gāną

gō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gai (active imperative second-person singular)
gaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ijjǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ijjēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ijjēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ijjēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ijjē (active indicative singular third-person)
ijjēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ijjēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ijjēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ijjēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ijjēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ijjēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ijjēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ijjēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ijjēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ijjēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ijjēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gāndz (active participle present)
gānaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gān
Old English: gān
Middle English: gon, gan, ga, goo, goon, go
English: go
Geordie English: gan
Middle Scots: go, goe, gone
Scots: gan, gae, ga, gang
Yola: goe, gow, go, goeth (influnced by Irish silent -th)
Old Frisian: gān
Saterland Frisian: geen (simple past, past participle of gunge)
West Frisian: gean
Old Saxon: gān
Middle Low German: gân
Dutch Low Saxon: gan, gaon
German Low German: gahn
Plautdietsch: gone
Old Dutch: gān
Middle Dutch: gâen
Dutch: gaan
Afrikaans: gaan
Javindo: ha, haat
Jersey Dutch: xân, xâne
Petjo: gaan, haan
Limburgish: gaon
Old High German: gān, gēn
Middle High German: gān, gēn, kēn
Alemannic German: gaa, gan, ge, gi, goo, gu
Swabian: gau, geha
Bavarian: geh, gea, gean, gian
Cimbrian: gian, ghéenan (Sette Comuni)
Northern Bavarian: [ɡ̊ɛi]
Central Franconian: giehn, gohn (northeastern Moselle Franconian), john, jonn (Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: gehn, keen
Luxembourgish: goen
East Central German: gii, giin (Erzgebirgisch)
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: gejn
East Franconian:
German: gehen
Rhine Franconian: geh, gehe, gäh, gähe, gäj, gäje, gih, gihe, gej, geje
Frankfurterisch: [g̥ε̃ː]
Pennsylvania German: geh
Yiddish: גיין (geyn)

Old Norse: gá

Icelandic: gá

Faroese: gá

Norwegian Nynorsk: gå

Elfdalian: gą̊

Old Swedish: gā

Swedish: gå

Danish: gå

Norwegian Bokmål: gå

q

only the past tense forms, e.g. <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰</i> (iddja)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan) (only the past tense forms, e.g. 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰 (iddja))

Crimean Gothic: geen (infinitive only)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁-. Suppletive past tense is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-, although all modern Germanic languages have eliminated this stem by further suppletion or innovation.


ubilaz

wirsiz (adverb)
wirsizô (comparative)
wirsistaz (superlative)
ubilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ubilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ubilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ubilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ubilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ubilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ubilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ubilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ubilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ubilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ubilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ubilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ubilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ubilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ubilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ubilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ubilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ubilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ubilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ubilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ubilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ubilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ubilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ubilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ubilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ubilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ubilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ubilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ubilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ubilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ubilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ubilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ubilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ubilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ubilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ubilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ubilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ubilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ubilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ubilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ubilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ubilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ubiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ubilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ubilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ubilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ubiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ubilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ubilini (dative masculine singular weak)
ubilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ubilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ubilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ubilini (dative neuter singular weak)
ubilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ubilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ubilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ubilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ubilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ubilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ubilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*ubilaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ubil
Old English: yfel, efel, eofel
Middle English: yvel, uvel, evel
English: evil
Scots: evil, ewil
Old Frisian: evel
Saterland Frisian: eeuwel
West Frisian: evel
Old Saxon: uvil
Middle Low German: ovel
Plautdietsch: iebel
→ West Frisian: euvel
Old Dutch: uvil
Middle Dutch: evel, ovel, oevel
Dutch: euvel
Afrikaans: euwel
Old High German: ubil
Middle High German: übel, *üvel (West Central German)
German: übel
Luxembourgish: iwwel

Gothic: 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils)

Cognate with Proto-Celtic *uɸelos (“bad, evil”), but the source is disputed. Possibly either:
* From Proto-Indo-European *h₂upélos, from a root *h₂wep(h₁)- (“bad, evil”) + *-elo-, thereby cognate with Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣 (huwapp-ⁱ, “to mistreat, harass”), 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸 (huwappa-, “evil, badness”). Kroonen doubts the comparison to Hittite on the grounds that the Hittite verb preserves an earlier meaning “to throw/cast away” and so the semantic development to “evil” was probably post-PIE.
* From Proto-Indo-European *upélos (“evil”, literally “going over or beyond (acceptable limits)”), from *upó, *up (“down, up, over”), thus it would be equivalent to *ub (“under”) + *-ilaz.


laguz

laguz (nominative singular)
lagiwiz (nominative plural)
lagu (singular vocative)
lagiwiz (plural vocative)
lagų (accusative singular)
lagunz (accusative plural)
lagauz (genitive singular)
lagiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lagiwi (dative singular)
lagumaz (dative plural)
lagū (instrumental singular)
lagumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lagu
Old English: lagu, lago
Middle English: laȝe, lawe, laie, leye
English: lay
Old Frisian: *lage
>? Saterland Frisian: Loge f (“brine”) (possibly merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *laku)
Old Saxon: lagu

Old Norse: lǫgr

Icelandic: lögur

Faroese: løgur

Norwegian Nynorsk: log

Norwegian Bokmål: låg

Old Swedish: lagher

Swedish: lag

Old Danish: low, lou

→ Scots: lyog

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*lagus)

>? Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌰𐌶 (laaz))

From Proto-Indo-European *lókus (“lake, pond”). Cognate with Latin lacus (“hollow, pond”), Old Irish loch (“lake, pond”), Ancient Greek λάκκος (lákkos, “waterhole, pond, pit”).


wangiją

wangiją (nominative singular)
wangijō (nominative plural)
wangiją (singular vocative)
wangijō (plural vocative)
wangiją (accusative singular)
wangijō (accusative plural)
wangijas (genitive singular)
wangīs (genitive singular)
wangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wangijai (dative singular)
wangijamaz (dative plural)
wangijō (instrumental singular)
wangijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wænge, wenge, ġewenge; wangere, wongere

Middle English: wangere, wongere

English: wanger, wonger

Old Saxon: *wengi; *wengari

Middle Low German: wenger (?)

Old Dutch: *wengi; *wengari; *ōrwengari

Middle Dutch: oirwengele, oorwenghere

Old High German: wangāri

Middle High German: wanger

German: Wanger

Old Norse: vengi

Icelandic: vengi

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 m (waggareis) or 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌹 n (waggari) (the attested form is ambiguous)

From Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bow, be bent”). Related to *wangô (“cheek”).


twiz-

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *twiʀ-, *tuʀ-, *tiʀ-

Old English: te-, ti-, tō-

Middle English: to-

English: to- (obsolete)

Old Frisian: te-, ti-, tō-

Saterland Frisian: tou-

West Frisian: ta-

Old Saxon: te-, ti-, tō

Middle Low German: to-, tô-

German Low German: to-

Old Dutch: *ti-, *tō

Middle Dutch: te-, toe-

Dutch: (obsolete) te-, toe-

Old High German: zi-, zir-, zar-, zur-

Middle High German: zer-, zur-, zu-

German: zer-, zu-

Yiddish: צע־ (tse-)

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃- (twis-)

>? Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Cognates include Latin dis-, Ancient Greek δίς (dís) and Sanskrit द्वीह् (dvīh).


batist

Old English: betest, betst

Old High German: bezzist

Old Norse: bazt, bezt


batiz

Old English: bet

Middle English: bet, bett, bette

English: bet, bett (obsolete)

Old Frisian: bet

Old Saxon: bet

Old Dutch: *bat, *bet

Middle Dutch: bat, bet

Dutch: bet- only in betovergroot- (“great grand-”) and betweter (“know-it-all”)

Old High German: baz

German: bass

desctree

Old Norse: betr
Icelandic: betur
Faroese: betur
Norwegian Nynorsk: beter
Old Swedish: bæter


uz-

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀ-
Old English: or-
Middle English: or-
English: or-
Old Frisian: or-
Saterland Frisian: uur-
West Frisian: oar-
Old Saxon: ur-, or-
Middle Low German: or-
German Low German: oor-
Old Dutch: ur-, or-
Middle Dutch: or-, oor-
Dutch: oor-
Old High German: ur-
Middle High German: ur-
German: ur-
→ English: ur-
→ Dutch: oer-
Yiddish: אור־ (ur-)

Old Norse: ør-

Swedish: ur-

Norwegian Bokmål: ur-

Norwegian Nynorsk: ur-

Danish: ur-

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃- (us-)

From Proto-Indo-European *ud-s- (“up, out”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd (“up, out”); or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-s- (“off, from”), related to Latin au-, Sanskrit अव- (ava-, “off, down”). Etymologically identical with Proto-Germanic *uz (“out, out of”).


wainagaz

*wainagaz (a-stem)

wainagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wainagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wainagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wainagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wainagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wainagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wainaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wainaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wainagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wainagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wainagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wainagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wainagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wainagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wainagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wainagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wainagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wainagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wainagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wainagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wainagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wainagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wainagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wainagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wainaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wainagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wainagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wainagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wainaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wainagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wainagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wainaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wainagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wainagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wainagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wainagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wainaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wainaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wainagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wainagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wainagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wainagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wainaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wainaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wainagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wainagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wainaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wainaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wainagini (dative masculine singular weak)
wainagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wainagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wainagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wainagini (dative neuter singular weak)
wainagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wainaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wainagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wainagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wainagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wainaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wainagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wainag
Old Saxon: *weinag, *wēnag
Middle Low German: wēnich, weinich
German Low German: wennig, wenig, wäinig, wänig
Plautdietsch: weinich
→ West Frisian: weinich
Old Dutch: *weinag, *wēnag
Middle Dutch: wenich, weinich
Dutch: weinig
Jersey Dutch: wääinix
Negerhollands: wenig, weinig
→ Kwinti: weiniki
Afrikaans: weinig
Old High German: wēnag
Middle High German: weinic, wēnec
Alemannic German: wänng
Swabian: weng
Central Franconian: winnig
German: wenig
Luxembourgish: wéineg
Yiddish: ווייניק (veynik)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍃 (wainahs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vainaga (see there for further descendants)


wainōną

wainō (active first-person indicative singular)
wainǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wainōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wainōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wainōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wainō (active imperative second-person singular)
wainōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wainōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wainōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wainō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wainōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wainōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wainōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wainōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wainōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wainōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wainōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wainōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wainōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wainōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wainōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wainōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wainōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wainōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wainōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wainōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wainōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wainōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wainōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wainōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wainōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wainōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wainōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wainōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wainōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wainōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wainōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wainōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wainōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wainōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wainōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wainōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wainōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wainōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wainōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wainōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wainōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wainōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wainōndz (active participle present)
wainōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wainōn
Old English: wānian
Middle English: wanien, weinen, wonien, wonen
English: ween (Northern England)
Scots: ween
Old Frisian: wēnia, wainia, weinia
North Frisian: weynen
West Frisian: weine
Old Saxon: wēnon
Middle Low German: wēnen, weinen
German Low German: wenen
Low German: weynen
Old Dutch: wēnon
Middle Dutch: wênen
Dutch: wenen
Afrikaans: ween
Limburgish: weine, wiene, wèène
Old High German: weinōn
Middle High German: weinen
German: weinen

Old Norse: veina

Icelandic: veina

Old Swedish: vēna


dawwaz

dawwaz (nominative singular)
dawwōz (nominative plural)
dawwōs (nominative plural)
daww (singular vocative)
dawwōz (plural vocative)
dawwōs (plural vocative)
dawwą (accusative singular)
dawwanz (accusative plural)
dawwas (genitive singular)
dawwis (genitive singular)
dawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dawwai (dative singular)
dawwamaz (dative plural)
dawwō (instrumental singular)
dawwamiz (instrumental plural)

Alternative form of *dawwą (“moisture, dew”)


feþrō

feþrō (nominative singular)
feþrôz (nominative plural)
feþrō (singular vocative)
feþrôz (plural vocative)
feþrǭ (accusative singular)
feþrōz (accusative plural)
feþrōz (genitive singular)
feþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
feþrōi (dative singular)
feþrōmaz (dative plural)
feþrō (instrumental singular)
feþrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *feþru
Old English: feþer
Middle English: feþer, fether, fethere, fedder, veþer
English: feather
Scots: fedder
Yola: vethers (plural)
Old Frisian: fethere
Saterland Frisian: Feeder
West Frisian: fear
Old Saxon: fethara
Middle Low German: vēdere, vēder
German Low German: Feer
Low German: Fedder
Old Dutch: fethera
Middle Dutch: vedere
Dutch: veder, veer
Afrikaans: veer
Old High German: fedara
Middle High German: vëdere, vëder
Cimbrian: vèdara, bèdara (Mezzaselva)
German: Feder
Luxembourgish: Fieder
Vilamovian: faoder
Yiddish: פֿעדער (feder)
→ Italian: federa (“pillowcase”)
→ Venetian: fhédera
→ Cimbrian: fòdara

Old Norse: fjǫðr

Icelandic: fjöður (feather, fin)

Faroese: fjøður

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: fjær

Norwegian Nynorsk: fjør

Old Swedish: fiæþer

Swedish: fjäder

Old Danish: fiæthær

Danish: fjeder, fjer

Gutnish: fjädar, fjedur

From Pre-Germanic *péth₂reh₂, extended from the nominative stem of the Proto-Indo-European heteroclitic noun *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-, from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Compare Latin penna from Proto-Italic *petnā, which is a similar extension but from the oblique stem.


kunþiją

kunþiją (nominative singular)
kunþijō (nominative plural)
kunþiją (singular vocative)
kunþijō (plural vocative)
kunþiją (accusative singular)
kunþijō (accusative plural)
kunþijas (genitive singular)
kunþīs (genitive singular)
kunþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kunþijai (dative singular)
kunþijamaz (dative plural)
kunþijō (instrumental singular)
kunþijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kynni

Icelandic: kynni

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 (kunþi)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).


fuhǭ

fuhǭ (nominative singular)
fuhōniz (nominative plural)
fuhǭ (singular vocative)
fuhōniz (plural vocative)
fuhōnų (accusative singular)
fuhōnunz (accusative plural)
fuhōniz (genitive singular)
fuhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuhōni (dative singular)
fuhōmaz (dative plural)
fuhōnē (instrumental singular)
fuhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fuhā
Old Saxon: foha
Middle Low German: vō
Old High German: foha
Middle High German: vohe
German: Fähe, Fehe
→ Lower Sorbian: beja

Old Norse: fóa, fúa

Icelandic: fóa, fúa

Norn: fúa

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍉 (fauhō)


þeudō

þeudō (nominative singular)
þeudôz (nominative plural)
þeudō (singular vocative)
þeudôz (plural vocative)
þeudǭ (accusative singular)
þeudōz (accusative plural)
þeudōz (genitive singular)
þeudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeudōi (dative singular)
þeudōmaz (dative plural)
þeudō (instrumental singular)
þeudōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þeudu
Old English: þēod, þīod, ðēod, ðīod, ðēad, ðīed
Middle English: thede, þeode, þeod, þede, theode, thed
Scots: thede, theid
Old Frisian: thiād
Old Saxon: thīod, thioda
Middle Low German: dêt, deit
Old Dutch: thiat
Middle Dutch: diet
Dutch: diet
Old High German: diota, diot
Middle High German: diet
German: Diet

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛖᚢᛞᚢ (*þeudu)

Old Norse: þjóð
Icelandic: þjóð
Faroese: tjóð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjod
Old Swedish: þiōþ
Swedish: tjod
Old Gutnish: þiauþ
Gutnish: tjaud

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda)

Vandalic: *þeuðo/*þeuðō


neutaną

neutō (active first-person indicative singular)
neutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
neutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
niutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
neutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
neut (active imperative second-person singular)
neutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
neutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
niutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
neutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
neutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
neutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
neutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
neutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
neutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
neutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
neutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
neutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
neutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
neutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
neutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
neutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
niutid (active indicative plural second-person)
neutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niutid (active imperative plural second-person)
neutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
neutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
neutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
neutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
neutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
neutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
neutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
naut (active first-person indicative singular)
nutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
naust (active indicative second-person singular)
nutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naut (active indicative singular third-person)
nutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nutū (active dual first-person indicative)
nutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nutum (active first-person indicative plural)
nutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nutud (active indicative plural second-person)
nutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nutun (active indicative plural third-person)
nutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
neutandz (active participle present)
nutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *neutan
Old English: nēotan
Middle English: neoten (in derivatives)
Old Frisian: niāta, nieta
Old Saxon: niotan
Middle Low German: nēten
Old Dutch: nietan
Middle Dutch: nieten
Dutch: nieten (obsolete)
Limburgish: nete
Old High German: niozan
Middle High German: niezen
German: nießen

Old Norse: njóta
Icelandic: njóta
Faroese: njóta
Old Swedish: niūta
Swedish: njuta
Old Danish: *niute
Danish: nyde

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (niutan)

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to seize; grasp; use”). Cognate with Lithuanian naudà (“utility, usefulness, note”).


aiks

aiks (nominative singular)
aikiz (nominative plural)
aik (singular vocative)
aikiz (plural vocative)
aikų (accusative singular)
aikunz (accusative plural)
aikiz (genitive singular)
aikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiki (dative singular)
aikumaz (dative plural)
aikē (instrumental singular)
aikumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aik
Old English: āc, ǣċ, aac
Middle English: ook, ok, ak, ake
English: oak
Scots: aik, ake, yik (south)
Old Frisian: ēk
North Frisian: ik
Saterland Frisian: Eeke
West Frisian: iik
Old Saxon: ēk
Middle Low German: êke, êk
Low German: Eek
Plautdietsch: Ieekj
Old Dutch: *eik, *ēk
Middle Dutch: eike, êke
Dutch: eik, eek
Afrikaans: eik
Old High German: eih
Middle High German: eich
Bavarian: Oach
Cimbrian: aicha
Central Franconian: Ääch, Eech, Eich
Hunsrik: Eich
Luxembourgish: Eech
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: aach
East Franconian:
German: Eiche
Rhine Franconian: Ääch, Eech
Frankfurterisch: Aasch [aːʃ]

Old Norse: eik
Icelandic: eik f
Faroese: eik f
Norwegian Nynorsk: eik f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eik m or f
Old Swedish: ēk
Swedish: ek c
Danish: eg c
Norwegian Bokmål: ek m
Gutnish: aik

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)ājkkë (see there for further descendants)

May be from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyǵs (“oak”), if related to the first component *αἴξ (*aíx) of Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ (aigílōps), from a root *h₂eyǵ- whence also Lithuanian áižuols, Latvian uôzuōls, Albanian enjë (< Proto-Albanian *aignjā) and possibly Latin aesculus (if earlier *aig-sculus). However all of the supposed Indo-European cognates are of unclear origin, and according to Kroonen this fact along with the root-noun inflection may be indicative of a non-Indo-European substrate origin; compare also Basque ezkur (“acorn”).


dawwō

dawwō (nominative singular)
dawwôz (nominative plural)
dawwō (singular vocative)
dawwôz (plural vocative)
dawwǭ (accusative singular)
dawwōz (accusative plural)
dawwōz (genitive singular)
dawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dawwōi (dative singular)
dawwōmaz (dative plural)
dawwō (instrumental singular)
dawwōmiz (instrumental plural)


dawwą

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

dawwą (nominative singular)
dawwō (nominative plural)
dawwą (singular vocative)
dawwō (plural vocative)
dawwą (accusative singular)
dawwō (accusative plural)
dawwas (genitive singular)
dawwis (genitive singular)
dawwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dawwai (dative singular)
dawwamaz (dative plural)
dawwō (instrumental singular)
dawwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dauw n
Old English: dēaw m or n
Middle English: dew, deau, deaw, deew, deu, dewe, dewȝ, dieuȝ, dæw (Ormulum)
English: dew
Scots: dew, deow, dyow
Yola: dhew
Old Frisian: dāw n
North Frisian: dauw
Saterland Frisian: Dau
West Frisian: dau
Old Saxon: *dau
Middle Low German: dow, douwe, dawe, dau
Low German: Dau
Plautdietsch: Deiw
Old Dutch: *dau, *dou
Middle Dutch: dau
Dutch: dauw
Afrikaans: dou
Berbice Creole Dutch: dau
Negerhollands: douw, dou
→ Papiamentu: dauw (dated)
Sranan Tongo: dow
Old High German: tou n or m
Middle High German: tou, tau
German: Tau
Hunsrik: Daa
Luxembourgish: Da
Yiddish: טוי (toy)

Old Norse: dǫgg f
Danish: dug
Faroese: døgg
Icelandic: dögg
Norwegian Bokmål: dugg, dogg
Norwegian Nynorsk: dogg
Swedish: dagg

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, haze”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰuHmás (“mist; smoke”), Lithuanian dúlis (“mist”).


kunþaz

*kunnaną (“to know”) + *-þaz. See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
From Pre-Germanic *ǵń̥h₃tos, via unexplained accent shift from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃tós.


kunþaz

*kunþaz (a-stem)

kunþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kunþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kunþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kunþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kunþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kunþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kunþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kunþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kunþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kunþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kunþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kunþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kunþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kunþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kunþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kunþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kunþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kunþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kunþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kunþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kunþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kunþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kunþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kunþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kunþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kunþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kunþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kunþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kunþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kunþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kunþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kunþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kunþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kunþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kunþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kunþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kunþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kunþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kunþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kunþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kunþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kunþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kunþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kunþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kunþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kunþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kunþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kunþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kunþini (dative masculine singular weak)
kunþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kunþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kunþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kunþini (dative neuter singular weak)
kunþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kunþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kunþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kunþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kunþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kunþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kunþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kunþ
Old English: cūþ
Scots: couth
English: couth
Old Frisian: kūth
Saterland Frisian: cut
Old Saxon: kūth, *kunth
Middle Low German: kunt
Old Dutch: cunt
Middle Dutch: cont
Dutch: kond
Old High German: kund
Middle High German: kunt
German: kund

Old Norse: kunnr, kuðr

Icelandic: kunnur, kuður

Faroese: kunnur

Old Swedish: kunder

Swedish: kund

Old Danish:

Danish: kund

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (kunþs)


fuhsaz

fuhsaz (nominative singular)
fuhsōz (nominative plural)
fuhsōs (nominative plural)
fuhs (singular vocative)
fuhsōz (plural vocative)
fuhsōs (plural vocative)
fuhsą (accusative singular)
fuhsanz (accusative plural)
fuhsas (genitive singular)
fuhsis (genitive singular)
fuhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuhsai (dative singular)
fuhsamaz (dative plural)
fuhsō (instrumental singular)
fuhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fuhs
Old English: fox
Middle English: fox, vox, wox
English: fox
Scots: fox
Yola: voxe, vox
Old Frisian: *foks
North Frisian: foos
Saterland Frisian: Foaks
West Frisian: foks
Old Saxon: fohs, fuhs
Middle Low German: vos, vōs
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: vos
German Low German: Voß, Voss
Westphalian:
East Westphalian:
Lippisch: Voss, Foss
Paderbornisch: Voß
South Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Voß
Westmünsterländisch: Foss
Plautdietsch: Foss
→ Icelandic: fox
→ Danish: fos
Old Dutch: fus
Middle Dutch: vos
Dutch: vos
Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj
Old High German: fuhs
Middle High German: vuhs
Alemannic German: Fuchs, Fugs
Walser: fuks, fuksch, fòcks, vucks
Bavarian: Fuchs
Cimbrian: vuks, buks
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Fuss, Fuhs, (southern) Fuchs
Hunsrik: Fuchs
Luxembourgish: Fuuss
East Central German:
Vilamovian: füks
East Franconian:
German: Fuchs
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Fux
Swabian: Fuchs
Yiddish: פֿוקס (fuks)

From Proto-Indo-European *púḱsos (“the tailed one”). Cognate with Sanskrit पुच्छ (púccha), Avestan 𐬞𐬎𐬯𐬀 (pusa).


fawaz

fawizô (comparative)
fawistaz (superlative)
fawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
fawis (genitive masculine singular strong)
fawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
fawis (genitive neuter singular strong)
fawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fau
Old English: fēaw, fēawa, fēawe, fēa
Middle English: fewe, feawe, feu
English: few
Scots: feu, fyow
Yola: vew
Old Frisian: fē
Old Saxon: faho, fā, fō
Old High German: fao, fō, fōh

Old Norse: fár

Icelandic: fár

Faroese: fáur

Norwegian Bokmål: få

Norwegian Nynorsk: få

Old Swedish: fār

Swedish: få

Danish: få

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍃 (faus)


harbistaz

harbistaz (nominative singular)
harbistōz (nominative plural)
harbistōs (nominative plural)
harbist (singular vocative)
harbistōz (plural vocative)
harbistōs (plural vocative)
harbistą (accusative singular)
harbistanz (accusative plural)
harbistas (genitive singular)
harbistis (genitive singular)
harbistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harbistai (dative singular)
harbistamaz (dative plural)
harbistō (instrumental singular)
harbistamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harbist
Old English: hærfest
Middle English: hervest, harvest, ervest, herfest
English: harvest
Scots: hairst, harvest
Yola: hearesth, harrest
Old Frisian: herfst
Saterland Frisian: Häärst
West Frisian: hjerst
North Frisian: Hārefst (Sylt), harewst (Föhr-Amrum)
Old Saxon: herƀist
Middle Low German: hervest
Low German: Harvst
Plautdietsch: Hoafst
Old Dutch: hervist (attested in compound: heruistmanot)
Middle Dutch: hervest, herfst
Dutch: herfst
Afrikaans: herfs
Limburgish: herfs, harves
Old High German: herbist
Middle High German: herbest, herbst
Alemannic German: Herpscht
Walser: harpscht, herbscht, hérbscht
Bavarian: herbast
Cimbrian: herbest, hèrbest, herbust
Mòcheno: herbest
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Herrebst
Luxembourgish: Hierscht
German: Herbst
Vilamovian: hiewyst
Yiddish: האַרבסט (harbst)

Old Norse: haustr, haust (< *harbustaz)
Icelandic: haust
Faroese: heyst
Norwegian Nynorsk: haust; (dialectal) (h)yst
Old Swedish: høster
Swedish: höst
Danish: høst
Norwegian Bokmål: høst

From *harbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kerp- (“to pluck”).


sumaraz

sumaraz (nominative singular)
sumarōz (nominative plural)
sumarōs (nominative plural)
sumar (singular vocative)
sumarōz (plural vocative)
sumarōs (plural vocative)
sumarą (accusative singular)
sumaranz (accusative plural)
sumaras (genitive singular)
sumaris (genitive singular)
sumarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumarai (dative singular)
sumaramaz (dative plural)
sumarō (instrumental singular)
sumaramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sumar
Old English: sumor
Middle English: sumer, somer
English: summer
Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer
Yola: zimmer, zummer
Old Frisian: sumur, sumer
Saterland Frisian: Suumer
West Frisian: simmer
Old Saxon: sumar
Middle Low German: somer, sommer
Low German:
German Low German: Summer, Sommer, Sömmer
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: Sumer
Sauerländisch: Suemer, Sūmer, Summer, Sommer
Westmünsterländisch: Sommer
Plautdietsch: Somma
Old Dutch: *sumar
Middle Dutch: sōmer
Dutch: zomer
Afrikaans: somer
Limburgish: zómmer
West Flemish: zommer
Old High German: sumar
Middle High German: sumer
German: Sommer
Hunsrik: Sommer
Luxembourgish: Summer
Mòcheno: summer
Silesian East Central German: Summer
Vilamovian: zumer
Yiddish: זומער (zumer)

Old Norse: sumar, sumarr m, somar n, somarr m
Icelandic: sumar
Faroese: summar
Norn: sommer
Norwegian Nynorsk: sumar
Jamtish: somarr, samarr
Elfdalian: såmår
Old Swedish: somar, sumar
Swedish: sommar
Old Danish: somær, sumær
Danish: sommer
Norwegian Bokmål: sommer
Scanian: sǫmmar
Gutnish: summar

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₂-ór-o-, (cf. Old Armenian ամառն (amaṙn, “summer”)), an oblique r-stem based on *s(e)m-eh₂- (“summer, year”) (cf. Tocharian A ṣme, ṣmāye, Sanskrit समा (sámā, “season, year”), thematicized differently in Proto-Celtic *samos, Old Armenian ամ (am, “year”)).


þiudiskaz

*þiudiskaz (a-stem)

þiudiskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þiudiskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þiudiskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þiudiskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þiudiską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þiudiskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þiudiskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þiudiskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þiudiskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þiudiskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þiudiską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þiudiskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þiudiskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þiudiskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þiudiskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þiudiskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þiudiskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þiudiskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þiudiskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þiudiskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þiudiskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þiudiskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þiudiskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þiudiskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þiudiskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þiudiskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þiudiskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þiudiskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þiudiskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þiudiskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þiudiskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þiudiskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þiudiskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þiudiskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þiudiskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þiudiskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þiudiskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þiudiskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þiudiskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þiudiskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þiudiskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þiudiskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þiudiskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þiudiskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þiudiskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þiudiskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þiudiskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þiudiskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þiudiskini (dative masculine singular weak)
þiudiskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þiudiskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þiudiskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þiudiskini (dative neuter singular weak)
þiudiskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þiudiskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þiudiskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þiudiskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þiudiskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þiudiskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þiudiskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *þiudisk
Old English: þēodisc
Middle English: thedisch, þedisch, þeodisc
→ English: thedish, theodish (learned)
Old Frisian: thiōsk
West Frisian: Tsjutsk (“German”) (obsolete)
Old Saxon: thiudisk
Middle Low German: düdesch
Low German:
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: dütsch
Bremisch: dütsch
Dithmarsisch: dütsch
Hamburgisch: dütsch, düütsch
Eastphalian: duitsch
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: dütsk; Dütsk
Osnabrückisch: düütsk
Lippisch: duitsk
Paderbornisch: duitsk
Ravensbergisch: duütsk
Sauerländer-Märkisch: duͤdsk
Sauerländisch: duitsk
Westmünsterländisch: düüts, düütsk
Plautdietsch: dietsch
→ Saterland Frisian: düütsk
Old Dutch: *thiudisc
Middle Dutch: dietsch, duutsch
Dutch: Diets (“Middle Dutch”)
Dutch: Duits (“German”)
Afrikaans: Duits
Negerhollands: dutsch
→? Japanese: ドイツ (Doitsu)
→ English: Doitsu
→ Korean: 독일 (dogil)
Limburgish: Dutsj
→ Middle English: Duch, Duche, Deuche, Dusche, Dewche, Dowche, duch, duche, deuche, dusche
English: Dutch
Scots: Dutch
→ West Frisian: Dútsk
Old High German: diutisk, diutisc
Middle High German: diutsc
Alemannic German: tüütsch, dütsch, düütsch, Dütsch, Ditsch, Dytsch
Swabian: deitsch, daitsch
Walser: töitsch, titsch, tittschu, titzsch
Bavarian: daitsch, deitsch, taitsch
Cimbrian: tòiz, tauč, taütsch, taütsch
Gottscheerish: taitš
Mòcheno: taitsch
Central Franconian: dütsch, döksch, deitsch
Hunsrik: Deitsch, taytx
Kölsch: duetsch
East Central German: deitsch
Silesian East Central German: deitsch, doitsch (Glätzisch)
Upper Saxon German: Deitsch, deidsch
German: deutsch; Deutsch
→ English: Deutsch
→ Mandarin: 德意志 (Déyìzhì)
→ Cantonese: 德意志 (dak1 ji3 zi3)
Luxembourgish: däitsch; Däitsch
Rhine Franconian: daitsch, deitsch
Pennsylvania German: deitsch; Deitsch
Vilamovian: daojć
Yiddish: דײַטש (daytsh), טײַטש (taytsh)
Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus
French: thiois, tudesque
Friulian: todesc
Italian: tedesco
Ladin: tudësch
Portuguese: tedesco
Romanian: tudesc
Romansch: tudestg
Sardinian: tedescu
Sicilian: tudiscu
Spanish: tudesco
Venetian: todesco

Old Norse: þýzkr, þýskr, þýðskr, þýðiskr
Icelandic: þýskur
Faroese: týskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tysk, tydsk
Old Swedish: þȳþisker, þȳzker
Swedish: tysk
→ Elfdalian: tysk
Old Danish: thȳthæsk, thȳzk
Danish: tysk
Norwegian Bokmål: tysk
Scanian: týzker
Gutnish: töiskar
→ Northern Sami: Duiska (from a Germanic, probably North Germanic, language)

⇒ Old Norse: þýðverskr, þýðerskr, þýðeskr
Icelandic: þýðverskur

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*þiudisks) (in 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (þiudiskō, adverb))

desc

→ Medieval Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus (see there for further descendants)


managaz

managizô (comparative)
managistaz (superlative)
managaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
managai (masculine nominative plural strong)
managō (feminine nominative singular strong)
managôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
managą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
managō (neuter nominative plural strong)
managanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
managanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
managǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
managōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
managą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
managō (accusative neuter plural strong)
managas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
managaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
managaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
managaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
managas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
managaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
managammai (dative masculine singular strong)
managaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
managaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
managaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
managammai (dative neuter singular strong)
managaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
managanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
managaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
managaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
managaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
managanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
managaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
managô (masculine nominative singular weak)
managaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
managǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
managōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
managô (neuter nominative singular weak)
managōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
managanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
managanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
managōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
managōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
managô (accusative neuter singular weak)
managōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
managiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
managanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
managōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
managōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
managiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
managanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
managini (dative masculine singular weak)
managammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
managōni (dative feminine singular weak)
managōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
managini (dative neuter singular weak)
managammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
managinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
managammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
managōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
managōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
managinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
managammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*managaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *manag
Old English: maniġ, maneġ, moniġ, mæniġ
Middle English: mani, mane, magnie, maini, mainie, mange, manie, manige, maniȝ, many, meine, meni, menie, monei, moni, monie, moniȝ, mony, myny
English: many
Geordie English: mony
Scots: mony, monie
Yola: many
Old Frisian: monech, manich, monich, manch
North Frisian: manag, manig, mäning
Saterland Frisian: manich, moonige, moonich
West Frisian: mannich
Old Saxon: manag, maneg
Middle Low German: mannich, mennich
Low German: männich
German Low German: männig, mennig, meng
Old Dutch: manag, *menig
Middle Dutch: mēneg, mānig, mēnig
Dutch: menig
Afrikaans: menig
Old High German: manag, manac
Middle High German: manec, manic, menic
Alemannic German: meng
Central Franconian: mannich, männich (older Ripuarian variant)
German: mannig (in compounds), manch
Luxembourgish: munch

Old Norse: mangr

Faroese: mangur

Norwegian Bokmål: mang, mange

Norwegian Nynorsk: mang, mange

Old Swedish: manger

Swedish: mången

Old Danish: manygh

Danish: mangen

⇒ Old Norse: margr (possibly)
Icelandic: margur
Faroese: margur
Old Swedish: margher, marghin
Swedish: marg
Old Danish: margh
→ English: marra, marrow (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍃 (manags)

Likely from a substrate language of northwestern Europe. Or from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂- (“large”) with a nasal infix. Proto-Celtic *menekkis, Proto-Slavic *mъnogъ, Proto-Finno-Permic *mone are probably from the same source; according to Watkins, the Germanic, Slavic, and Celtic terms could all stem from a late (Northwestern) Proto-Indo-European *monogʰos.


meluks

meluks (nominative singular)
melukiz (nominative plural)
meluk (singular vocative)
melukiz (plural vocative)
melukų (accusative singular)
melukunz (accusative plural)
melukiz (genitive singular)
melukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
meluki (dative singular)
melukumaz (dative plural)
melukē (instrumental singular)
melukumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *meluk
Old English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc
Middle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)
English: milk
Scots: milk, melk, mylk
Yola: mulk
Old Frisian: melok
North Frisian: molke
Saterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk
West Frisian: molke
Old Saxon: miluk
Middle Low German: melik, melk
Dutch Low Saxon: melk
German Low German: Melk
Plautdietsch: Malkj
Old Dutch: miluc
Middle Dutch: melc
Dutch: melk
Afrikaans: melk
Berbice Creole Dutch: meleke
Jersey Dutch: määlk
Negerhollands: melk
→ Aukan: meliki
→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki
→ Munsee: mălák
→ Saramaccan: meíki
→ Sranan Tongo: merki
→ Kari'na: meliki
→ Tok Pisin: melek
Limburgish: mèlk
Old High German: miluh
Middle High German: milich, milch
Alemannic German: Möuch, Melch
Swabian: Milk
Walser: milch, meljch, mélläch
Bavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich
Cimbrian: milch, milach
Hianzisch: Müli
Mòcheno: milch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Millich
Luxembourgish: Mëllech
German: Milch
→ Tok Pisin: milis
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Millich
Vilamovian: myłich
Yiddish: מילך (milkh)

Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk, miolk — Old East Norse
Icelandic: mjólk
Faroese: mjólk
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk
Elfdalian: mjok
Old Swedish: miolk, miølk
Swedish: mjölk
Old Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk
Danish: mælk
Norwegian Bokmål: melk
Scanian: milk, mjælk
Gutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)

→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).
The presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.
Possible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:
* According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.
* According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.
* According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).
* According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.


jērą

jērą (nominative singular)
jērō (nominative plural)
jērą (singular vocative)
jērō (plural vocative)
jērą (accusative singular)
jērō (accusative plural)
jēras (genitive singular)
jēris (genitive singular)
jērǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jērai (dative singular)
jēramaz (dative plural)
jērō (instrumental singular)
jēramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jār
Old English: ġēar, ġǣr, ġēr — Anglian
Middle English: yeer, here, yere, ȝere
English: year
Jamaican Creole: ier
Tok Pisin: yia
→ Chuukese: ier
→ Japanese: イヤー (iyā)
→ Volapük: yel
Scots: year
Old Frisian: jēr, jār, iēr
North Frisian: juar, jäär, iir
Saterland Frisian: Jíer
West Frisian: jier
Old Saxon: jār, gēr
Middle Low German: jâr, jaer
German Low German: Jåhr, Jahr, Johr
Plautdietsch: Joa
Old Dutch: jār
Middle Dutch: jâer
Dutch: jaar
Afrikaans: jaar
Berbice Creole Dutch: jari
Jersey Dutch: jâr
Negerhollands: jaer, jaar, yer
→ Aukan: yali
→ Sranan Tongo: yari
→ Caribbean Javanese: yari
→ Saramaccan: jáa
Limburgish: jaor
West Flemish: joar
Zealandic: jaer, jaor
Old High German: jār
Middle High German: jār
Alemannic German: Jòòr, Jààr
Bavarian: Jåhr, Joar, Joa
Cimbrian: jaar, djar (Luserna)
Mòcheno: jor
Central Franconian: Johr
Hunsrik: Joher
Luxembourgish: Joer
German: Jahr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Johr, Yaahr
Swabian: Joar, Johr
Sathmar Swabian: Johr
Vilamovian: jür
Yiddish: יאָר (yor)

Proto-Norse: *ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (*jara), ᛃ (j) — abbreviation
Old Norse: ár n
Icelandic: ár
Faroese: ár
Norwegian Nynorsk: år
Russenorsk: aart
Norwegian Bokmål: år
Elfdalian: år
Old Swedish: ār
Swedish: år
Old Danish: aar
Danish: år

Gothic: 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr)


skōhaz

skōhaz (nominative singular)
skōhōz (nominative plural)
skōhōs (nominative plural)
skōh (singular vocative)
skōhōz (plural vocative)
skōhōs (plural vocative)
skōhą (accusative singular)
skōhanz (accusative plural)
skōhas (genitive singular)
skōhis (genitive singular)
skōhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skōhai (dative singular)
skōhamaz (dative plural)
skōhō (instrumental singular)
skōhamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skōh
Old English: sċōh
Middle English: sho, shoo
Scots: shae
English: shoe
Old Frisian: skōch, skō
Saterland Frisian: Skou, Schou
West Frisian: skoech
Old Saxon: skōh
Middle Low German: schō
German Low German: Schoh
Old Dutch: *scuoh, *scuo
Middle Dutch: scoech, scoe
Dutch: schoen
Afrikaans: skoen
Limburgish: sjoon
Old High German: skuoh, scūoh, skūo
Middle High German: schuoch, schuo
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Schüe
Swabian: Schuah
Central Franconian: Schohn, Schuh, Schoh (Moselle Franconian)
German: Schuh
Luxembourgish: Schong
Yiddish: שוך (shukh)

Old Norse: skór
Icelandic: skór
Faroese: skógvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sko; (dialectal) skór'e, skór
Old Swedish: skō(r)
Swedish: sko
Danish: sko
Norwegian Bokmål: sko

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌷𐍃 (skōhs)

Uncertain. Perhaps derived from *skehaną (“to move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move quickly, jump”). A derivation from an alleged Proto-Indo-European verb *skewk-, supposedly from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”) (compare Proto-Germanic *skiwô (“cloud cover; cloud; sky”)), proposed in older literature, is dubious and not mentioned in Kroonen.


skipą

skipą (nominative singular)
skipō (nominative plural)
skipą (singular vocative)
skipō (plural vocative)
skipą (accusative singular)
skipō (accusative plural)
skipas (genitive singular)
skipis (genitive singular)
skipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skipai (dative singular)
skipamaz (dative plural)
skipō (instrumental singular)
skipamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skip
Old English: sċip, sċyp
Middle English: schip, schup
Scots: ship, schip
English: ship
→ Esperanto: ŝipo
Old Frisian: skip
North Frisian: schap (Mooring), Skep (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Skip, Schip
West Frisian: skip
Old Saxon: skip
Middle Low German: schip, schep
Low German: Schipp
German Low German: Schipp, Schip
Plautdietsch: Schepp
Old Dutch: *skip, scip
Middle Dutch: schip, schep
Dutch: schip
Afrikaans: skip
Limburgish: sjeep
Old High German: skif, skef
Middle High German: schif
Bavarian: Schiff, Scheff
Central Franconian: Scheff, Schöff, Schoff (all < MHG schif)
Luxembourgish: Schëff
German: Schiff
Yiddish: שיף (shif)
→ Old Italian: schifo
Italian: schifo
⇒ English: skeevy
⇒ English: skeeve
→ Middle French: esquif
French: esquif
→ Middle English: skif
English: skiff
→ Russian: скиф (skif)

Old Norse: skip
Icelandic: skip
Faroese: skip
Norwegian Nynorsk: skip
Old Swedish: skip
Swedish: skepp
Old Danish: skip
Danish: skib
Norwegian Bokmål: skip
Scanian: śevv
→ Irish: scib
→ Scottish Gaelic: sgioba

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 (skip)

Uncertain etymology.
One theory derives it from Proto-Indo-European *skēi-b-, *ski-b-. Compare Lithuanian skiẽbti (“to rip up”), Latvian škibît (“to cut, lop”). (Proto-Germanic *skapjaną has been considered related as well, but the phonetics pose difficulties.) The original meaning inherited from Proto-Indo-European was likely “hollowed tree”, and all daughter languages agree in the meaning “ship”, thus the specified meaning “ship” is assumed for Proto-Germanic, however the Old High German word also had the meaning “hollow object” and described various vessels and containers, so the Proto-Germanic word could also have been used in a more generic fashion. Moreover, one meaning does not have to exclude the other by rule. Compare the development of Old Norse skeið (“sheath; spoon; ship”), also from an extension of *skey-; cf. also unrelated Latin vās (“hollow object”), source of French vaisseau (“vessel”).
Kroonen instead claims that this word would rather be a loanword from Latin scyphus (“drinking vessel”).

(possibly) any hollow or concave manmade object


hwītaz

*hwītaz (a-stem)

hwītaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwītai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwītō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwītôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwītą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwītō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwītanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwītanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwītǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwītōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwītą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwītō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwītas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwītaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwītaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwītaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwītas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwītaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwītammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwītaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwītaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwītaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwītammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwītaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwītanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwītaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwītaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwītaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwītanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwītaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwītô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwītaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwītǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwītōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwītô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwītōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwītanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwītanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwītōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwītōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwītô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwītōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwītiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwītanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwītōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwītōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwītiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwītanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwītini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwītammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwītōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwītōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwītini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwītammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwītinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwītammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwītōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwītōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwītinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwītammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwīt
Old English: hwīt
Middle English: whit, hwit, white, whyte, whitt, whytt, whyt, whiȝt, qwyght, ȝwijt, wyghte, whiyt, whijt
English: white (see there for further descendants)
Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white
Yola: whit
Old Frisian: hwīt, wīt
North Frisian: wit, witj
Saterland Frisian: wiet
West Frisian: wyt
Old Saxon: hwīt
Middle Low German: wit
German Low German: witt
Low German: witt
Plautdietsch: witt
Old Dutch: wīt
Middle Dutch: wit
Dutch: wit
Afrikaans: wit
Limburgish: wiet
Old High German: wīz
Middle High German: wīz, wīs
Alemannic German: wiiss
Italian Walser: wiss, wéiss
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: baiz, baizz, bais
Mòcheno: bais
Udinese: bais, baiss
Central Franconian: wieß
Kirchröadsj Ripuarian: wies
German: weiß
Luxembourgish: wäiss
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: weiss
Vilamovian: wȧjs
Yiddish: ווײַס (vays)

Old Norse: hvítr
Icelandic: hvítur
Faroese: hvítur
Norn: hvid
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvit, (dialectal) kvit’u, kvit’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvit
Elfdalian: wait
Old Swedish: hvīter
Swedish: vit, hvit (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: hvid
Norwegian Bokmål: hvit
Old Gutnish: huit
Gutnish: veitar, veita, veit

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 (ƕeits)

⇒ Crimean Gothic: wichtgata

Kroonen notes a possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweytōr, genitive *ḱwitnós, a heteroclitic byform of *ḱweytos (“bright; shine”). The oblique stem, used to form *ḱwitnós would create a voiceless geminate stop tt assuming Kluge's law, which would be reduced to a single t after the heavy first syllable once the consonantism was analogically extended to other cases. Compare Proto-Slavic *světъ.


swartaz

*swartaz (a-stem)

swartaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swartai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swartō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swartôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swartą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swartō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swartanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swartanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swartǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swartōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swartą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swartō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swartas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swartaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swartaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swartaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swartas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swartaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swartammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swartaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swartaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swartaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swartammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swartaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swartanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swartaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swartaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swartaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swartanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swartaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swartô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swartaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swartǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swartōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swartô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swartōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swartanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swartanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swartōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swartōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swartô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swartōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swartiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swartanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swartōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swartōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swartiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swartanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swartini (dative masculine singular weak)
swartammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swartōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swartōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swartini (dative neuter singular weak)
swartammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swartinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swartammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swartōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swartōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swartinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swartammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *swart
Old English: sweart, swart, swært
Middle English: swart
English: swart, swarth
Scots: swart
Old Frisian: swart, swert
North Frisian: suart, suurt
Saterland Frisian: swot, swoot
West Frisian: swart
Old Saxon: swart
Middle Low German: swart
Low German:
German Low German: swart, schwart
Hamburgisch: swatt
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: swatt
Paderbornisch: schwart
Lippisch: schwart
Ravensbergisch: swārt, swat
Sauerländisch: schwart, schwatt, schwuat, schwoart, schwuart, schwoert
Westmünsterländisch: schwatt, schwott, schwart
→ German: schwatt
Plautdietsch: schwoat
→ Danish: sværte (“black dye”)
Old Dutch: *swart
Middle Dutch: swart
Dutch: zwart
Afrikaans: swart
Limburgish: zwart
West Flemish: zwort
Old High German: swarz
Middle High German: swarz
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: schwàrz
Swabian: schwardds
Bavarian: schwoarz
Cimbrian: sbartz
Mòcheno: schbòrz
Central Franconian: schwatz, zjwats
Hunsrik: schwarz
German: schwarz
Luxembourgish: schwaarz
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: schwoaz
Pennsylvania German: schwatz
Vilamovian: świöc
Yiddish: שוואַרץ (shvarts)

Old Norse: svartr
Icelandic: svartur
Faroese: svartur
Norn: svart
Norwegian Nynorsk: svart, (dialectal) svart’u, svart’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: svart
Elfdalian: swart
Old Swedish: svarter, svorter
Swedish: svart
Scanian: svárter
Old Danish: swart, swort, sort
Danish: sort
Norwegian Bokmål: sort
Gutnish: svartar

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 (swarts)

From Proto-Indo-European *swerd- (“dirty, dark, black”) (compare Latin sordēs, Russian сор (sor) and Northern Kurdish xwelî).


skeutaną

skeutō (active first-person indicative singular)
skeutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skeutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skiutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skeutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeut (active imperative second-person singular)
skeutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skeutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skeutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skeutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skeutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skeutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skeutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skeutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skeutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skeutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skeutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiutid (active indicative plural second-person)
skeutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiutid (active imperative plural second-person)
skeutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skeutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skeutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skeutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skeutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skeutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skaut (active first-person indicative singular)
skutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaust (active indicative second-person singular)
skutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaut (active indicative singular third-person)
skutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skutū (active dual first-person indicative)
skutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skutum (active first-person indicative plural)
skutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skutud (active indicative plural second-person)
skutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skutun (active indicative plural third-person)
skutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeutandz (active participle present)
skutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeutan
Old English: sċēotan
Middle English: shoten, shuten, sheten
English: shoot, skeet
Scots: schute, schuit, schote, schoot, schete
Yola: zhoult
Old Frisian: skiata
West Frisian: sjitte
Old Saxon: skiotan
Middle Low German: scheten
Low German: scheten
Old Dutch: skietan
Middle Dutch: schieten
Dutch: schieten
Afrikaans: skiet
Berbice Creole Dutch: skiti
Jersey Dutch: sxjite
Negerhollands: skud, skit, skiet
→ Indonesian: sekip
→ Papiamentu: skit
Limburgish: sjete
Old High German: sciozzan
Middle High German: schiezzen
Bavarian:
Viennese: schiaßen
Alemannic German: schieße
Central Franconian: schieße, scheeße (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian)
German: schießen
Hunsrik: schiese
Luxembourgish: schéissen
Vilamovian: śisa
Yiddish: שיסן (shisn)

Old Norse: skjóta
Icelandic: skjóta
Faroese: skjóta
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjota, skyta
Jamtish: skjǿte
Elfdalian: stjuota
Old Swedish: skiūta
Swedish: skjuta
Old Danish: skiūtæ
Danish: skyde
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skyte
Scanian: skjúda, skúda
Old Gutnish: skiauta
Gutnish: skjaute, skiauta

Crimean Gothic: schieten


grōniz

grōnizô (comparative)
grōnistaz (superlative)
grōniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grōnī (feminine nominative singular strong)
grōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grōnį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grōnį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
grōnīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
grōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
grōnīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
grōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
grōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
grōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *grōnī
Old English: grēne
Middle English: grene, greene
English: green (see there for further descendants)
Scots: green
Yola: green
Old Frisian: grēne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: green
Saterland Frisian: gräin
West Frisian: grien
Old Saxon: grōni
Middle Low German: grōne, gröne
Low German: grön, gröön, green
Plautdietsch: jreen
→ Polabian: grönĕ
Old Dutch: gruoni
Middle Dutch: groene
Dutch: groen
Afrikaans: groen
Berbice Creole Dutch: grun
Negerhollands: groen, grun
Skepi Creole Dutch: gruin
Sranan Tongo: grun
Aukan: guun
Saramaccan: guúun
Limburgish: greun, gruuen
West Flemish: groene
Old High German: gruoni
Middle High German: grüene
Alemannic German: grüen
Swabian: grea, grien
Walser: geriénts, grien, gréén, grün
Bavarian: grian, grea
Apeltonerisch: gria
Cimbrian: gruan, grümma, grüun
Mòcheno: grea'
Central Franconian: jrön, green, grien
Hunsrik: grien
Luxembourgish: gréng
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: grin
East Franconian:
German: grün
Rhine Franconian: grie, grien, griene
Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀĩː]
Pennsylvania German: grie
Yiddish: גרין (grin)

Old Norse: grǿnn
Icelandic: grænn
Faroese: grønur
Norn: grøn
Norwegian Nynorsk: grøn; (dialectal) grøn’u, grøn’e
Norwegian Bokmål: grønn
Elfdalian: gryön
Old Swedish: grø̄n
Swedish: grön
Danish: grøn
Gutnish: gröinar

→ Proto-Samic: *(k)ruonë
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: kroenes
Lule Sami: ruodnat / ruoddnis, ruonas
Northern Sami: ruonas
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: ruonâs
Skolt Sami: ruânn
Kildin Sami: руэнн (ruenn)
Ter Sami: rïenn

From Pre-Germanic *groh₁-ni-s, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow, become green”).


blēwaz

*blēwaz (a-stem)

blēwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blēwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blēwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blēwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blēwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blēwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blēwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blēwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blēwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blēwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blēwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blēwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blēwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blēwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blēwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blēwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blēwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blēwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blēwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blēwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blēwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blēwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blēwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blēwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blēwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blēwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blēwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blēwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blēwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blēwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blēwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blēwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blēwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blēwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blēwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blēwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blēwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blēwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blēwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blēwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blēwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blēwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blēwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blēwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blēwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blēwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blēwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blēwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blēwini (dative masculine singular weak)
blēwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blēwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blēwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blēwini (dative neuter singular weak)
blēwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blēwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blēwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blēwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blēwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blēwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blēwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blāu
Old English: blāw, blēo, *blǣ(w) (only attested with i-mutation in blǣhǣwen and blǣwen), possibly in placenames (Blauuefelda , Blafelda, Blowedoune, Blouhulle)
Middle English: bloo, blo
English: blow
Old Frisian: blāu, blāw
North Frisian: bla, blö
Saterland Frisian: blau
West Frisian: blau
Old Saxon: blāo, blāu
Middle Low German: blâ, blâw, blauwe
Low German: blau, blaag, bloe (dialectal)
Dutch Low Saxon: blauw
German Low German: blaag, blag, blau, blaug, blo', blao
Plautdietsch: bleiw
Old Dutch: *blāo
Middle Dutch: blau
Dutch: blauw
Afrikaans: blou
Berbice Creole Dutch: blau
Jersey Dutch: blāu
Negerhollands: blauw, blou, blau
Petjo: blaoe, blauw, blauwe
→ Lokono: barautho
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bláu
→ Indonesian: belau
→ Papiamentu: blou, blaauw
→ Sranan Tongo: blaw
Aukan: baaw
→ Caribbean Javanese: blau
→ Saramaccan: baáu
→ Warao: hebulau, jeburau
Limburgish: blów
Old High German: blāo
Middle High German: blā
Alemannic German: blaaw
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: plabe
Gottscheerish: blūb
Central Franconian: bloo, blau
Hunsrik: blau
Luxembourgish: blo
German: blau
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: bloh
Vilamovian: błöw
Yiddish: בלאָ (blo), בלוי (bloy)
→ Spanish: blao
→ Old French: bloe, blou, bleu, blu, blef, bleve
Bourguignon: blieu
Middle French: bleu
French: bleu
Haitian Creole: ble
→ Greek: μπλε (ble)
→ Italian: blu
→ Ladino: blu
Louisiana Creole: blé, ble
→ Dutch: bleu
Norman: bliû (Jersey), bllu, blleu
Walloon: bleu, bleuwe, blåwe
→ Middle English: blewe, blew, bleu, blue, blwe, blw, blyu
Scots: blew, blue
English: blue, blew, blewe (obsolete)
Tok Pisin: blu
→ Fiji Hindi: bulu
→ Shona: bhuluu
→ Somali: buluug
→ Swahili: bluu, buluu
→ Tooro: bururu
→ Sicilian: blu
→ Vulgar Latin: blāvus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: blár
Icelandic: blár
Faroese: bláur
Norn: blå
Norwegian Nynorsk: blå; (dialectal) blår, blår’e, blå’u
Norwegian Bokmål: blå
Jamtish: błá
Elfdalian: blå
Old Swedish: blār
Swedish: blå
Old Danish: blā
Danish: blå
Gutnish: blåar, blaar
Scanian: bláer
→ Middle English: bla, blaa, blo, bloo
Scots: blae, bla
English: blae

From Pre-Germanic *bʰleh₁wos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁-. Kroonen reconstructs an ablauting u-stem, *bʰléh₁-, *bʰl̥h₁- in order to reconcile the vowels of the Germanic word with Latin flāvus (“yellow”).


skauniz

skaunizô (comparative)
skaunistaz (superlative)
skauniz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skaunijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skaunī (feminine nominative singular strong)
skaunijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skaunį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skaunijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skaunijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skaunijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skaunijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skaunijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skaunį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skaunijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skaunijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skaunīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
skaunijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skaunijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skaunijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skaunijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skaunīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
skaunijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skaunijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skaunijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skaunijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skaunijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skaunijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skaunijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skaunijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skaunijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skaunijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skaunijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skaunijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skaunijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skaunijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skaunijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skaunijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skaunijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skaunijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skaunijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skaunijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skaunijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skaunijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skaunijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skaunijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skaunijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skaunīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skaunijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skaunijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skaunijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skaunīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skaunijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skaunīni (dative masculine singular weak)
skaunijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skaunijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skaunijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skaunīni (dative neuter singular weak)
skaunijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skaunīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skaunijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skaunijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skaunijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skaunīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skaunijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaunī
Old English: sċīene, sċēne, sċēone, sċīne, sċīone, sċȳne
Middle English: schene, schen, schone, shone
English: sheen
Scots: schene, scheine
Old Frisian: skēne
North Frisian: schien
Saterland Frisian: skeen
West Frisian: skjin
Old Saxon: skōni
Middle Low German: schö̂ne
Low German: schöön
Altmärkisch: schön
Bremisch: schön (substantivised: (dat) Schöne n)
Dithmarsisch: schön
Hamburgisch: scheun
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: schön
Ostfälisch: schöne (schön)
Westfälisch:
Lippisch: scheun
Münsterländisch: schön
Paderbornisch: schoin
Ravensbergisch: schåün
Sauerländisch: schoine, scho̊n
Westmünsterländisch: schöön
Plautdietsch: scheen
→ Old Swedish: skön
Swedish: skön
→ Danish: skøn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjønn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjønn
Old Dutch: scōni
Middle Dutch: schône
Dutch: schoon
Afrikaans: skoon
→ West Frisian: skoan
Limburgish: sjoen, sjoean, sjuun, sjun
Old High German: scōni
Middle High German: schœne
Bavarian: schee
Cimbrian: söon, schümma (Luserna)
Mòcheno: schea'
Central Franconian: schün
Hunsrik: scheen
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: scheene
Volhynian German: scheen
East Franconian: schee
German: schön
→ Central Franconian: schön, schien
Luxembourgish: schéin
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: schee
Palatine German: schee, schää, schään
Pennsylvania German: schee
Yiddish: שיין (sheyn)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (skauns)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaunis (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *skowh₁nis, a verbal adjective originally meaning "watchable", derived from a lost strong verb *skawaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive, pay attention”).


felauz

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (filaus)


lītilaz

minnizô (comparative)
minnistaz (superlative)
lītilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lītilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lītilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lītilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lītilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lītilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lītilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lītilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lītilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lītilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lītilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lītilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lītilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lītilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lītilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lītilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lītilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lītilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lītilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lītilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lītilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lītilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lītilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lītilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lītilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lītilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lītilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lītilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lītilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lītilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lītilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lītilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lītilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lītilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lītilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lītilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lītilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lītilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lītilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lītilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lītilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lītilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lītiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lītilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lītilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lītilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lītiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lītilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lītilini (dative masculine singular weak)
lītilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lītilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lītilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lītilini (dative neuter singular weak)
lītilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lītilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lītilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lītilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lītilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lītilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lītilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*lītilaz (a-stem)

desctree

Old Norse: lítill
Icelandic: lítill
Faroese: lítil
Norn: litel
Norwegian Nynorsk: liten
Elfdalian: litn
Old Swedish: lītil, lītin
Swedish: lilla, liten
Danish: lille, liden
Norwegian Bokmål: liten

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (leitils)

Crimean Gothic: lista

small, little (alternative form of *lūtilaz)


stainaz

stainaz (nominative singular)
stainōz (nominative plural)
stainōs (nominative plural)
stain (singular vocative)
stainōz (plural vocative)
stainōs (plural vocative)
stainą (accusative singular)
stainanz (accusative plural)
stainas (genitive singular)
stainis (genitive singular)
stainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stainai (dative singular)
stainamaz (dative plural)
stainō (instrumental singular)
stainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stain
Old English: stān
Middle English: ston, stan, stane, stoan, stone, stoon, stoone
English: stone (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: styen
Scots: stane
Yola: sthoan
→ Anglo-Norman: ston
Old Frisian: stēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: stian
Goesharde: stiin
Halligen: stian
Heligoland: Stean
Mooring: stiinj
Sylt: Stiin
Wiedingharde: stiin
Saterland Frisian: Steen
West Frisian: stien
Old Saxon: stēn
Middle Low German: stên, stein
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Steen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Stëin
Lippisch: Steun
Sauerländisch: Stäin, Stoin, Stǟn, Stain, Steyn
Westmünsterländisch: Steen
Plautdietsch: Steen
Old Dutch: stēn
Middle Dutch: stêen
Dutch: steen
Afrikaans: steen
→ Sotho: setene
→ Southern Ndebele: isitina
→ Zulu: isitini
Fanagalo: stin
Berbice Creole Dutch: ten
Negerhollands: steen, stin, sten
→ Virgin Islands Creole: sten (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: stene, stenna
→ Papiamentu: stenchi (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: stein
Old High German: stein
Middle High German: stein
Alemannic German: Steei
Swabian: Schdoi, Schdoa
Bavarian: Staa, Stan, Stoa, Stoan, Stuan
Central Franconian: Stään, Steen, Stein
Hunsrik: Steen, xtayn
Transylvanian Saxon: Stien
German: Stein
Luxembourgish: Steen
Vilamovian: śtan
Yiddish: שטיין (shteyn)

Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ)
Old Norse: steinn, ᛋᛏᛡᛁᚾ (stᴀin), ᛋᛏᛅᛁᚾ (stain), ᛋᛏᛁᚾ (stin), stæinn — Old East Norse
Icelandic: steinn
Faroese: steinur
Norn: stenn, sten
Norwegian Nynorsk: stein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: stein
Jamtish: stein
Elfdalian: stien
Old Swedish: stēn
Swedish: sten
Old Danish: stēn
Scanian: stén
Danish: sten
Norwegian Bokmål: sten
Old Gutnish: stain
Gutnish: stain
→ Middle English: steinen, steynen
English: stain

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains)

From Pre-Germanic *stoyh₂nos, o-grade from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”). Compare Proto-Slavic *stěna (“cliff, rock”) and Ancient Greek στῖον (stîon, “pebble”).


triwwiz

triwwizô (comparative)
triwwistaz (superlative)
triwwiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
triwwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
triwwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
triwwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
triwwį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
triwwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
triwwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
triwwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
triwwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
triwwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
triwwį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
triwwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
triwwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
triwwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
triwwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
triwwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
triwwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
triwwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
triwwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
triwwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
triwwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
triwwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
triwwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
triwwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
triwwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
triwwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
triwwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
triwwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
triwwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
triwwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
triwwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
triwwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
triwwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
triwwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
triwwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
triwwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
triwwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
triwwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
triwwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
triwwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
triwwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
triwwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
triwwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
triwwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
triwwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
triwwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
triwwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
triwwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
triwwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
triwwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
triwwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
triwwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
triwwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
triwwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
triwwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
triwwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
triwwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
triwwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
triwwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
triwwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
triwwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
triwwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *triuwī
Old English: trīewe, trēowe
Middle English: treowe, trewe
Scots: trew
English: true
Old Frisian: triūwe, triōwe
Saterland Frisian: trjou
West Frisian: trou
Old Saxon: triuwi
Low German: truu
Plautdietsch: tru
Low German: treu
Old Dutch: *triuwi
Middle Dutch: trouwe
Dutch: trouw
Afrikaans: trou
Old High German: triuwi
Middle High German: triuwe
Alemannic German: trüüw
German: treu
Luxembourgish: trei

Old Norse: tryggr

Icelandic: tryggur

Faroese: tryggur

Norwegian: trygg

Old Swedish: trygger

Swedish: trygg

Danish: tryg

→ Middle English: trig

Scots: trig

English: trig

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (triggws)

From Proto-Indo-European *drew-, *deru- (“firm, hard, solid, faithful, true”).


mikilaz

maizô (comparative)
maistaz (superlative)
mikilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mikilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mikilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mikilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mikilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mikilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mikilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mikilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mikilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mikilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mikilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mikilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mikilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mikilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mikilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mikilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mikilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mikilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mikilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mikilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mikilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mikilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mikilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mikilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mikilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mikilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mikilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mikilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mikilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mikilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mikilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mikilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mikilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mikilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mikilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mikilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mikilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mikilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mikilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mikilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mikilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mikilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mikiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mikilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mikilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mikilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mikiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mikilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mikilini (dative masculine singular weak)
mikilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mikilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mikilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mikilini (dative neuter singular weak)
mikilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mikilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mikilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mikilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mikilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mikilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mikilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*mikilaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *mikil
Old English: miċel, myċel, micil
Middle English: muchel, michel, mickle, mikel, mochel, mochell, mukel, muche (apocopated form)
English: much
Geordie English: mickle, muckle
Scots: mickle, mikil, mekil, mukill, muckle
Yola: mucha, muche, much
Old Saxon: mikil
Middle Low German: mēkel, mikel, michel
⇒ Middle Low German: Mēkelenborch
German Low German: Mękelnborg
→ German: Mecklenburg, Meklenburg , Meckelnburg, Mekelnburg, Meckelenburg
Old Dutch: mikil
Middle Dutch: mēkel
Dutch: mekel (archaic)
Old High German: mihhil
Middle High German: michel
German: michel
→ Middle Low German: michel

Old Norse: mikill
Icelandic: mikill
Faroese: mikil
Norn: mikkel, mukkel
Norwegian Nynorsk: mykjen, myken (-n from acc. mikinn)
Old Swedish: mykil, mykin
Swedish: mycken (archaic)
Old Danish: mikin
Danish: megen
Norwegian Bokmål: megen
⇒ Old Norse: mikit n
Icelandic: mikið
Faroese: mikið
Norwegian Nynorsk: mykje, myket; (dialectal) mykji, mikje
Norwegian Bokmål: mye
Old Swedish: mykit
Swedish: mycket n
Old Danish: mikit n
Danish: meget
Norwegian Bokmål: meget

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 (mikils)

From Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (“big, great”) + *-ilaz. The suffix may have been added due to analogy with *lītilaz/*lūtilaz (“little”), but it also might be old: compare Proto-Celtic *maglos and Ancient Greek μεγᾰ́λος (megálos).


felu

Originally the neuter singular form of older *feluz (“many”), from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, derived from the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognate with Latin plūs, Ancient Greek πολύς (polús).


felu

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *felu
Old English: fela, feola, fiolu, feolu, feolo, fala, feola — Mercian
Middle English: fele, fale, feel, fel, feole, vele, feala, fela, felæ, feola, veole (Early Middle English)
English: fele (obsolete)
Middle Scots: fele (poetic)
Old Frisian: felo, fele, fel
East Frisian:
Wangerooge Frisian: fêl, feyhl
Wursten Frisian: vlia
West Frisian: fel
Old Saxon: filu, filo
Middle Low German: vele, vil
Low German: veel
Old Dutch: filo
Middle Dutch: vele
Dutch: veel
Old High German: filu, vilu, filo, fila, vili
Middle High German: vil, vile
Alemannic German: viel
Swabian: viel
Bavarian: vui, vei, vii
Cimbrian: vil, viil, biil (Sette Comuni)
Viennese: vü
German: viel
Luxembourgish: vill
Yiddish: פֿיל (fil)

Old Norse: fjǫl-, fjǫlð (< ?)

Icelandic: fjöl-

Faroese: fjøl-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu)


tahrą

tahrą (nominative singular)
tagrō (nominative plural)
tahrą (singular vocative)
tagrō (plural vocative)
tahrą (accusative singular)
tagrō (accusative plural)
tahras (genitive singular)
tahris (genitive singular)
tagrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tahrai (dative singular)
tagramaz (dative plural)
tahrō (instrumental singular)
tagramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tahr
Old English: tēar, tæhher, tǣr, teagor
Middle English: teer, teere, ter, tere, tær, tear (Early Middle English), tyer, tyear, tyar (Kent)
English: tear
Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir
Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir
Old Frisian: tār
Old High German: zahar, zahhar
Middle High German: zahar, zeher
Central Middle High German: zār ⇒ zære pl
German: Zähre sg
→ Italian: zacchera
→ Middle Low German: zâhē, zaahe

Old Norse: tár
Icelandic: tár
Faroese: tár
Norwegian Bokmål: tåre
Norwegian Nynorsk: tåre
Old Swedish: tār
Swedish: tår
Danish: tåre (“tear”), tår (“drop of liquid”)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂 (tagr)