selhaz

selhaz (nominative singular)
selhōz (nominative plural)
selhōs (nominative plural)
selh (singular vocative)
selhōz (plural vocative)
selhōs (plural vocative)
selhą (accusative singular)
selhanz (accusative plural)
selhas (genitive singular)
selhis (genitive singular)
selhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
selhai (dative singular)
selhamaz (dative plural)
selhō (instrumental singular)
selhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *selh
Old English: seolh
Middle English: *selh, sele
Early Scots: selich
Scots: selch, selkie, silkie
English: seal
Old Frisian: *selch
North Frisian: selich
Old Saxon: *selh, *selah
Middle Low German: sēl, sale
Plautdietsch: Säajel
⇒ Low German: saalhund
Old Dutch: *selh
Middle Dutch: sēel, sāel, sēle
Old High German: selah
Middle High German: sëleh
German: Seel (obsolete)
⇒ German: Seelhund ⇒ Seehund

Old Norse: selr

Icelandic: selur

Faroese: selur

Norwegian: sel

Old Swedish: siæl, sæl

Swedish: säl

Danish: sæl

Gutnish: själ

Either from Proto-Indo-European *selk- (“to pull”) (compare dialectal English sullow (“plough”)) or from early Proto-Finnic *šülkeš (later *hülgeh, compare Finnish hylje, Estonian hüljes).


gutô

gutô (nominative singular)
gutaniz (nominative plural)
gutô (singular vocative)
gutaniz (plural vocative)
gutanų (accusative singular)
gutanunz (accusative plural)
gutiniz (genitive singular)
gutanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gutini (dative singular)
gutammaz (dative plural)
gutinē (instrumental singular)
gutammiz (instrumental plural)

Pliny the Elder
Ptolemy
Pytheas of Massalia
Strabo
Tacitus

Proto-West Germanic: *gotō

Old English: Gota, Guta

Middle English: Gothes, Gotes (pl.)

English: Goth (influenced by Latin Gothus)

→ Irish: Gotach

Middle High German: goten (pl.)

German: Gote (borrowed from English?)

→ Latin: Gotones, Gothones (Tacitus)

Old Norse: goti
Icelandic: Goti
Faroese: goti
Norwegian Nynorsk: gote
Old Swedish: guti (pl. gutar, gotar)
Swedish: gute, got (in Gotland)
Danish: guter pl, gote, goter
Norwegian Bokmål: goter
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: gotar
Old Gutnish: gutar pl
→ Finnish: gootti

Gothic: *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰 (*guta) (in 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (gutþiuda)), ᚷᚢᛏᚨᚾᛁ (gutanī, gen.pl.)

→ Ancient Greek: *Γοῦθθος (*Goûththos) (as gen. pl. Γούθθων), Γύθωες (Gúthōes) (Ptolemy), Γότθος (Gótthos)

→ Chinese: 哥特人 (gētèrén)

→ Latin: gotus, gothus

Catalan: got

Middle French: Got

French: Goth

Portuguese: godo

Spanish: godo

→ Parthian: Gut

→ Russian: гот (got)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Gȍt, Го̏т

→ Ancient Greek: Γούτωνες (Goútōnes) (Strabo)

q

→ Latin: Gutones (Pliny the Elder, recording the account of Pytheas of Massalia)

Perhaps from *geutaną (“to pour”). Compare Proto-Germanic *gautaz and Proto-Germanic *eutaz, related also to Gutnish, Gotland.


lūs

lūs (nominative singular)
lūsiz (nominative plural)
lūs (singular vocative)
lūsiz (plural vocative)
lūsų (accusative singular)
lūsunz (accusative plural)
lūsiz (genitive singular)
lūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lūsi (dative singular)
lūsumaz (dative plural)
lūsē (instrumental singular)
lūsumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lūs
Old English: lūs
Middle English: lous, lows, lowse
Scots: louse, loose
English: louse
Old Frisian: *lūs
Saterland Frisian: Lúus
West Frisian: lûs
Old Saxon: *lūs
Middle Low German: lūs
Low German: Luus
Plautdietsch: Lus
Old Dutch: *lūs
Middle Dutch: luus, luys
Dutch: luis
Afrikaans: luis
Old High German: lūs
Middle High German: lūs
Cimbrian: laus
German: Laus
Hunsrik: Laus
Luxembourgish: Laus
Vilamovian: łaojs
Yiddish: לויז (loyz)

Old Norse: lús

Icelandic: lús

Faroese: lús

Norn: lus

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: lus

Norwegian Nynorsk: lus

Old Swedish: lūs

Swedish: lus

Danish: lus

Gutnish: läus

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewH-.


durz

durz (nominative singular)
duriz (nominative plural)
dur (singular vocative)
duriz (plural vocative)
durų (accusative singular)
durunz (accusative plural)
duriz (genitive singular)
durǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duri (dative singular)
durumaz (dative plural)
durē (instrumental singular)
durumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dur
Old English: duru, doru
Middle English: dore, doire, dure, dur
English: door
Sranan Tongo: doro
Scots: dure, dur
Yola: dher
Old Frisian: dure, dore
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: dör
Mooring, Sylt: döör
Saterland Frisian: Doore
West Frisian: doar
Old Saxon: duru
Middle Low German: dȫr, dȫre
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dör
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Dööre, Döör
Plautdietsch: Däa
Old Dutch: duri
Middle Dutch: dōre, duere, dure
Dutch: deur
Old High German: turi
Middle High German: türe
Alemannic German: Tüür, Tiire (Uri), Dire
Bavarian: Dia, Tia
Cimbrian: tür
Mòcheno: tir
Central Franconian: Dür, Diar
Kölsch: Dör, Dür
East Central German: Thüa(r) (Egerländisch)
Upper Saxon German: Düre
German: Tür, Türe
Luxembourgish: Dier
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Deer
Pennsylvania German: Dier
Yiddish: טיר (tir)

Old Norse: dyrr pl
Icelandic: dyr pl
Faroese: dyr pl
Norn: dør
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: dør
Norwegian Nynorsk: dør
Jamtish: dẃr
Elfdalian: dörer
Old Swedish: dyr
Swedish: dörr
Scanian: dør
Danish: dør
Gutnish: dur, duri

Likely back-formed from *dʰur-ih₁, an old neuter dual form, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-.


hezōz

Old Dutch: hiro


hezōi

Old English: hire, hyre, hiere, heore, hiore, hure, hir, hiræ, hira, hyræ, hyra, hyr, hieræ, heora
Middle English: hire, hir, hyre, hyr, ire, ir, here, her, ere, er, heyre, heore, hare, hure, hur, hurre, huere
English: her
Scots: her
Yola: her

Old Frisian: hire, hiāre

North Frisian: hör

Saterland Frisian: hier

West Frisian: har

Old Saxon: *hiro, *iro

Middle Low German: ere, er

Low German: ehr, hör, eer, er

Old Dutch: hiro

Middle Dutch: haer

Dutch: haar

Old High German: ira

Alemannic German: ire

German: ihr

Luxembourgish: hir

Yiddish: איר (ir)


þistilaz

þistilaz (nominative singular)
þistilōz (nominative plural)
þistilōs (nominative plural)
þistil (singular vocative)
þistilōz (plural vocative)
þistilōs (plural vocative)
þistilą (accusative singular)
þistilanz (accusative plural)
þistilas (genitive singular)
þistilis (genitive singular)
þistilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þistilai (dative singular)
þistilamaz (dative plural)
þistilō (instrumental singular)
þistilamiz (instrumental plural)

Perhaps from pre-Germanic Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”) + *-sd-, with the Germanic suffix *-ilaz. Compare *mistilaz for the formation.

der

Proto-West Germanic: *þistilOld English: þistelMiddle English: thistel

thystulEnglish: thistleScots: thrisselOld Saxon: thistilOld Dutch: *thistilMiddle Dutch: distelDutch: distelAfrikaans: distelOld High German: distil

distilaMiddle High German: distelGerman: DistelLuxembourgish: DëschtelVilamovian: döstułPennsylvania German: Dischdel


-ndz

-ndz (nominative singular)
-ndiz (nominative plural)
-nd (singular vocative)
-ndiz (plural vocative)
-ndų (accusative singular)
-ndunz (accusative plural)
-ndiz (genitive singular)
-ndǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ndi (dative singular)
-ndumaz (dative plural)
-ndē (instrumental singular)
-ndumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *-andī (participle ending)

Old English: -ande, -ende

Middle English: -ende, -and, -inde, -inge

English: -and, -ant, -ing

Scots: -and, -in

Old High German: -endi, -enti, -anti

Middle High German: -end

German: -end

Proto-West Germanic: *-andi (agent noun)

Old English: -end, -and

Middle English: -and, -end, -ant, -nd

English: -and

Scots: -an

Old Saxon: -und, -and, -ond

Middle Low German: -end, -ant, -ent

German Low German: -end

Old High German: -nt, -unt, -ant

Middle High German: -nt, -ant, -ent

German: -end

Proto-Norse:

desctree

Old Norse: -andi
Icelandic: -andi
Faroese: -andi
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ande
Old Swedish: -andi, -ande
Swedish: -ande, -ende
Danish: -ende
Norwegian Bokmål: -ende

Gothic: -𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-nds)

-ing one, -er. Forms agent nouns from verbs. Identical in form and meaning to the present participle.


þakjaną

þakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þaki (active imperative second-person singular)
þakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakjandz (active participle present)
þakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þakkjan
Old English: þeċċean, þeċċan
Middle English: thecchen, theken (unassibilated form possibly from Old Norse þekja)
Scots: theke, theik, thack
English: thatch
Yola: detch
Old Frisian: thekka, thekkia
Saterland Frisian: däkke
West Frisian: dekke
Old Saxon: thekkian
Middle Low German: decken
German Low German: decken
Old Dutch: thecken
Middle Dutch: decken
Dutch: dekken
Limburgish: dèkke
Old High German: decchen
Middle High German: decken
German: decken
Luxembourgish: decken

Old Norse: þekja
Icelandic: þekja
Faroese: tekja
Norwegian: tekkja
Old Swedish: þækkia
Swedish: täcka
Danish: tække
Norwegian Bokmål: tekke
Gutnish: täkke, täkk'


þakjaną

Proto-West Germanic: *þakkjan
Old English: þeċċan
Old High German: *dahhen
⇒ Old High German: dahhazen

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂ǵ-. Possible cognate with Ancient Greek τήγανον (tḗganon), τάγηνον (tágēnon).


agjō

agjō (nominative singular)
agjôz (nominative plural)
agjō (singular vocative)
agjôz (plural vocative)
agjǭ (accusative singular)
agjōz (accusative plural)
agjōz (genitive singular)
agjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
agjōi (dative singular)
agjōmaz (dative plural)
agjō (instrumental singular)
agjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aggju
Old English: eċġ
Middle English: egge
English: edge
Scots: ege, egge
Old Frisian: egg, eg, egge
Saterland Frisian: Ägge
West Frisian: igge
Old Saxon: eggia
Middle Low German: egge, egke, ecke
German Low German: Eck
Plautdietsch: Agj, Akj
Old Dutch: *egga
Middle Dutch: egge
Dutch: egge, eg
Old High German: egga, ecka
Middle High German: egge, ecke
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Eck
Luxembourgish: Eck
East Central German:
Vilamovian: ekk
German: Ecke
Rhine Franconian: Eck
Yiddish: עק (ek)

Old Norse: egg
Icelandic: egg
Faroese: egg
Norwegian Nynorsk: egg
Dalian: egg
Old Swedish: eg
Swedish: egg
Danish: æg
Norwegian Bokmål: egg

→ Proto-Samic: *āvjō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *akja (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


þrukkijaną

þrukkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrukkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrukkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrukkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkī (active imperative second-person singular)
þrukkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrukkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrukkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrukkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrukkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrukkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrukkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þrukkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrukkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrukkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrukkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrukkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrukkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrukkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrukkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrukkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þrukkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrukkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þrukkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrukkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrukkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrukkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrukkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrukkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrukkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrukkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þrukkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þrukkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrukkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þrukkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrukkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrukkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrukkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrukkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrukkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrukkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrukkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrukkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrukkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrukkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrukkijandz (active participle present)
þrukkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrukkijan
Old English: þryċċan
Middle English: thrucchen
English: thrutch (dialectal), druck
Middle English: *threkken
English: thrack
Old Frisian: thretza, thrikka
West Frisian: druwckjen, drukke
Old Saxon: thrukkian
Middle Low German: drücken
German Low German: drücken
→ West Frisian: drukke
Old Dutch: *thrucken
Middle Dutch: drucken
Dutch: drukken
Afrikaans: druk
→ Caribbean Javanese: nggedrig
→ Papiamentu: drùk, druk
Limburgish: drókke, drökke
Old High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan
Middle High German: drücken, drucken
Bavarian: druckn
Cimbrian: drukhan
German: drücken (“press”), drucken (“print”)
→ Ladin: druché
→ Low German: drucken
→ Polish: drukować
→ Belarusian: друкава́ць (drukavácʹ)
→ Ukrainian: друкува́ти (drukuváty)
→ Yiddish: דרוקן (drukn)
Luxembourgish: drécken
Yiddish: דריקן (drikn)

Old Norse: þrykkja

Icelandic: þrykkja

Faroese: trykkja

Norwegian Nynorsk: trykkja, trykkje

Old Swedish: þrykkia
Swedish: trycka

Danish: trykke

Norwegian Bokmål: trykke

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: trykke, trykka

From Proto-Indo-European *trewk-; cognates outside of Germanic include Welsh trychu (“to cut”), Lithuanian trū́kti (“to tear into pieces, burst”), trùkti (“to last, continue”). Other theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, bore, twist”).
Has been suggested as the origin of Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre, but this appears unlikely.


hehait

Old English: heht

Middle English: hight, hicht

English: hight

first/third-person singular past active indicative of *haitaną


slēpaz

slēpaz (nominative singular)
slēpōz (nominative plural)
slēpōs (nominative plural)
slēp (singular vocative)
slēpōz (plural vocative)
slēpōs (plural vocative)
slēpą (accusative singular)
slēpanz (accusative plural)
slēpas (genitive singular)
slēpis (genitive singular)
slēpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slēpai (dative singular)
slēpamaz (dative plural)
slēpō (instrumental singular)
slēpamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slāp
Old English: slǣp
Middle English: slepe
English: sleep
Scots: slepe, sleip
Old Frisian: slēp
Saterland Frisian: Släip
West Frisian: sliep
Old Saxon: slāp
Middle Low German:
Low German: Slaap, Slap, Schlop (dative: Schlope; Westphalian: Sauerländisch, Paderbornisch)
Old Dutch: *slāp
Middle Dutch: slâep
Dutch: slaap
Afrikaans: slaap
Old High German: slāf
Middle High German: slāf
German: Schlaf
Hunsrik: Schlof
Luxembourgish: Schlof
Pennsylvania German: Schlof
Vilamovian: śłöf
Yiddish: שלאָף (shlof)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐍃 (slēps)


himaz

Old English: heom

Middle English: hem
English: 'em, hem
Fingallian: a'me
Yola: aam

Old Dutch: hin

Middle Dutch: hen

Dutch: hen

German: ihnen


tūną

tūną (nominative singular)
tūnō (nominative plural)
tūną (singular vocative)
tūnō (plural vocative)
tūną (accusative singular)
tūnō (accusative plural)
tūnas (genitive singular)
tūnis (genitive singular)
tūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tūnai (dative singular)
tūnamaz (dative plural)
tūnō (instrumental singular)
tūnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tūn m (“fence”)
Old English: tūn (“enclosed land, town”)
Middle English: toun, town, towne, tun, tune
English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)
→ Chichewa: tawuni
→ Jersey Dutch: tāun
→ Pennsylvania German: Taun
→ Japanese: タウン (taun)
Geordie English: toon
Scots: toun, tone, toon, town
Yola: teoune, teoun
Old Frisian: tūn (“fence, enclosure”)
Saterland Frisian: Tuun
West Frisian: tún
Old Saxon: tūn (“fence”)
Middle Low German: tûn
German Low German: Tuun
Low German: Tuun
Old Dutch: tūn (“garden”)
Middle Dutch: tuun
Dutch: tuin
Afrikaans: tuin
Berbice Creole Dutch: tun
Skepi Creole Dutch: tun
Limburgish: toen
West Flemish: tuun
Zealandic: tuun
Old High German: zūn (“fence, enclosure”)
Middle High German: zūn, zoun
German: Zaun
Luxembourgish: Zonk
Vilamovian: caojn
→ Proto-Slavic: *tynъ (“fence, enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: tún n (“field, enclosure”)
Icelandic: tún
Faroese: tún
Norwegian Nynorsk: tun, Tune; (dialectal) ton
Swedish: tun, -tuna, Tuna
Danish: tun, Tune
Norwegian Bokmål: tun, Tune

Borrowed from (Pre-)Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold, rampart”) before Grimm's law changed *d to *t.


hijō

Proto-West Germanic: *hiju

desctree

Old English: hēo, hæo — Anglian, hiu, hia, hīo
Middle English: ȝho, hyo, hye, scho, hoo, sche
English: she (dialectal hoo, shoo)
Scots: she, sho

Old Frisian: hiō, hiū

Saterland Frisian: jo, ju

West Frisian: so, sy, se

she; nominative singular feminine of *hiz


þek

desc

Old English: þec, þæc — Mercian, ðeh, ðech — Northumbrian, þē

Old Saxon: thik

desctree

Old High German: dih
Middle High German: dich
Alemannic German: dich
Cimbrian: dich
German: dich
Hunsrik: dich
Luxembourgish: dech
Yiddish: דיך (dikh)

Old Norse: þik
Icelandic: þig
Faroese: teg
Norwegian: deg
Jamtish: deg
Old Swedish: þik
Swedish: dig
Danish: dig

Gothic: 𐌸𐌿𐌺 (þuk)


aiganaz

*aiganaz (a-stem)

aiganaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aiganai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aiganō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aiganôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aiganą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aiganō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aigananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aigananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aiganǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aiganōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aiganą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aiganō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aiganas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aiganaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aiganaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aiganaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aiganas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aiganaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aiganammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aiganaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aiganaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aiganaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aiganammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aiganaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aigananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aiganaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aiganaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aiganaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aigananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aiganaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aiganô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aigananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aiganǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aiganōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aiganô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aiganōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aigananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aigananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aiganōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aiganōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aiganô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aiganōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aiganiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aigananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aiganōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aiganōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aiganiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aigananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aiganini (dative masculine singular weak)
aiganammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aiganōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aiganōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aiganini (dative neuter singular weak)
aiganammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aiganinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aiganammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aiganōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aiganōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aiganinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aiganammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *aigan
Old English: āgan
Middle English: owen, ouen, own, owe, awen, aȝen
English: owe (present tense), ought (past tense), own (past participle)
Scots: aw, awe
Old Frisian: āga, hāga
North Frisian: age
Old Saxon: ēgan
Middle Low German: êgen, eigen
German Low German: egen
Old Dutch: *ēgan
Middle Dutch: eigen, êgen
Dutch: eigen (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: eigan
Middle High German: eigen

Old Norse: eiginn
Icelandic: eiginn
Faroese: egin
Norwegian Nynorsk: eigen
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eigen
Elfdalian: iegen
Old Swedish: ēghin
Swedish: egen
Danish: egen
Norwegian Bokmål: egen


þūmô

þūmô (nominative singular)
þūmaniz (nominative plural)
þūmô (singular vocative)
þūmaniz (plural vocative)
þūmanų (accusative singular)
þūmanunz (accusative plural)
þūminiz (genitive singular)
þūmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þūmini (dative singular)
þūmammaz (dative plural)
þūminē (instrumental singular)
þūmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þūmō
Old English: þūma
Middle English: thombe
English: thumb
Scots: thoum
Yola: thoome, thoume
Old Frisian: thūma
North Frisian: tome, töme
Saterland Frisian: Tume
West Frisian: tomme, tûme
Old Saxon: thūmo
Middle Low German: dûme
German Low German: Dumen, Dume, Duum
Plautdietsch: Dumen
Old Dutch: *thūmo
Middle Dutch: dume
Dutch: duim
Afrikaans: duim
Negerhollands: tompi
→ Aukan: doin
→ Caribbean Hindustani: doi
→ Caribbean Javanese: dim
→ Indonesian: dim
→ Papiamentu: dùim, duim
→ Russian: дюйм (djujm)
Limburgish: doem, doemb
Old High German: dūmo
Middle High German: dūme
Cimbrian: daumo
German: Daumen
Luxembourgish: Daum

Old Norse: *þumi

⇒ Old Gutnish: ᚦᚢᛘᛒᛚᛁᚾᚵᛁ

Icelandic: þumi

Faroese: tummi

Norn: tum

Old Swedish: þumi
Swedish: tumme, tum

Danish: tomme

→ Icelandic: tomma

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tomme

Old Gutnish:

Gutnish: tumme

From Proto-Indo-European *tum- (“to swell, be thick”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Cognate with Latin tumor (“swelling, tumor”).


weraz

weraz (nominative singular)
werōz (nominative plural)
werōs (nominative plural)
wer (singular vocative)
werōz (plural vocative)
werōs (plural vocative)
werą (accusative singular)
weranz (accusative plural)
weras (genitive singular)
wiris (genitive singular)
werǫ̂ (genitive plural)
werai (dative singular)
weramaz (dative plural)
werō (instrumental singular)
weramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wer
Old English: wer
Middle English: wer
English: wer
Old Frisian: wer
Old Saxon: wer
Middle Low German: wēre
Old Dutch: *wer
Middle Dutch: weer
Old High German: wer
Middle High German: wer, were
German: Wer (archaic or obsolete)

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛖᚱᚨᛉ (weraʀ)

Old Norse: verr
Icelandic: ver
Faroese: ver-
Old Swedish: vær-
Swedish: vär-

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂 (wair)

From Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós, with pretonic shortening before a resonant. Compare Latin vir, Sanskrit वीर (vīrá), Irish fear, Welsh gŵr and Lithuanian vyras.


haubudą

haubudą (nominative singular)
haubudō (nominative plural)
haubudą (singular vocative)
haubudō (plural vocative)
haubudą (accusative singular)
haubudō (accusative plural)
haubudas (genitive singular)
haubudis (genitive singular)
haubudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haubudai (dative singular)
haubudamaz (dative plural)
haubudō (instrumental singular)
haubudamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haubud

Old English: hēafod
Middle English: heed
English: head
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi
Geordie English: heed
Scots: heid
Yola: heade, haade, hade

Old Frisian: hāved, hāud, hāfd, hād

North Frisian: hood (Föhr-Amrum), Haur (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: Haud

West Frisian: haad

Old High German: houbit, haupit
Middle High German: höubet, houbet, houpt
Alemannic German: Haupt
German: Haupt, Haubt, Häubt, Häupt, Heubt, Heupt
→ Plautdietsch: Haupt
Vilamovian: hiöt
Yiddish: הויפּט (hoypt)

Old Norse: haufuð

Icelandic: haufuð

desc

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: (dialectal) hauv, haue, haud

Crimean Gothic: hoef

Proto-West Germanic: *haubid (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 (haubiþ)

Crimean Gothic: hoef

Old English: *hafud (in hafudland (“headland”)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫfuð
Icelandic: höfuð
Faroese: høvd, høvur
Norn: heved
Norwegian: hovud; (dialectal) huvud, hugud, hue, haud
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hue
Jamtish: huvu
Elfdalian: ovuð
Old Swedish: hovuþ, huwuþ, hoffuidh, hwffuit
Swedish: huvud
Old Danish: hofuþ, houæth
Scanian: huweð
Danish: hoved, hode
Norwegian Bokmål: hode, hoved-
Old Gutnish: hafuþ
Gutnish: häud, håvud
English: Howth

/ˈxɑu̯.βu.ðɑ̃/

From earlier *hafud, from Proto-Indo-European *káput. Cognate with Latin caput.
The original form in Germanic was *habudą, which has been retained in most North Germanic dialects, whereas some North Germanic dialects along with the West Germanic languages and Gothic have forms that go back to *haubudą or *haubidą. The diphthong may be due to metathesis, if one reconstructs the original paradigm nominative *hafuþ ~ genitive *habweþaz.
The same root but with an alternate ending also appears in Germanic: *habulô (e.g. Old English hafola (“head”)). The presence of initial *-a- in both *habudą and *habulô remains unexplained.


aldiz

aldiz (nominative singular)
aldīz (nominative plural)
aldi (singular vocative)
aldīz (plural vocative)
aldį (accusative singular)
aldinz (accusative plural)
aldīz (genitive singular)
aldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aldī (dative singular)
aldimaz (dative plural)
aldī (instrumental singular)
aldimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ǫld

Icelandic: öld

Faroese: øld

Danish: old (archaic)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (alds)


aldiz

Proto-West Germanic: *aldī

Old English: ælde, ielde, ylde (plural)

Old Saxon: aldi, eldi

⇒ Old Saxon: eldibarn

Lombardic: *aldi

→ Late Latin: aldius

Italian: aldio

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ǫld
Icelandic: öld f
Faroese: øld f
Danish: old c (archaic)


strīkaną

strīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
strīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
strīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strīk (active imperative second-person singular)
strīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
strīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
strīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
strīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
strīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
strīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
strīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
strīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straik (active first-person indicative singular)
strikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straiht (active indicative second-person singular)
strikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straik (active indicative singular third-person)
strikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strikū (active dual first-person indicative)
strikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strikum (active first-person indicative plural)
strikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strikud (active indicative plural second-person)
strikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strikun (active indicative plural third-person)
strikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strīkandz (active participle present)
strikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strīkan
Old English: strīcan
Middle English: striken
Scots: strik, stryke, strike
English: strike
→ Esperanto: striko
Ido: striko
→ German: streiken, Streik
Old Frisian: strīka
Saterland Frisian: strieke
Old Saxon: strīkan
Middle Low German: strîken
Low German: strieken
Old Dutch: *strīcan
Middle Dutch: striken
Dutch: strijken
Afrikaans: stryk
Limburgish: strieke
→ Middle French: estriquer
French: étriquer
Old High German: strīhhan
Middle High German: strīchen
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: streiche
Luxembourgish: sträichen
German: streichen
Rhine Franconian: streiche, streische, striche, stroiche, stroische

⇒ Old Norse: strýkva, strýkja

Icelandic: strýkva, strýkja

Faroese: strúka

From Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to stroke, rub, press”). Compare also *streukaną.


kannijaną

kannijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kannijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kannijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kannīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kannijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kannī (active imperative second-person singular)
kannijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kannijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kannīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kannijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kannijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kannijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kannijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kannijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kannijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kannijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kannijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kannijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kannijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kannijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kannijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kannijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kannīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kannijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kannīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kannijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kannijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kannijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kannijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kannijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kannijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kannijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kannidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kannidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kannidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kannidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kannidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kannidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kannidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kannidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kannidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kannidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kannidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kannidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kannidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kannidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kannidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kannidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kannijandz (active participle present)
kannidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kannijan
Old English: cennan
Middle English: kennen, kenin
English: ken
Scots: ken
Yola: ee-kent (ppl.)
Old Frisian: kenna
West Frisian: kenne
Old Saxon: *kennian
Low German: kennen
Old Dutch: kennen
Middle Dutch: kennen
Dutch: kennen
Afrikaans: ken
Negerhollands: ken
Limburgish: kènne, kinne
Old High German: *kennen
Middle High German: kennen
Alemannic German: kenne
Bavarian: kenna
Cimbrian: khennen, khénnan (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: kennen
Central Franconian: kenne
German: kennen
Luxembourgish: kennen
Pennsylvania German: kenne
Vilamovian: kenna
Yiddish: קענען (kenen)

Old Norse: kenna
Icelandic: kenna
Faroese: kenna
Norn: kenna
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjenna
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kjenne
Elfdalian: kenna
Old Swedish: kænna
Swedish: känna
Old Danish: kænnæ
Danish: kende
Scanian: kænða
Gutnish: känne

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (kannjan)


sahsą

sahsą (nominative singular)
sahsō (nominative plural)
sahsą (singular vocative)
sahsō (plural vocative)
sahsą (accusative singular)
sahsō (accusative plural)
sahsas (genitive singular)
sahsis (genitive singular)
sahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sahsai (dative singular)
sahsamaz (dative plural)
sahsō (instrumental singular)
sahsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sahs
Old English: seax
Middle English: sax
English: sax; zax
Scots: saks; sax (verb) (through confluence with Norse form)
→ English: seax (learned)
Old Frisian: sax
North Frisian: sax
Saterland Frisian: Soaks
Old Saxon: sahs
Middle Low German: sax, sachs, sass
Old Dutch: *sas
Middle Dutch: sas
Old High German: sahs
Middle High German: sahs
German: Sachs

Old Norse: sax

Icelandic: sax

Faroese: saksur

Norwegian: saks

Old Swedish: sax f

Swedish: sax (probably originally the plural form)
→ Finnish: sakset pl, saksi sg

Danish: saks (dial. saus)

Scanian: sağs

→ Scots: sax, saks, saxie, saksi

From Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”).


widuwǭ

widuwǭ (nominative singular)
widuwōniz (nominative plural)
widuwǭ (singular vocative)
widuwōniz (plural vocative)
widuwōnų (accusative singular)
widuwōnunz (accusative plural)
widuwōniz (genitive singular)
widuwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
widuwōni (dative singular)
widuwōmaz (dative plural)
widuwōnē (instrumental singular)
widuwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *widuwā
Old English: widuwe
Middle English: widwe
English: widow
Scots: weedae, wedow, widdow
Old Frisian: widwe, wedwe
Saterland Frisian: Wiede- (in Wiedewieuw, Wiedekäärel)
West Frisian: widdo
Old Saxon: widuwa, widowa
Middle Low German: wedewe, weduwe, wedue
Plautdietsch: Wät- (in Wätfru)
Old Dutch: widowa
Middle Dutch: weduwe, wedewe
Dutch: weduwe
Afrikaans: weduwee
Negerhollands: weduwe
→ Caribbean Hindustani: widhwá
Old High German: wituwa, witawa
Middle High German: witewe
Cimbrian: bittaba
German: Witwe
Luxembourgish: Wit- (in Witfra, Witmann)
Vilamovian: wytwa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍅𐍉 (widuwō)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂ (“widow”).


wullō

wullō (nominative singular)
wullôz (nominative plural)
wullō (singular vocative)
wullôz (plural vocative)
wullǭ (accusative singular)
wullōz (accusative plural)
wullōz (genitive singular)
wullǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wullōi (dative singular)
wullōmaz (dative plural)
wullō (instrumental singular)
wullōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wullu
Old English: wull
Middle English: wulle, woule, wolle
Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo
English: wool
Old Frisian: wulle, wolle, ulle, ul
Saterland Frisian: Wulle
West Frisian: wolle, wol
Old Saxon: wulla
Middle Low German: wulle
German Low German: Wulle, Wull
Low German: Wulle
Old Dutch: *wulla, *wolla
Middle Dutch: wolle
Dutch: wol
Afrikaans: wol
→ Indonesian: wol
Old High German: wolla
Middle High German: wolle
Cimbrian: bòlla
German: Wolle
Hunsrik: Woll
Luxembourgish: Woll
Pennsylvania German: Woll
Vilamovian: wuuł
Yiddish: וואָל (vol)

Old Norse: ull

Icelandic: ull

Faroese: ull

Norwegian Bokmål: ull

Norwegian Nynorsk: ull

Old Swedish: ul, ull

Swedish: ull

Danish: uld

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰 (wulla)

→ Proto-Samic: *ullō (see there for further descendants)


wurdą

wurdą (nominative singular)
wurdō (nominative plural)
wurdą (singular vocative)
wurdō (plural vocative)
wurdą (accusative singular)
wurdō (accusative plural)
wurdas (genitive singular)
wurdis (genitive singular)
wurdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurdai (dative singular)
wurdamaz (dative plural)
wurdō (instrumental singular)
wurdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *word
Old English: word
Middle English: word, wurd, weord
Scots: wird, wourd
English: word
Old Frisian: word, werd, wird
North Frisian:
Föhr: wurd
Helgoland: Wür
Mooring: uurd
Saterland Frisian: Woud, Wud (Strukelje)
West Frisian: wurd
Old Saxon: word
Middle Low German: wort
German Low German: Woord
Old Dutch: wort
Middle Dutch: wort
Dutch: woord
Afrikaans: woord
Limburgish: waord
Old High German: wort
Middle High German: wort
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Wort
Italian Walser: wort, wourd, wuart, wòrt, wört
Swabian: Wort
Bavarian: Wort, Wurt
Cimbrian: bóart, bort (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: bourt
Udinese: boart, bort, bört
Central Franconian: Woot, Wort (Moselle Franconian; some dialects of Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: Wort
German: Wort
Luxembourgish: Wuert
Vilamovian: wiüt
Yiddish: וואָרט (vort)

Old Norse: orð
Icelandic: orð
Faroese: orð
Norwegian Nynorsk: ord
Norwegian Bokmål: ord
Elfdalian: uord
Old Swedish: orþ, ordh
Swedish: ord
Old Danish: orth
Danish: ord
Scanian: orð
Old Gutnish: orþ
Gutnish: ård

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (waurd)


rīkiją

rīkiją (nominative singular)
rīkijō (nominative plural)
rīkiją (singular vocative)
rīkijō (plural vocative)
rīkiją (accusative singular)
rīkijō (accusative plural)
rīkijas (genitive singular)
rīkīs (genitive singular)
rīkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīkijai (dative singular)
rīkijamaz (dative plural)
rīkijō (instrumental singular)
rīkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīkī
Old English: rīce
Middle English: riche, ryche, rik, rike, ryk (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)
Old Frisian: rīke
Saterland Frisian: Riek
West Frisian: ryk
Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîch, ricke, rijke, rîk, rîke
Low German: riek
Plautdietsch: Rikj
Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk
Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: riche
Bavarian: Reich
German: Reich
→ English: Reich
→ Polish: Reich
→ Russian: рейх (rejx)
Luxembourgish: Räich
→ Polish: rzesza
→ Czech: říše
→ Slovak: ríša

Old Norse: ríki
Icelandic: ríki
Faroese: ríki
Norwegian Nynorsk: rike
Norwegian Bokmål: rike
Old Swedish: rīke
Swedish: rike
Danish: rige
→ Middle English: rike
English: rike
Scots: rik

Gothic: 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 (reiki)

→ Estonian: riik (borrowing) (from (Old) Swedish or (Middle) Low German)

From Proto-Celtic *rīgyom, whence also Old Irish ríge.


wurmiz

wurmiz (nominative singular)
wurmīz (nominative plural)
wurmi (singular vocative)
wurmīz (plural vocative)
wurmį (accusative singular)
wurminz (accusative plural)
wurmīz (genitive singular)
wurmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wurmī (dative singular)
wurmimaz (dative plural)
wurmī (instrumental singular)
wurmimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wurmi
Old English: wyrm
Middle English: worm, werm, wirm, wurm, wyrm, wyrme, wrim, worme
English: worm
Scots: worm, wirm
→ English: wyrm
Old Frisian: worm, werm, wirm
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: wörem
Saterland Frisian: Wurm, Wúurm
West Frisian: wjirm
Old Saxon: wurm
Middle Low German: worm
Low German:
German Low German: Worm
Plautdietsch: Worm
Old Dutch: wurm, worm
Middle Dutch: worm
Dutch: worm
Afrikaans: wurm
Berbice Creole Dutch: worum
Negerhollands: worm, wurum
Limburgish: worm
Old High German: wurm
Middle High German: wurm
Alemannic German: Wüüre
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bórm, burm
Mòcheno: burm
Hunsrik: Worrem
German: Wurm
Luxembourgish: Wuerm
Vilamovian: wüm
Yiddish: וואָרעם (vorem)
→ Old French: gourme, gorme
French: gourme
→ Spanish: gurma

Old Norse: ormr
Icelandic: ormur
Faroese: ormur
Norn: orm (“vermin; shoal of fish”)
Norwegian: orm
Elfdalian: uorm
Old Swedish: ormber
Swedish: orm
Danish: orm
Gutnish: årm, årrm

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐍃 (waurms)

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis. Cognate with Latin vermis, Ancient Greek ῥόμος (rhómos), Lithuanian var̃mas (“bug, fly”), Old Prussian wormyan (“red”), Old East Slavic *вьрмиѥ (*vĭrmije) (whence Ukrainian вермяний (vermjanyj, “red”)). The meaning red developed from a colour that one gains by a scale insect.


rīkijaz

*rīkijaz (ja-stem)

rīkijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rīkijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rīkijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rīkijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rīkiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rīkijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rīkijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rīkijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rīkijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rīkijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rīkiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rīkijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rīkijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
rīkijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rīkijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rīkijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rīkijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
rīkijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rīkijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rīkijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rīkijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rīkijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rīkijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rīkijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rīkijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rīkijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rīkijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rīkijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rīkijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rīkijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rīkijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rīkijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rīkijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rīkijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rīkijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rīkijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rīkijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rīkijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rīkijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rīkijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rīkijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rīkijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rīkīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rīkijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rīkijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rīkijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rīkīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rīkijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rīkīni (dative masculine singular weak)
rīkijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rīkijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rīkijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rīkīni (dative neuter singular weak)
rīkijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rīkīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rīkijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rīkijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rīkijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rīkīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rīkijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīkī
Old English: rīċe
Middle English: riche, rech, reche, rich, ruche, rych, ryche, reke, rik, rike (Northern), rice (Early Middle English)
English: rich
Scots: rich
Yola: reeche
Old Frisian: rīke
North Frisian: rijck
Saterland Frisian: riek
West Frisian: ryk
Old Saxon: rīki
Middle Low German: rîk, rîke, rîch
German Low German: riek
Low German: rik, rike
Plautdietsch: rikj
Old Dutch: rīki
Middle Dutch: rike
Dutch: rijk
Afrikaans: ryk
Limburgish: riek
Old High German: rīhhi
Middle High German: rīche
Alemannic German: riich
Central Franconian: rich, riech, reich
Luxembourgish: räich
German: reich
Yiddish: רײַך (raykh)
→ Italian: ricco
→ Sicilian: riccu
→ Vulgar Latin: *rīcius, *rīcus
Old French: riche (see there for further descendants)
Old Occitan: ric (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᛁᚲᛁᚨᛉ (*rikiaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᚱᛁᚲᛁᚨᛉ (*aiwarikiaʀ)

Old Norse: ríkr

Icelandic: ríkur

Faroese: ríkur

Norwegian: rik

Old Swedish: rīker

Swedish: rik

Danish: rig

Elfdalian: raik

Gutnish: reikar, reikur

→ Middle English: rike

Scots: rik

English: rike

Gothic: 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (reikeis)

→ Vulgar Latin: *riccus

Friulian: ric

Italian: ricco

Sicilian: riccu

Venetian: rico

Occitan: ric

Catalan: ric

Spanish: rico

Portuguese: rico

→ Proto-Finnic: *rik'as (see there for further descendants)

→ Lithuanian: rikis


karō

karō (nominative singular)
karôz (nominative plural)
karō (singular vocative)
karôz (plural vocative)
karǭ (accusative singular)
karōz (accusative plural)
karōz (genitive singular)
karǫ̂ (genitive plural)
karōi (dative singular)
karōmaz (dative plural)
karō (instrumental singular)
karōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *karu
Old English: caru, ċearu
Middle English: care
Scots: care, cair
English: care
Old Frisian: kara
Old Saxon: kara
Old Dutch: *cara
Middle Dutch: cāre
Old High German: chara, kara
Middle High German: kar
⇒ Middle High German: karvrītac (“Good Friday”)
Cimbrian: Kalbraitag
German: Karfreitag
Luxembourgish: Karfreideg
⇒ Cimbrian: kartag

Old Norse: kǫr

Icelandic: kör

Norwegian: kor

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰 (kara)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵh̥₂reh₂ or *ǵeh₂réh₂, *ǵoh₂réh₂ with pretonic shortening, according to Kroonen; from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeh₂r- (“voice, exclamation”). Cognate with Latin garriō (“to prate, chatter”), Ancient Greek γῆρυς (gêrus, “voice, call, sound”).


karō

Old High German: *kara, *chara

⇒ Old High German: ubarkara, ubarchara

⇒ Old Norse: *kara

desc

⇒ Icelandic: kar n (“dirt, filth, waste litter”)

Norwegian: kara, karra (“to scrape, sweep”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to scrape”).


rūmōniz

rūmōniz (nominative singular)
rūmōnīz (nominative plural)
rūmōni (singular vocative)
rūmōnīz (plural vocative)
rūmōnį (accusative singular)
rūmōninz (accusative plural)
rūmōnīz (genitive singular)
rūmōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūmōnī (dative singular)
rūmōnimaz (dative plural)
rūmōnī (instrumental singular)
rūmōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽𐍃 (rūmōns)

Back-formed from the plural *Rūmōnīz, from Latin Rōmānī, itself the plural of Rōmānus.
At the time of borrowing, *ō was still pronounced as a more open vowel ā, probably /ɒː/. Since Proto-Germanic did not possess a long *ō at that time, the closest vowel to the Latin ō was Proto-Germanic *ū. Therefore, the word was probably borrowed from Latin as *Rūmānīz. At that time, Proto-Germanic had not yet completed the full shift from ā to ō, since the shift affected this loanword as well when it did occur, changing *Rūmānīz to *Rūmōnīz. This provides evidence that the shift occurred around or shortly after the first contact between Romans and Germanic tribes, which cannot have been later than the Battle of Noreia in 112 BCE.


Rūmō

Rūmō (nominative singular)
Rūmō (singular vocative)
Rūmō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Rūmu
Old English: Rōm, Rūm
Middle English: Rome
English: Rome
Scots: Roum, Rome
Old Frisian: Rūme
Old Saxon: Rūma
Middle Low German: Rōme, Rōm
Dutch Low Saxon: Rome
Old Dutch: *Rōma
Middle Dutch: rōme
Dutch: Rome
Afrikaans: Rome
Limburgish: Roeme
Old High German: Rūma, Rōma
Middle High German: Rōme
German: Rom
Luxembourgish: Roum
Yiddish: רוים (roym)

Old Norse: Rúm

Icelandic: Róm

Faroese: Róm

⇒ Old Norse: Rúmaborg (+ *burgz)

Icelandic: Rómaborg, Rúmaborg

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 (rūma)

→ Proto-Slavic: *Rimъ (likely from a Germanic language)

From Latin Rōma, possibly through Proto-Celtic *Rūmā.


Rīnaz

Rīnaz (nominative singular)
Rīnanz (accusative plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Rīn
Old English: Rīn
English: Rhine
Old Dutch: *Rīn
Middle Dutch: Rijn
Dutch: Rijn, Rhijn
Afrikaans: Ryn
Limburgish: Rien
Old High German: Rīn
Middle High German: Rīn
Alemannic German: Rhy
Swabian: Rhãẽ
Central Franconian: Rheng, Rhing, Rhien, Rhein
Luxembourgish: Rhäin
German: Rhein
Rhine Franconian: Rhoi, Rhei, Rhein, Rhien

Old Norse: Rín

Icelandic: Rín

Faroese: Rín

Norwegian: Rhinen

Swedish: Rhen (based on the Ancient Greek word, displaced the native word, which would have been R(h)in)

Danish: Rhinen

Borrowed from Gaulish *Rēnos, from Proto-Celtic *reinos (“river, waterway”).


warjaz

warjaz (nominative singular)
warjōz (nominative plural)
warjōs (nominative plural)
wari (singular vocative)
warjōz (plural vocative)
warjōs (plural vocative)
warją (accusative singular)
warjanz (accusative plural)
warjas (genitive singular)
waris (genitive singular)
warjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warjai (dative singular)
warjamaz (dative plural)
warjō (instrumental singular)
warjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-wari
Old English: -ware
Middle English: -ere
Scots: -ar, -er
English: -er
Old Frisian: -ere
Saterland Frisian: -er
West Frisian: -er
Old Saxon: *-āri
Middle Low German: -ære, -er
German Low German: -er
→ Old Norse: -ari
Faroese: -ari
Old Swedish: -are
Swedish: -are
Old Dutch: *-āri
Middle Dutch: -ere
Dutch: -er
Old High German: -āri, -eri, -wari
Middle High German: -āre, -ære, -er
German: -er

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*warjaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛚᚨᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (ladawarijaʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (bidawarijaʀ)

ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawarijaʀ)

Old Norse: Steinarr

Old Norse: -verr, -verjar, -verir, (in given names) -arr

Icelandic: -verji

Faroese: -verji

Norwegian Nynorsk: -ver, -vær (lomvær, vikvær, skjåkvær, øyvær), ⇒ -væring (lofotværing, ofotværing, senjaværing, saltværing, altaværing, ranværing)

→ Latin: -variī (in ancient Germanic tribal names)

Derived from *warjaną (“to hinder, defend”).


walhiskaz

*walhiskaz (a-stem)

walhiskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
walhiskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
walhiskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
walhiskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
walhiską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
walhiskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
walhiskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
walhiskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
walhiskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
walhiskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
walhiską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
walhiskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
walhiskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
walhiskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
walhiskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
walhiskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
walhiskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
walhiskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
walhiskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
walhiskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
walhiskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
walhiskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
walhiskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
walhiskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
walhiskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
walhiskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
walhiskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
walhiskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
walhiskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
walhiskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
walhiskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
walhiskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
walhiskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
walhiskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
walhiskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
walhiskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
walhiskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
walhiskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
walhiskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
walhiskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
walhiskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
walhiskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
walhiskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
walhiskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
walhiskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
walhiskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
walhiskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
walhiskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
walhiskini (dative masculine singular weak)
walhiskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
walhiskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
walhiskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
walhiskini (dative neuter singular weak)
walhiskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
walhiskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
walhiskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
walhiskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
walhiskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
walhiskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
walhiskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *walhisk
Old English: wǣlisċ, wēlisċ, wīlisċ, wȳlisċ, wīelisċ
Middle English: Walsch, Welische
Scots: Welsche, Welch
English: Welsh, Welch
→ Dutch: Wels
Old Dutch: *walisc
Middle Dutch: walsch, *wāalsch
Dutch: waals, Waals
Old High German: walask, walahisk, welisk
Middle High German: welisc
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: wälsch, wailsch, walts, wältsch
Bavarian:
Mòcheno: balsch
Cimbrian: bèllos, belisch, belesch
German: welsch
Yiddish: וועליש (velish)
→ English: Vellish
→ Old French: gualeis, walois
Middle French: gaulois
French: gaulois

Old Norse: valskr
Icelandic: valskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: valsk, velsk (Possibly from Middle Low German)
Old Swedish: valsker
Swedish: välsk
Danish: vælsk (Possibly from Middle Low German)
Norwegian Bokmål: velsk

From *walhaz + *-iskaz. Compare Proto-Slavic *volšьskъ (“Roman”).

foreign, non-Germanic (Celtic, later also Roman)


mainą

mainą (nominative singular)
mainō (nominative plural)
mainą (singular vocative)
mainō (plural vocative)
mainą (accusative singular)
mainō (accusative plural)
mainas (genitive singular)
mainis (genitive singular)
mainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mainai (dative singular)
mainamaz (dative plural)
mainō (instrumental singular)
mainamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mān; mānāþ (compounded with *aiþaz); mānswerian

Middle English: man, mon; manað, mon-oð; mansweren

English: manswear

Scots: mansweir

Old Frisian: mēn; *mēnēth (compounded with *aiþaz)

Saterland Frisian: Meeneed

West Frisian: meineed

Old Saxon: mēn; mēnēth (compounded with *aiþaz)

Middle Low German: mênêde, meinnêt

German Low German: Meeneed

Old Dutch: *mēn, *mein; *mēnēth (compounded with *aiþaz)

Middle Dutch: mên, mein; meynede, meeneet

Dutch: meineed

Old High German: mein; meineid (compounded with *aiþaz)

Middle High German: mein; meineit

German: Meineid

Old Norse: mein
Icelandic: mein
Faroese: mein
Norwegian Nynorsk: mein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mein
Old Swedish: mēn
Swedish: men
Danish: men
Norwegian Bokmål: men

→ Proto-Samic: *mājnē (see there for further descendants)

From the same ultimate source as *mainijaną (“to think, mean”), evolved from an earlier sense of "false oath."


mainaz

*mainaz (a-stem)

mainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mainô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mainaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mainǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mainōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mainô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mainōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mainanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mainanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mainōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mainōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mainô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mainōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
maininiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mainanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mainōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mainōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
maininiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mainanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mainini (dative masculine singular weak)
mainammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mainōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mainōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mainini (dative neuter singular weak)
mainammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
maininē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mainammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mainōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mainōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
maininē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mainammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *main

Old English: mān

Middle English: man, mon, mone; (mene)

(English: mean)

(Scots: mene, mein)

Old Frisian: mēn

Saterland Frisian: meen; (gemeen)

West Frisian: mien; (gemien)

Old Saxon: *mēn

Middle Low German: mên, mein; (gemêne, gemeine)

(German Low German: gemeen)

Old Dutch: *mēn

Middle Dutch: meen, mein; (gemeene)

(Dutch: gemeen)

(Afrikaans: gemeen)

Old High German: mein

Middle High German: mein, meine; (gemein)

German: mein (arhcaic); (gemein)

Old Norse: meinn

Icelandic: meinn

Faroese: meinur

Norwegian Nynorsk: mein, mein-

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂y-, which could be reduced from *meh₂- (“to beckon”) + *-yeti. See also Latin maereo (“I am mournful”), Sanskrit मेनि (meni, “wrath, punishment”), Proto-Slavic *mamiti (“to deceive”).


biumi

Old English: bēom, bīom

Middle English: *beon, *ben, beo, be

English: bin, be (dialectal or non-standard)

Old Frisian: bem, ben

North Frisian: ban (Mooring), bän (Hallig)

Saterland Frisian: bän

West Frisian: bin

desctree

Old Saxon: bīum, bīom, bīon
Middle Low German: bün, bin
Dutch Low Saxon: bun
German Low German: bün, bin

Old Dutch: bim

Middle Dutch: bim, bin

Dutch: ben

Jersey Dutch: bän

Limburgish: bön

Old High German: bim

Middle High German: bin

Alemannic German: bi, bin

Swabian: bin, ben, bee

Bavarian: bin

Cimbrian: pin, pinn

German: bin

Pennsylvania German: bin

Yiddish: בין (bin)

first-person singular present active indicative of *beuną


wēdiz

wēdiz (nominative singular)
wēdīz (nominative plural)
wēdi (singular vocative)
wēdīz (plural vocative)
wēdį (accusative singular)
wēdinz (accusative plural)
wēdīz (genitive singular)
wēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēdī (dative singular)
wēdimaz (dative plural)
wēdī (instrumental singular)
wēdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣd

Scots: weed, weid

English: weed, weeds

Old Frisian: wēd, wēde

Old Saxon: wād

Old Dutch: *wāt

Dutch: gewaad, watten

Afrikaans: gewaad, watte

Old High German: wāt

German: Wat, Watte

Old Norse: váð
Icelandic: voð
Faroese: váð
Old Swedish: vāþ
Swedish: våd
→ English: wad
⇒ Old Norse: váðmál, vaðmál (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *vaat'ëk (< NW *wādiz)

Finnish: vaate

Ingrian: vaate

Presumedly the vṛddhi gerundive of *wedaną (“to join, bind, tie”) via an unattested adjective *wēdiz (“bound, joint, tied, sewn together”).


wēnijaną

wēnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wēnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wēnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wēnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wēnī (active imperative second-person singular)
wēnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wēnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wēnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wēnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wēnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wēnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wēnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wēnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wēnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wēnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wēnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wēnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wēnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wēnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wēnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wēnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wēnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wēnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wēnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wēnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wēnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wēnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wēnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wēnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēnijandz (active participle present)
wēnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wānijan
Old English: wǣnan, wēnan
Middle English: wenen
Scots: wen, wene, ween
English: ween
Old Frisian: wēna
Old Saxon: wānian
Middle Low German: wânen
Old Dutch: wānen
Middle Dutch: wânen
Dutch: wanen
Old High German: wānen
Middle High German: wænen
German: wähnen

Old Norse: væna

Icelandic: væna, í vændum

Faroese: væna

Old Swedish: vǣna

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wēnjan)

From *wēniz (“hope, expectation”) + *-janą.

to ween, think (be of a certain opinion)


waikwijaną

waikwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
waikwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waikwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waikwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waikwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waikwī (active imperative second-person singular)
waikwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waikwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waikwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waikwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waikwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waikwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waikwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waikwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waikwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waikwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waikwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waikwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waikwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waikwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waikwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waikwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waikwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waikwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waikwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waikwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waikwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waikwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waikwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waikwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waikwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waikwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waikwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waikwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waikwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waikwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waikwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
waikwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waikwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waikwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waikwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waikwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waikwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waikwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waikwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waikwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waikwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waikwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waikwijandz (active participle present)
waikwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waikwijan
Old English: wǣcan
Old Frisian: wēka
Old Saxon: *wēkian
Middle Low German: weiken
Old Dutch: wēken
Middle Dutch: wēken, weiken
Dutch: weken
Afrikaans: week
Limburgish: weike
Old High German: weihhen
Middle High German: weichen
Cimbrian: bòochan
German: weichen
Luxembourgish: weechen
→ Old French: avachir
Middle French: avachir
French: avachir

Old Norse: veikja

Icelandic: veikja

Faroese: veikja

Old Swedish: vēkia

From *waikwaz (“weak”) + *-janą or *wīkwaną (“to yield, to fold”) + *-janą, which would make the original sense of this word 'to cause to yield'.


arô

arô (nominative singular)
arniz (nominative plural)
arô (singular vocative)
arniz (plural vocative)
arnų (accusative singular)
arnunz (accusative plural)
arniz (genitive singular)
arnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arni (dative singular)
arnumaz (dative plural)
arnē (instrumental singular)
arnumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arō
Old English: earn
Middle English: ern
English: erne
Scots: earn, ern, erne
Old Frisian: *ern
North Frisian: earn, iarn
West Frisian: earn
Old Saxon: aro
Middle Low German: ārn, arne, arnt, arndt, aren, ārent
Low German: Aar, Arend
Old Dutch: *aro, *aran
Middle Dutch: āer, āren
Dutch: aar, arend
Old High German: aro
Middle High German: are, ar
German: Aar (poetic)

Old Norse: ari, ǫrn
Icelandic: örn
Faroese: ørn
Norwegian Nynorsk: ørn
Elfdalian: örn
Old Swedish: ørn
Swedish: örn
Old Danish: ørn
Danish: ørn
Norwegian Bokmål: ørn
Scanian: ǫrn
Gutnish: ann, örn

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌰 (ara)


waikwaz

*waikwaz (a-stem)

waikwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
waikwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
waikwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
waikwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
waikwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
waikwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
waikwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
waikwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
waikwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
waikwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
waikwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
waikwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
waikwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
waikwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
waikwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
waikwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
waikwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
waikwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
waikwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
waikwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
waikwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
waikwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
waikwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
waikwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
waikwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
waikwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
waikwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
waikwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
waikwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
waikwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
waikwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
waikwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
waikwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
waikwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
waikwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
waikwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
waikwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
waikwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
waikwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
waikwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
waikwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
waikwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
waikwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
waikwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
waikwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
waikwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
waikwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
waikwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
waikwini (dative masculine singular weak)
waikwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
waikwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
waikwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
waikwini (dative neuter singular weak)
waikwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
waikwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
waikwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
waikwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
waikwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
waikwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
waikwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *waikw
Old English: wāc
Middle English: wac, wake, woc, woke
Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with Norse borrowings)
Old Frisian: wāk
Saterland Frisian: wook
West Frisian: weak
Old Saxon: wēk
Middle Low German: wêk
Low German: week
Old Dutch: wēk (in derivatives)
Middle Dutch: wêec
Dutch: week
Old High German: weih
Middle High German: weich
German: weich
Hunsrik: weuch
Luxembourgish: weech
Yiddish: ווייך (veykh)

Old Norse: veykr, veikr

Icelandic: veikur

Faroese: veikur

Norn: vek

Norwegian Bokmål: veik

Norwegian Nynorsk: veik

Old Swedish: vēker

Swedish: vek

Danish: veg

Gutnish: vaik

→ Middle English: weik, waik

English: weak

Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with native forms)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaikka (“quiet”) (see there for further descendants)

From *wīkwaną (“to yield, buckle, fold”).


wagnaz

wagnaz (nominative singular)
wagnōz (nominative plural)
wagnōs (nominative plural)
wagn (singular vocative)
wagnōz (plural vocative)
wagnōs (plural vocative)
wagną (accusative singular)
wagnanz (accusative plural)
wagnas (genitive singular)
wagnis (genitive singular)
wagnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wagnai (dative singular)
wagnamaz (dative plural)
wagnō (instrumental singular)
wagnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wagn
Old English: wæġn, wæġen, wǣn
Middle English: wayn, wain, wein, weyne, weine, wayne, wayen, wene, wen, waȝȝn, waynne, wane
English: wain
Scots: wain, wayn, wane
Old Frisian: wain, wein
North Frisian: wajen
Saterland Frisian: Woain
West Frisian: wein
Old Saxon: wagan
Middle Low German: wagen
Low German: Wagen
Old Dutch: *wagan
Middle Dutch: wagen
Dutch: wagen
Afrikaans: wa
Jersey Dutch: wâxe
→ Lokono: wagen
→ Sranan Tongo: wagi
→ Aukan: wagi
→ Caribbean Javanese: wagé
→ Saramaccan: wági
Limburgish: wage
Old High German: wagan
Middle High German: wagen
German: Wagen
Central Franconian: Woon
Hunsrik: Waan
Luxembourgish: Won
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baago
Yiddish: וואָגן (vogn)

Old Norse: vagn

Faroese: vagnur

Icelandic: vagn

Norwegian: vogn

Old Swedish: vaghn
Swedish: vagn
→ Finnish: vaunu

Danish: vogn
→ Faroese: vognur

Crimean Gothic: waghen

→? Proto-Finnic: *vatnas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wóǵʰnos, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-.


wīsaz

*wīsaz (a-stem)

wīsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wīsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wīsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wīsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wīsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wīsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wīsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wīsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wīsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wīsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wīsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wīsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wīsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wīsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wīsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wīsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wīsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wīsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wīsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wīsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wīsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wīsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wīsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wīsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wīsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wīsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wīsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wīsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wīsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wīsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wīsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wīsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wīsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wīsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wīsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wīsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wīsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wīsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wīsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wīsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wīsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wīsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wīsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wīsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wīsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wīsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wīsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wīsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wīsini (dative masculine singular weak)
wīsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wīsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wīsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wīsini (dative neuter singular weak)
wīsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wīsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wīsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wīsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wīsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wīsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wīsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: wīs
Middle English: wis, wys
Scots: wis, wise
English: wise
⇒ English: wizard

Old Frisian: wīs

Saterland Frisian: wies

West Frisian: wys, wiis

Old Saxon: wīs
Middle Low German: wīs
Low German:
German Low German: wies
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: wuise, wuis
Sauerländisch: weyse, wüse, wīse, wuise
Westmünsterländisch: wiese
Plautdietsch: weis

Old Dutch: wīs
Middle Dutch: wijs

Old High German: wīs
Middle High German: wīse
German: weise
⇒ Old High German: wīsi

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᛊᚨᛉ (*wīsaʀ)

Old Norse: víss

Icelandic: vís

Faroese: vísur

Norwegian: vis

Old Swedish: vīs

Swedish: vis

Danish: vis

→ Proto-Finnic: *viisas

Finnish: viisas

→ Proto-Samic: *vijsēs

Northern Sami: viissis

Southern Sami: vijsies

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*weis)

Vandalic: *wīsa- (in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *weydtos (“knowledgeable”), from *weyd-.


wībą

wībą (nominative singular)
wībō (nominative plural)
wībą (singular vocative)
wībō (plural vocative)
wībą (accusative singular)
wībō (accusative plural)
wības (genitive singular)
wībis (genitive singular)
wībǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wībai (dative singular)
wībamaz (dative plural)
wībō (instrumental singular)
wībamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīb
Old English: wīf
Middle English: wif, wyf
English: wife
Sranan Tongo: wefi
→ Japanese: ワイフ (waifu)
→ English: waifu
Scots: wife
Old Frisian: wīf
North Frisian: wüf
Saterland Frisian: Wieuw
West Frisian: wiif, wyf
Old Saxon: wīf
Middle Low German: wîf
German Low German: Wiev
Low German: Wief
Old Dutch: wīf
Middle Dutch: wijf
Dutch: wijf
Afrikaans: wyf
Sranan Tongo: wefi
Old High German: wīb
Middle High German: wīp; (northwestern) wīf
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: wib
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baip, baibe (Luserna)
Mòcheno: baib
Udinese: baip, baib
Central Franconian: Wiev, Wivv, Weiv
German: Weib
Yiddish: ווײַב (vayb)

Old Norse: víf
Icelandic: víf
Faroese: vív
Norwegian Nynorsk: viv
Norwegian Bokmål: viv m or n
Old Swedish: vīf
Swedish: viv, vif (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: viv

Unknown, with a number of disputed suggestions. One suggestion connects Tocharian A/B kip/kwīpe (“genitals, female pudenda”) (perhaps also Albanian cipë (“sense of shame, membrane”)), for a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *gʰwíbʰ- (“pudenda”).
Another suggestion connects Old English wǣfan (“wrap, clothe”), Old Norse vífa (“wrap, veil”) for a suggested original motive of "married woman wearing a scarf".
Yet another suggestion connects Old High German weibon (“move to and fro”), Old Norse veifa (“swing, throw”), for a motive of "one who is moving busily; housekeeper, maidservant" (c.f. German Weibel (“manservant, usher”)).


wahsą

wahsą (nominative singular)
wahsō (nominative plural)
wahsą (singular vocative)
wahsō (plural vocative)
wahsą (accusative singular)
wahsō (accusative plural)
wahsas (genitive singular)
wahsis (genitive singular)
wahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahsai (dative singular)
wahsamaz (dative plural)
wahsō (instrumental singular)
wahsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: weax, wæx, wex
Middle English: wax, vax, vex, waxe, waxs, wex, wexe, wexs
English: wax
Scots: wax

Old Frisian: wax

Saterland Frisian: Woaks

West Frisian: waaks, waachs

Old Saxon: wahs

Middle Low German: was

German Low German: Wass

Old Dutch: wahs

Middle Dutch: was

Dutch: was

Afrikaans: was

Old High German: wahs
Middle High German: wahs
Cimbrian: baks
German: Wachs
→ Russian: вакса (vaksa)
→ Armenian: վաքս (vakʻs), վակս (vaks)
→ Persian: واکس (vâks)
Luxembourgish: Wuess
Yiddish: וואַקס (vaks)

Old Norse: vax

Icelandic: vax

Faroese: vaks

Norwegian: voks

Old Swedish: vax

Swedish: vax

Old Danish: wax, wox

Danish: voks

Elfdalian: waks

Gutnish: vax

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaha (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *wáśkan (“wax”), according to Pokorny, both from Proto-Indo-European *wokso, *wos-ko- (“wax”). However, compare Latin velum (“sailcloth”) and Dutch wiek (“windmill sail”), from *weg- (“to weave”). It could instead be from a pre-Indo-European substrate.


wēniz

wēniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wēnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wēnī (feminine nominative singular strong)
wēnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wēnį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wēnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wēnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wēnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wēnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wēnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wēnį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wēnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wēnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
wēnīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wēnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wēnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wēnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wēnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
wēnīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wēnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wēnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wēnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wēnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wēnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wēnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wēnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wēnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wēnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wēnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wēnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wēnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wēnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wēnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wēnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wēnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wēnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wēnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wēnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wēnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wēnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wēnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wēnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wēnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wēnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wēnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wēnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wēnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wēnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wēnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wēnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wēnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wēnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wēnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wēnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wēnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wēnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wēnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wēnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wēnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wēnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wēnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wēnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wānī

Old English: *wēne

⇒ Old English: ġewēne

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anawānī

Old Saxon: anawāni

Old High German: anawāni

Old Norse: vænn
Icelandic: vænn
Faroese: vænur
Norwegian Nynorsk: væn, ven; (dialectal) vén’e
Swedish: vän
Danish: væn
Norwegian Bokmål: ven

Possible vṛddhi gerundive of unattested *wenaną (“to be accustomed to, expect”), from Proto-Indo-European *wénh₁-e-ti, from *wenh₁- (“to love”).


wēniz

wēniz (nominative singular)
wēnīz (nominative plural)
wēni (singular vocative)
wēnīz (plural vocative)
wēnį (accusative singular)
wēninz (accusative plural)
wēnīz (genitive singular)
wēnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēnī (dative singular)
wēnimaz (dative plural)
wēnī (instrumental singular)
wēnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāni
Old English: wēn
Middle English: wene, wen
English: ween
Scots: wen, wene
Old Frisian: wēn
Old Saxon: wān
Old Dutch: wān
Middle Dutch: wâen
Dutch: waan
Afrikaans: waan
Limburgish: waan
Old High German: wān
Middle High German: wān
German: Wahn
Luxembourgish: Woun

Old Norse: ván, vǫ́n, vón, ón
Icelandic: von
Faroese: vón
Norwegian: von
Old Swedish: vān
Old Danish: wān
→ Middle English: iwon, wane, wone
English: wone

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌽𐍃 (wēns)


wadą

wadą (nominative singular)
wadō (nominative plural)
wadą (singular vocative)
wadō (plural vocative)
wadą (accusative singular)
wadō (accusative plural)
wadas (genitive singular)
wadis (genitive singular)
wadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadai (dative singular)
wadamaz (dative plural)
wadō (instrumental singular)
wadamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wæd, wæþ

Scots: wath

English: wath

Old Frisian: *wed

West Frisian: waad, wâd

Old Saxon: *wad

Middle Low German: wat

→ German: Watt

Frankish: *wad

Old Dutch: wad (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: wat

Dutch: wad

q

possibly confused with <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">vadum</i>

→ Vulgar Latin: *uadam (possibly confused with vadum)

Old French: gué

Middle French: gué

French: gué

Occitan: ga, guá

Italian: guado

desctree

Old High German: wat
Middle High German: *wat, *wate (perhaps)
German: Wate f (dialectal; may also be deverbal)

Old Norse: vað

Icelandic: vað

Faroese: vað

Norwegian: vad

Old Swedish: vaþ

Swedish: vad

Danish: vad

→ Middle English: wath, wathe, weth (mostly in placenames, in part)

Scots: wath

English: wath

From Proto-Indo-European *wadʰom, *wh₂dʰóm, from *weh₂dʰ-. Cognate with Latin vadum (“ford”).


jazjaną

jazjō (active first-person indicative singular)
jazjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jazjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jazisi (active indicative second-person singular)
jazjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jazi (active imperative second-person singular)
jazjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jazjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jaziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
jazjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jazjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
jazjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jazjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jazjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
jazjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jazjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jazjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jazjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jazjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jazjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jazjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jazjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jaziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
jazjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jaziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
jazjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jazjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jazjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
jazjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jazjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
jazjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jazjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jazidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
jazidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jazidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
jazidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jazidē (active indicative singular third-person)
jazidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jazidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
jazidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jazidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jazidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jazidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
jazidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jazidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
jazidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jazidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
jazidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jazjandz (active participle present)
jazidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Dutch: *gerien

Middle Dutch: geren

desc

Old High German: jerjan, gerjan, jerien, gerien

Middle High German: jern, gern

German: gären

→ Danish: gære

→ Faroese: gera

Luxembourgish: gären


jesaną

jesō (active first-person indicative singular)
jesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
jesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jes (active imperative second-person singular)
jesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
jesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
jesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
jesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jisid (active indicative plural second-person)
jesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jisid (active imperative plural second-person)
jesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
jesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
jesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jas (active first-person indicative singular)
jēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jast (active indicative second-person singular)
jēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jas (active indicative singular third-person)
jēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
jēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
jēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
jēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
jēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jesandz (active participle present)
jezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: *jesa

Saterland Frisian: jeese

Old High German: jesan, gesan

Middle High German: jësen, gësen, gëren

German: gären

(Old Norse: œsa (wk))

(Icelandic: æsa)

Norwegian: asa (dialectal); (esja, æsa (wk) (dialectal))

Swedish: jäsa, esa (dialectal)

Elfdalian: jäso (str)

From Proto-Indo-European *yes- (“to well, seethe, foam, ferment”).


blōmô

blōmô (nominative singular)
blōmaniz (nominative plural)
blōmô (singular vocative)
blōmaniz (plural vocative)
blōmanų (accusative singular)
blōmanunz (accusative plural)
blōminiz (genitive singular)
blōmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōmini (dative singular)
blōmammaz (dative plural)
blōminē (instrumental singular)
blōmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōmō
Old English: blōma
Middle English: blome
English: bloom
Old Frisian: blōma; *blōme f
Saterland Frisian: Bloume
West Frisian: blom, blomme
Old Saxon: blōmo; *blōma
Middle Low German: blōme
Dutch Low Saxon: bloom, bloeme
German Low German: Bloom
Plautdietsch: Bloom
Old Dutch: *bluomo; *bluoma, bluome
Middle Dutch: bloeme, blume, blome, bloem, bloom, blomme, blom
Dutch: bloem
Afrikaans: bloem, blom
Negerhollands: bloem
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bluminstji (dated, from a diminutive form)
→ Sranan Tongo: blon (flour)
→ Aukan: bolon
→ Kari'na: polimin
→ Saramaccan: boón
→ Sranan Tongo: bromki (flower)
Aukan: boomiki
→ Kari'na: poromiki
Limburgish: bloom
West Flemish: blomme
Zealandic: blomme
Old High German: bluomo, bluoma
Middle High German: bluome
Bavarian: Blama, Bleame, Bleaml, Bloama, Bluma
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Blumm
Kölsch: Bloom
Luxembourgish: Blumm
East Central German:
East Franconian:
German: Blume
Rhine Franconian: Blum, Blumm
Frankfurterisch: [plum]
Pennsylvania German: Blumm
Yiddish: בלום (blum)

Old Norse: blóm, blómi
Icelandic: blóm, blómi
Faroese: blóma, blómi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: blom, blome
Norwegian Nynorsk: blom, blome
Old Swedish: blōme, blōma, ᛒᛚᚮᛘᚽ (Runic)
Swedish: blomma
Old Danish: blomæ
Danish: blomme
Norwegian Bokmål: blomme
→ Middle English: blome, blom (“flower”)
English: bloom
Scots: blume, blum, bluim, bleem, blome

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌼𐌰 (blōma)

Vandalic: *bluma

desc

→? Proto-Samic: *luomēn (“cloudberry”) (via Proto-Norse; see there for further descendants)

/ˈblɔː.mɔːː/


malhō

malhō (nominative singular)
malhôz (nominative plural)
malhō (singular vocative)
malhôz (plural vocative)
malhǭ (accusative singular)
malhōz (accusative plural)
malhōz (genitive singular)
malhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
malhōi (dative singular)
malhōmaz (dative plural)
malhō (instrumental singular)
malhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *malhu
Old Saxon: malaha
Middle Low German: māle, maele, meile
Old Dutch: *mala
Middle Dutch: male, mael, maele
Dutch: maal, malie
Old High German: malaha, malha
Middle High German: malhe
→ Medieval Latin: mala [abt. 920, France] (see there for further descendants)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *molko- (“leather pouch”) and connected with Ancient Greek μολγός (molgós, “leather bag”). However, Kroonen notes a formal mismatch between the Germanic and Hellenic terms, and suggests that both terms were borrowed from Thracian, or otherwise from some prehistoric Wanderwort.


arsaz

arsaz (nominative singular)
arsōz (nominative plural)
arsōs (nominative plural)
ars (singular vocative)
arsōz (plural vocative)
arsōs (plural vocative)
arsą (accusative singular)
arsanz (accusative plural)
arsas (genitive singular)
arsis (genitive singular)
arsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arsai (dative singular)
arsamaz (dative plural)
arsō (instrumental singular)
arsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ars
Old English: ears, ærs
Middle English: ars, arce, ers, eres, hars, hers, aars
English: arse, ass
Scots: ers, airse
Old Frisian: ers
Saterland Frisian: Iers
West Frisian: ears
Old Saxon: ars
Middle Low German: ars
Dutch Low Saxon: ars, ors
German Low German: Aars
⇒ by rebracketing:
Dutch Low Saxon: nors, mors
German Low German: Maars, Moors, Narsch, Närsch, Närs
Plautdietsch: Noasch
Old Dutch: *ars
Middle Dutch: āers
Dutch: aars
Afrikaans: aars
Old High German: ars
Middle High German: ars
Bavarian: Oasch
Cimbrian: aars
German: Arsch
Hunsrik: Aarsch
Luxembourgish: Aasch
Pennsylvania German: Aarsch

Old Norse: ars, rass
Icelandic: ars
Faroese: arsur
Old Swedish: ars
⇒ Swedish: arsel, arsle

⇒ Old Norse: rass (via metathesis)
Icelandic: rass
Faroese: rassur
Norwegian Bokmål: rass
Norwegian Nynorsk: rass

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁órs-o-s (“rear-end”). Compare Ancient Greek ὄρρος (órrhos), Hittite 𒅈𒊏𒀸 (ar-ra-aš /arraš/), Old Irish err, Albanian rrëzë, and Old Armenian ոռ (oṙ).


baukną

baukną (nominative singular)
bauknō (nominative plural)
baukną (singular vocative)
bauknō (plural vocative)
baukną (accusative singular)
bauknō (accusative plural)
bauknas (genitive singular)
bauknis (genitive singular)
bauknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bauknai (dative singular)
bauknamaz (dative plural)
bauknō (instrumental singular)
bauknamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baukn
Old English: bēacn, bēacen, bīecen, bēcen, bēcon, bēcun — Anglian
Middle English: beken, beeken, beekne, bekene, bekne, bekyn, biken
English: beacon
Scots: beikin, bekin
Old Frisian: bāken, bēken
North Frisian: biike, baake, beken
Saterland Frisian: Baake, Boake
West Frisian: beaken
→ Middle Dutch: baken, bakin, beke, beken
Dutch: baken, baak
→ Middle Low German: bāke (possibly, or from southern Eastphalian, which is a Low German dialect, see below)
Low German: Bāke
→ Danish: båke
→ German: Bake
→ Norwegian: båk, båke
→ Swedish: båk
→ Old Norse: bákn, báken
Danish: bavn
Faroese: bákn
Icelandic: bákn
Old Saxon: bōkan
Middle Low German: bâken, bâke (from southern Eastphalian, or a conflation of grammatical paradigms with the borrowing from Old Frisian, see above)
Dutch Low Saxon: boake (“(Easter) fire sign”)
Old Dutch: *bōcan
Middle Dutch: bokin, boken, boekin, boeken, boekijn
Old High German: bouhhan, bouchan, pouhhan, pouchan
Middle High German: bouchen
Alemannic German: Pauchen, Böchen
Swabian: Bauchen
→ Old French: boue, buie
Middle French: bouee, boue
French: bouée
→ Catalan: boia
→ Middle Dutch: boye, boeye
Dutch: boei
→ Danish: bøje
→ Icelandic: bauja
→ Middle English: buoy, boye
English: buoy
→ German: Boje
→ Polish: boja
→ Galician: boia
→ Spanish: boya

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to glow, light, shine”).