrier
→ Middle English: ascrien, ascryen
English: scry

Old Norse: *skría

Norwegian: skrike

Old Swedish: skrīa

Swedish: skria


kōpijaną

kōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
kōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kōpidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kōpidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōpidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kōpidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōpidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kōpidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōpidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kōpidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōpidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōpidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōpidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kōpidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōpidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kōpidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōpidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kōpidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōpijandz (active participle present)
kōpidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kōpijan

Old English: cēpan

Middle English: kepen

English: keep

Scots: kepe, keip

⇒ Old English: *cōpnian

Middle English: copnen

Old Frisian: *kēpa

West Frisian: kipe, kippe, kypje

Old Norse: kópa

Icelandic: kópa

Norwegian Bokmål: kope

Norwegian Nynorsk: kope

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵab-, *ǵeb- (“to look after”). Cognate with Lithuanian gebėti (“to cultivate, maintain, be able”), Russian забо́та (zabóta, “care, concern, attention”).


muniz

muniz (nominative singular)
munīz (nominative plural)
muni (singular vocative)
munīz (plural vocative)
munį (accusative singular)
muninz (accusative plural)
munīz (genitive singular)
munjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
munī (dative singular)
munimaz (dative plural)
munī (instrumental singular)
munimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *muni

Old English: myne

Middle English: mune, mone

Old High German: *muni (?)

Middle High German: mun (?)

Old Norse: munr

Icelandic: munur

Faroese: munur

Norwegian: mun

Old Swedish: mon

Swedish: mån

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐍃 (muns)

Vandalic: *muni-

From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“mind”).


bikwemaną

bikwemō (active first-person indicative singular)
bikwemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikwemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bikwimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bikwemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bikwem (active imperative second-person singular)
bikwemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bikwemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bikwimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bikwemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikwemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bikwemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bikwemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bikwemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bikwemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikwemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikwemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikwemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bikwemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bikwemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikwemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bikwemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bikwimid (active indicative plural second-person)
bikwemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikwimid (active imperative plural second-person)
bikwemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bikwemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bikwemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bikwemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikwemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bikwemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bikwemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bikwam (active first-person indicative singular)
bikwēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikwamt (active indicative second-person singular)
bikwēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bikwam (active indicative singular third-person)
bikwēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikwēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
bikwēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikwēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikwēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikwēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
bikwēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikwēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
bikwēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikwēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
bikwēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikwemandz (active participle present)
bikumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: becuman

Middle English: bicumen, becomen

Scots: becum

English: become

Old Frisian: bikuma

North Frisian: bikomme, bykomme

Saterland Frisian: bekuume

West Frisian: bikomme

Old Saxon: biqueman, bikuman

Middle Low German: bekomen

Low German: bekamen

→ Norwegian: bekomme

→ Swedish: bekomma

→ Danish: bekomme

Old Dutch: bikuman

Middle Dutch: becōmen

Dutch: bekomen

Afrikaans: bekom

Old High German: biqueman

Middle High German: bekomen

German: bekommen

Luxembourgish: bekommen

Yiddish: באַקומען (bakumen)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (biqiman)

to come near, come around, come by, arrive

to come across, come by, chance upon, find, obtain


handulōną

handlō (active first-person indicative singular)
handlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
handlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
handlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handlō (active imperative second-person singular)
handlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
handlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
handlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
handlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
handlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
handlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
handlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
handlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
handlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
handlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
handlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
handlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
handlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
handlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
handlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
handlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
handlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
handlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
handlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
handlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
handlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
handlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
handlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
handlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
handlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
handlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
handlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handlōndz (active participle present)
handlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *handulōn
Old English: handlian
Middle English: handlen
Scots: handil
English: handle
→ Dutch: handelen
→ German: händeln, handeln
Old Frisian: handelia, hondelia
Saterland Frisian: hondelje
West Frisian: handelje, hannelje
Old Saxon: handlōn
Middle Low German: handelen
German Low German: handeln, hanneln
Plautdietsch: hendlen
Old Dutch: *handalon
Middle Dutch: handelen
Dutch: handelen
Afrikaans: handel
Negerhollands: handel
→ Caribbean Javanese: andel
Limburgish: hanjele
Old High German: hantalōn
Middle High German: handeln
German: handeln
→ Luxembourgish: handelen
Yiddish: האַנדלען (handlen)

Old Norse: handla, hǫndla

Icelandic: höndla

Norn: hanjdla

Faroese: handla

Norwegian: handle

Old Swedish: handla

Swedish: handla

Danish: handle

From *handuz (“hand”) + *-lōną (frequentive suffix).

af

to take or hold in the hand, seize, grip


liþuz

liþuz (nominative singular)
liþiwiz (nominative plural)
liþu (singular vocative)
liþiwiz (plural vocative)
liþų (accusative singular)
liþunz (accusative plural)
liþauz (genitive singular)
liþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liþiwi (dative singular)
liþumaz (dative plural)
liþū (instrumental singular)
liþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *liþu
Old English: liþ
Middle English: lyth, lith, lythe, lithe, lyþ, liþ, liþe, liþthe, liyþe, litht, leth, lethe
English: lith
Scots: lith
Old Frisian: lith, leth
North Frisian: leth, lath, lass
Saterland Frisian: Lid
West Frisian: lid
Old Saxon: lith
Middle Low German: lit
⇒ Middle Low German: gelit
Old Dutch: *lith
Middle Dutch: lit, let
Dutch: lid
Afrikaans: lid
→ Indonesian: lid
Negerhollands: lid, leden, leeden
Old High German: lid
Middle High German: lit
Alemannic German: Lid
German: Lied
⇒ Old High German: gilid
Middle High German: gelit, glit
German: Glied
Luxembourgish: Glidd

Old Norse: liðr
Icelandic: liður
Faroese: liður
Norwegian: lid
Old Swedish: liþer
Swedish: led
Danish: led

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (liþus)

→ Proto-Samic: *lëδës, *lëttō (see there for further descendants)

Unknown, no known cognates outside Germanic. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-, *leyH- (“to bend”). A relationship with Latin lituus is sometimes suggested, but is doubtful as it is likely a loanword from Etruscan. Given the variety of forms, which are difficult to reconcile as inherited, origin in a substrate language is possible.


mainijaną

mainijō (active first-person indicative singular)
mainijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mainijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mainīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mainijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mainī (active imperative second-person singular)
mainijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mainijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mainīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mainijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mainijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mainijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mainijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mainijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mainijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mainijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mainijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mainijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mainijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mainijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mainijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mainijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mainīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mainijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mainīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mainijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mainijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mainijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mainijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mainijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mainijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mainijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mainidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mainidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mainidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mainidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mainidē (active indicative singular third-person)
mainidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mainidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mainidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mainidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mainidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mainidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mainidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mainidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mainidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mainidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mainidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mainijandz (active participle present)
mainidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mainijan
Old English: mǣnan
Middle English: menen
Scots: mene, mein
English: mean
Old Frisian: mēna
Saterland Frisian: meene
West Frisian: miene
Old Saxon: mēnian
Middle Low German: mênen, meinen
German Low German: menen
→ Old Norse: meina
Icelandic: meina
Faroese: meina
Norwegian Nynorsk: meina
→ Norwegian Bokmål: meine
Danish: mene
Norwegian Bokmål: mene
Swedish: mena
Gutnish: maine
Old Dutch: mēnen
Middle Dutch: mênen
Dutch: menen
Afrikaans: meen
Limburgish: meine
Old High German: meinen
Middle High German: meinen
German: meinen
Hunsrik: menne
Yiddish: מיינען (meynen)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mainit'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *meyno- (“intent, mindset, opinion”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to change, exchange, swap, switch, share in common”). Cognate with Old Irish mían (“wish; desire”).


mainijaną

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *framainijan
Old Dutch: *farmēnen
Middle Dutch: vermênen
Old High German: firmeinen
Middle High German: vermeinen
German: vermeinen (“schlecht machen”) (obsolete)

Old Norse: meina
Icelandic: meina
Faroese: meina
Norwegian Nynorsk: meina, meine
Old Swedish: mēna
Swedish: mena, förmena

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamainjan)

Likely from *mainaz (“damaging, untrue, deceiving”) + *-janą or *mainą (“damage, unjustice”) + *-janą.


glīwą

glīwą (nominative singular)
glīwō (nominative plural)
glīwą (singular vocative)
glīwō (plural vocative)
glīwą (accusative singular)
glīwō (accusative plural)
glīwas (genitive singular)
glīwis (genitive singular)
glīwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glīwai (dative singular)
glīwamaz (dative plural)
glīwō (instrumental singular)
glīwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *glīw

Old English: glīw, glīġ, glēow, glēo

desc

Middle English: gleo, glew, gleu, gle, glee

English: glee

Scots: gle, glie, glew

Old Norse: glý

Icelandic: glý

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰlew- (“to joke, make fun, enjoy”). Cognate with Lithuanian glauda (“joke, jest”), Ancient Greek χλεύη (khleúē, “joke, jest, scorn”), Russian глуми́ться (glumítʹsja, “to mock, scoff at”), Serbo-Croatian глу́мити (“to act, feign”).
Alternative etymology derives from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to shimmer, gleam”). Cognate with Irish glé (“clear”).


wakaną

wakō (active first-person indicative singular)
wakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wak (active imperative second-person singular)
wakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wakid (active indicative plural second-person)
wakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wakid (active imperative plural second-person)
wakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōk (active first-person indicative singular)
wōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōht (active indicative second-person singular)
wōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōk (active indicative singular third-person)
wōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wakandz (active participle present)
wakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wakan
Old English: wacan
Middle English: waken
English: wake
Scots: wake

Proto-Norse:

⇒ Old Norse: vakinn (past participle only)

Icelandic: vakinn

Faroese: vakin

Norwegian Nynorsk: vaken

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vaken

Elfdalian: watşin

Old Swedish: vakin, vaken

Swedish: vaken

Danish: vågen

Norwegian Bokmål: våken

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (wakan)

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, be awake, be fresh, be cheerful”). Cognate with Latin vegeō (“be quick, be aroused, be alert”).


wakraz

*wakraz (a-stem)

wakraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wakrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wakrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wakrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wakrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wakrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wakranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wakranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wakrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wakrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wakrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wakrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wakras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wakraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wakraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wakraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wakras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wakraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wakrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wakraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wakraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wakraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wakrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wakraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wakranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wakraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wakraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wakraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wakranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wakraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wakrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wakraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wakrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wakrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wakrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wakrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wakranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wakranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wakrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wakrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wakrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wakrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wakriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wakranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wakrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wakrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wakriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wakranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wakrini (dative masculine singular weak)
wakrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wakrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wakrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wakrini (dative neuter singular weak)
wakrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wakrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wakrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wakrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wakrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wakrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wakrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wakr
Old English: waccor, wacor
Middle English: wakyr
Scots: wakir
English: waker (dialectal)
Old Frisian: *wakker, *wekker
West Frisian: wekker
Old Saxon: *wakkar
Middle Low German: wacker
German Low German: wacker
Old Dutch: *wakkar
Middle Dutch: wacker
Dutch: wakker
Afrikaans: wakker
Old High German: wachar, wakar, wackar
Middle High German: wacker
German: wacker

Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᚲᚱᚨᛉ (wakraʀ)

Old Norse: vakr

Icelandic: vakur

Faroese: vakur

Norn: våker

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: vakker

Norwegian Nynorsk: vakker

Old Swedish: vaker, vakker

Swedish: vacker

Gutnish: vakkar, vakka, vakur


gaukaz

gaukaz (nominative singular)
gaukōz (nominative plural)
gaukōs (nominative plural)
gauk (singular vocative)
gaukōz (plural vocative)
gaukōs (plural vocative)
gauką (accusative singular)
gaukanz (accusative plural)
gaukas (genitive singular)
gaukis (genitive singular)
gaukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaukai (dative singular)
gaukamaz (dative plural)
gaukō (instrumental singular)
gaukamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gauk
Old English: ġēac, ġǣc, ġēc
Middle English: ȝek, yek, yeke, ȝeac, ȝeke
Old Saxon: *gōk
Middle Low German: gôk
German Low German: Göök
Old Dutch: *gouk, *gōk
Middle Dutch: *gook, gooch
Old High German: gouh, kouch
Middle High German: gouch
German: Gauch

Old Norse: gaukr
Icelandic: gaukur
Faroese: geykur
Norn: gokk
Norwegian Nynorsk: gauk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gauk
Old Swedish: gø̄ker
Swedish: gök
Danish: gøg
Norwegian Bokmål: gjøk (< 19th century Danish gjøg)
Scanian: gøg
Jamtish: gouk
→ Middle English: goke, gowke, gouke, gauk
English: gowk, gawk
Scots: gowk, gouk

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʰegʰuǵʰos, from *gʰegʰuǵʰ- (“cuckoo”), which Gąsiorowski makes a reduplicated noun based on *gʰewǵʰ- (“to hide”), of the type of *kʷékʷlos. Cognate with Latvian dzeguze (“cuckoo”).


gnaganą

gnagō (active first-person indicative singular)
gnagaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gnagai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gnagizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gnagaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gnag (active imperative second-person singular)
gnagazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gnagaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gnagidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gnagai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gnagadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gnagadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gnagaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gnagōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gnagaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gnagadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gnagaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gnagadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gnagamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gnagaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gnagandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gnagaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gnagid (active indicative plural second-person)
gnagaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gnagid (active imperative plural second-person)
gnagandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gnagaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gnagandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gnagain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gnagandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gnagandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gnagaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gnōg (active first-person indicative singular)
gnōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gnōht (active indicative second-person singular)
gnōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gnōg (active indicative singular third-person)
gnōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gnōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
gnōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gnōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gnōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gnōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
gnōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gnōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
gnōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gnōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
gnōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gnagandz (active participle present)
gnaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gnagan
Old English: gnagan, *cnagan
Middle English: gnaȝen, gnawen, knawen
Scots: gnaw, knaw
English: gnaw, knaw
Old Frisian: *gnaga
Saterland Frisian: gnaue; gnauje; gnauelje
West Frisian: gnauwe
Old Saxon: knagan, gnagan
Middle Low German: gnāgen, knāgen
German Low German: gnagen, gnauen
Plautdietsch: gnoagen
Old Dutch: *gnagan, *cnagan
Middle Dutch: cnagen
Dutch: knagen, knauwen (possibly a contamination of knagen and kauwen)
Afrikaans: knaag, knae
Old High German: gnagan, knagan, nagan
Middle High German: nagen
German: nagen

Old Norse: gnaga, naga

Icelandic: naga

Faroese: gnaga, naga

Norn: nava (borrowed?)

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: gnaga, knaga, naga; (dialectal) gnågå

→ Danish: gnage

Norwegian Bokmål: gnage

→ Scots: nag, knag, kneggum

Old Swedish: gnagha

Swedish: gnaga

Danish: gnave, nage

Norwegian Bokmål: gnave

Elfdalian: gnågå

Gutnish: gnage

→ Middle English: *gnagen, *gnaggen, *naggen

→ English: gnag, knag (dialectal), nag

/ˈɣnɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Probably onomatopoeic; or from Proto-Indo-European *gʰnēgʰ- (“to gnaw, scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰen- (“to gnaw, grate, scrate, whit”).

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


dīsiz

dīsiz (nominative singular)
dīsīz (nominative plural)
dīsi (singular vocative)
dīsīz (plural vocative)
dīsį (accusative singular)
dīsinz (accusative plural)
dīsīz (genitive singular)
dīsijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīsī (dative singular)
dīsimaz (dative plural)
dīsī (instrumental singular)
dīsimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: dís

Icelandic: dís

→ English: dis

→ Swedish: dis

Faroese: dís

Norwegian Nynorsk: dis

Old Swedish: dīsa- in dīsaþing (see disting)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁s (“god”). Also possible relation to Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”) related to Russian деви́ца (devíca, “maiden, girl”).


dēaną

dēō (active first-person indicative singular)
dēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dē (active imperative second-person singular)
dēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dēid (active indicative plural second-person)
dēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dēid (active imperative plural second-person)
dēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dedē (active first-person indicative singular)
dedēį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dedēt (active indicative second-person singular)
dedēīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dedē (active indicative singular third-person)
dedēī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dedēū (active dual first-person indicative)
dedēīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dedēudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dedēīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dedēum (active first-person indicative plural)
dedēīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dedēud (active indicative plural second-person)
dedēīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dedēun (active indicative plural third-person)
dedēīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dēandz (active participle present)
dēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: *dājan

Low German: däirn

Old High German: tāen

Middle High German: tāen

/ˈdɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”). Cognate with Latin fellō (“suck”), Old Church Slavonic доити (doiti, “to suckle”), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “he sucks, drinks”).


dijōną

dijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dijōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
dijōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dijōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dijō (active imperative second-person singular)
dijōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dijōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dijōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dijō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dijōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dijōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dijōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dijōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dijōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dijōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dijōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dijōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dijōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dijōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dijōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dijōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dijōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dijōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dijōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dijōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dijōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dijōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dijōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dijōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dijōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dijōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dijōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dijōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dijōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dijōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
dijōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dijōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dijōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dijōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dijōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dijōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dijōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dijōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dijōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dijōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dijōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dijōndz (active participle present)
dijōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dijōn

>? Old English: dēon

Old High German: *tīōn, *dīōn

Middle High German: tīen, dīen

Bavarian: deien

Old Norse: *día

Old Swedish: dīa

Swedish: dia, di

Old Danish: di

Danish: die

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suckle, nurse”). Cognate with Latin fellō (“suck”), Old Church Slavonic доити (doiti), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, “he sucks, drinks”).


dajjǭ

dajjǭ (nominative singular)
dajjōniz (nominative plural)
dajjǭ (singular vocative)
dajjōniz (plural vocative)
dajjōnų (accusative singular)
dajjōnunz (accusative plural)
dajjōniz (genitive singular)
dajjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dajjōni (dative singular)
dajjōmaz (dative plural)
dajjōnē (instrumental singular)
dajjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *daijā

Old English: dā

Middle English: da, do

Scots: da, dae

English: doe

→ Danish: då

→⇒ Faroese: dádýr

→⇒ Icelandic: dádýr

Old High German: *tē

Middle High German: *tē

Alemannic German: Tē

From *dajjaną (“to suckle”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck, suckle”). Cognate with Sanskrit धेनुः (dhénu, “cow, milk-cow”).


dajjaną

dajjō (active first-person indicative singular)
dajjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dajjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dajisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dajjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daji (active imperative second-person singular)
dajjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dajjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dajiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dajjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dajjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dajjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dajjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dajjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dajjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dajjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dajjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dajjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dajjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dajjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dajjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dajjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dajiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dajjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dajiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dajjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dajjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dajjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dajjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dajjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dajjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dajjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dajidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dajidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dajidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dajidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dajidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dajidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dajidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dajidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dajidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dajidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dajidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dajidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dajidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dajidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dajidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dajidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dajjandz (active participle present)
dajidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *daijan

>? Old English: dēon

Old Norse: *deggja

Old Swedish: dæggia

Swedish: dägga

⇒ Swedish: däggdjur

Danish: dægge

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (daddjan)


dabaną

dabō (active first-person indicative singular)
dabaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dabai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dabizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dabaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dab (active imperative second-person singular)
dabazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dabaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dabidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dabai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dabadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dabadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dabaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dabōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dabaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dabadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dabaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dabadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dabamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dabaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dabandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dabaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dabid (active indicative plural second-person)
dabaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dabid (active imperative plural second-person)
dabandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dabaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dabandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dabain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dabandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dabandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dabaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dōb (active first-person indicative singular)
dōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōft (active indicative second-person singular)
dōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōb (active indicative singular third-person)
dōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
dōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
dōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
dōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
dōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dabandz (active participle present)
dabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *daban

⇒ Old English: ġedafen, dafen; dafenian (< *dabanōną); ġedafenlīc

Middle English: ȝedavenlic

⇒ Old Norse: dafna (< *dabanōną)

Icelandic: dafna

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (gadaban) (< *gadabaną)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tabat'ak (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *tapahtudak (see there for further descendants)

/ˈdɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“to pass, happen, occur, fit”). Cognate with Lithuanian dabinti (“to beautify, decorate, adorn”), Russian до́брый (dóbryj, “good”).


gardô

gardô (nominative singular)
gardaniz (nominative plural)
gardô (singular vocative)
gardaniz (plural vocative)
gardanų (accusative singular)
gardanunz (accusative plural)
gardiniz (genitive singular)
gardanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gardini (dative singular)
gardammaz (dative plural)
gardinē (instrumental singular)
gardammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gardō
Old Frisian: garda
North Frisian: gard, gerd, gord
Old Saxon: gardo
Middle Low German: garde, gārde
German Low German: Goorn
Old Dutch: gardo
Middle Dutch: garde
Dutch: gaard
Limburgish: gäörd
Old High German: garto
Middle High German: garte
Alemannic German: Garte, Gaarte
Bavarian: Gåatn, Goatn, Gårtn, Gåschtn
Cimbrian: gaarto, gart (Luserna)
Central Franconian: (Ripuarian) Jaade, Jaat, (Moselle Franconian) Gaade, Gaarde, Goarde, Goart, ([ˈɡɔːɐ̯tn̩] Britten)
Hunsrik: Gaarde
Luxembourgish: Gaart
East Franconian: [ˈɡ̊ad̥n̩]
German: Garten
Rhine Franconian: (South Hessian) /ˈɡaːtə/, /ˈɡaːrə/, (Palatine) /ˈɡaːtə/
Pennsylvania German: Gaarde
Yiddish: גאָרטן (gortn)

Old Norse: *garði

Icelandic: garði

Norwegian: garde

Danish: gårde (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌰 (garda)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kartano (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos (“hedge, fence, enclosure”), from *gʰerdʰ-. More at *gardaz.


wunjō

wunjō (nominative singular)
wunjôz (nominative plural)
wunjō (singular vocative)
wunjôz (plural vocative)
wunjǭ (accusative singular)
wunjōz (accusative plural)
wunjōz (genitive singular)
wunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wunjōi (dative singular)
wunjōmaz (dative plural)
wunjō (instrumental singular)
wunjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wunnju
Old English: wynn, wyn
Middle English: wynne, wunne, winne
English: wynn, wen, winne, win
Scots: win
Old Saxon: wunnia
Middle Low German: wunne
Low German: Wünn
Old Dutch: *wunna, *winna (attested in winnemānōth)
Middle Dutch: wonne
Dutch: wonne
Old High German: wunnja, wunna, wunnī
Middle High German: wunne, wünne
German: Wonne

⇒? Old Norse: ynði, yndi n

Icelandic: yndi

Faroese: yndi

Norwegian: ynde

Danish: ynde

⇒? Old Norse: unað n

Icelandic: unaður m

From Proto-Indo-European *wénh₁-ih₂ ~ wn̥h₁-yéh₂-s, from *wenh₁- (“to love”) + *-ih₂. Cognate with Latin venia (“indulgence, kindness”).


wīną

wīną (nominative singular)
wīnō (nominative plural)
wīną (singular vocative)
wīnō (plural vocative)
wīną (accusative singular)
wīnō (accusative plural)
wīnas (genitive singular)
wīnis (genitive singular)
wīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnai (dative singular)
wīnamaz (dative plural)
wīnō (instrumental singular)
wīnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīn
Old English: wīn
Middle English: wyn, win, wine, wyne, wijn, vine, vyn, vyne, wyen, weyn, wynne
English: wine (see there for further descendants)
Scots: wyne
Old Frisian: wīn
Saterland Frisian: Wien
West Frisian: wyn
Old Saxon: wīn
Middle Low German: wîn
German Low German: Wien
Plautdietsch: Wien
→ Latvian: vīns
Old Dutch: wīn m
Middle Dutch: wijn
Dutch: wijn
Afrikaans: wyn
Berbice Creole Dutch: win
Negerhollands: wien, win
→ Saramaccan: wín
→? Sranan Tongo: win
→ Lokono: wing
→ Caribbean Javanese: win
Limburgish: wien
Old High German: wīn m
Middle High German: wīn
Alemannic German: Wii, Wi, Wy, wi, wii, wéin (Italian Walser)
Italian Walser: wi, wii, wéin
Swabian: Wai, Wei, Woi, Wi
Bavarian: Wein
Cimbrian: bain, boi
Mòcheno: bai'
Udinese: bain
Central Franconian: Weng
Kölsch: Wing
Hunsrik: Weng
Lorraine Franconian: Weïn, Win
Transylvanian Saxon: Weng
German: Wein
→ Estonian: vein
Luxembourgish: Wäin
Rhine Franconian: Wei, Weng, Win
Hessian: Woi
Palatine German: Wai, Wäi, Wenn, Winn, Woin
Vilamovian: wajn
Yiddish: ווײַן (vayn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: vín
Icelandic: vín
Faroese: vín
Norwegian Nynorsk: vin
Russenorsk: vin, vina
Norwegian Bokmål: vin
Old Swedish: vīn
Swedish: vin
→ Finnish: viini
Old Danish: win
Danish: vin
→ Greenlandic: viinni

→ Proto-Finnic: *viina (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 (wein)

Borrowed, as one of the earliest loanwords in Germanic, from Latin vīnum.


kanipaz

kanipaz (nominative singular)
kanipōz (nominative plural)
kanipōs (nominative plural)
kanip (singular vocative)
kanipōz (plural vocative)
kanipōs (plural vocative)
kanipą (accusative singular)
kanipanz (accusative plural)
kanipas (genitive singular)
kanipis (genitive singular)
kanipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kanipai (dative singular)
kanipamaz (dative plural)
kanipō (instrumental singular)
kanipamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kanip
Old English: cenep
Middle English: kempe
English: kemp
Old Frisian: kanep, kenep, knap, knep

Old Norse: kanpr, kampr

Faroese: kampur

Icelandic: kampur

desc

Swedish: kamp (obsolete), kamphår (dialectal)

→ Middle English: *camp (attested only as camp (“shaggy”, adj))

English: camp

Scots: camp

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenu- (“jaw”). Cognate with Latin gena (“cheek”), Welsh gen (“cheek, chin”), Ancient Greek γενειάς (geneiás, “beard, chin”).

cog

hair on the chin or cheek, beard, whiskers, moustache


sleutaną

sleutō (active first-person indicative singular)
sleutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sleutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sliutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sleutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sleut (active imperative second-person singular)
sleutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sleutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sliutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sleutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sleutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sleutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sleutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sleutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sleutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sleutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sleutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sleutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sleutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sleutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sleutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sleutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sliutid (active indicative plural second-person)
sleutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sliutid (active imperative plural second-person)
sleutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sleutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sleutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sleutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sleutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sleutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sleutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaut (active first-person indicative singular)
slutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaust (active indicative second-person singular)
slutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaut (active indicative singular third-person)
slutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slutū (active dual first-person indicative)
slutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slutum (active first-person indicative plural)
slutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slutud (active indicative plural second-person)
slutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slutun (active indicative plural third-person)
slutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sleutandz (active participle present)
slutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sleutan
Old Frisian: slūta
Saterland Frisian: sluute
West Frisian: slute
Old Saxon: slūtan (in combination)
Middle Low German: slûten
German Low German: sluten
→ Danish: slutte
Norwegian Bokmål: slutte
→ Swedish: sluta
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: slutte, slutta
Old Dutch: *slūtan
Middle Dutch: sluten
Dutch: sluiten
Afrikaans: sluit
Berbice Creole Dutch: slokti
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
Limburgish: sloete
Old High German: sliozan
Middle High German: sliezen
German: schließen
Luxembourgish: schléissen
Yiddish: שליסן (shlisn)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)klewd- (“to lock”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kleh₂w- (“nail, hook, pin, key”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to crook, bend”). Cognate with Latin clāvis (“key, bar, bolt”), Latin claudō (“close”), Lithuanian kliudyti (“to hamper, obstruct”), Old Irish cló (“nail”).


figanaz

*figanaz (a-stem)

figanaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
figanai (masculine nominative plural strong)
figanō (feminine nominative singular strong)
figanôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
figaną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
figanō (neuter nominative plural strong)
figananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
figananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
figanǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
figanōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
figaną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
figanō (accusative neuter plural strong)
figanas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
figanaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
figanaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
figanaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
figanas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
figanaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
figanammai (dative masculine singular strong)
figanaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
figanaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
figanaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
figanammai (dative neuter singular strong)
figanaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
figananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
figanaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
figanaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
figanaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
figananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
figanaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
figanô (masculine nominative singular weak)
figananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
figanǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
figanōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
figanô (neuter nominative singular weak)
figanōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
figananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
figananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
figanōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
figanōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
figanô (accusative neuter singular weak)
figanōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
figaniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
figananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
figanōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
figanōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
figaniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
figananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
figanini (dative masculine singular weak)
figanammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
figanōni (dative feminine singular weak)
figanōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
figanini (dative neuter singular weak)
figanammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
figaninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
figanammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
figanōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
figanōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
figaninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
figanammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fegan, *figan

Old English: *fiġen

⇒ Old English: āfiġen

Uncertain. Possibly from the past participle of a lost verb *fīganą or *fīhaną (class I) or *fehaną (class V). The past participle of *fehaną would thus be *feganaz.
Attempts have been made to point the foregoing hypothetical verbs to Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- (“to cook, sear”); however, the phonology makes a connection unlikely. For reference, compare Latin coquō (“cook”), Lithuanian kepti (“to bake, fry”), Russian печь (pečʹ, “to bake”), Ancient Greek πέσσω (péssō, “cook, bake”), Sanskrit पचति (pácati, “he cooks, bakes, roasts, boils”).


marką

marką (nominative singular)
markō (nominative plural)
marką (singular vocative)
markō (plural vocative)
marką (accusative singular)
markō (accusative plural)
markas (genitive singular)
markis (genitive singular)
markǫ̂ (genitive plural)
markai (dative singular)
markamaz (dative plural)
markō (instrumental singular)
markamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mark
Old English: marc
Middle English: mark
English: mark
Scots: mark, merk
→ Irish: marg
Old Frisian: merk
Saterland Frisian: Määrk
West Frisian: merk
Old Saxon: mark, merk
Middle Low German: mark
German Low German: Mark
Old Dutch: marc
Middle Dutch: marc, marc
Dutch: merk
Afrikaans: merk
Old High German: marc n
Middle High German: marc, marche, marke (chiefly f, influenced by *marku)
German: Mark f
→ Yiddish: מאַרק (mark)
→ Luxembourgish: Mark
→ Medieval Latin: marcus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mark, mǫrk n pl

Icelandic: mark, mörk n pl

Faroese: mark

Norwegian: mark

Old Swedish: mark n

Swedish: mark c

Danish: mark

From *markō (“rand, border, edge”), from Proto-Indo-European *marǵ- (“edge, boundary, border”).


granō

granō (nominative singular)
granôz (nominative plural)
granō (singular vocative)
granôz (plural vocative)
granǭ (accusative singular)
granōz (accusative plural)
granōz (genitive singular)
granǫ̂ (genitive plural)
granōi (dative singular)
granōmaz (dative plural)
granō (instrumental singular)
granōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *granu

Old English: granu

Old Frisian: grano

Old Saxon: grana

Middle Low German: grāne, gran

German Low German: Granne, Grann

Old Dutch: *grana

Middle Dutch: grāne

Dutch: graan

→ Late Latin: grāna

Old French: graine

desc

Middle French: grenon, guernon, gernon, grignon

Occitan: grenó, guernó, grignó

Old High German: grana, crana

Middle High German: grane, gran

German: Granne

desctree

Old Norse: grǫn
Icelandic: grön
Faroese: gron, grann
Norwegian Nynorsk: gran, gron; (dialectal) grøn
Elfdalian: grån
Old Swedish: gran, græn
Swedish: gran c or f
Danish: gran c
Norwegian Bokmål: gran m or f
⇒ Old Norse: greni
Icelandic: greni
Norwegian Nynorsk: grene

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰroH-néh₂-, with shortening due to Dybo's law, likely related to Proto-Slavic *grana (Serbo-Croatian grana (“branch”)). Possibly also related to Middle Irish grend (“beard, bristles”).

hair resembling an awn, a bunch or bundle of wispy hair


habīgaz

*habīgaz (a-stem)

habīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
habīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
habīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
habīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
habīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
habīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
habīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
habīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
habīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
habīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
habīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
habīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
habīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
habīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
habīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
habīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
habīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
habīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
habīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
habīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
habīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
habīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
habīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
habīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
habīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
habīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
habīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
habīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
habīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
habīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
habīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
habīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
habīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
habīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
habīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
habīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
habīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
habīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
habīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
habīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
habīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
habīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
habīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
habīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
habīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
habīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
habīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
habīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
habīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
habīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
habīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
habīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
habīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
habīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
habīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
habīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
habīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
habīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
habīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
habīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *habīg
Old English: hefiġ, hæfiġ, hefeġ
Middle English: heviȝ, hevy
English: heavy
Sranan Tongo: hebi
Scots: hivie, hevy, havy
Old Saxon: heƀig, hevig
Middle Low German: hēvich
Low German: hevig
Old Dutch: hevig
Middle Dutch: hēvich
Dutch: hevig
Afrikaans: hewig
Old High German: hebīg, *hefīg, *hevīg
Middle High German: hevec, *hebig
Cimbrian: hévig
German: hebig

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to take, grasp, have, hold”), equivalent to *habjaną + *-īgaz. Compare Latin capāx (“large, wide, roomy, spacious, capacious”).


grōaną

grōō (active first-person indicative singular)
grōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grō (active imperative second-person singular)
grōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grōid (active indicative plural second-person)
grōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōid (active imperative plural second-person)
grōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gegrō (active first-person indicative singular)
gegrōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gegrōt (active indicative second-person singular)
gegrōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gegrō (active indicative singular third-person)
gegrōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gegrōū (active dual first-person indicative)
gegrōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gegrōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gegrōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gegrōum (active first-person indicative plural)
gegrōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gegrōud (active indicative plural second-person)
gegrōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gegrōun (active indicative plural third-person)
gegrōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grōandz (active participle present)
grōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grōan
Old English: grōwan
Middle English: growen
Scots: grow
English: grow
Old Frisian: grōwa, grōa, grōia
North Frisian: growen, grojen
Saterland Frisian: groie, groaie
West Frisian: groeie
Old Saxon: *grōian
Middle Low German: grôjen, grôen
German Low German: grojen
Old Dutch: gruoien
Middle Dutch: groeyen
Dutch: groeien
Afrikaans: groei
Limburgish: gröjje
Old High German: gruoen
Middle High German: grüejen

Old Norse: gróa

Icelandic: gróa

Faroese: gróa, grógva

Norwegian: gro

Old Swedish: grōa

Swedish: gro

Danish: gro

/ˈɡrɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to become green, grow”).


kuttô

kuttô (nominative singular)
kuttaniz (nominative plural)
kuttô (singular vocative)
kuttaniz (plural vocative)
kuttanų (accusative singular)
kuttanunz (accusative plural)
kuttiniz (genitive singular)
kuttanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuttini (dative singular)
kuttammaz (dative plural)
kuttinē (instrumental singular)
kuttammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kottō; *kottā f

Old Saxon: kott, cot

Middle Low German: kot, koz

→ Middle High German: kot

Old Dutch: *kota

Middle Dutch: cote

desc

Old High German: chozzo, kozzo, cozo, choz, kozza, chuzzi

Middle High German: kotze, kütze

German: Kotze, Choder (dialectal)

→ Polish: koc

→ Latin: cotta, cota, cottus [mid-to-late 1st c. CE, Rome] (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gudnós, *gʷewd- (“woolen clothes”). Cognate with Ancient Greek βεῦδος (beûdos, “costly woman's dress”).


alatjaną

alatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
alatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
alatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
alatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
alati (active imperative second-person singular)
alatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
alatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
alatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
alatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
alatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
alatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
alatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
alatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
alatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
alatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
alatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
alatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
alatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
alatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
alatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
alatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
alatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
alatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
alatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
alatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
alatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
alatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
alastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
alastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
alastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
alastē (active indicative singular third-person)
alastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
alastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
alastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
alastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
alastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
alastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
alastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
alastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alatjandz (active participle present)
alatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: elta

Icelandic: elta

Faroese: elta

Norwegian: elte, elta

Old Swedish: ælta

Swedish: älta

Danish: ælte

→ Middle English: elten

Scots: elt

English: elt

From *alaną (“to drive, move”) + *-atjaną.


lanō

lanō (nominative singular)
lanôz (nominative plural)
lanō (singular vocative)
lanôz (plural vocative)
lanǭ (accusative singular)
lanōz (accusative plural)
lanōz (genitive singular)
lanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lanōi (dative singular)
lanōmaz (dative plural)
lanō (instrumental singular)
lanōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lanu
Old English: lanu, lane, lone — weak
Middle English: lane, lone
English: lane (dialectal loan)
⇒ English: lonnen, loanen, lonnin
→ Middle Scots: lane
→ Welsh: lôn
Scots: lone, loan
Yola: laane
→ Irish: lána
Old Frisian: lana, lona, lane, lone
Saterland Frisian: Lone
West Frisian: leane, loane
Old Saxon: lana
Middle Low German: lāne, lahne, lahn, lone
German Low German: Lane, Laan
Old Dutch: *lana
Middle Dutch: lāne
Dutch: laan
Afrikaans: laan

Old Norse: lǫn

Icelandic: lön

Faroese: lon

Norwegian: lån

Swedish: lana, lan

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁leh₂- (“to drive somewhere”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐλαύνω (elaúnō, “to drive”).


wundrą

wundrą (nominative singular)
wundrō (nominative plural)
wundrą (singular vocative)
wundrō (plural vocative)
wundrą (accusative singular)
wundrō (accusative plural)
wundras (genitive singular)
wundris (genitive singular)
wundrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wundrai (dative singular)
wundramaz (dative plural)
wundrō (instrumental singular)
wundramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wundr
Old English: wundor
Middle English: wunder, wonder
English: wonder
Scots: winder
Scots: wunner
Old Frisian: wunder, wonder
Saterland Frisian: Wunder, Wunner
West Frisian: wonder, wûnder
Old Saxon: wundar
Middle Low German: wunder
German Low German: Wunner
Low German: wunder, wunner
Old Dutch: wundar
Middle Dutch: wunder, wonder
Dutch: wonder
Afrikaans: wonder
Old High German: wuntar, *wundar
Middle High German: wunder
German: Wunder
Luxembourgish: Wonner
Vilamovian: wunder

Old Norse: undr

Icelandic: undur

Faroese: undur

Norwegian: under

Old Swedish: under

Swedish: under

Old Danish: undær

Danish: under

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to desire, wish for, strive after, win, love”).


spehōną

spehō (active first-person indicative singular)
spehǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spehōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
spehōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
spehōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spehō (active imperative second-person singular)
spehōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spehōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spehōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
spehō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spehōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
spehōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spehōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spehōs (active dual first-person indicative)
spehōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spehōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spehōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spehōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spehōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spehōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spehōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spehōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spehōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
spehōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spehōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
spehōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spehōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spehōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
spehōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spehōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
spehōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spehōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spehōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
spehōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spehōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
spehōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spehōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
spehōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spehōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
spehōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spehōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spehōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spehōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
spehōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spehōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
spehōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spehōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
spehōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spehōndz (active participle present)
spehōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spehōn
Old Saxon: *spehōn
Middle Low German: spēgen, spējen, spēen, spēn
→ Old Norse: speja, spæja
Icelandic: speja, spæja
Norwegian: speide
Swedish: speja
Danish: spejde
Old Dutch: *spion
Middle Dutch: spien, spieden
Dutch: spieden
Old High German: spehōn, spiohōn, *spihōn (attested in derivative spihāri (“spy”))
Middle High German: spëhen, spēn, *spiehen (attested in derivative spieher (“spy”))
German: spähen
→ Vulgar Latin: *spiō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Cognate with Latin speciō (“look, stare, behold”), Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō, “I view, examine”).


skawwōną

skawwō (active first-person indicative singular)
skawwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skawwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skawwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skawwō (active imperative second-person singular)
skawwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skawwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skawwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skawwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skawwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skawwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skawwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skawwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skawwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skawwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skawwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skawwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skawwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skawwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skawwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skawwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skawwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skawwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skawwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skawwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skawwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skawwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skawwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skawwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skawwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skawwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skawwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skawwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skawwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skawwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skawwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skawwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skawwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skawwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skawwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skawwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skawwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skawwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skawwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skawwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skawwōndz (active participle present)
skawwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skauwōn

Old English: sċēawian

desc

Middle English: schawen, schewen, schowen; scheawing, scewing

archaic <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">shew</i>

English: show (archaic shew)

Scots: shaw

⇒ Old English: sċēawung

Middle English: schawung, shawing, schewinge, schewynge

English: showing

Scots: shawing, showing

→ Old French: escauvinghe, escauwage; scawageour

→ Middle English: scavage, schevage, schewage; scavager

Scots: scavanger, scawanger

English: scavage; scavenger

Old Frisian: skāwia, skōwia, skōia

Saterland Frisian: skauje

West Frisian: skôgje, skoaie, skouje

Old Saxon: skauwōn

Middle Low German: schouwen

German Low German: schauen, schoen

⇒ German Low German: wohrschoen

desctree

Old Dutch: scouwon
Middle Dutch: schouwen
Dutch: schouwen

Old High German: skouwōn, scouwōn

Middle High German: schouwen

German: schauen

⇒ Old Norse: skygna

→ Proto-Finnic:

Estonian: kava

Finnish: kaava

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to heed, look, feel, take note of”). Cognate with Latin cavēre (“to beware, heed”).


paidō

paidō (nominative singular)
paidôz (nominative plural)
paidō (singular vocative)
paidôz (plural vocative)
paidǭ (accusative singular)
paidōz (accusative plural)
paidōz (genitive singular)
paidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
paidōi (dative singular)
paidōmaz (dative plural)
paidō (instrumental singular)
paidōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *paidu
Old English: pād
Middle English: *pod (attested in pod ware)
English: pod
Old Saxon: pēda
Middle Low German: *pêde
→ Old Swedish: padha
Swedish: pade (dialectal)
Lombardic: paita
→ Italian: patta
→ Danish: pat
→ Icelandic: patt
→ French: pat
→ German: Patt
→ Greek: πατ (pat)
→ Polish: pat
→ Serbo-Croatian: pat
→ Slovak: pat

Gothic: 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (paida)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽 (gapaidōn)

→ Proto-Finnic: *paita (“shirt”) (see there for further descendants)

Unknown; likely borrowed from a substrate language, compare Ancient Greek βαίτη (baítē, “shepherd's cloak”), and perhaps Albanian petk (“gown”).


tīdiz

tīdiz (nominative singular)
tīdīz (nominative plural)
tīdi (singular vocative)
tīdīz (plural vocative)
tīdį (accusative singular)
tīdinz (accusative plural)
tīdīz (genitive singular)
tīdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīdī (dative singular)
tīdimaz (dative plural)
tīdī (instrumental singular)
tīdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: tīd
Middle English: tyde, tid, tide, tyd
English: tide
Scots: tide
Yola: enteete, enteeth, enteet
→ Scottish Gaelic: tìde

Old Frisian: tīd

North Frisian: tid, tidj

Saterland Frisian: Tied

West Frisian: tiid

Old Saxon: tīd

Middle Low German: tît

German Low German: Tied, Tiet, Tide

Old Dutch: tīt

Middle Dutch: tijt
Dutch: tijd
Afrikaans: tyd
Berbice Creole Dutch: titi
Javindo: tet
Jersey Dutch: tāid, tāidt
Negerhollands: tied, tid, tit
Skepi Creole Dutch: teit
Limburgish: tied
Zealandic: tied

Old High German: zīt

Middle High German: zīt
Alemannic German: Ziit, Zit, Zyt
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zait
Mòcheno: zait
Central Franconian: Zeck, Zick (Kölsch), Ziet (western and northernmost Ripuarian), Zitt (Siegerland, otherwise scattered compromise form), Zeit (most of Moselle Franconian)
East Central German:
Vilamovian: cajt
East Franconian:
German: Zeit
Hunsrik: Zeid
Luxembourgish: Zäit
Pennsylvania German: Zeit
Yiddish: צײַט (tsayt)

Old Norse: tíð
Icelandic: tíð
Faroese: tíð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tid
Norwegian Bokmål: tid
Elfdalian: taið
Old Swedish: tīþ
Swedish: tid
→ Elfdalian: tið
Danish: tid

From Proto-Indo-European *déh₂itis (“time, period”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to divide, part”), or from Proto-Indo-European *dīti- (“time, period”), from *dī- (“time”). Cognate with Old Armenian տի (ti, “age, year, day, time”), and perhaps to Northern Kurdish dem (“time”).


lewô

lewô (nominative singular)
lewaniz (nominative plural)
lewô (singular vocative)
lewaniz (plural vocative)
lewanų (accusative singular)
lewanunz (accusative plural)
liwiniz (genitive singular)
lewanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liwini (dative singular)
lewammaz (dative plural)
liwinē (instrumental singular)
lewammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lewō

Old Saxon: *lewo

Middle Low German: lē, lēhe

Northern Low Saxon: ley, Lee

Old Norse: lé

Icelandic: ljár

Faroese: líggi

Norwegian: ljå

Old Swedish: līe, lē

Swedish: lie, le

Old Danish: lē

Danish: le, ljå

Elfdalian: ljå

Jamtish: ljá

Gutnish: leie

Scanian: lé, ljá

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to cut off”). Cognate with Sanskrit लवित्र (lavitra, “sickle”).


līnǭ

līnǭ (nominative singular)
līnōniz (nominative plural)
līnǭ (singular vocative)
līnōniz (plural vocative)
līnōnų (accusative singular)
līnōnunz (accusative plural)
līnōniz (genitive singular)
līnōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līnōni (dative singular)
līnōmaz (dative plural)
līnōnē (instrumental singular)
līnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *līnā
Old English: līne
Middle English: line
Scots: line
English: line
Old Frisian: līne
North Frisian: liin
Saterland Frisian: Liene
West Frisian: line
Old Saxon: *līna
Middle Low German: lîne
German Low German: Lien
Old Dutch: *līna
Middle Dutch: line
Dutch: lijn, linnen
Old High German: līna
Middle High German: līne
German: Leine
→ Polish: lina
Luxembourgish: Léngt

Old Norse: lína

Icelandic: lína

Faroese: lína

Norwegian Bokmål: line

Norwegian Nynorsk: line

Old Swedish: līna

Swedish: lina

Danish: line

From *līną (“flax”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic льнъ (lĭnŭ, “flax”), Lithuanian linai, linas (“flax”), Latin līnum (“flax, thread, linen, cable”), Latin līnea (“linen, string, chord, thread”), Old Irish lín (“flax, linen, thread, net”), Ancient Greek λίνον (línon, “flax, linen, thread, garment”).


staigriz

staigriz (nominative singular)
staigrīz (nominative plural)
staigri (singular vocative)
staigrīz (plural vocative)
staigrį (accusative singular)
staigrinz (accusative plural)
staigrīz (genitive singular)
staigrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staigrī (dative singular)
staigrimaz (dative plural)
staigrī (instrumental singular)
staigrimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *staigri

Old English: stǣġer f

desc

Middle English: steire, stayer, stayre, staire

English: stair

Scots: stair

→ Irish: staighre

Old Saxon: *stēgar, *steigar

Middle Low German: steiger m, steir m

German Low German: Steiger

Old Dutch: *steiger, stēger m

Middle Dutch: steigher, stegher

Dutch: steiger

Afrikaans: steier

Nominalization of *staigraz (“elevating; steep”).


wurdiz

wurdiz (nominative singular)
wurdīz (nominative plural)
wurdi (singular vocative)
wurdīz (plural vocative)
wurdį (accusative singular)
wurdinz (accusative plural)
wurdīz (genitive singular)
wurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurdī (dative singular)
wurdimaz (dative plural)
wurdī (instrumental singular)
wurdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wurdi
Old English: wyrd, *werd — Kentish, weord
Middle English: werde, weerde, weird, werd, werede, werid, wierde, wired, wird, wirde, wired, wirid, word, wyerde, wyrde
English: werd, weard (obsolete)
Middle Scots: weird, werd
Scots: weird
→ English: weird
→ English: wyrd
Old Frisian: werd, werde
Old Saxon: wurd
Old High German: wurt
Middle High German: wurt

Old Norse: urðr, yrðr

Icelandic: urður

Old Swedish: urþer

Swedish: urd

⇒ Old Norse: Urðr

From Pre-Germanic *wr̥tís, from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, wind”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to turn, bend”).


Raginaharjaz

Raginaharjaz (nominative singular)
Raginaharją (accusative singular)
Raginaharjai (dative singular)
Raginaharjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Raginahari

Old English: *Ræġenhere

English: Rayner, Rainer (patronymic surnames)

Old High German: *Reginheri

German: Rainer, Reiner

→ Old French: Rainier, Reinier

French: Rainier, Rénier

desctree

Old Norse: Ragnarr
Icelandic: Ragnar
Faroese: Ragnar
Norwegian: Ragnar
Old Swedish: Ragnar
Swedish: Ragnar
→ Estonian: Ragnar
Old Danish: Ragnar
Danish: Ragner, Regner, Regnar

→ French: Ragnar

From *raginą (“decision, advice, counsel”) + *harjaz (“commander”).


tukkōną

tukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
tukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
tukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tukkōndz (active participle present)
tukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *tukkōn
Old English: tucian
Middle English: tuken (influenced by Middle Dutch, Middle Low German tucken)
English: tuck
Scots: tuck
Old Frisian: *tukia
Saterland Frisian: tukje, tuukje; tokje
West Frisian: tûkje; (tûke)
⇒ West Frisian: tûkelje
Old Saxon: *tukkōn
Middle Low German: tucken
German Low German: tucken, tocken
Low German: tukken, tokken
Old Dutch: *tukkon, *tokkon
Middle Dutch: tucken, tocken
Dutch: tokken
⇒ Dutch: tokkelen
→? Old High German: tokkōn, tockōn (“to collide”)
Old High German: zucchōn, zocchōn
Middle High German: zucken
German: zucken
Luxembourgish: zucken
→ Vulgar Latin: *tuccō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: toga
Faroese: toga
Icelandic: toga
Norwegian Nynorsk: toge

From earlier paradigm *tukkōþi ~ *tugunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *duk-nā́-ti ~ *duk-un-ánti, iterative to *teuhaną (“to draw, pull”).


taubrą

taubrą (nominative singular)
taubrō (nominative plural)
taubrą (singular vocative)
taubrō (plural vocative)
taubrą (accusative singular)
taubrō (accusative plural)
taubras (genitive singular)
taubris (genitive singular)
taubrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taubrai (dative singular)
taubramaz (dative plural)
taubrō (instrumental singular)
taubramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taubr

Old English: tēafor

Middle English: teapor, *tever

English: tiver

Old Frisian: tāver (> tāveria)

Saterland Frisian: Töäwer, Tover

(West Frisian: thauwerje), staverje

Old Saxon: *tōvar

Middle Low German: tôver; tôveren

German Low German: Töver; tövern

Plautdietsch: Teewa

Old Dutch: *tōvar, *touvar (> toufrere, toufere)

Middle Dutch: tover

Dutch: toverij (> toveren); reintroduction through German Zauber: tover

(→ West Frisian: toverje)

Old High German: zoubar

Middle High German: zouber

German: Zauber

Old Norse: taufr, taufrar

Icelandic: töfrar (plural)

Norwegian: tauvr, tøvr; tauvra, tøvra

Old Swedish: tøfri

Unknown. Perhaps linked to *tawjaną (“to make”).


fawiþō

fawiþō (nominative singular)
fawiþō (singular vocative)
fawiþǭ (accusative singular)
fawiþōz (genitive singular)
fawiþōi (dative singular)
fawiþō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fawiþu
Old Frisian: fād

Old Norse: fæð
Icelandic: fæð
Faroese: fædd

/ˈɸɑ.wi.θɔː/

the condition of being few; small numbers, fewness


fahaz

fahaz (nominative singular)
fahizō (nominative plural)
fahaz (singular vocative)
fahizō (plural vocative)
fahaz (accusative singular)
fahizō (accusative plural)
fahiziz (genitive singular)
fahizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fahizi (dative singular)
fahizumaz (dative plural)
fahizē (instrumental singular)
fahizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fær, *fáʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: fær
Faroese: fár
Old Swedish: fār
Swedish: får
Old Danish: far
Danish: får
Norwegian Bokmål: får
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: får

From Proto-Indo-European *póḱ-o-s, from *peḱ- (“to comb; wool, hair”).


haimatjaną

haimatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
haimatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haimatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
haimatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimati (active imperative second-person singular)
haimatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haimatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haimatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haimatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haimatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haimatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haimatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haimatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haimatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haimatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haimatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haimatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haimatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haimatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haimatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haimatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haimatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haimatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haimatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haimastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haimastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haimastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haimastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haimastē (active indicative singular third-person)
haimastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haimastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haimastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haimastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haimastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haimastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haimastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haimastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haimastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haimastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haimastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haimatjandz (active participle present)
haimatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *haimattjan
Old English: hāmettan
Old High German: *heimezzen, *heimezen
>? Middle High German: heimsen (possibly; 14th century and rare)
German: heimsen, einheimsen

Old Norse: heimta

Icelandic: heimta

Faroese: heinta, heimta

Norwegian Nynorsk: heimta, hemta, henta

Old Swedish: hæmta

Swedish: hämta

Danish: hente

Norwegian Bokmål: hente

→ Scots: hent, hint

→ Old French: hanter (also possibly from Old English)

Middle French: hanter

French: hanter

→ Middle Dutch: hanteren

Dutch: hanteren

→ Middle Low German: hantêren

→ German: hantieren

→ Norwegian Bokmål: håndtere

→ Swedish: hantera

→ Middle English: hanten, haunten

Scots: hant

English: haunt


hansō

hansō (nominative singular)
hansôz (nominative plural)
hansō (singular vocative)
hansôz (plural vocative)
hansǭ (accusative singular)
hansōz (accusative plural)
hansōz (genitive singular)
hansǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hansōi (dative singular)
hansōmaz (dative plural)
hansō (instrumental singular)
hansōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hansu
Old English: hōs
Old Saxon: hansa, *hensa
Middle Low German: hanse, hense (> hensich)
(→ Old Frisian: hensoch)
→ Latin: hansa
→ Old English: *hanse, *hans
⇒ Old English: *hanshūs
→ Medieval Latin: hanshus (Anglo-Latin)
→ English: Hanse
→ French: Hanse

→ English: Hansa
Old Dutch: *hansa, *hensa
Middle Dutch: hanse, hense
Dutch: hanze
Old High German: hansa
Middle High German: hanse, hans
German: Hanse
→ English: Hanse
→ Old French: hanse
Middle French: hanse, hanze
French: hanse
→ Middle English: hanse
English: hanse

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌰 (hansa)

→ Proto-Samic: *kuossē (“guest”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kansa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱómsōd (“union, gathering”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“beside, by, with, along”) + Proto-Indo-European *sed- (“to sit”). Cognate with Latin consilium (“council, advisory body”); < *consodium, Russian сосе́д (soséd, “neighbour”).
Alternative etymology suggests possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ken-, *(s)kend- (“to split off, secede”). If so, then related to *skinþą.

cog

A gathering, summation, mass, quantity, amount


lēgiþō

lēgiþō (nominative singular)
lēgiþôz (nominative plural)
lēgiþō (singular vocative)
lēgiþôz (plural vocative)
lēgiþǭ (accusative singular)
lēgiþōz (accusative plural)
lēgiþōz (genitive singular)
lēgiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēgiþōi (dative singular)
lēgiþōmaz (dative plural)
lēgiþō (instrumental singular)
lēgiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: lēgede

Low German: laide, leide

Old Dutch:

Dutch: laagte

Old Norse: lægð

Icelandic: lægð

Faroese: lægd

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: lægd, (dialectal) lågd

Swedish: lägd, lejd

Danish: lejd, lejde

/ˈlɛː.ɣi.θɔː/


wēgiþō

wēgiþō (nominative singular)
wēgiþō (singular vocative)
wēgiþǭ (accusative singular)
wēgiþōz (genitive singular)
wēgiþōi (dative singular)
wēgiþō (instrumental singular)

Old Norse: vægð

Icelandic: vægð

Norwegian Nynorsk: vægd


geusaną

geusō (active first-person indicative singular)
geusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
giusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
geusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geus (active imperative second-person singular)
geusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
geusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
giusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
geusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
geusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
geusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
geusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
geusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
geusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
geusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
geusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
geusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
geusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
geusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
geusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
geusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
giusid (active indicative plural second-person)
geusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
giusid (active imperative plural second-person)
geusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
geusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
geusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
geusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
geusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
geusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaus (active first-person indicative singular)
gusį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaust (active indicative second-person singular)
gusīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaus (active indicative singular third-person)
gusī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gusū (active dual first-person indicative)
gusīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gusudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gusīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gusum (active first-person indicative plural)
gusīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gusud (active indicative plural second-person)
gusīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gusun (active indicative plural third-person)
gusīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
geusandz (active participle present)
gusanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *geusan
Middle Dutch: gūsen
Middle Dutch: gusen
Dutch: guizen
⇒ Dutch: verguizen
Afrikaans: verguis

Old Norse: gjósa

Icelandic: gjósa

Faroese: gjósa

Gutnish: gjausa

Danish: gyse

Uncertain. Possibly representing a sigmatic aorist or s-extension to Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”).


taugō

taugō (nominative singular)
taugôz (nominative plural)
taugō (singular vocative)
taugôz (plural vocative)
taugǭ (accusative singular)
taugōz (accusative plural)
taugōz (genitive singular)
taugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taugōi (dative singular)
taugōmaz (dative plural)
taugō (instrumental singular)
taugōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tēag
Middle English: teye, teȝe, tei, teiȝe, tey, tieghe, tye, tyȝe
English: tie, tye
→ Swazi: thayi
Scots: tie, tee

Old Dutch: *touga

Middle Dutch: toge, toog, tooch

⇒ Middle Dutch: tochener, toichener

Dutch: togenaar (obsolete)

Old Norse: taug; tog n (from *tugą)

Icelandic: taug f; tog n

Faroese: tog n

Norwegian Nynorsk: taug f; tog n, tau

Old Swedish: tugh, togh

Swedish: tåg

Danish: tov, (obsolete) toug

Norwegian Bokmål: tau

→ Proto-Finnic: *tauko (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull”).