brausijaną

brausijō (active first-person indicative singular)
brausijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brausijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brausīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
brausijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brausī (active imperative second-person singular)
brausijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brausijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brausīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
brausijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brausijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
brausijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brausijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brausijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
brausijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brausijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brausijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brausijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brausijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brausijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brausijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brausijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brausīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
brausijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brausīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
brausijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brausijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brausijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
brausijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brausijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
brausijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brausijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brausidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brausidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brausidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brausidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brausidē (active indicative singular third-person)
brausidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brausidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brausidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brausidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brausidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brausidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brausidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brausidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brausidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brausidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brausidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brausijandz (active participle present)
brausidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: brīesan; brȳsan (also possibly from *brūsijaną)

Middle English: brusen, bresen, brisen

Scots: brizz

English: bruise

(Old Frisian: *brūse)

(West Frisian: brûze)

(Old Saxon: *brūsian)

(Middle Low German: brûsen)

(Low German: brusen)

(→ Old Norse: brúsa)

(Danish: bruse)

(Swedish: brusa)

(Old Dutch: *brūsen)

(Middle Dutch: brusen)

(Old High German: *brūsen)

(Middle High German: brūsen)

(German: brausen)

(Norwegian: brosa (“storm; tempest”) (dialectal))

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to break”).


budilaz

budilaz (nominative singular)
budilōz (nominative plural)
budilōs (nominative plural)
budil (singular vocative)
budilōz (plural vocative)
budilōs (plural vocative)
budilą (accusative singular)
budilanz (accusative plural)
budilas (genitive singular)
budilis (genitive singular)
budilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
budilai (dative singular)
budilamaz (dative plural)
budilō (instrumental singular)
budilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *budil

desctree

Old English: bydel
Middle English: budel, beodel, bidel, bedel
English: beadle
Scots: bedel, beddel, beddal

Old Frisian: *bodel, *bedel

West Frisian: boal, beul

Old Saxon: budil

Middle Low German: bodel, bödel, böddel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bøddel

→ Polabian: badål

→ Old Swedish: böfvel

Swedish: bödel

→ Finnish: peeveli, pyöveli

Old Dutch: *budil

Middle Dutch: bodel, beudel, buel

Dutch: beul

Afrikaans: beul

Old High German: butil

Middle High German: bütel

German: Büttel

desc

→ Medieval Latin: bedellus, bidellus, pedellus

desctree

Old French: bedel
Middle French: bedeau
French: bedeau
→ Italian: bidello

Old Occitan: bedel

Occitan: bedel

→ German: Pedell

→ Dutch: pedel, bedel

→ Middle English: bedel

English: bedel

→ Portuguese: bedel

→ Spanish: bedel

one who carries out an order; beadle; bailiff


klaimaz

klaimaz (nominative singular)
klaimōz (nominative plural)
klaimōs (nominative plural)
klaim (singular vocative)
klaimōz (plural vocative)
klaimōs (plural vocative)
klaimą (accusative singular)
klaimanz (accusative plural)
klaimas (genitive singular)
klaimis (genitive singular)
klaimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klaimai (dative singular)
klaimamaz (dative plural)
klaimō (instrumental singular)
klaimamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klaim
Old English: clām
Middle English: clame, clom
English: cloam (dialectal)
Old Dutch: *clēm
Middle Dutch: clêem
Old High German: kleim

Old Norse: kleima (<*klaimô)

Icelandic: kleima

From Proto-Indo-European *gleh₁y- (“to smear, to stick”).


brahsmô

brahsmô (nominative singular)
brahsmaniz (nominative plural)
brahsmô (singular vocative)
brahsmaniz (plural vocative)
brahsmanų (accusative singular)
bruhsnunz (accusative plural)
bruhsnaz (genitive singular)
bruhsnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bruhsmini (dative singular)
bruhsmummaz (dative plural)
bruhsnē (instrumental singular)
bruhsmummiz (instrumental plural)

Frankish: *brahsima

Old Dutch: *brahsma

Dutch: brasem

→ Old French: braisme

French: brème

→ English: bream

Old High German: brahsmo, brahsma

Middle High German: brahsem

German: Brachse, Brachsen

(Old Norse: brosma) (< *bruhsm-)

(Icelandic: brosma)

(Faroese: brosma)

(Norwegian: brosme)

(Danish: brosme)


berkō

berkō (nominative singular)
berkôz (nominative plural)
berkō (singular vocative)
berkôz (plural vocative)
berkǭ (accusative singular)
berkōz (accusative plural)
berkōz (genitive singular)
berkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
berkōi (dative singular)
berkōmaz (dative plural)
berkō (instrumental singular)
berkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *berku
Old English: beorc
Old Dutch: *berka
Middle Dutch: berke
Dutch: berk
Afrikaans: berk
Old High German: birka, biricha
Middle High German: birke, birche
German: Birke

Old Norse: bjǫrk
Icelandic: björk
Faroese: bjørk
Norwegian: bjørk; (dialectal) bjerk (< bjarkar), børk
→ Danish: bjørk, bjerk
Norwegian Bokmål: bjørk, bjerk
Elfdalian: byörk
Old Swedish: biork
Swedish: björk
Old Danish: birk, *biork
Danish: birk
Gutnish: bjärk
Scanian: birk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵos. Cognate with Sanskrit भूर्ज (bhūrjá, “a species of birch”), Proto-Slavic *berza (“birch”).


klūtaz

klūtaz (nominative singular)
klūtōz (nominative plural)
klūtōs (nominative plural)
klūt (singular vocative)
klūtōz (plural vocative)
klūtōs (plural vocative)
klūtą (accusative singular)
klūtanz (accusative plural)
klūtas (genitive singular)
klūtis (genitive singular)
klūtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klūtai (dative singular)
klūtamaz (dative plural)
klūtō (instrumental singular)
klūtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klūt

Old English: clūt; clūd

Middle English: clout, clowt; cloud, cloude, clud, clude

English: clout; cloud

Scots: clout, cloot; clood, clud

Old Saxon: *klūt

Middle Low German: klût m; klûte m

Low German: Kluut, Kluute

Old Dutch: *klūta

Middle Dutch: klute f

Dutch: kluit

Old Norse: klútr

Icelandic: klútur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: klut

Norwegian Nynorsk: klut

Swedish: klut

From Proto-Indo-European *glewdos, from *gel- (“to ball up; amass; clench”). Compare Old Armenian կեղտ (kełt, “dirt”).


klanhs

klanhs (nominative singular)
klanhiz (nominative plural)
klanh (singular vocative)
klanhiz (plural vocative)
klanhų (accusative singular)
klanhunz (accusative plural)
klanhiz (genitive singular)
klanhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klanhi (dative singular)
klanhumaz (dative plural)
klanhē (instrumental singular)
klanhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *clōh

desc

Middle English: clogh, clough, clow, clew

English: clough

Northumbrian cleugh

Scots: cleuch

Old High German: *klāh (in placenames)

Unknown. Kroonen links *kling(w)aną (“to shrink”). Compare also Proto-Celtic *glendos (“valley, glen”) and Proto-Germanic *klintaz (“hill, cliff”), of possible substrate origin.
In view of *klintaz, *klibą (“cliff”) and *kluftiz (“cleft”), sound symbolism may be involved.

sound-symbolic

sound symbolism


burōną

burō (active first-person indicative singular)
burǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
burōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
burōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burō (active imperative second-person singular)
burōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
burōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
burōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
burōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
burōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
burōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
burōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
burōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
burōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
burōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
burōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burōndz (active participle present)
burōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *borōn
Old English: borian
Middle English: boren
Scots: bore, boir
English: bore
Old Frisian: *boria
Saterland Frisian: boorje
West Frisian: boarje
Old Saxon: borōn
Middle Low German: bōren
German Low German: bohren
Old Dutch: *boron
Middle Dutch: bōren
Dutch: boren
Old High German: borōn
Middle High German: boren
German: bohren
Luxembourgish: bueren

Old Norse: bora

Icelandic: bora

Faroese: bora

Norwegian: bore

Old Swedish: bora, bura

Swedish: borra

Danish: bore

Gutnish: bure, bur', bura

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to carve; split; cut; rub; pierce; strike”). Equivalent to *burō (“bore”) + *-ōną. Cognate with Latin forō (“bore”, verb), Proto-Slavic *borti (“to fight”).


burstiz

burstiz (nominative singular)
burstīz (nominative plural)
bursti (singular vocative)
burstīz (plural vocative)
burstį (accusative singular)
burstinz (accusative plural)
burstīz (genitive singular)
burstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burstī (dative singular)
burstimaz (dative plural)
burstī (instrumental singular)
burstimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bursti

desctree

Old English: byrst
Middle English: brust
⇒ Old English: *byrstel
Middle English: brustel, bristil, bristel
English: bristle
Scots: brustle, bristle, brissle

Old Frisian: *berst, *borst

⇒ Old Frisian: *berstel, *borstel

Saterland Frisian: Bäärsel

West Frisian: boarstel

Old Saxon: *burst

⇒ Old Saxon: *burstil

Middle Low German: borstel

German Low German: Bössel

Plautdietsch: Borschtel

Old Dutch: *burst

⇒ Old Dutch: *burstil

Middle Dutch: burstele, borstele

Dutch: borstel

Old High German: burst, borst
Middle High German: burst, borst, burste, borste
Bavarian: Biaschtn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Berst
Luxembourgish: Buuscht, Biischt
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: bèrschd
German: Borste, Bürste

Old Norse: burst

Icelandic: burst

Faroese: bust

Old Swedish: borst

Swedish: borst; Swedish: borste (perhaps influenced by German)

Danish: børste

q

with *bruskaz, Icelandic <i class="Latn mention" lang="is">brúskur</i>

Vulgar Latin: *brustia, *bruscia (with *bruskaz, Icelandic brúskur)

Old French: broche, broisse

French: brosse

Picard: brouche

Walloon: brouche, broushe

→ Middle English: brusshe

English: brush

→ Galician: brocha

→ Portuguese: brocha

desctree

→ Spanish: brocha
→ Catalan: brotxa
→ Cebuano: brotsa
→ Tagalog: brotsa

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: βρούτσα (broútsa), βούρτζα (boúrtza), βούρτσα (boúrtsa), βρούτζα (broútza)

Greek: βούρτσα (voúrtsa)

⇒ Byzantine Greek: βρουτσίν (broutsín)

→ Armenian: վրձին (vrjin)

→ Albanian: vurcë

→ Bulgarian: ву́рца (vúrca)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: فرچه (fırça), فورچه (fırça, furça)
Turkish: fırça
→ Arabic: فُرْشَة (furša)
→ Armenian: ֆռչա (fṙčʻa)
→ Bulgarian: ву́рча (vúrča), фу́рча (fúrča), фурча́ (furčá), фу́рца (fúrca)
→ Persian: فرچه (ferče)

From earlier *bʰurstís, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥s-tí-s, from *bʰers- (“top, point”). Cognate with Latin fastīgō (“to sharpen to a point”), Sanskrit भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, “spike, point”).


krūdaną

krūdō (active first-person indicative singular)
krūdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krūdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krūdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krūdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krūd (active imperative second-person singular)
krūdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krūdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krūdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krūdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krūdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krūdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krūdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krūdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krūdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krūdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krūdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krūdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krūdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krūdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krūdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krūdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krūdid (active indicative plural second-person)
krūdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krūdid (active imperative plural second-person)
krūdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krūdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krūdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krūdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krūdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krūdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krūdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraud (active first-person indicative singular)
krudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraust (active indicative second-person singular)
krudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraud (active indicative singular third-person)
krudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krudū (active dual first-person indicative)
krudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krudum (active first-person indicative plural)
krudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krudud (active indicative plural second-person)
krudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krudun (active indicative plural third-person)
krudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krūdandz (active participle present)
krudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krūdan
Old English: crūdan
Middle English: cruden, crouden, croden
Scots: crood
English: crowd
Old Frisian: *krūde, *krūe, *krūie
Saterland Frisian: kröie
West Frisian: kruie
Old Saxon: *krūdan
Middle Low German: krǖden, krōden, kruden, kroden
German Low German: kroden
Old Dutch: *crūdan
Middle Dutch: cruden
Dutch: kruien
Afrikaans: kruie, krui
Old High German: *krūtan
Middle High German: kruden, kroten, kröten

From Proto-Indo-European *grewt- (“to push; press”).


klinganą

klingō (active first-person indicative singular)
klingaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klingai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klingizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klingaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kling (active imperative second-person singular)
klingazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klingaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klingidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klingai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klingadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klingadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klingaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klingōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klingaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klingadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klingaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klingadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klingamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klingaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klingandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klingaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klingid (active indicative plural second-person)
klingaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klingid (active imperative plural second-person)
klingandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klingaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klingandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klingain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klingandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klingandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klingaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klang (active first-person indicative singular)
klungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klanht (active indicative second-person singular)
klungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klang (active indicative singular third-person)
klungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klungū (active dual first-person indicative)
klungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klungum (active first-person indicative plural)
klungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klungud (active indicative plural second-person)
klungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klungun (active indicative plural third-person)
klungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klingandz (active participle present)
klunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: klinga

North Frisian: klinke

Saterland Frisian: klinge

West Frisian: klinke

Old Saxon: *klingan

Middle Low German: klingen, clingen

Low German:

German Low German: klingen

Westphalian:

Münsterländer: klingen (Westmünsterländisch)

East Westphalian: klingen (Ravensberger)

Plautdietsch: kjlinjen

→ Old Norse: klingja, *klinga

Icelandic: klingja

Faroese: klinga

→ Old Swedish: klinga

Swedish: klinga

Danish: klinge

desctree

Old Dutch: *clingan
Middle Dutch: clingen
Dutch: klingen, klinken
Afrikaans: klink
→⇒ French: clinquant
→ English: clinquant
Limburgish: klinge, klinke
→ Middle English: clinken
English: clink
Scots: clink

Old High German: klingan

Middle High German: klingen

German: klingen

Luxembourgish: kléngen

Yiddish: קלינגען (klingen)

From Pre-Germanic *glengʰ- (“sound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gal-, *gelH- (“to call, sound”) (compare *golH-s- (“voice, cry”)), the root whence also *kalzōną, and/or ultimately onomatopoeic.


klinganą

Old English: clingan

Middle English: clingen

English: cling

Old Saxon: *klingan

Middle Low German: *klingen, klinken

German Low German: klingen, klinken

→ Danish: klinke

Old Dutch: *clingan

Middle Dutch: clingen, clinken

Dutch: klingen, klinken

Old High German: klingan

Middle High German: klingen

From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”). Originally regular verb assimilated into strong verb class 3.


ardiz

ardiz (nominative singular)
ardīz (nominative plural)
ardi (singular vocative)
ardīz (plural vocative)
ardį (accusative singular)
ardinz (accusative plural)
ardīz (genitive singular)
ardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ardī (dative singular)
ardimaz (dative plural)
ardī (instrumental singular)
ardimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eard

Middle English: erd, ard; art (“locality, district”)

Scots: airt

Old Frisian: *ard, *erd

Saterland Frisian: Oard

West Frisian: aard

Old Saxon: *ard

Middle Low German: art, ārt

German Low German: Aard

Old Dutch: *ard

Middle Dutch: aert

Dutch: aard

Afrikaans: aard

Old High German: art

Middle High German: art

Bavarian: Årt

Central Franconian: Aad, Aat, Aart

Kölsch: Aat

German: Art

→ Danish: art

→ Swedish: art

→ Norwegian: art

Luxembourgish: Aart

Old Norse: arðr (in einarðr)

Icelandic: arður

Unknown. Perhaps from a specialised use of *ardiz, a by-form of *arþiz (“plough; acre; farmland”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”) (whence also *arjaną and *arþrą; compare Latin area); or from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-tey-s, from *h₂er- (“to join; fit together”) (see *armaz and Latin ars).


stangō

stangō (nominative singular)
stangôz (nominative plural)
stangō (singular vocative)
stangôz (plural vocative)
stangǭ (accusative singular)
stangōz (accusative plural)
stangōz (genitive singular)
stangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stangōi (dative singular)
stangōmaz (dative plural)
stangō (instrumental singular)
stangōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stangu

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*stangi</i>

Old English: stenġ, stænġ (< *stangi)
Middle English: steng

Old Frisian: *stange, *stonge

Saterland Frisian: Stange

West Frisian: stange

Old Saxon: stanga

Middle Low German: stange

German Low German: Stange, Stang

Old Dutch: *stanga

Middle Dutch: stanghe

Dutch: stang
→ Indonesian: sêtang
→ Polish: stenga

Old High German: stanga

Middle High German: stange

German: Stange

Luxembourgish: Staang

→ Italian: stanga

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: stǫng
Icelandic: stöng
Faroese: stong
Norwegian: stang
Old Swedish: stang
Swedish: stång
Danish: stang
→ Middle English: stang, stange, stong
English: stang, stong
Scots: stang, stong
→ Old East Slavic: стѧгъ
Old Ruthenian: стѧгъ (stjah)
Belarusian: сцяг (scjah)
Ukrainian: стяг (stjah)
Russian: стяг (stjag)
→ Bulgarian: стяг (stjag)

→ Finnish: tanko

→? Estonian: tang

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: stággu

Southern Sami: staagkoe

From Proto-Indo-European *stengʰ-, *stegʰ- (“to be stiff, sting; rod, blade”).


krumô

Old English: cruma

desc

Middle English: crome, cromme, crume, crumme

Scots: crum

English: crumb

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: krome, krume

Low German: Krume, Krome

Old High German:

Middle High German: krume

German: Krume, Krümel

Old Norse:

Icelandic: krumur

Swedish: krumma (dialectal); inkråm (?)

Danish: krumme

From Proto-Indo-European *grū-mo- (“something scraped together, lumber, junk; to claw, scratch”).


wīnabasją

wīnabasją (nominative singular)
wīnabasjō (nominative plural)
wīnabasją (singular vocative)
wīnabasjō (plural vocative)
wīnabasją (accusative singular)
wīnabasjō (accusative plural)
wīnabasjas (genitive singular)
wīnabasis (genitive singular)
wīnabasjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīnabasjai (dative singular)
wīnabasjamaz (dative plural)
wīnabasjō (instrumental singular)
wīnabasjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīnabaʀi
Old English: wīnberġe f, wīnberie, wīnberiġe
Middle English: winberie, winberi, wynberie, wynberiȝ, wyneberie, wynneberie
English: wineberry; whimberry, whinberry, wimberry, winberry, windberry
Old Frisian: *wīnberie
Saterland Frisian: Wienbäie
Old Saxon: wīnberi
Middle Low German: wînbēre
Old Dutch: *wīnberi
Middle Dutch: wijnbere
Dutch: wijnbeer, wiemer
Old High German: wīnberi
Middle High German: wīnbere, wīnber
German: Weinbeere

Old Norse: vínber

Icelandic: vínber

Faroese: vínber

Old Swedish: vīnbær

Swedish: vinbär

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍃𐌹 (weinabasi)


þewanōstaz

þewanōstaz (nominative singular)
þewanōstōz (nominative plural)
þewanōstōs (nominative plural)
þewanōst (singular vocative)
þewanōstōz (plural vocative)
þewanōstōs (plural vocative)
þewanōstą (accusative singular)
þewanōstanz (accusative plural)
þewanōstas (genitive singular)
þewanōstis (genitive singular)
þewanōstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þewanōstai (dative singular)
þewanōstamaz (dative plural)
þewanōstō (instrumental singular)
þewanōstamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *þēonost, *þēonest, þēnest

Old Frisian: thiānost, thiānest

Saterland Frisian: Tjoonst

West Frisian: tjienst, tjinst, tsjinst

Old Saxon: thionost

Middle Low German: dênst

German Low German: Deenst, Dennst

Plautdietsch: Deenst

→ Old Norse: þénasta

Faroese: tænasta

Old Dutch: *thionost

Middle Dutch: dienst

Dutch: dienst

→ Indonesian: dinas

Old High German: dionōst

Middle High German: dienest, dienst

Central Franconian: Deens

German: Dienst

Luxembourgish: Déngscht

Yiddish: דינסט (dinst)

Old Norse: þjónusta, þjónasta

Icelandic: þjónusta

Faroese: tænasta

Norwegian Nynorsk: tenest, teneste

Old Swedish: þiænist

Swedish: tjänst

→ Finnish: tienesti

Danish: tjeneste

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjeneste

From *þewanōną, from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run, be fluid, flow”).


setlaz

setlaz (nominative singular)
setlōz (nominative plural)
setlōs (nominative plural)
setl (singular vocative)
setlōz (plural vocative)
setlōs (plural vocative)
setlą (accusative singular)
setlanz (accusative plural)
setlas (genitive singular)
sitlis (genitive singular)
setlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
setlai (dative singular)
setlamaz (dative plural)
setlō (instrumental singular)
setlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *setl

Old English: setl, seotul, seatul

desc

Middle English: seotel, setil, setel, setle, settle

Scots: sattle, settle

English: settle

Old Frisian: *setl

Saterland Frisian: Sittel (in compounds)

Old Saxon: setl

Middle Low German: setel, sētel, settel

Old Dutch: *setl, *setal

Middle Dutch: setel

Dutch: zetel

Afrikaans: setel

Old High German: sezzal

Middle High German: sëzzel

German: Sessel

→ German Low German: Sessel

Old Norse: sjǫtull

Icelandic: sjötul

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃 (sitls)

From Proto-Indo-European *sedlo-, from *sed- (“to sit”).


hampijaną

hampijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hampijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hampijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hampīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hampijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hampī (active imperative second-person singular)
hampijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hampijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hampīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hampijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hampijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hampijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hampijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hampijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hampijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hampijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hampijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hampijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hampijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hampijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hampijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hampijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hampīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hampijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hampīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hampijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hampijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hampijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hampijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hampijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hampijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hampijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hampidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hampidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hampidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hampidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hampidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hampidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hampidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hampidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hampidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hampidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hampidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hampidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hampidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hampidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hampidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hampidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hampijandz (active participle present)
hampidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *happa, *heppa

Norwegian: heppa

Swedish: hampa

Danish: happe

→ Middle English: happen (> happenen, hapnen)

English: hap; happen

From *hampą (“good luck, chance”) + *-janą.


aikulaz

*aikulaz (a-stem)

aikulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aikulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aikulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aikulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aikulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aikulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aikulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aikulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aikulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aikulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aikulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aikulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aikulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aikulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aikulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aikulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aikulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aikulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aikulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aikulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aikulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aikulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aikulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aikulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aikulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aikulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aikulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aikulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aikulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aikulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aikulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aikulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aikulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aikulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aikulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aikulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aikulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aikulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aikulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aikulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aikulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aikulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aikuliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aikulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aikulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aikulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aikuliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aikulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aikulini (dative masculine singular weak)
aikulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aikulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aikulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aikulini (dative neuter singular weak)
aikulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aikulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aikulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aikulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aikulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aikulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aikulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: acol, acul

Derived from the verb *aikaną (“to make one's own”)


blankijaną

blankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blankī (active imperative second-person singular)
blankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blankijandz (active participle present)
blankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blankijan
Old English: blenċan
Middle English: blenchen (Midlands, southern)
English: blench
Middle English: blenken (northern)
Scots: blenk
>? Old Frisian: blenkia (weak 2 verb)
Saterland Frisian: blinkje
Old Saxon: *blenkian
Middle Low German: blenken
Old Dutch: *blenken
Middle Dutch: blenken, blinken
Old High German: *blenken
Middle High German: blenken
German: blenken, blänken

Old Norse: blekkja

Icelandic: blekkja

From *blinkaną (“to shine”) + *-janą or *blankaz (“shining, white”) + *-janą.


bakārijaz

bakārijaz (nominative singular)
bakārijōz (nominative plural)
bakārijōs (nominative plural)
bakārī (singular vocative)
bakārijōz (plural vocative)
bakārijōs (plural vocative)
bakāriją (accusative singular)
bakārijanz (accusative plural)
bakārijas (genitive singular)
bakārīs (genitive singular)
bakārijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakārijai (dative singular)
bakārijamaz (dative plural)
bakārijō (instrumental singular)
bakārijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bæcere
Middle English: bakere, backer, backere
English: baker
Scots: bakar, baikar

Old Frisian: *bakere, *bekere

Saterland Frisian: Bakker

West Frisian: bakker

desc

Old Saxon: bakkāri, bakkeri, bekkeri, bekkere

Middle Low German: backære, backer, beckere, becker

German Low German: Backer

Plautdietsch: Bakja

Old Dutch: *bakkari

Middle Dutch: backere

desctree

Dutch: bakker
Afrikaans: bakker
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bákrimán
→ Sranan Tongo: bakri

Limburgish: bekker

Old High German: bekkāri, beckāri

Middle High German: beckære, becker

German: Bäcker

Old Norse: bakari

Icelandic: bakari

Faroese: bakari

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: bakar; (dialectal) bakari, båkår, bakær

Old Swedish: bakare, baghare (late)

Swedish: bagare

Danish: bager

Norwegian Bokmål: baker

Gutnish: bakare, bagare

→? Estonian: pagar


þrawwaz

*þrawwaz (a-stem)

þrawwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þrawwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þrawwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þrawwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þrawwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þrawwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þrawwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þrawwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þrawwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þrawwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þrawwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þrawwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þrawwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þrawwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þrawwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þrawwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þrawwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þrawwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þrawwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þrawwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þrawwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þrawwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þrawwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þrawwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þrawwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þrawwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þrawwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þrawwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þrawwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þrawwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þrawwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þrawwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þrawwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þrawwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þrawwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þrawwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þrawwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þrawwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þrawwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þrawwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þrawwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þrawwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þrawwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þrawwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þrawwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þrawwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þrawwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þrawwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þrawwini (dative masculine singular weak)
þrawwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þrawwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þrawwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þrawwini (dative neuter singular weak)
þrawwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þrawwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þrawwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þrawwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þrawwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þrawwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þrawwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rahvas (“people”), *raavas (“full-grown, mature”)


kaurijaną

Old Norse: keyra

Icelandic: keyra

Faroese: koyra

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kjøre

Norwegian Nynorsk: køyre

Old Swedish: kø̄ra

Swedish: köra

Old Danish: kø̄ræ

Danish: køre

Elfdalian: tjyöra

Gutnish: kåire

Scanian: køra

→ Middle English: cairen, kayren

English: cair

Variant of *karjaną, reportedly from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to turn, bend”).


bōkōną

bōkō (active first-person indicative singular)
bōkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bōkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bōkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bōkō (active imperative second-person singular)
bōkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bōkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bōkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bōkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bōkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bōkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bōkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bōkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bōkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bōkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bōkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bōkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bōkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bōkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bōkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bōkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bōkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bōkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bōkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bōkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bōkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bōkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bōkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bōkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bōkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bōkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bōkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bōkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bōkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bōkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bōkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bōkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bōkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bōkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bōkōndz (active participle present)
bōkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōkōn
Old English: bōcian
Middle English: booken, boken
English: book
Scots: buik, beuk
Old Frisian: bōkia
West Frisian: boekje
Old Saxon: *bōkon
Middle Low German: bôken
German Low German: boken
Old Dutch: *buocon
Middle Dutch: boeken
Dutch: boeken
Old High German: *buohhōn, *buochōn
Middle High German: buochen

Old Norse: bóka

Icelandic: bóka

Swedish: boka

From *bōks (“letter, written message”) + *-ōną.

af

to book (i.e. make a book, put in a book, write a book, etc.)


Grīmaz

Grīmaz (nominative singular)
Grīmai (dative singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Grīm

Old English: *Grīm

Old Norse: Grímr

Icelandic: Grímur

Faroese: Grímur

Possibly related to *grimmaz (“fierce”), which is from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to thunder”).


burgōną

burgō (active first-person indicative singular)
burgǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
burgōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
burgōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgō (active imperative second-person singular)
burgōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burgōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
burgōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burgō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burgōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burgōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burgōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burgōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burgōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burgōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
burgōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burgōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burgōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burgōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burgōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burgōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burgōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burgōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
burgōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
burgōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
burgōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
burgōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
burgōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
burgōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
burgōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
burgōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgōndz (active participle present)
burgōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *borgōn
Old English: borgian, borġian
Middle English: borȝien, borwen
English: borrow
Old Frisian: borgia
West Frisian: boargje
Old Saxon: *borgōn
Middle Low German: borgen
Old Dutch: *borgon
Middle Dutch: borgen
Dutch: borgen
Old High German: borgōn, borgēn
Middle High German: borgen
German: borgen

Old Norse: borga

Old Swedish: borgha

Swedish: borga

Danish: borge

From *burgaz (“promise, debt”) + *-ōną. *burgaz is from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to protect”).


Sigiwarduz

Sigiwarduz (nominative singular)
Sigiwardu (singular vocative)
Sigiwardų (accusative singular)
Sigiwardauz (genitive singular)
Sigiwardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Sigiwardu

Old English: Siġeweard

English: Siward

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: Sieuwerd

Old High German: Sigiwart

German: Siegwart

→ Vulgar Latin: *Sigivardus

Spanish: Sigivardo

Portuguese: Sigurdo

desctree

Old Norse: Sigurðr, Sigvarðr
Icelandic: Sigurður
Faroese: Sjúrður
Norwegian: Sjurd
Jamtish: Sjúł
Old Swedish: Sighvardh, Siughurdh
Swedish: Sjurd, Sjul
→ Norwegian: Sigurd
→ Faroese: Sigurð
→ Swedish: Sigurd
→ Danish: Sigurd

From *sigiz (“victory”) + *warduz (“guard”).


airō

airō (nominative singular)
airôz (nominative plural)
airō (singular vocative)
airôz (plural vocative)
airǭ (accusative singular)
airōz (accusative plural)
airōz (genitive singular)
airǫ̂ (genitive plural)
airōi (dative singular)
airōmaz (dative plural)
airō (instrumental singular)
airōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *airu
Old English: ār
Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air

Old Norse: ár
Icelandic: ár
Faroese: ár
Norwegian Nynorsk: år
Russenorsk: aart
Norwegian Bokmål: år
Elfdalian: år
Old Swedish: ār
Swedish: år
Old Danish: aar
Danish: år

→ Proto-Finnic: *airo (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *ājrō (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃eyH- (“pole”).


bibāną

bibō (active first-person indicative singular)
bibaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bibai (active imperative second-person singular)
bibāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bibaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bibāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bibāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bibōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bibāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bibāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bibāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bibānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bibaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bibaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bibānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bibānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bibānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bibānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bibadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bibadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bibadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bibadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bibadē (active indicative singular third-person)
bibadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bibadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bibadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bibadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bibadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bibadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bibadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bibadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bibadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bibadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bibadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bibāndz (active participle present)
bibadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bibēn
Old English: bifian, biofian, beofian
Middle English: bivien, beovien
English: bive
⇒ Middle English: biveren, bevere, beveren
English: bever, bibber (Irish)
Scots: bever, baiver, baver, bevver
Yola: bebber
Old Frisian: bivia
North Frisian: bevern
Saterland Frisian: bieuwje
West Frisian: beevje
Old Saxon: bivon
Middle Low German: bēven
German Low German: beven
⇒ Middle Low German: *bibberen
German Low German: bibbern
→ German: bibbern
Old Dutch: *bevon
Middle Dutch: bēven
Dutch: beven
Afrikaans: bewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: befu
Negerhollands: beev, beeven
→ Aukan: beifi
→ Sranan Tongo: beifi
Old High German: bibēn
Middle High German: biben
Cimbrian: böoban
German: beben (influenced by Middle Low German beven)
Luxembourgish: biewen

Old Norse: bifa

Icelandic: bifa

Faroese: biva

Swedish: bäva (possibly from Middle Low German)

Norwegian Bokmål: beve (possibly from Middle Low German)

Norwegian Nynorsk: biva

Danish: bæve (possibly from Middle Low German)

⇒ Old Norse: bifra

Icelandic: bifra

Danish: bævre

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰe-bʰóyh₂-e ~ *bʰe-bʰih₂-ḗr, reduplicated stative of *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear, to be afraid”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *bajā́ˀtei (“to fear, be afraid”), Sanskrit बिभाय (bibhā́ya, “to fear”), Avestan 𐬠𐬌𐬡𐬌𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬵 (biβiuuāh, “to be afraid”).


upanōną

upanō (active first-person indicative singular)
upanǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
upanōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
upanōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
upanōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
upanō (active imperative second-person singular)
upanōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
upanōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
upanōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
upanō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
upanōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
upanōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
upanōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
upanōs (active dual first-person indicative)
upanōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
upanōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
upanōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
upanōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
upanōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
upanōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
upanōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
upanōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
upanōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
upanōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
upanōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
upanōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
upanōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
upanōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
upanōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
upanōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
upanōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
upanōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
upanōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
upanōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
upanōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
upanōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
upanōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
upanōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
upanōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
upanōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
upanōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
upanōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
upanōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
upanōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
upanōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
upanōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
upanōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
upanōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
upanōndz (active participle present)
upanōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *opanōn
Old English: openian
Middle English: openen
English: open
Scots: apen
Old Frisian: epenia
Saterland Frisian: epenje, eepenje
West Frisian: iepenje
Old Saxon: opanōn
Middle Low German: ȫpenen, ōpenen, āpenen, ōpenen, öppenen, uppenen
Old Dutch: opanon
Middle Dutch: ōpenen
Dutch: openen
Afrikaans: open
Negerhollands: open, hopo
Limburgish: aope
Old High German: offanōn
Middle High German: offenen
German: öffnen
Yiddish: עפֿענען (efenen)

Old Norse: opna

Icelandic: opna

Faroese: opna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: åpne

Norwegian Nynorsk: opna, opne

Old Swedish: opna, ypna

Swedish: öppna, (dialectal) öppten

Old Danish: opnæ

Danish: åbne

Gutnish: upne, ypne

Scanian: obna

From *upanaz (“open”) + *-ōną. Compare *uppijaną.


skaiþiz

skaiþiz (nominative singular)
skaiþīz (nominative plural)
skaiþi (singular vocative)
skaiþīz (plural vocative)
skaiþį (accusative singular)
skaiþinz (accusative plural)
skaiþīz (genitive singular)
skaiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaiþī (dative singular)
skaiþimaz (dative plural)
skaiþī (instrumental singular)
skaiþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaiþiju
Old English: sċēaþ
Middle English: shethe, sheth, schethe, scheth
English: sheath, sheathe
Old Frisian: skēthe
Old Saxon: sceitha
Low German: scheed
Old Dutch: *skētha
Middle Dutch: schêde
Dutch: schede
Afrikaans: skede
Old High German: sceida, skaida
Middle High German: scheide
German: Scheide
Hunsrik: Scheed
Luxembourgish: Scheed
Yiddish: שייד (sheyd)

Old Norse: skeið

Icelandic: skeið

Faroese: skeið

Norwegian Nynorsk: skei, skeid

→ Norwegian Bokmål: skei

Old Swedish: skēþ

Swedish: sked

Danish: ske

Norwegian Bokmål: skje

→ Middle Irish: scáeth
Irish: scaoth
Manx: skeih
Scottish Gaelic: sgaoth

Old Norse: skeiðir f pl (“sheath”)

Danish: skede

Norwegian Bokmål: skjede

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjede

From Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to split”) apparently with the suffix *-tis (= *-þiz), but the o-grade is unexpected; perhaps *skaiþaną points to a verb *skóyteti with a *-t- extension already in the stem, so this would be an old i-stem derivation from there.

something carved out to be concave or hollow


aldijaną

aldijō (active first-person indicative singular)
aldijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aldijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aldīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aldijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aldī (active imperative second-person singular)
aldijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aldijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aldīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aldijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aldijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aldijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aldijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aldijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aldijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aldijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aldijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aldijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aldijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aldijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aldijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aldijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aldīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aldijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aldīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aldijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aldijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aldijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aldijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aldijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aldijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aldijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aldidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aldidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aldidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aldidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aldidē (active indicative singular third-person)
aldidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aldidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aldidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aldidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aldidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aldidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aldidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aldidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aldidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aldidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aldidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aldijandz (active participle present)
aldidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *aldijan
Old English: ieldan
Old High German: elten

Old Norse: elda, eldask

Icelandic: elda, eldast

Faroese: elda, eldast


kaupōną

kaupō (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kaupōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupō (active imperative second-person singular)
kaupōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kaupōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kaupōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kaupōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kaupōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kaupōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kaupōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kaupōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kaupōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kaupōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kaupōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kaupōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kaupōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kaupōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kaupōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaupōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kaupōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaupōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kaupōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaupōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kaupōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kaupōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kaupōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaupōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kaupōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kaupōndz (active participle present)
kaupōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaupōn
Old English: ċēapian
Middle English: chepen
Scots: chepe, cheip
English: cheap
Old Frisian: kāpia
North Frisian: kupe, koope
Saterland Frisian: koopje
West Frisian: keapje
→ Dutch: kapen
→ English: cop
Old Saxon: *kōpōn
Middle Low German: kôpen
German Low German: kopen
Old Dutch: cōpon
Middle Dutch: côpen
Dutch: kopen
Afrikaans: koop
Berbice Creole Dutch: kopu
Negerhollands: koop, kop
Skepi Creole Dutch: kop
Limburgish: koupe
Old High German: koufōn, choufōn
Middle High German: koufen
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: köife
Swabian: kaafe
Bavarian: kaufn, kaffa
Central Franconian: koofe, kaufe (Kölsch; Westerwald), koofn
East Franconian: kaafm
German: kaufen
Luxembourgish: kafen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: kaafe
Vilamovian: kaofja
Yiddish: קויפֿן (koyfn)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: kaupa

Icelandic: kaupa

Faroese: keypa

Norwegian Bokmål: kjøpe

Old Swedish: kø̄pa

Swedish: köpa

Old Danish: kø̄pæ

Danish: købe

Elfdalian: tjyöpa

Gutnish: kaupe

Scanian: køba

→ Scots: cowp, coup

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 (kaupōn)

→ Finnish: kaupata


þwahlą

þwahlą (nominative singular)
þwahlō (nominative plural)
þwahlą (singular vocative)
þwahlō (plural vocative)
þwahlą (accusative singular)
þwahlō (accusative plural)
þwahlas (genitive singular)
þwahlis (genitive singular)
þwahlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwahlai (dative singular)
þwahlamaz (dative plural)
þwahlō (instrumental singular)
þwahlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þwahl
Old English: þwēal
Middle English: thweal
Old High German: dwahal
⇒ Old High German: dwahalkar (“washtub”)

Old Norse: þvál; þvalr; þvæla

Icelandic: þvál

Old Swedish: thval

Swedish: tvål

Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌻 (þwahl)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vahla

Finnish: vahla (“foam”)


arþrą

arþrą (nominative singular)
arþrō (nominative plural)
arþrą (singular vocative)
arþrō (plural vocative)
arþrą (accusative singular)
arþrō (accusative plural)
arþras (genitive singular)
arþris (genitive singular)
arþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arþrai (dative singular)
arþramaz (dative plural)
arþrō (instrumental singular)
arþramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: arðr
Icelandic: arður
Norwegian Nynorsk: ard
Norwegian Bokmål: ard
→ English: ard
Old Swedish: arþer n
Swedish: årder n
Danish: ard

→ Proto-Finnic: *atra (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃trom. Equivalent to *arjaną + *-þrą.


Friþurīks

Friþurīks (nominative singular)
Friþurīk (singular vocative)
Friþurīkų (accusative singular)
Friþurīkiz (genitive singular)
Friþurīki (dative singular)
Friþurīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Friþurīk
Old English: Friþurīc, Freoþorīc
Old Saxon: Frithurik
Middle Low German: Vrederik
Low German: Frederik
→ Norwegian: Fredrik
→ Swedish: Fredrik
→ Danish: Frederik
Old Dutch: *Frithurīk
Middle Dutch: Vrederic
Dutch: Frederik
Old High German: Fridurih
German: Friedrich
→ English: Frederick
→ Chinese: → 弗里德里希 (Fúlǐdélǐxī) (transliteration)
→ Latin: Friderīcus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *Friðríkr, *Friðrekr (likely from German)

Icelandic: Friðrik, Friðrekur

Faroese: Fríðrikur

Norwegian Nynorsk: Fridrek, Frikk

→ Estonian: Vidrik

From *friþuz (“peace”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


Hrōþirīks

Hrōþirīks (nominative singular)
Hrōþirīk (singular vocative)
Hrōþirīkų (accusative singular)
Hrōþirīkiz (genitive singular)
Hrōþirīki (dative singular)
Hrōþirīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþirīk

Old English: Hrēþrīċ

→ English: Hrethric (learned)

desc

Old High German: Hrōderich, Rōderich, Ruoderich, Ruodrich

→ Middle Low German: Roderich

→ German: Roderich

→ Swedish: Rodrik

→ English: Roderick

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: Hrórekr, Hrœrekr

Icelandic: Hrærekur

Norwegian: Rørek

Old East Norse: Hrø̄rīkʀ, Rǫrekr

Old Swedish: Rø̄rik

→ Old East Slavic: Рюрикъ (Rjurikŭ)

desctree

Russian: Рю́рик (Rjúrik)
→ Danish: Rurik
→ Icelandic: Rúrik (partially from English)
→ English: Ruric, Rurik
→ Swedish: Rurik

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*hrōþireiks)

→ Galician: Rodrigo, Roi

→ Italian: Roderico

→ Portuguese: Rodrigo, Rui

→ Spanish: Rodrigo, Ruy

→ Italian: Rodrigo

From *hrōþiz (“fame”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


plōgaz

plōgaz (nominative singular)
plōgōz (nominative plural)
plōgōs (nominative plural)
plōg (singular vocative)
plōgōz (plural vocative)
plōgōs (plural vocative)
plōgą (accusative singular)
plōganz (accusative plural)
plōgas (genitive singular)
plōgis (genitive singular)
plōgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
plōgai (dative singular)
plōgamaz (dative plural)
plōgō (instrumental singular)
plōgamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *plōg
Old English: plōg, plōh
Middle English: plough
English: plough (see there for further descendants)
Scots: pleuch, plou
Yola: pleough, plowe, plou
Old Frisian: plōch
North Frisian: plog
Saterland Frisian: Plouch
West Frisian: ploech
Old Saxon: *plōg
Middle Low German: plôg
Low German: Ploog
Plautdietsch: Pluach, Plüach
Old Dutch: *pluog
Middle Dutch: ploech
Dutch: ploeg
Afrikaans: ploeg
Limburgish: plógk
Old High German: phluog, pfluog
Middle High German: pfluoc
Central Franconian: Plooch, Pluuch (southern Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Plugh
Luxembourgish: Plou
East Central German:
Vilamovian: fłüg
East Franconian:
German: Pflug
Rhine Franconian: Plug
→ Medieval Latin: plōvum, ploum
→ Proto-Slavic: *plùgъ (see there for further descendants)
→ Lithuanian: plū̃gas

Old Norse: plógr
Icelandic: plógur m
Faroese: plógv f or n
Norn: plu
Norwegian Bokmål: plog m
Norwegian Nynorsk: plog m
Old Swedish: plōgher
Swedish: plog c
Old Danish: plogh
Danish: plov c
Elfdalian: pluog
Gutnish: plog
→ Middle English: plouh, plugh, plough, plouw, plow (partially)
English: plough

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸlowyos, *ɸlowī (“rudder”), from Proto-Indo-European *plów-yo-s (“ship”), from the root *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”). Compare Albanian plor (“prow of a boat; ploughshare”).
Alinei also mentions the Latin plaumoratum (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia 18.69), with the second element possibly relating to the family of Latin rota, Proto-Celtic *rotos and Proto-Germanic *raþą (“wheel”). Guus Kroonen has suggested a connection of the Germanic and the Latin words to *plehan (“to take responsibility, care”) (“to care for one’s life” > “to plow”); compare Old High German pfluog (“livelihood”) and Icelandic plógur, plóg (“profit”), which could nevertheless point as well to the opposite morpho-semantic evolution. Otherwise he proposes a connection with Proto-Germanic *plag/kkōn- (“rag, sod”), which seems a bit far-fetched.


ehwaraidō

ehwaraidō (nominative singular)
ehwaraidôz (nominative plural)
ehwaraidō (singular vocative)
ehwaraidôz (plural vocative)
ehwaraidǭ (accusative singular)
ehwaraidōz (accusative plural)
ehwaraidōz (genitive singular)
ehwaraidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ehwaraidōi (dative singular)
ehwaraidōmaz (dative plural)
ehwaraidō (instrumental singular)
ehwaraidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēored

Old Saxon: *ehurid (in ehuridfolk, ehuskalk)

Old Norse: jóreið

Icelandic: jóreið


handubanô

handubanô (nominative singular)
handubananiz (nominative plural)
handubanô (singular vocative)
handubananiz (plural vocative)
handubananų (accusative singular)
handubananunz (accusative plural)
handubaniniz (genitive singular)
handubananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
handubanini (dative singular)
handubanammaz (dative plural)
handubaninē (instrumental singular)
handubanammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: handbana, handbona

Old Saxon: handbano

Old Norse: handbani

Icelandic: handbani

One who slays or murders another by hand; a murderer


flahsą

flahsą (nominative singular)
flahsō (nominative plural)
flahsą (singular vocative)
flahsō (plural vocative)
flahsą (accusative singular)
flahsō (accusative plural)
flahsas (genitive singular)
flahsis (genitive singular)
flahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flahsai (dative singular)
flahsamaz (dative plural)
flahsō (instrumental singular)
flahsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flahs
Old English: fleax, flæx, flex
Middle English: flax, fflex, flaxe, flex, flexe, vlex
English: flax
Old Frisian: flax
Saterland Frisian: Floaks
West Frisian: flaaks
Old Saxon: flahs
Middle Low German: flas, vlas
German Low German: Flass
Low German: Flass
Plautdietsch: Flauss
Old Dutch: flahs, flas
Middle Dutch: vlas
Dutch: vlas
Afrikaans: vlas
Old High German: flahs
Middle High German: vlahs
German: Flachs
Luxembourgish: Fluess
Rhine Franconian: Flaas, Flas, Flachs
Vilamovian: fłaoks

From Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to fold, plait, weave”).


hazwaz

hazwaz (nominative singular)
hazwōz (nominative plural)
hazwōs (nominative plural)
hazw (singular vocative)
hazwōz (plural vocative)
hazwōs (plural vocative)
hazwą (accusative singular)
hazwanz (accusative plural)
hazwas (genitive singular)
hazwis (genitive singular)
hazwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hazwai (dative singular)
hazwamaz (dative plural)
hazwō (instrumental singular)
hazwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haʀu
Old Frisian: har, her
Saterland Frisian: Harrel
Old Saxon: *har (in harluf)
⇒ Middle Low German: harle, herle
Low German: harle
→ English: harl
→ Scots: harle, harl
Old High German: har; haro
Middle High German: har
German: Haar

Old Norse: hǫrr
Icelandic: hör
Faroese: hørur
Norwegian Nynorsk: horr; (dialectal) hørr
Old Swedish: hør
Swedish: hör
Danish: hør
Norwegian Bokmål: hør

Unknown, but could have been from Pre-Germanic *koswós or *korwós.


līną

līną (nominative singular)
līnō (nominative plural)
līną (singular vocative)
līnō (plural vocative)
līną (accusative singular)
līnō (accusative plural)
līnas (genitive singular)
līnis (genitive singular)
līnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līnai (dative singular)
līnamaz (dative plural)
līnō (instrumental singular)
līnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līn
Old English: līn
Middle English: lin, line
English: line
Scots: line, lyne
Old Frisian: līn
Saterland Frisian: Lien
West Frisian: lyn
Old Saxon: līn
Middle Low German: lîn
German Low German: Lien
Old Dutch: *līn
Middle Dutch: lijn
Dutch: lijn
Old High German: līn
Middle High German: līn
German: Lein
Vilamovian: łȧjn

Proto-Norse: ᛚᛁᚾᚨ (lina)
Old Norse: lín
Icelandic: lín
Faroese: lín
Norwegian: lin
Old Swedish: līn
Swedish: lin

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 (lein)

→ Proto-Finnic: *liina (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lijnē

Kildin Sami: лыййн (lyjjn)

Northern Sami: liidni

Southern Sami: lijnie

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *līno-.
Cognates include Latin līnum and all its derivatives.
Although Greek λίνον (línon), Latin linas, Russian лён (ljon) are sometimes listed as cognates, they actually derive from *lino- with a short /i/.
Considering also the existence of a Latin root with a short /i/ and a /t/ (linteum), reconstruction of a common PIE protoform is impossible, and no similarly sounding terms are attested outside of Europe.
If such roots were borrowed from one or several non-IE languages, locating the source is impossible because cultivation of linen was ubiquitous in the region since the Neolithic.


pīkaz

pīkaz (nominative singular)
pīkōz (nominative plural)
pīkōs (nominative plural)
pīk (singular vocative)
pīkōz (plural vocative)
pīkōs (plural vocative)
pīką (accusative singular)
pīkanz (accusative plural)
pīkas (genitive singular)
pīkis (genitive singular)
pīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pīkai (dative singular)
pīkamaz (dative plural)
pīkō (instrumental singular)
pīkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pīk
Old English: pīc
Middle English: pyke, pike, pyk (partially from Old French pike)
English: pike
Old Dutch: *pīk
>? Middle Dutch: pike m or f
Dutch: piek
Afrikaans: piek
Old High German: *pīk
German: Peik (dialectal)

Old Norse: pík

Norwegian: pik

Danish: pig

Old Swedish: pīker

Swedish: pik

Gothic: *𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*peiks)

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 (peikabagms, “palm tree”)

Similar to the verb *pikkōną (“to pick, peck”) (or a secondary form of it), probably ultimately of imitative origin. Compare Vulgar Latin *picco (“I sting, strike”), which could be a borrowing or parallel formation.

onomatopoeic

imitative


sauþaz

sauþaz (nominative singular)
sauþōz (nominative plural)
sauþōs (nominative plural)
sauþ (singular vocative)
sauþōz (plural vocative)
sauþōs (plural vocative)
sauþą (accusative singular)
sauþanz (accusative plural)
sauþas (genitive singular)
sauþis (genitive singular)
sauþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sauþai (dative singular)
sauþamaz (dative plural)
sauþō (instrumental singular)
sauþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sauþ

desctree

Old English: sēaþ
Middle English: seath, sæth, seth
English: seath, seth

Old Frisian: sāth

Saterland Frisian: Sood

West Frisian: saad

Old Saxon: *sōth

Middle Low German: sôt

German Low German: Sood

Old High German: *soud, *sōd

Middle High German: sōt

Alemannic German: Sood

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᚢᛞᛉ (*saudʀ /*sauðʀ/)

Old Norse: sauðr, seyðr (< *sauþiz)
Icelandic: sauður
Faroese: seyður
Norwegian Nynorsk: sau, saud; (dialectal) saud’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sau
Jamtish: souð
Elfdalian: suð
Old Swedish: sø̄þer
Swedish: söd, sö (dialectal)
Old Gutnish: sauþr, soyþr
→ Greenlandic: sava

→ Proto-Samic: *sāvcë (see there for further descendants)

Old Gutnish: sauþr, soyþr

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (sauþs) (< *sauþiz)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hauta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sewt- (“to roil”).


alamahtīgaz

*alamahtīgaz (a-stem)

alamahtīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
alamahtīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
alamahtīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
alamahtīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
alamahtīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
alamahtīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
alamahtīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
alamahtīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
alamahtīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
alamahtīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
alamahtīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
alamahtīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
alamahtīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
alamahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
alamahtīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
alamahtīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
alamahtīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
alamahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
alamahtīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
alamahtīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
alamahtīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
alamahtīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
alamahtīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
alamahtīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
alamahtīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
alamahtīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
alamahtīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
alamahtīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
alamahtīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
alamahtīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
alamahtīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
alamahtīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
alamahtīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
alamahtīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
alamahtīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
alamahtīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
alamahtīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
alamahtīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
alamahtīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
alamahtīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
alamahtīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
alamahtīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
alamahtīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
alamahtīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
alamahtīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
alamahtīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
alamahtīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
alamahtīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
alamahtīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
alamahtīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
alamahtīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
alamahtīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
alamahtīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
alamahtīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
alamahtīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
alamahtīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
alamahtīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
alamahtīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
alamahtīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
alamahtīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *alamahtīg

desc

Old English: ælmeahtiġ, ælmehtiġ, ælmihteġ, ælmihtiġ, ealmihtiġ

desctree

Middle English: almyghty, almihti, almihtiȝ
English: almighty
Scots: awmichtie

desc

Old Frisian: ellemachtich, ellemechtich, elmachtich, elmechtich

Saterland Frisian: almachtich

West Frisian: almachtich

desctree

Old Saxon: alomahtig
Middle Low German: alemachtich
German Low German: allmachtig
Plautdietsch: aulmajchtich
→ Danish: almægtig
→ Norwegian: allmektig
→ Old Swedish: alzmæktogher
Swedish: allsmäktig

Old Dutch: *alamahtīg, alamehtig

Middle Dutch: almachtig, almechtich

Dutch: almachtig

Afrikaans: almagtig

Old High German: alamahtīg

Middle High German: almachtich

Cimbrian: almachtig

German: allmächtig

Luxembourgish: allmächteg

Old Norse: almáttigr

Icelandic: almáttugur

Faroese: almáttugur

From *ala- + *mahtīgaz, perhaps a calque of Latin omnipotēns.


aimuzjǭ

aimuzjǭ (nominative singular)
aimuzjōniz (nominative plural)
aimuzjǭ (singular vocative)
aimuzjōniz (plural vocative)
aimuzjōnų (accusative singular)
aimuzjōnunz (accusative plural)
aimuzjōniz (genitive singular)
aimuzjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aimuzjōni (dative singular)
aimuzjōmaz (dative plural)
aimuzjōnē (instrumental singular)
aimuzjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aimuʀjā
Old English: ǣmyrġe
Middle English: eymere
Scots: emmer, amer, aumer
English: ember
Old Saxon: *ēmuria
Middle Low German: ēmere
→? Danish: emmer
Old High German: eimuria
Middle High German: eimere, eimer
German: Eimer, Ammer (dialectal)

Old Norse: eimyrja
Icelandic: eimyrja
Faroese: eimyrja
Norwegian Nynorsk: eimyrja, eimyrje
Swedish: mörja


awjōlandą

awjōlandą (nominative singular)
awjōlandō (nominative plural)
awjōlandą (singular vocative)
awjōlandō (plural vocative)
awjōlandą (accusative singular)
awjōlandō (accusative plural)
awjōlandas (genitive singular)
awjōlandis (genitive singular)
awjōlandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awjōlandai (dative singular)
awjōlandamaz (dative plural)
awjōlandō (instrumental singular)
awjōlandamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *auwjuland

Old English: ēaland, īeġland, īġland

Middle English: ylond, yland, iland

Scots: iland, yland

q

spelling altered after unrelated <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">isle</i>

English: iland, island (spelling altered after unrelated isle)

Old Frisian: alond, āland, eiland

desc

North Frisian: eilun, Ailun, Eelun, ailönj

Saterland Frisian: Ailound, Oailound

West Frisian: eilân

→ Old Saxon: eiland, eilant

Middle Low German: eilant, eiglant, eylant

Low German: Eiland

→ Middle High German: eilant, einlant

German: Eiland

→ Old Dutch: eilant

Middle Dutch: eilant

desctree

Dutch: eiland
Afrikaans: eiland
Negerhollands: eiland, eyland
→ Sranan Tongo: eilanti

Old Norse: eyland

Icelandic: eyland

Danish: øland

Swedish: Öland


andijalausaz

*andijalausaz (a-stem)

andijalausaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
andijalausai (masculine nominative plural strong)
andijalausō (feminine nominative singular strong)
andijalausôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
andijalausą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
andijalausō (neuter nominative plural strong)
andijalausanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
andijalausanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
andijalausǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
andijalausōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
andijalausą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
andijalausō (accusative neuter plural strong)
andijalausas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
andijalausaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
andijalausaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
andijalausaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
andijalausas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
andijalausaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
andijalausammai (dative masculine singular strong)
andijalausaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
andijalausaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
andijalausaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
andijalausammai (dative neuter singular strong)
andijalausaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
andijalausanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
andijalausaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
andijalausaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
andijalausaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
andijalausanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
andijalausaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
andijalausô (masculine nominative singular weak)
andijalausaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
andijalausǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
andijalausōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
andijalausô (neuter nominative singular weak)
andijalausōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
andijalausanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
andijalausanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
andijalausōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
andijalausōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
andijalausô (accusative neuter singular weak)
andijalausōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
andijalausiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
andijalausanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
andijalausōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
andijalausōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
andijalausiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
andijalausanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
andijalausini (dative masculine singular weak)
andijalausammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
andijalausōni (dative feminine singular weak)
andijalausōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
andijalausini (dative neuter singular weak)
andijalausammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
andijalausinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
andijalausammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
andijalausōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
andijalausōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
andijalausinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
andijalausammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *andijalaus
Old English: endelēas
Middle English: endeles
Scots: endles, endless
English: endless
Old Frisian: *endelās
Saterland Frisian: eendloos
West Frisian: einleas
Old Saxon: endilōs
Middle Low German: endelôs, ēndelôs
German Low German: endlos
Old Dutch: *endilōs
Middle Dutch: endelôos
Dutch: eindeloos
Afrikaans: eindeloos
Old High German: endilōs
Middle High German: endelos
German: endlos

Old Norse: endalauss

Icelandic: endalaus

Faroese: endaleysur

Norwegian: endeløs

Old Swedish: ændalø̄s

Swedish: ändlös

Danish: endeløs

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (andilaus)


frīdaz

*frīdaz (a-stem)

frīdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frīdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frīdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frīdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frīdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frīdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frīdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frīdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frīdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frīdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frīdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frīdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frīdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frīdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frīdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frīdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frīdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frīdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frīdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frīdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frīdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frīdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frīdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frīdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frīdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frīdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frīdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frīdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frīdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frīdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frīdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frīdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frīdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frīdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frīdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frīdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frīdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frīdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frīdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frīdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frīdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frīdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frīdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frīdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frīdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frīdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frīdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frīdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frīdini (dative masculine singular weak)
frīdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frīdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frīdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frīdini (dative neuter singular weak)
frīdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frīdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frīdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frīdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frīdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frīdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frīdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: frīþ, *frīd, frīdhengest

Old Norse: fríðr

Icelandic: fríður

Faroese: fríður

Norwegian Nynorsk: frid

Old Swedish: frīþer

Swedish: frid

From Pre-Germanic *priHtós, a to-stem adjective to Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“to love”). Cognate with Sanskrit प्रीत (prīta, “pleased, delighted; beloved”).


Stainawarjaz

Stainawarjaz (nominative singular)
Stainawarją (accusative singular)
Stainawarjai (dative singular)
Stainawarjō (instrumental singular)

Old High German: Steinheri

German: Steiner

desc

ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ

Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawārijaʀ)

Old Norse: Steinarr

Icelandic: Steinar, Steinarr

Faroese: Steinar

Norwegian: Steinar

Danish: Stener

Swedish: Stenar

From *stainaz (“stone”) + *warjaz (“inhabitant”).


midjagardaz

midjagardaz (nominative singular)
midjagardōz (nominative plural)
midjagardōs (nominative plural)
midjagard (singular vocative)
midjagardōz (plural vocative)
midjagardōs (plural vocative)
midjagardą (accusative singular)
midjagardanz (accusative plural)
midjagardas (genitive singular)
midjagardis (genitive singular)
midjagardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjagardai (dative singular)
midjagardamaz (dative plural)
midjagardō (instrumental singular)
midjagardamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

⇒ Old English: middanġeard, middaneard, myddanġeard
Middle English: middenerd, middæneard, middeneard, middenerde, middenard
Middle English: myddyl erthe, middel-erde (in part)
English: Middle Earth

⇒ Old Saxon: middilgard

desc

⇒ Old High German: mittilgart, mittigart, mittilagart, mittangart, mittingart, mittingard, mittilicart

desctree

Old Norse: Miðgarðr
Icelandic: Miðgarður
Faroese: Miðgarður
Norwegian Nynorsk: Midgard
Norwegian Bokmål: Midgard
Swedish: Midgård
Danish: Midgård
Norwegian Bokmål: Midgård
→ English: Midgard

⇒ Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌿𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (midjungards)

From *midjaz (“middle”) + *gardaz (“yard, enclosure”).


hrēką

hrēką (nominative singular)
hrēkō (nominative plural)
hrēką (singular vocative)
hrēkō (plural vocative)
hrēką (accusative singular)
hrēkō (accusative plural)
hrēkas (genitive singular)
hrēkis (genitive singular)
hrēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrēkai (dative singular)
hrēkamaz (dative plural)
hrēkō (instrumental singular)
hrēkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrāk

desc

Old English: hrāca, hrǣċa (“retching, spittle”)

Old Norse: hráki

Icelandic: hráki

Faroese: ráki

Old Swedish: rāke

→ Proto-Finnic: *räkä (see there for further descendants)


rugiz

rugiz (nominative singular)
rugīz (nominative plural)
rugi (singular vocative)
rugīz (plural vocative)
rugį (accusative singular)
ruginz (accusative plural)
rugīz (genitive singular)
rugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rugī (dative singular)
rugimaz (dative plural)
rugī (instrumental singular)
rugimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rugi
Old English: ryġe, ryġi — early
Middle English: rye, rie, reye, reyghe, reyhe, ruye
English: rye
Scots: ry
Yola: ree
→? Old Welsh: ryc
Welsh: rhyg

Old Norse: rugr
Icelandic: rúgur
Faroese: rugur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rug
Old Swedish: rogher
Swedish: råg; rôg (dialectal)
Old Danish: rugh
Danish: rug
Norwegian Bokmål: rug
Elfdalian: rug
Scanian: ruğ
Gutnish: ryg

→ Proto-Finnic: *rugis (see there for further descendants)


slīmą

slīmą (nominative singular)
slīmō (nominative plural)
slīmą (singular vocative)
slīmō (plural vocative)
slīmą (accusative singular)
slīmō (accusative plural)
slīmas (genitive singular)
slīmis (genitive singular)
slīmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slīmai (dative singular)
slīmamaz (dative plural)
slīmō (instrumental singular)
slīmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: slīm

desc

Middle English: slim, slym, slyme, slime

Scots: slyme, slime

English: slime

Old Frisian: *slīm

Saterland Frisian: Sliem

West Frisian: slym; slime

Old Saxon: slīm

Middle Low German: slîm

German Low German: Sliem

Plautdietsch: Schliem

Old Dutch: *slīm

Middle Dutch: slijm

Dutch: slijm

Afrikaans: slym

Old High German: slīm

Middle High German: slīm

German: Schleim

Luxembourgish: Schläim

Old Norse: slím

Icelandic: slím

Faroese: slím

Norwegian: slim

Old Swedish: slīm n, slēmber m (from *slaimaz?)

Swedish: slem

Danish: slim

Gutnish: sleim, slém

→ Proto-Finnic: *lima (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”). Related to Sanskrit आलय (ālaya), whence the second part of Himalaya.


spituz

spituz (nominative singular)
spitiwiz (nominative plural)
spitu (singular vocative)
spitiwiz (plural vocative)
spitų (accusative singular)
spitunz (accusative plural)
spitauz (genitive singular)
spitiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spitiwi (dative singular)
spitumaz (dative plural)
spitū (instrumental singular)
spitumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spitu f

Middle English: spite, spytte

English: spit

Old Saxon: *spit

Middle Low German: spit n

German Low German: Spitt

→ Norwegian: spidd (possibly)

→ Swedish: spett (possibly)

→ Danish: spid (possibly)

Frankish: *spita; *spit

Old Dutch: *spit

Middle Dutch: spit, spet

Dutch: spit

→ Old French: espeiz

Middle French: espois

French: épois

→ Late Latin: spidus

Old Italian: spito, spedo

Spanish: espeto

Portuguese: espeto

Old High German: spiz n or m

Middle High German: spiz

Old Norse: spýta

Icelandic: spýta

Faroese: spýta

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp, sharp stick”).


pannǭ

pannǭ (nominative singular)
pannōniz (nominative plural)
pannǭ (singular vocative)
pannōniz (plural vocative)
pannōnų (accusative singular)
pannōnunz (accusative plural)
pannōniz (genitive singular)
pannōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pannōni (dative singular)
pannōmaz (dative plural)
pannōnē (instrumental singular)
pannōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *pannā
Old English: panne
Middle English: panne, ponne, pane, pan
English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン
Scots: pan
Old Frisian: panne
Saterland Frisian: Ponne
West Frisian: pân
Old Saxon: panna
Middle Low German: panne
German Low German: Panne, Pann
Plautdietsch: Paun
Old Dutch: *panna
Middle Dutch: panne
Dutch: pan
Afrikaans: pan
Jersey Dutch: pān
Negerhollands: pan
→ Caribbean Javanese: pan
→ Indonesian: panci (from the diminutive)
→ Javanese: ꦥꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (panci), ꦮꦚ꧀ꦕꦶ (wanci) (from the diminutive)
→ Munsee: pán
→ Papiamentu: panchi, pannetsji, pannetsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: pan
→ Saramaccan: pánu
Limburgish: pan
Old High German: phanna, pfanna
Middle High German: pfanne
Alemannic German: Pfane
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: fanna, fånn (Luserna)
Mòcheno: pfònn
German: Pfanne
Yiddish: פֿאַן (fan)

Old Norse: panna

Icelandic: panna

Faroese: panna

Norn: pannja

Norwegian: panna, panne

Old Swedish: panna

Swedish: panna

Danish: pande

Elfdalian: panna

Gutnish: panne

Borrowed from Late Latin panna, from Latin patina (“bowl, platter”).


justijaną

justijō (active first-person indicative singular)
justijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
justijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
justīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
justijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
justī (active imperative second-person singular)
justijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
justijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
justīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
justijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
justijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
justijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
justijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
justijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
justijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
justijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
justijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
justijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
justijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
justijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
justijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
justijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
justīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
justijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
justīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
justijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
justijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
justijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
justijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
justijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
justijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
justijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
justidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
justidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
justidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
justidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
justidē (active indicative singular third-person)
justidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
justidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
justidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
justidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
justidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
justidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
justidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
justidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
justidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
justidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
justidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
justijandz (active participle present)
justidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: ysta

Faroese: ysta

Icelandic: ysta

Norwegian: yste

Swedish: ysta

→ Scots: ost

(North Germanic) to curdle; to make cheese


wīgą

wīgą (nominative singular)
wīgō (nominative plural)
wīgą (singular vocative)
wīgō (plural vocative)
wīgą (accusative singular)
wīgō (accusative plural)
wīgas (genitive singular)
wīgis (genitive singular)
wīgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīgai (dative singular)
wīgamaz (dative plural)
wīgō (instrumental singular)
wīgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīg m
Old English: wīġ
Middle English: wiȝe, wi
Old Frisian: wīg, wīch
North Frisian: wigh, wych
Old Saxon: wīg
Middle Low German: wīch
Old Dutch: wīg
Middle Dutch: wijch
Dutch: wijg (obsolete)
Old High German: wīg
→ Middle Low German: wīc

Old Norse: víg

Icelandic: víg

Faroese: víggj, víg

Old Swedish: vīgh

desc

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (wigan), *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (*weigs), *𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 (*wigs) (in proper nouns)


fergunją

fergunją (nominative singular)
fergunjō (nominative plural)
fergunją (singular vocative)
fergunjō (plural vocative)
fergunją (accusative singular)
fergunjō (accusative plural)
fergunjas (genitive singular)
fergunis (genitive singular)
fergunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fergunjai (dative singular)
fergunjamaz (dative plural)
fergunjō (instrumental singular)
fergunjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fergunī

Old English: fiergen, firgen, fyrgen, firing, firgin

desctree

⇒ Old English: fiergengāt, firgengāt, fyrgengāt
Middle English: firegat

desc

Old High German: Firgunnea, Fergunna, Virgunnia, Virgundia

Old Norse: fjǫrgyn f

Icelandic: fjörgyn f

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 (fairguni)

From Proto-Indo-European *pérwn̥-yo-m, from *pérwr̥ (“rock, mountain”), or from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“oak tree”). The former possibility would have an unexplained irregular development of w > g in Germanic, while the latter matches in form but poses difficulties in the meaning.
The existence in Old Norse of a masculine noun Fjǫrgyn (“Frigg's father”) (ostensibly from Proto-Germanic *fergunjaz (“masculine divine personification of mountainland”)) alongside the feminine noun Fjǫrgyn (“Thor's mother; earth, land, mountain”) (from Proto-Germanic *fergunjō (“feminine divine personification of mountainland”)) and the neuter, whose original meaning in Proto-Germanic can be reconstructed as “(forested) mountain(land)”, suggests that the underlying term was a Proto-Germanic adjective *fergunjaz, probably cognate with Proto-Celtic *Φerkunyos (“Hercynian Forest”) (presumably originally an appellative meaning “forested (mountain)land”), also apparently originally an adjective (compare the Gallo-Latin adjective found in Hercynia silva alongside Hercynius saltus), which in both cases can be reconstructed as meaning “forested”. The suggested derivation from Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- fits this well and suggests an original meaning “covered in oaks” for Proto-Indo-European *perk(ʷ)unyos, rather than a noun meaning “forest”.