webaną

webō (active first-person indicative singular)
webaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
webai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
webaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
web (active imperative second-person singular)
webazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
webaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
webai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
webadau (active imperative singular third-person)
webadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
webaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
webōz (active dual first-person indicative)
webaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
webadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
webaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
webadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
webamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
webaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
webandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
webaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wibid (active indicative plural second-person)
webaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wibid (active imperative plural second-person)
webandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
webaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
webandi (active indicative plural third-person)
webain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
webandau (active imperative plural third-person)
webandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
webaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wab (active first-person indicative singular)
wēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waft (active indicative second-person singular)
wēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wab (active indicative singular third-person)
wēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
webandz (active participle present)
webanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *weban
Old English: wefan
Middle English: weven
Scots: weve, weive, weif, wyf
English: weave
Old Frisian: weva
Saterland Frisian: weeuwe
West Frisian: weve
Old Saxon: weƀan, wevan
Middle Low German: weven
German Low German: weven
Old Dutch: wevan
Middle Dutch: wēven
Dutch: weven
Afrikaans: weef, wewe
Limburgish: waeve
Old High German: weban
Middle High German: weben
German: weben
Luxembourgish: wiewen
Yiddish: וועבן (vebn)

Old Norse: vefa
Icelandic: vefa
Faroese: veva
Norwegian: veve
Old Swedish: væva
Swedish: väva, väfva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: væve

From Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“to weave”).


trudaną

trudō (active first-person indicative singular)
trudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
trudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trud (active imperative second-person singular)
trudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
trudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
trudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
trudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
trudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
trudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
trudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
trudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
trudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
trudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trudid (active indicative plural second-person)
trudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trudid (active imperative plural second-person)
trudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
trudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
trudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
trudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
trudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
trudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trad (active first-person indicative singular)
trēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trast (active indicative second-person singular)
trēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trad (active indicative singular third-person)
trēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
trēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
trēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
trēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
trēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trudandz (active participle present)
trudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tredan
Old English: tredan
Middle English: treden
Scots: trad, tred
English: tread
Old Frisian: treda
Saterland Frisian: treede
West Frisian: trêdzje
Old Saxon: *tredan
Middle Low German: trēden
Low German: treden
→ Swedish: träda
→ Danish: træde
→ Faroese: træða, treða
Old Dutch: tredan
Middle Dutch: trēden
Dutch: treden
Afrikaans: tree
Limburgish: traeje
Old High German: tretan
Middle High German: treten
Central Franconian: tredde, träde, treade
Bavarian: tretn
Hunsrik: trede
Luxembourgish: trieden
German: treten
⇒ German: Trotte
→ Medieval Latin: trottō, trotō
Old French: trotter, troter
French: trotter
→ English: trot
Italian: trottare
Spanish: trotar
Portuguese: trotar
Occitan: trotar

Old Norse: troða, truða
Icelandic: troða
Faroese: troða
Norwegian Nynorsk: trå, trø
Elfdalian: troðå
Old Swedish: troþa, trudha
Swedish: tråda, trå, (träda)
Danish: trå, tråde (træde)
Norwegian Bokmål: trå

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (trudan)

Probably originally a root aorist, present singular *tred-, non-singular *trud-, from a possible Pre-Germanic *dret-, which could theoretically be an extension of Proto-Indo-European *dr-, compare *drem- and *dreh₂-. Akin to Proto-Slavic *dьrtěti (“to degrade, to age”).


stīganą

stīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
stīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stīg (active imperative second-person singular)
stīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
stīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
stīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
staig (active first-person indicative singular)
stigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
staiht (active indicative second-person singular)
stigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staig (active indicative singular third-person)
stigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stigū (active dual first-person indicative)
stigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stigum (active first-person indicative plural)
stigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stigud (active indicative plural second-person)
stigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stigun (active indicative plural third-person)
stigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stīgandz (active participle present)
stiganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stīgan
Old English: stīgan
Middle English: stighen, stien
Scots: styan
English: sty
Old Frisian: stīga
Saterland Frisian: stiege
West Frisian: stige
Old Saxon: stīgan
Middle Low German: stîgen
German Low German: stiegen
Old Dutch: stīgan
Middle Dutch: stigen
Dutch: stijgen
Limburgish: stiege
Old High German: stīgan
Middle High German: stīgen
German: steigen
Hunsrik: steie
Luxembourgish: steigen
Yiddish: שטײַגן (shtaygn)

Old Norse: stíga
Icelandic: stíga
Faroese: stíga
Norwegian Nynorsk: stiga, stige
Norwegian Bokmål: stige
Elfdalian: staiga
Old Swedish: stīgha
Swedish: stiga
Scanian: stíğa, stǽğa
Old Danish: stīghæ
Danish: stige
Gutnish: steige

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (steigan)

From Proto-Indo-European *stéygʰeti, from *steygʰ- (“to walk”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στείχω (steíkhō, “I go”) and Old Church Slavonic стигнѫ (stignǫ, “I come”).


anadz

anadz (nominative singular)
anadiz (nominative plural)
anad (singular vocative)
anadiz (plural vocative)
anadų (accusative singular)
anadunz (accusative plural)
anadiz (genitive singular)
anadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anadi (dative singular)
anadumaz (dative plural)
anadē (instrumental singular)
anadumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *anad
Old English: ened, enid, æned, ænid
Middle English: ende, enede, hende, henede, heynd
Scots: ennet, annet, annot
English: ende, ennet, annet, annot
Old Frisian: *ened, *aned
Saterland Frisian: Oante, Oande
West Frisian: ein
Old Saxon: anud
Middle Low German: aned, ēnde
German Low German: Aant
Plautdietsch: Ent
Old Dutch: ened
Middle Dutch: ent, eent, eynt
Dutch: eend
Afrikaans: eend
Jersey Dutch: êntśe (from the diminutive)
Old High German: anut, aneta, enita
Middle High German: anet, ant, ente
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ent
Luxembourgish: Int
Rhine Franconian: Ent, Int
Frankfurterisch: IPA [ent]
German: Ente
Alemannic German: Ant, Anete
Vilamovian: ant

Old Norse: ǫnd
Icelandic: önd
Faroese: ont
Norwegian Nynorsk: and, ond
Norwegian: (dialectal) ònd, ånd, ønd, ånt
Norwegian Bokmål: and
Old Swedish: and
Swedish: and
Old Danish: *and (attested plural)
Danish: and

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”). Cognate with Latin anas (“duck, drake”), Lithuanian ántis (“duck, mallard”), and Proto-Slavic *ǫty (“duck”).


hnīwaną

hnīwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnīwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnīwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnīwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnīwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīw (active imperative second-person singular)
hnīwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnīwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnīwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnīwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnīwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnīwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnīwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnīwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnīwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnīwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnīwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnīwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnīwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnīwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnīwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnīwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnīwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnīwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnīwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnīwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaiw (active first-person indicative singular)
hniwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaiwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hniwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaiw (active indicative singular third-person)
hniwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnigū (active dual first-person indicative)
hniwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hniwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnigum (active first-person indicative plural)
hniwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnigud (active indicative plural second-person)
hniwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnigun (active indicative plural third-person)
hniwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīwandz (active participle present)
hniwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnīgan
Old English: hnīgan
Old Frisian: hnīga
Old Saxon: hnīgan
Middle Low German: nîgen
Old Dutch: *nīgan
Middle Dutch: nigen
Dutch: nijgen
Afrikaans: nyg
Limburgish: niege
Old High German: nīgan
Middle High German: nīgen
German: neigen (merged with *hnaigijaną)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: hníga
Icelandic: hníga
Faroese: níga
Norwegian Bokmål: nige
Old Swedish: nīgha
Swedish: niga
→ Finnish: niiata

Gothic: 𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (hneiwan)

From Proto-Indo-European *kneygʷʰ- (“to bend, to droop”). Perhaps cognate with Latin coniveo (“to close up the eyes; to connive, turn a blind eye”) due to matching phonetics, but the semantic gap is wide.


druhtiz

druhtiz (nominative singular)
druhtīz (nominative plural)
druhti (singular vocative)
druhtīz (plural vocative)
druhtį (accusative singular)
druhtinz (accusative plural)
druhtīz (genitive singular)
druhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
druhtī (dative singular)
druhtimaz (dative plural)
druhtī (instrumental singular)
druhtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *druhti
Old English: dryht
English: dright
Old Frisian: drecht, dracht
North Frisian: dregte
Old Saxon: *druht
Middle Low German: drucht
Old Dutch: druht
Middle Dutch: drucht
Old High German: truht
Middle High German: truht

Old Norse: drótt

Icelandic: drótt

Gothic: *𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*drauhts) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (gadrauhts), 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 (drauhtinōn))

From the zero-grade of *dreuganą + *-þiz.


skītaną

skītō (active first-person indicative singular)
skītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīt (active imperative second-person singular)
skītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skītid (active indicative plural second-person)
skītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skītid (active imperative plural second-person)
skītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skait (active first-person indicative singular)
skitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaist (active indicative second-person singular)
skitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skait (active indicative singular third-person)
skitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skitū (active dual first-person indicative)
skitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skitum (active first-person indicative plural)
skitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skitud (active indicative plural second-person)
skitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skitun (active indicative plural third-person)
skitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skītandz (active participle present)
skitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skītan
Old English: sċītan
Middle English: schiten, schite, schyte, schytyn, shyte, shytyn
English: shit, shite
Scots: shit
Old Frisian: skīta
Saterland Frisian: skiete
West Frisian: skite
Old Saxon: skītan
Middle Low German: schīten
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: schieten
Plautdietsch: schieten
Old Dutch: *skītan
Middle Dutch: schiten
Dutch: schijten
Limburgish: sjiete
Old High German: skīzan
Middle High German: schīzen
German: scheißen
Hunsrik: scheise
Luxembourgish: schäissen

Old Norse: skíta
Icelandic: skíta
Faroese: skíta
Norwegian Bokmål: skite
Norwegian Nynorsk: skita, skite
Old Swedish: skīta
Swedish: skita
Danish: skide
→ Middle English: skiten, skyten
Scots: skite

From Proto-Indo-European *skéydt, from *skeyd- (“to cut off”). Cognates include Lithuanian šikti (“to defecate, shit”), Proto-Slavic *cěditi (“to strain, filter”).


sīhwaną

sīhwō (active first-person indicative singular)
sīhwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sīhwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sīhwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sīhwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sīhw (active imperative second-person singular)
sīhwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sīhwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sīhwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sīhwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sīhwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sīhwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sīhwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sīhwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sīhwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sīhwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sīhwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sīhwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sīhwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sīhwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sīhwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sīhwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sīhwid (active indicative plural second-person)
sīhwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sīhwid (active imperative plural second-person)
sīhwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sīhwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sīhwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sīhwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīhwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sīhwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sīhwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saihw (active first-person indicative singular)
siwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saiht (active indicative second-person singular)
siwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saihw (active indicative singular third-person)
siwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sigū (active dual first-person indicative)
siwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sigum (active first-person indicative plural)
siwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sigud (active indicative plural second-person)
siwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sigun (active indicative plural third-person)
siwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sīhwandz (active participle present)
siwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sīhwan
Old English: sīon, sēon
Middle English: sihen, sien (merged with sīġan < Proto-Germanic *sīganą)
Scots: sye
English: sie
Old Frisian: sīa
Old Saxon: *sīhan
Middle Low German: sîen
German Low German: sejen
Old Dutch: *sīan
Middle Dutch: siën
Dutch: zien
Afrikaans: sien
Javindo: sien, siet
Jersey Dutch: zîn, zîne
Limburgish: zeen
Old High German: sīhan
Middle High German: sīhen
German: seihen
Bavarian: siachen (southern dialect)

Old Norse: sía

Icelandic: sía

From Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to filter”).


gaskaftiz

gaskaftiz (nominative singular)
gaskaftīz (nominative plural)
gaskafti (singular vocative)
gaskaftīz (plural vocative)
gaskaftį (accusative singular)
gaskaftinz (accusative plural)
gaskaftīz (genitive singular)
gaskaftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaskaftī (dative singular)
gaskaftimaz (dative plural)
gaskaftī (instrumental singular)
gaskaftimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaskafti
Old English: ġesċeaft, ġesċæft, ġesċeft
Middle English: ȝescafte, iscefte, ishafte, ishaft
Old High German: giscaft
Middle High German: gescheft
Alemannic German: Geschäft
Bavarian: Gschäft
German: Geschäft
Hunsrik: Gescheft
Luxembourgish: Geschäft
Vilamovian: gysieft
Yiddish: געשעפֿט (gesheft)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (gaskafts)


driftiz

driftiz (nominative singular)
driftīz (nominative plural)
drifti (singular vocative)
driftīz (plural vocative)
driftį (accusative singular)
driftinz (accusative plural)
driftīz (genitive singular)
driftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
driftī (dative singular)
driftimaz (dative plural)
driftī (instrumental singular)
driftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drifti
Old English: *drift
Middle English: drift
Scots: drift
English: drift
Old Frisian: drift (in compounds)
North Frisian: drift
Saterland Frisian: Drift
Old Saxon: drift, thrift
Middle Low German: drift
Low German: Drift
→ German: Drift
Old Dutch: *drift
Middle Dutch: drift, *dricht
Dutch: drift
Afrikaans: drif
Old High German: trift
Middle High German: trift
German: Trift

Old Norse: dript

Icelandic: drift

Faroese: drift

Norwegian: drift

Swedish: drift

Danish: drift


grīpaną

grīpō (active first-person indicative singular)
grīpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grīpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grīpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grīpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grīp (active imperative second-person singular)
grīpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grīpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grīpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grīpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grīpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grīpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grīpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grīpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grīpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grīpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grīpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grīpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grīpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grīpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grīpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grīpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grīpid (active indicative plural second-person)
grīpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grīpid (active imperative plural second-person)
grīpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grīpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grīpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grīpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grīpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grīpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grīpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
graip (active first-person indicative singular)
gripį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
graift (active indicative second-person singular)
gripīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
graip (active indicative singular third-person)
gripī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gripū (active dual first-person indicative)
gripīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gripudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gripīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gripum (active first-person indicative plural)
gripīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gripud (active indicative plural second-person)
gripīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gripun (active indicative plural third-person)
gripīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grīpandz (active participle present)
gripanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grīpan
Old English: grīpan
Middle English: gripen
Scots: gripe
English: gripe
Old Frisian: grīpa
North Frisian: gripe
Saterland Frisian: griepe
West Frisian: gripe
Old Saxon: grīpan
Middle Low German: grîpen
Low German: griepen
Plautdietsch: jriepen
Old Dutch: grīpan
Middle Dutch: gripen
Dutch: grijpen
Afrikaans: gryp
Limburgish: griepe
Old High German: grīfan
Middle High German: grifen
Cimbrian: graifan
German: greifen
Luxembourgish: gräifen
→ Old French: grifer
French: griffer
→ Old French: *gripper
French: gripper
⇒ French: grippe (noun) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: grípa
Icelandic: grípa
Faroese: grípa
Norwegian Bokmål: gripe
Norwegian Nynorsk: gripa
Old Swedish: grīpa
Swedish: gripa
Danish: gribe

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌽 (greipan)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreyb- (“to grab, to grasp”).


samdaz

samdaz (nominative singular)
samdōz (nominative plural)
samdōs (nominative plural)
samd (singular vocative)
samdōz (plural vocative)
samdōs (plural vocative)
samdą (accusative singular)
samdanz (accusative plural)
samdas (genitive singular)
samdis (genitive singular)
samdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
samdai (dative singular)
samdamaz (dative plural)
samdō (instrumental singular)
samdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *samd, *sand

Old English: sand

desctree

Middle English: sand, sande, sond, sonde, saunde
English: sand
Scots: sand
Yola: zoane

Old Frisian: sand

North Frisian:

Föhr: sun

Hallig: söön

Heligoland: Sun

Mooring: sönj

Saterland Frisian: Sound

West Frisian: sân

Old Saxon: sand

Middle Low German: sant

Low German: Sand

Plautdietsch: Saunt

Old Dutch: *sant
Middle Dutch: sant
Dutch: zand

Old High German: sant, *samt
Middle High German: sant; sampt, sambt
German: Sand
Luxembourgish: Sand
Vilamovian: zaond
Yiddish: זאַמד (zamd)

Old Norse: sandr
Icelandic: sandur
→ English: sandur
→ German: Sander
Faroese: sandur
Norn: sand
Norwegian Bokmål: sand
Norwegian Nynorsk: sand
Old Swedish: sander
Swedish: sand
Old Danish: sand
Danish: sand
Elfdalian: sand
Gutnish: sand

From Proto-Indo-European *sámh₂dʰos (“sand”), likely borrowed from a Western European substrate. Cognate with Ancient Greek ψᾰ́μμος (psámmos), ἄμαθος (ámathos, “sand”), Latin sabulum (“coarse sand, gravel”).


wulgī

wulgī (nominative singular)
wulgijôz (nominative plural)
wulgī (singular vocative)
wulgijôz (plural vocative)
wulgijǭ (accusative singular)
wulgijōz (accusative plural)
wulgijōz (genitive singular)
wulgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulgijōi (dative singular)
wulgijōmaz (dative plural)
wulgijō (instrumental singular)
wulgijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: ylgr
Icelandic: ylgur

From earlier *wulgwī, from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷíh₂s (“she-wolf”), though with the suffix replaced with the ablauting *-ih₂. The delabialization is probably triggered by following *j, though the expected interference of Siever's Law may complicate this explanation. Compare Proto-West Germanic *wulbi.


ganhtiz

ganhtiz (nominative singular)
ganhtīz (nominative plural)
ganhti (singular vocative)
ganhtīz (plural vocative)
ganhtį (accusative singular)
ganhtinz (accusative plural)
ganhtīz (genitive singular)
ganhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganhtī (dative singular)
ganhtimaz (dative plural)
ganhtī (instrumental singular)
ganhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *gīht, *gīhte (in compounds: ġebedgīht, sunngīhte)

Old High German: *gāht (in compounds: bettigāht)

Middle High German: giht

Old Norse: gátt, gætt
Icelandic: gátt, gætt
Faroese: gátt
Norwegian Nynorsk: gått; (dialectal) gótt, gøtt
Elfdalian: gą̊t

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌲𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (framgāhts), 𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (innatgāhts)


kluftiz

kluftiz (nominative singular)
kluftīz (nominative plural)
klufti (singular vocative)
kluftīz (plural vocative)
kluftį (accusative singular)
kluftinz (accusative plural)
kluftīz (genitive singular)
kluftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kluftī (dative singular)
kluftimaz (dative plural)
kluftī (instrumental singular)
kluftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klufti

Old English: ġeclyft

Middle English: clift, clyft

English: cleft

Scots: clift, cleft, klift

Old Frisian: kleft

Old Saxon: *kluft

Middle Low German: kluft

German Low German: Kluft

Plautdietsch: Kluft

→ Saterland Frisian: Kluft

Old Dutch: *kluft

Middle Dutch: kluft, klucht

Dutch: klucht, kluft

Afrikaans: klug

→ West Frisian: kloft, klucht

Old High German: kluft

Middle High German: kluft

German: Kluft

Old Norse: kluft, *klyft (possibly from Middle Low German)

Faroese: kluft

Icelandic: kluft

Norwegian: kløft, kluft

Old Swedish: klyft (late Old Swedish)

Swedish: klyft, klyfta

Danish: kløft, klyft, kløfte


druhtinaz

druhtinaz (nominative singular)
druhtinōz (nominative plural)
druhtinōs (nominative plural)
druhtin (singular vocative)
druhtinōz (plural vocative)
druhtinōs (plural vocative)
druhtiną (accusative singular)
druhtinanz (accusative plural)
druhtinas (genitive singular)
druhtinis (genitive singular)
druhtinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
druhtinai (dative singular)
druhtinamaz (dative plural)
druhtinō (instrumental singular)
druhtinamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *druhtin
Old English: dryhten, drihten
Middle English: drihten, drihte
Scots: drichtin, drichtine
English: drightin, drighten, dright
Old Frisian: drochten
Old Saxon: druhtin, drohtin
Old Dutch: druhtin
Middle Dutch: drochtijn
Dutch: drochten
Old High German: truhtin, trohtin
Middle High German: trohtīn, trehtīn, trehten
German: Trechtein (obsolete)

Old Norse: dróttinn, ᛏᚱᚢᛏᛁᚾ (trutin) — Runic form, nominative singular
Icelandic: dróttinn, drottinn
Faroese: drottin
Norwegian Bokmål: drott
Norwegian Nynorsk: drott
Old Swedish: drōtin
Swedish: drotten, drotte, drott (-en perceived as definite article)
Old Danish: drotten
Danish: drot
Old Gutnish: drotin

→ Finnish: ruhtinas


nestą

nestą (nominative singular)
nestō (nominative plural)
nestą (singular vocative)
nestō (plural vocative)
nestą (accusative singular)
nestō (accusative plural)
nestas (genitive singular)
nistis (genitive singular)
nestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nestai (dative singular)
nestamaz (dative plural)
nestō (instrumental singular)
nestamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nest
Old English: nest
Middle English: nest, neste, nist, nyst, neest
English: nest
Scots: nest
Yola: naesth
Old Frisian: *nest
Saterland Frisian: Nääst
West Frisian: nêst, nust
Old Saxon: *nest
Middle Low German: nest
German Low German: Nest
Plautdietsch: Nast
→ Swedish: näste
Old Dutch: nest
Middle Dutch: nest
Dutch: nest
Afrikaans: nes
Negerhollands: nest, nes
→ Papiamentu: nèshi, nèishi, nesji
⇒ Limburgish: ès (rebracketing)
Old High German: nest
Middle High German: nest, nist
Bavarian: Nest
⇒ Cimbrian: èst (rebracketing)
Central Franconian: Ness, Nest, Nöss, Nöst, Nost (all < nist)
Hunsrik: Nist
Luxembourgish: Nascht
German: Nest
Rhine Franconian: Nest, Nescht, Nischt (last < nist)
Pennsylvania German: Nescht
Vilamovian: naost
Yiddish: נעסט (nest)

From Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“seat”) with a change to the neuter gender.
The vocalism e < i (apparently from a-mutation) uncommonly prevails in most descendants, including the oldest stages (matched only by *weraz). Forms with i are attested in Middle English and Middle High German, however. These may be either old variants or analogical formations after West Germanic *nistijan (“to nest”), *ganistī (collective).


nestą

gem-decl-noun-table

*nestą (a-stem)

nestą (nominative singular)
nestō (nominative plural)
nestą (singular vocative)
nestō (plural vocative)
nestą (accusative singular)
nestō (accusative plural)
nestas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
nestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nestai (dative singular)
nestamaz (dative plural)
nestō (instrumental singular)
nestamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: nest

Old High German: *nest

⇒ Old High German: *fartnest

⇒ Old High German: weganest, weganist

Old Norse: nest, nesti

Icelandic: nest, nesti


suhtiz

suhtiz (nominative singular)
suhtīz (nominative plural)
suhti (singular vocative)
suhtīz (plural vocative)
suhtį (accusative singular)
suhtinz (accusative plural)
suhtīz (genitive singular)
suhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suhtī (dative singular)
suhtimaz (dative plural)
suhtī (instrumental singular)
suhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *suhti

Old English: suht

Middle English: suht, souȝt, soght; golsouȝt; lungessouth

Scots: gulsoch; lungasüte

Old Frisian: sechte, *siochte

Saterland Frisian: Sucht

West Frisian: sjochte

Old Saxon: suht

Middle Low German: sucht

German Low German: Sücht

Old Dutch: suhti

Middle Dutch: suchte

Dutch: zucht

Old High German: suht

Middle High German: suht

German: Sucht

Luxembourgish: Sucht

Old Norse: sótt

Icelandic: sótt

Faroese: sótt

Danish: sot

Norwegian: sott

Old Swedish: sōt

Swedish: sot

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (sauhts)


berô

berô (nominative singular)
birniz (nominative plural)
berô (singular vocative)
birniz (plural vocative)
bernų (accusative singular)
bernunz (accusative plural)
birniz (genitive singular)
bernǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birni (dative singular)
bernumaz (dative plural)
bernē (instrumental singular)
bernumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *berō
Old English: bera
Middle English: bere, bier, beare, beore, bore
English: bear (see there for further descendants)
Scots: beir
>? Old English: beorn
Middle English: beorn, bern, beryn, biern, byrne, burne, bourne
Old Frisian: *bera, *bara
Saterland Frisian: Boar
West Frisian: bear
Old Saxon: bero
Middle Low German: bar, bāre
German Low German: Baar, Boor
Plautdietsch: Boa
Old Dutch: *bero
Middle Dutch: bēre
Dutch: beer
Afrikaans: beer
→ Papiamentu: ber, beer
Limburgish: baer
West Flemish: beir
Zealandic: beêr
Old High German: bero
Middle High German: bër
Alemannic German: Bärr
Cimbrian: per
German: Bär
Hunsrik: Bäer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Vilamovian: baor
Yiddish: בער (ber)

Old Norse: bersi, bessi, bera, birna; bjǫrn (from oblique stem forms in *bernu-)

desc

Icelandic: bersi, bessi, bera, birna, björn

Faroese: bjørn

Norwegian: bjørn, bjønn

Old Swedish: biørn, biorn

Swedish: bjässe, björn

Old Danish: biørn, biorn

Danish: bjørn

Old Gutnish: biorn

Gutnish: bjånn

Elfdalian: byönn

Jamtish: bjenn

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰 (*baira)

Vandalic: bera-

Conventionally from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“grey, brown”). Ringe, discrediting the existence of such a root, suggests instead *ǵʰwer- (“wild animal”). Blažek (2017) suggests *bʰerH- (“to bore, to pierce”), from which several IE terms for beehive are derived, e.g. Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“hive of wild bees”).


giftiz

giftiz (nominative singular)
giftīz (nominative plural)
gifti (singular vocative)
giftīz (plural vocative)
giftį (accusative singular)
giftinz (accusative plural)
giftīz (genitive singular)
giftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
giftī (dative singular)
giftimaz (dative plural)
giftī (instrumental singular)
giftimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gifti

desctree

Old English: ġift
Middle English: yifte, ȝift, gift
English: gift, yift
Scots: gyft, gift
Yola: giftes (plural)

Old Frisian: jeft

West Frisian: jefte

Old Saxon: *gift

Middle Low German: gifte

German Low German: Gift, Gifte

→ Saterland Frisian: Gift

Old Dutch: *gift

Middle Dutch: gicht, ghift, gifte

Dutch: gift, gif
Afrikaans: gif
Afrikaans: gif
Negerhollands: gift

Old High German: gift

Middle High German: gift

German: Gift

Luxembourgish: Gëft

Vilamovian: gejft

Yiddish: גיפֿט (gift)

Old Norse: gipt

Icelandic: gift

Norwegian: gift

Old Swedish: gipt

Swedish: gift

Old Danish: gift

Danish: gift

→ Middle English: gift

Scots: gift, gyft

English: gift

Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐍆𐍄𐍃 (*gifts)


ahsō

ahsō (nominative singular)
ahsôz (nominative plural)
ahsō (singular vocative)
ahsôz (plural vocative)
ahsǭ (accusative singular)
ahsōz (accusative plural)
ahsōz (genitive singular)
ahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahsōi (dative singular)
ahsōmaz (dative plural)
ahsō (instrumental singular)
ahsōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ahsu
Old English: eax
Old Frisian: *ax
West Frisian: as
Old Saxon: ahsa
Old Dutch: *assa
Middle Dutch: asse
Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Negerhollands: az
→ Indonesian: as
→ Papiamentu: as (dated)
Old High German: ahsa
Middle High German: ahse
Alemannic German: Uechs
German: Achse
→ Norwegian Bokmål: akse
Luxembourgish: Achs

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (“axle”).


haisiz

haisiz (nominative singular)
haisīz (nominative plural)
haisi (singular vocative)
haisīz (plural vocative)
haisį (accusative singular)
haisinz (accusative plural)
haisīz (genitive singular)
haisijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haisī (dative singular)
haisimaz (dative plural)
haisī (instrumental singular)
haisimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hǣs; behǣs; (hāt; ġehāt)

desc

Middle English: hæs, hes, heste, heest, heast, hest; behese, beheste, beheest, biheste, behest

Scots: heste, hest, heist; behest, beheist

English: hest; behest

(Old Saxon: *hēt, *heit; *bīhēt, *bīheit)

(Middle Low German: hēt, heit; behēt, beheit)

(Old High German: gaheiza; biheiz)

(Middle High German: geheize, geheiz; beheiz)

(German: Geheiß)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌹 (haiti)

From earlier *haissiz, from Proto-Indo-European *kóyd-ti-s (“act of calling”). Equivalent to *haitaną (“to call”) + *-þiz.


gelwaz

*gelwaz (a-stem)

gelwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gelwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gelwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gelwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gelwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gelwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gelwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gelwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gelwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gelwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gelwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gelwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gelwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gelwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gelwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gelwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gelwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gelwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gelwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gelwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gelwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gelwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gelwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gelwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gelwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gelwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gelwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gelwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gelwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gelwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gelwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gelwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gelwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gelwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gelwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gelwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gelwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gelwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gelwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gelwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gelwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gelwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gelwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gelwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gelwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gelwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gelwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gelwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gelwini (dative masculine singular weak)
gelwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gelwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gelwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gelwini (dative neuter singular weak)
gelwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gelwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gelwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gelwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gelwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gelwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gelwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gelu
Old English: ġeolu
Middle English: ȝelwe, ȝalow, yelow
English: yellow; yeller, yallow, yaller, yullow (dialectal)
Scots: yella, yelly, yallow
Old Frisian: *jele
Saterland Frisian: jeel
West Frisian: giel
Old Saxon: gelo, gelu
Middle Low German: gēl
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: geel
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: gial
Lippisch: gäll
Sauerländisch: giäl, geal, gail, gēäl
Westmünsterländisch: gääl, geel, gell
Plautdietsch: jäl
Old Dutch: *gelo
Middle Dutch: gēle
Dutch: geel
Limburgish: gael
Old High German: gelo
Middle High German: gël (inflected gëlwe)
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: gahl, gäl
Swabian: geal
Central Franconian: gäl, jäl, jell
Cimbrian: gel, ghéel (Sette Comuni)
German: gelb; gehl (regional)
→ Hunsrik: gelleb
Luxembourgish: giel
Pennsylvania German: gehl
Vilamovian: gaoł
Yiddish: געל (gel), געלב (gelb)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃wós (“yellow”), from *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”) + *-wós. Cognate with Latin helvus (“light-yellow”).


sagjaz

sagjaz (nominative singular)
sagjōz (nominative plural)
sagjōs (nominative plural)
sagi (singular vocative)
sagjōz (plural vocative)
sagjōs (plural vocative)
sagją (accusative singular)
sagjanz (accusative plural)
sagjas (genitive singular)
sagis (genitive singular)
sagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sagjai (dative singular)
sagjamaz (dative plural)
sagjō (instrumental singular)
sagjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sagi
Old English: seċġ
Middle English: seg, sege, segge
English: segge, seg
Scots: seg
Old Frisian: siā
Old Saxon: segg
⇒ Old High German: beinseggo

Old Norse: seggr

Icelandic: seggur

Faroese: seggur

Norwegian Nynorsk: segg

qualifier

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌲- (*sag-) (uncertain lemma; possibly attested in given names)

From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to accompany, to follow”). Cognate with Latin socius (“sharing, associated”).


sagjaz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sagi
Old English: seċġ
Middle English: segge
English: sedge
Scots: seg
Old Frisian: *sedz, *segg
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Säggäärs, Säächgäärs
West Frisian: sigge
Old Saxon: *seggi
Middle Low German: segge
German Low German: Segge, Segg
→ German: Segge
Old Dutch: *seggi
Middle Dutch: segge
Dutch: zegge

From Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”) or Proto-Indo-European *sak- (“marsh plant”), possibly with the latter derived from the former.


bergaz

bergaz (nominative singular)
bergōz (nominative plural)
bergōs (nominative plural)
berg (singular vocative)
bergōz (plural vocative)
bergōs (plural vocative)
bergą (accusative singular)
berganz (accusative plural)
bergas (genitive singular)
birgis (genitive singular)
bergǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bergai (dative singular)
bergamaz (dative plural)
bergō (instrumental singular)
bergamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *berg
Old English: beorg, beorh, berg
Middle English: bergh, berȝ, beruȝ, beruh, berw
English: barrow; bargh (Northern England)
Scots: burrae
Middle English: berȝe, beryhe, berye (via beorge (genitive))
English: berry
Old Frisian: berch
North Frisian: beerg
Saterland Frisian: Bíerig
West Frisian: berch
Old Saxon: berg, berag
Middle Low German: berch
German Low German: Barg
Plautdietsch: Boajch
Old Dutch: berg
Middle Dutch: berch
Dutch: berg
Afrikaans: berg
→ English: berg
Berbice Creole Dutch: berki
Jersey Dutch: bêrix
Negerhollands: berg, bergi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: berg, bergi
→ Aukan: beligi
→ Sranan Tongo: bergi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bérgi
Limburgish: berg
Old High German: berg
Middle High German: bërc
Alemannic German: Bäärg, Bärg, Bèèrg, Bërg
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pèrge
Mòcheno: pèrg
Central Franconian: Berch
Eifel: Bersch
Hunsrik: Berrich
East Central German: Barg (Erzgebirgisch)
German: Berg
Luxembourgish: Bierg
Pennsylvania German: Barig
Yiddish: באַרג (barg)

< *bergą <abbr title="neuter gender">n</abbr>

Old Norse: berg, bjarg (< *bergą n)
Icelandic: berg, bjarg
Faroese: berg, bjarg, bjørg
Norwegian: berg
→ Danish: berg (also from German)
Norwegian Bokmål: berg
Elfdalian: bjärr, bjärg-, bjärgs-, bjärrs-
Old Swedish: biærgh, bærgh
Swedish: berg
Old Danish: biargh, biærgh, bærgh
Scanian: bjærğ
Danish: bjerg
Norwegian Bokmål: bjerg
Gutnish: berg, bjerg, bjerr
→ Scots: berg

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*bairgs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹 (bairgahei)


dreuganą

dreugō (active first-person indicative singular)
dreugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dreugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
driugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dreugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dreug (active imperative second-person singular)
dreugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dreugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
driugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dreugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dreugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dreugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dreugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dreugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dreugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dreugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dreugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dreugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dreugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dreugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dreugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dreugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
driugid (active indicative plural second-person)
dreugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
driugid (active imperative plural second-person)
dreugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dreugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dreugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dreugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dreugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dreugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draug (active first-person indicative singular)
drugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drauht (active indicative second-person singular)
drugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draug (active indicative singular third-person)
drugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drugū (active dual first-person indicative)
drugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drugum (active first-person indicative plural)
drugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drugud (active indicative plural second-person)
drugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drugun (active indicative plural third-person)
drugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreugandz (active participle present)
druganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
Old Frisian: driāga
Saterland Frisian: drjooge
Old Saxon: driogan
Middle Low German: drêgen, drȫgen, drogen
German Low German: dregen
Old Dutch: *driegan
Middle Dutch: driegen
Dutch: bedriegen
Old High German: triogan
Middle High German: triegen, trūgen
German: trügen

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be deceptive; damage”).


dreuganą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
Old English: drēogan
Middle English: dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen
Scots: dre, drie, drey, dree
English: dree, drudge

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (driugan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to hold fast; retain; support”).


haihaz

*haihaz (a-stem)

haihaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haihai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haihō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haihôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haihą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haihō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haihanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haihanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haihǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haihōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haihą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haihō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haihas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haihaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haihaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haihaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haihas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haihaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haihammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haihaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haihaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haihaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haihammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haihaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haihanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haihaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haihaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haihaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haihanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haihaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haihô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haihaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haihǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haihōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haihô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haihōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haihanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haihanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haihōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haihōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haihô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haihōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haihiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haihanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haihōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haihōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haihiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haihanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haihini (dative masculine singular weak)
haihammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haihōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haihōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haihini (dative neuter singular weak)
haihammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haihinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haihammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haihōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haihōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haihinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haihammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚺᚨᛉ (*hahaʀ /Hāhaʀ/)

Old Norse: Hárr

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (haihs)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ikos (“one-eyed”). Cognate with Latin caecus (“blind”).


amsaz

amsaz (nominative singular)
amsōz (nominative plural)
amsōs (nominative plural)
ams (singular vocative)
amsōz (plural vocative)
amsōs (plural vocative)
amsą (accusative singular)
amsanz (accusative plural)
amsas (genitive singular)
amsis (genitive singular)
amsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
amsai (dative singular)
amsamaz (dative plural)
amsō (instrumental singular)
amsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: áss

Icelandic: ás

Faroese: ásur

Norwegian Nynorsk: ås

Elfdalian: ą̊s

Old Swedish: ās

Swedish: ås

Danish: ås

Norwegian Bokmål: ås

Gutnish: as

Gothic: 𐌰𐌼𐍃 (ams)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émsos (“shoulder”). Compare Latin umerus, Sanskrit अंस (áṃsa).


hafraz

hafraz (nominative singular)
hafrōz (nominative plural)
hafrōs (nominative plural)
hafr (singular vocative)
hafrōz (plural vocative)
hafrōs (plural vocative)
hafrą (accusative singular)
hafranz (accusative plural)
hafras (genitive singular)
hafris (genitive singular)
hafrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hafrai (dative singular)
haframaz (dative plural)
hafrō (instrumental singular)
haframiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hafr
Old English: hæfer
Old Saxon: *havar
⇒ Middle Low German: hāverbuk, hāverbok
Old High German: *habar
Middle High German: *haber
⇒ German: Habergeiß (“folkloric caprine demon”) (dialectal)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛒᚱᚨᛉ (*habraʀ), ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ (hᴀborumʀ /haβᵒrumʀ/) (dative plural) [550–600 CE, Stentoften stone]

desctree

Old Norse: hafr
Icelandic: hafur
Faroese: havur

→ Proto-Samic: *hāprēs (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kapris (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kápros (“buck, male goat”). Cognate with Latin caper (“goat”).


wahtwō

wahtwō (nominative singular)
wahtwôz (nominative plural)
wahtwō (singular vocative)
wahtwôz (plural vocative)
wahtwǭ (accusative singular)
wahtwōz (accusative plural)
wahtwōz (genitive singular)
wahtwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahtwōi (dative singular)
wahtwōmaz (dative plural)
wahtwō (instrumental singular)
wahtwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wahtu
Old Frisian: *wacht
Saterland Frisian: Wacht
West Frisian: wacht
Old Saxon: wahta
Middle Low German: wachte, wacht
German Low German: Wacht
→ Danish: vagt
→ Norwegian: vakt
→ Swedish: vakt
→ Finnish: vahti
→ Ingrian: vahti
Old Dutch: wahta
Middle Dutch: wachte
Dutch: wacht
Old High German: wahta
Middle High German: wahte
Alemannic German: Wacht
⇒ Alemannic German: Biiwacht
→ French: bivouac (see there for further descendants)
German: Wacht
→ Russian: вахта (vaxta) (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Wuecht
→ Polish: wachta
⇒ Old High German: wahtāri (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: wacta (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍅𐌰 (*wahtwa) (or *𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉 (*wahtwō); only the dative plural 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉𐌼 (wahtwōm) is attested, which is ambiguous)

From *wakaną (“to wake, be awake”) + *-þwō.


slīkaną

slīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
slīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīk (active imperative second-person singular)
slīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
slīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
slīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaik (active first-person indicative singular)
slikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
slikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaik (active indicative singular third-person)
slikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slikū (active dual first-person indicative)
slikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slikum (active first-person indicative plural)
slikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slikud (active indicative plural second-person)
slikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slikun (active indicative plural third-person)
slikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīkandz (active participle present)
slikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *slīkan
Old English: *slīcan
Middle English: sliken
English: slike
Old Frisian: *slīka
Saterland Frisian: slieke
Old Saxon: *slīkan
Middle Low German: slîken
German Low German: slieken
Plautdietsch: schlijken
Old High German: slīhhan
Middle High German: slīchen
German: schleichen
Luxembourgish: schläichen

From Proto-Indo-European *sleyg-, *sleyǵ- (“to glide, smooth, spread”). Cognate with Old Irish sligim (“to smear”) and Proto-Slavic *slizъkъ (“smooth, slime”).


hulliz

hulliz (nominative singular)
hullīz (nominative plural)
hulli (singular vocative)
hullīz (plural vocative)
hullį (accusative singular)
hullinz (accusative plural)
hullīz (genitive singular)
hullijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hullī (dative singular)
hullimaz (dative plural)
hullī (instrumental singular)
hullimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hyll
Middle English: hil, hyl, hille, hylle, hul, hulle, helle
English: hill
Scots: hill, hull
Yola: hele, hile, hill

Old Frisian: *hell, *hel; holla

West Frisian: hel

Old Saxon: *hull, *hul

Middle Low German: hull

Old Dutch: hil (coastal, Ingvaeonic); *hul (elsewhere)

Middle Dutch: hil, hille; hul

Dutch: hil; hul

From Proto-Indo-European *kl̥Hnís (“hill”), from the root *kelH-. Compare Proto-Italic *kolnis > Latin collis.


arjaną

arjō (active first-person indicative singular)
arjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
arjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
arisi (active indicative second-person singular)
arjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ari (active imperative second-person singular)
arjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
arjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
arjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
arjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
arjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
arjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
arjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
arjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
arjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
arjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
arjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
arjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
arjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
arjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
arjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
arjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
arjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
arjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
arjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
arjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
arjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
arjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
arjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ear (active first-person indicative singular)
earį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
eart (active indicative second-person singular)
earīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ear (active indicative singular third-person)
earī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
earū (active dual first-person indicative)
earīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
earudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
earīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
earum (active first-person indicative plural)
earīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
earud (active indicative plural second-person)
earīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
earun (active indicative plural third-person)
earīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
arjandz (active participle present)
aranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *arjan
Old English: erian
Middle English: eren, eeren, ere, erie, erye, eyr, herie, herye, heryȝen, ærien, erien (Early Middle English)
English: ear (archaic)
Scots: ear
Old Frisian: era, ara
Old Saxon: erian
Old Dutch: *erien, *erren
Middle Dutch: ēren, ērien, erren
Old High German: erien, erren
Middle High German: ern

Old Norse: erja

Icelandic: erja

Old Swedish: æria

Swedish: ärja

Old Danish: æriæ

Danish: ærje

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éryeti, from *h₂erh₃-.


fellą

fellą (nominative singular)
fellō (nominative plural)
fellą (singular vocative)
fellō (plural vocative)
fellą (accusative singular)
fellō (accusative plural)
fellas (genitive singular)
fillis (genitive singular)
fellǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fellai (dative singular)
fellamaz (dative plural)
fellō (instrumental singular)
fellamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fell
Old English: fell
Middle English: felle, fell
Scots: fell
English: fell
Old Frisian: fel
West Frisian: fel
Old Saxon: fel
Middle Low German: vel
Old Dutch: fel
Middle Dutch: vel
Dutch: vel
Afrikaans: vel
Jersey Dutch: vääl
Negerhollands: vel, fel
→ Indonesian: pel
Old High German: fel
Middle High German: vël
German: Fell

Old Norse: fell, fjall

Icelandic: fell, fjall

Old Swedish: fiæl

Swedish: fjäll

Old Norse: filla

Icelandic: filla

Norwegian Bokmål: fille

Norwegian Nynorsk: fille

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹 (faurafilli)

From pre-Germanic *pelnóm, from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“skin, hide; to cover, wrap”). Cognate with Latin pellis (“skin”).

der

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


arbiją

arbiją (nominative singular)
arbijō (nominative plural)
arbiją (singular vocative)
arbijō (plural vocative)
arbiją (accusative singular)
arbijō (accusative plural)
arbijas (genitive singular)
arbīs (genitive singular)
arbijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbijai (dative singular)
arbijamaz (dative plural)
arbijō (instrumental singular)
arbijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *arbī
Old English: ierfe, yrfe, irfe, erfe, ærfe
Middle English: erve, erfe, erf, irve, yrfe (through the Anglian equivalent)
English: erf
Scots: arff, airf
Old Frisian: erve
Saterland Frisian: Ierwe, Äärwe
Old Saxon: ervi
Low German: Arf
Old Dutch: ervi
Middle Dutch: erve
Dutch: erf
Afrikaans: erf
→ English: erf
Negerhollands: erfe
Petjo: erf
Old High German: erbi
Middle High German: erbe
German: Erbe
Luxembourgish: Ierwen

Proto-Norse: ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨ (arbija)
Old Norse: erfi
Icelandic: erfi
Faroese: ervi
Norwegian Nynorsk: erve
Old Swedish: ærve

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌹 (arbi)

→ Proto-Finnic: *arpa (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *ārpē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orbʰ-yo-m, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ- (“to change ownership”) (from which also *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”)).


slihtaz

*slihtaz (a-stem)

slihtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
slihtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
slihtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
slihtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
slihtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
slihtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
slihtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
slihtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
slihtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
slihtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
slihtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
slihtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
slihtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
slihtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
slihtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
slihtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
slihtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
slihtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
slihtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
slihtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
slihtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
slihtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
slihtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
slihtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
slihtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
slihtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
slihtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
slihtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
slihtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
slihtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
slihtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
slihtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
slihtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
slihtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
slihtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
slihtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
slihtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
slihtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
slihtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
slihtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
slihtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
slihtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
slihtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
slihtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
slihtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
slihtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
slihtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
slihtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
slihtini (dative masculine singular weak)
slihtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
slihtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
slihtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
slihtini (dative neuter singular weak)
slihtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
slihtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
slihtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
slihtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
slihtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
slihtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
slihtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old English: sliht
Middle English: slight, sleght, sleȝt, sleight, sleiȝte, sliȝt, slyght, slyȝt
English: slight
Scots: slicht
Yola: sleight

Old Frisian: sliucht

Saterland Frisian: sljucht

West Frisian: sljocht

Old Saxon: *sliht, *sleht

Middle Low German: slicht; slecht (rarer)

q

German Low German: slicht, slecht (often with split after standard German)

Old Dutch: *sliht, *sleht

Middle Dutch: slicht, slecht

Dutch: slecht (earlier also slicht)

Afrikaans: sleg

Old High German: sleht; *sliht

Middle High German: sleht; sliht (northern; rather rare)

German: schlecht; schlicht (partly from Low German)

Vilamovian: ślaht

Yiddish: שלעכט (shlekht)

desctree

Old Norse: sléttr
Icelandic: sléttur
Faroese: slættur
Norwegian Nynorsk: slett
Norwegian Bokmål: slett
Old Swedish: slǣtter
Swedish: slät, slätt
Danish: slet
Gutnish: slètur

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (slaihts)


andijaz

andijaz (nominative singular)
andijōz (nominative plural)
andijōs (nominative plural)
andī (singular vocative)
andijōz (plural vocative)
andijōs (plural vocative)
andiją (accusative singular)
andijanz (accusative plural)
andijas (genitive singular)
andīs (genitive singular)
andijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andijai (dative singular)
andijamaz (dative plural)
andijō (instrumental singular)
andijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *andī
Old English: ende
Middle English: ende, eend, eende, end, eynde, ȝend, hende, yende, ynde
English: end
Scots: end, ende, hend
Yola: een, eene
Old Frisian: ende, enda
Saterland Frisian: Eende, Eend
West Frisian: ein
Old Saxon: endi
Middle Low German: ende
Dutch Low Saxon: ende
German Low German: End, Enne, Enn
Plautdietsch: Enj
Old Dutch: endi
Middle Dutch: ende
Dutch: einde
Limburgish: ènj
Old High German: enti
Middle High German: ende
Alemannic German: Endi, End
Central Franconian: Enk
Hunsrik: Enn
Luxembourgish: Enn
Cimbrian: énte
German: Ende
Rhine Franconian: End, Enn, Enne, Inn
Frankfurterisch: [ent]; [en] (older)
Pennsylvania German: End
Vilamovian: end

Old Norse: endi, endir
Icelandic: endir
Faroese: endi
Norwegian Nynorsk: ende
Norwegian Bokmål: ende
Elfdalian: ende, end
Old Swedish: ænde
Swedish: ände
Danish: ende

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (andeis)

the endpoint of something, whether the front end or back end


hrawaz

*hrawaz (a-stem)

hrawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hrawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hrawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hrawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hrawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hrawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hrawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hrawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hrawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hrawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hrawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hrawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hrawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hrawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hrawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hrawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hrawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hrawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hrawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hrawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hrawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hrawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hrawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hrawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hrawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hrawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hrawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hrawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hrawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hrawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hrawô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hrawaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hrawǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hrawōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hrawô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hrawōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hrawanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hrawanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hrawōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hrawōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hrawô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hrawōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hrawiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hrawanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hrawōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hrawōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hrawiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hrawanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hrawini (dative masculine singular weak)
hrawammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hrawōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hrawōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hrawini (dative neuter singular weak)
hrawammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hrawinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hrawammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hrawōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hrawōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hrawinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hrawammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrau
Old English: hrēaw, hrǣw
Middle English: rawe, raw, rau, rauȝ, raugh, rae, ra, rowe
English: raw
Scots: raw
Old Frisian: *hrā, *hrē
Saterland Frisian: räi
West Frisian: rau
Old Saxon: hrāo
Middle Low German: rō
Old Dutch: *rao, *rō
Middle Dutch: roo, rou, raeu
Dutch: rauw
Afrikaans: rou
Old High German: rō, hrō, rao, rāo
Middle High German: rō, rōch, rou, rā
Central Franconian: rüh, rieh, reh
Luxembourgish: réi
German: roh
Yiddish: רוי (roy)

Old Norse: hrár
Icelandic: hrár
Faroese: ráur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rå
Norwegian Bokmål: rå
Elfdalian: rå
Old Swedish: rār
Swedish: rå
Old Danish: rā
Danish: rå
Scanian: aráer
Gutnish: råar

→ Proto-Finnic: *raaka

Estonian: raag-

⇒ Estonian: raagnahk

Finnish: raaka

From Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”).


kinnuz

kinnuz (nominative singular)
kinniwiz (nominative plural)
kinnu (singular vocative)
kinniwiz (plural vocative)
kinnų (accusative singular)
kinnunz (accusative plural)
kinnauz (genitive singular)
kinniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kinniwi (dative singular)
kinnumaz (dative plural)
kinnū (instrumental singular)
kinnumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kinnu, *kinni
Old English: ċinn f, ċin, ċyn
Middle English: chyn, chin, chinne, chynne, shyne, schyn
English: chin
Scots: chin, chyn
Old Frisian: zin
Old Saxon: kinni n
Middle Low German: kinne, kin
Low German: Kinn
→ Old Frisian: kin, ken
West Frisian: kin
Old Dutch: kinni n
Middle Dutch: kinne
Dutch: kin
Afrikaans: kin
Negerhollands: kin
→ Papiamentu: kenchi, kinnetje, kintsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: kin
→ German: Kiene (dialectal)
Old High German: kinni n, chinni
Middle High German: kinne, kin
Alemannic German: Chimmi
German: Kinn
Luxembourgish: Kënn
Yiddish: קין (kin)
→? Old French: (“teeth (of a dog or baby)”) [1174, Lorraine, France] (alternatively from or influenced in meaning by chien (“dog”))
Anglo-Norman: quenne, quienne
Old French: quenne
Old Northern French: cane
Picard Old French: kenne
⇒ Old French: *quenotte
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: quenaude
French: quenotte
⇒ French: queniate
Picard: kenotte
→ Occitan: quenote

Old Norse: kinn
Icelandic: kinn
Faroese: kinn
Norwegian Nynorsk: kinn
Norwegian Bokmål: kinn
Old Swedish: kin
Swedish: kind
Danish: kind

Gothic: 𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌿𐍃 (kinnus)

Paradigmatic leveling of *kenuz ~ *kenniz, from earlier *kenuz ~ *kenwez, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵḗn-u-s ~ ǵén-w-os.


seukaną

seukō (active first-person indicative singular)
seukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
seukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
siukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
seukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
seuk (active imperative second-person singular)
seukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
seukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
siukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
seukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
seukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
seukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
seukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
seukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
seukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
seukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
seukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
seukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
seukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
seukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
seukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
seukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
siukid (active indicative plural second-person)
seukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siukid (active imperative plural second-person)
seukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
seukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
seukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
seukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
seukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
seukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sauk (active first-person indicative singular)
sukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauht (active indicative second-person singular)
sukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sauk (active indicative singular third-person)
sukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukū (active dual first-person indicative)
sukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukum (active first-person indicative plural)
sukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukud (active indicative plural second-person)
sukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukun (active indicative plural third-person)
sukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seukandz (active participle present)
sukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (siukan)

Uncertain. Assuming that Proto-Germanic *seuk- is back-formed from the zero-grade in *sukkōną, Kroonen reconstructs a pre-Germanic *sk-néh₂- and compares Latin sēgnis (“lazy, slow”), Ancient Greek ἦκα (êka, “quietly, slowly”), and Old Irish socht (“silence”), but a precise Proto-Indo-European root for these words is lacking.
Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *sewg-, *sēwg- (“ill, grievous, sad”), also adding Old Armenian հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim, “to waste away, wither”), but Kroonen rejects comparisons with the Armenian word.


nēaną

nēō (active first-person indicative singular)
nēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
nēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nē (active imperative second-person singular)
nēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
nēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
nēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
nēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nēid (active indicative plural second-person)
nēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nēid (active imperative plural second-person)
nēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
nēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
nēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nenō (active first-person indicative singular)
nenōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nenōt (active indicative second-person singular)
nenōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nenō (active indicative singular third-person)
nenōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nenōū (active dual first-person indicative)
nenōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nenōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nenōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nenōum (active first-person indicative plural)
nenōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nenōud (active indicative plural second-person)
nenōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nenōun (active indicative plural third-person)
nenōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nēandz (active participle present)
nēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: *nāja

West Frisian: naaie (possibly borrowed from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *nāian

Middle Low German: neien

German Low German: naihen

Old Dutch: *nāien

Middle Dutch: nâyen

Dutch: naaien

Afrikaans: naai

→ English: naai

Jersey Dutch: nâje

Negerhollands: naai, naej

→ Aukan: nai

→ Saramaccan: nái

→ Sranan Tongo: nai

Old High German: nāian, nāen

Middle High German: nǣjen, nǣn

German: nähen

Hunsrik: nehe

Luxembourgish: néien

Vilamovian: nyn

Yiddish: נייען (neyen)

/ˈnɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/


sōþą

sōþą (nominative singular)
sōþō (nominative plural)
sōþą (singular vocative)
sōþō (plural vocative)
sōþą (accusative singular)
sōþō (accusative plural)
sōþas (genitive singular)
sōþis (genitive singular)
sōþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sōþai (dative singular)
sōþamaz (dative plural)
sōþō (instrumental singular)
sōþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōþ

Old Frisian: sōth

Gothic: 𐍃𐍉𐌸 (sōþ)

From Proto-Indo-European *séh₂tis (“satiety”).


rikwizjaną

rikwizjō (active first-person indicative singular)
rikwizjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rikwizisi (active indicative second-person singular)
rikwizjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizi (active imperative second-person singular)
rikwizjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rikwizjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rikwiziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rikwizjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rikwizjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rikwizjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rikwizjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rikwizjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rikwizjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rikwizjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rikwizjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rikwizjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rikwizjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rikwizjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rikwiziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rikwizjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rikwiziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rikwizjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rikwizjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rikwizjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rikwizjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rikwizjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rikwizjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rikwizidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rikwizidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rikwizidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rikwizidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rikwizidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rikwizidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rikwizidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rikwizidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rikwizidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rikwizidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rikwizidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rikwizidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rikwizidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rikwizidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rikwizidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rikwizjandz (active participle present)
rikwizidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (riqizjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁regʷesyéti. Equivalent to *rekwaz (“darkness”) + *-janą.


sōdijaną

sōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
sōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōdijandz (active participle present)
sōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sōdijan
Old English: sēdan, sœ̄dan

Gothic: *𐍃𐍉𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*sōþjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍉𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gasōþjan)


gamainijaną

gamainijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gamainijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gamainijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gamainīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gamainijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gamainī (active imperative second-person singular)
gamainijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gamainijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gamainīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gamainijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gamainijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gamainijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gamainijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gamainijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gamainijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gamainijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gamainijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gamainijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gamainijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gamainijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gamainijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gamainijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gamainīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gamainijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gamainīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gamainijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gamainijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gamainijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gamainijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gamainijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gamainijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gamainijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gamainidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gamainidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gamainidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gamainidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gamainidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gamainidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gamainidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gamainidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gamainidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gamainidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gamainidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gamainidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gamainidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gamainidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gamainidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gamainidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gamainijandz (active participle present)
gamainidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *gamainijan
Old Saxon: gimēnian
Middle Low German: gemēnen
Old Dutch: gimeinen, *gimēnen
Middle Dutch: gemeinen, gemênen
Old High German: *gimeinen
Middle High German: gemeinen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamainjan)

From *gamainiz (“shared, communal”) + *-janą.


reufaną

reufō (active first-person indicative singular)
reufaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reufai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riufizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reufaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reuf (active imperative second-person singular)
reufazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reufaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riufidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reufai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reufadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reufadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reufaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reufōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reufaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reufadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reufaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reufadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reufamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reufaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reufandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reufaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riufid (active indicative plural second-person)
reufaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riufid (active imperative plural second-person)
reufandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reufaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reufandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reufain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reufandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reufandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reufaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rauf (active first-person indicative singular)
rubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rauft (active indicative second-person singular)
rubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rauf (active indicative singular third-person)
rubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rubū (active dual first-person indicative)
rubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rubum (active first-person indicative plural)
rubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rubud (active indicative plural second-person)
rubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rubun (active indicative plural third-person)
rubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reufandz (active participle present)
rubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *reufan
Old English: rēofan
Middle English: reven (merged with descendants of *raubōną)
Scots: refe, reiff, reve
English: reave, reeve, reve

Old Norse: rjúfa
Icelandic: rjúfa
Faroese: rjúva
Norwegian Nynorsk: rjuva
Old Swedish: rȳva

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréwpt, from *Hrewp- (“to break”). Cognate with Latin rumpō.


samjaną

samjō (active first-person indicative singular)
samjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
samisi (active indicative second-person singular)
samjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sami (active imperative second-person singular)
samjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
samjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
samiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
samjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
samjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
samjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
samjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
samjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
samjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
samjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
samjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
samiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
samjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
samjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
samjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
samjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
samjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
samjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
samjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
samidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
samidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
samidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
samidē (active indicative singular third-person)
samidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
samidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
samidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
samidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
samidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samjandz (active participle present)
samidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: semja
Icelandic: semja
Faroese: semja
Norwegian Nynorsk: semja
Old Swedish: sæmia
Swedish: sämjas
⇒ Middle Norwegian: semja f
Norwegian Nynorsk: semje, semja, semju
⇒ Swedish: sämja

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (samjan)


wardijaną

wardijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wardijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wardijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wardīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wardijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wardī (active imperative second-person singular)
wardijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wardijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wardīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wardijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wardijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wardijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wardijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wardijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wardijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wardijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wardijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wardijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wardijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wardijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wardijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wardijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wardīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wardijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wardīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wardijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wardijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wardijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wardijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wardijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wardijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wardijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wardidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wardidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wardidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wardidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wardidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wardidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wardidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wardidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wardidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wardidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wardidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wardidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wardidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wardidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wardidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wardidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wardijandz (active participle present)
wardidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wardijan
Old English: wierdan, wyrdan, wirdan
Middle English: werden, weorden
Old Frisian: werda
Old High German: werten
Middle High German: werten

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wardjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wortéye- (“to turn”). Originally the causative of *werþaną (“to become”), although it was probably no longer recognised as such by Germanic times.


þewaz

þewaz (nominative singular)
þewōz (nominative plural)
þewōs (nominative plural)
þew (singular vocative)
þewōz (plural vocative)
þewōs (plural vocative)
þewą (accusative singular)
þewanz (accusative plural)
þewas (genitive singular)
þiwis (genitive singular)
þewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þewai (dative singular)
þewamaz (dative plural)
þewō (instrumental singular)
þewamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeu
Old English: þēow
Middle English: theow, thew
English: theow

Proto-Norse: ᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (þewaʀ)

Old Norse: -þér

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍃 (þius)

Uncertain. Possibly either from earlier *þegwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tekʷ- (“to run”), or from *tew(h₂)- (“to swell, grow”).