warjaną

warjō (active first-person indicative singular)
warjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
warisi (active indicative second-person singular)
warjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wari (active imperative second-person singular)
warjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
warjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
warjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
warjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
warjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
warjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
warjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
warjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
warjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
warjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
warjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
warjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
warjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
warjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
warjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
warjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
warjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waridē (active indicative singular third-person)
waridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warjandz (active participle present)
waridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *warjan
Old English: werian
Middle English: werien
English: weir, wear (“to guard, watch, defend”)
Scots: were, wer, weir
Old Saxon: werian
Middle Low German: weren
→ Polabian: varo
Old Dutch: *werien
Middle Dutch: weren
Dutch: weren
Limburgish: waere
Old High German: werien
Middle High German: weren, wern
Cimbrian: bèaran
German: wehren
Luxembourgish: wieren
→ Vulgar Latin: *wariō
Old French: guarir (see there for further descendants)
Piedmontese: guarì, varì
Italian: guarire
Old Occitan: garir, guarir
Old Catalan: guarir, garir, guayrir, gorir
Catalan: guarir
Occitan: garir
West Iberian
Old Galician-Portuguese: guarir
Galician: gorir, guarir
Old Spanish: guarir
Spanish: guarir
→ Vulgar Latin: *warantus
Old French: garant (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *warantire
Old French: guarantir (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *warantia
Old French: guarantie (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: verja
Icelandic: verja
Faroese: verja
Norwegian Nynorsk: verja
Old Swedish: væria
Swedish: värja
Old Danish: wæriæ
Danish: værge
Norwegian Bokmål: verge

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (warjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *varjat'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed”). Cognate with Sanskrit वृणोति (vṛṇóti).


fiskōną

fiskō (active first-person indicative singular)
fiskǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fiskōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fiskōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fiskōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fiskō (active imperative second-person singular)
fiskōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fiskōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fiskōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fiskō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fiskōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fiskōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fiskōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fiskōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fiskōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fiskōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fiskōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fiskōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fiskōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fiskōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fiskōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fiskōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fiskōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fiskōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fiskōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fiskōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fiskōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fiskōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fiskōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fiskōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fiskōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fiskōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fiskōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fiskōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fiskōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fiskōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fiskōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fiskōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fiskōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fiskōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fiskōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fiskōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fiskōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fiskōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fiskōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fiskōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fiskōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fiskōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fiskōndz (active participle present)
fiskōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fiskōn
Old English: fiscian
Middle English: fisshen, fischen, fissen
English: fish
Old Frisian: fiskia
Saterland Frisian: fiskje
West Frisian: fiskje
Old Saxon: fiskon
Middle Low German: vischen
Plautdietsch: feschen
Old Dutch: *fiscon
Middle Dutch: visschen
Dutch: vissen
Afrikaans: vis
Limburgish: vèsse
Old High German: fiskon
Middle High German: vischen
German: fischen
Luxembourgish: fëschen
Yiddish: פֿישן (fishn)

Old Norse: fiska

Icelandic: fiska

Faroese: fiska

Norwegian Nynorsk: fiska

Elfdalian: fistşa

Swedish: fiska

Danish: fiske

Norwegian Bokmål: fiske

Gutnish: fiske, fisk', fiska

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽 (fiskōn)


markō

markō (nominative singular)
markôz (nominative plural)
markō (singular vocative)
markôz (plural vocative)
markǭ (accusative singular)
markōz (accusative plural)
markōz (genitive singular)
markǫ̂ (genitive plural)
markōi (dative singular)
markōmaz (dative plural)
markō (instrumental singular)
markōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *marku
Old English: mearc
Middle English: marke, merke, mark
English: mark
Scots: merk, mark
Old Frisian: merk
Saterland Frisian: Maak, Määrk
West Frisian: mark
Old Saxon: marka
Middle Low German: marke
German Low German: Mark
Old Dutch: *marka
Middle Dutch: marke
Dutch: mark
Old High German: marka
Middle High German: marke, march, marc
German: Mark
Suevic:
→ Galician: marco
→ Portuguese: marco
→ Medieval Latin: marca (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚱᚲᚢ (*marku)

Old Norse: mǫrk
Icelandic: mörk
Faroese: mørk
Norwegian Nynorsk: mork, mark
Old Swedish: mark
Swedish: mark
Danish: mark
Norwegian Bokmål: mark
→ Old Irish: marg
Irish: marg

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 (marka)

From Proto-Indo-European *morǵ- (“division; edge, boundary, border”), from *merǵ- (“to divide”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *mrogis (“region, country”), Latin margo (“border, edge”), Persian مرز (marz, “frontier”).


aljaną

aljaną (nominative singular)
aljanō (nominative plural)
aljaną (singular vocative)
aljanō (plural vocative)
aljaną (accusative singular)
aljanō (accusative plural)
aljanas (genitive singular)
aljanis (genitive singular)
aljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aljanai (dative singular)
aljanamaz (dative plural)
aljanō (instrumental singular)
aljanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *alljan
Old English: ellen
Middle English: ellen
English: ellen, elne
Old Saxon: ellian
Middle Low German: ellen, ellent
Old High German: ellan
Middle High German: ellen

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: eljan, eljun

Icelandic: eljan, eljun, elja

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (aljan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”). Alternative etymology derives from *h₁elh₂- (“to spur, drive”). If so, then related to *lanō (“lane”).


aljaną

aljō (active first-person indicative singular)
aljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
alisi (active indicative second-person singular)
aljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ali (active imperative second-person singular)
aljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
alidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
alidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
alidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
alidē (active indicative singular third-person)
alidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
alidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
alidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
alidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
alidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
alidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
alidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
alidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aljandz (active participle present)
alidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (aljan)


aþalą

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

aþalą (nominative singular)
aþalō (nominative plural)
aþalą (singular vocative)
aþalō (plural vocative)
aþalą (accusative singular)
aþalō (accusative plural)
aþalas (genitive singular)
aþalis (genitive singular)
aþalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþalai (dative singular)
aþalamaz (dative plural)
aþalō (instrumental singular)
aþalamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aþal
Old English: æþele
Old Frisian: *athel, *ethel
Saterland Frisian: Oadel
West Frisian: adel
Old Saxon: *athal
Middle Low German: adel, adele, addel
Low German: Adel
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: iadel
→ Norwegian: adel
→ Swedish: adel
→ Finnish: aateli
Old Dutch: *athal
Middle Dutch: adel
Dutch: adel
Afrikaans: adel
→ Estonian: aadel
→ Javanese: adhel
→ Papiamentu: adel
Old High German: adal
Middle High German: adel
German: Adel
→ Estonian: aadel
Yiddish: אַדל (adl)

Old Norse: aðal
Icelandic: aðal
Faroese: aðal

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *at-al (“family, race”), from *h₂et- (“beyond, over”) + *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”).


immi

Proto-West Germanic: *im

desctree

Old English: eom, am — Northumbrian, eam — Mercian, West Saxon, æm, æom, iom
Middle English: am, em
English: am
Scots: am
Yola: aam, am

Proto-Norse: *ᛖᛗ (*em)

Old Norse: em

Old Swedish: æm

Gothic: 𐌹𐌼 (im)

first-person singular present active indicative of *wesaną


matjaną

matjō (active first-person indicative singular)
matjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
matjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
matisi (active indicative second-person singular)
matjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mati (active imperative second-person singular)
matjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
matjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
matiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
matjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
matjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
matjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
matjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
matjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
matjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
matjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
matjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
matjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
matjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
matjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
matjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
matjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
matiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
matjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
matiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
matjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
matjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
matjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
matjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
matjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
matjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
matjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
matidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
matidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
matidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
matidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
matidē (active indicative singular third-person)
matidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
matidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
matidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
matidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
matidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
matidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
matidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
matidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
matidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
matidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
matidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
matjandz (active participle present)
matidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: metja

Icelandic: metja

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (matjan)

Vandalic: *matjan, matzia

From Proto-Indo-European *m̥h₂d-yéti ~ *m̥h₂d-yónti, from *meh₂d- (“to be wet”). Equivalent to *matiz (“food”) + *-janą.


mundō

mundō (nominative singular)
mundôz (nominative plural)
mundō (singular vocative)
mundôz (plural vocative)
mundǭ (accusative singular)
mundōz (accusative plural)
mundōz (genitive singular)
mundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mundōi (dative singular)
mundōmaz (dative plural)
mundō (instrumental singular)
mundōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mundu
Old English: mund
Middle English: mund, mound
English: mound, mund
Old Frisian: mund (“guardian, guardianship”)
Old Saxon: mund (“hand”)
Middle Low German: munt
⇒ German Low German: Vörmundskupp
Old Dutch: *mund
Middle Dutch: mond
Dutch: mond (obsolete)
Old High German: munt (“hand, protection”)
Middle High German: munt
German: Mund, Munt (“legal power of protection”)

Old Norse: mund
Icelandic: mund
Old Swedish: mund

From Proto-Indo-European *mh₂-nt-éh₂ (“the beckoning one”), from *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon”). Cognate with Proto-Italic *manus (“hand”).


nēhw

nēhwiz (comparative)
nēhwist (superlative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nāhw
Old English: nēah, nēa, nēh, nīh
Middle English: neygh, nygh, nye, nyȝ, nighe
English: nigh
Scots: ne, ney
Yola: neeghe, nich
Old Frisian: nach, nā, nēi, nī
Saterland Frisian: nai
West Frisian: nei
Old Saxon: nāh
Middle Low German: nâch, nâ
German Low German: na, nao, nå
Old Dutch: nāh
Middle Dutch: na
Dutch: na
Afrikaans: na
Limburgish: nao
Old High German: nāh
Middle High German: nāh
German: nah, nach
Luxembourgish: no

Old Norse: ná-

Icelandic: ná-

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐍈 (nēƕ)

Derived from the adjective *nēhwaz (“near”).


barilaz

barilaz (nominative singular)
barilōz (nominative plural)
barilōs (nominative plural)
baril (singular vocative)
barilōz (plural vocative)
barilōs (plural vocative)
barilą (accusative singular)
barilanz (accusative plural)
barilas (genitive singular)
barilis (genitive singular)
barilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barilai (dative singular)
barilamaz (dative plural)
barilō (instrumental singular)
barilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baril (Frankish)

→ Vulgar Latin: *barilus

Old French: baril, bareil

French: baril

→ Middle English: barrell

English: barrel

→ Dutch: barrel

gl

possible merger with Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">biril</i>

→? Middle Low German: baril, barill (possible merger with Old Saxon biril)

Italian: barile

Spanish: barril

Portuguese: barril

Old High German: *barul, *parul (< *barulą, *barulaz)

Middle High German: barel, parel

⇒ Middle High German: barellīn

Old Norse: berill

Icelandic: berill

From *beraną (“to carry, transport”) + *-ilaz.

suffix

vessel for transport, container, jug; basket


ferþuz

ferþuz (nominative singular)
firþiwiz (nominative plural)
ferþu (singular vocative)
firþiwiz (plural vocative)
ferþų (accusative singular)
ferþunz (accusative plural)
ferþauz (genitive singular)
firþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firþiwi (dative singular)
ferþumaz (dative plural)
ferþū (instrumental singular)
ferþumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚱᚦᚢᛉ (*ferþuʀ), *ᚠᛡᛖᚱᚦᚢᛦ (*fᴀerþuʀ /fearþuʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: fjǫrðr
Icelandic: fjörður
Faroese: fjørður
Norn: fjord
Norwegian: fjord (see there for further descendants)
Old Swedish: fiorþer, fiordher
Swedish: fjord
⇒ Old Swedish: fiærdher
Swedish: fjärd, (dialectal) fjäl
Old Danish: fiorth
Danish: fjord
→ Middle English: fyrth
Scots: firth
→ English: firth
Gutnish: fjäd

From Proto-Indo-European *pértus, equivalent to *feraną (“to cross”) + *-þuz. The oblique stem *pr̥téw- gave rise to *furduz.


furduz

furduz (nominative singular)
furdiwiz (nominative plural)
furdu (singular vocative)
furdiwiz (plural vocative)
furdų (accusative singular)
furdunz (accusative plural)
furdauz (genitive singular)
furdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furdiwi (dative singular)
furdumaz (dative plural)
furdū (instrumental singular)
furdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furdu
Old English: ford
Middle English: ford, furd, foord
English: ford
Scots: furde, furd, fuird
⇒ English: Chelmsford (from a contraction of Ċēolmǣres + ford)
→ Proto-Brythonic: *forð (“road”) (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: forda
West Frisian: furde
Old Saxon: ford
Middle Low German: furd, vōrde, vōrt
German Low German: Föörd
Old Dutch: furda, *ford
Middle Dutch: vort, vōort
Dutch: voord
Old High German: furt
Middle High German: vurt
German: Furt
→ Saterland Frisian: Fúurt

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥téw-, the oblique stem of *pértus (“crossing”), equivalent to unattested *feraną (“to cross”) + *-þuz. The nominative stem gave rise to *ferþuz. In the nominative the stress fell on the root, and as such *ferþuz does not display the effects of Verner's Law seen in *furduz, which has generalized the oblique stem.


aljar

Proto-West Germanic: *alljar
Old English: ellor
Old Saxon: ellior
Old Dutch: *ellar
Middle Dutch: eller, elre, eldre
Dutch: elders

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐍂 (aljar)


aljaz

aljaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aljai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aljō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aljôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
alją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aljō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aljanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aljanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aljǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aljōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
alją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aljō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aljas (genitive masculine singular strong)
alis (genitive masculine singular strong)
aljaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aljaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aljaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aljas (genitive neuter singular strong)
alis (genitive neuter singular strong)
aljaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aljammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aljaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aljaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aljaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aljammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aljaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aljanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aljaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aljaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aljaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aljanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aljaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *alljas
Old English: elles
Middle English: else
English: else
Old Frisian: elles, ellis
Old Dutch: elles
Middle Dutch: els
Old High German: elles, alles

Old English: ele-, el-

Old Saxon: eli-

Old Dutch: eli-, ele-

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛉ (*aljaʀ), ᚨᛚᛃᚨ- (alja-)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᛃᚨᛗᚨᚱᚲᛁᛉ (aljamarkiʀ)

Old Norse: ella (“otherwise, or”), ellar (< *aljǭ)

Icelandic: ellar, ella (“otherwise, or”)

Faroese: ella (“or”)

Middle Norwegian: ælle

Norwegian Nynorsk: eller, elder; (dialectal) eld’u, eld’e, elle (“or”)

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: elles (“else, otherwise”)

Old Swedish: ælla, ællar (“or”)

Swedish: eller (“or”), eljest (“else, besides”)

Danish: eller (“or”)

Norwegian Bokmål: eller (“or”)

⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: ellers (“else, otherwise”)

Gutnish: ella (“or”)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis, “other”), 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (alja, “but, except”) (< *aljǭ)

aljǭ

concubine; woman other than man’s main wife


linhtaz

*linhtaz (a-stem)

linhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
linhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
linhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
linhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
linhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
linhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
linhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
linhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
linhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
linhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
linhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
linhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
linhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
linhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
linhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
linhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
linhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
linhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
linhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
linhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
linhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
linhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
linhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
linhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
linhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
linhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
linhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
linhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
linhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
linhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
linhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
linhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
linhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
linhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
linhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
linhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
linhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
linhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
linhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
linhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
linhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
linhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
linhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
linhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
linhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
linhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
linhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
linhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
linhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
linhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
linhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
linhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
linhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
linhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
linhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
linhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
linhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
linhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
linhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
linhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lį̄ht
Old English: lēoht
Middle English: liȝt, lyghte
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Frisian: licht
West Frisian: licht
Old Saxon: līht
Middle Low German: licht
Low German: licht
Old Dutch: *līht
Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lich, leech
Old High German: līht, līhti
Middle High German: līht
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: leicht
Luxembourgish: liicht
East Central German:
Vilamovian: łajcht
German: leicht
Rhine Franconian: läicht, leicht, licht
Frankfurterisch: [laiʃt]
Pennsylvania German: leicht
Yiddish: לײַכט (laykht)

Old Norse: léttr

Icelandic: léttur

Faroese: lættur

Norwegian Bokmål: lett

Norwegian Nynorsk: lett

Old Swedish: lǣtter

Swedish: lätt

Danish: let

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (leihts)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁lengʷʰ-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ-.


rakjaną

rakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
rakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
rakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raki (active imperative second-person singular)
rakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rakjandz (active participle present)
rakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rakkjan
Old English: reċċean, reċċan
Middle English: recchen
English: reche, retch
Scots: rak
Old Frisian: reka, retsa
Saterland Frisian: räkke
West Frisian: rekke
Old Saxon: rekkian
Middle Low German: recken
German Low German: recken
Old Dutch: *recken
Middle Dutch: recken
Dutch: rekken
Afrikaans: rek
Limburgish: rèkke
Old High German: recchen, reckian, recken
Middle High German: recken, reken
German: recken

Old Norse: rekja

Danish: række

Norwegian Bokmål: rekke

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: rekke, rekka, rekkje, rekkja

Old Swedish: rækkia, rækia

Swedish: räcka

Elfdalian: rättja

Gutnish: räkka

Helsingian: räkka

Hallandian: räkka

Scanian: rækka

Jamtish: rekje, reike

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*rakjan)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ufrakjan)

(transitive) to stretch, straighten, straighten out


smītaną

smītō (active first-person indicative singular)
smītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smīt (active imperative second-person singular)
smītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smītid (active indicative plural second-person)
smītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smītid (active imperative plural second-person)
smītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smait (active first-person indicative singular)
smitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smaist (active indicative second-person singular)
smitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smait (active indicative singular third-person)
smitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smitū (active dual first-person indicative)
smitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smitum (active first-person indicative plural)
smitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smitud (active indicative plural second-person)
smitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smitun (active indicative plural third-person)
smitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smītandz (active participle present)
smitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smītan
Old English: smītan
Middle English: smiten
Scots: smite, smyte
English: smite
Old Frisian: smīta
Saterland Frisian: smita
Saterland Frisian: smiete
West Frisian: smite
Old Saxon: smītan
Middle Low German: smîten
Low German: smieten
Old Dutch: *smītan
Middle Dutch: smiten
Dutch: smijten
Afrikaans: smyt
Limburgish: smiete
Old High German: smīzan
Middle High German: smīzen
German: schmeißen
Hunsrik: schmeise
Luxembourgish: schmäissen

Old Norse: smíta

Swedish: smita

Danish: smide

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*smeitan) (in 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (bismeitan) and 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (gasmeitan))

From Proto-Indo-European *smeyd- (“to smear, whick, strike, rub”).


blakaz

*blakaz (a-stem)

blakaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blakai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blakō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blakôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blaką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blakō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blakanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blakanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blakǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blakōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blaką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blakō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blakas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blakaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blakaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blakaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blakas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blakaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blakammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blakaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blakaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blakaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blakammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blakaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blakanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blakaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blakaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blakaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blakanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blakaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blakô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blakaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blakǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blakōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blakô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blakōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blakanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blakanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blakōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blakōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blakô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blakōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blakiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blakanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blakōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blakōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blakiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blakanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blakini (dative masculine singular weak)
blakammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blakōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blakōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blakini (dative neuter singular weak)
blakammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blakinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blakammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blakōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blakōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blakinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blakammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blak

Old English: blæc

Middle English: blak, blake

Scots: black

English: black

→ Dutch: blak

Yola: bhlock

Old Saxon: *blak

Middle Low German: blak, black (in combinations: blakglas; blakpulwer, blackpulwer; blakvarwe, blakverwe)

Old Dutch: blak

⇒ Old Dutch: giblakmalad

Old High German: blah, plah

Middle High German: blach

German: blach (in combinations: Blachmal Blachfrost, Blachfeld)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Pre-Germanic *bʰlogos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleg-. Compare Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine, burn, scorch”).
Alternatively, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mlagos, from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-. Compare Ancient Greek μέλᾱς (mélās, “dark, black”).


brūnaz

*brūnaz (a-stem)

brūnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brūnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brūnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
brūnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brūną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brūnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brūnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brūnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brūnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brūnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brūną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brūnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brūnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
brūnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brūnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brūnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brūnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
brūnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brūnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brūnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brūnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brūnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brūnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brūnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brūnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brūnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brūnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brūnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brūnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brūnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brūnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brūnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brūnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brūnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brūnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brūnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brūnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brūnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brūnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brūnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brūnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brūnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brūniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brūnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brūnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brūnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brūniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brūnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brūnini (dative masculine singular weak)
brūnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brūnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brūnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brūnini (dative neuter singular weak)
brūnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brūninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brūnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brūnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brūnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brūninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brūnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brūn
Old English: brūn
Middle English: broun, broyn, brown, brun, bruyn
English: brown
Bislama: braon
Tok Pisin: braun
→ Welsh: brown
→ Tongan: palauni
Geordie English: broon
Scots: broon, broun
Old Frisian: brūn
East Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: bruun
→ Latvian: brūns
West Frisian: brún
Old Saxon: brūn
Middle Low German: brûn
Dutch Low Saxon: brun, broen, bruun
German Low German: bruun, brun
Plautdietsch: brun
→ Estonian: pruun
→ Latgalian: bryuns
→ Latvian: brūns
Old Dutch: *brūn
Middle Dutch: bruun
Dutch: bruin
Afrikaans: bruin
Negerhollands: bruun, brin, bryen
→ Papiamentu: brùin, brein, bruin
→ Sranan Tongo: broin
Limburgish: broen
West Flemish: bruun
→ English: bruin
→ Latvian: brūns
Old High German: brūn
Middle High German: brūn
Alemannic German: bruun
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Central Franconian: brong, brung, broun
Hunsrik: braun
Luxembourgish: brong
East Central German:
Vilamovian: braojn
East Franconian:
German: braun
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: brau
Yiddish: ברוין (broyn)
→ Late Latin: brūnus
→ Dalmatian: broin
→ Italian: bruno
→ Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: brun
Portuguese: bruno
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: bruno
⇒ Medieval Latin: brunneus
→ English: brunneous
→ Old French: brun
Middle French: brun
French: brun
→ Breton: brun
Louisiana Creole: brun
→ Romanian: brun
Norman: breun, brun (Jersey)
→ Galician: brun (archaic)

Old Norse: brúnn
Icelandic: brúnn
Faroese: brúnur
Norn: brun
Norwegian Nynorsk: brun, (dialectal) brun’u, brun’e, bron
Jamtish: brún
Elfdalian: braungen
Old Swedish: brūn
Swedish: brun
→ Elfdalian: brun
→ Estonian: pruun
Old Danish: brūn
Danish: brun
Norwegian Bokmål: brun
Gutnish: bräunar
Scanian: brúner

→ Romansch: brin, bregn, brün (from some Germanic language)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“grey, brown”).


idi-

Proto-West Germanic: *id-

Old English: ed-

Middle English: ed-

English: ed- (obsolete)

Old Frisian: et-

Old Saxon: ed-

Middle Low German: ed-

Low German: ett-

Old Dutch: *ed-, *et-

Middle Dutch: et-, at-, ad-

Dutch: et-

Old High German: id-, ida-

Middle High German: ite-

German: it- (obsolete)

Old Norse: ið-, iðja-

Icelandic: ið-

Swedish: id-

Gothic: 𐌹𐌳- (id-)

From an unstressed variety of Proto-Indo-European *éti. Cognate with Latin et.


sadaz

*sadaz (a-stem)

sadaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sadai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sadō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sadôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sadą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sadō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sadanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sadanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sadǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sadōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sadą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sadō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sadas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sadaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sadaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sadaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sadas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sadaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sadammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sadaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sadaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sadaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sadammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sadaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sadanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sadaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sadaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sadaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sadanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sadaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sadô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sadaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sadǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sadōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sadô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sadōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sadanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sadanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sadōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sadōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sadô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sadōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sadiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sadanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sadōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sadōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sadiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sadanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sadini (dative masculine singular weak)
sadammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sadōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sadōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sadini (dative neuter singular weak)
sadammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sadinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sadammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sadōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sadōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sadinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sadammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sad
Old English: sæd
Middle English: sad, saad, sadd, zed, sæd, sead, sed (Early Middle English)
English: sad
Scots: sad
Old Frisian: sed
Saterland Frisian: sääd
West Frisian: sêd
Old Saxon: sad
Middle Low German: sat
German Low German: satt
Old Dutch: sad, sat
Middle Dutch: sat
Dutch: zat (with unetymological -t)
Afrikaans: sat
Old High German: sat
Middle High German: sat
German: satt
Luxembourgish: sat
Yiddish: זאַט (zat)

Old Norse: saðr

Icelandic: saður

Faroese: saður

Norwegian: sad

Danish: sat

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌸𐍃 (saþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂- (“to satiate, satisfy”), related to Latin satis (“enough”).


hwē

how, with what, by what means; instrumental of *hwaz


hē₂r

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hēr
Old English: hēr
Middle English: her, here, heer
English: here
Scots: her, here
Old Frisian: hīr
Saterland Frisian: hier
West Frisian: hjir
Old Saxon: hēr, hīr
Middle Low German: hêr, hîr, hîre
Low German: hier
Plautdietsch: hia, häa
Old Dutch: *hiar, hier, hiera
Middle Dutch: hier
Dutch: hier, her
Afrikaans: hier
Limburgish: hier; hie, heej (influenced by High German)
Old High German: hia, hiar
Middle High German: hie
Alemannic German: hie
Bavarian: hia
Cimbrian: hia
Central Franconian: hee, hie
German: hie
Luxembourgish: hei
Middle High German: hier
German: hier

Old Norse: hér
Icelandic: hér
Faroese: her
Norwegian: her
Old Swedish: hær, hiær
Swedish: här, (dialectal) héer, hera
Danish: her
Elfdalian: jär
Gutnish: hjär, hjä

Gothic: 𐌷𐌴𐍂 (hēr)

From *hiz + *-r. There is compensatory lengthening of the vowel after loss of /z/ before /r/ by rhotacism, but the origin of the e₂-vowel is not known.


hwō

Proto-West Germanic: *hwō

Old English: hū, hwu
Middle English: how, hou, howe, hu, hwu, whu, wou, wu
English: how
Geordie English: hoo
Scots: hoo, how, foo
Yola: fowe, how

Old Frisian: hū, hō

North Frisian: ho

Saterland Frisian: wo

West Frisian: hoe > hoe't

Old Saxon: hwō, hwuo, hū

Middle Low German: wô, wû

Low German: wo

Old Dutch: huo
Middle Dutch: hoe
Dutch: hoe
Limburgish: woe

Old High German: wuo (Franconian)

From a form of Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷis. Compare Latin quō (“where(to); why; so that”) (Proto-Italic *kʷō) and Ancient Greek πω (pō, “ever”), Ionic Greek κω (kō) (Proto-Hellenic *kʷō). Equivalent to *hwaz (“what”) + *-ō (instrumental ending).


fraisaną

fraisō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraisaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraisai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraisaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frais (active imperative second-person singular)
fraisazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraisaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraisai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraisadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraisaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraisaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraisadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraisaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraisadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraisamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraisaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraisandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraisaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraisid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraisaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraisandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraisaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraisain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraisandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraisaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fefrais (active first-person indicative singular)
fefraizį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fefraist (active indicative second-person singular)
fefraizīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fefrais (active indicative singular third-person)
fefraizī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fefraizū (active dual first-person indicative)
fefraizīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fefraizudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fefraizīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fefraizum (active first-person indicative plural)
fefraizīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fefraizud (active indicative plural second-person)
fefraizīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fefraizun (active indicative plural third-person)
fefraizīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisandz (active participle present)
fraizanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (fraisan)

This old strong verb was replaced in the Northwest Germanic dialects.

(East Germanic) to attempt, to dare (something dangerous)


fraisō

fraisō (nominative singular)
fraisôz (nominative plural)
fraisō (singular vocative)
fraisôz (plural vocative)
fraisǭ (accusative singular)
fraisōz (accusative plural)
fraisōz (genitive singular)
fraisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fraisōi (dative singular)
fraisōmaz (dative plural)
fraisō (instrumental singular)
fraisōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: frāse
West Frisian: freze

Old Saxon: frēsa

Old Dutch: frēsa

Middle Dutch: vrese

Dutch: vrees

Afrikaans: vrees

Old High German: freisa

Middle High German: vreise

German: Freise (dialectal)

/ˈɸrɑi̯.sɔː/


wurt-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wurti
Old English: wyrt (“plant, herb”)
Middle English: wurt, worte, wort
English: wort
Middle Scots: *wort (attested in plural wortis)
Scots: wirt
⇒ Middle English: wurten, worten (“resembling or pertaining to spice, herbal”, adj)
Old English: wyrt (“brewer's wort”) (merged with descendant of *wurtiju)
Middle English: wort, worte
English: wort
Scots: wirt
Old Saxon: wurt
Middle Low German: wort, wurt
Old Dutch: wurt
Middle Dutch: worte
Old High German: wurz
Middle High German: wurz
Cimbrian: burtz, buurtza (Sette Comuni)
German: Wurz
Vilamovian: wiyc
⇒ Old High German: giwurz f
Middle High German: *gewürze (attested 15th c.)
German: Gewürz n
→ German Low German: Gewürz
Luxembourgish: Gewierz

Old Norse: urt (or from *urtiz)

Icelandic: urt, jurt

Faroese: urt

q

Norn: virt (perhaps influenced by Old or Middle English)

Norwegian: urt

Old Swedish: yrt

Swedish: ört

→ Finnish: yrtti

Danish: urt

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (waurts)


waluz

waluz (nominative singular)
waliwiz (nominative plural)
walu (singular vocative)
waliwiz (plural vocative)
walų (accusative singular)
walunz (accusative plural)
walauz (genitive singular)
waliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waliwi (dative singular)
walumaz (dative plural)
walū (instrumental singular)
walumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: walu f, wala m

desctree

Middle English: wale, wælh
English: wale, weal
Scots: wale, wail

Old Frisian: *wale

North Frisian: waal

Frankish: *walu, *wala

→ Old French: waule, waulle, gaule

Middle French: gaulle, gaule

French: gaule

Old Norse: vǫlr
Icelandic: völur
Faroese: vølur
Norn: vol
Norwegian Nynorsk: vol
Norwegian Bokmål: vol
Old Swedish: val
Swedish: val (dial.)
Danish: ol, vol

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (walus)

From Proto-Indo-European *wolH-u- (“stick, stake”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, roll”). Cognate with Latin vallus (“stake, pale”).

der

wurtwaluz

compound with *wrōts; see there for further descendants


sterbaną

sterbō (active first-person indicative singular)
sterbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sterbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sterbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sterb (active imperative second-person singular)
sterbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sterbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sterbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sterbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sterbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sterbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sterbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sterbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sterbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sterbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sterbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sterbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sterbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sterbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sterbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
sterbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
sterbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sterbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sterbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sterbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sterbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sterbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sterbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
starb (active first-person indicative singular)
sturbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
starft (active indicative second-person singular)
sturbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
starb (active indicative singular third-person)
sturbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sturbū (active dual first-person indicative)
sturbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sturbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sturbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sturbum (active first-person indicative plural)
sturbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sturbud (active indicative plural second-person)
sturbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sturbun (active indicative plural third-person)
sturbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sterbandz (active participle present)
sturbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sterban
Old English: steorfan
Middle English: sterven, sterve
English: starve
Scots: sterve
Old Frisian: sterva
Saterland Frisian: stíerve
West Frisian: stjerre
Old Saxon: stervan
Middle Low German: sterven, starven
Low German: staarven, starven
Plautdietsch: stoawen
Old Dutch: stervan
Middle Dutch: sterven
Dutch: sterven
Afrikaans: sterf, sterwe
Limburgish: stèrve
Old High German: sterban
Middle High German: sterben
Alemannic German: steerbe, sterbe
Bavarian: sterbn
German: sterben
Hunsrik: sterrve
Luxembourgish: stierwen
Yiddish: שטאַרבן (shtarbn)

Old Norse: styrfinn, stirfinn (past participle adjective)

Icelandic: stirfinn

Faroese: stirvin

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)terp- (“to lose force; lose sensibility, become numb; be dead, be motionless”). Cognate with Latin torpēre. Or from Proto-Indo-European *sterbʰ- (“to be stiff, become stiff”), cognate with Ancient Greek στέρφνιος (stérphnios, “hard, firm, tight”).


wrōts

wrōts (nominative singular)
wrōtiz (nominative plural)
wrōt (singular vocative)
wrōtiz (plural vocative)
wrōtų (accusative singular)
wrōtunz (accusative plural)
wurtiz (genitive singular)
wurtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurti (dative singular)
wurtumaz (dative plural)
wurtē (instrumental singular)
wurtumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: rót
Icelandic: rót
Faroese: rót
Norwegian: rot
Old Swedish: rōt
Swedish: rot
Danish: rod
Gutnish: rot
→ Old English: rōt
Middle English: rote, root, roote, rot, rotæ
English: root
Scots: ruit, rute

⇒ Old English: bisċopwyrtel

Old English: wyrtwalu f, wyrtwala m, *wyrtel

woartel

Old Frisian: wirtel, wortel; West Frisian

Middle Dutch: worteleDutch: wortelAfrikaans: wortel ()Negerhollands: wortel

carrot; square root, root; carrot; semantic loan

wolterSkepi Creole Dutch: wotl→ Indonesian: akar ()→ Indonesian: wortel ()Limburgish: wórtel


rankaz

*rankaz (a-stem)

rankaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rankai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rankō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rankôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ranką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rankō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rankanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rankanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rankǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rankōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ranką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rankō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rankas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rankaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rankaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rankaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rankas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rankaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rankammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rankaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rankaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rankaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rankammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rankaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rankanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rankaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rankaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rankaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rankanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rankaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rankô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rankaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rankǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rankōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rankô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rankōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rankanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rankanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rankōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rankōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rankô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rankōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rankiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rankanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rankōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rankōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rankiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rankanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rankini (dative masculine singular weak)
rankammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rankōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rankōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rankini (dative neuter singular weak)
rankammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rankinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rankammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rankōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rankōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rankinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rankammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *rank
Old English: ranc
English: rank
Old Dutch: *ranc
Middle Dutch: ranc
Dutch: rank
Afrikaans: rank
Old Saxon: *rank
Middle Low German: rank
Low German: rank
→ German: rank
→ Vulgar Latin: *rancus (possible merging with *hring (“ring”))
Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc
Middle French: ranc, rang
French: rang
→ Middle English: rank
English: rank
Picard: râng (Athois)
Walloon: ran (Forrières), rang (Liégeois)
→ Middle English: renge, reng
Old Occitan: reng, renc
Occitan: reng
Old Catalan: rench
Catalan: reng

Old Norse: rakkr (West), *rankr (East)

Icelandic: rakkur

Norwegian: rank

Swedish: rank

Danish: rank

→ Faroese: rankur

Derived by ablaut from an unattested verb *rinkaną, itself a nasal-infix present from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-.


jīz

(Northwest Germanic) Alternative form of *jūz


-iz

Old English: -

English: -er

Old Frisian: -

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: -

Old Dutch: -

Middle Dutch: -

Dutch: -er

Old High German: -

German: -er

Old Norse: -r

Icelandic: -ur

Faroese: -ur

Gothic: -𐌹𐍃 (-is)

-er. Forms the comparative of certain adverbs.


-iz

Forms vṛddhi gerundives from verbal roots.


-izô

-iz ô (canonical)
-iz (adverb)
-istaz (superlative)
-izô (masculine nominative singular)
-izaniz (masculine nominative plural)
-izį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
-izīniz (feminine nominative plural)
-izô (neuter nominative singular)
-izōnō (neuter nominative plural)
-izanų (accusative masculine singular)
-izanunz (accusative masculine plural)
-izīnų (accusative feminine singular)
-izīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
-izô (accusative neuter singular)
-izōnō (accusative neuter plural)
-iziniz (genitive masculine singular)
-izanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
-izīniz (feminine genitive singular)
-izīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
-iziniz (genitive neuter singular)
-izanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
-izini (dative masculine singular)
-izammaz (dative masculine plural)
-izīni (dative feminine singular)
-izīmaz (dative feminine plural)
-izini (dative neuter singular)
-izammaz (dative neuter plural)
-izinē (instrumental masculine singular)
-izammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
-izīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
-izīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
-izinē (instrumental neuter singular)
-izammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*-izô (an/īn-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-iʀō
Old English: -ra
Middle English: -ere, -er
English: -er
Old Frisian: -ere
West Frisian: -ere
Old Dutch: -iro, -ero
Middle Dutch: -er
Dutch: -er
Old High German: -iro
Middle High German: -er
German: -er

Old Norse: -ri

Icelandic: -ri

Faroese: -ri

Norwegian: -re

Swedish: -re

Danish: -re

Gothic: -𐌹𐌶𐌰 (-iza)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yōs

-er. Forms the comparative of certain adjectives.


-ōstaz

-ōzô (comparative)
-ōstaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-ōstai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-ōstō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-ōstôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-ōstą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ōstō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ōstanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ōstanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-ōstǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-ōstōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-ōstą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ōstō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ōstas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ōstaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-ōstaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-ōstaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ōstas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ōstaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-ōstammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-ōstaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-ōstaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-ōstaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-ōstammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-ōstaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ōstanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-ōstaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-ōstaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-ōstaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ōstanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-ōstaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-ōstô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ōstaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-ōstǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-ōstōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-ōstô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-ōstōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ōstanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ōstanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-ōstōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-ōstōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-ōstô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-ōstōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-ōstiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ōstanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-ōstōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-ōstōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-ōstiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ōstanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-ōstini (dative masculine singular weak)
-ōstammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-ōstōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-ōstōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-ōstini (dative neuter singular weak)
-ōstammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ōstinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-ōstammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-ōstōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-ōstōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ōstinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-ōstammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*-ōstaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -ost

English: -est

Old Frisian: -ost

West Frisian: -st

Old Saxon: -ost

Old Dutch: -ost

Middle Dutch: -st

Dutch: -st

Old High German: -ost

German: -st

Proto-Norse: *-ᛟᛊᛏᚨᛉ (*-ostaʀ /ōstaʀ/)

Old Norse: -astr

Icelandic: -astur

Faroese: -astur

Norwegian: -est

Old Swedish: -aster

Swedish: -ast

Danish: -est

Gothic: -𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍃 (-ōsts)

-est. Forms the superlative of certain adjectives.


-ōzô

-ōz ô (canonical)
-ōz (adverb)
-ōstaz (superlative)
-ōzô (masculine nominative singular)
-ōzaniz (masculine nominative plural)
-ōzį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
-ōzīniz (feminine nominative plural)
-ōzô (neuter nominative singular)
-ōzōnō (neuter nominative plural)
-ōzanų (accusative masculine singular)
-ōzanunz (accusative masculine plural)
-ōzīnų (accusative feminine singular)
-ōzīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
-ōzô (accusative neuter singular)
-ōzōnō (accusative neuter plural)
-ōziniz (genitive masculine singular)
-ōzanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
-ōzīniz (feminine genitive singular)
-ōzīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
-ōziniz (genitive neuter singular)
-ōzanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
-ōzini (dative masculine singular)
-ōzammaz (dative masculine plural)
-ōzīni (dative feminine singular)
-ōzīmaz (dative feminine plural)
-ōzini (dative neuter singular)
-ōzammaz (dative neuter plural)
-ōzinē (instrumental masculine singular)
-ōzammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
-ōzīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
-ōzīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
-ōzinē (instrumental neuter singular)
-ōzammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*-ōzô (an/īn-stem)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -ra

Middle English:

English: -er

Old Frisian: -ora

West Frisian: -er

Old Saxon: -oro

Old Dutch: *-oro

Middle Dutch: -er

Dutch: -er

Old High German: -oro

German: -er

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ari

Icelandic: -ari

Faroese: -ari

Norwegian: -ere

Swedish: -are

Danish: -ere

Gothic: -𐍉𐌶𐌰 (-ōza)


natją

natją (nominative singular)
natjō (nominative plural)
natją (singular vocative)
natjō (plural vocative)
natją (accusative singular)
natjō (accusative plural)
natjas (genitive singular)
natis (genitive singular)
natjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
natjai (dative singular)
natjamaz (dative plural)
natjō (instrumental singular)
natjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nati
Old English: nett, net
Middle English: nett
Scots: net
English: net
Old Frisian: nette, nitte
North Frisian: net
Saterland Frisian: Nät
West Frisian: net
Old Saxon: net, nett, netti
Middle Low German: nette, net
Low German: Nett
Old Dutch: *net, *netti
Middle Dutch: net, nette
Dutch: net
Old High German: nezzi
Middle High German: netze
German: Netz
Luxembourgish: Netz
Yiddish: נעץ (nets)

Old Norse: net
Icelandic: net
Faroese: net
Norwegian: nett, net
Old Swedish: næt
Swedish: nät
Danish: net

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌹 (nati)

From western Proto-Indo-European *neHd- (“to turn, twist, knot”). Perhaps related to Latin nassa (“fish trap”), nōdus (“knot, node”), Old Irish nascaid (“to bind”).


midjaz

midjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
midjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
midjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
midjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
midją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
midjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
midjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
midjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
midjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
midjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
midją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
midjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
midjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
midis (genitive masculine singular strong)
midjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
midjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
midjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
midjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
midis (genitive neuter singular strong)
midjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
midjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
midjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
midjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
midjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
midjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
midjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
midjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
midjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
midjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
midjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
midjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
midjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
midjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
midjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
midjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
midjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
midjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
midjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
midjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
midjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
midjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
midjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
midjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
midjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
midiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
midjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
midjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
midjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
midiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
midjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
midini (dative masculine singular weak)
midjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
midjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
midjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
midini (dative neuter singular weak)
midjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
midinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
midjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
midjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
midjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
midinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
midjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *midi
Old English: midd
Middle English: midde
English: mid
Old Frisian: midde
West Frisian: mid-
Old Saxon: middi
Middle Low German: midde
Old Dutch: *middi
Middle Dutch: mid-, midden (from the weak dative plural)
Dutch: mid-, midden
Old High German: mitti
Middle High German: mitte
Bavarian: Mittn
German: Mitte (noun)
Luxembourgish: Mëtt

Old Norse: miðr
Icelandic: miður
Faroese: miður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mid
Old Swedish: miþer
Swedish: mid-

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃 (midjis)

→ Albanian: midis ?


unlustuz

unlustuz (nominative singular)
unlustiwiz (nominative plural)
unlustu (singular vocative)
unlustiwiz (plural vocative)
unlustų (accusative singular)
unlustunz (accusative plural)
unlustauz (genitive singular)
unlustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unlustiwi (dative singular)
unlustumaz (dative plural)
unlustū (instrumental singular)
unlustumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *unlust

Old English: unlust

Middle English: unlust

English: unlust

Old Saxon: unlust

Middle Low German: unlust

→ Old Norse: úlyst

Danish: ulyst

Swedish: olust

Old Dutch: *unlust

Middle Dutch: onlust
Dutch: onlust
Afrikaans: onlus

Old High German: unlust

German: Unlust

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (unlustus)


bigetaną

bigetō (active first-person indicative singular)
bigetaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bigetai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bigitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bigetaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biget (active imperative second-person singular)
bigetazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bigetaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bigitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bigetai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bigetadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bigetadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bigetaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bigetōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bigetaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bigetadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bigetaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bigetadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bigetamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bigetaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bigetandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bigetaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bigitid (active indicative plural second-person)
bigetaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bigitid (active imperative plural second-person)
bigetandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bigetaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bigetandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bigetain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bigetandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bigetandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bigetaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bigat (active first-person indicative singular)
bigētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bigast (active indicative second-person singular)
bigētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bigat (active indicative singular third-person)
bigētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bigētū (active dual first-person indicative)
bigētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bigētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bigētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bigētum (active first-person indicative plural)
bigētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bigētud (active indicative plural second-person)
bigētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bigētun (active indicative plural third-person)
bigētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bigetandz (active participle present)
bigetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bigetan
Old English: beġietan
English: beget (influenced by Old Norse geta (“to get, to guess”))
Old Saxon: bigetan
Old Dutch: *bigetan
Middle Dutch: begēten
Old High German: bigezzan

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (bigitan)


-istaz

-ist az (canonical)
-ist (adverb)
-izô (comparative)
-istaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-istai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-istō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-istôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-istą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-istō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-istanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-istanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-istǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-istōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-istą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-istō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-istas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-istis (genitive masculine singular strong)
-istaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-istaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-istaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-istas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-istis (genitive neuter singular strong)
-istaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-istammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-istaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-istaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-istaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-istammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-istaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-istanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-istaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-istaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-istaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-istanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-istaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-istô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-istaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-istǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-istōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-istô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-istōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-istanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-istanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-istōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-istōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-istô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-istōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-istiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-istanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-istōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-istōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-istiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-istanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-istini (dative masculine singular weak)
-istammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-istōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-istōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-istini (dative neuter singular weak)
-istammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-istinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-istammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-istōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-istōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-istinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-istammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ist
Old English: -est
Middle English: -est
English: -est
Scots: -est
Old Frisian: -st
Saterland Frisian: -st
West Frisian: -st
Old Saxon: -ist
Middle Low German: -est
German Low German: -st
Old Dutch: -ist
Middle Dutch: -st
Dutch: -st
Old High German: -ist
Middle High German: -est
German: -st

Old Norse: -str

Icelandic: -stur

Faroese: -stur

Norwegian: -st

Old Swedish: -ster

Swedish: -st

Danish: -st

Gothic: -𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (-ists)

From Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs (relative suffix) + *-tHós (adjectival suffix). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos), Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ištʰas.


unrehtaz

*unrehtaz (a-stem)

unrehtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unrehtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unrehtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unrehtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unrehtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unrehtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unrehtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unrehtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unrehtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unrehtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unrehtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unrehtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unrehtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unrehtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unrehtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unrehtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unrehtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unrehtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unrehtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unrehtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unrehtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unrehtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unrehtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unrehtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unrehtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unrehtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unrehtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unrehtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unrehtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unrehtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unrehtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unrehtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unrehtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unrehtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unrehtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unrehtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unrehtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unrehtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unrehtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unrehtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unrehtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unrehtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unrehtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unrehtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unrehtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unrehtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unrehtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unrehtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unrehtini (dative masculine singular weak)
unrehtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unrehtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unrehtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unrehtini (dative neuter singular weak)
unrehtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unrehtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unrehtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unrehtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unrehtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unrehtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unrehtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: unriht

Middle English: vnriȝt, vnryȝt, unriht

Scots: unricht

English: unright

Old Frisian: unriucht

West Frisian: onrjocht

Old Saxon: unreht

Old Dutch: unreht

Middle Dutch: onrecht

Dutch: onrecht

Afrikaans: onreg

Old High German: unreht

German: unrecht, Unrecht

Old Norse: úréttr, óréttr

Icelandic: óréttur

Faroese: órættur

Norwegian: urett

Swedish: orätt

Danish: uret


lustuz

lustuz (nominative singular)
lustiwiz (nominative plural)
lustu (singular vocative)
lustiwiz (plural vocative)
lustų (accusative singular)
lustunz (accusative plural)
lustauz (genitive singular)
lustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lustiwi (dative singular)
lustumaz (dative plural)
lustū (instrumental singular)
lustumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lustu
Old English: lust
Middle English: lust
Scots: lust
English: lust
Old Frisian: lust
Saterland Frisian: Lust
West Frisian: lust
Old Saxon: lust
Middle Low German: lust, lüst, lyst
German Low German: Lüst
→ Old Norse: lyst
Icelandic: lyst
Norwegian: lyst
Danish: lyst
Faroese: lyst
Old Swedish: lyst
Swedish: lust
→ Estonian: lust
Old Dutch: *lust
Middle Dutch: lust
Dutch: lust
Afrikaans: lus
Negerhollands: lyst
Old High German: lust
Middle High German: lust
German: Lust
Luxembourgish: Loscht

Old Norse: losti

Icelandic: losti

Faroese: losti

Old Swedish: luste

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (lustus)

Possibly derived from *lusaz (“false, dishonest, loose”) + *-þuz. Related to Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose”); both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to separate, loosen, release”).


-þiz

-þiz (nominative singular)
-þīz (nominative plural)
-þi (singular vocative)
-þīz (plural vocative)
-þį (accusative singular)
-þinz (accusative plural)
-þīz (genitive singular)
-þijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-þī (dative singular)
-þimaz (dative plural)
-þī (instrumental singular)
-þimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-þi

desctree

Old English: -þ, -d, -t
Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe, -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þuz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Old Saxon: -th

Old Dutch: *-t

Dutch: -d, -t, -st

Old High German: -d

German: -d

Old Norse: -ðr

Icelandic: -ður

Faroese: -ður

Swedish: -d

Danish: -d

Gothic: -𐌸𐍃 (-þs)

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis. See also *-iþō.

Forms abstract nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.


-þuz

-þuz (nominative singular)
-þiwiz (nominative plural)
-þu (singular vocative)
-þiwiz (plural vocative)
-þų (accusative singular)
-þunz (accusative plural)
-þauz (genitive singular)
-þiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-þiwi (dative singular)
-þumaz (dative plural)
-þū (instrumental singular)
-þumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -þ, -d, -t
Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe, -t, -te (following fricatives) (conflated with -þ < *-þiz)
English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Old Saxon: -th

Old Dutch: *-t

Dutch: -t, -d, -de

Old High German: -d; -t

Middle High German: -?; -t

German: -de, -d; -t

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ðr

Icelandic: -ður

Faroese: -ður

Swedish: -d

Danish: -d

Gothic: -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus)

Forms result nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.


unsēliz

unsēlizô (comparative)
unsēlistaz (superlative)
unsēliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unsēlijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unsēlī (feminine nominative singular strong)
unsēlijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unsēlį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unsēlijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unsēlijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unsēlijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unsēlijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unsēlijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unsēlį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unsēlijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unsēlijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
unsēlīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
unsēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unsēlijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unsēlijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unsēlijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
unsēlīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
unsēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unsēlijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unsēlijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unsēlijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unsēlijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unsēlijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unsēlijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unsēlijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unsēlijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unsēlijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unsēlijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unsēlijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unsēlijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unsēlijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unsēlijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unsēlijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unsēlijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unsēlijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unsēlijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unsēlijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unsēlijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unsēlijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unsēlijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unsēlijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unsēlijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unsēlīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unsēlijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unsēlijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unsēlijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unsēlīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unsēlijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unsēlīni (dative masculine singular weak)
unsēlijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unsēlijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unsēlijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unsēlīni (dative neuter singular weak)
unsēlijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unsēlīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unsēlijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unsēlijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unsēlijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unsēlīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unsēlijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *unsālī
Old English: unsǣle
Middle English: unsele
English: unseel (obsolete)
Scots: unsele, unsel, unsell

Proto-Norse: *ᚢᚾᛊᚨᛚᛁᛉ (*unsāliʀ)

Old Norse: úsæll, ósæll

Icelandic: ósæll

Old Danish: usæl, usal, vsel

Danish: ussel

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: usæl, ussel

Norwegian Nynorsk: usæl, ussel

Old Swedish: ūsæl

Swedish: usel

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐌻𐍃 (unsēls)


getaną

getō (active first-person indicative singular)
getaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
getai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
getaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
get (active imperative second-person singular)
getazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
getaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
getai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
getadau (active imperative singular third-person)
getadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
getaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
getōz (active dual first-person indicative)
getaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
getadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
getaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
getadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
getamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
getaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
getandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
getaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gitid (active indicative plural second-person)
getaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gitid (active imperative plural second-person)
getandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
getaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
getandi (active indicative plural third-person)
getain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
getandau (active imperative plural third-person)
getandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
getaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gat (active first-person indicative singular)
gētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gast (active indicative second-person singular)
gētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gat (active indicative singular third-person)
gētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gētū (active dual first-person indicative)
gētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gētum (active first-person indicative plural)
gētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gētud (active indicative plural second-person)
gētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gētun (active indicative plural third-person)
gētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
getandz (active participle present)
getanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *getan
Old English: ġetan, ġietan
Middle English: ȝeten, yeten
English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete)
Scots: ȝet, yet, yat
⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)
Old Frisian: *jeta
⇒ Old Frisian: urjeta
Old High German: gezan, gezzan
Middle High German: gezzen

Old Norse: geta

Icelandic: geta

Faroese: gita

Norn: geta

Norwegian: gjete, gjeta

Old Swedish: gæta, gita

Swedish: gitta

Old Danish: getæ, gitæ

Danish: gide

Scanian: gida, gæda

Gutnish: gitte, gytte, gita

Dalecarlian: gjäta (“to say, tell”); gjätå, djätå (“to guess”)

Elfdalian: djätå, dşieta (“to guess”)

→ Middle English: geten

Scots: get

English: get

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰe(n)d- (“to take, seize”). Cognate with Latin prehendō (“snatch, seize”), Ancient Greek χανδάνω (khandánō, “hold, contain”).


unmahtiz

unmahtiz (nominative singular)
unmahtīz (nominative plural)
unmahti (singular vocative)
unmahtīz (plural vocative)
unmahtį (accusative singular)
unmahtinz (accusative plural)
unmahtīz (genitive singular)
unmahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unmahtī (dative singular)
unmahtimaz (dative plural)
unmahtī (instrumental singular)
unmahtimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: unmeaht, unmieht, unmeht, unmiht

Middle English: unmight, onmiȝt

English: unmight

Old Dutch: *unmaht

Dutch: onmacht

Afrikaans: onmag

Old High German: unmaht

Middle High German: unmacht

German: Unmacht

German: Ohnmacht

Old Norse: úmáttr, ómáttr

Icelandic: ómáttur

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (unmahts)


sēliz

sēlizô (comparative)
sēlistaz (superlative)
sēliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sēlijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sēlī (feminine nominative singular strong)
sēlijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sēlį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sēlijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sēlijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sēlijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sēlijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sēlijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sēlį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sēlijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sēlijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sēlīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
sēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sēlijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sēlijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sēlijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sēlīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
sēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sēlijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sēlijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sēlijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sēlijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sēlijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sēlijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sēlijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sēlijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sēlijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sēlijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sēlijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sēlijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sēlijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sēlijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sēlijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sēlijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sēlijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sēlijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sēlijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sēlijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sēlijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sēlijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sēlijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sēlijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sēlīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sēlijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sēlijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sēlijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sēlīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sēlijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sēlīni (dative masculine singular weak)
sēlijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sēlijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sēlijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sēlīni (dative neuter singular weak)
sēlijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sēlīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sēlijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sēlijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sēlijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sēlīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sēlijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sālī (adjective)
Old English: sēl
Middle English: sele
English: seel

Proto-West Germanic: *sāli (noun)
Old English: sǣl
Middle English: sele, sel
English: seel
Scots: seil, sele, seill, seyle

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᛚᛁᛉ (*saliʀ /sālīʀ/)

Old Norse: sæll
Icelandic: sæll
Faroese: sælur
Norn: sel
Norwegian: sæl
Old Swedish: sǣll
Swedish: säll
Old Danish: sæll, sææl
Danish: sæl

Gothic: 𐍃𐌴𐌻𐍃 (sēls)

From Proto-Indo-European *selh₂- (“to calm, quiet, be favourable”), related to Latin sōlor (“to comfort, console”).


managį̄

managį̄ (nominative singular)
managīniz (nominative plural)
managį̄ (singular vocative)
managīniz (plural vocative)
managīnų (accusative singular)
managīnunz (accusative plural)
managīniz (genitive singular)
managīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
managīni (dative singular)
managīmaz (dative plural)
managīnē (instrumental singular)
managīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *managī
Old English: maneġu, maniġu, meniġu, meniġeo, menġu
Middle English: manye, *menye
Scots: monie
English: many
Old Frisian: menī, menie, mene
Old Saxon: menegī, menigī
Old High German: managī, managīn, manegī, menigī, manakī, menikī
Middle High German: menege, mengi, menige
German: Menge
Rhine Franconian: Meng, Menge
Palatine German: Meng
Pennsylvania German: Meng
Vilamovian: meń
Yiddish: מענגע (menge)

Old Norse: mengi n

Icelandic: mengi n

Faroese: meingi n

Swedish: mänge (dialectal)

Danish: mænge c (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌴𐌹 (managei)

/ˈmɑ.nɑ.ɣĩː/


irzijaną

irzijō (active first-person indicative singular)
irzijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
irzijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
irzīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
irzijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
irzī (active imperative second-person singular)
irzijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
irzijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
irzīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
irzijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
irzijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
irzijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
irzijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
irzijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
irzijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
irzijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
irzijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
irzijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
irzijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
irzijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
irzijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
irzijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
irzīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
irzijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
irzīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
irzijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
irzijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
irzijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
irzijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
irzijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
irzijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
irzijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
irzidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
irzidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
irzidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
irzidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
irzidē (active indicative singular third-person)
irzidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
irzidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
irzidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
irzidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
irzidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
irzidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
irzidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
irzidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
irzidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
irzidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
irzidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
irzijandz (active participle present)
irzidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *irʀijan
Old Saxon: irrian, irrean
Old Dutch: irren
Middle Dutch: erren
Old High German: irren
Middle High German: irren
German: irren
→ Swedish: irra
Luxembourgish: iren

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (airzjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers-. Cognate with Latin errō (“to wander, roam, stray, lose one's way”), Lithuanian įširsti (“to become angry, fly into passion”).