flōraz

flōraz (nominative singular)
flōrōz (nominative plural)
flōrōs (nominative plural)
flōr (singular vocative)
flōrōz (plural vocative)
flōrōs (plural vocative)
flōrą (accusative singular)
flōranz (accusative plural)
flōras (genitive singular)
flōris (genitive singular)
flōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flōrai (dative singular)
flōramaz (dative plural)
flōrō (instrumental singular)
flōramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōr

Old English: flōr (< *flōruz)
Middle English: flor
English: floor
Scots: flure, fluir, fleur, fleer

Old Frisian: *flōr; *flēr (< *flōriz, *flōrijaz)

Saterland Frisian: Floor

West Frisian: flier

Old Saxon: *flōr

Middle Low German: vlôr

German Low German: Floor

Old Dutch: *fluor, *flōr

Middle Dutch: vloer

Dutch: vloer
Afrikaans: vloer
Berbice Creole Dutch: fluru
Negerhollands: vloer, vluer, flu
→ Sranan Tongo: flur
→ Caribbean Javanese: felur, pelur

Old High German: *fluor

Middle High German: vluor

German: Flur

Luxembourgish: Flouer

→ Old French: *flor, *flur

desc

Middle French: fleur (“surface, upper side, top layer”)

French: fleur (some senses)

⇒ French: à fleur de

⇒ French: effleurer (some senses)

desctree

Old Norse: flórr
Icelandic: flór
Faroese: flórur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: flor
Swedish: flo (also flor)
Danish: flor (obsolete except in Bornholmian)

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros (“floor”), from *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *ɸlārom.


hwerbaną

hwerbō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwerbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwerbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwerbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwerb (active imperative second-person singular)
hwerbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwerbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwerbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwerbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwerbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwerbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwerbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwerbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwerbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwerbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwerbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwerbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwerbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwerbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwerbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwerbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwerbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwerbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwerbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwerbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwerbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwerbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwerbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwarb (active first-person indicative singular)
hurbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwarft (active indicative second-person singular)
hurbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwarb (active indicative singular third-person)
hurbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hurbū (active dual first-person indicative)
hurbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hurbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hurbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hurbum (active first-person indicative plural)
hurbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hurbud (active indicative plural second-person)
hurbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hurbun (active indicative plural third-person)
hurbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwerbandz (active participle present)
hurbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwerban
Old English: hweorfan
Middle English: wherven, wharven
English: wharve, wherve
Old Frisian: hwerva
Old Saxon: hwervan, hwerban
Middle Low German: warven, warben
Old Dutch: *wervan
Middle Dutch: werven
Dutch: werven
Limburgish: wèrve
Old High German: hwerban, werban
Middle High German: werben, werven
German: werben
→ Polish: werbować
→ Belarusian: вербава́ць (vjerbavácʹ, “to recruit; to enlist”)
→ Russian: вербова́ть (verbovátʹ, “to recruit; to enlist”)
→ Ukrainian: вербува́ти (verbuváty, “to recruit; to enlist”)

Old Norse: hverfa

Icelandic: hverfa

Faroese: hvørva

Norwegian: kverve

Danish: hverre (partly; conflated with the causative *hwarbijaną)

Old Swedish: hværva

Swedish: värva

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (ƕairban)

Possibly from Pre-Germanic *kʷerp-, in which case the original form would have been *hwerfaną. If so, then it might be related to Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “wrist”).


rōþrą

rōþrą (nominative singular)
rōþrō (nominative plural)
rōþrą (singular vocative)
rōþrō (plural vocative)
rōþrą (accusative singular)
rōþrō (accusative plural)
rōþras (genitive singular)
rōþris (genitive singular)
rōþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōþrai (dative singular)
rōþramaz (dative plural)
rōþrō (instrumental singular)
rōþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rōþr
Old English: rōþor
Middle English: rother, rodder, rothre, ruder, rothyr, rothir, rothar, roþer
English: rudder, rother
Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder
Old Frisian: rōther, rōder
Saterland Frisian: Ruur
West Frisian: roer
Old Saxon: *rōthar
Middle Low German: rôder
German Low German: Roor
→ Danish: ror
→ Faroese: róður
→ Norwegian: ror
→ Old Swedish: rodher
Swedish: roder
Old Dutch: *ruother
Middle Dutch: roeder
Dutch: roer
Afrikaans: roer
→ Russian: руль (rulʹ)
→ Armenian: ռուլ (ṙul)
→ Azerbaijani: rul
→ Georgian: რული (ruli)
→ Kazakh: рөл (röl)
→ Persian: رل (rol)
Old High German: ruodar, ruoder
Middle High German: ruoder
German: Ruder
Luxembourgish: Rudder
Yiddish: רודער (ruder)

Old Norse: róðr
Icelandic: róður
Faroese: róður
Old East Norse:
Old Swedish: roþer
Swedish: roder
⇒ Swedish: rod, Roden (“the coastal region of Uppland”)
⇒ Swedish: Roslagen
→ Proto-Finnic: *roocci (from the genitive *roþs-)
Estonian: Rootsi; roots (archaic)
Finnish: Ruotsi; ruotsi (archaic)
Meänkieli: Ruotti
Ingrian: rootsi
Karelian: ruočči, Ruočči
Livonian: rūotš, Rūotšmō
Livvi: ruočči, Ruočči
Ludian: ruoč
Veps: Ročinma
Võro: ruuts', Roodsi
Votic: roottsi
→ Northern Sami: ruošˈša, Ruošˈša; ruoŧŧa, Ruoŧŧa
→? Old East Slavic: Роусь (Rusĭ) (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Permic:
Komi-Permyak: роч (roć)
Komi-Zyrian: роч (roć)
Udmurt: ӟуч (dźuć)

From *rōaną (“to row”) + *-þrą (“tool, instrument”).


seglą

seglą (nominative singular)
seglō (nominative plural)
seglą (singular vocative)
seglō (plural vocative)
seglą (accusative singular)
seglō (accusative plural)
seglas (genitive singular)
siglis (genitive singular)
seglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
seglai (dative singular)
seglamaz (dative plural)
seglō (instrumental singular)
seglamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *segl
Old English: seġl, seġel
Middle English: seyl, seil, sayle, saile
Scots: sail, saill, sale
English: sail
→ Old Irish: séol
Irish: seol
Manx: shiaull
Scottish Gaelic: seòl
→ Proto-Brythonic: *huɨl
Breton: gouel
Welsh: hwyl
Old Frisian: seil
Saterland Frisian: Sail
West Frisian: seil
Old Saxon: segal, segel
Middle Low German: segel; segelstēn
Low German: Seil, Segel
Plautdietsch: Säajel
→ Icelandic: segulsteinn, segull
Old Dutch: segil
Middle Dutch: sēgel, seil
Dutch: zeil
Afrikaans: seil
Old High German: segal
Middle High German: sëgel
German: Segel
→ Luxembourgish: Seegel
→ Polish: żagiel

Old Norse: segl
Icelandic: segl
Faroese: segl
Norn: segel
Norwegian Nynorsk: segl
→ Norwegian Bokmål: segl
Old Swedish: sæghl
Swedish: segel
Old Danish: seyl
Danish: sejl
Norwegian Bokmål: seil
Scanian: seğl
Gutnish: segel, sjägel, sigel, sjägul
→ Old French: sigle, seigle

desc

→? Proto-Celtic: *siglom (“sail; course, run”)

Proto-Brythonic: *hɨɣl (“sail; course, run”)

Old Welsh: huil

Middle Welsh: hwyl

Welsh: heol

desctree

Old Irish: séol
Middle Irish: seól
Irish: seol
Scottish Gaelic: seòl
Manx: shiaull
⇒ Middle Irish: seólaid
Irish: seol
Manx: shiauill
Scottish Gaelic: seòl

Unknown; possibly:
* cognate with obsolete Lithuanian sāgė (“warp, shawl”), from Proto-Indo-European *segʰ-;
* from earlier *siglą, cognate with Proto-Celtic *siglom, whence Old Irish séol (“sail; quilt; course”), Old Welsh huil (“sail”), if not themselves Germanic borrowings; according to Schrijver, the Celtic being inherited would require Proto-Indo-European *sigʰ-;
* cognate with Hittite 𒊺𒅅𒉡𒌋 (še-ek-nu-u /šeknu/, “cloak”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *sek(h₁)-ló-m, from *sek(h₁)- (“to cut”), though semantically unconvincing;
* cognate with Latin sagum, sagus (“coarse woolen coat, soldier's coat”), allegedly borrowed from Gaulish *sagos (“wool cloak”);
* or perhaps related to Icelandic segl, Faroese sigli (“piece of wood in the eye of a grinding mill”), implying an original meaning of “mast”.


dalą

dalą (canonical)
dalaz (canonical masculine neuter)
dalą (nominative singular)
dalō (nominative plural)
dalą (singular vocative)
dalō (plural vocative)
dalą (accusative singular)
dalō (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalis (genitive singular)
dalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dalai (dative singular)
dalamaz (dative plural)
dalō (instrumental singular)
dalamiz (instrumental plural)
dalaz (nominative singular)
dalōz (nominative plural)
dalōs (nominative plural)
dal (singular vocative)
dalōz (plural vocative)
dalōs (plural vocative)
dalą (accusative singular)
dalanz (accusative plural)
dalas (genitive singular)
dalis (genitive singular)
dalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dalai (dative singular)
dalamaz (dative plural)
dalō (instrumental singular)
dalamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dal n or m
Old English: dæl n
Middle English: dale, dæle, deale
English: dale
Scots: dale, daal
Old Frisian: *dal, del n
North Frisian: dal, dalle, dol
Saterland Frisian: Doal
West Frisian: delle (<? *dalljā)
Old Saxon: dal n
Middle Low German: dal
Low German: dal, daal
German Low German: Daal
Old Dutch: dal n
Middle Dutch: dal
Dutch: dal
Afrikaans: dal
Limburgish: daal
Old High German: tal m or n
Middle High German: tal
Alemannic German: Tall
German: Tal
Hunsrik: Daal
Luxembourgish: Dall
Mòcheno: tol
Pennsylvania German: Daal
Yiddish: טאָל (tol)
→? Middle Welsh: dol

Old Norse: dalr m
Faroese: dalur
Icelandic: dalur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dal; (dialectal) dal'e
Old Swedish: dal
Swedish: dal
Danish: dal
Norwegian Bokmål: dal
→ Scottish Gaelic: dail

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌻 (dal), *𐌳𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*dals) ?

→? Proto-Slavic: *dolъ (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; suggested to be cognate with Proto-Slavic *dolъ (“below, down; valley, pit”), and Middle Welsh dôl (“meadow, dale”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰól(h₂)os, however, if not borrowed from Germanic themselves, is most likely a substrate loanword. Also speculated here are Ancient Greek θόλος (thólos, “round building”), and θάλαμος (thálamos, “chamber, room”), though this is largely rejected.

noncog

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


werpaną

werpō (active first-person indicative singular)
werpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
werpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werp (active imperative second-person singular)
werpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
werpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
werpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
werpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirpid (active indicative plural second-person)
werpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirpid (active imperative plural second-person)
werpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
werpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
werpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warp (active first-person indicative singular)
wurpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warft (active indicative second-person singular)
wurpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warp (active indicative singular third-person)
wurpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurpū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurpum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurpud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurpun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werpandz (active participle present)
wurpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *werpan
Old English: weorpan, wurpan
Middle English: werpen
English: warp
Scots: warp
Old Frisian: werpa
North Frisian: werpe
West Frisian: werpe
Old Saxon: werpan
Middle Low German: werpen
Low German: warpen
Old Dutch: werpan
Middle Dutch: werpen
Dutch: werpen
Afrikaans: werp
Limburgish: wèrpe
Old High German: werfan, ƿerpan — Manuscript spelling
Middle High German: wërfen
German: werfen

Old Norse: verpa
Icelandic: verpa
Faroese: verpa
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: verpe
Norwegian Nynorsk: verpe, verpa
Old Swedish: værpa
Swedish: värpa
Old Danish: wærpæ
Danish: værpe

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍀𐌰𐌽 (wairpan)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to turn, bend”).


grunduz

grumþuz (nominative singular)
grumþiwiz (nominative plural)
grumþu (singular vocative)
grumþiwiz (plural vocative)
grumþų (accusative singular)
grumþunz (accusative plural)
grundauz (genitive singular)
grundiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grundiwi (dative singular)
grundumaz (dative plural)
grundū (instrumental singular)
grundumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grundu

desctree

Old English: grund
Middle English: ground, grund, grounde
English: ground
→ Fiji Hindi: garaund
→ Maltese: grawnd
Geordie English: grund, groond
Scots: grund, groond, greund
Yola: greoune, greoun, greound

Old Frisian: grund

Saterland Frisian: Gruund

West Frisian: grûn

Old Saxon: grund

Middle Low German: grunt

German Low German: Grund

Old Dutch: grunt
Middle Dutch: gront
Dutch: grond

Old High German: grunt
Middle High German: grunt
Cimbrian: grund, grumf (< with epenthetic -f- *grumfþuz)
German: Grund
Luxembourgish: Grond
→ Old Polish: grunt
Polish: grunt
→ Kashubian: gruńt, grëńt
Silesian: grōnt
→ Russian: грунт (grunt)
→ Serbo-Croatian: грунт
Yiddish: גרונט (grunt)

Old Norse: *grundr, grunnr

Icelandic: grunnur, grund

Faroese: grunnur, grund

Norwegian Nynorsk: grunn

Old Swedish: grunder

Swedish: grund

Danish: grund
Norwegian Bokmål: grunn

Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*grundus) (in 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (grunduwaddjus))

From pre-Germanic *gʰrm̥tús, a tu-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem-. Kroonen connects Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (“permanent building”), which would imply the root to be *ǵʰrem- ~ *ǵʰerm-. Less likely related to Lithuanian pã-grindas (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”) (pace Orel), for which see *grindiz (“fence made of bars”), Proto-Indo-European *gʰrendʰ- (“beam, plank”).

m+

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


uppai

Old English: uppe

Middle English: uppe

Old Saxon: uppa

Old High German: ūffe

Middle High German: ūfe, ūve

desctree

Old Norse: uppi
Faroese: uppi
Icelandic: uppi
Danish: oppe
Norwegian Bokmål: oppe
Norwegian Nynorsk: oppe
Old Swedish: uppe
Swedish: uppe

Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰 (iupa)

From *ub + *-nai, a locative suffix, with assimilation due to Kluge's Law.


hundaradą

hundaradą (nominative singular)
hundaradō (nominative plural)
hundaradą (singular vocative)
hundaradō (plural vocative)
hundaradą (accusative singular)
hundaradō (accusative plural)
hundaradas (genitive singular)
hundaradis (genitive singular)
hundaradǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hundaradai (dative singular)
hundaradamaz (dative plural)
hundaradō (instrumental singular)
hundaradamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hundred
Middle English: hundred
English: hundred
→ Hawaiian: haneli, hanele, haneri
Scots: hunder, hunner
Yola: hindreth, hundreth, hundereth, hunderth, hunnert

Old Frisian: hundred, hunderd

desc

Saterland Frisian: hundert, hunderd, hunnert

West Frisian: hûndert

desctree

Old Saxon: hunderod
Middle Low German: hundert (alternatively, from an Old High German form of hund influenced by Old Saxon)
Dutch Low Saxon: honderd (Achterhooks)
German Low German: hunnert, hunnderd
Plautdietsch: hundat
→ Middle High German: hundert
Central Franconian: hondert, honnert (Moselle Franconian; parts of southern Ripuarian), hongert (traditional Ripuarian form, now chiefly western dialects), honnert
Cimbrian: hundart
German: Hundert
→ Lower Sorbian: hundert
Luxembourgish: Honnert
Pennsylvania German: hunnert
Vilamovian: hundyt
Yiddish: הונדערט (hundert)

Old Dutch: *hundert, *hunderd

Middle Dutch: hondert
Dutch: honderd
Afrikaans: honderd
Berbice Creole Dutch: hondrutu
Jersey Dutch: hondert
Negerhollands: hondert, honderd
Sranan Tongo: hondro, hondru
Aukan: ondoo
Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin: ondoo
→ Lokono: hundred
→ Trió: honderd
Limburgish: hóngert

Old Norse: hundrað
Icelandic: hundrað
Faroese: hundrað
Norwegian Nynorsk: hundrad
Norwegian Bokmål: hundre
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hundre
Elfdalian: undre
Old Swedish: hundraþ
Swedish: hundra
→ Finnish: huntti
Danish: hundred
→ Greenlandic: hundredi

From *hundą (“hundred”) + *radą (“count”), a neuter variant of *radō (“row, line, series”).


smartaz

*smartaz (a-stem)

smartaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
smartai (masculine nominative plural strong)
smartō (feminine nominative singular strong)
smartôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
smartą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
smartō (neuter nominative plural strong)
smartanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
smartanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
smartǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
smartōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
smartą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
smartō (accusative neuter plural strong)
smartas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
smartaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
smartaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
smartaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
smartas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
smartaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
smartammai (dative masculine singular strong)
smartaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
smartaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
smartaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
smartammai (dative neuter singular strong)
smartaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
smartanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
smartaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
smartaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
smartaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
smartanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
smartaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
smartô (masculine nominative singular weak)
smartaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
smartǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
smartōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
smartô (neuter nominative singular weak)
smartōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
smartanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
smartanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
smartōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
smartōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
smartô (accusative neuter singular weak)
smartōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
smartiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
smartanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
smartōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
smartōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
smartiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
smartanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
smartini (dative masculine singular weak)
smartammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
smartōni (dative feminine singular weak)
smartōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
smartini (dative neuter singular weak)
smartammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
smartinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
smartammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
smartōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
smartōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
smartinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
smartammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: smeart
Middle English: smert, smart, smarte, smært, smeart, smerte
English: smart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: smert

Old Frisian: smert


twai tigiwiz

Old English: twēntiġ
Middle English: twenty
English: twenty
Tok Pisin: twenti
Scots: twinty, twenty, tuenty
Yola: dwanty

Old Frisian: twentig, twintich

Saterland Frisian: twintich

West Frisian: tweintich

Old Saxon: twentig
German Low German: twintig
Plautdietsch: twintich

Old Dutch: *twēntig

Middle Dutch: twintich, twintech
Dutch: twintig
Afrikaans: twintig
Berbice Creole Dutch: twentiki
Jersey Dutch: twäntix
Negerhollands: twentig, twintig
→ Wayana: twentëk
Limburgish: twintjig, twèntjig
Zealandic: twintig

Old High German: zweinzug
Middle High German: zweinzec, zweinzic
Alemannic German: zwenzig
Cimbrian: sbòanskh, zbuantzekh (Luserna)
German: zwanzig
Luxembourgish: zwanzeg
Yiddish: צוואַנציק (tsvantsik), צוואָנציק (tsvontsik)

Old Norse: tuttugu, tjugu, tjogu, tvittuga
Icelandic: tuttugu
Faroese: tjúgu
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjugo, tjuge, tjue
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjue
Elfdalian: tjugu, tşugu
Old Swedish: tiughu
Swedish: tjugo
Old Danish: tiughæ, tiughu
Danish: tyve
Norwegian Bokmål: tyve

Gutnish: tjugu, tjugå, tugå, tjaugu

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 (twai tigjus)

From *twai (“two”) + *tigiwiz, plural of *teguz (“group of ten”).


ainalif

Old English: endleofan, enlefen — Mercian, endlufon — West Saxon
Middle English: elleven, eleven, elleovene, ellevene, ellevyn, endleve, enleve, enleven
English: eleven
Middle Scots: ane-levin, alevin, ellevin, elevin, levin
Scots: eleiven, eleeven

Old Frisian: andlova, alleva, elleva
North Frisian: alwen
Saterland Frisian: alwen
West Frisian: alve

Old Saxon: ellevan
Middle Low German: elvene
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: elf
German Low German: elf, eleve, ölve, ölven
Hamburgisch: ülben, ölben
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: elf, elwe, elbe, elwene, elewe, elef, elewene, elewen
Westmünsterländisch: elf
Plautdietsch: alf

Old Dutch: *ellef

Middle Dutch: ellef, elf

Dutch: elf
Afrikaans: elf
Berbice Creole Dutch: alfu, elfu
Jersey Dutch: ālf
Negerhollands: elf, elef
Skepi Creole Dutch: elk
→ Sranan Tongo: erfu
→ Aukan: elufu
→ Saramaccan: elúfu

Old High German: einlif
Middle High German: einlif, einlef, eilif, eilef, eilf
Alemannic German: eintlef, einlef
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: ölbe
Central Franconian: ellef
German: elf
Luxembourgish: eelef
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: elf
Vilamovian: alf
Yiddish: עלף (elf)

Old Norse: ellifu
Icelandic: ellefu
Faroese: ellivu
Norwegian: elleve
Jamtish: elluv
Elfdalian: ellåv
Old Swedish: ællivu, ællivo, ællevo, ælleve, ælleva, ællovo, ællova
Swedish: elva, (archaic or dialectal) ellova
Old Danish: ællifu, ællæuæ, ælløuæ, ællefue
Danish: elleve
Gutnish: elve, elvå, elvu

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐍆 (ainlif)

Compound of *ainaz (“one”) and *-lif (“left over”), from *lībaną (“to remain, be left”).


swihaniskaz

*swihaniskaz (a-stem)

swihaniskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swihaniskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swihaniskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swihaniskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swihaniską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swihaniskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swihaniskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swihaniskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swihaniskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swihaniskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swihaniską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swihaniskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swihaniskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swihaniskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swihaniskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swihaniskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swihaniskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swihaniskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swihaniskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swihaniskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swihaniskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swihaniskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swihaniskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swihaniskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swihaniskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swihaniskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swihaniskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swihaniskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swihaniskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swihaniskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swihaniskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swihaniskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swihaniskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swihaniskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swihaniskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swihaniskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swihaniskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swihaniskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swihaniskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swihaniskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swihaniskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swihaniskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swihaniskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swihaniskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swihaniskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swihaniskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swihaniskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swihaniskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swihaniskini (dative masculine singular weak)
swihaniskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swihaniskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swihaniskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swihaniskini (dative neuter singular weak)
swihaniskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swihaniskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swihaniskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swihaniskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swihaniskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swihaniskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swihaniskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: svenskr, svænskr, sǿnskr
Icelandic: svenskur, sænskur (< sǿnskr)
Faroese: svenskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svensk
Old Swedish: svensker, svænsker
Swedish: svensk
Danish: svensk
Norwegian Bokmål: svensk


newuntēhundą

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (niuntēhund)

Perhaps a mix of te(hun and hun)dą, the long vowel with unknown origin.

Old English: hundnigontigMiddle English: nynty

Old Saxon: antniguntigLow German: negentig


sebuntēhundą

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: hundseofontig, unseofontiġ, seofontiġ
Middle English: seventy
English: seventy

Old Saxon: antsivuntig, antsibunta, siƀuntig
Low German: söventig

Old Dutch: *antsivontig

Middle Dutch: tsēventich

Dutch: zeventig
Afrikaans: sewentig
Jersey Dutch: sœventix
Negerhollands: seventig, seeventig

Old High German: sibunzo

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (sibuntēhund)

Modified from earlier *seftunēhundą under the influence of *sebunt (“seven”), from earlier *seftunhundą remodeled after *fimfēhundą (“fifty”) and *sehsēhundą (“sixty”), from *seftun, from Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥ (“seven”) + *dḱm̥t (“ten”).


ahtōutēhundą

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌴𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (ahtautēhund)

aichtie

Middle English: eiȝti, eyȝty, eiȝtety, aghty; Scots

Old Dutch: *antahtoda, *ahtodig, *antahtodig

Middle Dutch: tachtichDutch: tachtigAfrikaans: tagtigJersey Dutch: tâxentixNegerhollands: achtig

אַכציק

Middle High German: ahzec, ahtzec; Yiddish


hleutaną

hleutō (active first-person indicative singular)
hleutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hleutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hliutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hleutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hleut (active imperative second-person singular)
hleutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hleutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hliutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hleutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hleutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hleutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hleutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hleutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hleutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hleutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hleutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hleutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hleutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hleutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hleutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hleutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hliutid (active indicative plural second-person)
hleutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hliutid (active imperative plural second-person)
hleutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hleutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hleutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hleutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hleutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hleutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hleutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaut (active first-person indicative singular)
hlutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaust (active indicative second-person singular)
hlutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaut (active indicative singular third-person)
hlutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlutum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlutud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hleutandz (active participle present)
hlutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hleutan
Old English: hlēotan
Old Saxon: hliotan
Old High German: hliozan, liozan
Middle High German: liezen

Old Norse: hljóta

Icelandic: hljóta

Faroese: ljóta

Old Swedish: liūta

Swedish: ljuta

→? Proto-Finnic: *leütädäk

The pre-Germanic root form *klewd- seems unattested outside Germanic, but it is likely an extension of the same Proto-Indo-European root *klewH- as seen in Lithuanian kliū́ti (“to stick, hang on”) and Latvian kļũt (“to become, succeed”), especially in view of Latvian kļũtas (“fate”).
Less likely from Proto-Indo-European *(s)klēh₂w- (“to shut, close, lock; to check, hamper, hem in”).


hlutōną

hlutō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlutǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlutōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlutōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlutō (active imperative second-person singular)
hlutōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlutōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlutō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlutōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlutōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlutōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlutōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlutōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlutōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlutōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlutōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlutōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlutōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlutōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlutōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlutōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlutōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlutōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlutōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlutōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlutōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlutōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlutōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlutōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlutōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlutōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlutōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlutōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlutōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlutōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlutōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlutōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlutōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlutōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlutōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlutōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlutōndz (active participle present)
hlutōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: lotia

West Frisian: lotsje

Old Saxon: *loton

Middle Low German: loten, lotten

Old Dutch: *loton

Middle Dutch: loten

Dutch: loten

i

Old High German: (may be a recent formation from the noun)

German: losen

Old Norse: hluta

Icelandic: hluta

Faroese: luta

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: luta

Old Swedish: luta, lota

Swedish: lotta

From *hlutą (“lot, share, fate”) + *-ōną.


hlutą

hlutą (nominative singular)
hlutō (nominative plural)
hlutą (singular vocative)
hlutō (plural vocative)
hlutą (accusative singular)
hlutō (accusative plural)
hlutas (genitive singular)
hlutis (genitive singular)
hlutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlutai (dative singular)
hlutamaz (dative plural)
hlutō (instrumental singular)
hlutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hlot (hlyte m < *hlutiz)

Middle English: lot

Scots: lot

English: lot

Old Frisian: hlot

North Frisian: lod

Saterland Frisian: Lot

West Frisian: lot

Old Saxon: *hlot

Middle Low German: lot, lōt n

German Low German: Lott n

Frankish: *hlot

Old Dutch: lot

Middle Dutch: lot

desctree

Dutch: lot
Negerhollands: loot, lot
→ Caribbean Javanese: lot
→ Indonesian: lot
→ Balinese: ᬮᭀᬢ᭄ (lot, “lottery”)
→ Papiamentu: lòt, lot

→ Old French: lot, aloter

French: lot, allotir (from lot, not aloter), loterie

→ Dutch: loterij
→ Caribbean Javanese: lotré
→ Indonesian: lotre
→ Russian: лотерея (lotereja)

Norman: lot (Guernésiais)

→ English: allot (from aloter)

→ Catalan: lot, loteria

→ Galician: lote, lotaría

→ Spanish: lotería

→ Italian: lotto, lotteria

→ Dutch: lotto

→ English: lotto, lottery

→ Swedish: lotto, lotteri

Old High German: hluz m (hapax)

Middle High German: luz m

Old Norse: hlutr (masculine i-stem), hluti (weak, as if from *hlutô)

Icelandic: hlutur, hluti

Faroese: lutur, luti

Norwegian Bokmål: lott

Norwegian Nynorsk: lott

Old Swedish: luter, loter

Swedish: lott

Old Danish: lot

Danish: lod

→ Norwegian Bokmål: lodd

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lodd

Jamtish: lot

Gutnish: lut

Elfdalian: lott

From the root of *hleutaną (“to cast lots; to undergo, endure, be fated (to)”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *klewH-d-. Cognate with Latvian kļũtas (“fate”).


hlautaz

hlautaz (nominative singular)
hlautōz (nominative plural)
hlautōs (nominative plural)
hlaut (singular vocative)
hlautōz (plural vocative)
hlautōs (plural vocative)
hlautą (accusative singular)
hlautanz (accusative plural)
hlautas (genitive singular)
hlautis (genitive singular)
hlautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlautai (dative singular)
hlautamaz (dative plural)
hlautō (instrumental singular)
hlautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaut
Old English: hlīet, hlȳte, hlȳt (< *hlutiz)
Middle English: lete
Old Saxon: hlōt
Middle Low German: lôt
Old Dutch: *lōt
Middle Dutch: lôot
Old High German: hlōz, lōz (mostly neuter a-stem)
Middle High German: lōz
German: Los
→ German Low German: Loos
Luxembourgish: Lous

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (hlauts)

From Proto-Indo-European *klewH-d-, found with verbal function in *hleutaną.


mazgą

mazgą (nominative singular)
mazgō (nominative plural)
mazgą (singular vocative)
mazgō (plural vocative)
mazgą (accusative singular)
mazgō (accusative plural)
mazgas (genitive singular)
mazgis (genitive singular)
mazgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mazgai (dative singular)
mazgamaz (dative plural)
mazgō (instrumental singular)
mazgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maʀg
Old English: mærh, mearh, mearg
Middle English: mary, marow, marowe, marowȝ
English: marrow
Scots: merch, mery, mairch
Old Frisian: *march, merch, merg
West Frisian: murch, march, moarch
Old Saxon: marg
Middle Low German: marg
Old Dutch: marg
Middle Dutch: march, merch
Dutch: merg
Afrikaans: murg
Old High German: marg
Middle High German: marc, march
Central Franconian: Märch, March (Moselle Franconian), Mark (many dialects via German)
German: Mark
→ Saterland Frisian: Maak
Luxembourgish: Muerch
Vilamovian: miök
Yiddish: מאַרך (markh)

Old Norse: mergr

Icelandic: mergur

Faroese: mergur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: marg

Norwegian Nynorsk: merg

Norn: mergi

Danish: marv

Old Swedish: mærgher

Swedish: märg


þurskaz

þurskaz (nominative singular)
þurskōz (nominative plural)
þurskōs (nominative plural)
þursk (singular vocative)
þurskōz (plural vocative)
þurskōs (plural vocative)
þurską (accusative singular)
þurskanz (accusative plural)
þurskas (genitive singular)
þurskis (genitive singular)
þurskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurskai (dative singular)
þurskamaz (dative plural)
þurskō (instrumental singular)
þurskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: þorskr, þoskr
Icelandic: þorskur
Faroese: toskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: torsk, tosk
Old Swedish: þorsker
Swedish: torsk
→ English: torsk
Old Danish: thorsk
Danish: torsk, tosk
Norwegian Bokmål: torsk, tosk
→ Middle Dutch: dorsch
Dutch: dors
→ Middle Low German: dorsch
German Low German: Dorsk
→ Middle High German: dorsch
German: Dorsch
→ Polish: dorsz
→ Scottish Gaelic: trosg
→ Irish: trosc
→ Welsh: torsg

→ Proto-Finnic: *turska

Estonian: tursk

Finnish: turska

Livonian: tūrska

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“to dry; wither; thirst”) + *-ḱos.


frankô

frankô (nominative singular)
frankaniz (nominative plural)
frankô (singular vocative)
frankaniz (plural vocative)
frankanų (accusative singular)
frankanunz (accusative plural)
frankiniz (genitive singular)
frankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frankini (dative singular)
frankammaz (dative plural)
frankinē (instrumental singular)
frankammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frankō
Old English: franca (“spear, javelin”), Franca (“Frank”)
Old English: Francan (“Franks”, plural)
Middle English: Franken (plural)
English: Frank (partially)
Old Saxon: *Franko
Middle Low German: Vranke
German Low German: Franke
Plautdietsch: Fraunk
Old Dutch: *Franko
Middle Dutch: Vranke
Dutch: Frank
Old High German: Franko
Middle High German: Franke
German: Franke
→ Latin: francus, Franci
Old French: franc
→ Middle English: *Frank (partially)
English: Frank
→ Middle English: Franci
→ Latin: Francia
Old French: France
French: France
→ English: France

Old Norse: frakki, Frakki; frakka

Icelandic: frakki, Frakki; frakka

From Proto-Indo-European *preng- (“pole, stalk”).

der

a Frank (member of the confederation of the Franks)


skinþą

skinþą (nominative singular)
skinþō (nominative plural)
skinþą (singular vocative)
skinþō (plural vocative)
skinþą (accusative singular)
skinþō (accusative plural)
skinþas (genitive singular)
skinþis (genitive singular)
skinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skinþai (dative singular)
skinþamaz (dative plural)
skinþō (instrumental singular)
skinþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: *skind

Middle Dutch: *schind (attested by verb schinden)

Dutch: schinde (dialectal; and possibly from German)

Old High German: scind

Middle High German: schint

German: Schinde (dialectal)

Old Norse: skinn

Icelandic: skinn

Faroese: skinn

Norwegian Bokmål: skinn

Norwegian Nynorsk: skinn

Old Swedish: skin

Swedish: skinn

Danish: skind

→ Old English: scinn

i

Middle English: skyn, scin, skin, skinne (reinforced by Old Norse during Middle English period)

English: skin

Scots: skin

→ Old Frisian: skene

→ Middle Low German: schin

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kenH- (“skin, rind; to peel”). Cognate with Lithuanian skìnti (“to pluck, pick”), Latvian šķĩt (“to pluck leaves”).


birkijǭ

birkijǭ (nominative singular)
birkijōniz (nominative plural)
birkijǭ (singular vocative)
birkijōniz (plural vocative)
birkijōnų (accusative singular)
birkijōnunz (accusative plural)
birkijōniz (genitive singular)
birkijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birkijōni (dative singular)
birkijōmaz (dative plural)
birkijōnē (instrumental singular)
birkijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *birkijā
Old English: bierċe, birċe, birċiae — early
Middle English: birche, byrche, birch, birk, byrke, birke, breche
English: birch
Northumbrian: birk
Scots: birk
Old Frisian: birk
West Frisian: bjirk
Old Saxon: birka, berka
Middle Low German: berke, barke
Low German: Bark
Plautdietsch: Boakj
Old Dutch: *berka (attested in Berclar)
Middle Dutch: berke
Dutch: berk
Afrikaans: berk
Limburgish: bèrk
Old High German: birihha, birka, bircha
Middle High German: birke (< birka, bircha)
German: Birke
Luxembourgish: Bierk

Old Norse: birkja
Norwegian Nynorsk: byrkje, birkje, bjørkje


bōkstabaz

bōkstabaz (nominative singular)
bōkstabōz (nominative plural)
bōkstabōs (nominative plural)
bōkstab (singular vocative)
bōkstabōz (plural vocative)
bōkstabōs (plural vocative)
bōkstabą (accusative singular)
bōkstabanz (accusative plural)
bōkstabas (genitive singular)
bōkstabis (genitive singular)
bōkstabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkstabai (dative singular)
bōkstabamaz (dative plural)
bōkstabō (instrumental singular)
bōkstabamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōkstab; *bōkstabō

Old English: bōcstæf

Middle English: bocstaff, bookstave

English: bookstaff, bookstave

Old Frisian: *bōkstaf, *bōkstef

North Frisian:

Amrum Frisian: buksteew

Föhr Frisian: buksteew

Halligen Frisian: böökstaawe

Karrharde Frisian: bouksteew

Northern Goesharde Frisian: boukstää

Sylt Frisian: Boksteev

Wiedingharde Frisian: bukstääw

Saterland Frisian: Boukstäf

Old Saxon: bōkstaf; bōkstabo

Middle Low German: bôkstaf

German Low German: Bookstaav

Plautdietsch: Buakstow

Old Dutch: buokstaf, buochstaf; *buokstavo

Middle Dutch: boecstaf; boecstave, boecstaef

Dutch: boekstaaf

Afrikaans: boekstaaf

Old High German: buohstab; *buohstabo

Middle High German: buochstap; buochstabe

German: Buchstab; Buchstabe

Hunsrik: Buchstaab

Luxembourgish: Buschtaf

Vilamovian: büchśtaow, büśtow

Yiddish: בוכשטאַב (bukhshtab)

Old Norse: bókstafr

Icelandic: bókstafur

Faroese: bókstavur

Norwegian Bokmål: bokstav

Norwegian Nynorsk: bokstav

Old Swedish: bōkstaver

Swedish: bokstav

Danish: bogstav

Gutnish: bokstav

From *bōks (“book”) + *stabaz (“staff, stick”).


slītaną

slītō (active first-person indicative singular)
slītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīt (active imperative second-person singular)
slītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slītid (active indicative plural second-person)
slītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slītid (active imperative plural second-person)
slītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slait (active first-person indicative singular)
slitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaist (active indicative second-person singular)
slitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slait (active indicative singular third-person)
slitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slitū (active dual first-person indicative)
slitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slitum (active first-person indicative plural)
slitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slitud (active indicative plural second-person)
slitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slitun (active indicative plural third-person)
slitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slītandz (active participle present)
slitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slītan
Old English: slītan
Middle English: sliten
English: slit, slite
Scots: slite, slyte
Old Frisian: slīta
North Frisian: slitten
Saterland Frisian: sliete
West Frisian: slite
Old Saxon: slītan
Middle Low German: slîten
German Low German: slieten
Old Dutch: *slītan
Middle Dutch: sliten
Dutch: slijten
Afrikaans: slyt
Limburgish: sliete
Old High German: slīzan
Middle High German: slīzen
German: schleißen
Luxembourgish: schläissen
→ Old French: esclicer [1080 CE] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: slíta

Icelandic: slíta

Faroese: slíta

Norwegian Bokmål: slite

Norwegian Nynorsk: slita, slite

Old Swedish: slīta

Swedish: slita

Danish: slide

From Proto-Indo-European *sleyd- (“to rend, injure, crumble”).


hamaraz

hamaraz (nominative singular)
hamarōz (nominative plural)
hamarōs (nominative plural)
hamar (singular vocative)
hamarōz (plural vocative)
hamarōs (plural vocative)
hamarą (accusative singular)
hamaranz (accusative plural)
hamaras (genitive singular)
hamaris (genitive singular)
hamarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hamarai (dative singular)
hamaramaz (dative plural)
hamarō (instrumental singular)
hamaramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hamar

Old English: hamor, hamer, homer

Middle English: hamer, hamber

desc

Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer

English: hammer

→ Fiji Hindi: haamaa

→ Japanese: ハンマー

→ Sranan Tongo: amra

Old Frisian: hamer, homer

Saterland Frisian: Hoomer

West Frisian: hammer

Old Saxon: hamar, hamur

Middle Low German: hāmer

Low German: Hamer

Plautdietsch: Homa

Old Dutch: *hamar

Middle Dutch: hamer

Dutch: hamer

Afrikaans: hamer

West Flemish: oamer

Old High German: hamar

Middle High German: hamer

Bavarian: Håmmer

German: Hammer

Luxembourgish: Hummer

Yiddish: האַמער (hamer)

desctree

Old Norse: hamarr
Icelandic: hamar
Faroese: hamar, hamari
Norwegian Nynorsk: hamar, hammar
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hammar
Elfdalian: åmår
Old Swedish: hamar
Swedish: hammare, hammar
Old Danish: hamær, hambær
Danish: hammer
Norwegian Bokmål: hammer

Gutnish: hammare, hamar

Traditionally treated as derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone”) (compare Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “stone”)), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), via a formation like *h₂eḱmoros (compare Sanskrit अश्मर (aśmará, “stony”)). But the phonology is problematic; even the metathesis of *h₂ and ḱ assumed to underlie Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō does not account for the Germanic short vowel. Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *hamara (“butt of an axe, back of a knife”).


weraldiz

weraldiz (nominative singular)
weraldīz (nominative plural)
weraldi (singular vocative)
weraldīz (plural vocative)
weraldį (accusative singular)
weraldinz (accusative plural)
weraldīz (genitive singular)
weraldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
weraldī (dative singular)
weraldimaz (dative plural)
weraldī (instrumental singular)
weraldimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *weraldi
Old English: weorold, weorld, weoruld, woruld, worold, world, wiorld, wyrold, wiarald, wuruld
Middle English: world
English: world
Scots: warld
Old Frisian: warld, wrald
North Frisian: wrald, wrâl
Saterland Frisian: Wareld
West Frisian: wrâld
Old Saxon: werold
Middle Low German: werlt, werlde
Low German: Welt, Werlt
German Low German: Wereld, Welt
Plautdietsch: Welt
Old Dutch: werolt
Middle Dutch: wērelt
Dutch: wereld
Afrikaans: wêreld
Negerhollands: wereld, weerelt
Limburgish: wereld
Old High German: weralt
Middle High German: wërlt
Alemannic German: Wält
Bavarian: Wejt, Wöd, Wölt
Central Franconian:
Transylvanian Saxon: Wält
German: Welt
Luxembourgish: Welt
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Welt
Vilamovian: wełt
Yiddish: וועלט (velt)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: verǫld
Icelandic: veröld
Faroese: verøld, vørild, verð
Norn: vrildan
Norwegian Nynorsk: verd f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: verd m or f
Elfdalian: wärd
Old Swedish: væruld, værald, værild, værld
Swedish: värld
Old Danish: wæræld
Danish: verden
Norwegian Bokmål: verden m
Scanian: værlð
Gutnish: värd


wēpną

wēpną (nominative singular)
wēpnō (nominative plural)
wēpną (singular vocative)
wēpnō (plural vocative)
wēpną (accusative singular)
wēpnō (accusative plural)
wēpnas (genitive singular)
wēpnis (genitive singular)
wēpnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēpnai (dative singular)
wēpnamaz (dative plural)
wēpnō (instrumental singular)
wēpnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāpn
Old English: wǣpn, wǣpen
Middle English: wæpenn, wepen
English: weapon
Scots: weipen, weapoun, weapon
Old Frisian: *wāpin, wēpin
Saterland Frisian: Woapen
West Frisian: wapen
Old Saxon: wāpan
Middle Low German: wāpen
German Low German: Wapen, Wopen
→ Middle High German: wāpen
German: Wappen
Old Dutch: wāpan
Middle Dutch: wapen
Dutch: wapen
Old High German: wāfan
Middle High German: wāfen, wapen
Alemannic German: Waaffe
German: Waffe
→ German Low German: Waffe
Yiddish: וואָפֿן (vofn)

Old Norse: vápn
Icelandic: vopn, vokn
Faroese: vápn, vákn
Norwegian Nynorsk: våpn, våpen, ⇒ våknhus, våkenhus
Elfdalian: wapen, waken-
Old Swedish: vapn, vakn
Swedish: vapen, vaken-, vång-
→ Finnish: vaakuna
Old Danish: wāpn, wākn
Scanian: vaben
Danish: våben
Norwegian Bokmål: våpen
Old Gutnish: vapn
Gutnish: vapen
→ Middle English: wapen, wopen
Scots: wapyn, wappen

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐍀𐌽 (wēpn)

Possibly cognate with Tocharian B yepe (knife). If so, both may derive from a Proto-Indo-European form such as *wēbnom or *wēben.


fruskaz

fruskaz (nominative singular)
fruskōz (nominative plural)
fruskōs (nominative plural)
frusk (singular vocative)
fruskōz (plural vocative)
fruskōs (plural vocative)
fruską (accusative singular)
fruskanz (accusative plural)
fruskas (genitive singular)
fruskis (genitive singular)
fruskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fruskai (dative singular)
fruskamaz (dative plural)
fruskō (instrumental singular)
fruskamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frosk
Old English: frosc, frox, forsc
Middle English: frosk, frosch
English: frosk, frosh
Old Frisian: *frosk
West Frisian: froask
Old Saxon: *frosk, *forsk
Middle Low German: vorsch
German Low German: Fuorsk (Münsterland); Frötske (Krummhörn, Ostfriesland)
Old Dutch: *frosk, *forsk
Middle Dutch: vorsch
Dutch: vors
Limburgish: vrósj
Old High German: frosk, frosc
Middle High German: vrosch
Bavarian: Frosch, Fruasch
Cimbrian: vross, bross, vrosch
Central Franconian: Frösch, Fräsch
Hunsrik: Frosch
Luxembourgish: Fräsch
German: Frosch
Rhine Franconian: Frosch, Fresch
Frankfurterisch: [fʀoʃ]
Pennsylvania German: Frosch

Old Norse: froskr
Icelandic: froskur
Faroese: froskur
Norwegian: frosk
→ Middle English: frosk
English: frosk

From pre-Proto-Germanic *prugʰskos, from Proto-Indo-European *prugʰ-ḱó-s, from *prewgʰ- (“to leap”) + *-ḱós (animal suffix), possibly extended from *prew- (“to jump”), cognate with Proto-West Germanic *froggō (“frog”), Old Norse frauðr (“frog”).


nurþrą

nurþrą (nominative singular)
nurþrō (nominative plural)
nurþrą (singular vocative)
nurþrō (plural vocative)
nurþrą (accusative singular)
nurþrō (accusative plural)
nurþras (genitive singular)
nurþris (genitive singular)
nurþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nurþrai (dative singular)
nurþramaz (dative plural)
nurþrō (instrumental singular)
nurþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
Old English: *norþ
Middle English: north
English: north
Scots: north
Yola: nordh, noardth
Old Frisian: north m
Saterland Frisian: Noude, Nudde m or n
Old Saxon: north m or n
Middle Low German: nort, nōrt
German Low German: Noord
Old Dutch: *north
Middle Dutch: nort, noort n
Old High German: nordar n, nord n or m

Old Norse: norðr
Icelandic: norður
Faroese: norður
Norn: nord
Norwegian Nynorsk: nord, norder-
Old Swedish: nor
Swedish: norr, nord (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
Danish: nord
Norwegian Bokmål: nord
Gutnish: nådar, nårdar


surgō

surgō (nominative singular)
surgôz (nominative plural)
surgō (singular vocative)
surgôz (plural vocative)
surgǭ (accusative singular)
surgōz (accusative plural)
surgōz (genitive singular)
surgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
surgōi (dative singular)
surgōmaz (dative plural)
surgō (instrumental singular)
surgōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sorgu
Old English: sorg, sorh
Middle English: sorȝe, sorwe, sorow
English: sorrow
Scots: sorow
Old Frisian: sorge
Saterland Frisian: Suurge, Sourge
West Frisian: soarch
Old Saxon: sorga
Middle Low German: sorge
Low German: Sorge, Soarge, Suarge, Suare, Sōerje (all Westphalian)
Plautdietsch: Sorj
Old Dutch: sorga
Middle Dutch: sorge, zorge, soorge
Dutch: zorg
Afrikaans: sorg
Negerhollands: sorg
Sranan Tongo: sorgu
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sorgu
→ Indonesian: rawat (semantic loan)
Old High German: sworga, sorga
Middle High German: sorge
German: Sorge
Luxembourgish: Suerg
Yiddish: זאָרג (zorg)

Old Norse: sorg
Icelandic: sorg
Faroese: sorg
Norwegian Nynorsk: sorg
Norwegian Bokmål: sorg
Old Swedish: sorgh
Swedish: sorg
Danish: sorg

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰 (saurga)

→ Proto-Finnic: *surku (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *swurgō, from Proto-Indo-European *swergʰ- (“to watch over, worry; be ill, suffer”). Cognate with Lithuanian sir̃gti (“to be ill, be sick”), Polish srogi (“stern, severe, harsh”), Old Irish serg (“sickness, disease”).

cog

Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to ache, to fester”)

Proto-Germanic *sweraną (“to hurt, to fester”)


surgāną

surgō (active first-person indicative singular)
surgaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
surgai (active imperative second-person singular)
surgāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
surgaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
surgāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
surgāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
surgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
surgāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
surgāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
surgāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
surgānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
surgaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
surgaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
surgānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
surgānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
surgānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
surgānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
surgadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
surgadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
surgadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
surgadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
surgadē (active indicative singular third-person)
surgadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
surgadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
surgadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
surgadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
surgadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
surgadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
surgadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
surgadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
surgadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
surgadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
surgadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
surgāndz (active participle present)
surgadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sorgēn
Old English: sorgian
Middle English: sorȝen, serȝhen, sorwen, serwen
English: sorrow
Scots: sorow, sorrow
Old Frisian: sorgia
Saterland Frisian: súurgje, sourgje (Strukelje)
West Frisian: soargje
Old Saxon: sorgōn
Middle Low German: sorgen, sörgen
German Low German: sörgen
Old Dutch: sorgon
Middle Dutch: sorgen
Dutch: zorgen
Afrikaans: sorg
Negerhollands: sorg
→ Aukan: solugu
→ Papiamentu: sòru
→ Saramaccan: solúgu
→ Sranan Tongo: sorgu
→ Caribbean Javanese: sorgu, nyoru, nyorgoni
→ Kari'na: sorukuma
Limburgish: zórge, zörge
Old High German: sorgēn, sworgōn, sorgōn
Middle High German: sorgen
German: sorgen
→ Esperanto: zorgi
Yiddish: זאָרגן (zorgn)
Luxembourgish: suergen

Old Norse: syrgja

Icelandic: syrgja

Faroese: syrgja

Norwegian Nynorsk: syrgja, sørge

Norwegian Bokmål: sørge

Swedish: sörja

Danish: sørge

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌽 (saurgān)

From *surgō (“worry, sorrow, care”) + *-āną.


rattaz

rattaz (nominative singular)
rattōz (nominative plural)
rattōs (nominative plural)
ratt (singular vocative)
rattōz (plural vocative)
rattōs (plural vocative)
rattą (accusative singular)
rattanz (accusative plural)
rattas (genitive singular)
rattis (genitive singular)
rattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rattai (dative singular)
rattamaz (dative plural)
rattō (instrumental singular)
rattamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ratt; *ratō

Old English: rætt
Middle English: ratte, rotte, rat
English: rat
Scots: ratt, rat

Old Frisian: *rat

North Frisian: root

West Frisian: rôt

Old Dutch: *rato, *roto

Middle Dutch: ratte
Dutch: rat
Afrikaans: rot
Jersey Dutch: rot
Negerhollands: rotto, roto
→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)
→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)
→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)
Limburgish: rat

Old High German: rato
Middle High German: ratte, rate
German: Ratte
Luxembourgish: Rat

→ Old French: rat
Middle French: rat
French: rat
Norman: rat

→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus
Catalan: rata
Galician: rato
Italian: ratto
Old French: rat, rate
Middle French: rat
French: rat
Portuguese: rato
Spanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón
Translingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus

The origin of this word (and the related *rattō) is uncertain. It may derive from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”) (whence e.g. Latin rōdō and Latin rādō), but this is disputed, and Klein says that such a connection does not exist. The word may also go back to an unknown substrate language. Kroonen notes that consonant variation is high in descendant languages, especially in the High German dialects (Middle High German rate, radde, ratte, ratze). Older etymological sources explained the Germanic words as borrowings from Romance, but it is now accepted that this is not the case; Kroonen even asserts that the Romance (and Celtic) words must be borrowed from Germanic. He considers it plausible, however—especially considering dialectal Ratz/Ratze (“polecat”)—that the Germanic word originally referred to a different animal. The rat itself may have been unknown in Europe at a Proto-Germanic date.


barkuz

barkuz (nominative singular)
barkiwiz (nominative plural)
barku (singular vocative)
barkiwiz (plural vocative)
barkų (accusative singular)
barkunz (accusative plural)
barkauz (genitive singular)
barkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barkiwi (dative singular)
barkumaz (dative plural)
barkū (instrumental singular)
barkumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *bark, *berk

Saterland Frisian: Boark

West Frisian: berk

Old Saxon: *barku

Middle Low German: barke, borke

German Low German: Bark, Borke

Plautdietsch: Boakj

→ German: Borke

→ Saterland Frisian: Boarke

Old Dutch: *bark, *berk

Middle Dutch: barc, berc

Dutch: bark

desctree

Old Norse: bǫrkr
Icelandic: börkur
Faroese: børkur, bark
Norwegian Nynorsk: bork; (dialectal) bork’e, børk
Old Swedish: barker
Swedish: bark
Old Danish: bark
Danish: bark
Norwegian Bokmål: bark
→ Old English: barc
Middle English: bark, barke
English: bark
Scots: bark
→ Kildin Sami: па̄ҏҏк (pār̥r̥k)

→ Proto-Samic: *pārkkō (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (source of Lithuanian béržas, Czech bříza, Ossetian бӕрз (bærz)).


balkô

balkô (nominative singular)
balkaniz (nominative plural)
balkô (singular vocative)
balkaniz (plural vocative)
balkanų (accusative singular)
balkanunz (accusative plural)
balkiniz (genitive singular)
balkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balkini (dative singular)
balkammaz (dative plural)
balkinē (instrumental singular)
balkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *balkō, *balk
Old English: bælca, bealca
Old Frisian: balka
Saterland Frisian: Boolke
West Frisian: balke
Old Saxon: balko
Middle Low German: balke
Plautdietsch: Baulkjen
→ Estonian: palk
Old Dutch: *balco
Middle Dutch: balke
Dutch: balk
Afrikaans: balk
Negerhollands: balk
→ Caribbean Javanese: baleg, balok
→ Javanese: ꦧꦭꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (balok)
→ Indonesian: balok
→ Malay: balak
> Indonesian: balak (inherited)
→ Papiamentu: balki (from the diminutive)
→ Saramaccan: báíki
→ Sranan Tongo: barki, balk
→ Caribbean Hindustani: barki
Limburgish: balk
Old High German: balko, balcho, palcho, balco
Middle High German: balke
German: Balken
Kashubian: balka
Slovincian: balka
→ Old Polish: balka
Polish: belka
Silesian: bŏlka
Lombardic: palk
→ Italian: palco
→ Medieval Latin: balcō [c. 1040, Goscelin] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bǫlkr (< *balkuz)

Icelandic: bálkur

Faroese: bólkur

Norwegian Bokmål: bolk

Norwegian Nynorsk: bolk

Old Swedish: balker, bolker

Swedish: balk

→ Finnish: palkki

Danish: balk

→ Old English: balca, bealca, bælca
Middle English: balke, bauke
English: balk
Scots: bauk
Yola: balke

Old Norse: bjalki (< *belkô)

Icelandic: bjálki

Faroese: bjálki

Norwegian Bokmål: bjelke

Norwegian Nynorsk: bjelke

Old Swedish: biælke

Swedish: bjälke

Danish: bjælke

>? Old Norse: *bjalk (< *belkō)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ- (“beam, plank”). However, in light of Winter's law as applied to Balto-Slavic cognates such as Proto-Slavic *bolzìna (“beam, board”) and Lithuanian balžíenas (“cross-beam”), Kroonen prefers to derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ-on-, from *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”), and notes relation to Proto-Germanic *balgiz (“bag”) in spite of the divergent semantics.


rukkaz

rukkaz (nominative singular)
rukkōz (nominative plural)
rukkōs (nominative plural)
rukk (singular vocative)
rukkōz (plural vocative)
rukkōs (plural vocative)
rukką (accusative singular)
rukkanz (accusative plural)
rukkas (genitive singular)
rukkis (genitive singular)
rukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rukkai (dative singular)
rukkamaz (dative plural)
rukkō (instrumental singular)
rukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *(h)rokk

Old English: rocc, roc

Middle English: roc

Old Frisian: rokk

Saterland Frisian: Rok

West Frisian: rôk, rok

Old Saxon: *hrokk, *hrok, *rokk, rok

Middle Low German: rock

Low German: Rock

German Low German: Rock

Plautdietsch: Rock

Old Dutch: *rokk, *rok

Middle Dutch: roc

Dutch: rok

Afrikaans: rok

→ Indonesian: rok

→ Medieval Latin: hrocus, roccus, rocus

→ Old French: froc, rochet, roquet

French: froc, rochet

→ English: frock, rochet, rocket (dialectal)

→ French: frac

→ Dutch: frak (dialectal)

→ German: Frack

→ Swedish: frack

→ Danish: frakke

→ Faroese: frakki

→ Spanish: roquete

→ Portuguese: roquete

→ Italian: rocchetto, roccetto

desc

Old High German: hroch, rocch, roch, roc

Middle High German: roc

German: Rock

Luxembourgish: Rack

Old Norse: rokkr

Icelandic: rokkur

Faroese: rokkur

Old Swedish: rokker

Swedish: rock

Danish: rok

→ Proto-Finnic: *rukka (see there for further descendants)

See *hrukkaz, which Kroonen considers the correct reconstruction, in light of forms such as Medieval Latin hrocus (whence modern terms like English frock).


raukiz

raukiz (nominative singular)
raukīz (nominative plural)
rauki (singular vocative)
raukīz (plural vocative)
raukį (accusative singular)
raukinz (accusative plural)
raukīz (genitive singular)
raukijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raukī (dative singular)
raukimaz (dative plural)
raukī (instrumental singular)
raukimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rauki
Old English: rēc, rīec, rēċ, rīeċ (possibly a loan from Old Norse)
Middle English: rek, reke, reche, rich, reech
Scots: reek, reke, reik
English: reek
Old Frisian: rēk
North Frisian: reck, rieck
West Frisian: reek, riik
Old Saxon: rōk
Middle Low German: rôk
German Low German: Rook
Low German: Röök
→ Saterland Frisian: Rook
Old Dutch: *rōc
Middle Dutch: rôoc
Dutch: rook
Afrikaans: rook
→ Middle English: roke (also possibly through Old Norse *rauk)
Scots: rok, roke, roik, rouk
English: roke
Old High German: rouh
Middle High German: rouch
German: Rauch
Luxembourgish: Raach
Vilamovian: raojch
Yiddish: רויך (roykh)

Old Norse: reykr
Icelandic: reykur m
Faroese: roykur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: røyk m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: røyk m
Jamtish: røyk
Elfdalian: räk
Old Swedish: rø̄ker m
Swedish: rök c or m
Old Danish: rø̄k m
Scanian: rǿg
Danish: røg c
Norwegian Bokmål: røk m
Old Gutnish: *roykr
Gutnish: råik
→ English: reek

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to erupt, vomit, burp”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rew- (“to growl, grumble, roar”).


reukaną

reukō (active first-person indicative singular)
reukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reuk (active imperative second-person singular)
reukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riukid (active indicative plural second-person)
reukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riukid (active imperative plural second-person)
reukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rauk (active first-person indicative singular)
rukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rauht (active indicative second-person singular)
rukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rauk (active indicative singular third-person)
rukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rukū (active dual first-person indicative)
rukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rukum (active first-person indicative plural)
rukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rukud (active indicative plural second-person)
rukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rukun (active indicative plural third-person)
rukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reukandz (active participle present)
rukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *reukan
Old English: rēocan
Middle English: reken
Scots: rek, reke, reik
English: reek
Old Frisian: riāka
North Frisian: röke
West Frisian: reekje
Old Saxon: *riokan, *rūkan
Middle Low German: rêken, rûken
Low German: rüken
→ Saterland Frisian: ruuke
→ West Frisian: rûke
Old Dutch: riecan, riekan, riechon, ruecon
Middle Dutch: ruken
Dutch: ruiken, rieken
Afrikaans: ruik
Limburgish: ruke
Old High German: riohhan
Middle High German: riechen
German: riechen
Bavarian: riacha
Luxembourgish: richen

Old Norse: rjúka
Icelandic: rjúka
Faroese: rúka
Norwegian Nynorsk: ryka, ryke, rjuka
Old Swedish: riūka
Swedish: ryka
Danish: ryge
Norwegian Bokmål: ryke

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to vomit, burp”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rew- (“to roar, growl, grumble”).


skillingaz

skillingaz (nominative singular)
skillingōz (nominative plural)
skillingōs (nominative plural)
skilling (singular vocative)
skillingōz (plural vocative)
skillingōs (plural vocative)
skillingą (accusative singular)
skillinganz (accusative plural)
skillingas (genitive singular)
skillingis (genitive singular)
skillingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skillingai (dative singular)
skillingamaz (dative plural)
skillingō (instrumental singular)
skillingamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċilling

Middle English: shilling

Scots: schilling

English: shilling

Old Frisian: skilling

Old Saxon: skilling

Middle Low German: schillink

Old Dutch: *skilling

Middle Dutch: schillinc

desctree

Dutch: schelling
Afrikaans: skelling
Berbice Creole Dutch: skelingi
>? Sranan Tongo: sren

Old High German: skilling

Middle High German: schillinc

German: Schilling

→ English: schilling (former currency of Austria)

Old Norse: skillingr

Icelandic: skildingur

Faroese: skillingur

Old Swedish: skillinger

Swedish: skilling

Danish: skilling

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skilling

Norwegian Nynorsk: skilling

→ Old Irish: scilling

Irish: scilling

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (skilliggs)


sunþrą

sunþrą (nominative singular)
sunþrō (nominative plural)
sunþrą (singular vocative)
sunþrō (plural vocative)
sunþrą (accusative singular)
sunþrō (accusative plural)
sunþras (genitive singular)
sunþris (genitive singular)
sunþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunþrai (dative singular)
sunþramaz (dative plural)
sunþrō (instrumental singular)
sunþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sunþr

Old English: sūþ

Middle English: south

English: south

Old Frisian: sūth

Saterland Frisian: Suude

West Frisian: súd

Old Saxon: sūth

Low German: süüd

→ German: Süd

Old Dutch: *sūth

Middle Dutch: suid

Dutch: zuid
Afrikaans: suid
Negerhollands: sud, seit, syd
→ Papiamentu: sùit

Old High German: sunt

Old Norse: suðr, sunnr
Icelandic: suður
Faroese: suður
Norn: sud
Norwegian Nynorsk: sud, sør
Norwegian Bokmål: sør
Old Swedish: sudher
Swedish: söder, syd (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
Danish: syd
Norwegian Bokmål: syd
Gutnish: sudar, sudur


sturjô

gem-decl-noun-table

*sturjô (an-stem)

sturjô (nominative singular)
sturjaniz (nominative plural)
sturjô (singular vocative)
sturjaniz (plural vocative)
sturjanų (accusative singular)
sturjanunz (accusative plural)
sturiniz (genitive singular)
sturjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturini (dative singular)
sturjammaz (dative plural)
sturinē (instrumental singular)
sturjammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sturjō
Old English: styria, styriġa, styrġa, styra, stiriġa, stiria
Middle English: store, stor
Scots: stur, sture, stuir
Old Frisian: *sturia, *steria, *storia
Saterland Frisian: Stör
West Frisian: steur
Old Saxon: sturio
Middle Low German: stȫre
German Low German: Stöör
Old Dutch: *sturio
Middle Dutch: stōre, stuere
Dutch: steur
Afrikaans: steur
Limburgish: stjeur
Old High German: sturio, sturo
Middle High German: stür(e), stör(e), stor(e)
German: Stör
→ Medieval Latin: sturio, sturgio (943, Italy) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: styrja

Icelandic: styrja

Faroese: styrja

Norwegian Bokmål: stør

Norwegian Nynorsk: stør

Old Swedish: styria

Swedish: stör, störfisk

Old Danish: styriæ

Danish: stør

Elfdalian: stor

Gutnish: styr

Possibly from a non-IE substrate doublet *asetr-, *str-. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥Hyón-. Possible cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *eśetras (“sturgeon”), Late Latin hapax fariō (= ſariō (“salmon trout”)).


gallǭ

gallǭ (nominative singular)
gallōniz (nominative plural)
gallǭ (singular vocative)
gallōniz (plural vocative)
gallōnų (accusative singular)
gallōnunz (accusative plural)
gallōniz (genitive singular)
gallōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gallōni (dative singular)
gallōmaz (dative plural)
gallōnē (instrumental singular)
gallōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gallā

Old English: galla, ġealla

English: gall

Old Frisian: *galle

Saterland Frisian: Galle

West Frisian: galle

Old Saxon: galla

Middle Low German: galle

German Low German: Galle, Gall

Low German: galle

Old Dutch: galla

Middle Dutch: gale

Dutch: gal
Afrikaans: gal
Berbice Creole Dutch: gali
Negerhollands: gal
→ Papiamentu: hal, gal

Limburgish: gal

Old High German: galla

Middle High German: galle

Cimbrian: galla

German: Galle

Luxembourgish: Gal

Yiddish: גאַל (gal)

Old Norse: gall (< *gallą)

Icelandic: gall

Faroese: gall

Norwegian Bokmål: galle

Norwegian Nynorsk: galle

Old Swedish: galle

Swedish: galle, galla

Old Danish: gallæ

Danish: galde

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”). Related to Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “gall, bile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”).


taglą

taglą (nominative singular)
taglō (nominative plural)
taglą (singular vocative)
taglō (plural vocative)
taglą (accusative singular)
taglō (accusative plural)
taglas (genitive singular)
taglis (genitive singular)
taglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taglai (dative singular)
taglamaz (dative plural)
taglō (instrumental singular)
taglamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tagl
Old English: tæġl, tæġel
Middle English: teil, tayl, tail
English: tail
Scots: tail, tale
Old Frisian: *teil
Saterland Frisian: Tail
West Frisian: teil
Old Saxon: *tagal
Middle Low German: tagel
Low German: Tagel
Old Dutch: *tagal, *tegil, *teil (in toponyms)
Middle Dutch: tale, tael, *teil
Dutch: teil, taal (rare)
⇒ Dutch: oogtaal (“eyelash”)
West Flemish: teil
Old High German: zagal, zagel, zagil
Middle High German: zagel, zail, zeil
German: Zagel (dialectal)

Old Norse: tagl

Icelandic: tagl

Faroese: tagl

Norwegian: tagl

Old Swedish: taghl

Swedish: tagel

Danish: tavl (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl)

From Proto-Indo-European *doḱ- (“hair of the tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to tear, shred, fray”). Cognate with Old Irish dúal (“strand or lock of hair”), Sanskrit दशा (daśā, “fringe”), as well as perhaps Serbo-Croatian dlȁka (“a single hair”).
Alternatively, a diminutive of the root underlying either Proto-Germanic *tahjaną (“to tear”) or *takkô (“branch, spike”).


austrą

austrą (nominative singular)
austrō (nominative plural)
austrą (singular vocative)
austrō (plural vocative)
austrą (accusative singular)
austrō (accusative plural)
austras (genitive singular)
austris (genitive singular)
austrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
austrai (dative singular)
austramaz (dative plural)
austrō (instrumental singular)
austramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *austr
Old English: ēast m
Middle English: est
English: east
→ Cornish: est
Scots: eist, aist
Old Frisian: âsta n, âst
Saterland Frisian: Aaste m or n
West Frisian: east n
Old Saxon: *ōst
Middle Low German: ōst, ōste, oist n or f
Low German: Oost
Old Dutch: *ōst
Middle Dutch: oost
Dutch: oost
Afrikaans: oos
⇒ Dutch: oosten
⇒ Afrikaans: ooste
Old High German: *ōst ?, ōstara, ōstra f
Middle High German: ōst m
German: Ost m
Hunsrik: Oste m

Old Norse:

Latin script: austr

Runic script: ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱ (austr)
Icelandic: austur
Faroese: eystur
Norwegian Nynorsk: aust, auster; (dialectal) aust’u, aust’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: aust
Old Swedish: ø̄ster
Swedish: öster
Old Danish: øst
Danish: øster, øst
Norwegian Bokmål: øst
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: øst

Vandalic: *austa- (early), *ōsta- (late)


keudō

keudō (nominative singular)
keudôz (nominative plural)
keudō (singular vocative)
keudôz (plural vocative)
keudǭ (accusative singular)
keudōz (accusative plural)
keudōz (genitive singular)
keudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
keudōi (dative singular)
keudōmaz (dative plural)
keudō (instrumental singular)
keudōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *keudu

Old English: ċēod; ċēoda

English: (possibly the first element of) kidney

Old High German: kiot, chiot

⇒ Old High German: tresokiot, trisokiot

From Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”).


hōfą

hōfą (nominative singular)
hōfō (nominative plural)
hōfą (singular vocative)
hōfō (plural vocative)
hōfą (accusative singular)
hōfō (accusative plural)
hōfas (genitive singular)
hōfis (genitive singular)
hōfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōfai (dative singular)
hōfamaz (dative plural)
hōfō (instrumental singular)
hōfamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōf

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *bihōf
Old English: behōf
Middle English: bihove, behove
English: behoof
Scots: behufe, behuif
Old Frisian: bihōf
Saterland Frisian: Bihouf
West Frisian: behoef
Old Saxon: *bihōf
Middle Low German: behôf
German Low German: Behöf
⇒ German Low German: behövig
→ Danish: behov
→ Swedish: behov
Old Dutch: *bihuof
Middle Dutch: behoef
Dutch: behoef
Old High German: *bihuof
Middle High German: behuof
German: Behuf

Old Norse: hóf
Icelandic: hóf
Norwegian Nynorsk: hóv
Swedish: hov (dialectal)


pusô

pusô (nominative singular)
pusaniz (nominative plural)
pusô (singular vocative)
pusaniz (plural vocative)
pusanų (accusative singular)
pusanunz (accusative plural)
pusiniz (genitive singular)
pusanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pusini (dative singular)
pusammaz (dative plural)
pusinē (instrumental singular)
pusammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: pusa

⇒ Old English: purs (merger of pusa and burse)

Middle English: purs, purse

English: purse (not a direct descendant, but from burse, but the initial p- is due to interference from pusa)

Old High German: pfosa

Old Norse: posi

Icelandic: posi

Faroese: posi

Norn: pos

Norwegian: pose

Old Swedish: posi, pusi

Swedish: påse

→ Finnish: pussi

Old Danish: posæ

Danish: pose

Gutnish: puse, pus', pusa, pusi

Uncertain; has been compared to *pukô and onomatopoeic Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to swell, inflate”).


rattō

rattō (nominative singular)
rattôz (nominative plural)
rattō (singular vocative)
rattôz (plural vocative)
rattǭ (accusative singular)
rattōz (accusative plural)
rattōz (genitive singular)
rattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rattōi (dative singular)
rattōmaz (dative plural)
rattō (instrumental singular)
rattōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rattu

Old Frisian: *ratte

Saterland Frisian: Rotte

West Frisian: rôt

Old Saxon: ratta

Middle Low German: ratte, rotte

German Low German: Rötte, Rött, Rott

Low German: ratte

Plautdietsch: Raut

→ Icelandic: rotta

→ Faroese: rotta

→ Norn: rotta

→ Norwegian: rotte

→ Old Swedish: rotta

Swedish: råtta

→ Finnish: rotta

→ Danish: rotte

→ Elfdalian: rotta

→ Gutnish: råtte, råttå

→ Estonian: rott

Old Dutch: *ratta, *rotta

Middle Dutch: ratte, rotte

Dutch: rat, rot

Afrikaans: rot

Limburgish: rat

Old High German: ratta; ratza

Middle High German: ratze

German: Ratze, Ratz (dialectal)

Yiddish: ראַץ (rats)

Uncertain; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to gnaw”). See *rattaz for more.


beuzą

beuzą (nominative singular)
beuzō (nominative plural)
beuzą (singular vocative)
beuzō (plural vocative)
beuzą (accusative singular)
beuzō (accusative plural)
beuzas (genitive singular)
biuzis (genitive singular)
beuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
beuzai (dative singular)
beuzamaz (dative plural)
beuzō (instrumental singular)
beuzamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *beuʀ
Old English: bēor
Middle English: bere, beere
English: beer (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bere, beir, beer
Old Frisian: biār
Saterland Frisian: Bjoor
West Frisian: bier
Old Saxon: bior
Middle Low German: bêr
German Low German: Beer
Mecklenburgisch: Bier
Plautdietsch: Bea
Old Dutch: *bior, *bier
Middle Dutch: bier
Dutch: bier (see there for further descendants)
Afrikaans: bier
Limburgish: beer
→ Middle French: biere (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: bior
Middle High German: bier
Alemannic German: Bier, Biär, Pier
Bavarian: Bia, Bäia
Cimbrian: bir
Mòcheno: piar
Central Franconian: Bier, Beer
Luxembourgish: Béier
East Central German:
Vilamovian: biyr
German: Bier (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Bier
Yiddish: ביר (bir)

Old Norse: bjórr

Icelandic: bjór

Faroese: bjór

Norwegian: bjor

→ Middle Irish: beóir
Irish: beoir

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰews- (“dross, sediment; brewer's yeast”). If so, cognate with Swedish buska (“freshly brewed beer, new beer”), Middle Dutch and Middle Low German bûsen (“to feast, booze, drink heavily”), Middle High German būs (“a swelling”), and indirectly (via bowse, ultimately from Middle Dutch) booze. Non-Germanic cognates may include Albanian mbush (“to fill, stuff”).
Alternatively reconstructed by Kroonen as *beurą, a dissimilation of earlier *breurą, derived from *brewwaną (“to brew”). In a parenthetical side remark, Hyllested speculatively suggests an origin in Oghur *pora (“a grey kvas-like drink”).


blēstuz

blēstuz (nominative singular)
blēstiwiz (nominative plural)
blēstu (singular vocative)
blēstiwiz (plural vocative)
blēstų (accusative singular)
blēstunz (accusative plural)
blēstauz (genitive singular)
blēstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blēstiwi (dative singular)
blēstumaz (dative plural)
blēstū (instrumental singular)
blēstumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blāstu
Old English: blǣst
Middle English: blast, blaste, blæst, blest
English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist
Scots: blast
Old Frisian: *blāst
West Frisian: blast m or f
Old Dutch: *blāst
Middle Dutch: *blast
Dutch: (dialectal) blast m
Old High German: blāst, plāst
Middle High German: blāst
German: Blast

Old Norse: blástr
Icelandic: blástur
Faroese: blástur
Norwegian Nynorsk: blåster, blåst
→ Norwegian Bokmål: blåst
Old Swedish: blāster, blǣster
Swedish: blåst (in southern dialects bläst, bläjst, blest)
Old Danish: blæst
Danish: blæst
Norwegian Bokmål: blest
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: blest
Norn: blåster


aizō

aizō (nominative singular)
aizôz (nominative plural)
aizō (singular vocative)
aizôz (plural vocative)
aizǭ (accusative singular)
aizōz (accusative plural)
aizōz (genitive singular)
aizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aizōi (dative singular)
aizōmaz (dative plural)
aizō (instrumental singular)
aizōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiʀu
Old English: ār, āre
Middle English: ore, oore, or, ȝore, aore, are, ære (Early Middle English), ar, are (Northern)
Old Frisian: ēre, ēr
Saterland Frisian: Eere
West Frisian: eare
Old Saxon: ēra
Middle Low German: ēre
→ Old Norse: æra
Danish: ære
Icelandic: æra
Faroese: æra
Norwegian Nynorsk: ære
Norwegian Bokmål: ære
Swedish: ära
Old Dutch: ēra
Middle Dutch: êre
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Negerhollands: eer
Limburgish: ieër
Old High German: ēra
Middle High German: ēre
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Eher
Luxembourgish: Éier
German: Ehre
Rhine Franconian: Ehr, Ihr
Vilamovian: ere

Old Norse: eir

Icelandic: eir

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oys-éh₂, from *h₂eys- (“to respect”).


aikwernô

aikwernô (nominative singular)
aikwernaniz (nominative plural)
aikwernô (singular vocative)
aikwernaniz (plural vocative)
aikwernanų (accusative singular)
aikwernanunz (accusative plural)
aikwirniniz (genitive singular)
aikwernanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aikwirnini (dative singular)
aikwernammaz (dative plural)
aikwirninē (instrumental singular)
aikwernammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aikwernō
Old English: ācweorna
Middle English: acquerne, aquerne, ocquerne, okerne, aquierne
>? English: con, conn (“squirrel”) (dialectal) (compare Old Norse íkorni)
>? Scots: con (“squirrel”) (compare Old Norse íkorni)
Old Frisian: *ēkworna, *ēkhorna
Saterland Frisian: *Eker, *Eeker
>? Saterland Frisian: Katteker, Kateeker (compare German Eichkater)
West Frisian: iikhoarn
⇒ West Frisian: iikhoarntsje
Old Saxon: *ēkhorno
Middle Low German: êkhōrn, êkhōrne, eikhōrne, êkhorn, êkōrn, eikōrn, êkōrne, echhorne
⇒ Dutch Low Saxon: Eekhoorntje
German Low German: Eekhoorn, Ekkern
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Aik, Aikern
Sauerländisch: Ēksken, Aikerte
⇒ German Low German: Eekhoorntje
Old Dutch: *ēcorno
Middle Dutch: êencōren
Dutch: eekhoorn
Old High German: eihhorno, eihhurno
Middle High German: eichurne
Alemannic German: Eichhore, Eichhörnli
German: Eichhorn
⇒ German: Eichhörnchen
⇒ Hunsrik: Eichhernche

Old Norse: íkorni
Icelandic: íkorni
Faroese: íkorni
Norwegian: ikorn, ekorn; (dialectal) ikorre
→ Danish: ekorn, ikorn
Norwegian Bokmål: ekorn, ikorn
Jamtish: íkuðn
Elfdalian: aikuonn
Old Swedish: ēkorne, īkorne
Swedish: ekorre, (dialectal) ikorn
Old Danish: īkærnæ
Danish: egern
Norwegian Bokmål: egern
Gutnish: eikånn
Scanian: igarne

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“squirrel”). The first component may be Proto-Germanic *aiks (“oak”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ-, or from the root of Old English ācol (“trembling, fearful”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyg- (“move quickly, stir, tremble”), cognate with Ancient Greek αἰγίς (aigís); or, after Seebold 1982, it may be from a PIE form *(w)oy-wr̥- (cf. Russian ве́верица (véverica, “squirrel”), Latin viverra (“ferret”), Proto-Celtic *wiweros (“squirrel”), etc.), with *w > *k regular between a resonant and *u by the law he proposes in place of Cowgill's law.


balgiz

balgiz (nominative singular)
balgīz (nominative plural)
balgi (singular vocative)
balgīz (plural vocative)
balgį (accusative singular)
balginz (accusative plural)
balgīz (genitive singular)
balgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balgī (dative singular)
balgimaz (dative plural)
balgī (instrumental singular)
balgimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balgi
Old English: bælg
Middle English: bely, beli, baly, belwe, balyw, belgh
English: belly, ballow, bellows
Scots: belly, bally
Yola: bellee, belooze
Old Frisian: balg
Saterland Frisian: Balch
West Frisian: bealch, balge
Old Saxon: balg
Middle Low German: balch
German Low German: Balg
Plautdietsch: Baulch
Old Dutch: *balg
Middle Dutch: balch
Dutch: balg
→ French: blague
→ Italian: blaga, → blague
→ Polish: blaga
Old High German: balg
Middle High German: balc
German: Balg

Old Norse: belgr
Icelandic: belgur
Faroese: bjølgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: belg; (dialectal) bæg’e, balg
Old Swedish: bælgher, ᛒᛅᛚᚵᚼᚽᚱ
Swedish: bälg
Danish: bælg
Norwegian Bokmål: belg
Gutnish: bälg, bölg
→ Scots: belya, beli, bella, belja, belli

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌲𐍃 (balgs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *palgëh, *palko (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


strikô

strikô (nominative singular)
strikaniz (nominative plural)
strikô (singular vocative)
strikaniz (plural vocative)
strikanų (accusative singular)
strikanunz (accusative plural)
strikiniz (genitive singular)
strikanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strikini (dative singular)
strikammaz (dative plural)
strikinē (instrumental singular)
strikammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: strica

English: streak


igilaz

igilaz (nominative singular)
igilōz (nominative plural)
igilōs (nominative plural)
igil (singular vocative)
igilōz (plural vocative)
igilōs (plural vocative)
igilą (accusative singular)
igilanz (accusative plural)
igilas (genitive singular)
igilis (genitive singular)
igilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
igilai (dative singular)
igilamaz (dative plural)
igilō (instrumental singular)
igilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *igil
Old English: iġil, iġl, īl
Middle English: ile
Old Frisian: igel
West Frisian: ychel
Old Saxon: igil
Old Dutch: *igil
Middle Dutch: ēgel
Dutch: egel
Old High German: igil
Middle High German: igil
German: Igel
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [iʒ̥l̩]
Vilamovian: ejggl

Old Norse: ígull (sea urchin)

Icelandic: ígull

Faroese: igul-

Norwegian Bokmål: igle

Norwegian Nynorsk: igle

Old Swedish: *īghul, īghulkutter

Swedish: igel, igelkott

Old Danish: *īghæl

Danish: igle

Elfdalian: igel

Gutnish: igle

Scanian: ýl, íğel

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰis (“hedgehog”), with a diminutive suffix.


straumaz

straumaz (nominative singular)
straumōz (nominative plural)
straumōs (nominative plural)
straum (singular vocative)
straumōz (plural vocative)
straumōs (plural vocative)
straumą (accusative singular)
straumanz (accusative plural)
straumas (genitive singular)
straumis (genitive singular)
straumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
straumai (dative singular)
straumamaz (dative plural)
straumō (instrumental singular)
straumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *straum
Old English: strēam
Middle English: strem, streem
Scots: strem, streme, streym, stream
English: stream
Old Frisian: strām
North Frisian: strum
Saterland Frisian: Stroom
West Frisian: stream
Old Saxon: strōm
Middle Low German: strōm
German Low German: Stroom
Low German: Stroom
Old Dutch: *strōm
Middle Dutch: strôom
Dutch: stroom
Afrikaans: stroom
Limburgish: stroum
Old High German: stroum, strōm
Middle High German: stroum, strām, strōm, strūm (partially merged with strām (“streak”) < *strēmaz)
German: Strom
→ German Low German: Strom
→ Silesian: sztrům (“electrical current”)
Luxembourgish: Stroum
Yiddish: שטראָם (shtrom)

Old Norse: straumr
Icelandic: straumur
Faroese: streymur
Norwegian Nynorsk: straum
Norwegian: (dialectal) strom (cf. flom < flaumr), strøym, strem
Old Swedish: strømber
Swedish: ström
Danish: strøm
Norwegian Bokmål: strøm

→ Finnish: rauma, Rauma

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: rávdnji

From Proto-Indo-European *srow-mo-s, which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow”). Cognate with Lithuanian srovė (“current, stream, flow”), Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma, “stream, flow”).


hōnijǭ

hōnijǭ (nominative singular)
hōnijōniz (nominative plural)
hōnijǭ (singular vocative)
hōnijōniz (plural vocative)
hōnijōnų (accusative singular)
hōnijōnunz (accusative plural)
hōnijōniz (genitive singular)
hōnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōnijōni (dative singular)
hōnijōmaz (dative plural)
hōnijōnē (instrumental singular)
hōnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hœna

Icelandic: hæna

Faroese: høna

Norwegian: høne

Old Swedish: hø̄na

Swedish: höna

Danish: høne

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”). Related to *hanô (“rooster”), *hanjō (“hen”).


hōną

hōną (nominative singular)
hōnō (nominative plural)
hōną (singular vocative)
hōnō (plural vocative)
hōną (accusative singular)
hōnō (accusative plural)
hōnas (genitive singular)
hōnis (genitive singular)
hōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōnai (dative singular)
hōnamaz (dative plural)
hōnō (instrumental singular)
hōnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hōn
Old Saxon: hōn
Middle Low German: hōn
Low German: Hohn
Old Dutch: *hōn, *huon
Middle Dutch: hoen
Dutch: hoen
Afrikaans: hoender
Negerhollands: hoener, hundu, hunder, hun
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hundu (dated)
Old High German: huon
Middle High German: huon
Alemannic German: Hue
Central Franconian: Hohn, Huhn (southern Moselle Franconian), Honn (Aachen)
Cimbrian: huun
German: Huhn
Luxembourgish: Hong
Yiddish: הון (hun)

Vṛddhi-derivative of *hanô (“cock, rooster”)


frawjô

gem-decl-noun-table

*frawjô (an-stem)

frawjô (nominative singular)
frawjaniz (nominative plural)
frawjô (singular vocative)
frawjaniz (plural vocative)
frawjanų (accusative singular)
frawjanunz (accusative plural)
frawiniz (genitive singular)
frawjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frawini (dative singular)
frawjammaz (dative plural)
frawinē (instrumental singular)
frawjammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frauwjō
Old English: frēa, frēo
Old Frisian: *frā (in placenames)
Old Saxon: frao, frōio, frōho, frāho, frō
Old Dutch: *frō
Old High German: frō, frōjo, frouwo

Old Norse: Freyr
Icelandic: Freyr
→ Swedish: Frej (learned)
→ Danish: Frej (learned)
Faroese: Froyur
Norwegian: Frøy
Old Swedish: *Frø̄
Swedish: Frö
Old Danish: Frø̄
Old Danish: Frø

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰 (frauja)

→ Galician: Forxás, Froxán (or either from Suevic)

Vandalic: *frauja- (early), froia, froja m

/ˈɸrɑu̯.jɔːː/

From the unattested Proto-Germanic *frawiz or *frawaz and the suffix *-jô, the stem being inherited from Proto-Indo-European *proHwo-, a derivation from *per- (“to go forward”). Cognate with Latin prōvincia (“territory, dominion, office, duty, province”), Russian пра́вый (právyj, “right”), Polish prawo (“law”). The feminine form is *frawjǭ.


hanô

hanô (nominative singular)
hananiz (nominative plural)
hanô (singular vocative)
hananiz (plural vocative)
hananų (accusative singular)
hananunz (accusative plural)
haniniz (genitive singular)
hananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanini (dative singular)
hanammaz (dative plural)
haninē (instrumental singular)
hanammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hanō
Old English: hana
Middle English: *hane (attested in hane-crau)
Old Frisian: hona, hana
North Frisian: hon, höön
Saterland Frisian: Hone
West Frisian: hoanne
Old Saxon: hano
Middle Low German: hāne
German Low German: Hahn
Old Dutch: *hano
Middle Dutch: hāne
Dutch: haan
Old High German: hano
Middle High German: hane, han
Alemannic German: Haane
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Haan
Cimbrian: haano, hå (Luserna)
German: Hahn
Luxembourgish: Hunn
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Haahne
Yiddish: האָן (hon)
→ Old French:
⇒ Old French: haneton
French: hanneton (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hani
Icelandic: hani
Faroese: hani
Norwegian: hane
Old Swedish: hani
Swedish: hane
Danish: hane

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 (hana)

Crimean Gothic: ano

→ Proto-Finnic: *kana (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”), possibly through earlier *hanā as evidenced by Proto-Finnic *kana. Cognate with Latin canō, cantō.


kukkaz

kukkaz (nominative singular)
kukkōz (nominative plural)
kukkōs (nominative plural)
kukk (singular vocative)
kukkōz (plural vocative)
kukkōs (plural vocative)
kukką (accusative singular)
kukkanz (accusative plural)
kukkas (genitive singular)
kukkis (genitive singular)
kukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kukkai (dative singular)
kukkamaz (dative plural)
kukkō (instrumental singular)
kukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kokk
Old English: cocc, coc
Middle English: cok, cocke, cock, kok, coke, cooke, cokke
English: cock
Scots: cock, cok
Yola: cuck
Old Dutch: *cocc
Middle Dutch: cocke
Dutch: kok
→ Late Latin: coccus
Old French: coc (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: kokkr

Icelandic: kokkur

Middle Norwegian: kúkr

Norwegian Nynorsk: kuk, kukk

Norwegian Bokmål: kuk, kukk

Danish: kok

→ Northern Sami: kuk

Swedish: kuk

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kuk, kukk

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kuk, kukk

→ Proto-Finnic: *kukkoi (see there for further descendants)

Likely from original n-stem *keukô ~ *kukkaz. Ultimately of imitative origin, similar to Sanskrit कुक्कुट (kukkuṭa, “rooster”), Proto-Slavic *kokošь (“hen”). Some sources believe the Germanic forms to be borrowed from Late Latin coccus rather than the other way around.

onomatopoeic

imitative origin


westrą

westrą (nominative singular)
westrō (nominative plural)
westrą (singular vocative)
westrō (plural vocative)
westrą (accusative singular)
westrō (accusative plural)
westras (genitive singular)
wistris (genitive singular)
westrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
westrai (dative singular)
westramaz (dative plural)
westrō (instrumental singular)
westramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *westr
Old English: *west
Middle English: west
English: west
Scots: wast
Old Frisian: west n
West Frisian: west
Old Saxon: *west
Middle Low German: west
Old Dutch: west
Middle Dutch: west
Dutch: west
Afrikaans: wes
⇒ Dutch: westen
⇒ Afrikaans: weste
Old High German: *west
Middle High German: west m
German: West m

Old Norse: vestr
Icelandic: vestur
Faroese: vestur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: vest
Norwegian Nynorsk: vest
Old Swedish: væster, væst
Swedish: väster, väst
Old Danish: væster, væst
Danish: vest, vester


hanjō

hanjō (nominative singular)
hanjôz (nominative plural)
hanjō (singular vocative)
hanjôz (plural vocative)
hanjǭ (accusative singular)
hanjōz (accusative plural)
hanjōz (genitive singular)
hanjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanjōi (dative singular)
hanjōmaz (dative plural)
hanjō (instrumental singular)
hanjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hannju
Old English: henn, hænn
Middle English: hen
English: hen
Scots: hen
Yola: hen, hin
Old Frisian: henn
Saterland Frisian: Hanne
West Frisian: hin
Old Saxon: *hennia, *hennea
Middle Low German: henne, hinne
German Low German: Heen
Old Dutch: *henna
Middle Dutch: henne
Dutch: hen
Afrikaans: hen
Jersey Dutch: hän
Limburgish: hèn
Old High German: henna
Middle High German: henne
Cimbrian: hénna, henn (Luserna)
German: Henne

Crimean Gothic: hano

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”).


frawjaz

frawjaz (nominative singular)
frawjōz (nominative plural)
frawjōs (nominative plural)
frawi (singular vocative)
frawjōz (plural vocative)
frawjōs (plural vocative)
frawją (accusative singular)
frawjanz (accusative plural)
frawjas (genitive singular)
frawis (genitive singular)
frawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frawjai (dative singular)
frawjamaz (dative plural)
frawjō (instrumental singular)
frawjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: Freyr

Icelandic: Freyr

Swedish: Frej, Frö-