uzlagą

uzlagą (nominative singular)
uzlagō (nominative plural)
uzlagą (singular vocative)
uzlagō (plural vocative)
uzlagą (accusative singular)
uzlagō (accusative plural)
uzlagas (genitive singular)
uzlagis (genitive singular)
uzlagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzlagai (dative singular)
uzlagamaz (dative plural)
uzlagō (instrumental singular)
uzlagamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀlag, *oʀlag

Old English: orlæġ, orleġ; orleġe

→ English: orlay

Old Frisian: orloch

North Frisian: oarloge

West Frisian: oarloch

Old Saxon: urlagi, *orlag; *orlagi, *orleg

desc

Middle Low German: orloge, orlage, orlege

Low German: Orlog

Old Dutch: *orlog

Middle Dutch: orloge, oorlog

Dutch: oorlog

Afrikaans: oorlog

Old High German: urlag, urlac

⇒ Old High German: urlaga

Middle High German: urlage

desctree

Old Norse: ørlǫg
Icelandic: örlög; örlygi
>? Norwegian: orlog
Swedish: örlig
>? Danish: orlog

From *uz- (“out”) + *lagą (“situation, law”).


frawjǭ

frawjǭ (nominative singular)
frawjōniz (nominative plural)
frawjǭ (singular vocative)
frawjōniz (plural vocative)
frawjōnų (accusative singular)
frawjōnunz (accusative plural)
frawjōniz (genitive singular)
frawjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frawjōni (dative singular)
frawjōmaz (dative plural)
frawjōnē (instrumental singular)
frawjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frauwjā
Old English: frōwe
>? Old English: frēo
Old Frisian: frowe, frouwe
West Frisian: frou
Old Saxon: frūa
Middle Low German: vrûwe, vrouwe
German Low German: Froo
Plautdietsch: Fru, Frü
→ Finnish: rouva
→ Old Norse: frú, frúa, frúva
Icelandic: frú
Faroese: frúgv, frú
Norwegian: fru, frue
Swedish: fru, fruga
Danish: frue, fru
Old Dutch: frouwa
Middle Dutch: vrouwe
Dutch: vrouwe (“lady”), vrouw (“woman”)
Afrikaans: vrou
→ English: vrou
Negerhollands: vro, vrou, frou, fru, vrow
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fru (dated)
→ Aukan: folow
→ English: vrouw
→ Sranan Tongo: frow
→ Indonesian: perawan (“virgin”)
Limburgish: vrów
West Flemish: vrouwe
Zealandic: vrouwe
→ English: frow
Old High German: frouwa
Middle High German: vrouwe, vrowe
Alemannic German: Frau
Alsatian: Fràui, Fràù, Frài, Froi, Fròi, Fraù, Frœy, Fráw, Frá
Walser: frou
Bavarian: Frau
Cimbrian: brau
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Fraa
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Froo
German: Frau, Fr. (abbreviation), Fraue (archaic), Fraw, Frawe (obsolete)
Unserdeutsch: Frau
→ English: frau
→ Russian: фра́у (fráu)
Luxembourgish: Fra
Rhine Franconian: Fra
Pennsylvania German: Fraa
Palatine German: Fraa
Vilamovian: fraoj
Yiddish: פֿרוי (froy)

Old Norse: freyja
Icelandic: freyja
Old Swedish: -prea

/ˈɸrɑw.jɔ̃ː/

A feminine form of *frawjô (“lord”), from Proto-Indo-European *proHwo-, a derivation from *per- (“to go forward”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Proto-Slavic *pravъ (whence Old Church Slavonic правъ (pravŭ), Russian пра́вый (právyj, “right”)).

lady, wife of a lord (woman of high standing)


kulą

kulą (nominative singular)
kulō (nominative plural)
kulą (singular vocative)
kulō (plural vocative)
kulą (accusative singular)
kulō (accusative plural)
kulas (genitive singular)
kulis (genitive singular)
kulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kulai (dative singular)
kulamaz (dative plural)
kulō (instrumental singular)
kulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kol
Old English: col
Middle English: col, cole
English: coal
Scots: col, coll
Old Frisian: kole
Saterland Frisian: Cole, Koole
West Frisian: koal
Old Saxon: *kol
Middle Low German: kole
German Low German: Kahl, Kaal
Plautdietsch: Kol
Old Dutch: *kol
Middle Dutch: kole
Dutch: kool
Afrikaans: kool
Jersey Dutch: kôl
Negerhollands: kool
→ Caribbean Hindustani: koro
→ Chinese: 高麗／高丽, 高麗菜／高丽菜 (via Min Nan)
→ Indonesian: kol
→ Mahican: gónan
→ Papiamentu: kolo
→ Sranan Tongo: kolo
Limburgish: koeal
Old High German: kol
Middle High German: kol
Cimbrian: kholl
German: Kohle
Luxembourgish: Kuel
Yiddish: קויל (koyl)

Old Norse: kol, kul
Icelandic: kol
Faroese: kol
Norwegian Nynorsk: kol
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kol
Jamtish: kuł
Old Swedish: kol, kul
Swedish: kol
Danish: kul
Norwegian Bokmål: kull

From Pre-Germanic *ǵulHom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵwl̥H-o-m, from *ǵwelH- (“to burn, shine”). Related to Old Irish gúal (“charcoal, coal”), Sanskrit ज्वलति (jválati, “to burn”), Lithuanian žvìlti (“to shine”).


hōraz

hōraz (nominative singular)
hōrōz (nominative plural)
hōrōs (nominative plural)
hōr (singular vocative)
hōrōz (plural vocative)
hōrōs (plural vocative)
hōrą (accusative singular)
hōranz (accusative plural)
hōras (genitive singular)
hōris (genitive singular)
hōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōrai (dative singular)
hōramaz (dative plural)
hōrō (instrumental singular)
hōramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hórr

Icelandic: hór

Gothic: 𐌷𐍉𐍂𐍃 (hōrs)

→ Albanian: horr, horrë

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ros (“loved”), from *keh₂-. Cognate with Latin cārus, Latvian kārs.


hōrą

hōrą (nominative singular)
hōrō (nominative plural)
hōrą (singular vocative)
hōrō (plural vocative)
hōrą (accusative singular)
hōrō (accusative plural)
hōras (genitive singular)
hōris (genitive singular)
hōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōrai (dative singular)
hōramaz (dative plural)
hōrō (instrumental singular)
hōramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōr

Old Frisian: hōr

Old Saxon: *hōr

Middle Low German: hôre

Old Dutch: *hōr, *huor

Middle Dutch: hoer

Old High German: huor

Middle High German: huor

German: Hur

Old Norse: hór

Icelandic: hór

Faroese: hor

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: hor

Norwegian Nynorsk: hor

Old Swedish: hōr

Swedish: hor

Danish: hor

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐍉𐍂𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 (hōrinōn)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂ros (“loved”), from *keh₂-. Cognate with Latin cārus, Latvian kārs.


hōrǭ

hōrǭ (nominative singular)
hōrōniz (nominative plural)
hōrǭ (singular vocative)
hōrōniz (plural vocative)
hōrōnų (accusative singular)
hōrōnunz (accusative plural)
hōrōniz (genitive singular)
hōrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōrōni (dative singular)
hōrōmaz (dative plural)
hōrōnē (instrumental singular)
hōrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōre
Middle English: hore, hoor, hoore, hor, houre, hure
English: whore
Scots: hure, hoor
→ Welsh: hŵr

Old Frisian: *hōre

West Frisian: huorre, hoer

Old Saxon: *hōra

Middle Low German: hôre

German Low German: Hoor

Old Dutch: *huora (gehuorda)

Middle Dutch: hoere
Dutch: hoer
Afrikaans: hoer
Negerhollands: hoer, hoerer, hurer, hu, huer
→ Virgin Islands Creole: huur (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: huru
Limburgish: hoor

Old High German: huora

Middle High German: huore

Cimbrian: hurra

German: Hure
→ Lower Sorbian: hura

Luxembourgish: Houer

Pennsylvania German: Hur

Yiddish: הור (hur)

Old Norse: hóra
Icelandic: hóra
Faroese: hora
Norwegian Bokmål: hore
Norwegian Nynorsk: hora
Old Swedish: hōra
Swedish: hora
Danish: hore
Elfdalian: uora
→ Estonian: hoor
→ Finnish: hoora, huora

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ros (“loved”), from *keh₂-.


brahtaz

brahtaz (nominative singular)
brahtōz (nominative plural)
brahtōs (nominative plural)
braht (singular vocative)
brahtōz (plural vocative)
brahtōs (plural vocative)
brahtą (accusative singular)
brahtanz (accusative plural)
brahtas (genitive singular)
brahtis (genitive singular)
brahtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brahtai (dative singular)
brahtamaz (dative plural)
brahtō (instrumental singular)
brahtamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: braht

Middle Low German: bracht, brecht

Old High German: braht, praht

Middle High German: braht, praht

German: Pracht

Luxembourgish: Pruecht

Vilamovian: praocht

→ Dutch: pracht

→ Danish: pragt

From *brekaną (“to break”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break, crack”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to rend, tear, cut, split”).


drahtuz

drahtuz (nominative singular)
drahtiwiz (nominative plural)
drahtu (singular vocative)
drahtiwiz (plural vocative)
drahtų (accusative singular)
drahtunz (accusative plural)
drahtauz (genitive singular)
drahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drahtiwi (dative singular)
drahtumaz (dative plural)
drahtū (instrumental singular)
drahtumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dræht, *dreaht

Middle English: draȝt, draght, draught

English: draught, draft

Scots: draucht

Old Saxon: *draht, *drehti

Middle Low German: dracht

Low German: Dracht

→ Swedish: drakt, dräkt (merged with inherited word)

→ Danish: dragt

→ Icelandic: dragt

→ Faroese: drakt

Old Dutch: *draht

Middle Dutch: dracht, drecht

Dutch: dracht

Old High German: *traht, (Central German) *draht

Middle High German: traht; draht

German: Tracht

Luxembourgish: Druecht, (younger) Truecht

Old Norse: dráttr

Icelandic: dráttur

Faroese: dráttur

Old Swedish: dræt; drækt, drægt (analogical form, cf. Swedish täkt (“taking”) and taga (“to take”))

Swedish: drätt; dräkt (merged with Middle Low German loan)

Old Danish: dræt

Danish: dræt; drægt (analogical or perhaps influenced by Middle Low German)


haldaną

haldō (active first-person indicative singular)
haldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haldizi (active indicative second-person singular)
haldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hald (active imperative second-person singular)
haldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haldidi (active indicative singular third-person)
haldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
haldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
haldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haldid (active indicative plural second-person)
haldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haldid (active imperative plural second-person)
haldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
haldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
haldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehald (active first-person indicative singular)
hehaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehalst (active indicative second-person singular)
hehaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehald (active indicative singular third-person)
hehaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haldandz (active participle present)
haldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haldan
Old English: healdan, haldan — Anglian
Middle English: holden, halden, halde, halt
English: hold
Geordie English: ha'd
Scots: hald, hauld, haud, had
Yola: houle
Old Frisian: halda
Saterland Frisian: hoolde
West Frisian: hâlde
Old Saxon: haldan
Middle Low German: halden, hōlden
Low German: hallen (Paderbornisch); holen, holden, hollen, hooln
Plautdietsch: hoolen
Old Dutch: haldan
Middle Dutch: houden, halden, holden
Dutch: houden
Afrikaans: hou
Berbice Creole Dutch: hau
Negerhollands: hou, how
Skepi Creole Dutch: how, ow
→ Antillean Creole: béc aou (Martinique)
Limburgish: haaje
Old High German: haltan
Middle High German: halten
Bavarian: hoiten
Cimbrian: haltan, haltn (Luserna)
German: halten
Luxembourgish: halen
Yiddish: האַלטן (haltn)

Old Norse: halda
Icelandic: halda
Faroese: halda
Norn: halda
Norwegian Nynorsk: halda
Old Swedish: halda, holda, halla
Swedish: hålla, hall (dialectal)
Danish: holde
Norwegian Bokmål: holde
Old Gutnish: halda
Gutnish: halde, alde, hald', halda

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (haldan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *haldit'ak (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”).


stautaną

stautō (active first-person indicative singular)
stautaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stautai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stautizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stautaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staut (active imperative second-person singular)
stautazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stautaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stautidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stautai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stautadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stautadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stautaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stautōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stautaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stautadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stautaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stautadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stautamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stautaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stautandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stautaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stautid (active indicative plural second-person)
stautaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stautid (active imperative plural second-person)
stautandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stautaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stautandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stautain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stautandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stautandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stautaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stestaut (active first-person indicative singular)
stestautį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stestaust (active indicative second-person singular)
stestautīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stestaut (active indicative singular third-person)
stestautī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stestautū (active dual first-person indicative)
stestautīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stestautudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stestautīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stestautum (active first-person indicative plural)
stestautīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stestautud (active indicative plural second-person)
stestautīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stestautun (active indicative plural third-person)
stestautīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stautandz (active participle present)
stautanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stautan
Old English: *stēatan
Middle English: steten
Old Frisian: stēta
North Frisian: stiete
Saterland Frisian: stete, steete
West Frisian: stjitte
Old Saxon: stōtan
Middle Low German: stôten
German Low German: stöten
Old Dutch: stōtan
Middle Dutch: stôten
Dutch: stoten
Afrikaans: stoot
Limburgish: stoeate
Old High German: stōzan
Middle High German: stōzen
German: stoßen
Hunsrik: stose
Luxembourgish: stoussen
Polish: stosować

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan)

From Pre-Germanic *stówd-e-ti, an o-grade intensive formation from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd-.


grabaną

grabō (active first-person indicative singular)
grabaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grabai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grabizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grabaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grab (active imperative second-person singular)
grabazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grabaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grabidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grabai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grabadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grabadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grabaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grabōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grabaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grabadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grabaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grabadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grabamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grabaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grabandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grabaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grabid (active indicative plural second-person)
grabaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grabid (active imperative plural second-person)
grabandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grabaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grabandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grabain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grabandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grabandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grabaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grōb (active first-person indicative singular)
grōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grōft (active indicative second-person singular)
grōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grōb (active indicative singular third-person)
grōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
grōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
grōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
grōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
grōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grabandz (active participle present)
grabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *graban
Old English: grafan
Middle English: graven, grafe, grave, gravyn
English: grave (obsolete)
⇒ English: engrave
Scots: grave
Old Frisian: greva
Saterland Frisian: greeuwe
Old Saxon: gravan
Middle Low German: graven, grāven
German Low German: graven
→ West Frisian: grave
Old Dutch: gravan
Middle Dutch: grāven
Dutch: graven
Afrikaans: graaf
Jersey Dutch: xrâve
Negerhollands: graav, graev
Limburgish: grave
Old High German: graban
Middle High German: graben
German: graben
Luxembourgish: gruewen
Yiddish: גראָבן (grobn)
→ Vulgar Latin: *grabō (“to engrave”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: grafa
Icelandic: grafa
Faroese: grava
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: grave
Norwegian Nynorsk: grave, grava
Elfdalian: gråvå
Old Swedish: grava, græva
Swedish: grava, gräva; grafva, gräfva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: grave

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (graban)

/ˈɣrɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰróbʰ-, o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to dig, scratch, bury”).


blēsaną

blēsō (active first-person indicative singular)
blēsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blēsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blēsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blēsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blēs (active imperative second-person singular)
blēsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blēsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blēsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blēsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blēsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blēsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blēsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blēsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blēsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blēsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blēsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blēsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blēsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blēsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blēsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blēsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blēsid (active indicative plural second-person)
blēsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blēsid (active imperative plural second-person)
blēsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blēsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blēsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blēsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blēsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blēsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblēs (active first-person indicative singular)
beblēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblēst (active indicative second-person singular)
beblēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblēs (active indicative singular third-person)
beblēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēsandz (active participle present)
blēzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blāsan
Old English: *blāsan, *blǣsan
Middle English: blasen
English: blaze (“to blow, trumpet”)
Scots: blase, blaze
Old Frisian: *blāsa, *blēsa
Saterland Frisian: bloasje, bleesje, bloazje, bläizje
West Frisian: blieze
Old Saxon: *blāsan
Middle Low German: blâsen
Low German: blasen
Plautdietsch: blosen
→ West Frisian: blaze
Old Dutch: *blāsan
Middle Dutch: blâsen
Dutch: blazen
Afrikaans: blaas
→ French: blaser
⇒ French: blasé
→ English: blasé
→ German: blasiert
Old High German: blāsan
Middle High German: blāsen
Bavarian: blåsn
German: blasen
Luxembourgish: blosen
Yiddish: בלאָזן (blozn)

Old Norse: blása

Icelandic: blása

Faroese: blása

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: blåse

Norwegian Nynorsk: blåsa, blåse

Old Swedish: blāsa

Swedish: blåsa

Old Danish: blǣsæ

Danish: blæse

Elfdalian: blåsa

Gutnish: blase

Scanian: blæsa

Gothic: *𐌱𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*blēsan) (in 𐌿𐍆𐌱𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽 (ufblēsan))

From Pre-Germanic *bʰleh₁s-, sigmatic aorist to *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”).


waskaną

waskō (active first-person indicative singular)
waskaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waskai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waskizi (active indicative second-person singular)
waskaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wask (active imperative second-person singular)
waskazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waskaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waskidi (active indicative singular third-person)
waskai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waskadau (active imperative singular third-person)
waskadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waskaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waskōz (active dual first-person indicative)
waskaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waskadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waskaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waskadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waskamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waskaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waskandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waskaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waskid (active indicative plural second-person)
waskaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waskid (active imperative plural second-person)
waskandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waskaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waskandi (active indicative plural third-person)
waskain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waskandau (active imperative plural third-person)
waskandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waskaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewask (active first-person indicative singular)
wewaskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewast (active indicative second-person singular)
wewaskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewask (active indicative singular third-person)
wewaskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewaskū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewaskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewaskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewaskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewaskum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewaskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewaskud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewaskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewaskun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewaskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waskandz (active participle present)
waskanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waskan
Old English: wascan, wæscan, wacsan, waxan
Middle English: wasshen, wasch, wasche, waschen, waschsche, washe, washen, wasse, wasschen, wasshe, weschen, waischen, waissche, waisshen, wayschen, whasche, whaschen
English: wash
→ Swazi: washa
Scots: wash, wesh
Old Frisian: waska
Saterland Frisian: waaske
West Frisian: waskje
Old Saxon: waskan
Middle Low German: waschen
Low German: waschen, wasken
Old Dutch: wascan
Middle Dutch: wasschen
Dutch: wassen
Limburgish: wasje, wesje
Old High German: wascan, waskan
Middle High German: waschen
Alemannic German: wäsche
Cimbrian: bèssan
German: waschen
Luxembourgish: wäschen
Yiddish: וואַשן (vashn)
→ Old French: waschier, guaschier, gascher
Middle French: gascher
French: gâcher
→ Italian: guazzare

Old Norse: vaska

Danish: vaske

Norwegian Bokmål: vaske

Faroese: vaska

Icelandic: vaska

Swedish: vaska

Norwegian Nynorsk: vaska

Russenorsk: vaskom

From earlier *watskaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“wet, water”).


puttaz

puttaz (nominative singular)
puttōz (nominative plural)
puttōs (nominative plural)
putt (singular vocative)
puttōz (plural vocative)
puttōs (plural vocative)
puttą (accusative singular)
puttanz (accusative plural)
puttas (genitive singular)
puttis (genitive singular)
puttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
puttai (dative singular)
puttamaz (dative plural)
puttō (instrumental singular)
puttamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pott

Old English: pott

Middle English: pott, potte, pot

Scots: pott

English: pot

→ Chichewa: poto

Old Frisian: pott, pot

Saterland Frisian: Pot

West Frisian: pôt

Old Saxon: *pott

Middle Low German: pott, pot

German Low German: Pott

Low German: pot

→ Middle High German: pot

German: Pott

Old Dutch: pot (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: pot

Dutch: pot

Afrikaans: pot

→ Vulgar Latin: *pottus, *pottum

Old French: pot

Middle French: pot

French: pot

→ Portuguese: pote

→ Occitan: pot

→ Catalan: pot

→ Spanish: pote

→ Galician: pote, pota

Old Norse: pottr

Icelandic: pottur

Faroese: pottur

Norwegian: pot, potte

Old Swedish: potta, putta

Swedish: pott, potta

Danish: pot, potte

From Pre-Germanic *butnós or *budnós (“a kind of vessel, swelled-out shape”), from Proto-Indo-European *bewd- (“to swell”), possibly cognate to Proto-Slavic *bъdьňa (“tub, cask”) (if not a borrowing from Germanic). Compare also Old Armenian պոյտն (poytn, “pot, earthen pot”).


bōniz

bōniz (nominative singular)
bōnīz (nominative plural)
bōni (singular vocative)
bōnīz (plural vocative)
bōnį (accusative singular)
bōninz (accusative plural)
bōnīz (genitive singular)
bōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōnī (dative singular)
bōnimaz (dative plural)
bōnī (instrumental singular)
bōnimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōni
Old English: bēn
Middle English: ben, bene
English: ben, bene
⇒ English: bee
⇒ Scots: been-hook, been-plough

Old Norse: bǿn
Icelandic: bón, bæn
Faroese: bøn
Norwegian Nynorsk: bøn, bønn
Norwegian Bokmål: bønn
Old Swedish: bø̄n, ᛒᚯᚿ
Swedish: bön
Danish: bøn
→ Middle English: boon, bone
English: boon
Scots: boon

Either from *bōjaną + *-niz, or inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-ni-s, of the same root, from *bʰeh₂- (“to say, speak”) + *-nis. Cognate with Old Armenian բան (ban, “word, speech”), Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound, tone”).


þrastuz

þrastuz (nominative singular)
þrastiwiz (nominative plural)
þrastu (singular vocative)
þrastiwiz (plural vocative)
þrastų (accusative singular)
þrastunz (accusative plural)
þrastauz (genitive singular)
þrastiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrastiwi (dative singular)
þrastumaz (dative plural)
þrastū (instrumental singular)
þrastumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: þrǫstr

Icelandic: þröstur

Faroese: trøstur

Norwegian: trost, trast

Swedish: trast

Danish: trost

→ Proto-Samic: *(t)rāstēs (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *trosdos. Related to Latin turdus, Lithuanian strazdas (“thrush”), Middle Irish truid, Welsh drdwy (“starling”), Old Church Slavonic дрозгъ (drozgŭ), Russian дрозд (drozd).


underô

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍉 (undarō)


þerhw

Old English: þerh, þærh

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 (þairh)

Likely from Pre-Germanic *terh₂(h₃)kʷ-, a compound of Proto-Indo-European *terh₂- (“to cross”) + *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). For the latter component, compare Sanskrit नीच (nīca, “below, down”) (< *nih₃kʷeh₁).


wihtą

wihtą (nominative singular)
wihtō (nominative plural)
wihtą (singular vocative)
wihtō (plural vocative)
wihtą (accusative singular)
wihtō (accusative plural)
wihtas (genitive singular)
wihtis (genitive singular)
wihtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wihtai (dative singular)
wihtamaz (dative plural)
wihtō (instrumental singular)
wihtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: wiht
Middle English: wight, wiȝt
English: wight, whit
Scots: wicht, wycht

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Wucht

Old Saxon:

Dutch Low Saxon: wicht

Old Dutch: *wiht

Middle Dutch: wicht, wecht

Dutch: wicht
Afrikaans: wig
Jersey Dutch: wäxt

Old High German: wiht

Middle High German: wiht

German: Wicht

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄 (waiht)

Cognate with Old Church Slavonic вещь (veštĭ), from Proto-Indo-European *wekti- (“thing”).
However, Kroonen also compares *weganą (“to carry, to move”) (cognate with Proto-Celtic *wextā (“time, course, run”)).


wihtiz

wihtiz (nominative singular)
wihtīz (nominative plural)
wihti (singular vocative)
wihtīz (plural vocative)
wihtį (accusative singular)
wihtinz (accusative plural)
wihtīz (genitive singular)
wihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wihtī (dative singular)
wihtimaz (dative plural)
wihtī (instrumental singular)
wihtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wihti
Old English: wiht
Middle English: wight, wiȝt
English: wight, whit
Scots: wicht, wycht
Old Frisian: *wet (in compounds)
Saterland Frisian: nit
Old Saxon: wiht
Middle Low German: wicht, wucht
German Low German: Wicht
Dutch Low Saxon: wicht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wicht
Sauerländisch: Weyht
Westmünsterländisch: Wicht
Old Dutch: wiht
Middle Dutch: wicht
Dutch: wicht
Afrikaans: wig
Old High German: wiht
Middle High German: wicht
German: Wicht

desc

Old Norse: véttr, vétr, vættr, vætr, vítr

Icelandic: vættur

Faroese: vættur, veittur

Norwegian: vette, vætte, vett, vitt

Old Swedish: vætter, vǣter

Swedish: vätte

Danish: vætte

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (waihts)

From Proto-Indo-European *wekti- (“object, thing”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *veťь.


wihtiz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wihti
Old English: wihte
Old English: wiht
Middle English: weght, weghte, weighte, weihte, weit, wighte
English: weight
Scots: wecht, weicht
Yola: waaight
Old Frisian: wicht, wichte
North Frisian: wecht
Saterland Frisian: Wächte
Old Saxon: *wiht, *wihti
Middle Low German: wicht, wichte
Low German: Wicht, Wucht
→ German: Wucht
Plautdietsch: Wicht
→ Danish: vægt
Norwegian: vekt
→ German: Wicht
→ Swedish: vikt
Old Dutch: *wiht
Middle Dutch: wicht, wichte
Dutch: wicht
Old High German: *wihti
Middle High German: wiht

Old Norse: vætt, vétt

→ Middle English: waght

Scots: wacht


brunjǭ

brunjǭ (nominative singular)
brunjōniz (nominative plural)
brunjǭ (singular vocative)
brunjōniz (plural vocative)
brunjōnų (accusative singular)
brunjōnunz (accusative plural)
brunjōniz (genitive singular)
brunjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunjōni (dative singular)
brunjōmaz (dative plural)
brunjōnē (instrumental singular)
brunjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brunnjā
Old English: byrne
Middle English: burne
Old Saxon: brunnia
Old High German: brunnja, brunna
German: Brünne
→ Early Medieval Latin: brunia
Old French: bronie
French: broigne

Old Norse: brynja, ᛒᚱᚢᚾᛁᛅ (brunia)
Icelandic: brynja
Faroese: brynja
Norwegian Nynorsk: brynja, brynju, brynje
Old Swedish: brynia, brønia
Swedish: brynja
Danish: brynje
Norwegian Bokmål: brynje
→ Middle English: brinie
English: byrnie, brinie
Scots: byrnie

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉 (brunjō)
→? Proto-Slavic: *brъňa (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *brunnyos, from earlier *brusnyos (“breast; hill”).


kūlǭ

kūlǭ (nominative singular)
kūlōniz (nominative plural)
kūlǭ (singular vocative)
kūlōniz (plural vocative)
kūlōnų (accusative singular)
kūlōnunz (accusative plural)
kūlōniz (genitive singular)
kūlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūlōni (dative singular)
kūlōmaz (dative plural)
kūlōnē (instrumental singular)
kūlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kūlā

Old Saxon: *kūla

Middle Low German: kûle

German Low German: Kuhle, Kuhl

→ German: Kuhle

→ Danish: kule (“hole”)

→ Swedish: kula (“hole”)

Old Dutch: *kūla, cūla (attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: cule, cuul, cuyl

Dutch: kuil

Afrikaans: kuil

Old High German: *kūla

Middle High German: kūle

German: Kaule

Luxembourgish: Kaul

Old Norse: kúla

Icelandic: kúla

Faroese: kúla

Old Swedish: kūla

Swedish: kula (“bump”)

Danish: kule (“bump”)

From Proto-Indo-European *gewlo-, from the root *gew-, *gēw- (“to bend, curve, arch, buckle”) + *-los . Doublet of *keulaz, *keluz, and *kūliz.


gatą

gatą (nominative singular)
gatō (nominative plural)
gatą (singular vocative)
gatō (plural vocative)
gatą (accusative singular)
gatō (accusative plural)
gatas (genitive singular)
gatis (genitive singular)
gatǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gatai (dative singular)
gatamaz (dative plural)
gatō (instrumental singular)
gatamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gat
Old English: gat, gæt, ġeat
Middle English: ȝeat, ȝat, ȝate, ȝet, gat, gate
English: gate; yate (dialectal)
→ Irish: geata
→ Scottish Gaelic: geata
→ Dutch: gate
→ German: Gate
→ Fiji Hindi: geet
Scots: ȝet, ȝett, yet, yett
Old Frisian: gat, jet
Saterland Frisian: Gat
West Frisian: gat
Old Saxon: gat
Middle Low German: gat
German Low German: Gatt
Low German: gat
→ German: Gatt, Gat
→ Danish: gat
→ Swedish: gatt
Old Dutch: *gat
Middle Dutch: gat
Dutch: gat
Afrikaans: gat

Old Norse: gat

Icelandic: gat

Faroese: gat

Swedish: gat

From Pre-Germanic *gʰodom, derived from *getaną (“to find a way; to get”).


dūkaną

dūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
dūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dūk (active imperative second-person singular)
dūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
dūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
dūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dauk (active first-person indicative singular)
dukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dauht (active indicative second-person singular)
dukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dauk (active indicative singular third-person)
dukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dukū (active dual first-person indicative)
dukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dukum (active first-person indicative plural)
dukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dukud (active indicative plural second-person)
dukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dukun (active indicative plural third-person)
dukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dūkandz (active participle present)
dukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dūkan
Old English: *dūcan
Middle English: duken, douken
English: duck
Scots: douk, dook
Old Frisian: dūka
West Frisian: dûke
Old Saxon: *dūkan
Middle Low German: dûken
Low German: duken
→ Swedish: dyka, duka
Old Dutch: *dūcan
Middle Dutch: duken
Dutch: duiken
Limburgish: duke
Old High German: *tūhhan, *tūchan
Middle High German: tūchen, douchen
German: tauchen
Luxembourgish: dauchen

No clear etymology. Possibly related to *duganą (“to be fit”), if the Pre-Germanic form was *dʰugʰnéh₂-, supposing that the original meaning was "to fall" and evolved to mean "to happen, be fit" (compare German Zufall (“to happen, chance”)).


swēgraz

swēgraz (nominative singular)
swēgrōz (nominative plural)
swēgrōs (nominative plural)
swēgr (singular vocative)
swēgrōz (plural vocative)
swēgrōs (plural vocative)
swēgrą (accusative singular)
swēgranz (accusative plural)
swēgras (genitive singular)
swēgris (genitive singular)
swēgrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swēgrai (dative singular)
swēgramaz (dative plural)
swēgrō (instrumental singular)
swēgramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swāgr

Old Frisian: swāger, swēger

Saterland Frisian: Swoager

West Frisian: sweager

Old Saxon: *swāgar

Middle Low German: swâger

German Low German: Swager

Plautdietsch: Schwoaga

→ Danish: svoger

→ Swedish: svåger

→ Gutnish: svåga, svågar, svagur

→ Norn: svager

Old Dutch: *swāger

Middle Dutch: swager
Dutch: zwager
Afrikaans: swaer
Berbice Creole Dutch: swagri
Negerhollands: swaeger
→ Papiamentu: swa, sua
→ Dutch: swa
→ Sranan Tongo: swagri
→ Aukan: swagi
→ Caribbean Javanese: swagri
→ Saramaccan: suwági
Limburgish: zwaoger

Old High German: swāgur, suāgur

Middle High German: swāger

German: Schwager

→ Czech: švagr

→ Polish: szwagier

Hunsrik: Schwoher

Luxembourgish: Schwoer

Yiddish: שוואָגער (shvoger)

From Proto-Indo-European *swēḱurós (“brother-in-law”).

a male person that came into a family through marriage


gatwǭ

gatwǭ (nominative singular)
gatwōniz (nominative plural)
gatwǭ (singular vocative)
gatwōniz (plural vocative)
gatwōnų (accusative singular)
gatwōnunz (accusative plural)
gatwōniz (genitive singular)
gatwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gatwōni (dative singular)
gatwōmaz (dative plural)
gatwōnē (instrumental singular)
gatwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gatwā

Old Frisian: *jate, *jat

West Frisian: jat

Old Saxon: *gata

Middle Low German: gāte

Old Dutch: gata

gl

merged with Middle Dutch <i class="Latn mention" lang="dum">gat</i> (“gate, opening”)

Middle Dutch: gate, gat (“passageway”) (merged with Middle Dutch gat (“gate, opening”))

desc

>? Dutch: (Flemish) gat (“bystreet, alley, alleyway”)

desctree

Old High German: gazza
Middle High German: gazze
Central Franconian: Jass, Jaas (western Ripuarian), Gass (eastern Moselle Franconian), Gaß (western Moselle Franconian)
Bavarian: Gåssn
German: Gasse
Luxembourgish: Gaass
Yiddish: גאַס (gas)
→ Middle Low German: gatze, gadtze, gasse
Plautdietsch: Gauss
→ Middle Dutch: gasse
Dutch: gas
→ Slovene: gȃsa

Old Norse: gata
Icelandic: gata
Faroese: gøta
Norwegian Nynorsk: gate, gote, gotu; (dialectal) gutu, goto, gatu, gato
Old Swedish: gata
Swedish: gata
→ Finnish: katu
Old Danish: gatæ
Danish: gade
Norwegian Bokmål: gate
→ Middle English: gate
Scots: gate
English: gait, gate
→ Lithuanian: gatvė

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍅𐍉 (gatwō)

From Pre-Germanic *gʰodweh₂, from the same root as *getaną (“to find a way, get”).


musą

musą (nominative singular)
musō (nominative plural)
musą (singular vocative)
musō (plural vocative)
musą (accusative singular)
musō (accusative plural)
musas (genitive singular)
musis (genitive singular)
musǫ̂ (genitive plural)
musai (dative singular)
musamaz (dative plural)
musō (instrumental singular)
musamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mos
Old English: mos
Middle English: mos, mosse
Scots: mos
English: moss
Old Frisian: *mos
Saterland Frisian: Moas
West Frisian: moas
Old Saxon: mos
Middle Low German: mos
German Low German: Moss
Old Dutch: *mos
Middle Dutch: mos
Dutch: mos
→ Old French: mosse, mousseron (< *mosu)
French: mousse, mousseron
→ English: mousse, mushroom
Old High German: mos
Middle High German: mos
German: Moos
Hunsrik: Moos
Luxembourgish: Moos

Old Norse: *mos; mosi m (< *musô)

Icelandic: mosi

Faroese: mosi

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: mose; (dialectal) mosi, mosa

Old Swedish: mosi m, mosa (oblique cases); mos n

Swedish: mosse, mossa

Danish: mose

Norwegian Bokmål: mose

From Proto-Indo-European *mews-. Cognates include Latin muscus, Proto-Slavic *mъxъ. See there for more cognates.


klaiþą

klaiþą (nominative singular)
klaiþō (nominative plural)
klaiþą (singular vocative)
klaiþō (plural vocative)
klaiþą (accusative singular)
klaiþō (accusative plural)
klaiþas (genitive singular)
klaiþis (genitive singular)
klaiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klaiþai (dative singular)
klaiþamaz (dative plural)
klaiþō (instrumental singular)
klaiþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: clāþ, (clǣþ)

Middle English: clath, cloth

Scots: clath, claith

English: cloth

Old Frisian: klāth, klēth

North Frisian: klaid

Saterland Frisian: Klood

West Frisian: klaad

→ Old Norse: klæði

Icelandic: klæði

Faroese: klæði

Norwegian Nynorsk: klæde, klede

Old Swedish: klæþi

Swedish: kläde

Old Danish: klæthæ

Danish: klæde

Norwegian Bokmål: klede, klær

Old Saxon: *klēth

Middle Low German: klēt

German Low German: Kleed

Old Dutch: *klēt, *kleit

Middle Dutch: cleet

Dutch: kleed (also kleren from an older plural)

→ West Frisian: kleed

Old High German: *kleid, chleit

Middle High German: kleit

Bavarian: Kladl

German: Kleid

Luxembourgish: Kleed

Yiddish: קלייד (kleyd)

From Proto-Indo-European *gleyt-, from Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to cling to, stick to, adhere”).


apô

apô (nominative singular)
apaniz (nominative plural)
apô (singular vocative)
apaniz (plural vocative)
apanų (accusative singular)
apanunz (accusative plural)
apiniz (genitive singular)
apanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
apini (dative singular)
apammaz (dative plural)
apinē (instrumental singular)
apammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *apō
Old English: apa
Middle English: ape, eape, aape
English: ape
Scots: ape, aip
Old Frisian: *apa
North Frisian: aab (Föhr-Amrum), ååwe (Mooring)
Saterland Frisian: Oape
West Frisian: aap
Old Saxon: apo
Middle Low German: āpe
Low German: Ape
German Low German: Aap
Plautdietsch: Op
Old Dutch: *apo
Middle Dutch: āpe
Dutch: aap
Afrikaans: aap
Old High German: affo
Middle High German: affe
Alemannic German: Aff
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Aff
German: Affe
Luxembourgish: Af
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Aff
Yiddish: אַפֿע (afe)
→ Proto-Slavic: *opъ
⇒ Proto-Slavic: *opica (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: api m
Icelandic: api m
Faroese: apa f
Norwegian Nynorsk: apa f or m, ape
Norwegian Bokmål: ape f or m
Old Swedish: apa f
Swedish: apa c
Danish: abe c
Gutnish: ape, apå

Possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep- (“water”), compare Proto-Celtic *abū (“river”), if the word originally referred to a "water sprite". Compare Proto-Celtic *abankos (“water creature”), from whence Welsh afanc and Breton avank (“beaver”), Middle Irish abacc (“dwarf”).
It is however more popular to assume an ancient loanword instead, ultimately probably from an unidentified non-Indo-European language of regions in Africa or Asia where monkeys are native. The same wanderwort may be reflected in Hebrew קוֹף (qōf), Akkadian uqūpu, Egyptian gfj, Middle Persian [script needed] (kpyk' /kabīg/), Sanskrit कपि (kapi), all meaning “monkey, ape”, and Ancient Greek κῆπος (kêpos, “long-tailed monkey”). As Kroonen notes, the lack of an initial velar consonant in Germanic implies that the foreign word entered at a very early pre-Germanic stage, such that it was borrowed with an initial laryngeal.

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


skagriz

skagriz (nominative singular)
skagrīz (nominative plural)
skagri (singular vocative)
skagrīz (plural vocative)
skagrį (accusative singular)
skagrinz (accusative plural)
skagrīz (genitive singular)
skagrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skagrī (dative singular)
skagrimaz (dative plural)
skagrī (instrumental singular)
skagrimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċeacga m

English: shag

Old Dutch: *skag

Dutch: scheg f

Old Norse: skęgg n

Faroese: skegg

Icelandic: skegg

Swedish: skägg

Danish: skjeg


skuftą

skuftą (nominative singular)
skuftō (nominative plural)
skuftą (singular vocative)
skuftō (plural vocative)
skuftą (accusative singular)
skuftō (accusative plural)
skuftas (genitive singular)
skuftis (genitive singular)
skuftǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skuftai (dative singular)
skuftamaz (dative plural)
skuftō (instrumental singular)
skuftamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skuft

Old High German: skuft

Old Norse: skopt

Icelandic: skott

Norwegian: skoft

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍆𐍄 (skuft)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewp- (“tuft, cluster, hair on the head”), related to Middle High German schopf (“tuft, headhair, forehead”), Albanian çup (“without tail, maimed”). Compare to Proto-Indo-European *skaubą and Proto-Indo-European *skub-, *skup-, *skupn- (“to curve, bow, vault”).


skaubaz

skaubaz (nominative singular)
skaubōz (nominative plural)
skaubōs (nominative plural)
skaub (singular vocative)
skaubōz (plural vocative)
skaubōs (plural vocative)
skaubą (accusative singular)
skaubanz (accusative plural)
skaubas (genitive singular)
skaubis (genitive singular)
skaubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaubai (dative singular)
skaubamaz (dative plural)
skaubō (instrumental singular)
skaubamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaub m
Old English: sċēaf
Middle English: scheef
English: sheaf
Scots: schefe, scheif
Old Frisian: *skāf
Saterland Frisian: Schoof, Schoowe
West Frisian: skeaf
Old Saxon: skōf
Middle Low German: schôf
Low German: Schoof
→ German: Schof
Old Dutch: *skōf
Middle Dutch: scoef, schoof
Dutch: schoof
Afrikaans: skoof
Old High German: skoub, scoub
Middle High German: schoup
German: Schaub

Old Norse: skauf n


naskiz

naskiz (nominative singular)
naskīz (nominative plural)
naski (singular vocative)
naskīz (plural vocative)
naskį (accusative singular)
naskinz (accusative plural)
naskīz (genitive singular)
naskijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naskī (dative singular)
naskimaz (dative plural)
naskī (instrumental singular)
naskimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: næsc

→ Proto-Finnic: *nahka


maiskaz

maiskaz (nominative singular)
maiskōz (nominative plural)
maiskōs (nominative plural)
maisk (singular vocative)
maiskōz (plural vocative)
maiskōs (plural vocative)
maiską (accusative singular)
maiskanz (accusative plural)
maiskas (genitive singular)
maiskis (genitive singular)
maiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiskai (dative singular)
maiskamaz (dative plural)
maiskō (instrumental singular)
maiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maisk, *mask

desc

Old English: mǣsc-, māsc-, māx-, māscwyrt

Middle English: maske, masche, *mashe (found in misse-mashe)

Scots: mask, musk

English: mash, mishmash

Old Frisian: *māsk, *mask

North Frisian: mask

Saterland Frisian: Mask; Miskmask

Old Saxon: *mēsk, *mask

Middle Low German: masch, mêsch, mêschewert, meisch

German Low German: Mask

→ Danish: mask, miskmask

→ Swedish: mäsk, mask (dialectal)

Old Dutch: *mēsk, *mask

Middle Dutch: *masch

>? Dutch: mas (possibly borrowed from Low German)

Old High German: *meisk

Middle High German: meisch

German: Maisch m, Maische f

From earlier *maihskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *moiḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂-, from *meyḱ- (“mix”).


skarną

skarną (nominative singular)
skarnō (nominative plural)
skarną (singular vocative)
skarnō (plural vocative)
skarną (accusative singular)
skarnō (accusative plural)
skarnas (genitive singular)
skarnis (genitive singular)
skarnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skarnai (dative singular)
skarnamaz (dative plural)
skarnō (instrumental singular)
skarnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċearn

Middle English: scharn

Scots: scharn, schairn

English: sharn

Old Frisian: skern

West Frisian: skerne, skarne

North Frisian: skärn, skern

Old Saxon: *skarn

Middle Low German: scharn

Low German: Scharn

⇒ Old Saxon: skerning, skerling

Middle Low German: schērlinc

Old Dutch: *skarn

Middle Dutch: scharn

Dutch: scharn

⇒ Old Dutch: *scerninc, *scarninc

Middle Dutch: scerlinc, scarlinc

Dutch: scheerling

Old High German: scarno m

⇒ Old High German: scerning, scerlinc, scerilinc

Middle High German: scherlinc, schirlinc

German: Schierling

Old Norse: skarn

Icelandic: skarn

Faroese: skarn

Norwegian: skarn

Old Swedish: skarn

Swedish: skarn

→ English: skarn

→ German: Skarn

Danish: skarn

From Proto-Indo-European *sóḱr̥ (“dung, excrement”). Cognate with Latin cerda ("dung, feces"; in compounds: mūscerda, sūcerda, etc.), Ancient Greek σκῶρ (skôr, “excrement, feces”).


muskiz

muskiz (nominative singular)
muskīz (nominative plural)
muski (singular vocative)
muskīz (plural vocative)
muskį (accusative singular)
muskinz (accusative plural)
muskīz (genitive singular)
muskijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
muskī (dative singular)
muskimaz (dative plural)
muskī (instrumental singular)
muskimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *muski, *musk

Middle Dutch: mosch, mosse

Old Norse: *muskr

Norwegian: musk

Danish: musk

From *muskaz (“moisture”), from Proto-Indo-European *mews-, *mūs- (“moist, damp; swamp, moss, mildew”).


skinō

skinō (nominative singular)
skinôz (nominative plural)
skinō (singular vocative)
skinôz (plural vocative)
skinǭ (accusative singular)
skinōz (accusative plural)
skinōz (genitive singular)
skinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skinōi (dative singular)
skinōmaz (dative plural)
skinō (instrumental singular)
skinōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skinu
Old English: sċinu
Middle English: schyne, schen, schin, schine, schyn, schynne, scine, shine, shyn, shzine
English: shin
Scots: shin, schin
Old Frisian: *skine
Saterland Frisian: Skiene
West Frisian: skine
Old Saxon: skina
Middle Low German: schēne
German Low German: Scheen, Schien
→ Danish: skinne
→ Norwegian: skinne, skina
→ Swedish: skena
Old Dutch: *skina
Middle Dutch: schene
Dutch: scheen
Afrikaans: skeen
Old High German: skina, scina, scena
Middle High German: schine, schin
Alemannic German: Schine
German: Schiene
→ Hungarian: sín
→ Macedonian: шина (šina)
→ Polish: szyna
→ Romanian: șină
→ Russian: шина (šina)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: шина
Latin script: šina
Luxembourgish: Schinn
Lombardic: *skinko
→ Italian: stinco
 (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰 (*skina)

→ Vulgar Latin: *skina (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

→ Old French: eschine, enchine, echine, chine
Middle French: eschine
French: échine
→ Middle English: chyne
English: chine

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, split”).


skadwaz

skadwaz (nominative singular)
skadwōz (nominative plural)
skadwōs (nominative plural)
skadw (singular vocative)
skadwōz (plural vocative)
skadwōs (plural vocative)
skadwą (accusative singular)
skadwanz (accusative plural)
skadwas (genitive singular)
skadwis (genitive singular)
skadwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skadwai (dative singular)
skadwamaz (dative plural)
skadwō (instrumental singular)
skadwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skadu
Old English: sċeadu
Middle English: schadwe, schadewe, schadowe, schade
English: shadow, shade, shed
Scots: scaddow, schaddow, shadow, shade, schad
Old Frisian: *skade
Saterland Frisian: Skade, Skaad
West Frisian: skaad, skâd
Old Saxon: skado
Middle Low German: schaduwe, schadewe, schāde, schēde
Low German:
German Low German: Schade, Scharre, Scharr
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Schiae
Westmünsterländisch: Schatten
Plautdietsch: Schauten
Old Dutch: scado
Middle Dutch: schāde, schāduwe
Dutch: schaduw; (archaic) schad; (archaic) schade/schaai
Afrikaans: skadu, skaduwee
Old High German: skato, scato m; skata, scata f
Middle High German: schate, schade, schete, schatwe, schetewe m
German: Schatten
Luxembourgish: Schiet
Yiddish: שאָטן (shotn)

Old Norse: *skadda, *skǫddu (gen.)

Icelandic: skodda, skoddi

Faroese: skadda, skødda, skaddi

Norwegian: skodde; skadda, skodda (dialectal)

Jamtish: skǫdde

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skadus) (reanalysed as u-stem)

→ Proto-Finnic: *katvëh

Finnish: katve

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱh₃-tús, from *(s)ḱeh₃- (“dark”). Cognate with Old Irish scáth (“shadow”), Ancient Greek σκότος (skótos, “darkness”).


strampaz

strampaz (nominative singular)
strampōz (nominative plural)
strampōs (nominative plural)
stramp (singular vocative)
strampōz (plural vocative)
strampōs (plural vocative)
strampą (accusative singular)
strampanz (accusative plural)
strampas (genitive singular)
strampis (genitive singular)
strampǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strampai (dative singular)
strampamaz (dative plural)
strampō (instrumental singular)
strampamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *stramp

Middle Low German: *stramp, *strempel

Low German: strempel

Old Dutch: *stramp

Dutch: stramp f, strampe f


kūliz

kūliz (nominative singular)
kūlīz (nominative plural)
kūli (singular vocative)
kūlīz (plural vocative)
kūlį (accusative singular)
kūlinz (accusative plural)
kūlīz (genitive singular)
kūlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kūlī (dative singular)
kūlimaz (dative plural)
kūlī (instrumental singular)
kūlimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: cylle (“leather bottle, bag”)

Old Norse: kýll

Icelandic: kýll

From Proto-Indo-European *gewl- (“vessel; ball”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; curve; arch; vault”). Doublet of *kūlǭ, *keulaz, and *keluz.


instraz

instraz (nominative singular)
instrōz (nominative plural)
instrōs (nominative plural)
instr (singular vocative)
instrōz (plural vocative)
instrōs (plural vocative)
instrą (accusative singular)
instranz (accusative plural)
instras (genitive singular)
instris (genitive singular)
instrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
instrai (dative singular)
instramaz (dative plural)
instrō (instrumental singular)
instramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *instar

Middle Low German: inster, inser

Low German: inser

Old Dutch: *instar

Middle Dutch: inster

Old Norse: ístr

Old Swedish: īster

Swedish: ister

Danish: ister

→ Proto-Finnic: *icra

Finnish: ihra

Karelian: isra

Veps: izr


knīfą

knīfą (nominative singular)
knīfō (nominative plural)
knīfą (singular vocative)
knīfō (plural vocative)
knīfą (accusative singular)
knīfō (accusative plural)
knīfas (genitive singular)
knīfis (genitive singular)
knīfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knīfai (dative singular)
knīfamaz (dative plural)
knīfō (instrumental singular)
knīfamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *knīf

Saterland Frisian: kniif

Old Saxon: *knīf

Middle Low German: knīf

Old Dutch: *knīf

Middle Dutch: cnijf

Dutch: knijf

German: Kneif (dialectal)

Old Norse: knífr m

Norwegian: kniv

Swedish: kniv

Danish: kniv

→ Old English: cnīf

English: knife


leuskô

leuskô (nominative singular)
leuskaniz (nominative plural)
leuskô (singular vocative)
leuskaniz (plural vocative)
leuskanų (accusative singular)
leuskanunz (accusative plural)
liuskiniz (genitive singular)
leuskanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liuskini (dative singular)
leuskammaz (dative plural)
liuskinē (instrumental singular)
leuskammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leuskō
Old English: lēosċa
Old Frisian: *liāska
North Frisian: jaoske (Halligen)
Saterland Frisian: Ljaaske f
West Frisian: ljisk m or f
Old Saxon: *liosko
Middle Low German: lēsche, leische
German Low German: Leeske, Leesk
Old Dutch: *liosko
Middle Dutch: liesche, liesse f
Dutch: lies
Afrikaans: lies

Old Norse: ljóski

Elfdalian: liuoska

Faroese: ljóski

Icelandic: ljóski

Old Swedish: liuske

Swedish: ljumske (with inexplicable -m-)

Danish: lyske

→ Middle English: leske

English: lesk, lisk

From a root suffixed with *-kô, a suffix used for body parts; compare Proto-Germanic *kelkô (“jaw-bone”), *mankô (“mane”). Both *leuhsaz (“light”) and *lahwaz (“thigh”) have been suggested for the root.


keulaz

keulaz (nominative singular)
keulōz (nominative plural)
keulōs (nominative plural)
keul (singular vocative)
keulōz (plural vocative)
keulōs (plural vocative)
keulą (accusative singular)
keulanz (accusative plural)
keulas (genitive singular)
kiulis (genitive singular)
keulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
keulai (dative singular)
keulamaz (dative plural)
keulō (instrumental singular)
keulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *keul
Old English: ċēol
>? Middle English: chiel, kele, keel (“small shipping vessel, lighter”) (possibly borrowed from Middle Dutch; displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)
Old Frisian: *kiāl, *tziāl
West Frisian: tjalk, tsjalk
→ Dutch: tjalk
Old Saxon: kiol
Middle Low German: kêl, kîl
German Low German: Kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)
Old Dutch: *kiol
Middle Dutch: kiel
Dutch: kiel (displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)
Old High German: kiol, chiol
Middle High German: kiel
German: Kiel (obsolete, displaced by *keluz (“keel”), via Old Norse)

Old Norse: kjóll
Icelandic: kjóll

→ Proto-Finnic: *këula

Finnish: keula

From Proto-Indo-European *gewlos (“vessel; bowl”), from *gew- (“to bend; bow; vault; arch; curve; buckle”). Possibly related to *keluz, *kūliz, and *kūlǭ. However, see Ancient Greek γαυλός (gaulós).


strumpaz

strumpaz (nominative singular)
strumpōz (nominative plural)
strumpōs (nominative plural)
strump (singular vocative)
strumpōz (plural vocative)
strumpōs (plural vocative)
strumpą (accusative singular)
strumpanz (accusative plural)
strumpas (genitive singular)
strumpis (genitive singular)
strumpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strumpai (dative singular)
strumpamaz (dative plural)
strumpō (instrumental singular)
strumpamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: strumphalt

Old Saxon: *strump

Middle Low German: strump

Low German: strumpel

→ Dutch: stromp

→ Norwegian Bokmål: strømpe

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: strump, strømpe

→ Swedish: strumpa

→ Danish: strumpe, strømpe

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: strompen

Dutch: strompen, strompelen

Old High German: *strumpf

Middle High German: strumpf

German: Strumpf

Hunsrik: Strump

Luxembourgish: Strëmp

Old Norse: *stroppr

Norwegian: stropp (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *stremb- / *stremp-, from a labial extension of Proto-Indo-European *sterh₁- (“to be stiff”).


nasō

nasō (nominative singular)
nasôz (nominative plural)
nasō (singular vocative)
nasôz (plural vocative)
nasǭ (accusative singular)
nasōz (accusative plural)
nasōz (genitive singular)
nasǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nasōi (dative singular)
nasōmaz (dative plural)
nasō (instrumental singular)
nasōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nasu
Old English: nasu
Middle English: nase, nasse, nease
Old Frisian: *nase
North Frisian: naas
Old Dutch: *nasa
Middle Dutch: nase
Old High German: nasa
Middle High German: nase
Alemannic German: Nase, Naase (Basel, Aargau, Lucerne, Zug, Schwyz, Uri)
Swabian: Nas
Bavarian: Nosn
Central Franconian: Nas, Noas, Nos (western Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Naas
Luxembourgish: Nues
East Franconian: Nous
German: Nase
Rhine Franconian: Noos
Pennsylvania German: Naas
Vilamovian: nōs, nōz
Yiddish: נאָז (noz)

Old Norse: nǫs
Icelandic: nös f
Faroese: nøs f
Norwegian Nynorsk: nos f, nase m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: nos m or f, nase m
Norwegian: (dialectal) nøs, nåss f; nåså, næsa, nasa m; nasa, nase f
Norwegian Bokmål: nese m or f
Old Swedish: nos f, næsa f
Swedish: nos c, näsa c
Old Danish: næsæ f
Danish: næse c
Gutnish: nos f

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (“nose”). Compare Latin nāsus.
May, in Proto-Germanic, have been a plurale tantum, whose nominative ending *-ō goes back to the Proto-Indo-European thematic nominative dual ending *-oh₁, while the other cases displayed consonant-stem plural endings -ǭ, -miz, -unz. This presupposes a Proto-Germanic consonant stem *nas- (“nostril”).
Griepentrog prefers to reconstruct, following Rasmussen, the original Proto-Indo-European paradigm as an acrostratic paradigm with rare ablaut a ~ ā: nom. sg. *Hnā́s-s, acc. sg. *Hnā́s-m̥, gen. sg. *Hnás-s (> *Hnás-os), dat. sg. *Hnás-ey, nom. du. *Hnā́s-h₁, nom. pl. *Hnā́s-es, acc. pl. *Hnás-m̥s.
Griepentrog also considers the zero-grade form *nus- instead of **uns- regular, adducing parallels. Forms in *nus- may be additionally analogically influenced by a Proto-Indo-European verb *news- (“to sniff”).


skalmiz

skalmiz (nominative singular)
skalmīz (nominative plural)
skalmi (singular vocative)
skalmīz (plural vocative)
skalmį (accusative singular)
skalminz (accusative plural)
skalmīz (genitive singular)
skalmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalmī (dative singular)
skalmimaz (dative plural)
skalmī (instrumental singular)
skalmimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skǫlm


skal-

Old English: sċeallan (only attested in the plural)

Old Frisian: skal

→ Proto-Samic: *kuolë (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut, divide”) or *(s)kel- (“to cover”) (see Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós, “sheath, scabbard”), source of Latin coleus (“testicles”)).


skalmō

skalmō (nominative singular)
skalmôz (nominative plural)
skalmō (singular vocative)
skalmôz (plural vocative)
skalmǭ (accusative singular)
skalmōz (accusative plural)
skalmōz (genitive singular)
skalmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalmōi (dative singular)
skalmōmaz (dative plural)
skalmō (instrumental singular)
skalmōmiz (instrumental plural)

Saterland Frisian: schalm

Old Saxon: *skalm

Low German: schalm

Old Dutch: *skalm

Middle Dutch: scalm

Dutch: schalm

Old Norse: skalm, skǫlm

Icelandic: skálm

Faroese: skálm, skølm

Norwegian: skolm, skjelm

Swedish: skalm

Danish: skalm

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱel- (“to cover”).


helmô

helmô (nominative singular)
helmaniz (nominative plural)
helmô (singular vocative)
helmaniz (plural vocative)
helmanų (accusative singular)
helmanunz (accusative plural)
hilminiz (genitive singular)
helmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hilmini (dative singular)
helmammaz (dative plural)
hilminē (instrumental singular)
helmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *helmō
Old English: helma
Middle English: halm
English: helm
Old Saxon: *helma
Middle Low German: helm; holm (-o- from -a-? or from a zero-grade?)
→ German: Holm
Old Dutch: *helma
Middle Dutch: helm
Dutch: helm
Old High German: halme
Middle High German: halme, halm, helm
German: Helm (dialectal)

desc

⇒ Old Norse: hjalmvǫlr, hjalmurvǫlr, hjalmarvǫlr, hjalmunvǫlr

Usually thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *ḱél-mō, earlier *ḱél-mn̥, from the root *ḱel- (“to cover”); equivalent to *helaną + *-mô. Cognate with Sanskrit शर्मन् (śárman, “shelter, protection”). However, the semantic connection is weak.
An alternative theory by Kroonen links *halmaz and *helmaz (“haulm, straw, stalk, cane”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱélh₂-m(on)-, assuming the original meaning of *helmô was closer to “cane” and referred just to the shaft of a handle implement.
Note the presence of *(s)- in the related synonyms.

cog

handle, especially for steering a boat: helm, tiller


neurô

neurô (nominative singular)
neuraniz (nominative plural)
neurô (singular vocative)
neuraniz (plural vocative)
neuranų (accusative singular)
neuranunz (accusative plural)
niuriniz (genitive singular)
neuranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niurini (dative singular)
neurammaz (dative plural)
niurinē (instrumental singular)
neurammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *neurō

desctree

Old English: *nēora, *nīora
Middle English: nēre, neere
Scots: neer, nere, neir
⇒ Middle English: kidenēre, kidnēre
English: kidney

Old Frisian: *niura, *niūra; *niūre

Saterland Frisian: Njúre

West Frisian: nier

Old Saxon: *nioro

Middle Low German: nêre

German Low German: Niere, Nier, Neer

Plautdietsch: Nia

Old Dutch: *nioro

Middle Dutch: niere f

Dutch: nier
Afrikaans: nier
Negerhollands: nier
→ Papiamentu: nir, nier

Old High German: nioro
Middle High German: niere
German: Niere f
→ Luxembourgish: Nier
Hunsrik: Nier
Luxembourgish: Néier (archaic, but see Éierchen)
Yiddish: ניר (nir)

Old Norse: nýra
Icelandic: nýra
Faroese: nýra
Norn: nyr
Norwegian: nyre
Old Swedish: niūre
Swedish: njure
Old Danish: nyræ, niuræ
Danish: nyre
Elfdalian: niųora, niųore
⇒ Old Gutnish: vig-niauri

From Proto-Indo-European *négʷʰrō. Cognate with Latin nefrōnēs (Praeneste), nebrundinēs (Lanuvium), Ancient Greek νεφρός (nephrós).


skūrō

skūrō (nominative singular)
skūrôz (nominative plural)
skūrō (singular vocative)
skūrôz (plural vocative)
skūrǭ (accusative singular)
skūrōz (accusative plural)
skūrōz (genitive singular)
skūrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skūrōi (dative singular)
skūrōmaz (dative plural)
skūrō (instrumental singular)
skūrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skūru, *skūr

q

if not a spurious gender change of <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*skūr</i>

Old English: sċūr f (if not a spurious gender change of *skūr)

desctree

Middle English: schour, schoure, schowre, schoure, shour, shoure, shower, showre, scur, shur (Early Middle English)
English: shower
Scots: shour, shouer, shoor, shooer

Old Norse: skúr
Icelandic: skúr
Faroese: skúrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: skur
Old Swedish: skūr
Swedish: skur, skura
Old Danish: skwr, skywr
Danish: skur, skure
Norwegian Bokmål: skur

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍂𐌰 (skūra)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuuro (see there for further descendants)

→? Finnish: kuura

* From a Proto-Indo-European root variously reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱēwer- (“north; north wind; cold wind; rain shower”) or Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱyeh₂w- (“north; north wind; cold wind; rain shower”), in the latter case in the ablaut form *(s)ḱyh̥₂u-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sě̀verъ (“north”), Lithuanian šiaurỹs (“north wind”) and Lithuanian šiáurė (“north”).
* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew- (“to stir up, excite”); or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”);


skūrō

Proto-West Germanic: *skūru

Old Frisian: skūre

West Frisian: skuorre

Old Saxon: skūr

desc

Middle Low German: schūr, schure, schüre

Low German: Schüür

→ Estonian: kuur

→ Old High German: scūr (probably; perhaps native)

Middle High German: schūr

German: Schauer (dialectal)

Old Dutch: skūra

Middle Dutch: scūre

Dutch: schuur

Afrikaans: skuur

Old High German: skiura, skūra

Middle High German: schiure, schūre

German: Scheuer

Transylvanian Saxon: Schyre, Schure

→ Romanian: șură

→ Italian: scuro

→ Old French: escure

q

mixed with the word which is now German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Scheune</i>, or this represents a different oblique stem

Salian Frankish: *screunu (mixed with the word which is now German Scheune, or this represents a different oblique stem)

→ Medieval Latin: screona, screuna

desc

→ Old French: escriene, escraingne, escrienne, escrainge, ecrene, escreigne

Middle French: escriegne, escraigne, escrangne, escregne, escrene, escrenne, ecreigne, ecraigne

q

French: écrenne, écraigne (obsolete, a sort of underground, insulated peasant house, covered with manure)

From earlier *sku(w)enjō-, from *sku(w)en-, possibly from the dative form *sku(w)eni, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skuH-ro-, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), related to Sanskrit स्कुनाति (skunāti, “he covers, protects”).


karilaz

karilaz (nominative singular)
karilōz (nominative plural)
karilōs (nominative plural)
karil (singular vocative)
karilōz (plural vocative)
karilōs (plural vocative)
karilą (accusative singular)
karilanz (accusative plural)
karilas (genitive singular)
karilis (genitive singular)
karilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
karilai (dative singular)
karilamaz (dative plural)
karilō (instrumental singular)
karilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *karil
Old English: ċeorl, ċiorl
Middle English: cherl, cheorl, churl
English: churl
Scots: churl
Yola: chourle
Old Frisian: tzerl, tzirl
North Frisian: keerl
West Frisian: tsjirl, tsjerl
Old Saxon: *keril
Middle Low German: kerl, kerle
Dutch Low Saxon: (Gronings, Achterhoeks) keerl, (Twents, Achterhoeks) kearl
German Low German: Kerel, Keerl
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Kǟrl
Suerländer-Märkisch: Kærl, Kæl, Kêrl
Westmünsterländisch: Käärl, Kerl, Kiärl
→ German: Kerl
→ Saterland Frisian: Käärel
Old Dutch: *keril, *karal, karl
Middle Dutch: carel, caerl, kerl, kerel
Dutch: kerel
Afrikaans: kêrel
Jersey Dutch: kääd'l
→ Saterland Frisian: kerel, kërel, kërdel
→ West Frisian: keardel, kearel
Limburgish: kaerel
Old High German: *keril, karal, karl
Middle High German: karl, karle, kërl, kërle
→ Old Polish: karzeł
Polish: karzeł
⇒ Old High German: Karl (given name)
German: Karl, Carl
→ English: Karl, Carl (see there for further descendants)
→ Latin: Carolus (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Slavic: *korľь (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: ᚲᚨᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (karilaʀ)

Old Norse: karl
Icelandic: karl
Faroese: kallur
Norwegian: kall, kar
→ Danish: kar
Norwegian Bokmål: kar
Jamtish: kall, karr (< *karaz)
Elfdalian: kall
Old Swedish: karilʀ
Swedish: karl
Danish: karl, kal
Norwegian Bokmål: kall
⇒ Old Norse: Karl (given name)
Icelandic: Karl, Carl
Faroese: Karl
Norwegian: Karl, Carl
Old Swedish: Karl
Swedish: Karl, Carl
Old Danish: Karl
Danish: Karl, Carl
→ Greenlandic: Karl, Kaarali, Kaarale
⇒ Old Norse: Karli, Karle, Kalli (diminutive)
Icelandic: Karli
Norwegian: Karle, Kalle, Calle
Old Swedish: Karle, Kalle
Swedish: Karli, Karle, Carli, Carlie, Karly, Kalle, Calle
→ Estonian: Kalle
Old Danish: Karli
Danish: Karli, Karly, Kalle, Calle
→ Greenlandic: Kaali
→ Finnish: Karli, Karle, Kaarle, Kalle, Kale, Kali, Kalla, Kallu
→ Estonian: Kalle
→ Swedish: Kaarle
→ Sami: Gállá, Kálle
→ English: Karl, Carl
→ Cebuano: Karl, Carl
→ Finnish: Karl
→ Sami: Kárral
→ Middle English: carl
Scots: carl, cairl, karl
English: carl

→ Finnish: karilas

→ Proto-Samic: *kāllēs (see there for further descendants)

A diminutive of *karaz (but a Proto-Indo-European l-stem according to Kroonen 2013). Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to become old, to grow”) and related to Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn), Sanskrit जरन्त (jaranta), Old Armenian ծեր (cer), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬙- (azarəṣ̌ant-), Tocharian A kwär-, Tocharian B kwär-, Hittite [script needed] (karu).


sinþaz

sinþaz (nominative singular)
sinþōz (nominative plural)
sinþōs (nominative plural)
sinþ (singular vocative)
sinþōz (plural vocative)
sinþōs (plural vocative)
sinþą (accusative singular)
sinþanz (accusative plural)
sinþas (genitive singular)
sinþis (genitive singular)
sinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sinþai (dative singular)
sinþamaz (dative plural)
sinþō (instrumental singular)
sinþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sinþ, *sį̄þ (North Sea Germanic)
Old English: sīþ
Middle English: sith
English: sith
Old Frisian: sīth
Old Saxon: sīth
Old High German: sind, sint

Old Norse: sinn n, sinni

Icelandic: sinn

Faroese: sinn

Old Swedish: sin

Swedish: (någon-)sin, sinom

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (sinþs)

Vandalic: *sinda- (in personal names)

From Pre-Germanic *séntos, from Proto-Indo-European *sent- (“to head for, go”).

der

time (as in first time, many times), instance


harugaz

harugaz (nominative singular)
harugōz (nominative plural)
harugōs (nominative plural)
harug (singular vocative)
harugōz (plural vocative)
harugōs (plural vocative)
harugą (accusative singular)
haruganz (accusative plural)
harugas (genitive singular)
harugis (genitive singular)
harugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harugai (dative singular)
harugamaz (dative plural)
harugō (instrumental singular)
harugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harug

Old English: hearg; hearga

gl

byform of Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">halwe</i>

Middle English: harogh (byform of Middle English halwe)

desc

Middle English: Harwe, Harrough (various placenames)

English: Harrow (in place names)

Old Saxon: harug

Old High German: harug, haruc, haruch

→ Latin: haraho (Ripuarian Laws)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫrgr
Icelandic: hörgur m
Faroese: hørgur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: horg m
Norwegian Bokmål: horg m
Old Swedish: hargher m
Swedish: harg c, horg c, horv c
Danish: harg c, hørg c

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂k- (“fenced or enclosed area”), from *ḱerh₂-, from which also *hurną (“horn”). Cognate with Latin carcer (“fence; prison”), Irish carn (“heap of stones”).


gawahwaną

gawahwō (active first-person indicative singular)
gawahwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawahwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gawahwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gawahwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawahw (active imperative second-person singular)
gawahwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gawahwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gawahwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gawahwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawahwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gawahwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gawahwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gawahwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gawahwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawahwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawahwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawahwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gawahwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gawahwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawahwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gawahwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gawahwid (active indicative plural second-person)
gawahwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawahwid (active imperative plural second-person)
gawahwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gawahwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gawahwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gawahwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawahwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gawahwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gawahwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gawōhw (active first-person indicative singular)
gawōwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawōht (active indicative second-person singular)
gawōwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawōhw (active indicative singular third-person)
gawōwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
gawōwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawōwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
gawōwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
gawōwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
gawōwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawahwandz (active participle present)
gawawanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gawahwan
Old Saxon: *giwahan
Middle Low German: *gewahen, gewagen; (wāgen (without prefix) < *wahwaną)
Old Dutch: *giwān
Middle Dutch: gewāgen
Dutch: gewagen
Afrikaans: gewaag
Old High German: giwahan, giwahanen
Middle High German: gewahen, gewähenen
German: gewähnen; erwähnen (with a different prefix)
→ Saterland Frisian: ärwääne

/ɣɑ.ˈwɑ.xʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From *ga- + *wahwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak”).


lūþarō

lūþarō (nominative singular)
lūþarôz (nominative plural)
lūþarō (singular vocative)
lūþarôz (plural vocative)
lūþarǭ (accusative singular)
lūþarōz (accusative plural)
lūþarōz (genitive singular)
lūþarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lūþarōi (dative singular)
lūþarōmaz (dative plural)
lūþarō (instrumental singular)
lūþarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *lūthere (only in lūthereslān (“repayment given from a son to his mother”))

Old Saxon: lūthara

Old Dutch: *lūthara

Middle Dutch: ludere

Dutch: luier, luur

Afrikaans: luier

Old High German: lūdara

Middle High German: lūdere

German: -lauder (obsolete)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰 (luþara)


luþô

luþô (nominative singular)
luþaniz (nominative plural)
luþô (singular vocative)
luþaniz (plural vocative)
luþanų (accusative singular)
luþanunz (accusative plural)
luþiniz (genitive singular)
luþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luþini (dative singular)
luþammaz (dative plural)
luþinē (instrumental singular)
luþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: loþa

Old Frisian: lotha

Old Saxon: lotho

Middle Low German: lode

Old High German: lodo, ludo

Middle High German: lode

German: Lode, Loden

→ English: loden

→ Dutch: loden

Old Norse: loði; (loðinn (adj)

Icelandic: loði; (loðinn)

(Faroese: loðin)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)lūt-, *lūd- (“weak, languid”).


fadiz

fadiz (nominative singular)
fadīz (nominative plural)
fadi (singular vocative)
fadīz (plural vocative)
fadį (accusative singular)
fadinz (accusative plural)
fadīz (genitive singular)
fadjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fadī (dative singular)
fadimaz (dative plural)
fadī (instrumental singular)
fadimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (*faþs) (only found in compounds, e.g. 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (brūþfaþs, “bridegroom”), 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (hundafaþs, “centurion”), 𐍃𐍅𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌸𐍃 (swnagōgafaþs, “leader of a synagogue”))

From Pre-Germanic *potís, via unexplained accent shift from Proto-Indo-European *pótis.


-þrą

-þrą (nominative singular)
-þrō (nominative plural)
-þrą (singular vocative)
-þrō (plural vocative)
-þrą (accusative singular)
-þrō (accusative plural)
-þras (genitive singular)
-þris (genitive singular)
-þrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-þrai (dative singular)
-þramaz (dative plural)
-þrō (instrumental singular)
-þramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-þr
Old English: -þor
Old Frisian: -ther
Old Saxon: *thar
Middle Low German: -der
Old Dutch: *-thar, *-dar, *-der
Middle Dutch: -der
Old High German: -dar
Middle High German: -der

Old Norse: -ðr

Icelandic: -ður

Old Swedish: -þer

Swedish: -der

Gothic: -𐌸𐍂 (-þr)

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.

-dlą

l-variant Verner alternant; also from PIE *-dʰlom


lībą

lībą (nominative singular)
lībō (nominative plural)
lībą (singular vocative)
lībō (plural vocative)
lībą (accusative singular)
lībō (accusative plural)
lības (genitive singular)
lībis (genitive singular)
lībǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lībai (dative singular)
lībamaz (dative plural)
lībō (instrumental singular)
lībamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līb
Old English: līf
Middle English: lyf, leyfe, lif, life, lijf, live
English: life
Scots: life, leif
Yola: lief, life
Old Frisian: līf
North Frisian: liff
Saterland Frisian: Lieuw
West Frisian: liif
Old Saxon: līf
Middle Low German: lîf
German Low German: Lif n, Lief n
Plautdietsch: Läwen
Old Dutch: līf
Middle Dutch: lijf
Dutch: lijf
Afrikaans: lyf
Berbice Creole Dutch: lifu
Negerhollands: lief, lif, lijf
Limburgish: lief
Zealandic: lief
Old High German: līb
Middle High German: līp, līph, līf, līb
Alemannic German: Liib
Central Franconian: Liev, Leiv
Hunsrik: Leib
Luxembourgish: Läif, Leif
Cimbrian: laip
German: Leib
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לײַב (layb)

Old Norse: líf
Icelandic: líf
Faroese: lív
Norn: liv
Norwegian Bokmål: liv
Norwegian Nynorsk: liv
Elfdalian: liv, laiv
Old Swedish: līf
Swedish: liv
Danish: liv
Gutnish: liev

Likely derived from *lībaną (“to remain”).


Rēdawulfaz

Rēdawulfaz (nominative singular)
Rēdawulf (singular vocative)
Rēdawulfą (accusative singular)
Rēdawulfai (dative singular)
Rēdawulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Rādawulf
Old English: Rǣdwulf
Middle English: Radulf
English: Ralph
→ German: Ralf
→ Norwegian: Ralf
→ Swedish: Ralf
Old Saxon: Rādolf
Old Dutch: *Rādolf
Middle Dutch: Radolf
Old High German: Ratolf
→ Old French: Raol, Raoul
French: Raoul
→ Catalan: Raül
→ English: Raoul
→ Portuguese: Raul
→ Spanish: Raúl

Old Norse: Ráðulfr

Norwegian Nynorsk: Rådulv, Rådolv

Swedish: Rådulf

Danish: Radulf

→ German: Radulf

→ Old English: Raulf

→ Old French: Radulf, Radulph (Norman)

From *rēdaz (“counsel”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Hrōþiwulfaz

Hrōþiwulfaz (nominative singular)
Hrōþiwulf (singular vocative)
Hrōþiwulfą (accusative singular)
Hrōþiwulfai (dative singular)
Hrōþiwulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþiwulf
Old English: Hrōþwulf, Hrōþulf
Old Saxon: *Hrōtholf
Middle Low German: Rōdolf, Rōdelof
Old Dutch: *Ruotholf
Middle Dutch: Roedolf, Roelof
Dutch: Roedolf, Roelof, Roel (may also be from Roeland)
Old High German: *Hruodwolf, *Ruodolf
Middle High German: Ruodolf
German: Rudolf, Rudolph, Rudi
→ Dutch: Rudolf, Ruud
→ English: Rudolf, Rudolph, Rudy
→ Medieval Latin: Ruodolfus, Ruodolphus, Rodolphus
Italian: Rodolfo
→ English: Rodolphus

desc

*ᚺᚱᛟᚦᛁᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚱᛟᚦᛁᚹᚢᛚᚠᚨᛉ (*hroþiwulfaʀ /*Hrōþiwulfaʀ/)

Old Norse: Hróðulfr, Hróðólfr, Hrólfr

Icelandic: Hróðólfur, Hrólfur

Faroese: Rólvur, Róðolvur

Norwegian Nynorsk: Rolv, Rodolv, Rodulv

Swedish: Rolf, Rodulf

Danish: Rolf

→ English: Rolf

→ Latin: Rollo

Old French: Rollon

→ Norman: Rouf, Rou

From *hrōþiz (“praise, fame, glory, renown”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Aþalawulfaz

Aþalawulfaz (nominative singular)
Aþalawulf (singular vocative)
Aþalawulfą (accusative singular)
Aþalawulfai (dative singular)
Aþalawulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Aþalawulf

Old English: Æþelwulf, Æþulf

Middle English: Alulf

→ English: Ethelwolf

Old High German: Adalwolf

Middle High German: Adolf

German: Adolf, Adolph

Gothic: *𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐍃 (*aþalawulfs) (attested as Atawulf, Athaulf, king of the Visigoths)

→ English: Adolf, Adolph

→ Latin: Adolphus

→ English: Adolphus

→ Czech: Adolf

→ Danish: Adolf

→ Icelandic: Adolf, Adólf

→ Faroese: Adolf

→ Finnish: Adolf

→ Hungarian: Adolf

→ Polish: Adolf

→ Dutch: Adolf

→ Norwegian: Adolf

→ Slovene: Adolf

→ Slovak: Adolf

→ Swedish: Adolf

→ Spanish: Adolfo, Ataúlfo

→ Portuguese: Adolfo

→ Italian: Adolfo

→ Esperanto: Adolfo

→ Lithuanian: Adolfas

→ French: Adolphe

→ Russian: Адо́льф (Adólʹf)

From *aþalaz (“noble”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


Hrōþigaizaz

Hrōþigaizaz (nominative singular)
Hrōþigaiz (singular vocative)
Hrōþigaizą (accusative singular)
Hrōþigaizai (dative singular)
Hrōþigaizō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþigaiʀ

Old English: Hrōþgār, Hrōðgār

Old High German: Ruodigēr, Ruodgēr

Middle High German: Rüedeger, Rüedger

German: Rüdiger, Rütger

→ Dutch: Rutger

→ Latin: Rogerius

Old French: Rogier

Catalan: Roger

Spanish: Rogelio

French: Roger

→ English: Roger, Rodger

Italian: Ruggero

→ Middle Dutch: Rogier

Dutch: Rogier

Old Norse: Hróðgeirr, Hróarr

Icelandic: Hróðgeir

Faroese: Róar

Norwegian: Rodgeir, Roar

From *hrōþiz (“fame”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


Þeudōrīks

Þeudōrīks (nominative singular)
Þeudōrīk (singular vocative)
Þeudōrīkų (accusative singular)
Þeudōrīkiz (genitive singular)
Þeudōrīki (dative singular)
Þeudōrīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeudurīk

desctree

Old English: Þēodrīċ, Ðeodric
→ English: Thedric
→ Old Welsh: Tewdrig

Old Saxon: *Thiodarīk

Middle Low German: Dēderic

→ Swedish: Didrik

→ Norwegian: Didrik, Diderich

→ Danish: Didrik, Diderich

→ English: Derek

→ Old Norse: Þiðrekr, Þiðrikr

Faroese: Tíðrikur

Frankish: *Theodarīk

Old Dutch: *Thiodarīk

Middle Dutch: Diederic, Dieric

Dutch: Diederik, Dirk

→ English: Dirk

→ Old French: Thierri, Tierri

French: Thierry

→ English: Terry

Old High German: Diotrih, Theotrih, Detrih, Deotrich
Middle High German: Dietrich
German: Dietrich
→ Czech: Dětřich

desc

Old Norse: Þjóðrekr, Þjórekr, ᚦᛁᛆᚢᚱᛁᚴᛧ (þiaurikʀ) (Rök runestone)

Icelandic: Þjóðrekur, Þjóðríkur

Norwegian: Tjodrik

Swedish: Tjudrik, Tjudrek

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*þiudareiks)

→ Galician: Toiriz (place name; alternatively from Suebic)

→ Latin: Theodoricus, Theodericus

French: Théodoric

Galician: Toiriz (place name)

Italian: Teodorico

Spanish: Teodorico

→ English: Theoderic, Theodoric

→ Middle High German: Theodoricus; Theodericus (late 14th and 15th century)

→ German: Theoderich, Theodorich

→ German: Theuderich

From *þeudō (“people”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”). Equivalent to Proto-Celtic *Toutorīxs.


mērijaz

mērijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mērijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mērijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mērijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mēriją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mērijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mērijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mērijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mērijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mērijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mēriją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mērijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mērijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mērīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mērijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mērijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mērijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mērijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mērīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mērijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mērijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mērijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mērijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mērijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mērijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mērijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mērijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mērijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mērijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mērijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mērijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mērijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mērijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mērijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mērijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mērijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mērijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mērijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mērijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mērijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mērijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mērijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mērijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mērijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mērīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mērijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mērijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mērijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mērīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mērijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mērīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mērijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mērijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mērijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mērīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mērijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mērīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mērijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mērijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mērijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mērīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mērijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mārī
Old English: mǣre
Middle English: mere
English: mere (partially)
Old Frisian: mēre
Old Saxon: māri
Old Dutch: māri
Middle Dutch: mâre
Old High German: māri
Middle High German: mære
Alemannic German: määr

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ (*mariʀ /mārīz/)
Old Norse: mærr
Icelandic: mær
Old Swedish: mǣr

Gothic: *𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*mēreis) (in 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (wailamēreis))

Vandalic: *mēr, *mērV-

Vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested strong verb *meraną, the original meaning being "shining". Cognate with Old Church Slavonic мѣръ (měrŭ), Old Irish már, mór.


sundī

sundī (nominative singular)
sundijôz (nominative plural)
sundī (singular vocative)
sundijôz (plural vocative)
sundijǭ (accusative singular)
sundijōz (accusative plural)
sundijōz (genitive singular)
sundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sundijōi (dative singular)
sundijōmaz (dative plural)
sundijō (instrumental singular)
sundijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: sunde, sunde, sende

Saterland Frisian: Sände, Säände

West Frisian: sûnde

Old Saxon: sundia

Middle Low German: sunde

desc

German Low German: Sünde, Sünd, Sünne, Sünn

Plautdietsch: Sind

Old Dutch: sunda

Middle Dutch: sonde, sunde

Dutch: zonde

Afrikaans: sonde

Old High German: suntea, sunta

Middle High German: sunde, sünde

German: Sünde

Hunsrik: Sind

Luxembourgish: Sënd

Vilamovian: zynd

Yiddish: זינד (zind)

Old Norse: synd

Icelandic: synd

Faroese: synd

Norwegian: synd

Old Swedish: synd

Swedish: synd

→ Finnish: synti

Danish: synd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-n̥t-íh₂, the feminine form of *h₁sónts (“being, true”), itself the present participle of *h₁es- (“to be”), from which the present tense forms of Germanic *wesaną also descend. The sense would have originally implied a verdict of "truly guilty" against an accusation or charge.

something that should not be; sin, crime


Friþugaizaz

Friþugaizaz (nominative singular)
Friþugaiz (singular vocative)
Friþugaizą (accusative singular)
Friþugaizai (dative singular)
Friþugaizō (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Friþugaiʀ
Old English: Friþugār, Freoþegār, Freoþogār, Friþogār
Old High German: Frithugēr, Fridugēr
German: Fridger, Friedger, Friedeger
→ Latin: Fredegarus
French: Frédégaire
Italian: Fredegario
Greek: Φρεδέγαρος (Fredégaros)

Old Norse: Friðgeirr

Icelandic: Friðgeir

Norwegian: Fridgeir, Fredgeir

Old Swedish: Fridhger

Old Danish: Frithger

From *friþuz (“peace”) + *gaizaz (“spear”).


luhsaz

luhsaz (nominative singular)
luhsōz (nominative plural)
luhsōs (nominative plural)
luhs (singular vocative)
luhsōz (plural vocative)
luhsōs (plural vocative)
luhsą (accusative singular)
luhsanz (accusative plural)
luhsas (genitive singular)
luhsis (genitive singular)
luhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luhsai (dative singular)
luhsamaz (dative plural)
luhsō (instrumental singular)
luhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *luhs
Old English: lox
Middle English: lusk (found in luskwerk)
Scots: los (possibly through Middle Dutch or Middle Low German)
English: los, loz
Old Frisian: *luks, *loks
Saterland Frisian: Luks
Old Saxon: lohs, los
Middle Low German: *luhs, lūs, los
Old Dutch: *lohs, *los
Middle Dutch: los
Dutch: los
→ English: losse (dated)
Old High German: luhs
Middle High German: luhs
German: Luchs
→ Low German: Luks
→ Luxembourgish: Luchs
⇒ German: abluchsen (partly)
Luxembourgish: Luuss (dated)
Lombardic: luchs

Old Norse: *lóa (from *luhǭ, possibly by analogy with *fuhǭ)

Danish: los

Old Swedish: lō

Swedish: lo

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“to be bright, be light, shine”).


saipǭ

saipǭ (nominative singular)
saipōniz (nominative plural)
saipǭ (singular vocative)
saipōniz (plural vocative)
saipōnų (accusative singular)
saipōnunz (accusative plural)
saipōniz (genitive singular)
saipōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saipōni (dative singular)
saipōmaz (dative plural)
saipōnē (instrumental singular)
saipōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saipā
Old English: sāpe
Middle English: sope, sape
English: soap (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saip, sape
→ Middle Irish: sóp
→ Old Norse: sápa
Icelandic: sápa
Faroese: sápa
Norwegian: såpa, såpe
→ Danish: såpe
Norwegian Bokmål: såpe
Old Swedish: sāpa
Swedish: såpa
→ Finnish: suopa, soopa
Old Frisian: *sēpe
Saterland Frisian: Seepe
West Frisian: sjippe
Old Saxon: *sēpa
Middle Low German: sēpe, seipe
German Low German: Seep
Dutch Low Saxon: ziepe, zaip, zaipe, zeeip, zepe, zeip, ziep, zaibe, zeep
→ Estonian: seep
→ Danish: sæbe
Norwegian Bokmål: sæbe, sæpe, sepe
→ Latvian: ziepes
Old Dutch: *sēpa, *seipa
Middle Dutch: sêpe, seipe
Dutch: zeep
Afrikaans: seep (see there for further descendants)
Berbice Creole Dutch: sepu
Skepi Creole Dutch: sepu
→ Akawaio: seepoo, sawana
→ Pemon: seepoo, sawana
→ Lokono: sêpo
Limburgish: zeip
Old High German: seipfa, seiffa, seifa
Middle High German: seife
Alemannic German: Seif, Seife, Seifi, Seipfe, Soapfe
Swabian: Soif
Bavarian: Saf, Soaffa, Soaf
Central Franconian: Seef, Sääf, Seif
Hunsrik: Seif
Luxembourgish: Seef
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zaof
East Franconian: Saafe
German: Seife
Rhine Franconian: Saaf, Saaif, Sääf, Sääif, Seef
Frankfurterisch: [saːf]
Pennsylvania German: Seef
Yiddish: זייף (zeyf)

Finnic:

→ Finnish: saippua
→ Ingrian: saippu
→ Northern Sami: sáibu

→ Latin: sāpō (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. One theory derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *seyb- (“to pour out, dribble, strain, trickle”), and compares it with Latin sēbum (“tallow, grease”).


liþugaz

*liþugaz (a-stem)

liþugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
liþugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
liþugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
liþugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
liþugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
liþugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
liþuganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
liþuganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
liþugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
liþugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
liþugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
liþugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
liþugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
liþugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
liþugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
liþugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
liþugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
liþugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
liþugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
liþugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
liþugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
liþugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
liþugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
liþugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
liþuganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
liþugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
liþugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
liþugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
liþuganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
liþugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
liþugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
liþuganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
liþugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
liþugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
liþugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
liþugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
liþuganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
liþuganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
liþugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
liþugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
liþugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
liþugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
liþuginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
liþuganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
liþugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
liþugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
liþuginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
liþuganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
liþugini (dative masculine singular weak)
liþugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
liþugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
liþugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
liþugini (dative neuter singular weak)
liþugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
liþuginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
liþugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
liþugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
liþugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
liþuginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
liþugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: liþiġ

Middle English: lethi

English: lithy

Old Frisian: lethoch, lethech, lethich

Saterland Frisian: leedich

West Frisian: liddich, leeg

Old Saxon: *lithig

Middle Low German: ledich

German Low German: leddig

Plautdietsch: lädich

→ Danish: ledig

→ Swedish: ledig

→ Norwegian: ledig

Frankish: *lithig

Old Dutch: *lithig

desctree

Middle Dutch: lēdich
Dutch: leeg
Afrikaans: leeg, ledig
Negerhollands: leeg
→ Sranan Tongo: leigi
→ Aukan: leigi
→ Caribbean Javanese: légi
Limburgish: leidig, laeg

→ Old French: liege, lige

→ English: liege

Old High German: *lidig (?)

i

Middle High German: lëdec, lëdic, leidec (expected i-form is rare; northern influence is speculative)

desc

Central Franconian: leddig, lääch, lädig

Hunsrik: lettich

German: ledig

Yiddish: ליידיק (leydik)

Old Norse: liðugr

Icelandic: liðugur

Faroese: liðugur

Old Swedish: lidhugher

Swedish: ledig (likely from Low German)

Presumably from *liþuz (“joint, member”) + *-gaz (forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of “being, having or doing”).


fraiwą

fraiwą (nominative singular)
fraiwō (nominative plural)
fraiwą (singular vocative)
fraiwō (plural vocative)
fraiwą (accusative singular)
fraiwō (accusative plural)
fraiwas (genitive singular)
fraiwis (genitive singular)
fraiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fraiwai (dative singular)
fraiwamaz (dative plural)
fraiwō (instrumental singular)
fraiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: frjó, fræ

Icelandic: frjó, fræ

Faroese: fræ

Norwegian: frø, fræ, frjo

Dalian: fri, fre

Old Swedish: frö

Swedish: frö

Old Danish: frø

Danish: frø

→ Middle English: fry

Scots: fry, frie

English: fry

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅 (fraiw)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)per-, *(s)prey- (“to strew, sow”).


taihwǭ

taihwǭ (nominative singular)
taihwōniz (nominative plural)
taihwǭ (singular vocative)
taihwōniz (plural vocative)
taihwōnų (accusative singular)
taihwōnunz (accusative plural)
taihwōniz (genitive singular)
taihwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taihwōni (dative singular)
taihwōmaz (dative plural)
taihwōnē (instrumental singular)
taihwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *taihā
Old English: tā, tāhe (Mercian)
Middle English: ta, to
Scots: ta, tae
English: toe
Old Frisian: tāne (originally a plural?)
Saterland Frisian: Tone
West Frisian: tean
Old Saxon: *tēha
Middle Low German: tē
Low German: Tehn, Töhn, Teuhn
Old Dutch: *tēa
Middle Dutch: tee
Dutch: teen (plural reanalysed as singular), toon (dialectal, also a plural reanalysed as singular)
Afrikaans: toon
Old High German: zēha
Middle High German: zēhe, zē
Alemannic German: Zeewe
Bavarian: Zächa
Central Franconian: Zieh
German: Zehe, Zeh
Luxembourgish: Zéif
Pennsylvania German: Zehe, Zeh

Old Norse: tá
Icelandic: tá
Faroese: tá
Norwegian Nynorsk: tå
Norwegian Bokmål: tå
Swedish: tå
Danish: tå

From Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to point out”). Cognate with Latin digitus (“toe, finger, digit”), Latin dīcō (“say, indicate, point out”).