bremaną

bremō (active first-person indicative singular)
bremaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bremai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bremaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brem (active imperative second-person singular)
bremazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bremaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bremai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bremadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bremadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bremaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bremōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bremaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bremadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bremaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bremadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bremamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bremaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bremandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bremaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brimid (active indicative plural second-person)
bremaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brimid (active imperative plural second-person)
bremandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bremaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bremandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bremain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bremandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bremandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bremaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bram (active first-person indicative singular)
brēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bramt (active indicative second-person singular)
brēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bram (active indicative singular third-person)
brēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
brēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
brēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
brēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
brēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bremandz (active participle present)
brumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breman
Old Dutch: *breman
Middle Dutch: brēmen
Old High German: *breman
Middle High German: bremen
⇒ Old High German: brema (noun)
Middle High German: breme
Alemannic German: Brämme
German: Breme (archaic)
→ Galician: bremar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“to make noise”).


daupijaną

daupijō (active first-person indicative singular)
daupijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daupijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
daupīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
daupijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daupī (active imperative second-person singular)
daupijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
daupijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
daupīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
daupijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daupijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
daupijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
daupijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
daupijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
daupijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daupijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daupijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daupijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
daupijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
daupijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daupijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
daupijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
daupīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
daupijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daupīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
daupijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
daupijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
daupijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
daupijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daupijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
daupijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
daupijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daupidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
daupidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daupidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
daupidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daupidē (active indicative singular third-person)
daupidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
daupidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
daupidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
daupidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
daupidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
daupidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
daupidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
daupidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
daupidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
daupidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
daupidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
daupijandz (active participle present)
daupidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *daupijan
Old English: dīepan
Middle English: depen
Scots: depe
Old Frisian: dēpa
Old Saxon: dōpian
Middle Low German: dȫpen
Low German: döpen
→ Saterland Frisian: dööpe
Old Dutch: dōpen
Middle Dutch: dôpen
Dutch: dopen
Afrikaans: doop
Limburgish: duipe, deupe
Old High German: toufen; (Central German) *doufen
Middle High German: toufen, töufen, döufen
Central Franconian: däufe, dööfe, deefe, dääfe, daafe
Hunsrik: daafe
Luxembourgish: deefen
German: taufen

Old Norse: deypa

Faroese: doypa

Norwegian Nynorsk: døype

Old Swedish: dø̄pa

Swedish: döpa

Danish: døbe

Norwegian Bokmål: døpe

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (daupjan)

Causative from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewb-, from which also *deupaz (“deep”).


ammǭ

ammǭ (nominative singular)
ammōniz (nominative plural)
ammǭ (singular vocative)
ammōniz (plural vocative)
ammōnų (accusative singular)
ammōnunz (accusative plural)
ammōniz (genitive singular)
ammōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ammōni (dative singular)
ammōmaz (dative plural)
ammōnē (instrumental singular)
ammōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ammā

Old Saxon: *amma

Middle Low German: amme

Plautdietsch: Ooma

Old Dutch: *amma

Middle Dutch: amme

Dutch: amme, am

Old High German: amma

Middle High German: amme

German: Amme, Oma

Old Norse: amma

Icelandic: amma

Faroese: omma

Norwegian: amma

Old Swedish: amma

Swedish: amma

Danish: amme

Onomatopoeic. Compare Latin amita (“paternal aunt”).


skaunistaz

*skaunistaz (a-stem)

skaunistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skaunistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skaunistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skaunistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skaunistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skaunistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skaunistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skaunistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skaunistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skaunistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skaunistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skaunistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skaunistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
skaunistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skaunistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skaunistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skaunistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
skaunistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skaunistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skaunistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skaunistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skaunistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skaunistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skaunistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skaunistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skaunistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skaunistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skaunistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skaunistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skaunistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skaunistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skaunistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skaunistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skaunistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skaunistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skaunistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skaunistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skaunistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skaunistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skaunistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skaunistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skaunistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skaunistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skaunistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skaunistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skaunistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skaunistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skaunistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skaunistini (dative masculine singular weak)
skaunistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skaunistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skaunistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skaunistini (dative neuter singular weak)
skaunistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skaunistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skaunistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skaunistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skaunistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skaunistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skaunistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Old English: sċīenost, sċȳnost, sċēonost, sċēnost

Middle English: shenest

English: sheenest


wanatōną

wanatō (active first-person indicative singular)
wanatǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanatōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wanatōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wanatōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanatō (active imperative second-person singular)
wanatōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wanatōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wanatōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wanatō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanatōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wanatōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wanatōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wanatōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wanatōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanatōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanatōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanatōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wanatōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wanatōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanatōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wanatōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wanatōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wanatōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanatōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wanatōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wanatōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wanatōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wanatōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanatōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wanatōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wanatōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wanatōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wanatōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wanatōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wanatōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wanatōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wanatōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wanatōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wanatōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wanatōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wanatōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wanatōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wanatōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wanatōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wanatōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wanatōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wanatōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wanatōndz (active participle present)
wanatōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: vanta
Icelandic: vanta
Faroese: vanta
Norwegian Nynorsk: vanta
Norwegian Bokmål: vante
Old Swedish: vanta
Old Danish: vante
Danish: vante
→ Middle English: wanten, wanton, wantten
English: want
Scots: want
Yola: waant


spreutaną

spreutō (active first-person indicative singular)
spreutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spreutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spriutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spreutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spreut (active imperative second-person singular)
spreutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spreutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spriutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spreutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spreutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spreutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spreutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spreutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spreutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spreutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spreutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spreutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spreutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spreutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spreutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spreutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spriutid (active indicative plural second-person)
spreutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spriutid (active imperative plural second-person)
spreutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spreutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spreutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spreutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spreutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spreutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spreutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraut (active first-person indicative singular)
sprutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraust (active indicative second-person singular)
sprutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraut (active indicative singular third-person)
sprutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprutū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprutum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprutud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprutun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spreutandz (active participle present)
sprutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *spreutan
Old English: *sprēotan, sprūtan
Middle English: spruten, sprouten
English: sprout
Scots: sproot, spruit
⇒ Old English: āsprēotan
⇒ Old English: ġeondsprēot
Old Frisian: sprūta
Saterland Frisian: sprute, spruutje
West Frisian: sprûte
Old Saxon: *spriotan, *sprūtan
Middle Low German: sprêten, sprûten
German Low German: spruten
⇒ Old Saxon: ūtsprūtan
Middle Low German: ûtsprûten
German Low German: utspruten
Old Dutch: *sprūtan
Middle Dutch: spruten
Dutch: spruiten
Afrikaans: spruit
→ Papiamentu: sprùit, spreit, spruit
Old High German: *spriozan, *sprūzan
Middle High German: spriezen, sprūzen
German: sprießen
Luxembourgish: spréissen

Old Norse: *sprúta

Swedish: spruta

From Pre-Germanic *sprewd-, but also possibly back-formed from the iterative, from Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to strew”), extended form *sprewd-. Related to Lithuanian sprausti (“to thrust”), Ancient Greek σπείρω (speírō, “I sow”).


mēgaz

mēgaz (nominative singular)
mēgōz (nominative plural)
mēgōs (nominative plural)
mēg (singular vocative)
mēgōz (plural vocative)
mēgōs (plural vocative)
mēgą (accusative singular)
mēganz (accusative plural)
mēgas (genitive singular)
mēgis (genitive singular)
mēgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēgai (dative singular)
mēgamaz (dative plural)
mēgō (instrumental singular)
mēgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *māg
Old English: mǣġ m or f
Middle English: mæȝ, mæi, meȝ, mei
English: may (“kinsman, person”)
⇒ Old English: māga m (“descendant, son”)
⇒ Old English: māge, mǣġe f
Old Frisian: mēch
North Frisian: meeg
Old Saxon: māg
Middle Low German: mâch
Old Dutch: *māg
Middle Dutch: mâech
Dutch: maag
Afrikaans: maag
Old High German: māg
Middle High German: māc
German: Mage

Old Norse: mágr

Icelandic: mágur

Faroese: mágur

Norwegian: måg

Old Swedish: māgher

Swedish: måg

Old Danish: māgh

Danish: måg

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌲𐍃 (mēgs)

→? Proto-Finnic: *mees (“man”) (see there for further descendants)

Suggested to be related to *maguz (“boy, relative”).

son-in-law; or more generally, a relative through marriage


grētaz

grētaz (nominative singular)
grētōz (nominative plural)
grētōs (nominative plural)
grēt (singular vocative)
grētōz (plural vocative)
grētōs (plural vocative)
grētą (accusative singular)
grētanz (accusative plural)
grētas (genitive singular)
grētis (genitive singular)
grētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grētai (dative singular)
grētamaz (dative plural)
grētō (instrumental singular)
grētamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚱᚨᛏᚨᛉ (*grataʀ /grātaʀ/)

Old Norse: grátr
Icelandic: grátur
Faroese: grátur
Norwegian Bokmål: gråt m
Norwegian Nynorsk: gråt m
Old Swedish: grāter
Swedish: gråt
Danish: gråd

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍄𐍃 (grēts)


lahwaz

lahwaz (nominative singular)
lahwizō (nominative plural)
lahwaz (singular vocative)
lahwizō (plural vocative)
lahwaz (accusative singular)
lahwizō (accusative plural)
lahwiziz (genitive singular)
lahwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahwizi (dative singular)
lahwizumaz (dative plural)
lahwizē (instrumental singular)
lahwizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lahw

Old English: lēow, læuw, lēw

Old West Norse: lær, *lāʀ — Old East Norse
Old West Norse:
Icelandic: lær, læri
Faroese: lær
Norwegian Nynorsk: lær
Old East Norse:
Norwegian Nynorsk: lår
Elfdalian: lår
Old Swedish: lār
Swedish: lår
Old Danish: lar
Danish: lår
Norwegian Bokmål: lår
Gutnish: lar

Old East Norse: *lāʀ

From Pre-Germanic *logʷʰ-es-, perhaps ultimately from the root of *lagjaz (“leg”).


haitį̄

haitį̄ (nominative singular)
haitīniz (nominative plural)
haitį̄ (singular vocative)
haitīniz (plural vocative)
haitīnų (accusative singular)
haitīnunz (accusative plural)
haitīniz (genitive singular)
haitīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haitīni (dative singular)
haitīmaz (dative plural)
haitīnē (instrumental singular)
haitīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haitī

Old English: hǣtu, hǣto, hǣte
Middle English: hete, heet, heete, heite, hette, hetee, hæte, heate (Early Middle English)
English: heat
Scots: hete, heit
Yola: het

Old Frisian: hēte

North Frisian: hiet

Saterland Frisian: Hatte

West Frisian: hjitte

Old Saxon: *hētī

Middle Low German: hête, heite

Old Dutch: *hētī

Middle Dutch: hete, heete, heite, hiete

Old High German: heizī

Middle High German: heize

German: Heiße (obsolete)


burþį̄

burþį̄ (nominative singular)
burþīniz (nominative plural)
burþį̄ (singular vocative)
burþīniz (plural vocative)
burþīnų (accusative singular)
burþīnunz (accusative plural)
burþīniz (genitive singular)
burþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burþīni (dative singular)
burþīmaz (dative plural)
burþīnē (instrumental singular)
burþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *burþī
Old English: byrd
Old Frisian: berthe, berde
Old Saxon: burthi
Middle Low German: borde, bōrde, börde
Low German: Böörd
Old Dutch: *burthi, *burtha
Middle Dutch: borde
Dutch: borde
Old High German: burdī
Middle High German: burde, bürde
Alemannic German: Burdi
German: Bürde

Old Norse: byrðr

Icelandic: byrður, byrði

Faroese: byrði

Norwegian: byrde

Old Swedish: byrþ, byrþe, biurdh, børdh, ᛒᛦᚱᚦ
Swedish: börda

Old Danish: byrþi, byrthæ

Danish: byrde

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌴𐌹 (baurþei)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”). Direct cognate with Sanskrit भृति (bhṛti, “bearing; support”).


salō

salō (nominative singular)
salôz (nominative plural)
salō (singular vocative)
salôz (plural vocative)
salǭ (accusative singular)
salōz (accusative plural)
salōz (genitive singular)
salǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salōi (dative singular)
salōmaz (dative plural)
salō (instrumental singular)
salōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: sala

Middle High German: sale

Old Norse: sala

Icelandic: sala

Norwegian Bokmål: salg

Norwegian Nynorsk: sal

Old Swedish: sala

Swedish: salu (from the oblique case)

Danish: salg

→ Old English: sala

Middle English: sale

Scots: sale, saill, seall

English: sale

From Proto-Indo-European *selh₁- (“to take, grab”). Cognate with Lithuanian siūlyti (“to propose, offer, upsend”).


hiwją

hiwją (nominative singular)
hiwjō (nominative plural)
hiwją (singular vocative)
hiwjō (plural vocative)
hiwją (accusative singular)
hiwjō (accusative plural)
hiwjas (genitive singular)
hiwis (genitive singular)
hiwjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiwjai (dative singular)
hiwjamaz (dative plural)
hiwjō (instrumental singular)
hiwjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hiwi
Old English: hīew, hīw
Middle English: hewe
Scots: hew, hu, hue
English: hue

Old Norse: hý

Icelandic: hý, hé

Faroese: hýggj

Norwegian: hy

Old Swedish: hȳ

Swedish: hy

Gutnish: höi

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)uvjë (“down”) (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐍅𐌹 (hiwi)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hipjä (“skin”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *ipjë (“dust”)

Southern Sami: ïbje

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *heben (“single hair, fluff”)

Finnish: heven, hepene

? → Proto-Finnic: *häivä (< *häwjä)

Finnish: häivä

→ Proto-Samic: *jievjë (“white (of fur, hair)”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Pre-Sami: *kepji

Proto-Samic: *këpjë (see there for further descendants)

Disputed. Either from Proto-Indo-European *kew-, *ḱew- (“skin, cuticle, hide; beauty, splendour”) or from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁- (“grey, dark shade”), or a merger of the two. Compare Sanskrit छवि (chavi, “skin, beauty”).


libarō

libarō (nominative singular)
libarôz (nominative plural)
libarō (singular vocative)
libarôz (plural vocative)
libarǭ (accusative singular)
libarōz (accusative plural)
libarōz (genitive singular)
libarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
libarōi (dative singular)
libarōmaz (dative plural)
libarō (instrumental singular)
libarōmiz (instrumental plural)


uzbīdaną

uzbīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzbīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzbīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzbīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzbīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbīd (active imperative second-person singular)
uzbīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzbīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzbīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzbīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzbīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzbīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzbīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzbīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzbīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzbīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzbīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzbīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzbīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzbīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzbīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzbīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzbīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzbīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzbīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzbīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzbīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzbīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzbīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzbaid (active first-person indicative singular)
uzbidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzbaist (active indicative second-person singular)
uzbidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbaid (active indicative singular third-person)
uzbidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzbidū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzbidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzbidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzbidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzbidum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzbidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzbidud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzbidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbidun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzbidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzbīdandz (active participle present)
uzbidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀbīdan
Old English: ābīdan
Middle English: abyden, abiden
English: abide
Scots: abyde, abide
Old High German: irbītan
Middle High German: irbīten, erbīten

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (usbeidan)


rudāną

rudō (active first-person indicative singular)
rudaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
rudai (active imperative second-person singular)
rudāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rudaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rudāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rudāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rudōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rudāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rudāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rudāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rudānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rudaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rudaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rudānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rudānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rudānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rudānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rudadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rudadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rudadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rudadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rudadē (active indicative singular third-person)
rudadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rudadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rudadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rudadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rudadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rudadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rudadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rudadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rudadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rudadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rudadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rudāndz (active participle present)
rudadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rodēn, *rudēn
Old English: rudian
Middle English: ruden, rudden
English: rud
Old Saxon: *rodōn
Middle Low German: rȫden, rȫten
Old Dutch: *rodon
Middle Dutch: rōden
Dutch: roden
Old High German: rotēn
Middle High German: roten
German: röten

Old Norse: roða

Faroese: roða

Icelandic: roða

Norwegian: roda, rode

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰéh₁ti, from *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”) (from which also *raudaz).


hinderōną

hinderō (active first-person indicative singular)
hinderǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hinderōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hinderōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hinderōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hinderō (active imperative second-person singular)
hinderōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hinderōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hinderōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hinderō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hinderōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hinderōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hinderōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hinderōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hinderōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hinderōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hinderōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hinderōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hinderōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hinderōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hinderōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hinderōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hinderōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hinderōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hinderōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hinderōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hinderōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hinderōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hinderōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hinderōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hinderōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hinderōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hinderōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hinderōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hinderōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hinderōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hinderōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hinderōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hinderōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hinderōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hinderōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hinderōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hinderōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hinderōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hinderōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hinderōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hinderōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hinderōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hinderōndz (active participle present)
hinderōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hindarōn
Old English: hindrian
Middle English: hindren
Scots: hinder, hynder
English: hinder
Old Frisian: hinderia
Saterland Frisian: hinderje
West Frisian: hinderje
Old Saxon: *hindaron
Middle Low German: hinderen
Plautdietsch: behindren, vehindren
Old Dutch: *hindaron
Middle Dutch: hinderen, hinder
Dutch: hinderen, hinder
Afrikaans: hinder
Old High German: hintarōn, hinderōn
Middle High German: hindern
German: hindern, behindern
Luxembourgish: hënneren, behënneren

Old Norse: hindra

Icelandic: hindra

Faroese: hindra

Norwegian: hindre

Old Swedish: hindra

Swedish: hindra

Danish: hindre

Gutnish: hindre


-skapiz

-skapiz (nominative singular)
-skapīz (nominative plural)
-skapi (singular vocative)
-skapīz (plural vocative)
-skapį (accusative singular)
-skapinz (accusative plural)
-skapīz (genitive singular)
-skapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-skapī (dative singular)
-skapimaz (dative plural)
-skapī (instrumental singular)
-skapimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-skapi
Old English: -sċiepe
Middle English: -schippe, -shipe
English: -ship
Scots: -schip
Old Frisian: -skipe, -skip
Saterland Frisian: -skup
West Frisian: -skip
Old Saxon: -skepi
Middle Low German: -skap (likely under influence of the surrounding languages), unstressed forms: -skop, -skup
German Low German: -schop
East Frisian: -skupp
Münsterländisch: -schopp
Paderbornisch: -skop, -skopp
Old Dutch: -skap
Middle Dutch: -schap
Dutch: -schap
Afrikaans: -skap
Old High German: -skaf, -skaft
Middle High German: -schaft
German: -schaft
Yiddish: ־שאַפֿט (-shaft)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -skapr
Icelandic: -skapur
Faroese: -skapur
Norwegian Bokmål: -skap
Norwegian Nynorsk: -skap
Old Swedish: -skaper
Swedish: -skap
Danish: -skab

Suffixal use of a zero-grade i-stem noun derived from *skapjaną.

Forms nouns denoting state, originally meaning "shaping, condition".


skaftaz

skaftaz (nominative singular)
skaftōz (nominative plural)
skaftōs (nominative plural)
skaft (singular vocative)
skaftōz (plural vocative)
skaftōs (plural vocative)
skaftą (accusative singular)
skaftanz (accusative plural)
skaftas (genitive singular)
skaftis (genitive singular)
skaftǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaftai (dative singular)
skaftamaz (dative plural)
skaftō (instrumental singular)
skaftamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaft
Old English: sċeaft
Middle English: schaft, scæft, scaft, shaft, sschaft, scheft, sheft, shafft, schafft, chafte, saft, shaffet, schafte, shafte
English: shaft
Scots: schaft, shaft
Old Frisian: skeft
Saterland Frisian: Schacht, Skacht
West Frisian: skaft
Old Saxon: skaft
Middle Low German: schacht, scacht
Dutch Low Saxon: schacht
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Low German: Schecht, Schefft
Westphalian:
Dortmunder, Ravensbergisch, Westmünsterländisch: Schacht
Dortmunder, Westmünsterländisch: Schaft
Westmünsterländisch: Schach
Plautdietsch: Scheft, Schajcht
→ Middle High German: schacht
Alemannic German: Schacht
German: Schacht
→ Belarusian: шахта (šaxta)
→ Czech: šachta
→ Danish: skakt
→ Esperanto: ŝakto
→ Estonian: šaht
→ Polish: szacht
→ Russian: ша́хта (šáxta)
→ Kazakh: шахта (şaxta)
→ Serbo-Croatian: šȁht
→ Swedish: schakt
→ Ukrainian: шахта (šaxta)
Old Dutch: skaft
Middle Dutch: schacht, schaft
Dutch: schacht, schaft (archaic)
Afrikaans: skag
Old High German: skaft
Middle High German: schaft
German: Schaft

Old Norse: skapt, skaft
Icelandic: skaft
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skaft
Norwegian Nynorsk: skaft
Old Swedish: skapt, skaft
Swedish: skaft ("pole"; forms a doublet with schakt)
Danish: skaft

From Proto-Indo-European *skeh₂p- (“rod, shaft, staff, club”), potentially from a root *(s)ke(H)p- (“to strike, beat”). Compare Proto-Slavic *kopьje (“spear, javelin”), Ancient Greek σκῆπτρον (skêptron, “staff, baton”) and Latin scapus (“shaft”), which Albanian shkop (“stick”) may also derive from or merely be cognate with.


swarmaz

swarmaz (nominative singular)
swarmōz (nominative plural)
swarmōs (nominative plural)
swarm (singular vocative)
swarmōz (plural vocative)
swarmōs (plural vocative)
swarmą (accusative singular)
swarmanz (accusative plural)
swarmas (genitive singular)
swarmis (genitive singular)
swarmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swarmai (dative singular)
swarmamaz (dative plural)
swarmō (instrumental singular)
swarmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swearm

Middle English: swarm

Scots: swarm

English: swarm

Old Frisian: *swarm

Saterland Frisian: Swoorm

West Frisian: swarm, swaarm

Old Saxon: swarm

Middle Low German: swarm

Old Dutch: *swarm

Middle Dutch: swaerm, swerm

Dutch: zwerm

Afrikaans: swerm

Old High German: swarm

Middle High German: swarm

German: Schwarm

→ Esperanto: svarmo

Hunsrik: Schwaarem

Luxembourgish: Schwaarm

Old Norse: svarmr

Icelandic: svarmur

Norwegian: sverm

Old Swedish: sværmber

Swedish: svärm

Danish: sværm

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to buzz, hum”). Cognate with Latin susurrus (“whispering, humming, murmur”), Lithuanian surma (“a pipe”), Russian свире́ль (svirélʹ, “a pipe, reed”).


hauniþō

hauniþō (nominative singular)
hauniþôz (nominative plural)
hauniþō (singular vocative)
hauniþôz (plural vocative)
hauniþǭ (accusative singular)
hauniþōz (accusative plural)
hauniþōz (genitive singular)
hauniþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hauniþōi (dative singular)
hauniþōmaz (dative plural)
hauniþō (instrumental singular)
hauniþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hauniþu
Old English: hīenþu, hȳnþ, hȳnþu, hēnþo
Middle English: henthe, hinth
Old Frisian: hānethe
Old Saxon: hōnitha
Middle Low German: honede
Old Dutch: hōnitha
Middle Dutch: hôonde, hôonte
Dutch: hoonte
Old High German: hōnida
→ Medieval Latin: haunta
Old French: honte (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰 (hauniþa)


smeltaną

smeltō (active first-person indicative singular)
smeltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smeltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smeltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smelt (active imperative second-person singular)
smeltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smeltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smeltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smeltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smeltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smeltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smeltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smeltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smeltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smeltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smeltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smeltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smeltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smeltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smeltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiltid (active indicative plural second-person)
smeltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiltid (active imperative plural second-person)
smeltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smeltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smeltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smeltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smeltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smeltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smalt (active first-person indicative singular)
smultį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smalst (active indicative second-person singular)
smultīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smalt (active indicative singular third-person)
smultī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smultū (active dual first-person indicative)
smultīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smultudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smultīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smultum (active first-person indicative plural)
smultīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smultud (active indicative plural second-person)
smultīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smultun (active indicative plural third-person)
smultīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeltandz (active participle present)
smultanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *smeltan
Old English: *smeltan
⇒ Old English: smelting
Old Frisian: *smelta
Saterland Frisian: smilte
West Frisian: smelte
Old Saxon: smeltan
Middle Low German: smelten
Low German: smölten
Old Dutch: *smeltan
Middle Dutch: smelten
Dutch: smelten
Afrikaans: smelt
Berbice Creole Dutch: smelti
Negerhollands: smelt
→ English: smelt
Limburgish: smöltje
Old High German: smelzan
Middle High German: smelzen
German: schmelzen
Luxembourgish: schmëlzen

Old Norse: smelta; smolt; smeltr

Icelandic: smelta

Norwegian: smelta

Norwegian Bokmål: smelte

Norwegian Nynorsk: smelta

Old Swedish: smælta

Swedish: smälta

Old Danish: smæltæ

Danish: smelte

Gutnish: smälta

Dalian: smälta

Elfdalian: smelta

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to melt, smelt”). Compare Ancient Greek μέλδομαι (méldomai, “to melt”).


haunijaną

haunijō (active first-person indicative singular)
haunijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haunijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haunīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haunijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haunī (active imperative second-person singular)
haunijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haunijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haunīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haunijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haunijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haunijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haunijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haunijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haunijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haunijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haunijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haunijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haunijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haunijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haunijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haunijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haunīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haunijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haunīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haunijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haunijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haunijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haunijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haunijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haunijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haunijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haunidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haunidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haunidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haunidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haunidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haunidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haunidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haunidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haunidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haunidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haunidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haunidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haunidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haunidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haunidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haunidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haunijandz (active participle present)
haunidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haunijan
Old English: hīenan
Middle English: henen
English: hean
Old Frisian: hēna
West Frisian: huynjen
Old Saxon: hōnian
Middle Low German: hônen, hönen
German Low German: höhnen
Old Dutch: *hōnen
Middle Dutch: hônen
Dutch: honen
Afrikaans: hoon
Old High German: *hōnen
Middle High German: hōnen
German: höhnen
→ Vulgar Latin: *haunīre (see there for further descendants)

Norwegian: håna, håne

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (haunjan)

From *hauniz (“despised, poor, miserable”) + *-janą.


wadjōną

wadjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wadjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wadjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wadjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wadjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wadjō (active imperative second-person singular)
wadjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wadjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wadjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wadjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wadjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wadjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wadjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wadjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wadjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wadjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wadjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wadjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wadjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wadjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wadjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wadjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wadjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wadjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wadjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wadjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wadjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wadjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wadjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wadjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wadjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wadjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wadjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wadjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wadjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wadjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wadjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wadjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wadjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wadjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wadjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wadjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wadjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wadjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wadjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wadjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wadjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wadjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wadjōndz (active participle present)
wadjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waddjōn
Old English: weddian
Middle English: wedden
Scots: wed, wod, wad
English: wed
Old Frisian: weddia
Saterland Frisian: wädje
West Frisian: wedzje
Old Saxon: *weddōn
Middle Low German: wedden
Low German: wedden
Dutch Low Saxon: wedden
Old Dutch: *weddon
Middle Dutch: wedden
Dutch: wedden
Afrikaans: wed
Old High German: wettōn
Middle High German: wetten
Cimbrian: béttan
German: wetten
Luxembourgish: wetten
→ Old French: waigier, guagier, gagier
Middle French: gager
French: gager
→ Middle English: wagen; gagen
English: wage; gage

Old Norse: veðja

Icelandic: veðja

Norwegian Nynorsk: vedda

Old Swedish: væþia

Swedish: vädja

Danish: vædde

Norwegian Bokmål: vedde

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌾𐍉𐌽 (gawadjōn)

/ˈwɑð.jɔː.nɑ̃/


hauniz

hauniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haunijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haunī (feminine nominative singular strong)
haunijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haunį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haunijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haunijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haunijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haunijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haunijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haunį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haunijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haunijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
haunīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
haunijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haunijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haunijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haunijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
haunīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
haunijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haunijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haunijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haunijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haunijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haunijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haunijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haunijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haunijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haunijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haunijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haunijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haunijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haunijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haunijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haunijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haunijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haunijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haunijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haunijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haunijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haunijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haunijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haunijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haunijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haunīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haunijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haunijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haunijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haunīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haunijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haunīni (dative masculine singular weak)
haunijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haunijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haunijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haunīni (dative neuter singular weak)
haunijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haunīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haunijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haunijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haunijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haunīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haunijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *haunī
Old English: hēan
Middle English: hene
English: hean
Old Dutch: *hōni
Middle Dutch: hône
Dutch: hoon
Afrikaans: hoon
Old High German: hōni
Middle High German: höne
German: höhn

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (hauns)

Derived from the Proto-Indo-European verbal root *keh₂u-, related to Lithuanian kuvetis (“to be ashamed”).


wadją

wadją (nominative singular)
wadjō (nominative plural)
wadją (singular vocative)
wadjō (plural vocative)
wadją (accusative singular)
wadjō (accusative plural)
wadjas (genitive singular)
wadis (genitive singular)
wadjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadjai (dative singular)
wadjamaz (dative plural)
wadjō (instrumental singular)
wadjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wadi
Old English: wedd
Middle English: wedde, wed
Scots: wed, wod, wad
Old Frisian: wedde, wed
Saterland Frisian: Wädde
West Frisian: wet
Old Saxon: weddi
Middle Low German: wedde
German Low German: Wedde, Wedd
Old Dutch: *weddi
Middle Dutch: wedde
Dutch: wedde
Old High German: wetti
Middle High German: wette
German: Wette
Luxembourgish: Wett
Yiddish: וועט (vet)
→ Medieval Latin: wadium
→ Old French: gage, guage, gaige, wage
Middle French: gage
French: gage
→ Middle English: gage
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gager, gagier, guagier
Middle French: guagier, gager
French: gager
→ Middle English: gagen
English: gage
⇒ Old French: gageure
French: gageure, gageüre
→ Piedmontese: gagi
→ Old Northern French: wage
→ Middle English: wage
English: wage
⇒ Old Northern French: wagier
→ Middle English: wagen
English: wage
⇒ Old Northern French: wageure, wagour
→ Middle English: wager, waiour, wageour, waiowre, wagour
English: wager

Old Norse: vað, veð

Icelandic: veð

Faroese: veð

Norwegian Nynorsk: vad, vedd

Old Swedish: vaþ, væþ

Swedish: vad

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌹 (wadi)

From Pre-Germanic *(H)wodʰyom, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to lead”). Cognate with Latin vas.


hunslą

hunslą (nominative singular)
hunslō (nominative plural)
hunslą (singular vocative)
hunslō (plural vocative)
hunslą (accusative singular)
hunslō (accusative plural)
hunslas (genitive singular)
hunslis (genitive singular)
hunslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunslai (dative singular)
hunslamaz (dative plural)
hunslō (instrumental singular)
hunslamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hunsl
Old English: hūsl, hūsel
Middle English: howsil, housel, hoosyl, hosel, hosil, hosill, hosol, housil, housul, housyl, housyll, howsel, howsell, howsill, husel, husell, husul
English: housel (archaic)
Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: hunsl, húsl, ᚺᛟᛋᛚᛁ (ʜᴏsli) (dative singular, Rök stone)

Icelandic: húsl, husl

Old Swedish: hūsl

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌻 (hunsl)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwen- (“holy”) + *-slą. Cognate with Lithuanian šventas (“holy”), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 (spəṇta, “holy”).


sternǭ

sternǭ (nominative singular)
sternōniz (nominative plural)
sternǭ (singular vocative)
sternōniz (plural vocative)
sternōnų (accusative singular)
sternōnunz (accusative plural)
sternōniz (genitive singular)
sternōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sternōni (dative singular)
sternōmaz (dative plural)
sternōnē (instrumental singular)
sternōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sternō, *sterrō m

Old English: steorra, stearra, stiorra, styrra, sterra
Middle English: sterre
English: star (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ster
Yola: starr, steor

Old Frisian: stēra

North Frisian: steer

West Frisian: stjer

Old Saxon: sterro
Middle Low German: stērne, stērn
German Low German: Steern
Plautdietsch: Stiern
→ Saterland Frisian: Stiern

Old Dutch: sterno, sterro

Middle Dutch: sterre, sterne
Dutch: ster
Afrikaans: ster
Negerhollands: ster
→ Indonesian: seter
Limburgish: stèr, stèrn
West Flemish: sterre

Old High German: sterno, sterro, stern
Middle High German: stërne
Alemannic German: Stern
Bavarian: Stean
Mòcheno: stern
Central Franconian: Stään, Stär, Stären, Stern
Hunsrik: Stern
Luxembourgish: Stär
German: Stern
Vilamovian: śtaom
Yiddish: שטערן (shtern)

Old Norse: stjarna
Icelandic: stjarna
Faroese: stjørna
Norn: sterna
Norwegian Bokmål: stjerne
Norwegian Nynorsk: stjerne
Old Swedish: stiærna
Swedish: stjärna
Old Danish: stiærnæ
Danish: stjerne
Elfdalian: stienna
Gutnish: stjännå, stjänne
Scanian: stjærna
→ Middle English: sterne
English: starn (dialectal)
Scots: starn

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 (stairnō)

Crimean Gothic: stein

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. According to Kroonen, the word became an n-stem in Germanic, Pre-Germanic *h₂stérōn, gen. *h₂sternés, which gave rise to two stems, *ster- and *sterr-, the latter through Kluge's law. The forms showing *stern- have reintroduced the -n- from the cases where it had not been assimilated.


niftiz

niftiz (nominative singular)
niftīz (nominative plural)
nifti (singular vocative)
niftīz (plural vocative)
niftį (accusative singular)
niftinz (accusative plural)
niftīz (genitive singular)
niftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niftī (dative singular)
niftimaz (dative plural)
niftī (instrumental singular)
niftimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nift
Middle English: nyfte, nift, nifte
English: nift (obsolete)

Old Frisian: nift

West Frisian: nift (archaic)

Old Saxon: nift, *nifta

Middle Low German: nifte, nichte

Dutch Low Saxon: nicht

German Low German: Nicht

→ German: Nichte

→ Saterland Frisian: Nichte

Old Dutch: *nifta

Middle Dutch: nichte, nifte
Dutch: nicht
Afrikaans: niggie (from the Hollandic diminutive nichie)
Negerhollands: nechi, nechtje, negje
Limburgish: nich
→ West Frisian: nicht

Old High German: nift, nifta

German: Nift, Nifte (archaic)

⇒ Old High German: niftila (diminutive)

Middle High German: niftel, niftele

Cimbrian: nüftl

German: Niftel (archaic)

Old Norse: nipt
Icelandic: nift

From Proto-Indo-European *néptih₂ (“grandchild; sister's son”). Cognate with Latin neptis (“granddaughter, niece”).


stōraz

*stōraz (a-stem)

stōraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stōrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stōrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stōrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stōrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stōrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stōranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stōranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stōrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stōrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stōrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stōrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stōras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stōraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stōraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stōraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stōras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stōraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stōrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stōraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stōraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stōraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stōrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stōraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stōranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stōraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stōraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stōraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stōranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stōraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stōrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stōraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stōrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stōrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stōrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stōrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stōranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stōranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stōrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stōrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stōrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stōrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stōriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stōranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stōrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stōrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stōriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stōranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stōrini (dative masculine singular weak)
stōrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stōrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stōrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stōrini (dative neuter singular weak)
stōrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stōrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stōrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stōrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stōrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stōrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stōrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stōr
Old English: stōr
Middle English: store, stoor, stour; (stur?)
Scots: stour, stoure, sture, stoor, stoar
English: stoor, stour
Old Frisian: stōr
Saterland Frisian: stor
West Frisian: stoer
Old Saxon: stōri
Old High German: stūr, stūri, stiuri

Old Norse: stórr
Icelandic: stór
Faroese: stórur
Norn: stur
Norwegian Nynorsk: stor; (dialectal) stór’u, stór’e
Elfdalian: stur
Old Swedish: stōr, stur
Swedish: stor
Danish: stor
Norwegian Bokmål: stor
Gutnish: stäur

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: stuoris

Southern Sami: stueries

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-ro- (“large, big, thick; old”), from *steh₂-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *starъ (“old”), Lithuanian stóras (“thick”).


likkōną

likkō (active first-person indicative singular)
likkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
likkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
likkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
likkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
likkō (active imperative second-person singular)
likkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
likkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
likkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
likkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
likkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
likkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
likkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
likkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
likkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
likkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
likkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
likkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
likkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
likkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
likkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
likkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
likkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
likkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
likkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
likkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
likkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
likkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
likkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
likkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
likkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
likkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
likkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
likkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
likkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
likkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
likkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
likkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
likkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
likkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
likkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
likkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
likkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
likkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
likkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
likkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
likkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
likkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
likkōndz (active participle present)
likkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *likkōn
Old English: liccian
Middle English: likken, licken
Scots: lik
English: lick
Old Frisian: *likkia, *likja
Saterland Frisian: likje
West Frisian: likke
Old Saxon: likkōn, lekkōn
Middle Low German: licken, lecken
Low German: licken
→ Danish: likke
Old Dutch: leccon
Middle Dutch: lecken
Dutch: likken
Limburgish: lekke
Old High German: leccōn, lechhōn, lechōn
Middle High German: lëcken
German: lecken
Hunsrik: lecke
Luxembourgish: lecken
Vilamovian: łakia
Yiddish: לעקן (lekn)
→? Old French: lekier, lescher, lechier, lecher
Middle French: lécher
French: lécher
→ Middle English: lechen
English: lech
→? Occitan: lecar, lechar
→? Italian: leccare

From Pre-Germanic *liǵʰnéh₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵʰ- (“to lick”). Cognate with Latin lingō (“lick”, verb).


sindraz

sindraz (nominative singular)
sindrōz (nominative plural)
sindrōs (nominative plural)
sindr (singular vocative)
sindrōz (plural vocative)
sindrōs (plural vocative)
sindrą (accusative singular)
sindranz (accusative plural)
sindras (genitive singular)
sindris (genitive singular)
sindrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sindrai (dative singular)
sindramaz (dative plural)
sindrō (instrumental singular)
sindramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sindr

Old English: sinder

Middle English: sinder, cinder

Scots: sinder

English: cinder

Old Saxon: sinder

desc

Middle Low German: sinder, sinter, sünder; sindel

→ West Frisian: sindel, sintel

Old Dutch: *sindar

Middle Dutch: sinder

Dutch: sinder (obsolete)

Flemish: zinder

Old High German: sindar, sintar; sindir, sintir

Middle High German: sinder, sinter; sintel

German: Sinter

→ English: sinter

→ Middle Dutch: sintel

Dutch: sintel

→ Old French: sendre

Old Norse: sindr

Icelandic: sindur

Norwegian: sinder

Old Swedish: sinder

Swedish: sinder

Danish: sinder

From Proto-Indo-European *sendʰro- (“coagulating fluid, scale, dross”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic сядра (sjadra, “lime cinder, gypsum”), Serbo-Croatian седра (sedra, “calcareous incrustation, tuff”).


sūz

sūz (nominative singular)
suwiz (nominative plural)
sū (singular vocative)
suwiz (plural vocative)
suwų (accusative singular)
suwunz (accusative plural)
suwiz (genitive singular)
sūǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suwi (dative singular)
suwumaz (dative plural)
sūē (instrumental singular)
suwumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sū
Old English: sū
Old Saxon: sū
Old High German: sū
Middle High German: sū
Alemannic German: Suu, Sou, Sau
Central Franconian: Sau, Sou (spelling variant, chiefly used for Moselle Franconian dialects)
Hunsrik: Sau
German: Sau
Luxembourgish: Sau
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Sau
Vilamovian: zaoj

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: sýr
Icelandic: sýr
Faroese: súgv
Norwegian Nynorsk: su

Old East Norse: *sōʀ

Old Swedish: sō

Swedish: so

Danish: so

From Proto-Indo-European *suH- (“pig, hog, swine”). See there for cognates.


galōfô

galōfô (nominative singular)
galōfaniz (nominative plural)
galōfô (singular vocative)
galōfaniz (plural vocative)
galōfanų (accusative singular)
galōfanunz (accusative plural)
galōfiniz (genitive singular)
galōfanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
galōfini (dative singular)
galōfammaz (dative plural)
galōfinē (instrumental singular)
galōfammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galōfō
Old English: glōf, glōfe f, glōfa m
Middle English: glofe, glove
English: glove
Scots: gluve, gluive

Old Norse: glófi

Icelandic: glófi

Faroese: glógvi

/ɣɑ.ˈlɔː.ɸɔːː/

From *ga- (associative prefix) + *lōfô (“palm of the hand”).


hnaskuz

hnaskuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hnaskwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hnaskwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
hnaskwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hnaskų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hnaskwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hnaskwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hnaskwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hnaskwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hnaskwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hnaskų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hnaskwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hnaskwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hnaskwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hnaskwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hnaskwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hnaskwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hnaskwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hnaskwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hnaskwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hnaskwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hnaskwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hnaskwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hnaskwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hnaskwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hnaskwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hnaskwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hnaskwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hnaskwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hnaskwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hnaskwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hnaskwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hnaskwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hnaskwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hnaskwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hnaskwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hnaskwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hnaskwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hnaskwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hnaskwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hnaskwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hnaskwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hnaskwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hnaskwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hnaskwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hnaskwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hnaskwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hnaskwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hnaskwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hnaskwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hnaskwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hnaskwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hnaskwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hnaskwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hnaskwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hnaskwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hnaskwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hnaskwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hnaskwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hnaskwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hnaskwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hnaskwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnaskwī
Old English: hnæsċe, hnesċe, hnysċe
Middle English: nesche
Scots: nesch, nesh
English: nesh
Old Dutch: *neski, *nesc
Middle Dutch: nesch, nisch
Dutch: nes

Gothic: 𐌷𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌵𐌿𐍃 (hnasqus)

From earlier *hnaskwuz, from Proto-Indo-European *knes- (“to scrape; scratch; rub”), from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to scrape; scratch; rub”). Cognate with Sanskrit किक्नस (kiknasa, “crushed grain; meal; grits”), Lithuanian knìsti (“to dig up; tear apart”).


putōną

putō (active first-person indicative singular)
putǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
putōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
putōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
putōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
putō (active imperative second-person singular)
putōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
putōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
putōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
putō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
putōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
putōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
putōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
putōs (active dual first-person indicative)
putōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
putōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
putōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
putōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
putōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
putōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
putōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
putōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
putōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
putōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
putōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
putōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
putōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
putōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
putōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
putōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
putōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
putōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
putōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
putōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
putōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
putōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
putōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
putōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
putōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
putōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
putōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
putōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
putōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
putōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
putōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
putōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
putōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
putōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
putōndz (active participle present)
putōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *putōn
Old English: *putian, potian; pȳtan (?)
Middle English: puten, putten, poten
Scots: put, putt, pit; powter, pouter, pudder
English: put, pote, putt; putter, potter
Old Frisian: *potia
West Frisian: poatsje
Old Saxon: *potōn
Middle Low German: pōten, potten
German Low German: pötern
Old Dutch: *potōn
Middle Dutch: pōten
Dutch: poten
⇒ Middle Dutch: pōteren
Dutch: peuteren
Old High German: *pozzōn
Middle High German: pozzen

Old Norse: pota

Icelandic: pota

Norwegian: pota, pote; putte

Swedish: putta, potta, pötta; påta

Danish: putte

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bud- (“to shoot, sprout”); if so, then possibly cognate with Sanskrit बुन्द (bundá, “arrow”), Lithuanian budė, budis (“mushroom, fungus”). However, there are two problems with this theory:
* The phoneme *b is either rare or non-existent in Proto-Indo-European.
* A Proto-Indo-European root normally does not contain two voiced stops.


lōfô

lōfô (nominative singular)
lōfaniz (nominative plural)
lōfô (singular vocative)
lōfaniz (plural vocative)
lōfanų (accusative singular)
lōfanunz (accusative plural)
lōfiniz (genitive singular)
lōfanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lōfini (dative singular)
lōfammaz (dative plural)
lōfinē (instrumental singular)
lōfammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lōfō; *lōf

Old English: lōf

desctree

Old Norse: lófi
Icelandic: lófi
Faroese: lógvi
Norn: løf, löf
Norwegian Nynorsk: love
Old Swedish: lōve
Swedish: love
Danish: love
Gutnish: loe, lo
→ Middle English: love, lof, loove, louf, luf, lufe, luff, luffe
English: loof
Scots: luif, lufe, luff

Gothic: 𐌻𐍉𐍆𐌰 (lōfa)

→ Galician: luva

→ Portuguese: luva

→ Spanish: lúa

From Proto-Indo-European *lāp-, *lēp-, *lep- (“to be flat”). Cognate with Lithuanian lopa (“paw, claw”), Proto-Slavic *lapa, dialectal Armenian լափ (lapʻ), լուփ (lupʻ, “palm, flat of the hand”).

(anatomy) the palm or hollow of the hand


bulô

bulô (nominative singular)
bulaniz (nominative plural)
bulô (singular vocative)
bulaniz (plural vocative)
bulanų (accusative singular)
bulanunz (accusative plural)
buliniz (genitive singular)
bulanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bulini (dative singular)
bulammaz (dative plural)
bulinē (instrumental singular)
bulammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bulō

Old English: bula

Middle English: bole, bule, bul

Scots: bul, bull

English: bull

Old Frisian: *bula

Saterland Frisian: Bulle

West Frisian: bolle

Old Saxon: *bulo, *bullo

Middle Low German: bulle

Low German: Bull

German Low German: Bull

→ German: Bulle

→ Polabian: bålă

Old Dutch: *bulo, *bullo

Middle Dutch: bolle, bulle

Dutch: bul

Afrikaans: bul

Old Norse: boli

Icelandic: boli

Faroese: boli

Swedish: bulla (< Middle Low German ?)

Earlier paradigm *bulô ~ *bullaz with consonant gradation, from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem such as *bʰl̥-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós (compare *uhsô for the formation), from the root *bʰel- (“to blow, swell up”). The original meaning may have been “testicle”, similar to Germanic cognates meaning “ball; testicle”; compare Latin follis (“bag, sack; ball; testicle”), Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”) and Old Irish ball (“body part, member, penis”).


bulstraz

bulstraz (nominative singular)
bulstrōz (nominative plural)
bulstrōs (nominative plural)
bulstr (singular vocative)
bulstrōz (plural vocative)
bulstrōs (plural vocative)
bulstrą (accusative singular)
bulstranz (accusative plural)
bulstras (genitive singular)
bulstris (genitive singular)
bulstrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bulstrai (dative singular)
bulstramaz (dative plural)
bulstrō (instrumental singular)
bulstramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bolstr, *bulstr
Old English: bolster
Middle English: bolster, bolstre, bolstere, bowstur
English: bolster
Scots: bowster, bouster, boster
Old Frisian: *bulster, *bolster
Saterland Frisian: Bulster
West Frisian: bolster, bulster
Old Saxon: *bulster, *bolster
Middle Low German: bulster, bolster
German Low German: Bulster
Old Dutch: *bulster, *bolster
Middle Dutch: bulster, bolster
Dutch: bolster
Old High German: bolstar, bolstor, polstor, polstar
Middle High German: bolster, polster
German: Polster
→ Czech: polštář
→ German Low German: Polster
Lombardic: *polstar
→ Italian: poltro (“bed, couch”)
⇒ Italian: poltrona
→ Lombard: polter (Milanese)
→⇒ Venetian: poltrona

Old Norse: bólstr, bulstr
Icelandic: bólstur
Norwegian: bolster
Old Swedish: bulster, bolster, ᛒᚢᛚᛋᛏᚽᚱ
Swedish: bolster
Danish: bolster

From earlier *bulhstraz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“bag, pillow, paunch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to swell, blow, inflate, burst”). See also *balgiz.


darō

darō (nominative singular)
darôz (nominative plural)
darō (singular vocative)
darôz (plural vocative)
darǭ (accusative singular)
darōz (accusative plural)
darōz (genitive singular)
darǫ̂ (genitive plural)
darōi (dative singular)
darōmaz (dative plural)
darō (instrumental singular)
darōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *daru
Old English: daru, dæru
>? Old Dutch: *dara
Middle Dutch: dāre (possibly derived from Middle Dutch dāren < Proto-West Germanic *darōn)
Old High German: tara

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰórh₃-eh₂, from *dʰerh₃- (“to leap, spring”). Cognate with Sanskrit धारा (dhā́rā), Avestan 𐬛𐬁𐬭𐬁 (dārā).


ganautaz

ganautaz (nominative singular)
ganautōz (nominative plural)
ganautōs (nominative plural)
ganaut (singular vocative)
ganautōz (plural vocative)
ganautōs (plural vocative)
ganautą (accusative singular)
ganautanz (accusative plural)
ganautas (genitive singular)
ganautis (genitive singular)
ganautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganautai (dative singular)
ganautamaz (dative plural)
ganautō (instrumental singular)
ganautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganaut

Old English: ġenēat, ġenāeot — early
Middle English: net, niet
→ Medieval Latin: neatus
→ English: geneat (learned)

Old Frisian: nāt

Saterland Frisian: Noot

Old Saxon: ginōt, genōt

Middle Low German: genôt, genôte

German Low German: Genoot

Old Dutch: genōt

Middle Dutch: genoot

Dutch: genoot

→ West Frisian: genoat

Old High German: ginōz, ginōzo
Middle High German: genōz, genōze
German: Genoß, Genosse

Old Norse: nautr
Icelandic: nautur
Old Swedish: nø̄ter
Old Gutnish: nautr


nautą

nautą (nominative singular)
nautō (nominative plural)
nautą (singular vocative)
nautō (plural vocative)
nautą (accusative singular)
nautō (accusative plural)
nautas (genitive singular)
nautis (genitive singular)
nautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nautai (dative singular)
nautamaz (dative plural)
nautō (instrumental singular)
nautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *naut
Old English: nēat
Middle English: net, nete, neet
Scots: neat, neit
English: neat
Old Frisian: nāt
North Frisian: nut, nuat, nuet, nyt
Old Saxon: *nōt; nōtil
Middle Low German: *nôt; nôthof
Old Dutch: nōt
Middle Dutch: noot
Dutch: noot, nootstal
Old High German: nōz
Middle High German: nōz
Bavarian: Noß
Alemannic German: Nooss

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: naut

Icelandic: naut

Faroese: neyt

Old Swedish: nø̄t

Swedish: nöt

Old Danish: nøt

Danish: nød

desc

→ Middle English: naut, naute, noute, nowte

Scots: nowt, nolt

English: nowt, nolt

→ Proto-Finnic: *nauta

→ Finnish: nauta

→ Proto-Slavic: *nuta

An a-stem of *neutaną (“to use, make use of; to enjoy”) (with original meaning likely "utilizable (cattle)"), from Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to acquire, make use of”). Cognate with Lithuanian naudà (“utility, usefulness, note”).


faþō

faþō (nominative singular)
faþôz (nominative plural)
faþō (singular vocative)
faþôz (plural vocative)
faþǭ (accusative singular)
faþōz (accusative plural)
faþōz (genitive singular)
faþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faþōi (dative singular)
faþōmaz (dative plural)
faþō (instrumental singular)
faþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: faþu; Old English: faþe (< *faþǭ)

Middle English: *fathe

⇒ Middle English: fathasunu

Old Frisian: fethe

Old Saxon: *fatha

Middle Low German: vāde

From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr (“father”).


blīþiz

blīþiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blīþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blīþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
blīþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blīþį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blīþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blīþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blīþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blīþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blīþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blīþį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blīþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blīþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
blīþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
blīþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blīþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blīþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blīþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
blīþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
blīþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blīþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blīþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blīþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blīþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blīþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blīþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blīþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blīþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blīþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blīþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blīþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blīþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blīþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blīþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blīþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blīþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blīþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blīþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blīþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blīþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blīþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blīþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blīþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blīþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blīþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blīþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blīþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blīþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blīþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blīþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blīþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
blīþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blīþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blīþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blīþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
blīþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blīþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blīþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blīþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blīþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blīþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blīþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blīþī
Old English: blīþe
Middle English: blith, blyth, blithe
Scots: blithe, blythe, blide
English: blithe
Old Frisian: *blīthe, *blīth, *blīd (in compounds)
North Frisian: blid
Saterland Frisian: bliede
West Frisian: bliid
Old Saxon: blīthi
Middle Low German: blîde
Low German: blide, blyde
Old Dutch: *blīthi
Middle Dutch: blide
Dutch: blij
Afrikaans: bly
Old High German: blīdi, plīdi
Middle High German: blīde
German: blid, blied (dialectal)

Old Norse: blíðr

Icelandic: blíður

Faroese: blíður

Norwegian: blid

Old Swedish: blīþer

Swedish: blid

Danish: blid

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍃 (bleiþs)

From *blī-, *bli- (“to shine, gleam, glow; be light, be glad”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlī- (“light, fine, pleasant”), from *bʰleh₁-, *bʰel- (“to shine”). Cognate with Lithuanian bliva (“violet”).

der

pleasant, pleasing, delightful, friendly


talą

talą (nominative singular)
talō (nominative plural)
talą (singular vocative)
talō (plural vocative)
talą (accusative singular)
talō (accusative plural)
talas (genitive singular)
talis (genitive singular)
talǫ̂ (genitive plural)
talai (dative singular)
talamaz (dative plural)
talō (instrumental singular)
talamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tal
Old English: tæl
Old Dutch: *tal
Middle Dutch: tal
Dutch: tal
Afrikaans: tal

Old Norse: tal

Icelandic: tal

Faroese: tal

Old Swedish: tal

Swedish: tal

Danish: tal

Norwegian Bokmål: tall

From Proto-Indo-European *dolH-o-, from the root *del- (“to reckon, calculate”). Compare *talō, *talkōną, Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “trick(ery), deceit; bait”), Hittite talliije/azi (“to pray to, evoke (a deity)”), and Old Armenian տող (toł, “line, row”).


hattuz

hattuz (nominative singular)
hattiwiz (nominative plural)
hattu (singular vocative)
hattiwiz (plural vocative)
hattų (accusative singular)
hattunz (accusative plural)
hattauz (genitive singular)
hattiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hattiwi (dative singular)
hattumaz (dative plural)
hattū (instrumental singular)
hattumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hattu

Old English: hætt, hæt

Middle English: hatt, hatte, hat

Scots: hat, hatt, hate, hait

English: hat

→ Irish: hata

Old Frisian: hat

North Frisian: hatt, hat

Old Norse: hǫttr, hattr (the latter form perhaps borrowed into West Norse from East Norse)

Icelandic: höttur, hattur

Faroese: høttur, hattur

Norwegian: hatt

Old Swedish: hatter

Swedish: hatt

Old Danish: hat

Danish: hat

→ Proto-Finnic: *hattu

Finnish: hattu

Ingrian: hattu

Karelian: hattu

Livvi: hattu

Ludian: hatt

Votic: hattu

Of unclear origin.
Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰnú-, from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to guard, cover, protect, care for”), and compared with Latin cassis (“helmet”).
However, Kroonen notes that the term looks like a derivative from the accusative plural, *hattuns, of an unattested n-stem noun *haþō, and reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European form as *kHt-nú- instead. He deduces a possible relation to Old High German hadara (“patch, goat skin”) and Old Norse haðna (“young goat”), and links these terms to Proto-Italic *katelos (“young animal”); see there for more.


wulkaną

wulkaną (nominative singular)
wulkanō (nominative plural)
wulkaną (singular vocative)
wulkanō (plural vocative)
wulkaną (accusative singular)
wulkanō (accusative plural)
wulkanas (genitive singular)
wulkanis (genitive singular)
wulkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulkanai (dative singular)
wulkanamaz (dative plural)
wulkanō (instrumental singular)
wulkanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wolkn
Old English: wolcn, weolcen, wolc, wolcen
Middle English: welken (from plural wolcnu)
English: welkin
Scots: walk, wak (from wolc)
Old Frisian: wolken, wulken, ulken
North Frisian: wolk
West Frisian: wolken, wolke, wolk
Old Saxon: wolkan, wolcan
Middle Low German: wolken, wulken
Old Dutch: uulcun, wulkon
Middle Dutch: wolken
Old High German: wolkan, wolcan
Middle High German: wolken, wulken n or f or m
Bavarian: Woikn, Wolkn
Yiddish: וואָלקן (volkn)

From Proto-Indo-European *welg- (“moist; wet”).


bōsmaz

bōsmaz (nominative singular)
bōsmōz (nominative plural)
bōsmōs (nominative plural)
bōsm (singular vocative)
bōsmōz (plural vocative)
bōsmōs (plural vocative)
bōsmą (accusative singular)
bōsmanz (accusative plural)
bōsmas (genitive singular)
bōsmis (genitive singular)
bōsmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōsmai (dative singular)
bōsmamaz (dative plural)
bōsmō (instrumental singular)
bōsmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōsm
Old English: bōsm, bōsum
Middle English: bosom, bosum, bosem
English: bosom
Scots: bosum, bosome
Old Frisian: bōsm, bōsem
→ Saterland Frisian: Bossem
West Frisian: boeseme, boezem, buozzem
Old Saxon: bōsom
Middle Low German: bôsem, bôseme
Dutch Low Saxon: bussem
Old Dutch: *buosum, *buosom
Middle Dutch: boesem
Dutch: boezem
Afrikaans: boesem
Limburgish: bozem
Old High German: buosum, buosam
Middle High German: buosem, buosen
Cimbrian: pusum
German: Busen
Yiddish: בוזעם (buzem)

Exact origin unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw- (“to inflate, swell”); or from earlier *bōhsmaz ("the space between the arms"; compare *faþmaz), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰāǵʰus (“arm”), whence *bōguz (“upper arm, shoulder”).

gloss

"the space between the arms"; compare <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*faþmaz</i>


dugunþō

dugunþō (nominative singular)
dugunþôz (nominative plural)
dugunþō (singular vocative)
dugunþôz (plural vocative)
dugunþǭ (accusative singular)
dugunþōz (accusative plural)
dugunþōz (genitive singular)
dugunþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dugunþōi (dative singular)
dugunþōmaz (dative plural)
dugunþō (instrumental singular)
dugunþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dugunþu, *dugunþi
Old English: duguþ
Middle English: douthe, douth, douþe, duthe, doȝeðe, dugeð, duȝde, duȝeðe, duȝeþe, duheðe, duhþe, duweðe (Early Middle English)
English: douth
Scots: duthe, douth
Old Frisian: dugethe, dugede
North Frisian: döged, dögd
Saterland Frisian: Duugd
West Frisian: deugd
Old Saxon: *dugund, *dugunt, *duguth
Middle Low German: dogent, doget
German Low German: Döögde, Döögte, Döögd, Döögt
Old Dutch: *dugath, *dugeth
Middle Dutch: doget, doghet, duget, dueget
Dutch: deugd
Afrikaans: deug
Old High German: tungundi, tugund, tugind; *dugud (Central German)
Middle High German: tugende, tugent; duget, duged (Central German)
Alemannic German: Tuugend
German: Tugend
→? Central Franconian: Dugend, Dujend, Tugend, Tuend
→? Luxembourgish: Dugend
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Tugend
Vilamovian: tūgyt
Yiddish: טוגענד (tugend)

Proto-Norse: *ᛞᚢᚷᛁᚦᛟ (*duȝiðō)

Old Norse: dygð, dyggð

Icelandic: dygð, dyggð

Faroese: dygd

Norwegian Nynorsk: dygd

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dygd

Elfdalian: dygd

Old Swedish: dyghþ

Swedish: dygd

Old Danish: dyghth

Danish: dyd

Norwegian Bokmål: dyd

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyd

Gutnish: dygd

From unattested *dugunþaz (“productive, useful, strong”) + *-ō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéwgʰ-ont-s ~ *dʰugʰ-n̥t-és, from *dʰewgʰ- (“to be productive, useful; to be strong”) + *-onts.


felma-

felmô (nominative singular)
felmaniz (nominative plural)
felmô (singular vocative)
felmaniz (plural vocative)
felmanų (accusative singular)
felmanunz (accusative plural)
filminiz (genitive singular)
felmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
filmini (dative singular)
felmammaz (dative plural)
filminē (instrumental singular)
felmammiz (instrumental plural)
felmaz (nominative singular)
felmōz (nominative plural)
felmōs (nominative plural)
felm (singular vocative)
felmōz (plural vocative)
felmōs (plural vocative)
felmą (accusative singular)
felmanz (accusative plural)
felmas (genitive singular)
filmis (genitive singular)
felmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
felmai (dative singular)
felmamaz (dative plural)
felmō (instrumental singular)
felmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *felm-; *filmīn-

Old English: *felma (in compound ǣġerfelma); filmen, fylmen (< *filmīn-)

Middle English: filme

Scots: fillum, feelim

English: film

Old Frisian: filmene (< *filmīn-)

Old Dutch: *felm

Middle Dutch: velm, vilm m

Old High German: felm m

Probably an original men-stem from Proto-Indo-European *pélmō which was re-formed as if from *pél-mo-s, from the root *pel- (“hide, skin; to cover, wrap”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέλμα (pélma, “sole of the foot”), which is from *pélmn̥.

cog

(West Germanic) covering, skin, hide, fleece


rukkô

rukkô (nominative singular)
rukkaniz (nominative plural)
rukkô (singular vocative)
rukkaniz (plural vocative)
rukkanų (accusative singular)
rukkanunz (accusative plural)
rukkiniz (genitive singular)
rukkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rukkini (dative singular)
rukkammaz (dative plural)
rukkinē (instrumental singular)
rukkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rokkō

Old English: *rocca

Middle English: rokke, rocke, rok

Scots: rok

English: rock

Old Saxon: *rocko

Middle Low German: rocke, rocken

Old Dutch: *rocco, *rocko

Middle Dutch: rocke, rocken

Dutch: rok

desc

Old High German: rokko, rocko, roccho, rocho

Middle High German: rocke

German: Rocken

Lombardic: *rocco

→ Italian: rocca; rocchetto, rocchetta

→ Arabic: رُكَّة (rukka)

→ English: rocket

→ Old French: rocquet, rochet

French: rochet

→ Spanish: rueca

→ Portuguese: roca

→ Sicilian: ruccheddu, *rucchellu

→ Maltese: rukkell

Old Norse: rokkr

Icelandic: rokkur

Faroese: rokkur

Norwegian: rok

Old Swedish: rokker

Swedish: rock

→ Finnish: rukki

Danish: rok

From Proto-Indo-European *rukn-, *rÁkn- (“weaving, web”), from Proto-Indo-European *ruk-, *rug- (“to spin, make clothes”).


stakô

stakô (nominative singular)
stakaniz (nominative plural)
stakô (singular vocative)
stakaniz (plural vocative)
stakanų (accusative singular)
stakanunz (accusative plural)
stakiniz (genitive singular)
stakanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stakini (dative singular)
stakammaz (dative plural)
stakinē (instrumental singular)
stakammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stakō

desctree

Old English: staca
Middle English: stake
English: stake
Scots: stak, staik

Old Frisian: stace, stake

Saterland Frisian: Stak

West Frisian: staak, staach

Old Saxon: *stako

Middle Low German: stake

German Low German: Stake, Staak

Low German: stake

→ German: Staken

Old Dutch: *stako

Middle Dutch: stake

Dutch: staak

→ Old French: estaie

→ Spanish: estay

Old High German: stahho

Middle High German: stache

Cimbrian: stèkho

Old Norse: staki, stjaki

Icelandic: staki

Faroese: staki

Norwegian: stake

Old Swedish: staki

Swedish: stake

Old Danish: staghe

Danish: stage

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌺𐌰 (*staka)

→ Medieval Latin: staca (see there for further descendants)


sulhs

sulhs (nominative singular)
sulhiz (nominative plural)
sulh (singular vocative)
sulhiz (plural vocative)
sulhų (accusative singular)
sulhunz (accusative plural)
sulhiz (genitive singular)
sulhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sulhi (dative singular)
sulhumaz (dative plural)
sulhē (instrumental singular)
sulhumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sulh

Old English: sulh, suluh

Middle English: suluh, solowe, sogh

Scots: souch, seuch

English: sullow

Old Saxon: sulh

From Proto-Indo-European *selk- (“to pull”). Cognate with Latin sulcus (“furrow, ploughing”), Ancient Greek ἕλκω (hélkō, “to drag, pull”).

cog

that which is ploughed or furrowed; furrow


wanhō

wanhō (nominative singular)
wanhôz (nominative plural)
wanhō (singular vocative)
wanhôz (plural vocative)
wanhǭ (accusative singular)
wanhōz (accusative plural)
wanhōz (genitive singular)
wanhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wanhōi (dative singular)
wanhōmaz (dative plural)
wanhō (instrumental singular)
wanhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *wōh, *wōg

⇒ Old English: wōgian

Middle English: woȝen, wowen

English: woo

Scots: wow

Old Saxon: wāh (< *wanhą)

Old Norse: vá

Icelandic: vá

From Proto-Indo-European *wonk- (“crooked, bent”), from Proto-Indo-European *wā- (“to bend, slant, incline, twist, turn”). Cognate with Sanskrit वङ्क (vaṅka, “curve, bend”).

der

a bend, turn, corner, angle, curve, incline


skaþōną

skaþō (active first-person indicative singular)
skaþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skaþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skaþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaþō (active imperative second-person singular)
skaþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skaþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skaþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skaþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skaþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skaþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skaþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skaþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skaþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skaþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skaþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skaþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skaþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skaþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skaþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skaþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skaþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skaþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skaþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skaþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skaþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skaþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skaþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skaþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skaþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skaþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skaþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaþōndz (active participle present)
skaþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaþōn
Old English: sċeaþian
Middle English: scathen, skathen
Scots: scathe, skaith
English: scathe
Old Frisian: skathia
Saterland Frisian: schoadje
West Frisian: skeadzje
Old Saxon: skathōn
Middle Low German: schāden
Low German: schaden
Old Dutch: scathōn
Middle Dutch: schāden
Dutch: schaden
Afrikaans: skaad
Old High German: scadōn
Middle High German: schaden
Alemannic German: schade
German: schaden
Luxembourgish: schueden

Old Norse: skaða

Icelandic: skaða

Faroese: skaða

Norwegian: skade, skada

Old Swedish: skaþa

Swedish: skada

Old Danish: skathæ

Danish: skade

→ Middle English: scathen

English: scathe

Scots: scaith, skaith, schaith, scathe

/ˈskɑ.θɔː.nɑ̃/

From *skaþô (“injury, harm, damage”) + *-ōną.


skaþulaz

*skaþulaz (a-stem)

skaþulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skaþulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skaþulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skaþulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skaþulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skaþulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skaþulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skaþulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skaþulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skaþulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skaþulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skaþulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skaþulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
skaþulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skaþulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skaþulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skaþulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
skaþulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skaþulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skaþulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skaþulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skaþulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skaþulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skaþulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skaþulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skaþulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skaþulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skaþulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skaþulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skaþulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skaþulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skaþulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skaþulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skaþulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skaþulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skaþulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skaþulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skaþulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skaþulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skaþulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skaþulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skaþulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skaþuliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skaþulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skaþulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skaþulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skaþuliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skaþulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skaþulini (dative masculine singular weak)
skaþulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skaþulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skaþulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skaþulini (dative neuter singular weak)
skaþulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skaþulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skaþulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skaþulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skaþulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skaþulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skaþulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaþul
Old English: *sceaþol
Middle English: scathel
English: scathel, scaddle, skaddle; skedaddle
Old High German: scadel

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌿𐌻𐍃 (skaþuls)