krankaz

*krankaz (a-stem)

krankaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
krankai (masculine nominative plural strong)
krankō (feminine nominative singular strong)
krankôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kranką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
krankō (neuter nominative plural strong)
krankanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
krankanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
krankǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
krankōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kranką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
krankō (accusative neuter plural strong)
krankas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
krankaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
krankaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
krankaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
krankas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
krankaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
krankammai (dative masculine singular strong)
krankaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
krankaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
krankaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
krankammai (dative neuter singular strong)
krankaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
krankanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
krankaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
krankaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
krankaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
krankanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
krankaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
krankô (masculine nominative singular weak)
krankaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
krankǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
krankōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
krankô (neuter nominative singular weak)
krankōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
krankanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
krankanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
krankōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
krankōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
krankô (accusative neuter singular weak)
krankōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
krankiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
krankanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
krankōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
krankōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
krankiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
krankanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
krankini (dative masculine singular weak)
krankammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
krankōni (dative feminine singular weak)
krankōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
krankini (dative neuter singular weak)
krankammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
krankinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
krankammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
krankōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
krankōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
krankinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
krankammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *krank
Old English: *cranc
Middle English: cronk, cranke
English: crank
Scots: crank
Old Frisian: krank, kronk, krenk
North Frisian: cronc
Saterland Frisian: kroank
Old Saxon: *krank
Middle Low German: krank
Low German: krank
Old Dutch: *cranc
Middle Dutch: cranc
Dutch: krank
Afrikaans: krank
Limburgish: krank
Old High German: *krank, *chranch
Middle High German: krank, kranc
Cimbrian: krånkh
German: krank
Hunsrik: krank
Luxembourgish: krank
Vilamovian: kraonk
Yiddish: קראַנק (krank)

i

Old Norse: krangr; krankr (possible borrowing from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch)

Icelandic: krankur

Norwegian: krank

Swedish: krank

Danish: krank

An adjective derived from *kringaną (“to turn, fall, yield”).


grēbiz

grēbiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grēbijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grēbī (feminine nominative singular strong)
grēbijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grēbį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grēbijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grēbijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grēbijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grēbijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grēbijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grēbį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grēbijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grēbijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
grēbīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
grēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grēbijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grēbijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grēbijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
grēbīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
grēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grēbijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grēbijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grēbijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grēbijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grēbijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grēbijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grēbijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grēbijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grēbijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grēbijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grēbijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grēbijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grēbijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grēbijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grēbijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grēbijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grēbijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grēbijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grēbijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grēbijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grēbijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grēbijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grēbijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grēbijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grēbīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grēbijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grēbijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grēbijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grēbīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grēbijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grēbīni (dative masculine singular weak)
grēbijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grēbijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grēbijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grēbīni (dative neuter singular weak)
grēbijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grēbīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grēbijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grēbijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grēbijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grēbīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grēbijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: græfr

Icelandic: græfur

Vṛddhi gerundive of *grabaną (“to dig”). The e-grade as opposed to o-grade *grōbiz however, hints at a possible lost strong verb *grebaną.

(North Germanic) digging, burying; able to be dug or buried


knukōną

knukō (active first-person indicative singular)
knukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
knukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
knukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knukō (active imperative second-person singular)
knukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
knukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
knukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
knukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
knukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
knukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
knukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
knukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
knukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
knukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
knukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knukōndz (active participle present)
knukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *knokōn
Old English: cnucian, cnocian
Middle English: knokken, cnoken, knocke, knok, knoke, knokke, knokkyn
English: knock
→ Dutch: knokken; nokken
Scots: knock, tnock, knack
Yola: knockt (preterite)
Old Saxon: *knokōn
Middle Low German: *knoken
⇒ Middle Low German: ûtknoken, ûtknōken
Old High German: *knohhōn, *knochōn
Middle High German: knochen

Old Norse: knoka

Icelandic: knoka

Norwegian: knuge

Swedish: knocka

Danish: knuge

desc

→ Middle Irish: *cnagaid (via Old English and/or Old Norse)

Irish: cnag

Scottish Gaelic: cnag

From *knukô (“bone”) + *-ōną, perhaps reinforced by sound-symbolism.


swēsaz

*swēsaz (a-stem)

swēsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swēsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swēsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swēsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swēsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swēsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swēsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swēsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swēsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swēsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swēsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swēsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swēsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swēsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swēsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swēsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swēsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swēsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swēsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swēsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swēsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swēsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swēsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swēsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swēsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swēsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swēsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swēsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swēsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swēsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swēsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swēsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swēsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swēsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swēsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swēsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swēsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swēsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swēsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swēsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swēsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swēsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swēsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swēsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swēsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swēsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swēsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swēsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swēsini (dative masculine singular weak)
swēsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swēsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swēsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swēsini (dative neuter singular weak)
swēsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swēsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swēsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swēsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swēsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swēsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swēsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swās
Old English: swǣs
Old Frisian: swēs
Old Saxon: swās
Old High German: swās

Old Norse: sváss
Icelandic: svás

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍃 (swēs)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *swēdʰh₁-s-os or *swēdʰh₁-to-s. Related to Ancient Greek ἦθος (êthos, “custom”), Latin suēscō (“to become accustomed to”).


hrusǭ

hrusǭ (nominative singular)
hrusōniz (nominative plural)
hrusǭ (singular vocative)
hrusōniz (plural vocative)
hrusōnų (accusative singular)
hrusōnunz (accusative plural)
hrusōniz (genitive singular)
hrusōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrusōni (dative singular)
hrusōmaz (dative plural)
hrusōnē (instrumental singular)
hrusōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hruse

Old High German: hrosa, rosa; hroso, roso

From Proto-Indo-European *krus- (“crust”). Cognate with Latin crusta (“crust”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀 (xruzdra, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रूड् (krūḍ, “thicken, make hard”).


bōkō

bōkō (nominative singular)
bōkôz (nominative plural)
bōkō (singular vocative)
bōkôz (plural vocative)
bōkǭ (accusative singular)
bōkōz (accusative plural)
bōkōz (genitive singular)
bōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkōi (dative singular)
bōkōmaz (dative plural)
bōkō (instrumental singular)
bōkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōku
Old English: bōc
Middle English: bok
English: book (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: buik, beuk
Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck
Yola: buke
Old Frisian: bōk
West Frisian: boeck, boek
Old Saxon: bōka
Middle Low German: bôke
Low German: Böök, Böke
Dutch Low Saxon: beuk
→ Dutch: beuk
Old Dutch: *buoka (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: boec
Dutch: boek (only in compounds and placenames, displaced by eastern beuk)
Old High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha
Middle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)
Alemannic German: Buech
German: Buche, Büche
Luxembourgish: Bich
Vilamovian: bih́łiḱ

Old Norse: bók

Faroese: bók

Norwegian: m

Norwegian Nynorsk: bøk

Norwegian Bokmål: bøk

Old Swedish: bōk

Swedish: bok c

Danish: bog, bøg c

Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”) and Latin fāgus (“beech”).
The origin of the senses in Gothic (“book, writing”) are unclear—see more at *bōks—but they may be transferred from that word by conflation.


dunkalaz

*dunkalaz (a-stem)

dunkalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dunkalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dunkalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dunkalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dunkalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dunkalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dunkalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dunkalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dunkalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dunkalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dunkalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dunkalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dunkalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dunkalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dunkalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dunkalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dunkalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dunkalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dunkalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dunkalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dunkalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dunkalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dunkalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dunkalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dunkalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dunkalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dunkalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dunkalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dunkalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dunkalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dunkalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dunkalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dunkalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dunkalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dunkalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dunkalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dunkalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dunkalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dunkalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dunkalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dunkalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dunkalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dunkaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dunkalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dunkalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dunkalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dunkaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dunkalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dunkalini (dative masculine singular weak)
dunkalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dunkalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dunkalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dunkalini (dative neuter singular weak)
dunkalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dunkalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dunkalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dunkalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dunkalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dunkalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dunkalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: *diunkel, *dionkel

Saterland Frisian: djunkel

Old Saxon: dunkal

Middle Low German: dunkel

German Low German: dunkel

Plautdietsch: dunkel

→ Danish: dunkel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: dunkel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dunkel

→ Swedish: dunkel

Old Dutch: *dunkal, *dunkel

Middle Dutch: donkel, dunkel

Dutch: donker

Afrikaans: donker

desc

Old High German: tunkal, tuncal, tunchal

Middle High German: tunkel, dunkel

German: dunkel

Yiddish: טונקל (tunkl)

Zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”).


gilją

gilją (nominative singular)
giljō (nominative plural)
gilją (singular vocative)
giljō (plural vocative)
gilją (accusative singular)
giljō (accusative plural)
giljas (genitive singular)
gilis (genitive singular)
giljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
giljai (dative singular)
giljamaz (dative plural)
giljō (instrumental singular)
giljamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gilli

Old High German: *gilli, *gill

Middle High German: gil

Old Norse: gil

Icelandic: gil

Faroese: gil

→ Middle English: gille, gylle

Scots: gil, gill, gyll

English: gill, ghyll

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰēy- (“to yawn, gape”).


gailō

gailō (nominative singular)
gailôz (nominative plural)
gailō (singular vocative)
gailôz (plural vocative)
gailǭ (accusative singular)
gailōz (accusative plural)
gailōz (genitive singular)
gailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gailōi (dative singular)
gailōmaz (dative plural)
gailō (instrumental singular)
gailōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gailu

Old English: *gāl

>? Middle English: gale (“way, course”)

desc

>? Middle English: gol (“boundary, limit”)

English: goal

Old Norse: geil

Icelandic: geil

Faroese: geil


hurnijǭ

hurnijǭ (nominative singular)
hurnijōniz (nominative plural)
hurnijǭ (singular vocative)
hurnijōniz (plural vocative)
hurnijōnų (accusative singular)
hurnijōnunz (accusative plural)
hurnijōniz (genitive singular)
hurnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurnijōni (dative singular)
hurnijōmaz (dative plural)
hurnijōnē (instrumental singular)
hurnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hurnijā
Old English: hyrne
Middle English: hyrne, hürne, hirne, herne
Scots: hirne, hirn
English: hirn, hern
Old Frisian: herne, hirne
North Frisian: heern, hören, hjaarn, jaan
Saterland Frisian: Häidene
West Frisian: herne
Old Saxon: *hurnia, *hornia
Middle Low German: hurn, horne, harn, hoern
German Low German: Hörn
Old Dutch: *hurna, *horna
Middle Dutch: horne
Dutch: horn

Old Norse: hyrna

Icelandic: hyrna

Faroese: hyrna

Middle Norwegian: hyrni

Norwegian Nynorsk: hyrne

Old Swedish: hyrna

Swedish: hörna

Danish: hjørne

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hjørne

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hjørne

⇒ Old Norse: hyrning

⇒ Old Norse: hyrningr

From *hurną (“horn”) + *-jǭ (diminutive suffix).


-ilǭ

-ilǭ (nominative singular)
-ilōniz (nominative plural)
-ilǭ (singular vocative)
-ilōniz (plural vocative)
-ilōnų (accusative singular)
-ilōnunz (accusative plural)
-ilōniz (genitive singular)
-ilōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ilōni (dative singular)
-ilōmaz (dative plural)
-ilōnē (instrumental singular)
-ilōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ilā

Old Norse: -yla

Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐍉 (-ilō)

Vandalic: *-ilū

From *-ilaz (agent and instrumental suffix) + *-ǭ (agent suffix).

af

Forms feminine agent nouns, especially of plants and animals.


plaggą

plaggą (nominative singular)
plaggō (nominative plural)
plaggą (singular vocative)
plaggō (plural vocative)
plaggą (accusative singular)
plaggō (accusative plural)
plaggas (genitive singular)
plaggis (genitive singular)
plaggǫ̂ (genitive plural)
plaggai (dative singular)
plaggamaz (dative plural)
plaggō (instrumental singular)
plaggamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *plæcca; *plecc

Middle English: plack; plek, pleck; *placche, platch

Scots: platch

English: plack, pleck; platch, patch

Old Frisian: *plakka

Saterland Frisian: Plakke, Plak

West Frisian: plak

Old Saxon: *plakko; *plekkia

Middle Low German: plagge; placke; plekke, plecke, plek

Low German: Plagge, Plack, Plak, Plakke; Plek

→ German: Plagge

Old Dutch: *plakko; *plekka

Middle Dutch: plagge; placke; plecke; placken

Dutch: plag; plak; plek

→ Old French: plaquier, plaquer

Middle French: plaquer

French: plaquer

⇒ Middle French: plaque

French: plaque

→ English: plaque

→⇒ Old French: placard

Middle French: placard

French: placard

→ Middle English: placard

English: placard

→ Middle Dutch: placaerd, plackaet

→ Dutch: plakkaat

→ Medieval Latin: placca

→ Italian: placca

→ Scots: plak, plack

desc

Old High German: *phlacko, *phlaggo, (Central German) *plaggo

Middle High German: pflacke, placke

German: Placken

Luxembourgish: Plak, Plack (latter merged with French plaque)

⇒ Luxembourgish: plakeg

Old Norse: plagg

Icelandic: plagg

Faroese: plagg

Norwegian: plagg

Swedish: plagg

→ Scots: plag

Germanic substrate hypothesis
Nicoline van der Sijs

Unknown. Perhaps a borrowing from an unknown pre-Germanic, but possibly Indo-European, substrate language in which the p has not yet undergone Grimm's law, and distantly related to *flahaną (“to flay, skin”) or *flehtaną (“to weave, plait”).


sparrô

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sparrō
Old Frisian: *sperra
West Frisian: spjir
Old Saxon: sparro
Middle Low German: spāre, spār, spare, sparren, sparre
German Low German: Sparr
Old Dutch: *sparro
Middle Dutch: sparre
Dutch: spar
Afrikaans: spar
→ Middle English: sparre, spare, sparr, spere, sperr, sperre (or from Middle Low German)
English: spar
Scots: spar
Old High German: sparro
Middle High German: sparre
German: Sparren
→ Old French: espar f (alternatively borrowed from Gothic)
Middle French: espar, épar f
French: épar m

Old Norse: sparri

Icelandic: sparri

Old Swedish: sparre

Swedish: sparre


krūmô

krūmô (nominative singular)
krūmaniz (nominative plural)
krūmô (singular vocative)
krūmaniz (plural vocative)
krūmanų (accusative singular)
krūmanunz (accusative plural)
krūminiz (genitive singular)
krūmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krūmini (dative singular)
krūmammaz (dative plural)
krūminē (instrumental singular)
krūmammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *crūma; cruma

Middle English: crūme, crowme; crume, crome, crumme, cromme

Scots: crum, crumm, cromm

English: crum, crumb

Old Frisian: *krūma; *kruma

Saterland Frisian: Kroume

Old Saxon: *krūmo; *krumo

Middle Low German: *krūme; krome

Low German: Kraume; Krume, Krome, Kröme, Krom, Kröm

Old Dutch: *krūmo; *krumo

Middle Dutch: crume, cruum, kruyme; crome

Dutch: kruim

Old High German: *krūmo; *krumo

Middle High German: *krūme (in compounds); krume

German: Krume

Old Norse: krúmr

Icelandic: krumur

Norwegian: krumme

Swedish: kråm (< Middle Low German?); krumma (dialectal)

Danish: krumme

From Proto-Indo-European *grūmo- (“something scraped together, lumber, junk; to claw, scratch”), from *ger- (“to turn, bend, twist, wind”).


bōkstabô

bōkstabô (nominative singular)
bōkstabaniz (nominative plural)
bōkstabô (singular vocative)
bōkstabaniz (plural vocative)
bōkstabanų (accusative singular)
bōkstabanunz (accusative plural)
bōkstabiniz (genitive singular)
bōkstabanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōkstabini (dative singular)
bōkstabammaz (dative plural)
bōkstabinē (instrumental singular)
bōkstabammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: bōkstabo

Old Dutch: *bōkstavo, *buokstavo

Middle Dutch: boecstave, boecstaef

Dutch: boekstaaf

Old High German: *buohstabo

desc

Middle High German: buochstabe, puochstabe

German: Buchstabe

/ˈbɔː.kɑ.ˌstɑ.βɔːː/


melukōną

melukō (active first-person indicative singular)
melukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
melukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
melukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
melukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melukō (active imperative second-person singular)
melukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
melukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
melukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
melukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
melukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
melukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
melukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
melukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
melukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
melukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
melukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
melukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
melukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
melukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
melukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
melukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
melukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
melukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
melukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
melukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
melukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
melukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
melukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
melukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
melukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
melukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
melukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
melukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
melukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
melukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
melukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
melukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
melukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
melukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
melukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
melukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
melukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
melukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
melukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
melukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melukōndz (active participle present)
melukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *melukōn
Old English: meolcian, milcian
Middle English: melken, milken
Scots: melk, mylk, milk
English: milk
Old Frisian: *melokia, *melkia
West Frisian: melkje, meltsje
Old Saxon: *melkōn
Middle Low German: melken
Low German: melken

Old Norse: mjǫlka, molka, mjólka

Icelandic: mjólka

Faroese: mjólka

Norwegian: mjølka; (dialectal) mjelka, mjolke

→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølke, mjelke

Old Swedish: miolka, molka

Swedish: mjölka

Old Danish: maalke, molke, mælke

Danish: malke, mælke

Norwegian Bokmål: melke


klaubijaną

klaubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
klaubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klaubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klaubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaubī (active imperative second-person singular)
klaubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klaubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klaubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klaubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klaubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klaubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klaubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klaubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klaubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klaubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klaubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klaubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klaubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klaubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klaubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klaubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klaubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klaubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klaubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klaubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klaubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klaubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klaubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klaubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klaubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klaubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klaubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klaubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klaubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
klaubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klaubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klaubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klaubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klaubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klaubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klaubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klaubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klaubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klaubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klaubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klaubijandz (active participle present)
klaubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: klōvian

Middle Low German: kloven, klöven

Low German: klöven

Old Dutch: *klouven

Middle Dutch: kloven

Dutch: kloven


faihijaną

faihijō (active first-person indicative singular)
faihijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faihijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
faihīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
faihijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faihī (active imperative second-person singular)
faihijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
faihijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
faihīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
faihijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faihijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
faihijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
faihijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
faihijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
faihijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faihijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faihijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faihijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
faihijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
faihijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faihijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
faihijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
faihīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
faihijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faihīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
faihijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
faihijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
faihijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
faihijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faihijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
faihijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
faihijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
faihidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
faihidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faihidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
faihidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faihidē (active indicative singular third-person)
faihidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faihidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
faihidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faihidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faihidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faihidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
faihidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faihidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
faihidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faihidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
faihidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faihijandz (active participle present)
faihidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *faihijan
Old English: fǣġan
Middle English: feahen
Old High German: fēhen
Middle High German: vēhen

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚠᚨᛁᚺᛁᛞᛟ (faihido), ᚠᚨᚺᛁᛞᛟ (fahido), ᚠᚨᚺᛁ (fahi)

desctree

Old Norse: fá, ᚠᛅᚦᛁ (faþi), ᚠᛆᚦᛁ (faþi) — third singular past indicative
Icelandic: fá

From *faihaz (“colored, painted”) + *-janą.


hlōaną

hlōō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlō (active imperative second-person singular)
hlōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlōid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hehlōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehlōt (active indicative second-person singular)
hehlōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehlō (active indicative singular third-person)
hehlōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehlōū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehlōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehlōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehlōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehlōum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehlōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehlōud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehlōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehlōun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehlōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōandz (active participle present)
hlōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlōan
Old English: hlōwan
Middle English: lowen, louen, loowen, louwen, lhouen
English: low
Scots: low
Old Saxon: hlōjan, *hlōgian
Middle Low German: lōien, lūgen
Old Dutch: luoien
Middle Dutch: loeyen
Dutch: loeien
Afrikaans: loei
Old High German: hlōjan, hlōon, hluoen, lōwan, luoen, luon, luogen
Middle High German: luogen, lüewen, lüejen, lüen

Old Norse: hlóa; hlói m

Icelandic: hlóa

From Proto-Indo-European *kloh₁-ye-, frequentative form of *kleh₁- (“to call, shout”), from *kelh₁- (“to shout”). Cognate with Latin clāmō (“cry out, shout, claim”), Ancient Greek καλέω (kaléō, “call, summon, invite”).


snōdō

snōdō (nominative singular)
snōdôz (nominative plural)
snōdō (singular vocative)
snōdôz (plural vocative)
snōdǭ (accusative singular)
snōdōz (accusative plural)
snōdōz (genitive singular)
snōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snōdōi (dative singular)
snōdōmaz (dative plural)
snōdō (instrumental singular)
snōdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: snōd

Middle English: snod

Scots: snuid

English: snood

→ Dutch: sneu

(Old Saxon: snōva)

Old Norse: *snóð; (snúðr)

(Icelandic: snúður)

Old Swedish: snoþ

Swedish: snod, snodd

From Proto-Indo-European *snoh₁téh₂ (“yarn, thread”), from *sneh₁(i)- (“to twist, wind, weave, plait”). Cognate with Latvian snāte (“linen cover”), Old Irish snáth (“thread”).


tindaz

tindaz (nominative singular)
tindōz (nominative plural)
tindōs (nominative plural)
tind (singular vocative)
tindōz (plural vocative)
tindōs (plural vocative)
tindą (accusative singular)
tindanz (accusative plural)
tindas (genitive singular)
tindis (genitive singular)
tindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tindai (dative singular)
tindamaz (dative plural)
tindō (instrumental singular)
tindamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tind

Old English: tind

Middle English: tind, tynd

Scots: tynd, teind

English: tind, tine

Old Saxon: *tind

Middle Low German: tint

Old High German: zint

Middle High German: zint

German: Zind, Zint

Old Norse: tindr

Icelandic: tindur

Faroese: tindur

Thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *h₃dénts (“peg, tooth”).


dapraz

*dapraz (a-stem)

dapraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
daprai (masculine nominative plural strong)
daprō (feminine nominative singular strong)
daprôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
daprą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
daprō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dapranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dapranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
daprǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
daprōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
daprą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
daprō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dapras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dapraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dapraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dapraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dapras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dapraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
daprammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dapraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dapraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dapraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
daprammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dapraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dapranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dapraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dapraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dapraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dapranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dapraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
daprô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dapraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
daprǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
daprōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
daprô (neuter nominative singular weak)
daprōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dapranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dapranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
daprōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
daprōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
daprô (accusative neuter singular weak)
daprōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dapriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dapranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
daprōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
daprōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dapriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dapranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
daprini (dative masculine singular weak)
daprammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
daprōni (dative feminine singular weak)
daprōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
daprini (dative neuter singular weak)
daprammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
daprinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
daprammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
daprōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
daprōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
daprinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
daprammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: *daper, *dapper

Saterland Frisian: dapper

West Frisian: dapper

Old Saxon: *dapar, *dappar

Middle Low German: dapper

Low German: dapper

Old Dutch: *dapar, *dappar

Middle Dutch: dapper

Dutch: dapper

→ Middle English: daper

English: dapper

Old High German: tapfar (Upper German); *dappar (Central German)

desc

Middle High German: tapfer, tapfel, dapfer, dapper

German: tapfer

Luxembourgish: daper

desctree

Old Norse: dapr
Icelandic: dapur
Faroese: dapur
Norwegian: daper
Swedish: tapper (possibly of Dutch or German origin)
Danish: tapper (possibly of Dutch or German origin)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰob-, *dʰeb- (“thick, fat, heavy”).


samnōną

samnō (active first-person indicative singular)
samnǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samnōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
samnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
samnōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
samnō (active imperative second-person singular)
samnōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
samnōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
samnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
samnō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
samnōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
samnōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
samnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
samnōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samnōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samnōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samnōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
samnōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
samnōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samnōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
samnōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
samnōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
samnōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samnōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
samnōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
samnōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
samnōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
samnōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samnōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
samnōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
samnōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
samnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
samnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
samnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
samnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
samnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
samnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
samnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
samnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
samnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
samnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
samnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
samnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
samnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
samnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
samnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
samnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
samnōndz (active participle present)
samnōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *samnōn
Old English: samnian, somnian
Middle English: samnen, sammen, somnien, sumnien
English: sam
Scots: sammer
Old Frisian: samenia, samnia, somnia, samena
Old Saxon: samnoian, samnōn
Middle Low German: sāmenen, sammenen, samnen, sammen
Old Dutch: *samnon
Middle Dutch: samenen, zamenen
Old High German: samanōn
Middle High German: samenen, samnen, samen

Old Norse: samna, safna

Icelandic: samna, safna

Faroese: savna

Old Swedish: samna

From *samanai (“together”) + *-ōną, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”).

to bring together; gather; collect; assemble


werzaną

werzō (active first-person indicative singular)
werzaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werzai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirzizi (active indicative second-person singular)
werzaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werz (active imperative second-person singular)
werzazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werzaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirzidi (active indicative singular third-person)
werzai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werzadau (active imperative singular third-person)
werzadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werzaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werzōz (active dual first-person indicative)
werzaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werzadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werzaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werzadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werzamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werzaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werzandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werzaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirzid (active indicative plural second-person)
werzaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirzid (active imperative plural second-person)
werzandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werzaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werzandi (active indicative plural third-person)
werzain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werzandau (active imperative plural third-person)
werzandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werzaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warz (active first-person indicative singular)
wurzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warzt (active indicative second-person singular)
wurzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warz (active indicative singular third-person)
wurzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurzū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurzum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurzud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurzun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werzandz (active participle present)
wurzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *werran
Old Saxon: werran
Middle Low German: werren
Old Dutch: *werran
Middle Dutch: werren, warren
Dutch: warren
Old High German: werran
Middle High German: wërren
German: wirren; verwirren
→ Swedish: virra; förvirra
→ Old French: guerrier, guerrer
→ Middle English: werren
English: war (verb)
Middle French: guerrer

From Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to haul, drag, grind, hone, whet, polish”).


fērō

fērō (nominative singular)
fērôz (nominative plural)
fērō (singular vocative)
fērôz (plural vocative)
fērǭ (accusative singular)
fērōz (accusative plural)
fērōz (genitive singular)
fērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fērōi (dative singular)
fērōmaz (dative plural)
fērō (instrumental singular)
fērōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fǣr m; (ġefǣr)

Middle English: fer, fere, feer

Scots: fere, feir, fear

English: fear

Old Frisian: *fēr (in fernesse)

Old Saxon: *fāra f; fār m

Middle Low German: vâre; vâr; gevâr; gevêr, gevêre

German Low German: Gefahr

→ Danish: fare c

→ Swedish: fara f

→ Finnish: vaara

→ Norwegian: fare m

Old Dutch: *fāra; *fār

Middle Dutch: vāre, vaer

Old High German: fāra f; *fār m

Middle High German: vāre f; vār m; gevāre

German: Fahr; Gefahr

→ Dutch: gevaar

→ West Frisian: gefaar

→ German Low German: Gefahr

→ Saterland Frisian: Gefoar

→ Yiddish: gefer

Luxembourgish: Gefor

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰 (fērja)

From otherwise unattested *fēriz (“risky, dangerous”), vṛddhi gerundive of unattested *feraną (“to risk”), from Proto-Indo-European *per-, + *-ō.


galpōną

galpō (active first-person indicative singular)
galpǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galpōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
galpōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
galpōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galpō (active imperative second-person singular)
galpōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
galpōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
galpōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
galpō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galpōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
galpōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
galpōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
galpōs (active dual first-person indicative)
galpōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galpōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galpōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galpōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
galpōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
galpōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galpōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
galpōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
galpōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
galpōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galpōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
galpōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
galpōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
galpōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
galpōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galpōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
galpōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
galpōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
galpōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
galpōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galpōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
galpōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galpōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
galpōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galpōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
galpōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galpōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galpōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galpōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
galpōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galpōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
galpōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galpōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
galpōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galpōndz (active participle present)
galpōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *galpōn
Old English: *galpian, *gealpian
Middle English: galpen
English: galp, gaup
Scots: gaup
⇒ Old English: galpettan
Old Frisian: *galpia
Saterland Frisian: galpje
West Frisian: gjalpje, gjealpje, gjalpe
Old Saxon: galpōn
Middle Low German: galpen
German Low German: galpen
Old Dutch: *galpon
Middle Dutch: galpen
Dutch: galpen
Old High German: *galpfōn
Middle High German: galpen (possibly borrowed from Low German)
German: galpen
→ Vulgar Latin: *galpāre
Old Occitan: jaupar, japar
→ Old French: japer
Middle French: japper
French: japper
→? Middle English: japen
English: jape
Scots: jap

Old Norse: *galpa

Swedish: galpa (dialectal)

/ˈɡɑl.pɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰolb-, from *gʰel- (“to call, cry out, shout, scream”).


fradraganą

fradragō (active first-person indicative singular)
fradragaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradragai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fradragizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fradragaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradrag (active imperative second-person singular)
fradragazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fradragaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fradragidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fradragai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradragadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fradragadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fradragaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fradragōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fradragaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradragadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradragaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradragadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fradragamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fradragaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradragandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fradragaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fradragid (active indicative plural second-person)
fradragaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradragid (active imperative plural second-person)
fradragandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fradragaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fradragandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fradragain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradragandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fradragandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fradragaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fradrōg (active first-person indicative singular)
fradrōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fradrōht (active indicative second-person singular)
fradrōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fradrōg (active indicative singular third-person)
fradrōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fradrōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
fradrōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fradrōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fradrōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fradrōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
fradrōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fradrōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
fradrōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fradrōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
fradrōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fradragandz (active participle present)
fradraganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *fordragan

desc

Middle English: fordraȝen, fordrawen, fordrauen

Old Frisian: *fordraga

⇒ Old Frisian: *fordrēga

Saterland Frisian: ferdreege

Old Saxon: fardragan

Middle Low German: vordrāgen

German Low German: verdragen

Old Dutch: *fardragan

desctree

Middle Dutch: verdrāgen
Dutch: verdragen
Afrikaans: verdra
Limburgish: verdrage

Old High German: fartragan, firtragan

Middle High German: vertragen

Cimbrian: vortràgan

German: vertragen

Luxembourgish: verdroen

/ˌɸrɑ.ˈdrɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

From *fra- (“for-”) + *draganą (“to draw”).


þrībaną

þrībō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrīb (active imperative second-person singular)
þrībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þrībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrībid (active indicative plural second-person)
þrībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrībid (active imperative plural second-person)
þrībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þraib (active first-person indicative singular)
þribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þraift (active indicative second-person singular)
þribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þraib (active indicative singular third-person)
þribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þribū (active dual first-person indicative)
þribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þribum (active first-person indicative plural)
þribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þribud (active indicative plural second-person)
þribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þribun (active indicative plural third-person)
þribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrībandz (active participle present)
þribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: þrífa

Icelandic: þrífa

Faroese: tríva

Norwegian Nynorsk: triva, ⇒ trivast

⇒ Old Swedish: þrīvas

Swedish: trivas

⇒ Danish: trives

Norwegian Bokmål: trives

→ Middle English: thryven, thriven, þriven, þrifenn, þryve, þryve, thryfe, thryve, þryven, þryjven
English: thrive
Scots: thrive
Yola: threeve

/ˈθriː.βɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *terp-, *trep- (“to satisfy, enjoy”).


hīgōną

hīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
hīgǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hīgōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hīgōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hīgō (active imperative second-person singular)
hīgōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hīgōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hīgō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hīgōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hīgōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hīgōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hīgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hīgōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hīgōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hīgōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hīgōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hīgōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hīgōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hīgōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hīgōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hīgōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hīgōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hīgōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hīgōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hīgōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hīgōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hīgōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hīgōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hīgōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hīgōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hīgōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hīgōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hīgōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hīgōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hīgōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hīgōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hīgōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hīgōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hīgōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hīgōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hīgōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hīgōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hīgōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hīgōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hīgōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hīgōndz (active participle present)
hīgōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hīgōn
Old English: hīgian (“to hasten, hurry”, < *hīgōjan)
Middle English: hyen
English: hie
Scots: hie
Old Saxon: *hīgōn
Middle Low German: hîgen, hîchen; (hêgen, heigen)
Low German: higen
Old Dutch: *hīgon
Middle Dutch: hīgen, hīghen
Dutch: hijgen; hikken
Afrikaans: hyg
Old High German: *hīgōn (?)
⇒? Middle High German: hecheln, hacheln (“to copulate”) (probably of different origin)
>? German: hechen, heichen, hecheln (“to pant”) (possibly from Low German)

Old Norse: *híga; (hexta)

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: hike, hika, (hikke, hikka)

(Norwegian Bokmål: hikke)

(Swedish: hicka, (dialectal) hikja)

Scanian: hiğa

Danish: hige (hikke)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hige

/ˈxiː.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey(H)gʰ- (“to move quickly, jump; swift, fierce”), thereby cognate with e.g. Russian сига́ть (sigátʹ, “to spring, jump”) (Proto-Slavic *sigáti) and maybe Sanskrit शीघ्र (śīghrá-, “quick, fast”); if so, Old English may preserve the original sense. Further derived from *ḱey- (“to move”); compare Latin cieō (“set in motion, invoke, provoke”), Ancient Greek κινέω (kinéō, “move, set in motion”).

cog

to breathe (heavily), pant, snort, wheeze


risą

risą (nominative singular)
risō (nominative plural)
risą (singular vocative)
risō (plural vocative)
risą (accusative singular)
risō (accusative plural)
risas (genitive singular)
risis (genitive singular)
risǫ̂ (genitive plural)
risai (dative singular)
risamaz (dative plural)
risō (instrumental singular)
risamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *ris (unconfirmed)

Icelandic: ris

Faroese: ris

Shetland Norn: riss


sprūtaną

sprūtō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprūtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprūtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprūtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprūtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprūt (active imperative second-person singular)
sprūtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprūtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprūtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprūtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprūtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprūtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprūtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprūtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprūtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprūtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprūtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprūtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprūtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprūtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprūtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprūtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprūtid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprūtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprūtid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprūtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprūtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprūtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprūtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprūtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprūtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprūtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spraut (active first-person indicative singular)
sprutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraust (active indicative second-person singular)
sprutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spraut (active indicative singular third-person)
sprutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprutū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprutum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprutud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprutun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprūtandz (active participle present)
sprutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)


managiþō

managiþō (nominative singular)
managiþôz (nominative plural)
managiþō (singular vocative)
managiþôz (plural vocative)
managiþǭ (accusative singular)
managiþōz (accusative plural)
managiþōz (genitive singular)
managiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
managiþōi (dative singular)
managiþōmaz (dative plural)
managiþō (instrumental singular)
managiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *managiþu

Old English: menigdu

Old Frisian: *manigde, *manichte

West Frisian: mannichte

Old Saxon: *menegda

Middle Low German: mennichte

Old Dutch: *menigde

Middle Dutch: menichte

Dutch: menigte

→ Old French: meinte, mainte

Middle French: maint

French: maint

desc

>? Old High German: managōti, menīgōti, menigōti

Middle High German: mengede

Old Norse: *mǫngd, *mengd

Faroese: mongd

Norwegian Nynorsk: mengd

Swedish: mängd

Danish: mængde

Norwegian Bokmål: mengde


bangōną

banganą (canonical)
bangōną (canonical)
bangō (active first-person indicative singular)
bangǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bangōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bangōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bangōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bangō (active imperative second-person singular)
bangōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bangōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bangōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bangō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bangōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bangōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bangōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bangōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bangōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bangōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bangōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bangōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bangōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bangōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bangōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bangōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bangōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bangōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bangōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bangōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bangōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bangōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bangōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bangōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bangōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bangōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bangōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bangōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bangōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bangōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bangōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bangōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bangōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bangōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bangōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bangōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bangōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bangōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bangōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bangōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bangōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bangōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bangōndz (active participle present)
bangōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bangōn

Old English: *bangian

Middle English: *bangen; >? bonchen, bunchen

English: bang

Scots: bang, bung

Old Frisian: *bangia, *bongia, *bunkia, *bonkia

Saterland Frisian: boangje; >? bunkje

West Frisian: bonkje

Old Saxon: *bangōn

Middle Low German: bangen; >? bunken

Low German: bangen, bangeln

→ German: bangen

>? Old Dutch: *bungon, *bonkon

Middle Dutch: bongen

Dutch: bonken

Old High German: bangōn, *bankan, *bankōn

Middle High German: bangen, pangen; >? bungen

Alemannic German: bangen (“to bump, push, butt”)

German: banken (dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: banga
Danish: banke
→ Faroese: banka
→ Icelandic: banka
Faroese: banga
Icelandic: banga
Norwegian Bokmål: banke
Norwegian Nynorsk: banka, banke
Old Swedish: bånga
Swedish: banka
Elfdalian: baunka
Gutnish: banke
→? Middle English: *bangen
English: bang
Scots: bang, bung

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰen- (“to hit, strike, injure”) or *bʰe(n)g- (“to smash, break”); ultimately onomatopoeic.


makkô

makkô (nominative singular)
makkaniz (nominative plural)
makkô (singular vocative)
makkaniz (plural vocative)
makkanų (accusative singular)
makkanunz (accusative plural)
makkiniz (genitive singular)
makkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
makkini (dative singular)
makkammaz (dative plural)
makkinē (instrumental singular)
makkammiz (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *magnó-, from *mag- (“to knead, work”).


makô

makô (nominative singular)
makaniz (nominative plural)
makô (singular vocative)
makaniz (plural vocative)
makanų (accusative singular)
makanunz (accusative plural)
makiniz (genitive singular)
makanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
makini (dative singular)
makammaz (dative plural)
makinē (instrumental singular)
makammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *makō

Old English: maca, ġemaca; mæċċa, ġemæċċa

Middle English: make, mak, ȝemace, imake; mache, meche, macche, mecche, matche, metche

Scots: mak; mach, match

English: make; match

desctree

→ Russian: матч (matč)
→ Armenian: մատչ (matčʻ)

Old Saxon: gimako

Middle Low German: makkære, makker

German Low German: Macker

Old Dutch: *gimako; *gimakko

Middle Dutch: *gemakke, *ghemacke (>macker)

(Dutch: makker)

(→ German Low German: Macker)

(→ German: Macker)

→ Danish: makker

desc

Old High German: kamahho, gimahho, gimacho; gimahha f

Old Norse: maki

Icelandic: maki

Faroese: maki

Norwegian: make

Old Swedish: maki

Swedish: make, maka

Danish: mage

→ Proto-Samic: *mākë (see there for further descendants)

From *makaz (“fitting, suitable, convenient, comfortable”), from Proto-Indo-European *mag- (“to knead, work”).


feukaną

feukō (active first-person indicative singular)
feukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
feukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fiukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
feukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feuk (active imperative second-person singular)
feukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
feukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fiukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
feukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
feukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
feukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
feukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
feukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
feukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
feukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
feukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
feukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
feukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
feukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
feukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
feukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fiukid (active indicative plural second-person)
feukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fiukid (active imperative plural second-person)
feukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
feukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
feukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
feukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
feukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
feukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
feukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fauk (active first-person indicative singular)
fukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fauht (active indicative second-person singular)
fukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fauk (active indicative singular third-person)
fukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fukū (active dual first-person indicative)
fukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fukum (active first-person indicative plural)
fukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fukud (active indicative plural second-person)
fukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fukun (active indicative plural third-person)
fukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
feukandz (active participle present)
fukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: fjúka
Icelandic: fjúka (“to be blown away”)
Faroese: fúka (“to drift, dash, be blown away”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: fyke, fyka (“to fly away”)
Jamtish: fýke
Old Swedish: fiūka, fȳka
Swedish: fjuka, fyka (“to be drifted by the wind”)
Scanian: fýga
Danish: fyge (“to be moved by the wind”)
Norwegian Bokmål: fyke

Proto-West Germanic: *feukan:

Dutch: fijcken (=fuiken)

Proto-West Germanic: *fūkan

Dutch: fuiken (“to thrust”) (obsolete)

German: fauchen (“to hiss”)

Probably backformed to the iterative *fukkōną (“to blow, gust”). From Proto-Indo-European *pewg- (“billow, bulge, drift”). Cognate with Latvian pūgà (“gust, blast, storm, blizzard”).


sundrô

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)


raidaz

*raidaz (a-stem)

raidaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
raidai (masculine nominative plural strong)
raidō (feminine nominative singular strong)
raidôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
raidą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
raidō (neuter nominative plural strong)
raidanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
raidanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
raidǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
raidōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
raidą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
raidō (accusative neuter plural strong)
raidas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
raidaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
raidaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
raidaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
raidas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
raidaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
raidammai (dative masculine singular strong)
raidaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
raidaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
raidaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
raidammai (dative neuter singular strong)
raidaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
raidanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
raidaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
raidaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
raidaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
raidanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
raidaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
raidô (masculine nominative singular weak)
raidaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
raidǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
raidōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
raidô (neuter nominative singular weak)
raidōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
raidanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
raidanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
raidōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
raidōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
raidô (accusative neuter singular weak)
raidōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
raidiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
raidanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
raidōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
raidōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
raidiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
raidanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
raidini (dative masculine singular weak)
raidammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
raidōni (dative feminine singular weak)
raidōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
raidini (dative neuter singular weak)
raidammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
raidinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
raidammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
raidōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
raidōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
raidinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
raidammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *(ga)raid, *(ga)raidī

desctree

Old English: rǣde, ġerǣde
Middle English: rædi, rædiȝ, redi, redy, iredi
English: ready
Scots: readie, reddy

Old Frisian: rēd; rēde

North Frisian: ree

Saterland Frisian: reed

West Frisian: ree

Old Saxon: *girēdi

Middle Low German: gerêde, gerêt

Low German: rede, reed

→ Danish: rede

→ Old Swedish: rēþo

Swedish: redo

Old Dutch: *reid, *gereid, *bereid

desc

Middle Dutch: rede, reede, gerede, gereide, gereit, gereet, bereid

Dutch: reeds, gereed, bereid

Afrikaans: reeds, gereed, bereid

Old High German: reiti, gireit

Middle High German: gereite, gereit

Yiddish: גרייט (greyt)

⇒ Old High German: bireiti (< *biraidijaz)

Middle High German: bereite, bereit

German: bereit

→ Swedish: beredd

Old Norse: reiðr, greiðr, greiðligur, greiðiliga

Icelandic: reiður, greiður, greiðilegur, greiðilega

Faroese: reiður

Norwegian: reiug, grei, rede

Swedish: reda

Danish: rede

→ Middle English: greithe, greith, graith; greithli

Scots: graith; graithlie

English: graith; gradely

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (garaiþs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rac'as (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *raidis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂roy-dʰ(h₁)-ó-s (“arranged, ready”), from *h₂rey- (“to count, order”).


finhlō

finhlō (nominative singular)
finhlôz (nominative plural)
finhlō (singular vocative)
finhlôz (plural vocative)
finhlǭ (accusative singular)
finhlōz (accusative plural)
finhlōz (genitive singular)
finhlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
finhlōi (dative singular)
finhlōmaz (dative plural)
finhlō (instrumental singular)
finhlōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fį̄hlu
Old English: fīil, fīol, fēol, fēl
Middle English: file, fyle
English: file
Scots: file, fyle
Old Frisian: *fīle
Saterland Frisian: Fiele
West Frisian: file
Old Saxon: fīla
Middle Low German: vîle
German Low German: File
→ Swedish: fil
Old Dutch: *fīla
Middle Dutch: vile
Dutch: vijl
Afrikaans: vyl
Berbice Creole Dutch: feli
Negerhollands: feile
→ Aukan: fei
→ Caribbean Hindustani: feiri
Old High German: fīhala, fīgila, fīla
Middle High German: vīle
Cimbrian: faila
German: Feile
Luxembourgish: Feil
→ Proto-Slavic: *pĩlà (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þél ( < *fíla, *fél)

Icelandic: þél, þjöl

Faroese: fíla

Norwegian: fil

Old Swedish: fǣl

Danish: fil


stahlą

stahlą (nominative singular)
stahlō (nominative plural)
stahlą (singular vocative)
stahlō (plural vocative)
stahlą (accusative singular)
stahlō (accusative plural)
stahlas (genitive singular)
stahlis (genitive singular)
stahlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stahlai (dative singular)
stahlamaz (dative plural)
stahlō (instrumental singular)
stahlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stahl
Old Saxon: *stāl
Middle Low German: stâl
German Low German: Stahl
Low German: staal
Plautdietsch: Stol
Old Dutch: stāl
Middle Dutch: stâel
Dutch: staal
Afrikaans: staal
→ Xhosa: isitali
Negerhollands: staal
→ Papiamentu: stal, staal
Limburgish: stjaol
West Flemish: stoal
Old High German: stahal, stāl
Middle High German: stahel, stāl (especially Central German), stachel, stagel (Upper German)
Alemannic German: Staal
German: Stahl (see there for further descendants)
Hunsrik: Staal
Luxembourgish: Stol
Yiddish: שטאָל (shtol)

Old Norse: stál

Icelandic: stál

Faroese: stál

Norwegian: stål

Elfdalian: stą̊l

Old Swedish: stāl

Swedish: stål

Danish: stål

From *stahlaz, *stahalaz (“firm, fast”), from Proto-Indo-European *stek- (“to be firm, stand fast”). Cognate with Old Prussian pannu-staclan (“fire-striker”).


ansijō

ansijō (nominative singular)
ansijôz (nominative plural)
ansijō (singular vocative)
ansijôz (plural vocative)
ansijǭ (accusative singular)
ansijōz (accusative plural)
ansijōz (genitive singular)
ansijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ansijōi (dative singular)
ansijōmaz (dative plural)
ansijō (instrumental singular)
ansijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ansiju, *ą̄siju (North Sea Germanic)
Old Frisian: *ōse, *ōs
North Frisian: ous
Saterland Frisian: Oose
West Frisian: oes
Old Saxon: *ōsia
Middle Low German: ö̂se, oese, o̊se, ouse, osse
German Low German:
Dortmunder, Westphalian (Sauerländisch (Niedersfeld, Olpe)): Ööse
Old Prussian, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, East Westphalian (Lippe)): Öse
Sauerländisch: Oise, Öüse (Attendorn, Drolshagen), Ööese (Wenden)
→ Middle High German: ōse
German: Öse
>? Old High German: *ansa, ensa
→ Vulgar Latin: *ansia, *āsia (“loop, eyelet, pot handle, cup handle, arms akimbo, elbow room”) (possibly)
Old French: aise, eise (“elbow room, opportunity”)
Middle French: aise
French: aise
→ Middle English: ese
English: ease

Old Norse: æs

Icelandic: æs

Faroese: æs

Norwegian: æs

→ Proto-Finnic: *ohja (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ens-yeh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἡνία pl (hēnía, “rein”), Latin ānsa (“handle”), Old Irish éisi pl (“reins”), Lithuanian ąsà (“jug handle”), Latvian ùoss (“jug handle”), Old Prussian ansis (“hook”).

handle (of a cup or bowl which forms a loop or half-loop)


Rīkaharduz

Rīkaharduz (nominative singular)
Rīkahardu (singular vocative)
Rīkahardų (accusative singular)
Rīkahardauz (genitive singular)
Rīkahardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Rīkahard

Old High German: Rīcohard, *Rīhhart

German: Richard, Rikard

→ Latin: Richardus

Old French: Richard

French: Richard

→ Middle English: Rycharde

English: Richard

Italian: Riccardo

Portuguese: Ricardo

Spanish: Ricardo

Old Norse: Ríkharðr

Icelandic: Ríkharður

From *rīks (“king, ruler”) + *harduz (“hard, brave”).


Raginaharduz

Raginaharduz (nominative singular)
Raginahardu (singular vocative)
Raginahardų (accusative singular)
Raginahardauz (genitive singular)
Raginahardiwi (dative singular)
Raginahardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Raginahardu

Old Saxon: *Reginhard

Middle Low German: Reynārt (borrowed from French ?)

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: Reineke, Reyneke, Reynke

→ German: Reineke

Old Dutch: *Reginhard

Middle Dutch: Reynaerd

Dutch: Reinaart; Reintje

→ English: Reynard

Old High German: Reginhart

Middle High German: Reinhart

German: Reinhard

→ Old French: renart

Middle French: renard

French: renard

→ English: Reynard

→ Latin: Renartus

From *raginą (“decision, advice, counsel”) + *harduz (“hard, brave”).


walliz

walliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wallijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wallī (feminine nominative singular strong)
wallijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wallį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wallijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wallijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wallijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wallijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wallijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wallį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wallijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wallijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
wallīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wallijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wallijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wallijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wallijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
wallīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wallijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wallijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wallijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wallijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wallijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wallijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wallijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wallijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wallijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wallijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wallijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wallijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wallijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wallijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wallijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wallijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wallijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wallijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wallijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wallijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wallijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wallijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wallijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wallijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wallijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wallīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wallijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wallijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wallijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wallīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wallijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wallīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wallijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wallijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wallijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wallīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wallijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wallīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wallijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wallijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wallijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wallīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wallijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *wielle, (in compounds: cwicwielle, fisċwielle)

A verbal adjective derived from *wallaną.


wallaną

wallō (active first-person indicative singular)
wallaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wallai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wallizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wallaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wall (active imperative second-person singular)
wallazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wallaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wallidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wallai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walladau (active imperative singular third-person)
walladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wallaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wallōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wallaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wallaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wallamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wallaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wallandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wallaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wallid (active indicative plural second-person)
wallaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wallid (active imperative plural second-person)
wallandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wallaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wallandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wallain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wallandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wallandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wallaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewal (active first-person indicative singular)
wewall (active first-person indicative singular)
wewallį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewalt (active indicative second-person singular)
wewallt (active indicative second-person singular)
wewallīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewal (active indicative singular third-person)
wewall (active indicative singular third-person)
wewallī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewallū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewallīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewalludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewallīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewallum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewallīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewallud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewallīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewallun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewallīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wallandz (active participle present)
wallanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wallan
Old English: wallan, weallan
Middle English: wallen
Scots: wall, wal
English: wall
Old Frisian: walla
(West Frisian: wâlje)
Old Saxon: wallan
Middle Low German: wallen
Old Dutch: wallan
Middle Dutch: wallen
Dutch: wallen
Old High German: wallan
Middle High German: wallen
German: wallen

From Pre-Germanic *wolH-n-, an o-grade intensive formation. Both *wallaną and e-grade *wellaną were probably created to the archaic zero-grade present *wulaną.


anadōną

anadō (active first-person indicative singular)
anadǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anadōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
anadōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
anadōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anadō (active imperative second-person singular)
anadōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
anadōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
anadōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
anadō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anadōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
anadōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
anadōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
anadōs (active dual first-person indicative)
anadōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anadōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anadōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anadōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
anadōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
anadōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anadōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
anadōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
anadōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
anadōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anadōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
anadōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
anadōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
anadōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
anadōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anadōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
anadōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
anadōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
anadōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
anadōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anadōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
anadōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
anadōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
anadōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anadōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
anadōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anadōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anadōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anadōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
anadōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anadōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
anadōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anadōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
anadōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anadōndz (active participle present)
anadōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *anadōn
Old English: andian, andiġan
Middle English: anden, onden (through merger with the Old Norse form)
English: and, onde (dialectal)
Scots: ande, aind, eand
Old Saxon: andōn
Middle Low German: anden, ānden
Old Dutch: andon
Middle Dutch: anden
Old High German: antōn
Middle High German: anden
German: ahnden

Old Norse: anda

Icelandic: anda

Faroese: anda

Norwegian: ånde

Old Swedish: anda

Swedish: andas

Danish: ånde

Scanian: ánða

From *anadô (“breath, spirit, zeal”) + *-ōną.


arjaz

arjōzô (comparative)
arjōstaz (superlative)
arjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
arjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
arjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
arjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
arją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
arjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
arjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
arjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
arjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
arjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
arją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
arjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
arjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
arjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
arjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
arjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
arjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
arjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
arjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
arjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
arjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
arjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
arjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
arjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
arjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
arjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
arjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
arjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
arjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
arjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
arjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
arjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
arjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
arjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
arjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
arjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
arjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
arjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
arjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
arjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
arjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
arjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ariniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
arjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
arjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
arjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ariniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
arjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
arini (dative masculine singular weak)
arjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
arjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
arjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
arini (dative neuter singular weak)
arjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
arinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
arjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
arjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
arjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
arinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
arjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*arjaz (ja-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *ari

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*arjaʀ) (attested in ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ))

Old Norse: *err

Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*arjis)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eryos. Cognate with Sanskrit आर्य (ārya, “kind, hospitable”), Proto-Celtic *aryos (“nobleman, free man”).


swellaną

swellō (active first-person indicative singular)
swellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swillizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swell (active imperative second-person singular)
swellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swillidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swelladau (active imperative singular third-person)
swelladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swelladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swelladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swillid (active indicative plural second-person)
swellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swillid (active imperative plural second-person)
swellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swall (active first-person indicative singular)
swullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swallt (active indicative second-person singular)
swullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swall (active indicative singular third-person)
swullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swullū (active dual first-person indicative)
swullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swullum (active first-person indicative plural)
swullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swullud (active indicative plural second-person)
swullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swullun (active indicative plural third-person)
swullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swellandz (active participle present)
swullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: swellan

Middle English: swellen

Scots: swell

English: swell

Old Frisian: swella

Saterland Frisian: swälle

West Frisian: swolle; (swolgje)

Old Saxon: swellan

Middle Low German: swellen, swillen

Low German: swellen

Plautdietsch: schwalen

desctree

Old Dutch: *swellan
Middle Dutch: swellen
Dutch: zwellen
Limburgish: zwèlle

Old High German: swellan

Middle High German: swëllen

German: schwellen

Luxembourgish: schwëllen

Old Norse: svella

Icelandic: svella

Faroese: svella

Norwegian: svelle

Old Swedish: svælla

Swedish: svälla

(Danish: svulme)

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to swell”) or *swelH- (Melchert, 2005).