weþruz

weþruz (nominative singular)
wiþriwiz (nominative plural)
weþru (singular vocative)
wiþriwiz (plural vocative)
weþrų (accusative singular)
weþrunz (accusative plural)
weþrauz (genitive singular)
wiþriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþriwi (dative singular)
weþrumaz (dative plural)
weþrū (instrumental singular)
weþrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *weþru
Old English: weþer
Middle English: wether, wethir, wedyr
English: wether, wedder (dialectal)
Scots: weddir, woddir, wadder
Old Frisian: *wether
Saterland Frisian: Weeder, Weer
West Frisian: wear
Old Saxon: wethar, withar
Middle Low German: weder, wedder
German Low German: Weer
Old Dutch: wither
Middle Dutch: wēder, weer
Dutch: weder, weer
Old High German: widar
Middle High German: wider
German: Widder
Luxembourgish: Widder
Yiddish: ווידער (vider)

Old Norse: veðr

Icelandic: veður

Faroese: veðrur, veður (rare)

Norwegian Bokmål: vær

Norwegian Nynorsk: vêr

Old Swedish: væþur

Swedish: vädur

Danish: væder, vædder

Gutnish: vädrä

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌿𐍃 (wiþrus)

→ Proto-Samic: *vierccë (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”). Cognate with Latin vitulus (“calf”).


wihslōną

wihslō (active first-person indicative singular)
wihslǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wihslōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wihslōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wihslō (active imperative second-person singular)
wihslōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wihslōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wihslō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wihslōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wihslōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wihslōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wihslōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wihslōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wihslōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wihslōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wihslōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wihslōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wihslōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wihslōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wihslōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wihslōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wihslōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wihslōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wihslōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wihslōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wihslōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wihslōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wihslōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wihslōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wihslōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wihslōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wihslōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wihslōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wihslōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wihslōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wihslōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wihslōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wihslōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wihslōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wihslōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wihslōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wihslōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wihslōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wihslōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wihslōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wihslōndz (active participle present)
wihslōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wihslōn

Old English: *wixlian, wrixlian

desctree

⇒ Old English: ġewrixlian
Middle English: wrixlen
English: wrixle

Old Frisian: wixlia

Saterland Frisian: wicselja, wikselje

West Frisian: wikselje

Old Saxon: wehslōn

Middle Low German: wesselen, weslen

German Low German: wesseln

Old Dutch: *wihslon

Middle Dutch: wisselen
Dutch: wisselen
Limburgish: wessele, wissele, wisjele
→ Middle English: wissilen
Scots: quhissel, wissel
English: whystyll, whystel, wissle

Old High German: wehsalōn

Middle High German: wëhseln

Cimbrian: bèksalan

German: wechseln

Luxembourgish: wiesselen

Old Norse: víxla

Icelandic: víxla

Faroese: veksla

Norwegian: veksle

Swedish: växla

Danish: veksle

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk-, *weyḱ- (“to change”). Equivalent to *wihslaz (“change”) + *-ōną.

to change; exchange; swap; trade; reciprocate.


hlūtraz

*hlūtraz (a-stem)

hlūtraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hlūtrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hlūtrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hlūtrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hlūtrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hlūtrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hlūtranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hlūtranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hlūtrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hlūtrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hlūtrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hlūtrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hlūtras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hlūtraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hlūtraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hlūtraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hlūtras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hlūtraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hlūtrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hlūtraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hlūtraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hlūtraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hlūtrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hlūtraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hlūtranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hlūtraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hlūtraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hlūtraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hlūtranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hlūtraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hlūtrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hlūtraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hlūtrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hlūtrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hlūtrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hlūtrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hlūtranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hlūtranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hlūtrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hlūtrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hlūtrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hlūtrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hlūtriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hlūtranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hlūtrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hlūtrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hlūtriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hlūtranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hlūtrini (dative masculine singular weak)
hlūtrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hlūtrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hlūtrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hlūtrini (dative neuter singular weak)
hlūtrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hlūtrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hlūtrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hlūtrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hlūtrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hlūtrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hlūtrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlūtr
Old English: hlūtor
Middle English: lutter
Old Frisian: hlutter
Old Saxon: hluttar
Old Dutch: luttira (plural)
Middle Dutch: luter (Middle and Modern Dutch louter is via High German)
Dutch: luyter (early modern)
Old High German: hlūtar
Middle High German: lūter
German: lauter
→ Dutch: louter
Afrikaans: louter

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍃 (hlūtrs)

From pre-Germanic *ḱluHdrós, equivalent to an unattested *hleutaną (“to clean”) + *-raz, the former being an extension in *-d- from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlewH- (“to clean”).


stōō

stōō (nominative singular)
stōôz (nominative plural)
stōō (singular vocative)
stōôz (plural vocative)
stōǭ (accusative singular)
stōōz (accusative plural)
stōōz (genitive singular)
stōǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōōi (dative singular)
stōōmaz (dative plural)
stōō (instrumental singular)
stōōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stōu
Old English: stōw
Middle English: stowe, stow
Scots: stow
English: stow
Old Frisian: stō
Old Saxon: *stōa, *stōwa
Middle Low German: stouw, stouwe
German Low German: Stau
→ German: Stau
Old Dutch: *stōa, *stuoa
Middle Dutch: stouwe, *stoe, *stouw
Dutch: stuw, stouw
Old High German: *stuoa
⇒ Old High German: stuotago

Old Norse: stó

Icelandic: stó

Norwegian: sto

Old Swedish: stō (in compounds)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 (staua)

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand, place, put”).


haupaz

haupaz (nominative singular)
haupōz (nominative plural)
haupōs (nominative plural)
haup (singular vocative)
haupōz (plural vocative)
haupōs (plural vocative)
haupą (accusative singular)
haupanz (accusative plural)
haupas (genitive singular)
haupis (genitive singular)
haupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haupai (dative singular)
haupamaz (dative plural)
haupō (instrumental singular)
haupamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haup
Old English: hēap
Middle English: hepe, heep
English: heap
Scots: hepe, heip
Old Frisian: hāp
Saterland Frisian: Hoop
West Frisian: heap
Old Saxon: hōp
Middle Low German: hôp
German Low German: Hoop
→ Old Norse: hópr
Icelandic: hópur
Faroese: hópur
Norwegian: hop
Danish: hob
Swedish: hop
Old Dutch: *hōp
Middle Dutch: hôop
Dutch: hoop
Afrikaans: hoop
Limburgish: houp
Old High German: houf
Middle High German: houf
German: Haufen (merged with *hūpô)
→ Old French: houpe
Middle French: houppe
French: houppe

From earlier *hauppaz, reflecting pre-Germanic *kouHp-nó- or *keh₂up-nó-, probably part of an ablauting n-stem paradigm *haufô ~ *huppaz, from which *hūpô also split off; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂wp- (“heap, pile”), a stem of unusual formation. Related to Proto-Slavic *kupъ (“heap”), Lithuanian kaũpas (“heap”).


hunhruz

hunhruz (nominative singular)
hunhriwiz (nominative plural)
hunhru (singular vocative)
hunhriwiz (plural vocative)
hunhrų (accusative singular)
hunhrunz (accusative plural)
hunhrauz (genitive singular)
hunhriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunhriwi (dative singular)
hunhrumaz (dative plural)
hunhrū (instrumental singular)
hunhrumiz (instrumental plural)

(East Germanic) Alternative form of *hungruz


melkaną

melkō (active first-person indicative singular)
melkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
melkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
milkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
melkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melk (active imperative second-person singular)
melkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
melkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
milkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
melkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
melkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
melkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
melkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
melkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
melkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
melkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
melkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
melkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
melkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
melkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
melkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
melkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
milkid (active indicative plural second-person)
melkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
milkid (active imperative plural second-person)
melkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
melkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
melkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
melkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
melkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
melkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
malk (active first-person indicative singular)
mulkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
malht (active indicative second-person singular)
mulkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
malk (active indicative singular third-person)
mulkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mulkū (active dual first-person indicative)
mulkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mulkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mulkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mulkum (active first-person indicative plural)
mulkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mulkud (active indicative plural second-person)
mulkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mulkun (active indicative plural third-person)
mulkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
melkandz (active participle present)
mulkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *melkan

desctree

Old English: melcan, meolcan
Middle English: mylken, milke, melke, mulke
English: milk
Yola: mulke

Old Frisian: melka

North Frisian: molke

Saterland Frisian: meelke

West Frisian: melke, meltse

Old Saxon: *melkan

Middle Low German: melken (weak verb)

(Low German: melken)

Old Dutch: *melkan

Middle Dutch: melken

Dutch: melken

Old High German: melkan, melchan

Middle High German: mëlken, mëlchen

German: melken (regular; see lemma)

→ Esperanto: melki


gōmô

gōmô (nominative singular)
gōmaniz (nominative plural)
gōmô (singular vocative)
gōmaniz (plural vocative)
gōmanų (accusative singular)
gōmanunz (accusative plural)
gōminiz (genitive singular)
gōmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gōmini (dative singular)
gōmammaz (dative plural)
gōminē (instrumental singular)
gōmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gōmō

Old English: gōma
Middle English: gome, goome, gomme, gumme
English: gum, goom (dialectal)
Scots: goom, geem, gum

Old Saxon: *gōmo

Middle Low German: gume

Low German: gume

Old High German: guomo

Middle High German: guome, guom

Luxembourgish: Gumm

Yiddish: גומען (gumen)

Old Norse: gómr, gómi

Icelandic: gómur

Faroese: gómur, gómi

Norwegian: gom, gomme

Old Swedish: gōme m, gōma f

Swedish: gom m, gomme m, goma f

Old Danish: gomæn (attested in definite form only)

Middle Danish: gomæ

Danish: gum, gumme

→ Proto-Samic: *kuomē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂- (“to yawn, gape”) via a -w- extension. Early Germanic -ōw- developed into -ō- only in open syllables, being shortened to -au- in closed syllables, resulting in the oblique form *gaumn-, whence the Old High German variant. Related to Lithuanian gomurỹs (“palate”).


kinþą

kinþą (nominative singular)
kinþō (nominative plural)
kinþą (singular vocative)
kinþō (plural vocative)
kinþą (accusative singular)
kinþō (accusative plural)
kinþas (genitive singular)
kinþis (genitive singular)
kinþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kinþai (dative singular)
kinþamaz (dative plural)
kinþō (instrumental singular)
kinþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kind
Old Frisian: kind
Old Saxon: kind
Middle Low German: kind, kint, kynd
Dutch Low Saxon: kind, kiend, keend
German Low German: Kind
→ Old Frisian: kind
West Frisian: kyn
Old Dutch: kint
Middle Dutch: kint
Dutch: kind
Afrikaans: kind
Jersey Dutch: känt
Negerhollands: kind, kint, kin, ken
Skepi Creole Dutch: kente, kinte
Limburgish: kindj
Old High German: kind, kint, chind
Middle High German: kind, kint
Alemannic German: Chind
Swabian: Kend
Vorarlbergerisch: Kiand
Walser: Chend
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: khinn
Viennese: Kind
Central Franconian: Kend, Kenk
Eifelisch: King, Kond, Könd
Hunsrik: Kind
Kölsch: Kind
Luxembourgish: Kand
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: [kʰɪnt]
Vilamovian: kynd
German: Kind
→? Italian: citto
Rhine Franconian: Kind, Kend, Keend, Kenn, Kinn
Frankfurterisch: [kʰint]
Pennsylvania German: Kind
Yiddish: קינד (kind)

Gothic: *𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌳 (*kind) (adduced from personal names)

⇒ Old High German: Cendamirus

⇒ Old High German: Censindus

⇒ Old High German: Cindaswinth

⇒ Old High German: Cintila

From Pre-Germanic *ǵénh₁tom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to bear, give birth”).


grunnatjaną

grunnatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
grunnatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grunnatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grunnatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
grunnatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grunnati (active imperative second-person singular)
grunnatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grunnatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grunnatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grunnatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grunnatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grunnatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grunnatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grunnatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grunnatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grunnatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grunnatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grunnatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grunnatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grunnatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grunnatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grunnatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grunnatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grunnatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grunnatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grunnatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grunnatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grunnatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grunnatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grunnastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grunnastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grunnastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grunnastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grunnastē (active indicative singular third-person)
grunnastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grunnastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grunnastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grunnastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grunnastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grunnastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grunnastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grunnastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grunnastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grunnastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grunnastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grunnatjandz (active participle present)
grunnatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grunnattjan
Old English: grunnettan
Middle English: grunten, gronte, gronten, grunt, grunte, grunton
English: grunt
Scots: grunt
Old High German: grunnezzen, grunzen
Middle High German: grunzen
German: grunzen
Luxembourgish: grunzen
→ Middle Low German: grunsen, grünsen

From *grunnōną + *-atjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to thunder”) or *gʰrun- (“to shout”), both likely imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


funhtijaz

*funhtijaz (ja-stem)

funhtijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
funhtijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
funhtijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
funhtijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
funhtiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
funhtijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
funhtijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
funhtijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
funhtijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
funhtijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
funhtiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
funhtijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
funhtijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
funhtijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
funhtijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
funhtijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
funhtijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
funhtijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
funhtijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
funhtijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
funhtijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
funhtijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
funhtijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
funhtijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
funhtijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
funhtijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
funhtijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
funhtijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
funhtijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
funhtijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
funhtijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
funhtijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
funhtijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
funhtijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
funhtijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
funhtijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
funhtijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
funhtijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
funhtijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
funhtijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
funhtijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
funhtijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
funhtīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
funhtijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
funhtijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
funhtijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
funhtīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
funhtijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
funhtīni (dative masculine singular weak)
funhtijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
funhtijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
funhtijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
funhtīni (dative neuter singular weak)
funhtijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
funhtīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
funhtijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
funhtijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
funhtijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
funhtīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
funhtijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fų̄ht
Old English: fūht
Old Frisian: *fūht, *fūhte
Saterland Frisian: fuchtich
West Frisian: fochte; fochtich
Old Saxon: *fūht
Middle Low German: vucht
German Low German: fucht; fuchtig
Low German: fucht
→ Danish: fugt (noun); fugtig
→ Swedish: fukt (noun); fuktig
→ Norwegian: fuktig
Old Dutch: fughte (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: vucht, vocht
Dutch: vocht (noun); vochtig
Afrikaans: vog (noun); vogtig
Old High German: fūht, fūhti; fiuhti
Middle High German: viuchte
German: feucht

From Proto-Indo-European *pnktu-, from *pen-k-. Cognate with Sanskrit पङ्क (paṅka, “mud, bog”). If *pen-k- is a k-extension of Proto-Indo-European *pen- (“moist; mud, swamp”) (which is uncertain), then compare also Proto-Germanic *fanją (“fen, marsh”), as well as Proto-Germanic *fangō (“wetness, moisture”) (whence Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰 (fanga, “mud, addle, mire”), Italian fango (“mud”)).


stapjaną

stapjō (active first-person indicative singular)
stapjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stapjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stapisi (active indicative second-person singular)
stapjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stapi (active imperative second-person singular)
stapjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stapjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stapiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stapjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stapjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stapjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stapjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stapjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stapjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stapjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stapjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stapjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stapjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stapjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stapjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stapjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stapiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stapjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stapiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stapjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stapjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stapjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stapjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stapjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stapjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stapjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stōp (active first-person indicative singular)
stōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stōft (active indicative second-person singular)
stōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stōp (active indicative singular third-person)
stōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
stōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
stōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
stōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
stōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stapjandz (active participle present)
stapanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stappjan
Old English: stæppan, steppan
Middle English: steppen, stappen
English: step
→ Dutch: steppen
Scots: stap, stop, step
Old Frisian: steppa, stapa
North Frisian: stape
Saterland Frisian: stappe
West Frisian: stappe
Old Saxon: steppian
Middle Low German: stappen, stippen
German Low German: stappen
Old Dutch: *stappen, *steppen
Middle Dutch: stappen
Dutch: stappen
Afrikaans: stap
Old High German: stepfen, stephen
Middle High German: stepfen
German: stepfen (obsolete)


þragilaz

þragilaz (nominative singular)
þragilōz (nominative plural)
þragilōs (nominative plural)
þragil (singular vocative)
þragilōz (plural vocative)
þragilōs (plural vocative)
þragilą (accusative singular)
þragilanz (accusative plural)
þragilas (genitive singular)
þragilis (genitive singular)
þragilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þragilai (dative singular)
þragilamaz (dative plural)
þragilō (instrumental singular)
þragilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: thragil, *thregil

Middle Low German: dravel, drevel; drelle (< Old Norse?)

→ Dutch: drel, trel (?)

desc

Old High German: dregil, drigil, trigil, trikil

desctree

Old Norse: þræll
Icelandic: þræll m
Faroese: trælur m, trællur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: træl m; (dialectal) trædl m, trel m
Old Swedish: þræl
Swedish: träl c or m
Old Danish: thræl
Danish: træl c
Norwegian Bokmål: trell m
Old Gutnish: þrel
→ Irish: tráill
→ Middle Low German: drelle
→ Old English: þrǣl m
Middle English: thral, tharll, therll, thrall, thralle, threll, þral, þrall, þralle, þrel, ðral, þreal, þreall (Early Middle English)
English: thrall
Scots: thirl
→ Scottish Gaelic: tràill

From *þrēg-, *þrag- (“to run”), from Proto-Indo-European *trāgʰ- (“to pull, drag, race, run”) or Proto-Indo-European *tregʰ-, *tragʰ- (“to run”).


tilōną

tilō (active first-person indicative singular)
tilǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tilōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tilōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tilōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tilō (active imperative second-person singular)
tilōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tilōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tilōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tilō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tilōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tilōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tilōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tilōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tilōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tilōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tilōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tilōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tilōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tilōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tilōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tilōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tilōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tilōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tilōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tilōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tilōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tilōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tilōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tilōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tilōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tilōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tilōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tilōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tilōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tilōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tilōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tilōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tilōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tilōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tilōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tilōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tilōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tilōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tilōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tilōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tilōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tilōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tilōndz (active participle present)
tilōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tilōn
Old English: tilian, teolian
Middle English: tilyen, teolien, tolien, tulien, telien, tilien, tilen, tillen
Scots: tele, teel, teil; tulȝe, tulyie, toil (through confluence with Old French verb)
English: till; toil (through confluence with Old French verb)
Old Frisian: tilia; teula
Saterland Frisian: tilja, tila
West Frisian: tylje
Old Saxon: tilōn
Middle Low German: telen, teilen, tellen
German Low German: telen
Old Dutch: tilon
Middle Dutch: tēlen
Dutch: telen
Old High German: zilōn
Middle High German: zilen, ziln
German: zielen
→ Luxembourgish: zilen
Luxembourgish: zillen

Gothic: *𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (*tilōn)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (andtilōn)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (gatilōn)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍉𐌽 (gagatilōn)

From *tilą (“goal”) + *-ōną. Also compare *tilaz (“fitting”).


hrīmô

hrīmô (nominative singular)
hrīmaniz (nominative plural)
hrīmô (singular vocative)
hrīmaniz (plural vocative)
hrīmanų (accusative singular)
hrīpunz (accusative plural)
hrīpaz (genitive singular)
hrīpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīmini (dative singular)
hrīmummaz (dative plural)
hrīpē (instrumental singular)
hrīmummiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīm
Old English: hrīm
Middle English: rime, ryme
Scots: ryme, rime
English: rime
Old Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)
Old Dutch: *rīm
Middle Dutch: rijm
Dutch: rijm
Old High German: *hrīm, *rīm
Middle High German: rīm
Bavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)
⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)
→ Old French: frime; frimas
Middle French: frimas
French: frimas

Old Norse: hrím n

Danish: rim

Icelandic: hrím

Faroese: rím

Norwegian: rim

Swedish: rim

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīpō
Old Frisian: *hrīpa
Saterland Frisian: Riep
Old Saxon: *hrīpo
Middle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe
Old Dutch: *rīpo
Middle Dutch: ripe
Dutch: rijp
Afrikaans: ryp
Old High German: rīfo
Middle High German: rīfe, rīf
German: Reif

→? Proto-Finnic: *riip-

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *riittädäk (< *riip-tä-?)

Finnish: riittää

According to Kroonen, the nominative stem originally had a root-final -f, which was lost before the m of the mn-stem endings. This in turn stems from an older root-final -p. In the oblique stems, however, the m was lost instead, making the resulting -pn- cluster vulnerable to Kluge's law, which transformed it into a geminate -pp-. This geminate was then shortened due to a heavy long-vowel syllable preceding it.
Pokorny derived this from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”). Kroonen instead reconstructs a root *kreyp-.


rastō

rastō (nominative singular)
rastôz (nominative plural)
rastō (singular vocative)
rastôz (plural vocative)
rastǭ (accusative singular)
rastōz (accusative plural)
rastōz (genitive singular)
rastǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rastōi (dative singular)
rastōmaz (dative plural)
rastō (instrumental singular)
rastōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rastu
Old English: ræst, rest
Middle English: reste, rest
Scots: rest
English: rest
Old Frisian: *raste, *reste
Saterland Frisian: Rääst, Räst
West Frisian: rêst
⇒ Old Frisian: rastelik, restelik
⇒ Old Frisian: restene
Old Saxon: rasta, resta
Middle Low German: raste, reste
Old Dutch: *rasta, *resta
Middle Dutch: raste, reste, (with metathesis) erste
Dutch: rast, ras (dialectal)
Old High German: rasta
Middle High German: raste, reste
German: Rast
Luxembourgish: Rascht

Old Norse: rǫst

Icelandic: röst

Norwegian Nynorsk: rost, rast

Old Swedish: rast, rost

Swedish: rast

Danish: rast

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰 (rasta)

According to Kroonen, from the same root as *rēsōną (“to rush”) and *rēsō (“running, course, rush”). From Proto-Indo-European *Hre(h₁)s- + *-teh₂. Alternatively compared to the root *h₁er(h₁)- (“to rest”).


raskuz

raskuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
raskijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
raskī (feminine nominative singular strong)
raskijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
raskų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
raskijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
raskijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
raskijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
raskijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
raskijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
raskų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
raskijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
raskijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
raskīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
raskijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
raskijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
raskijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
raskijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
raskīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
raskijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
raskijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
raskijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
raskijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
raskijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
raskijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
raskijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
raskijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
raskijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
raskijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
raskijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
raskijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
raskijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
raskijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
raskijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
raskijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
raskijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
raskijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
raskijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
raskijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
raskijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
raskijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
raskijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
raskijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
raskijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
raskīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
raskijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
raskijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
raskijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
raskīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
raskijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
raskīni (dative masculine singular weak)
raskijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
raskijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
raskijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
raskīni (dative neuter singular weak)
raskijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
raskīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
raskijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
raskijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
raskijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
raskīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
raskijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *rasku, *rask, *raskī

Old English: *ræsċ (found in derivatives: ræsċan, ræsċettan, etc.)

Middle English: rasch

English: rash

Scots: rasch, rash

Old Saxon: *rasc

Middle Low German: rasch

Low German: rasch

→ Faroese: raskur

→ Norwegian: rask

→ Old Swedish: rasker

Swedish: rask

→ Danish: rask

Old Dutch: *rasc

Middle Dutch: rasch

Dutch: ras

Old High German: resci, reski (adjective); rasco, rasko (adverb)

Middle High German: resche; rasch

German: rasch

Proto-Norse: ᚱᚨᛊᚲᚨᛉ (raskaʀ)

From earlier *raþskuz, from Proto-Indo-European *Hroth₂skus (“rapid”), from Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂- (“to run, roll”).


gaidō

gaidō (nominative singular)
gaidôz (nominative plural)
gaidō (singular vocative)
gaidôz (plural vocative)
gaidǭ (accusative singular)
gaidōz (accusative plural)
gaidōz (genitive singular)
gaidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaidōi (dative singular)
gaidōmaz (dative plural)
gaidō (instrumental singular)
gaidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: gād

desctree

Middle English: gode, goode, goude, gwode (all late)
English: goad
Fingallian: godeen
Scots: gad, gade, gaid

Langobardic: *gaida

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (*gaida) (possibly in personal names)

q

→ Finnish: kaita (possibly, or loaned from a related term)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, hurl, fling; missile, projectile”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेति (heti, “missile, projectile”).


hrīmą

hrīmą (nominative singular)
hrīmō (nominative plural)
hrīmą (singular vocative)
hrīmō (plural vocative)
hrīmą (accusative singular)
hrīmō (accusative plural)
hrīmas (genitive singular)
hrīmis (genitive singular)
hrīmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīmai (dative singular)
hrīmamaz (dative plural)
hrīmō (instrumental singular)
hrīmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hrím

Icelandic: hrím

Faroese: rím

Norwegian: rim

Swedish: rim

Danish: rim

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak, graze, touch”).

der

(North Germanic form of *hrīmô): frost, hoarfrost


hawjaną

hawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hawi (active imperative second-person singular)
hawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hawidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hawidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hawidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hawidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hawidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hawidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hawidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hawidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hawidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hawidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hawidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hawidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hawidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hawidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hawidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hawidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawjandz (active participle present)
hawidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hauwjan
Old English: hīeġan, hēġan, hīġan
Old Frisian: hēia

Old Norse: heyja
Icelandic: heyja

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kowh₁-éye-ti, a causative o-grade formation from *(s)kewh₁- (“to observe, perceive”). Older theories derived the word from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew- (“to cut, hew, equip”), comparing Ancient Greek σκεῦος (skeûos, “vessel, device”), or from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to cut, hew”).


gaburjaną

gaburjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaburisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburi (active imperative second-person singular)
gaburjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaburjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaburjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaburjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaburjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaburjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaburiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaburjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaburjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaburjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaburjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjandz (active participle present)
gaburidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaburjan
Old English: ġebyrian, ġebyrġian, ġebyrede
Middle English: ȝebürien
⇒ Middle English: birrde, bürde
Scots: byrde, byrd, bird
Old Frisian: bera
West Frisian: barre
Old Saxon: giburian
Middle Low German: geboren, gebören
Low German: geböhren
→ Saterland Frisian: geböäre
Old Dutch: giburen
Middle Dutch: gebueren
Dutch: gebeuren
Afrikaans: gebeur
Limburgish: gebäöre
Old High German: gaburjan, giburien, giburren, geburen
Middle High German: gebürn
German: gebühren
Luxembourgish: gebiren

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (gabaur, “tribute”)

From *ga- + *burjaną (“to raise, levy”).


burþiz

burþiz (nominative singular)
burþīz (nominative plural)
burþi (singular vocative)
burþīz (plural vocative)
burþį (accusative singular)
burþīnz (accusative plural)
burdīz (genitive singular)
burdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burdī (dative singular)
burdimaz (dative plural)
burdī (instrumental singular)
burdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *burþi
Old English: beorþ, berþ, byrþ, byrd
Middle English: birth, byrth, birthe, byrthe
English: birth
Scots: birth
Old Frisian: berde, berd, berthe (“birth, fruit”)
Saterland Frisian: Bäide
West Frisian: berte
Old Saxon: *burd
Middle Low German: bord, bōrt
German Low German: Boort
Old Dutch: *burt
Middle Dutch: boort, boorte
Dutch: boorte
Old High German: burt (“shape, being, birth”)
Middle High German: burt
German: Burt

Old Norse: *byrðr, burðr
Icelandic: burður
Faroese: burður
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: byrd
Norwegian Nynorsk: burd
Old Swedish: byrþ, byrþe, biurdh, børdh, ᛒᛦᚱᚦ
Swedish: börda
Danish: byrd
Old Gutnish: byrþ

From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis, from *bʰer- (“to bear”). Equivalent to *beraną + *-þiz. Compare Sanskrit भृति (bhṛti, “bearing”).


brunnô

brunnô (nominative singular)
brunnaniz (nominative plural)
brunnô (singular vocative)
brunnaniz (plural vocative)
brunnanų (accusative singular)
brunnanunz (accusative plural)
brunniniz (genitive singular)
brunnanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunnini (dative singular)
brunnammaz (dative plural)
brunninē (instrumental singular)
brunnammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brunnō
Old English: burna
Middle English: burne, bourne
English: bourn, burn
Scots: burn
Old Frisian: burna
West Frisian: bearne, boarne
Old Saxon: brunno, borno
Middle Low German: borne, born
Low German: Born
→ German: Born
Old Dutch: brunno
Middle Dutch: borne
Dutch: bron
Afrikaans: bron
Old High German: brunno
Middle High German: brunne
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: prunn
Mòcheno: prunn
Central Franconian:
Luxembourgish: Buer, Bur
Hunsrik: Brunne
German: Brunnen (Bronnen, Brunne, Bronne, Brunn)
Rhine Franconian: Brunne
Yiddish: ברונעם (brunem), ברונע (brune), ברונען (brunen)

Old Norse: brunnr, bruðr
Icelandic: brunnur
Faroese: brunnur, bruður
Norwegian Nynorsk: brunn
Old Swedish: brunder, brynder
Swedish: brunn
Danish: brønd
Norwegian Bokmål: brønn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: brønn
Scanian: brønn
→ Scots: broonie; brin

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰 (brunna)

Crimean Gothic: brunna

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₁wr̥ (“a bubbling forth; a fountain, wellspring, source”), from the root *bʰrew- (“to well up, bubble, seethe”), perhaps from *bʰer- (“to well up”).


sweraną

swerō (active first-person indicative singular)
sweraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swerai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sweraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swer (active imperative second-person singular)
swerazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sweraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
swerai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sweradau (active imperative singular third-person)
sweradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sweraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swerōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sweraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sweradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sweraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sweradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sweramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sweraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swerandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sweraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swirid (active indicative plural second-person)
sweraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swirid (active imperative plural second-person)
swerandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sweraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swerandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swerain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swerandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sweraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swar (active first-person indicative singular)
swērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swart (active indicative second-person singular)
swērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swar (active indicative singular third-person)
swērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swērū (active dual first-person indicative)
swērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swērum (active first-person indicative plural)
swērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swērud (active indicative plural second-person)
swērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swērun (active indicative plural third-person)
swērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerandz (active participle present)
suranaz (active participle past subjunctive)
swuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

(Old English: swor; swarnian, swārnian, swornian)

Old Saxon: *sweran

Middle Low German: swēren

Old Dutch: *sweran

Middle Dutch: swēren

Dutch: zweren

Afrikaans: sweer

Old High German: sweran; (swero; swerado, swerdo)

Middle High German: swërn; (swere, swer, geswer; swerde)

German: schwären; (Geschwür)

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to ache, fester”). Possibly related to Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xᵛara, “wound, hurt”).


sweruz

sweruz (nominative singular)
swiriwiz (nominative plural)
sweru (singular vocative)
swiriwiz (plural vocative)
swerų (accusative singular)
swerunz (accusative plural)
swerauz (genitive singular)
swiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swiriwi (dative singular)
swerumaz (dative plural)
swerū (instrumental singular)
swerumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sweor, swier, swyr; sweora, swira, swyra, swura

Middle English: sweor

Old High German: *swiri, *swir (found in derivative swirōn (verb)); *swiro

Middle High German: swir

Alemannic German: Schwiren

Bavarian: Schwirren

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“stick, pole”).


murgnagebō

murgnagebō (nominative singular)
murgnagebôz (nominative plural)
murgnagebō (singular vocative)
murgnagebôz (plural vocative)
murgnagebǭ (accusative singular)
murgnagebōz (accusative plural)
murgnagebōz (genitive singular)
murgnagebǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murgnagebōi (dative singular)
murgnagebōmaz (dative plural)
murgnagebō (instrumental singular)
murgnagebōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *morgnagebu, *morgnagēbǭ

Old English: morgenġiefu, morgenġifu

Middle English: morgengive, morhȝive, marheȝive

Scots: morning-gift

English: morning gift

Old Saxon: *morgangeva, *morgangāva

Middle Low German: morgengâve

Low German: Morgengaav

→ Old Swedish: morghongava

Swedish: morgongåva

Old Dutch: *morgangeva, *morgangāva

Middle Dutch: morgengave

Dutch: morgengave

Old High German: morgangeba, *morgangāba, (Lombardic) morgingab

Middle High German: morgengābe

German: Morgengabe

desctree

Old Norse: morgingjǫf, morgungjǫf
Icelandic: morgungjöf
Old Swedish: morghongāva, morghongæf, morghongiæf, ᛘᚮᚱᚵᚼᚮᚿᚵᛆᚠᛆ (-giæf is native, -gāva from Low German)
Swedish: morgongåva

→ Latin: morganāticus

→ English: morganatic

→ French: morganatique

→ German: morganatisch

→ Ido: morganatika

→ Italian: morganatico

→ Portuguese: morganático

desc

морганати́ческий

→ Russian: морганати́ческий (morganatíčeskij)

→ Spanish: morganático

морганати́чний

→ Ukrainian: морганати́чний (morhanatýčnyj)

From *murginaz (“morning”) + *gebō (“gift”).


þakwōną

þakwō (active first-person indicative singular)
þakwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þakwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þakwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þakwō (active imperative second-person singular)
þakwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þakwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þakwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þakwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þakwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þakwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þakwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þakwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þakwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þakwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þakwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þakwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þakwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þakwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þakwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þakwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þakwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þakwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þakwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þakwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þakwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þakwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þakwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þakwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þakwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þakwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þakwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þakwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þakwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þakwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þakwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þakwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þakwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þakwōndz (active participle present)
þakwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þakwōn, *þakkōn

desctree

Old English: þaccian
Middle English: thakken
Scots: thack, thwak
English: thack, thwack

Old Saxon: *thakkōn, *thakōn

⇒ Old Saxon: thakolōn

Old Dutch: *thakon

Middle Dutch: daken

Old Norse: þjökka, þjaka

Faroese: *tjaka

⇒ Faroese: tjakast

Icelandic: þjaka

Norwegian: tjåka

/ˈθɑ.kʷɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (“to touch”), either derived from a u-stem derivative of the root + *-ōną, or, if the alternative reconstruction *þakkōną is correct, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *th₂gnéh₂ti and thus formally cognate with Latin tangō (“touch”, verb). Further cognate with Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”), τάσσω (tássō, “arrange”) and Latin taxō (“touch, feel”, verb).


murginaz

murginaz (nominative singular)
murginōz (nominative plural)
murginōs (nominative plural)
murgin (singular vocative)
murginōz (plural vocative)
murginōs (plural vocative)
murginą (accusative singular)
murginanz (accusative plural)
murginas (genitive singular)
murginis (genitive singular)
murginǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murginai (dative singular)
murginamaz (dative plural)
murginō (instrumental singular)
murginamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *morgin, *morgan
Old English: morgen, margen — Mercian, merġen, mergen, meriġen, merien, myrġen
Middle English: morwe, morȝen, morwen, morn
English: morrow; morn
Scots: morrow, morra; morn
Old Frisian: morgen, mergen, morn, mern
North Frisian: miern
Saterland Frisian: Mäiden
West Frisian: moarn
Old Saxon: morgan
Middle Low German: morgen
German Low German: Mörgen
German Low German: Morgen, Morrn
Dutch Low Saxon: morgen, morren
Old Dutch: morgan, *margan, *mergin
Middle Dutch: morgen, morghen, margen, marghen, mergen
Dutch: morgen
Old High German: morgan
Middle High German: morgen, morn
Alemannic German: moorn, moore (Glarus, Uri, Unterwalden), mooru (Valais), moore
Alsatian: Müggen
Swabian: Morga, Moriga
Walser: morge
Bavarian: Morgen, Muagn, Muang
Cimbrian: mòrng, morgan, mòrgont
Mòcheno: morng
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meuend
Luxembourgish: Mueren, Moien
German: Morgen
→ English: morgen
→ Polish: morga, mórg
Hessian: Mojje
Vilamovian: miügia
Yiddish: מאָרגן (morgn)

Old Norse: morginn, morgunn, merginn, myrginn, myrgunn
Icelandic: morgunn
Faroese: morgun
Norwegian Nynorsk: morgon
Jamtish: morgę
Elfdalian: morgun
Old Swedish: morghin, morghon, morghan
Swedish: morgon
Old Danish: morghæn, morwæn
Danish: morgen
Norwegian Bokmål: morgen
Scanian: marğen
Gutnish: mårgen, mårren

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (maurgins)

→ Proto-Finnic: *murkina

From Proto-Indo-European *merkʷ- (“to flicker, twinkle, darken”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to flicker, twinkle”). Cognate with Lithuanian mérkti (“to wink”), Russian мрак (mrak, “gloom, darkness, shadow”), Sanskrit मर्क (marká, “solar eclipse”).


rafsijaną

rafsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rafsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rafsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rafsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rafsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rafsī (active imperative second-person singular)
rafsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rafsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rafsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rafsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rafsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rafsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rafsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rafsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rafsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rafsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rafsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rafsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rafsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rafsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rafsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rafsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rafsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rafsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rafsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rafsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rafsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rafsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rafsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rafsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rafsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rafsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rafsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rafsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rafsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rafsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rafsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rafsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rafsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rafsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rafsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rafsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rafsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rafsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rafsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rafsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rafsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rafsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rafsijandz (active participle present)
rafsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rafsijan, *rafisijan, *rafisōn
Old English: refsan, ræpsan, ræfsan, repsan
Old Frisian: *repsa, respa, *respja
West Frisian: rispje
Old Saxon: repsian, ripsōn
Middle Low German: *rispen
Low German: rispen
Old Dutch: respen, *repsen
Middle Dutch: *respen
⇒ Middle Dutch: berepsen, berespen, berispen
Dutch: berispen
Afrikaans: berispe
→ English: berisp
Old High German: rafsjan, refsen, repsen, respen
Middle High German: refsen, respen

Old Norse: refsa, repsa

Icelandic: refsa

Faroese: revsa

Norwegian: refse

Old Swedish: ræfsa, ræpsa

Swedish: räfsa

Danish: revse

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rep- (“to rip, snatch, tear, pinch”).


hweraz

hweraz (nominative singular)
hwerōz (nominative plural)
hwerōs (nominative plural)
hwer (singular vocative)
hwerōz (plural vocative)
hwerōs (plural vocative)
hwerą (accusative singular)
hweranz (accusative plural)
hweras (genitive singular)
hwiris (genitive singular)
hwerǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwerai (dative singular)
hweramaz (dative plural)
hwerō (instrumental singular)
hweramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwer
Old English: hwer
Middle English: hwer, wher
Old High German: hwer, wer

Old Norse: hverr

Icelandic: hver

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷer-, *kʷern- (“bowl, vessel”). Cognate with Welsh pair (“cauldron”), Old Irish coire (“kettle”), Russian ча́ра (čára, “bowl”), Sanskrit चरु (carú, “bowl”).


hūnaz

hūnaz (nominative singular)
hūnōz (nominative plural)
hūnōs (nominative plural)
hūn (singular vocative)
hūnōz (plural vocative)
hūnōs (plural vocative)
hūną (accusative singular)
hūnanz (accusative plural)
hūnas (genitive singular)
hūnis (genitive singular)
hūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūnai (dative singular)
hūnamaz (dative plural)
hūnō (instrumental singular)
hūnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hūn (attested in derivatives and personal names: Hūnbald, Ælfhūn, etc.)

Middle English: hun, hune, houn, hownde (also possibly from Old Norse)

Scots: hun, hune, huin

English: hune, hound

⇒ Old English: sċealdhūn

Old Dutch: *hūn

Middle Dutch: hūn, hūne

Dutch: huin

Old High German: Hūn- (in personal names)

Alsatian: hünsch

Old Norse: húnn

Icelandic: húnn

Norwegian: hun

Old Swedish: hūn

→ Old French: hune

Middle French: hune

French: hune

Vandalic: *hūna- (in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱūnós (“swollen”), whence also Sanskrit शुन (śuná, “thriving”), from an n-stem or heteroclitic r/n-stem derived from the root *ḱewh₁-, *ḱweh₁- (“to swell, spread out, enlarge, be strong”). Further cognate with Lithuanian šūsnis (“stack, pile, heap”), Latin inciēns (“with child, pregnant”).


hwōstōną

hwōstō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōstǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwōstōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōstōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstō (active imperative second-person singular)
hwōstōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwōstōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōstō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwōstōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwōstōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōstōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōstōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōstōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwōstōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōstōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōstōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwōstōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwōstōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōstōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwōstōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwōstōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōstōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwōstōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwōstōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōstōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōstōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōstōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōstōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōstōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōstōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōstōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōstōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōstōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōstōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōstōndz (active participle present)
hwōstōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwōstōn

Old English: *hwōstian, (hwōstan); (*hwēstan (< *hwōstijaną))

Middle English: hōsten; hwēsten

Scots: whost, whust

English: whoost, hoost (dialectal)

Old Frisian: *hwōstia, *hōstia

Saterland Frisian: hoostje

West Frisian: hoastje

Old Saxon: *hwōstōn, *hōstōn

Middle Low German: hôsten

German Low German: hoosten

Low German: hosten

Old Dutch: *huoston

Middle Dutch: hoesten

Dutch: hoesten

Afrikaans: hoes

Old High German: huostōn

Middle High German: huosten

Bavarian: huasdn

Luxembourgish: houschten

Old Norse: hósta

Icelandic: hósta

Faroese: hosta

Norwegian: hoste

Old Swedish: hōsta

Swedish: hosta

Old Danish: hōstæ

Danish: hoste

Elfdalian: ųosta

Gutnish: hokste

→ Middle English: *hosten

Scots: host, hoist

English: hoast

/ˈxʷɔːs.tɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”). Equivalent to *hwōstô (“cough”) + *-ōną. Cognate with Lithuanian kṓsēti (“to cough”), Russian ка́шлять (kášljatʹ, “to cough”), Sanskrit कासते (kā́sate).


banō

banō (nominative singular)
banôz (nominative plural)
banō (singular vocative)
banôz (plural vocative)
banǭ (accusative singular)
banōz (accusative plural)
banōz (genitive singular)
banǫ̂ (genitive plural)
banōi (dative singular)
banōmaz (dative plural)
banō (instrumental singular)
banōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *banu

Old Frisian: *bane

Saterland Frisian: Boan

West Frisian: baan

Old Saxon: *bana

Middle Low German: bāne

German Low German: Bahn

→ Danish: bane

→ Norwegian: bane

→ Swedish: bana

Old Dutch: *bana

desctree

Middle Dutch: bāne
Dutch: baan
Afrikaans: baan
→ Indonesian: ban
Limburgish: baan

Old High German: *bana

Middle High German: bane, ban

Bavarian: Båhn

Cimbrian: pån

German: Bahn

Luxembourgish: Bunn

Yiddish: באַן (ban)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰon-eh₂, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”).


krukjō

krukjō (nominative singular)
krukjôz (nominative plural)
krukjō (singular vocative)
krukjôz (plural vocative)
krukjǭ (accusative singular)
krukjōz (accusative plural)
krukjōz (genitive singular)
krukjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krukjōi (dative singular)
krukjōmaz (dative plural)
krukjō (instrumental singular)
krukjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krukkju
Old English: cryċċ, criċċ, cryċ
Middle English: crucche, croch, croche, crouch, cruche
English: crutch
Scots: crutch
Old Frisian: *krukk, *krekk, *krek
Saterland Frisian: Krukke, Kruke (possibly from Low German)
West Frisian: kruk (possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: krukka
Middle Low German: krucke, krocke, krücke
German Low German: Krück
Low German: krukke, Krükke, Krück
→ Danish: krykke
→ Old Swedish: krykkia
Swedish: krycka
→ Norwegian: krykke, krykkje
Old Dutch: *krukka
Middle Dutch: crucke, cricke, crocke
Dutch: kruk (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: krucka
Middle High German: krücke
Cimbrian: khrukha
German: Krücke
Lombardic: *krukkja
→ Italian: gruccia
→ Latin: crucia, crucea, cruccia, crucca, croccia
Franco-Provençal: crosse, croche
Italo-Dalmatian
Italian: croccia (Tuscan and central dialects)
Neapolitan: croccia, corcia, crocia
Sicilian: crozza
Piedmontese: cròssa
Old French: crosse
Middle French: crosse
French: crosse
→ Portuguese: crossa
Old Occitan: cròça
Occitan: cròça

Gothic: 𐌺𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌺𐌾𐌰 (krukkja)

From Proto-Indo-European *grewg- (“bend, wrinkle”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to bend, turn”).


bazją

bazją (nominative singular)
bazjō (nominative plural)
bazją (singular vocative)
bazjō (plural vocative)
bazją (accusative singular)
bazjō (accusative plural)
bazjas (genitive singular)
bazis (genitive singular)
bazjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bazjai (dative singular)
bazjamaz (dative plural)
bazjō (instrumental singular)
bazjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baʀi
Old English: berġe, berie, beriġe
Middle English: berye, berȝe, berie, bery, byry, beriye
English: berry
Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry
Yola: kraanberry
Old Frisian: *berie
Saterland Frisian: Bäie
West Frisian: bei (possibly from Dutch, ultimately from Old French and bāca)
Old Saxon: beri
Middle Low German: bere
German Low German: Beer
Plautdietsch: Bäa
Old Dutch: *beri
Middle Dutch: bere
Dutch: bère, bèr (dialectal)
West Flemish: beier
Old High German: beri
Middle High German: ber
Alemannic German: Berri
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: per
Mòcheno: per
German: Beere
Hunsrik: Beer
Luxembourgish: Bier
Pennsylvania German: Beer
Vilamovian: bjēr

Old Norse: ber
Icelandic: ber
Faroese: ber
Norwegian: bær
Old Swedish: bær
Swedish: bär
Danish: bær

Unknown. Thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine, glisten”) or *bʰes- (“to blow, chew, rub”).


basją

basją (nominative singular)
basjō (nominative plural)
basją (singular vocative)
basjō (plural vocative)
basją (accusative singular)
basjō (accusative plural)
basjas (genitive singular)
basis (genitive singular)
basjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
basjai (dative singular)
basjamaz (dative plural)
basjō (instrumental singular)
basjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *basi

Old Dutch: besi

Middle Dutch: bes, beze, bezie (a long vowel in certain dialects)

Dutch: bes, bees, bezie (a long vowel in certain dialects)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐍃𐌹 (weinabasi)

Uncertain; perhaps from a pre-Indo-European substrate word. Otherwise, outside of Germanic, it may be related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine, glisten”) or to Sanskrit बभस्ति (babhasti, “to chew, eat”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰes-. However, also compare Latin baca (“berry”), or fascis (“bundle”).

cog

berry; a small fruit, of any one of many varieties


brinkaz

brinkaz (nominative singular)
brinkōz (nominative plural)
brinkōs (nominative plural)
brink (singular vocative)
brinkōz (plural vocative)
brinkōs (plural vocative)
brinką (accusative singular)
brinkanz (accusative plural)
brinkas (genitive singular)
brinkis (genitive singular)
brinkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brinkai (dative singular)
brinkamaz (dative plural)
brinkō (instrumental singular)
brinkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *brink

Saterland Frisian: Brink

West Frisian: brink

Old Saxon: *brink

Middle Low German: brink

German Low German: Brink

→ German: Brink

→ Danish: brink

q

→ Middle English: brinke (also from Old Norse *brenka, *brinka; see below)

→ Swedish: brink

Old Dutch: brink

Middle Dutch: brinc

Dutch: brink

Old High German:

⇒ German: Brunkel (dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: *brenka, *brinka, brekka
Icelandic: brekka
Faroese: brekka
Norwegian: brekke
Swedish: bräkka, brikka
→ Middle English: brinke, brynke, brenk, brink, brynkke, brynk, brenke, bryncke (also from Middle Low German brink)
English: brink
Scots: brink

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰren- (“project”) . Compare Tocharian B prenke (“island”), Irish braine (“prow”).


sumpaz

sumpaz (nominative singular)
sumpōz (nominative plural)
sumpōs (nominative plural)
sump (singular vocative)
sumpōz (plural vocative)
sumpōs (plural vocative)
sumpą (accusative singular)
sumpanz (accusative plural)
sumpas (genitive singular)
sumpis (genitive singular)
sumpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumpai (dative singular)
sumpamaz (dative plural)
sumpō (instrumental singular)
sumpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sump

Old English: *sump

Middle English: sumpe (possibly, attested 1240)

Old Frisian: *sump

Saterland Frisian: Sump

West Frisian: sompe, somp

Old Saxon: *sump

Middle Low German: sump

German Low German: Sump

Plautdietsch: Somp

→ Norwegian: sump

Old Dutch: *sump

Middle Dutch: sump, somp

Dutch: zomp

→ Middle English: (or from Middle Low German) sompe; swamp (a blend of sompe and swam)

English: sump; swamp (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: *sumpf

Middle High German: sumpf

Czech: žumpa

German: Sumpf
→ Swedish: sump
→ Finnish: sumppu

Polish: żąp

Old Norse: soppr

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs

Compare *swammaz (“sponge, fungus”); both along with the variant *swambaz may derive from an earlier n-stem *swambô (nom.sg.) ~ *sumppaz (gen.sg.). It is unclear whether both words are of Indo-European origin or wanderworts.


leuhsaz

*leuhsaz (a-stem)

leuhsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
leuhsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
leuhsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
leuhsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
leuhsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
leuhsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
leuhsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
leuhsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
leuhsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
leuhsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
leuhsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
leuhsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
leuhsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
leuhsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
leuhsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
leuhsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
leuhsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
leuhsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
leuhsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
leuhsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
leuhsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
leuhsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
leuhsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
leuhsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
leuhsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
leuhsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
leuhsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
leuhsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
leuhsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
leuhsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
leuhsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
leuhsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
leuhsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
leuhsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
leuhsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
leuhsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
leuhsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
leuhsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
leuhsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
leuhsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
leuhsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
leuhsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
leuhsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
leuhsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
leuhsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
leuhsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
leuhsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
leuhsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
leuhsini (dative masculine singular weak)
leuhsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
leuhsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
leuhsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
leuhsini (dative neuter singular weak)
leuhsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
leuhsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
leuhsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
leuhsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
leuhsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
leuhsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
leuhsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: ljóss
Icelandic: ljós
Faroese: ljósur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljos
Elfdalian: liuos
Old Swedish: liūs
Swedish: ljus
Danish: lys
Norwegian Bokmål: lys
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lys

From Proto-Indo-European *lewk-so-, from *lewk-.


kwerruz

kwirrizô (comparative)
kwirristaz (superlative)
kwerruz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kwirrijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kwirrī (feminine nominative singular strong)
kwirrijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kwerrų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kwirrijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kwirrijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kwirrijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kwirrijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kwirrijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kwerrų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kwirrijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kwirrijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kwirrīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
kwirrijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kwirrijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kwirrijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kwirrijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kwirrīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
kwirrijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kwirrijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kwirrijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kwirrijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kwirrijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kwirrijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kwirrijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kwirrijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kwirrijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kwirrijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kwirrijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kwirrijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kwirrijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kwirrijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kwirrijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kwirrijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kwirrijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kwirrijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kwirrijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kwirrijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kwirrijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kwirrijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kwirrijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kwirrijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kwirrijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kwirrīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kwirrijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kwirrijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kwirrijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kwirrīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kwirrijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kwirrīni (dative masculine singular weak)
kwirrijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kwirrijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kwirrijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kwirrīni (dative neuter singular weak)
kwirrijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kwirrīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kwirrijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kwirrijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kwirrijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kwirrīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kwirrijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwirrī

Old Saxon: *kwerri

Middle Low German: quēre, quēr

Old High German: *quirri, *querri

Middle High German: kurre, kürre, kirre

German: kirre

Old Norse: kyrr, kvirr
Icelandic: kyrr, kjur
Faroese: kyrrur, kvirrur, kúrrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kyrr, kjørr, kurr, kverr, kvar
Old Swedish: qvar, qvær
Swedish: kvar, (dialectal) kvär
Old Danish: kwær, kwar
Danish: kvær, kvar
Norwegian Bokmål: kvar
→ Middle English: querte, quarte
English: quart
Scots: quert, quart
⇒ Scots: querty

Gothic: 𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌿𐍃 (qairrus)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₂- (“heavy”). Related to Latvian gurst and Lithuanian gurti.


smeuganą

smeugō (active first-person indicative singular)
smeugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smeugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smeugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smeug (active imperative second-person singular)
smeugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smeugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smeugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smeugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smeugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smeugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smeugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smeugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smeugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smeugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smeugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smeugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smeugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smeugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smeugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiugid (active indicative plural second-person)
smeugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiugid (active imperative plural second-person)
smeugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smeugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smeugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smeugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smeugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smeugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smaug (active first-person indicative singular)
smugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smauht (active indicative second-person singular)
smugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smaug (active indicative singular third-person)
smugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smugū (active dual first-person indicative)
smugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smugum (active first-person indicative plural)
smugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smugud (active indicative plural second-person)
smugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smugun (active indicative plural third-person)
smugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeugandz (active participle present)
smuganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *smeugan
Old English: smūgan
Middle English: smuȝen
Scots: smue, smow, smoo
Old Frisian: *smūga
⇒ Old Frisian: smūginge
Old Dutch: *smūgan
Middle Dutch: *smugen
Dutch: smuigen, smiegen, smoegen
Old High German: smiogan
Middle High German: smiegen
German: schmiegen

Old Norse: smjúga

Icelandic: smjúga

Faroese: smúgva

Danish: smyge

Old Swedish: smiūgha

Swedish: smyga

Norwegian Nynorsk: smyga, smyge

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk- (“to slip, slide”), *smewg- (“to slip, glide; be slimy”) with -g- instead of expected -h-, likely due to influence from the causative or iterative formations.


mihstuz

mihstuz (nominative singular)
mihstiwiz (nominative plural)
mihstu (singular vocative)
mihstiwiz (plural vocative)
mihstų (accusative singular)
mihstunz (accusative plural)
mihstauz (genitive singular)
mihstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mihstiwi (dative singular)
mihstumaz (dative plural)
mihstū (instrumental singular)
mihstumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mihstu
Old Saxon: mist
Middle Low German: mist, mest
German Low German: Mess
Old Dutch: *mist
Middle Dutch: mest
Dutch: mest
Old High German: mist
Middle High German: mist
German: Mist
Luxembourgish: Mëscht

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (maihstus)


hugiz

hugiz (nominative singular)
hugīz (nominative plural)
hugi (singular vocative)
hugīz (plural vocative)
hugį (accusative singular)
huginz (accusative plural)
hugīz (genitive singular)
hugijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hugī (dative singular)
hugimaz (dative plural)
hugī (instrumental singular)
hugimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hugi
Old English: hyġe, hiġe
Middle English: hige, huȝe, huiȝe, hiȝe, huie, hiȝ, hie
Old Frisian: hei
North Frisian: huwggje
Old Saxon: hugi
Middle Low German: hoge, höge
Low German: Höög
Old Dutch: *hugi
Middle Dutch: hōge, huege
Dutch: heug
→ West Frisian: heuch
Old High German: *hugi
Middle High German: huge, hoge, hüge

Old Norse: hugr
Icelandic: hugur
Faroese: hugur
Norwegian Nynorsk: hug
Old Swedish: hugher, hogher
Swedish: hug c, håg c
Old Danish: hugh
Danish: hu c, (dialectal) hov c

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐍃 (hugs)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱk-í-s ~ *ḱk-éy-s, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”), whence Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“skilled, abled”), Old Irish cécht (“might”), Sanskrit शकत् (śákat, “to be able”), Younger Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬌 (sācaiiaṇti, “to learn, understand”), Younger Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬱𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (saškuštəma, “the best understanding”).
Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”), or perhaps Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“flare up, glow”), whence Sanskrit शुच्यति (śúcyati, “to glow, shine; to hurt”).


targijaną

targijō (active first-person indicative singular)
targijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
targijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
targīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
targijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
targī (active imperative second-person singular)
targijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
targijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
targīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
targijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
targijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
targijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
targijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
targijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
targijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
targijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
targijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
targijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
targijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
targijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
targijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
targijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
targīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
targijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
targīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
targijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
targijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
targijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
targijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
targijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
targijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
targijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
targidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
targidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
targidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
targidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
targidē (active indicative singular third-person)
targidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
targidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
targidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
targidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
targidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
targidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
targidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
targidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
targidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
targidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
targidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
targijandz (active participle present)
targidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *targijan

desc

Old English: tergan, tiergan, tyrgan, tirgan, tirian; tierwan

Middle English: terien, tarien, taryen; terȝen

Scots: tarrow

English: tarry

Old Frisian: *tergia, *targia

Saterland Frisian: taagje (possibly from Low German)

West Frisian: tergje

Old Saxon: *targian, *tergian

Middle Low German: tergen, targen

German Low German: targen

→ Danish: tærge

→ Norwegian: terge

→ Swedish: targa

Old Dutch: *tergen

Middle Dutch: tergen, terghen

Dutch: tergen

Old High German: zergen

Middle High German: *zergen

German: zergen

Lombardic: *zergen

→ Vulgar Latin: *zergō

Italian: zerigare (Tuscan)

⇒ Venetian: inzeregà

⇒ Italian: zerga (“anger”)

⇒ Italian: inzergassi

From Proto-Indo-European *derHgʰ- (“to pull, tug, irritate”). Cognate with Russian дёргать (djórgatʹ, “to pull, yank, jerk, pluck up”).


skallijaną

skallijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skallijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skallijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skallīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skallijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skallī (active imperative second-person singular)
skallijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skallijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skallīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skallijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skallijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skallijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skallijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skallijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skallijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skallijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skallijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skallijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skallijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skallijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skallijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skallijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skallīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skallijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skallīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skallijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skallijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skallijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skallijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skallijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skallijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skallijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skallidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skallidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skallidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skallidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skallidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skallidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skallidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skallidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skallidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skallidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skallidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skallidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skallidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skallidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skallidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skallidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skallijandz (active participle present)
skallidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: sċiellan, sċillan

Middle English: schillen

Scots: schil, shill

English: shill

(Old Dutch: *skallen merged with byform skellan)

(Middle Dutch: schallen, scellen)

(Dutch: schellen)

Old High German: scellen, skellen

Middle High German: schellen

German: schellen

Luxembourgish: schellen

Old Norse: skella

Icelandic: skella

Old Swedish: skælla

Swedish: skälla

(→ Scots: skelloch)

(→ English: skell (dialectal))

Causative of *skellaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to sound, resound”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout, scream, make a sound”).

der

to make a sound; cause (one) to sound; ring


ernustuz

ernustuz (nominative singular)
ernustiwiz (nominative plural)
ernustu (singular vocative)
ernustiwiz (plural vocative)
ernustų (accusative singular)
ernustunz (accusative plural)
ernustauz (genitive singular)
ernustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ernustiwi (dative singular)
ernustumaz (dative plural)
ernustū (instrumental singular)
ernustumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eornust, eornost, eornest

Middle English: eornest, ernest

Scots: ernist, ernyst

English: earnest

Old Frisian: ernst

Saterland Frisian: Iedenst

West Frisian: earnst

Old Saxon: ernust, ernist

Middle Low German: ērnest, ērnst

German Low German: Eernst

Old Dutch: ernust, ernost

desctree

Middle Dutch: ernst, ernest
Dutch: ernst
Afrikaans: erns
Negerhollands: ernst
Limburgish: èrns

Old High German: ernust
→ Czech: Arnošt
Middle High German: ërnest, ërnst
Alemannic German: Èèrnscht, Ärnscht
German: Ernst
→ English: Ernst, Ernest
Luxembourgish: Eescht

From a derivative of *arniz (“efficient, capable, diligent, sure”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir; to rise, spring”).

der

seriousness; earnest; strength; solidity


skehaną

skehō (active first-person indicative singular)
skehaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skehai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skihizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skehaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeh (active imperative second-person singular)
skehazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skehaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skihidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skehai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skehadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skehadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skehaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skehōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skehaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skehadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skehaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skehadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skehamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skehaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skehandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skehaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skihid (active indicative plural second-person)
skehaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skihid (active imperative plural second-person)
skehandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skehaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skehandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skehain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skehandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skehandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skehaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skah (active first-person indicative singular)
skēhį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaht (active indicative second-person singular)
skēhīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skah (active indicative singular third-person)
skēhī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skēhū (active dual first-person indicative)
skēhīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skēhudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skēhīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skēhum (active first-person indicative plural)
skēhīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skēhud (active indicative plural second-person)
skēhīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skēhun (active indicative plural third-person)
skēhīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skehandz (active participle present)
skehanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skehan
Old English: sċēon
Middle English: sen
Old Frisian: skiā, schiā
North Frisian: skie
Old Saxon: skehan
Middle Low German: schēn
Low German: schehn
→ Danish: ske
Norwegian Bokmål: skje
→ Icelandic: ske
→ Faroese: ske
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skje; (dialectal) ski
→ Old Swedish: ske
Swedish: ske
Old Dutch: *skian
Middle Dutch: schien
Limburgish: sjeeje, sji-jje
Old High German: skehan, scehan
Middle High German: schëhen
German: geschehen

From Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move quickly, jump”).

der

(West Germanic) to emerge; come up; happen


semōną

semō (active first-person indicative singular)
semǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
semōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
semōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
semōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
semō (active imperative second-person singular)
semōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
semōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
semōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
semō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
semōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
semōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
semōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
semōs (active dual first-person indicative)
semōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
semōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
semōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
semōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
semōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
semōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
semōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
semōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
semōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
semōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
semōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
semōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
semōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
semōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
semōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
semōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
semōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
semōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
semōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
semōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
semōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
semōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
semōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
semōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
semōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
semōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
semōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
semōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
semōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
semōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
semōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
semōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
semōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
semōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
semōndz (active participle present)
semōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: semian, seomian

From Proto-Indo-European *sēy- (“to linger”).


skaggiją

skaggiją (nominative singular)
skaggijō (nominative plural)
skaggiją (singular vocative)
skaggijō (plural vocative)
skaggiją (accusative singular)
skaggijō (accusative plural)
skaggijas (genitive singular)
skaggīs (genitive singular)
skaggijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaggijai (dative singular)
skaggijamaz (dative plural)
skaggijō (instrumental singular)
skaggijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaggō (< Proto-Germanic *skaggô)

Old English: sċeacga

Middle English: *schagge, *shagge

Scots: schage, schaig, schagg

English: shag

Old Norse: skegg

Icelandic: skegg

Faroese: skegg

Norwegian: skjegg

Old Swedish: skæg

Swedish: skägg

Danish: skæg

From *skag- (“to emerge, stick out”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek-, *(s)keg- (“to jump, skip, move, hurry”) + *-gją, *-gjô, *-gô.

Coordinate term: *keluz