armāną

armō (active first-person indicative singular)
armaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
armai (active imperative second-person singular)
armāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
armaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
armāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
armāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
armōs (active dual first-person indicative)
armāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
armāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
armāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
armānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
armaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
armaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
armānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
armānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
armānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
armānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
armadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
armadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
armadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
armadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
armadē (active indicative singular third-person)
armadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
armadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
armadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
armadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
armadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
armadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
armadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
armadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
armadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
armadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
armadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
armāndz (active participle present)
armadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *armēn
Old English: earmian
Old Saxon: armōn
Middle Low German: armen
Old Dutch: *armon
Middle Dutch: armen
Old High German: armēn
Middle High German: armen

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌽 (arman)

Vandalic: *arman


burgijaną

burgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
burgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
burgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
burgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgī (active imperative second-person singular)
burgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
burgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
burgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
burgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
burgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
burgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
burgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
burgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
burgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
burgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
burgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
burgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burgijandz (active participle present)
burgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *burgijan
Old English: byrġan
Middle English: berien, burien
English: bury

Old Norse: byrgja

Icelandic: byrgja

Faroese: byrgja

Old Swedish: byrghia, børghia

desc

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*baurgjan), *𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*bibaurgjan) implied by 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (bibaurgeins)

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *bʰr̥gʰye-, from the root of *berganą (“to preserve”).


burgijaną

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *burgijan
Old English: *byrġan
⇒ Old English: onbyrġan
Old High German: *burgen
⇒ Old High German: untarburgen
Middle High German: bürgen
German: bürgen

Old Norse: *byrgja

⇒ Old Norse: ábyrgja

Icelandic: ábyrgja

From *burgaz (“promise, debt”) + *-janą, or *burgijô (“surety”) + *-janą.


þanjaną

þanjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þanjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þanisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þanjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þani (active imperative second-person singular)
þanjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þanjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þaniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þanjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þanjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þanjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þanjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þanjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þanjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þanjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þanjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þanjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þanjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þanjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þanjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þanjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þaniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þanjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þaniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þanjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þanjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þanjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þanjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þanjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þanjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þanjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þanidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þanidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þanidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þanidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þanidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þanidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þanidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þanidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þanidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þanidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þanidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þanidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þanidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þanidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þanidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þanjandz (active participle present)
þanidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þannjan
Old English: þennan
Middle English: thinnen
Old Frisian: *thenna, *thena
Saterland Frisian: diene; deenje
Old Saxon: thennian
Middle Low German: dennen, dēnen
Old Dutch: thennen
Middle Dutch: dēnen
Old High German: thenen, thennen, denen, dennen
Middle High German: denen, dennen
German: dehnen
→ Luxembourgish: deenen

Old Norse: þenja

Icelandic: þenja

Faroese: tenja

Norn: tana

Norwegian Nynorsk: tenja

Old Swedish: þænia

Swedish: tänja

Gutnish: täne, tän', täna

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ufþanjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *tonéyeti, from *ten-.


ananą

anō (active first-person indicative singular)
anaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
anai (first-person indicative passive singular)
anizi (active indicative second-person singular)
anaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
an (active imperative second-person singular)
anazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
anaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
anidi (active indicative singular third-person)
anai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
anadau (active imperative singular third-person)
anadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
anaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
anōz (active dual first-person indicative)
anaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
anadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
anaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
anadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
anamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
anaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
anandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
anaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
anid (active indicative plural second-person)
anaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
anid (active imperative plural second-person)
anandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
anaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
anandi (active indicative plural third-person)
anain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anandau (active imperative plural third-person)
anandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
anaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ōn (active first-person indicative singular)
ōnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōnt (active indicative second-person singular)
ōnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōn (active indicative singular third-person)
ōnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōnū (active dual first-person indicative)
ōnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōnum (active first-person indicative plural)
ōnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōnud (active indicative plural second-person)
ōnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōnun (active indicative plural third-person)
ōnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
anandz (active participle present)
ananaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: *𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*anan) (in 𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (uzanan))

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).


hneusaną

hneusō (active first-person indicative singular)
hneusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hneusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hneusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneus (active imperative second-person singular)
hneusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hneusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hneusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hneusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hneusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hneusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hneusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hneusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hneusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hneusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hneusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hneusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hneusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hneusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hneusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniusid (active indicative plural second-person)
hneusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniusid (active imperative plural second-person)
hneusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hneusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hneusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hneusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hneusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hneusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaus (active first-person indicative singular)
hnuzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaust (active indicative second-person singular)
hnuzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaus (active indicative singular third-person)
hnuzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnuzū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnuzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnuzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnuzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnuzum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnuzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnuzud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnuzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnuzun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnuzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneusandz (active participle present)
hnuzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hneusan
Old English: *hnēosan (possibly a loan)
Middle English: nesen
English: neeze
Scots: nese, neese
Old Saxon: *hniosan
Middle Low German: nēsen, neisen
Old Dutch: *niesan
Middle Dutch: niesen
Dutch: niezen
Afrikaans: nies
Old High German: niosan
Middle High German: niesen
German: niesen
Yiddish: ניסן (nisn)

Old Norse: hnjósa

Icelandic: hnjósa

Faroese: njósa

Norwegian Bokmål: nyse

Norwegian Nynorsk: nyse

Old Swedish: niūsa

Swedish: nysa, njusa

Danish: nyse

From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants. Forms with initial h- may show interference from Proto-Indo-European *(s)knus- (“to sneeze”).


fneusaną

fneusō (active first-person indicative singular)
fneusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fneusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fniusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fneusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fneus (active imperative second-person singular)
fneusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fneusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fniusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fneusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fneusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fneusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fneusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fneusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fneusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fneusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fneusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fneusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fneusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fneusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fneusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fneusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fniusid (active indicative plural second-person)
fneusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fniusid (active imperative plural second-person)
fneusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fneusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fneusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fneusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fneusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fneusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fneusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fnaus (active first-person indicative singular)
fnuzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fnaust (active indicative second-person singular)
fnuzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fnaus (active indicative singular third-person)
fnuzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fnuzū (active dual first-person indicative)
fnuzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fnuzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fnuzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fnuzum (active first-person indicative plural)
fnuzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fnuzud (active indicative plural second-person)
fnuzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fnuzun (active indicative plural third-person)
fnuzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fneusandz (active participle present)
fnuzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fneusan
Old English: fnēosan
Middle English: snesen, fnesen, fnese, sniesen, snese
English: sneeze
Scots: sneeze, sneesh
Old Dutch: *fniesan
Middle Dutch: fniesen
Dutch: fniezen
Old High German: *fniosan, *fnūsan
Middle High German: phnūsen, pfnūsen, *snūsen, phūsen
German: pfnausen (archaic)
⇒ Middle High German: snūsen n (noun)

Old Norse: *fnjósa, fnýsa

Icelandic: fnýsa

Faroese: fnýsa

Norwegian: fnysa (dialectal)

Swedish: fnysa

Danish: fnyse

From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants.


baitaz

baitaz (nominative singular)
baitōz (nominative plural)
baitōs (nominative plural)
bait (singular vocative)
baitōz (plural vocative)
baitōs (plural vocative)
baitą (accusative singular)
baitanz (accusative plural)
baitas (genitive singular)
baitis (genitive singular)
baitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baitai (dative singular)
baitamaz (dative plural)
baitō (instrumental singular)
baitamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bait
Old English: bāt
Middle English: bot, bate, bat, bote, boot, boet, boyt, bootte, boote
English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot
Scots: bate, bait
→ Middle Dutch: boot
Dutch: boot
Afrikaans: boot
→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott
Low German: Boot
Plautdietsch: Boot
→ German: Boot
→ North Frisian: böötj
→ Saterland Frisian: Boot
→ West Frisian: boat
→ Catalan: bot
→ Galician: bote
→ Old French: bot
→ Portuguese: bote
→ Spanish: bote
→ Cebuano: bote
→ Old Norse: bátr (see there for further descendants)
→ Old French: batel (see there for further descendants)
→ Middle Irish: bát
Irish: bád
Scottish Gaelic: bàta
Manx: baatey
→ Latin: battus
→ Welsh: bad
Old Dutch: *bēt
⇒ Old Dutch: *beitil (diminutive)
Middle Dutch: beitel

Old Norse: beit

Icelandic: beit

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to break, split”).


flahaną

flahō (active first-person indicative singular)
flahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flah (active imperative second-person singular)
flahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flahid (active indicative plural second-person)
flahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flahid (active imperative plural second-person)
flahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flōh (active first-person indicative singular)
flōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flōht (active indicative second-person singular)
flōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flōh (active indicative singular third-person)
flōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
flōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
flōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
flōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
flōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flahandz (active participle present)
flaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flahan
Old English: flēan
Middle English: flen
English: flay
Old Dutch: *flān
Middle Dutch: vlâen
West Flemish: vlaan

Old Norse: flá
Icelandic: flá
Faroese: fláa
Norwegian: flå
Old Swedish: flā
Swedish: flå
Old Danish: flaa
Danish: flå

From Pre-Germanic *plok-. Kroonen connects with Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx, “plane, plain, something flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, broad, plain”), sharing several Germanic cognates with Proto-Germanic *flaką (“something flat”); more at English flake.


bakaną

bakō (active first-person indicative singular)
bakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bak (active imperative second-person singular)
bakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bakid (active indicative plural second-person)
bakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bakid (active imperative plural second-person)
bakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bōk (active first-person indicative singular)
bōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bōht (active indicative second-person singular)
bōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bōk (active indicative singular third-person)
bōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
bōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
bōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
bōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
bōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bakandz (active participle present)
bakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bakan
Old English: bacan
Middle English: baken, bakyn, bake, bakenn
English: bake
Scots: bake
→ Irish: bácáil
Old Frisian: *baka, *bakka
North Frisian:
Amrum, Feer: baag
Hoolmer, Mooring, Ockholm: bååge
Langenhorn, Hoorninger, Wiedingharder: baage
Sylt: baak
Saterland Frisian: boake
West Frisian: bakke
Old Saxon: bakkan
Middle Low German: backen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: backen
Sauerländisch: backen
Westmünsterländisch: backen
Plautdietsch: baken
Old Dutch: *bakan, *bakkan
Middle Dutch: baken, backen
Dutch: bakken
→ Sranan Tongo: baka
Old High German: bahhan, backan
Middle High German: bachen, backen
Bavarian: båchn
German: backen, (early, dialectal) bachen
Luxembourgish: baken
Yiddish: באַקן (bakn)

Old Norse: baka
Icelandic: baka
Faroese: baka
Norn: båke
Norwegian Nynorsk: baka
Elfdalian: båkå
Old Swedish: baka
Swedish: baka
Danish: bage
Norwegian Bokmål: bake
Old Gutnish: baka
Gutnish: bake

From Pre-Germanic *bʰh₃g-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₃g- (“to roast, bake”). Related to Ancient Greek φώγω (phṓgō, “to roast”).


gernaz

gernô (adverb)
gernaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gernai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gernō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gernôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gerną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gernō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gernanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gernanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gernǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gernōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gerną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gernō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gernas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gernaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gernaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gernaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gernas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gernaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gernammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gernaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gernaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gernaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gernammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gernaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gernanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gernaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gernaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gernaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gernanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gernaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gernô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gernaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gernǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gernōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gernô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gernōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gernanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gernanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gernōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gernōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gernô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gernōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gerniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gernanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gernōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gernōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gerniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gernanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gernini (dative masculine singular weak)
gernammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gernōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gernōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gernini (dative neuter singular weak)
gernammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gerninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gernammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gernōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gernōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gerninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gernammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*gernaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gern
Old English: ġeorn
Middle English: ȝeorn, yern
English: yern (obsolete)
Old Saxon: gern
Old High German: gern, gerni
Middle High German: gern, gerne

Old Norse: gjarn
Icelandic: gjarn
Faroese: gjarnur
Old Swedish: giærn

>? Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (*gairns)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kërnas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰer-. Cognate with Ancient Greek χαίρω (khaírō, “to be very glad”) and Latin horior (“to encourage”).


swabjaną

swabjō (active first-person indicative singular)
swabjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swabjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swabisi (active indicative second-person singular)
swabjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swabi (active imperative second-person singular)
swabjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swabjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swabiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
swabjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swabjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
swabjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swabjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swabjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
swabjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swabjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swabjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swabjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swabjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swabjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swabjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swabjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swabiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
swabjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swabiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
swabjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swabjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swabjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
swabjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swabjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
swabjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swabjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swabidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
swabidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swabidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
swabidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swabidē (active indicative singular third-person)
swabidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swabidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
swabidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swabidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swabidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swabidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
swabidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swabidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
swabidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swabidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
swabidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swabjandz (active participle present)
swabidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swabbjan
Old English: swebban
Middle English: swebben
English: sweb
Old Saxon: swebbian
Old High German: swebben, sweppen
⇒ Old High German: inswebben

Old Norse: svefja

Icelandic: svefja


frawardijaną

frawardijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frawardijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawardijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frawardīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frawardijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawardī (active imperative second-person singular)
frawardijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frawardijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frawardīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frawardijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawardijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frawardijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frawardijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frawardijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frawardijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawardijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawardijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawardijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frawardijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frawardijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawardijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frawardijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frawardīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frawardijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawardīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frawardijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frawardijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frawardijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frawardijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawardijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frawardijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frawardijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frawardidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frawardidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawardidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frawardidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawardidē (active indicative singular third-person)
frawardidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawardidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frawardidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawardidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawardidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawardidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frawardidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawardidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frawardidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawardidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frawardidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawardijandz (active participle present)
frawardidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frawardijan
Old English: forwierdan
Old Dutch: farwerden
Middle Dutch: verwerden
Old High German: farwerten

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (frawardjan)


frawerþaną

frawerþō (active first-person indicative singular)
frawerþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawerþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frawirþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frawerþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawerþ (active imperative second-person singular)
frawerþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frawerþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frawirþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frawerþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawerþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frawerþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frawerþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frawerþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frawerþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawerþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawerþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawerþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frawerþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frawerþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawerþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frawerþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frawirþid (active indicative plural second-person)
frawerþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawirþid (active imperative plural second-person)
frawerþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frawerþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frawerþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frawerþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawerþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frawerþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frawerþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frawarþ (active first-person indicative singular)
frawurdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frawarst (active indicative second-person singular)
frawurdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frawarþ (active indicative singular third-person)
frawurdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frawurdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frawurdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frawurdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frawurdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frawurdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frawurdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frawurdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frawurdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frawurdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frawurdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frawerþandz (active participle present)
frawurdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frawerþan
Old English: forweorþan
Middle English: forworthen
Scots: forworth
English: forworth
Old Frisian: urwertha
Old Saxon: farwerthan
Old Dutch: *farwerthan
Middle Dutch: verwerden
Dutch: verworden
Old High German: firwerdan

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 (frawairþan)


tōlą

tōlą (nominative singular)
tōlō (nominative plural)
tōlą (singular vocative)
tōlō (plural vocative)
tōlą (accusative singular)
tōlō (accusative plural)
tōlas (genitive singular)
tōlis (genitive singular)
tōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tōlai (dative singular)
tōlamaz (dative plural)
tōlō (instrumental singular)
tōlamiz (instrumental plural)

q

Old English: tōl (possibly inherited from Proto-West Germanic, but since the term is not attested in other West Germanic languages, perhaps borrowed from Old Norse)

Middle English: tool, tole, tol

Scots: tule, tuil

English: tool

Old Norse: tól

Icelandic: tól

Faroese: tól

Norn: tøl

Norwegian Nynorsk: tol

Old Swedish: tōl (in compounds)

Perhaps from earlier *taudlą, from Proto-Indo-European *dowh₂-dʰlo-m, from *dewh₂- (“to tie to; secure”). If so, equivalent to *tawjaną + *-þlą.


hwazuh

hwazuh (masculine nominative singular)
hwōhw (feminine nominative singular)
hwatuh (neuter nominative singular)
hwanǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
hwǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
hwatuh (accusative neuter singular)
hwesuh (genitive masculine singular)
hwezōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
hwesuh (genitive neuter singular)
hwammaihw (dative masculine singular)
hwezōihw (dative feminine singular)
hwammaihw (dative neuter singular)
hwēhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwīhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwezōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
hwēhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwīhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwōhw (instrumental neuter singular)

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌿𐌷 (ƕazuh)

From *hwaz + *-hw. Cognate with Latin quisque.

(East Germanic) each, everyone, everything


hwaþerazuh

gem-decl-adj-table

*hwaþeraz (a-stem, strong only)

hwaþerazuh (masculine nominative singular)
hwaþeraihw (masculine nominative plural)
hwaþerōhw (feminine nominative singular)
hwaþerôzuh (feminine nominative plural)
hwaþerahw (neuter nominative singular)
hwaþerōhw (neuter nominative plural)
hwaþeranǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
hwaþeranzuh (accusative masculine plural)
hwaþerǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
hwaþerōzuh (accusative feminine plural)
hwaþerahw (accusative neuter singular)
hwaþerōhw (accusative neuter plural)
hwaþerasuh (genitive masculine singular)
-isuh (genitive masculine singular)
hwaþeraizǫ̂hw (genitive masculine plural)
hwaþeraizōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
hwaþeraizǫ̂hw (feminine genitive plural)
hwaþerasuh (genitive neuter singular)
-isuh (genitive neuter singular)
hwaþeraizǫ̂hw (genitive neuter plural)
hwaþerammaihw (dative masculine singular)
hwaþeraimazuh (dative masculine plural)
hwaþeraizōiuh (dative feminine singular)
hwaþeraimazuh (dative feminine plural)
hwaþerammaihw (dative neuter singular)
hwaþeraimazuh (dative neuter plural)
hwaþeranōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwaþeraimizuh (instrumental masculine plural)
hwaþeraizōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
hwaþeraimizuh (feminine instrumental plural)
hwaþeranōhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwaþeraimizuh (instrumental neuter plural)

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 (ƕaþaruh)


hwarjazuh

*hwarjaz (a-stem, strong only)

hwarjazuh (masculine nominative singular)
hwarjaihw (masculine nominative plural)
hwarjōhw (feminine nominative singular)
hwarjôzuh (feminine nominative plural)
hwarjahw (neuter nominative singular)
hwarjōhw (neuter nominative plural)
hwarjanǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
hwarjanzuh (accusative masculine plural)
hwarjǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
hwarjōzuh (accusative feminine plural)
hwarjahw (accusative neuter singular)
hwarjōhw (accusative neuter plural)
hwarjasuh (genitive masculine singular)
-isuh (genitive masculine singular)
hwarjaizǫ̂hw (genitive masculine plural)
hwarjaizōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
hwarjaizǫ̂hw (feminine genitive plural)
hwarjasuh (genitive neuter singular)
-isuh (genitive neuter singular)
hwarjaizǫ̂hw (genitive neuter plural)
hwarjammaihw (dative masculine singular)
hwarjaimazuh (dative masculine plural)
hwarjaizōiuh (dative feminine singular)
hwarjaimazuh (dative feminine plural)
hwarjammaihw (dative neuter singular)
hwarjaimazuh (dative neuter plural)
hwarjanōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwarjaimizuh (instrumental masculine plural)
hwarjaizōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
hwarjaimizuh (feminine instrumental plural)
hwarjanōhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwarjaimizuh (instrumental neuter plural)

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐌶𐌿𐌷 (ƕarjizuh)

From *hwarjaz + *-hw. Compare Latin quisque.


hwaruh

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 (ƕaruh)


pūkô

pūkô (nominative singular)
pūkaniz (nominative plural)
pūkô (singular vocative)
pūkaniz (plural vocative)
pūkanų (accusative singular)
pūkanunz (accusative plural)
pūkiniz (genitive singular)
pūkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pūkini (dative singular)
pūkammaz (dative plural)
pūkinē (instrumental singular)
pūkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pūkō

desctree

Old English: pūca
Middle English: pouke, ppoke, powke, puke
English: puck, Puck
>? English: pug
→? Cornish: bucca
→ English: bucca
→ Welsh: pwca

Old Frisian: *pūka

Saterland Frisian: Puk

>? Dutch: peuk, puk

Old Norse: púki

Icelandic: púki

Faroese: púki

Norwegian: pokker

Old Swedish: pūke
Swedish: puke; ⇒ skråpuke, ⇒ skråpuk

Danish: pokker

→ Latvian: pūķis

→? Old Irish: púca

Irish: púca
→? Cornish: bucca
→ English: bucca
→ English: pooka, puka

Uncertain. Possibly related to *spōk, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pāuǵ-, *(s)pāug- (“brilliance; spectre”) with unusually late loss of the s-mobile (after Grimm's law), but this still suffers other phonetic problems as well as probably semantic ones. Perhaps of substrate origin, or imitative like English boo.

sound-symbolic

imitative

onomatopoeic

like


hrōpaną

hrōpō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrōpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrōpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrōpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrōp (active imperative second-person singular)
hrōpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrōpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrōpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrōpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrōpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrōpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrōpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrōpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrōpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrōpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrōpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrōpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrōpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrōpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrōpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrōpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrōpid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrōpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrōpid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrōpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrōpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrōpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrōpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrōpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrōpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrōpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehrōp (active first-person indicative singular)
hehrōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehrōft (active indicative second-person singular)
hehrōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehrōp (active indicative singular third-person)
hehrōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehrōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehrōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehrōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehrōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehrōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehrōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehrōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehrōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehrōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehrōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrōpandz (active participle present)
hrōpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōpan
Old English: hrōpan
Middle English: ropen, rope, roupe, rupe
English: roop, roup
Scots: roup; croup
→ English: croup
→ Dutch: kroep
→ French: croup
Old Frisian: hrōpa
Saterland Frisian: ropa
Saterland Frisian: roupe
West Frisian: roppe
Old Saxon: hrōpan
Middle Low German: rôpen
German Low German: ropen
Old Dutch: ruopan
Middle Dutch: roepen
Dutch: roepen (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: rope
Old High German: ruofan, hruofan
Middle High German: ruofen
Bavarian: ruafn
Central Franconian: rofe
German: rufen
Luxembourgish: ruffen
Yiddish: רופֿן (rufn)

Old Norse: hrópa

Icelandic: hrópa

Faroese: rópa

Norwegian: rope

Old Swedish: rōpa

Swedish: ropa

Danish: råbe

Probably from the same root as Ancient Greek κόραξ (kórax), Latin corvus (“raven”), Lithuanian šárka (“magpie”) in the sense of "caw".


kraftuz

kraftuz (nominative singular)
kraftiwiz (nominative plural)
kraftu (singular vocative)
kraftiwiz (plural vocative)
kraftų (accusative singular)
kraftunz (accusative plural)
kraftauz (genitive singular)
kraftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kraftiwi (dative singular)
kraftumaz (dative plural)
kraftū (instrumental singular)
kraftumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kraftu
Old English: cræft m
Middle English: craft, creft
English: craft
Scots: craft
Old Frisian: kreft, kraft f
Saterland Frisian: Kraft
West Frisian: krêft
Old Saxon: kraft m or f
Middle Low German: kraft, kracht
German Low German: Kraft, Kracht
Low German: kraft
Plautdietsch: Krauft
Old Dutch: craft f or m
Middle Dutch: cracht, craft
Dutch: kracht
Afrikaans: krag
Limburgish: krach
Old High German: kraft f or m
Middle High German: kraft
Bavarian: Kråft
German: Kraft
Hunsrik: Kraft
Luxembourgish: Kraaft
Mòcheno: kròft
Vilamovian: kraoft
Yiddish: קראַפֿט (kraft)

Old Norse: kraptr, krǫptr
Icelandic: kraftur
Faroese: kraft, kraftur
Norwegian: kraft
Elfdalian: kraft
Old Swedish: krapter
Swedish: kraft
Danish: kraft


snellaz

*snellaz (a-stem)

snellaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
snellai (masculine nominative plural strong)
snellō (feminine nominative singular strong)
snellôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
snellą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
snellō (neuter nominative plural strong)
snellanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
snellanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
snellǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
snellōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
snellą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
snellō (accusative neuter plural strong)
snellas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
snellaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
snellaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
snellaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
snellas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
snellaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
snellammai (dative masculine singular strong)
snellaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
snellaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
snellaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
snellammai (dative neuter singular strong)
snellaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
snellanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
snellaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
snellaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
snellaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
snellanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
snellaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
snellô (masculine nominative singular weak)
snellaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
snellǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
snellōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
snellô (neuter nominative singular weak)
snellōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
snellanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
snellanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
snellōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
snellōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
snellô (accusative neuter singular weak)
snellōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
snelliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
snellanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
snellōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
snellōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
snelliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
snellanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
snellini (dative masculine singular weak)
snellammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
snellōni (dative feminine singular weak)
snellōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
snellini (dative neuter singular weak)
snellammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
snellinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
snellammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
snellōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
snellōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
snellinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
snellammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *snell

Old English: snel, snell

Middle English: snell

English: snell

Scots: snell

Old Frisian: snel

West Frisian: snel

Old Saxon: snell, snel

Middle Low German: snell, snel

German Low German: snell

Old Dutch: *snel

Middle Dutch: snel, snell

Dutch: snel

Afrikaans: snel

gl

alternatively from Gothic <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">*𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌻𐍃</i> (*snills)

→ Vulgar Latin: *snellus (alternatively from Gothic *𐍃𐌽𐌹𐌻𐌻𐍃 (*snills))

Old French: esnel, isnel, inel

Middle French: isnel, ignel

Occitan: isnel, irnel

Italian: snello

Old High German: snel

Middle High German: snël

Alemannic German:

Alsatian: schnëll

Bavarian: schnej, schnö, schnöll

desctree

German: schnell
→ Russian: шнель (šnelʹ), шнеле (šnele), шнеля (šnelja, “quickly; go”)

Yiddish: שנעל (shnel)

Old Norse: snjallr

Icelandic: snjallur, snjall

Faroese: snjallur

Norwegian Bokmål: snill

Old Swedish: sniælder, snælder

Swedish: snäll

Old Danish: snialdær, sniældær, snildær, sniæll

Danish: snild

Gutnish: snäldar, snällar

Uncertain. Possibly from Pre-Germanic *snedʰlos, from Proto-Indo-European *snedʰ- (“to cut”), a root probably also attested in *snadō (“cut, wound”). If so, the meaning might have developed from "cutting" > "eager to cut" > "eager, active, quick, brave (in battle)". For the assimilation of -dl- to -ll-, see also *stallaz, *knullaz, *trullōną.


sanþaz

*sanþaz (a-stem)

sanþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sanþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sanþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sanþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sanþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sanþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sanþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sanþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sanþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sanþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sanþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sanþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sanþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sanþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sanþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sanþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sanþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sanþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sanþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sanþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sanþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sanþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sanþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sanþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sanþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sanþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sanþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sanþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sanþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sanþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sanþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sanþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sanþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sanþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sanþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sanþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sanþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sanþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sanþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sanþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sanþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sanþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sanþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sanþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sanþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sanþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sanþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sanþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sanþini (dative masculine singular weak)
sanþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sanþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sanþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sanþini (dative neuter singular weak)
sanþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sanþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sanþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sanþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sanþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sanþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sanþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sanþ
Old English: sōþ
Middle English: soth
English: sooth
Scots: suthe, suith
Old Frisian: sōth
Old Saxon: sōth

Old Norse: sannr, saðr
Icelandic: sannur, saður
Faroese: sannur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sann m (dialectal) sonn f, satt n
Norwegian Bokmål: sann
Old Swedish: sander
Swedish: sann
Danish: sand

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-ónt-s (“being, existing”), the present participle of *h₁es- (“to be”) (from which the present forms of *wesaną). Compare also *sundī (“guilt, misdeed”), an abstract noun derived from *h₁sóntih₂, genitive *h₁sn̥tyéh₂s, the feminine form of the participle.


ainafalþaz

*ainafalþaz (a-stem)

ainafalþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ainafalþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ainafalþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ainafalþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ainafalþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ainafalþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ainafalþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ainafalþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ainafalþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ainafalþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ainafalþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ainafalþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ainafalþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainafalþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ainafalþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ainafalþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ainafalþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainafalþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ainafalþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ainafalþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ainafalþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ainafalþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ainafalþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ainafalþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ainafalþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ainafalþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ainafalþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ainafalþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ainafalþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ainafalþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ainafalþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ainafalþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ainafalþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ainafalþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ainafalþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ainafalþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ainafalþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ainafalþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ainafalþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ainafalþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ainafalþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ainafalþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ainafalþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ainafalþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ainafalþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ainafalþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ainafalþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ainafalþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ainafalþini (dative masculine singular weak)
ainafalþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ainafalþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ainafalþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ainafalþini (dative neuter singular weak)
ainafalþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ainafalþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ainafalþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ainafalþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ainafalþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ainafalþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ainafalþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ainfald
Old English: ānfeald
Middle English: anfald, onfold
English: onefold
Scots: aefauld, aefald, aefaul (noun), ae-fald, ae-faul (adj)
Old Frisian: ēnfald
⇒ Saterland Frisian: eenfooldig, eenfooldich, eenfooltich, eenfoltig
⇒ West Frisian: ienfâldich
Old Saxon: ēnfald
Middle Low German: ênvālt, ênvōlt
German Low German: Eenfold (noun)
⇒ German Low German: eenfoldig
Old Dutch: *ēnfalt
Middle Dutch: eenvout
⇒ Middle Dutch: eenvoude (noun)
Dutch: eenvoud
⇒ Middle Dutch: einvoldeg, eenvuldich, eenvoudich
⇒ Dutch: eenvoudig
Old High German: einfalt
Middle High German: einvalt, einfalt
German: einfältig (Einfalt is a back-formation)

Old Norse: einfaldr

Icelandic: einfaldur

Faroese: einfaldur

Old Swedish: ēnfalder

Swedish: enfaldig

Danish: enfoldig

Gutnish: ainfaldur, ainfalduar

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (ainfalþs)

/ˈɑi̯.nɑ.ˌɸɑl.θɑz/

From *ainaz + *-falþaz. Compare Latin simplex (“folded once”).


hairaz

*hairaz (a-stem)

hairaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hairai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hairō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hairôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hairą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hairō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hairanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hairanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hairǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hairōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hairą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hairō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hairas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hairaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hairaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hairaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hairas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hairaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hairammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hairaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hairaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hairaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hairammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hairaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hairanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hairaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hairaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hairaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hairanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hairaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hairô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hairaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hairǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hairōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hairô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hairōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hairanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hairanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hairōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hairōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hairô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hairōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hairiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hairanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hairōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hairōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hairiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hairanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hairini (dative masculine singular weak)
hairammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hairōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hairōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hairini (dative neuter singular weak)
hairammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hairinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hairammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hairōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hairōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hairinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hairammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hair
Old English: hār
Middle English: hor
English: hoar
Scots: hare, hair
Old Frisian: hār
Old Dutch: hēr
Middle Dutch: heer
⇒ Middle Dutch: herlic
Dutch: heerlijk
Old High German: hēr
Middle High German: hēr
German: hehr

Old Norse: hárr
Icelandic: hár
Danish: hǫr
→? Old French: haraz (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: herru

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“grey, dark”). Cognate with Old Irish cīar (“dark”), probably Proto-Slavic *śěrъ (“gray”).

der

(figurative) aged; old; lofty; distinguished


swēraz

*swēraz (a-stem)

swēraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swērai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swērō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swērôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swērą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swērō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swēranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swēranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swērǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swērōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swērą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swērō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swēras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swēraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swēraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swēraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swēras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swēraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swērammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swēraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swēraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swēraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swērammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swēraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swēranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swēraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swēraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swēraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swēranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swēraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swērô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swēraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swērǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swērōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swērô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swērōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swēranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swēranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swērōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swērōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swērô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swērōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swēriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swēranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swērōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swērōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swēriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swēranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swērini (dative masculine singular weak)
swērammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swērōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swērōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swērini (dative neuter singular weak)
swērammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swērinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swērammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swērōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swērōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swērinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swērammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swār
Old English: swǣr
Middle English: swere, swær, swar, sware, swer, suere
English: sweer, swear, sweir, swere
Scots: sweir, sweer, swere
Old Frisian: swēr, swēre
North Frisian: swier
Saterland Frisian: sweer
West Frisian: swier
Old Saxon: swār, swāri
Middle Low German: swâr
German Low German: swar, swaar, swor; swer
→ Danish: svar
Old Dutch: *swār
Middle Dutch: swâer
Dutch: zwaar
Afrikaans: swaar
Berbice Creole Dutch: swari
Negerhollands: swaar, swar
Limburgish: zwaor
Zealandic: zwaer
Old High German: swār
Middle High German: swær, swǣre, swār, swēre, swēr
Alemannic German:
Swabian: schwär
Bavarian: schwar
German: schwer
Luxembourgish: schwéier
Vilamovian: świer
Yiddish: שווער (shver)

Old Norse: svárr

Icelandic: svár, sver (probably influenced by German schwer)

Faroese: svárur

Old Swedish: svār

Swedish: svår

Danish: svær (probably influenced by German schwer)

Norwegian: svær (probably influenced by German schwer)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐍃 (swērs)

Vṛddhi gerundive of an otherwise unattested strong verb *sweraną, from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“heavy”). Cognate with Lithuanian sver̃ti (“to weigh, balance”), Latvian svars (“weight”).


talō

talō (nominative singular)
talôz (nominative plural)
talō (singular vocative)
talôz (plural vocative)
talǭ (accusative singular)
talōz (accusative plural)
talōz (genitive singular)
talǫ̂ (genitive plural)
talōi (dative singular)
talōmaz (dative plural)
talō (instrumental singular)
talōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *talu
Old English: talu
Middle English: tale, tal, talle, taile, taille (chiefly Northern ME)
English: tale
Scots: tale
Yola: taale
Old Frisian: tale, tele
Saterland Frisian: Taal
West Frisian: taal
Old Saxon: tala
Middle Low German: tāle, tal
German Low German: Tahl, Tall
Old Dutch: *tala
Middle Dutch: tāle
Dutch: taal
Afrikaans: taal
West Flemish: toale
Old High German: zala
Middle High German: zale
German: Zahl
Hunsrik: Zaal
Luxembourgish: Zuel
Vilamovian: caoł
Yiddish: צאָל (tsol)

Old Norse: tala

Icelandic: tala

Faroese: tala

Norwegian: tale

Old Swedish: tala

Swedish: tala

Danish: tale

From Proto-Indo-European *dolH-éh₂ (“reckoning, calculation, fraud”), from the root *delH- (“to reckon, calculate”). Compare Ancient Greek δόλος (dólos, “trick(ery), deceit; bait”), Hittite talliije/azi (“to pray to, evoke (a deity)”), and Old Armenian տող (toł, “line, row”).


barną

barną (nominative singular)
barnō (nominative plural)
barną (singular vocative)
barnō (plural vocative)
barną (accusative singular)
barnō (accusative plural)
barnas (genitive singular)
barnis (genitive singular)
barnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barnai (dative singular)
barnamaz (dative plural)
barnō (instrumental singular)
barnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *barn
Old English: bearn, bern
Middle English: barn
English: barn (obsolete, dialectal)
Geordie English: bairn
Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn
Yola: barrn
Old Frisian: barn, bern
North Frisian: bjarn
Saterland Frisian: Bäiden, Bidden (Strukelje)
West Frisian: barn, bern
Old Saxon: barn
Old Dutch: *barn
Middle Dutch: baren
Old High German: barn, parn
Middle High German: barn

Old Norse: barn
Icelandic: barn
Faroese: barn
Norwegian Nynorsk: badn, barn, bonn, bån
Norwegian Bokmål: barn
Jamtish: bǫ́rn
Old Swedish: barn
Swedish: barn
Old Danish: barn
Danish: barn
Gutnish: ban

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽 (barn)

Crimean Gothic: baar

→ Proto-Samic: *pārnē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Cognate with Latvian bērns (“child”), Lithuanian bérnas (“lad, servant”), berniukas (“boy”).


drugą

drugą (nominative singular)
drugō (nominative plural)
drugą (singular vocative)
drugō (plural vocative)
drugą (accusative singular)
drugō (accusative plural)
drugas (genitive singular)
drugis (genitive singular)
drugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drugai (dative singular)
drugamaz (dative plural)
drugō (instrumental singular)
drugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drog
Old Frisian: *droch
North Frisian: drōch
Saterland Frisian: Drog m
Old Saxon: *drog
Middle Low German: droch
Westphalian:
Suerländer-Märkisch: Drǫg
Old Dutch: *drog
Middle Dutch: droch
⇒ Dutch: drogreden
⇒ Dutch: droggrond
⇒ Dutch: droglicht
Old High German: *trug, *trog
Middle High German: truc, troc m
German: Trug

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrugʰ-o-m, thematicized from *dʰréwk-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”) + *-s. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰrúkš (“lie, deceit”), and perhaps Proto-Celtic *drukos (“bad”).


hanapiz

hanapiz (nominative singular)
hanapīz (nominative plural)
hanapi (singular vocative)
hanapīz (plural vocative)
hanapį (accusative singular)
hanapinz (accusative plural)
hanapīz (genitive singular)
hanapijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanapī (dative singular)
hanapimaz (dative plural)
hanapī (instrumental singular)
hanapimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hanapi
Old English: henep, hænep
Middle English: hanep, henep, henepe, henpe, hempe, hemp
English: hemp
Scots: hemp, hempt
Old Frisian: *hanep, *hānp, *henep, *henp
Saterland Frisian: Hoamp
West Frisian: himp
Old Saxon: hanap, hanup
Middle Low German: hennep, hennip, hēnep, henp
German Low German: Hämp
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Hannop (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: Hamp (Ravensberger)
Old Dutch: *hanap, *henep
Middle Dutch: hannep, hennep, hanep, hennip
Dutch: hennep
Afrikaans: hennep
Old High German: hanaf, hanif
Middle High German: hanef, hanif, hanf
Alemannic German: Hamf
German: Hanf
→ Luxembourgish: Hanf
→ Low German: Hanf, Hannef
Luxembourgish: Hunnef (dated)
Yiddish: האַנף (hanf)

Old Norse: hampr

Icelandic: hampur

Faroese: hampur

Norwegian: hamp

Old Swedish: hamper, hampa

Swedish: hampa
→ Finnish: hamppu

Elfdalian: ampa

Danish: hamp

Gutnish: hamp, amp

A Kulturwort of unknown ultimate origin. See Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis) for more. Although a loanword, it was borrowed early enough for the word to be affected by Grimm's law, shifting *k to *h and *b to *p.

unk

unknown


breutaną

breutō (active first-person indicative singular)
breutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
breutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
breutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breut (active imperative second-person singular)
breutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
breutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
breutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
breutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
breutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
breutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
breutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
breutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
breutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
breutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
breutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
breutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
breutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
breutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
breutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briutid (active indicative plural second-person)
breutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briutid (active imperative plural second-person)
breutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
breutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
breutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
breutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
breutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
breutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
braut (active first-person indicative singular)
brutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braust (active indicative second-person singular)
brutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
braut (active indicative singular third-person)
brutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brutū (active dual first-person indicative)
brutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brutum (active first-person indicative plural)
brutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brutud (active indicative plural second-person)
brutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brutun (active indicative plural third-person)
brutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breutandz (active participle present)
brutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breutan
Old English: brēotan
Middle English: breten
Old High German: *briozan
Middle High German: briezen

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ /bᵃriutiþ/), ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ /bᵃrȳtʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: brjóta, ᛒᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁ (briuti) — Runic form, 3rd singular present subjunctive
Icelandic: brjóta
Faroese: bróta
Norwegian Nynorsk: brjota, bryta
Jamtish: brǿte
Elfdalian: briuota
Old Swedish: brȳta
Swedish: bryta
Old Danish: brȳtæ
Danish: bryde
Norwegian Bokmål: bryte
Scanian: brýda
Gutnish: braute

Suevic or Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*briutan) (based on evidence from loanwords)

→ Galician: britar

→ Portuguese: britar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewd-, related to Old East Slavic бръснути (brŭsnuti, “rake”), Old English brȳsan (“to break”), Latin frustum (“piece, crumb”).


lamjaną

lamjō (active first-person indicative singular)
lamjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lamjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lamisi (active indicative second-person singular)
lamjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lami (active imperative second-person singular)
lamjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lamjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lamiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lamjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lamjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lamjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lamjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lamjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lamjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lamjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lamjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lamjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lamjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lamjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lamjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lamjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lamiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lamjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lamiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lamjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lamjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lamjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lamjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lamjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lamjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lamjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lamidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lamidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lamidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lamidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lamidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lamidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lamidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lamidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lamidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lamidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lamidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lamidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lamidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lamidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lamidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lamidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lamjandz (active participle present)
lamidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lammjan
Old English: lemman, lemian
Middle English: lemen
Old Frisian: lemma, lamma
Old Saxon: *lemmian
Middle Low German: lemmen, lēmen
⇒ Old Saxon: bilemmian
Old Dutch: *lemmen
Middle Dutch: lemmen, lēmen
Dutch: lemmen (obsolete)
Old High German: lemmen
Middle High German: lemmen, lemen
German: lähmen

Old Norse: lemja

Icelandic: lemja

Faroese: lemja

Norwegian Nynorsk: lemje

Old Danish: læmiæ

Danish: læmme

Old Swedish: læmia

Swedish: lämma, läma

From *lamaz (“lame”) + *-janą. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic ломити (lomiti) and Old Prussian limtwei.


leubaz

*leubaz (a-stem)

leubaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
leubai (masculine nominative plural strong)
leubō (feminine nominative singular strong)
leubôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
leubą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
leubō (neuter nominative plural strong)
leubanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
leubanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
leubǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
leubōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
leubą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
leubō (accusative neuter plural strong)
leubas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
leubaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
leubaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
leubaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
leubas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
leubaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
leubammai (dative masculine singular strong)
leubaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
leubaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
leubaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
leubammai (dative neuter singular strong)
leubaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
leubanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
leubaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
leubaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
leubaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
leubanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
leubaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
leubô (masculine nominative singular weak)
leubaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
leubǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
leubōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
leubô (neuter nominative singular weak)
leubōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
leubanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
leubanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
leubōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
leubōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
leubô (accusative neuter singular weak)
leubōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
leubiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
leubanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
leubōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
leubōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
leubiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
leubanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
leubini (dative masculine singular weak)
leubammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
leubōni (dative feminine singular weak)
leubōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
leubini (dative neuter singular weak)
leubammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
leubinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
leubammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
leubōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
leubōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
leubinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
leubammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *leub
Old English: lēof, leaf, līof
Middle English: lef, leve, lefe, leffe, life, live, luf (Southern or West Midlands)
English: lief; ⇒ livelong
Scots: lief, lee
⇒ Yola: liveer
Old Frisian: liāf, liēf
Saterland Frisian: ljoof, ljo
West Frisian: leaf
Old Saxon: liof
Middle Low German: lief, lêf
German Low German: leev, leiw
Plautdietsch: leef
Old Dutch: *liof
Middle Dutch: lief
Dutch: lief
Limburgish: leef
Old High German: liob, liub, liup; *liof, lief (northern)
Middle High German: liep; lief (north-western)
Alemannic German: lieb
Bavarian: liab
Central Franconian: leev, liev
East Central German: lieb
German: lieb
Luxembourgish: léif
Yiddish: ליב (lib)

Proto-Norse: ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (leubaʀ)
Old Norse: ljúfr
Icelandic: ljúfur
Faroese: ljúvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljuv
Old Swedish: liūver, liufwer
Swedish: ljuv, ljuf (pre-1906 spelling)
Old Danish: ljuv

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰos (“beloved”).


staumaz

staumaz (nominative singular)
staumōz (nominative plural)
staumōs (nominative plural)
staum (singular vocative)
staumōz (plural vocative)
staumōs (plural vocative)
staumą (accusative singular)
staumanz (accusative plural)
staumas (genitive singular)
staumis (genitive singular)
staumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staumai (dative singular)
staumamaz (dative plural)
staumō (instrumental singular)
staumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *staum
Old English: stēam
Middle English: stēm, steem
Scots: stem, steam
English: steam
Old Frisian: *stām
Saterland Frisian: Stoom
West Frisian: steam
Old Saxon: *stōm
Middle Low German: stôm
German Low German: Stoom
Low German: stom
Old Dutch: *stōm
Middle Dutch: *stôom
Dutch: stoom
Afrikaans: stoom
→ Indonesian: setom, setum
→ Papiamentu: stoom (dated)
→ West Frisian: stoom
Limburgish: stoum

(Old Norse: *staumr; *stauma, *steyma (verb))

Norwegian: stamma (verb), stamba (verb) (dialectal)

Swedish: stimma (noun & verb), stimba (noun & verb) (dialectal)

→ Scots: stim (noun)

From earlier *staubmaz, from *staubaz (“dust”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, obscure”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to whirl, waft, stink, shake; steam, haze, smoke”).


hrīnaną

hrīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīn (active imperative second-person singular)
hrīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrain (active first-person indicative singular)
hrinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraint (active indicative second-person singular)
hrinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrain (active indicative singular third-person)
hrinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrinū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrinum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrinud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrinun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrīnandz (active participle present)
hrinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīnan
Old English: hrīnan
Middle English: rinen
Scots: rin
English: rine
Old Saxon: hrīnan
Old Dutch: *rīnan
Middle Dutch: rinen
Old High German: hrīnan, rīnan

Old Norse: hrína
Icelandic: hrína
Faroese: rína
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: rine
Norwegian Bokmål: rine (weak)

From Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to strip, touch”).

der

to touch, brush (against), make contact (with), graze


-gin

Old English: -ġen (hwerġen, hwærn)

Old Saxon: -gin (hwargin, hwergin)

Middle Low German: -gen (irgen, jergen, jerne)

Old Dutch: -gin (iowergin, niergen)

Middle Dutch: -gen (ergen, nergen)

Dutch: -gens (ergens, nergens)

Old High German: -gin (wergin)

Middle High German: -gen (irgen)

(German: irgend)

Old Norse: -gi

(Icelandic: hvergi, manngi, hvorki, hvorugur, einungis, enginn, vettugi, öldungis)

(Danish: hverken, ingen, ikke, aldrig, ej)

From a variant or development of the root found in Proto-Indo-European *kʷos + particle *ne.

Attaches to indefinite pronouns, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle *ne or *ni.

Attaches to indefinite adverbs, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle *ne or *ni.


jabai

Proto-West Germanic: *jabē, *jabu

Old English: ġef, ġif

Middle English: yef, yif

Scots: gif, gyf, gin

English: if, gin

desc

Old Frisian: gef, ief, jef, jeft, ef, of, jof, *if

Saterland Frisian: af, of

West Frisian: of

Old Saxon: ef, af, of

Middle Low German: jof, af, of, ef, if, ift, ifte, *icht, ichte, eft, aft, oft

German Low German: of

Old Dutch: of

Middle Dutch: of, ofte, ochte

Dutch: of

Old High German: ibu, oba, uba, ubi, upa, upi

Middle High German: obe, ob, op

German: ob

Yiddish: אויב (oyb)

desctree

Old Norse: ef, if
Icelandic: ef
Old Swedish: ef, em, um
Swedish: om
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: um (influenced by um < umb)
Old Danish: æf, æm, um
Danish: om
Norwegian Bokmål: om
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: om

desc

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹 (jabai), 𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹 (ibai), 𐌹𐌱𐌰 (iba);

⇒ Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌰 (niba), 𐌽𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌹 (nibai)

From *jabai (“on (the) condition”), dative case of *jabą (“condition, stipulation, hesitation, doubt”), from *ja, demonstrative/relative pronoun; or from Proto-Indo-European *Hyós (“already”). Cognate with Lithuanian jei (“if, when”), Albanian po.


twai

twai? *twain-? (masculine nominative plural)
twōz? *twaōz? *twaiōz? (feminine nominative plural)
twō? *twa-ō? *twai? (neuter nominative plural)
twanz? (accusative masculine plural)
twōz? *twaōz? *twaiōz? (accusative feminine plural)
twō? *twa-ō? *twai? (accusative neuter plural)
twajjǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
twajjǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
twajjǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
twaimaz (dative masculine plural)
twaimaz (dative feminine plural)
twaimaz (dative neuter plural)
twaimiz (instrumental masculine plural)
twaimiz (feminine instrumental plural)
twaimiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *twai-
Old English: twēġen m, twā f, tū, twā n
Middle English: twei, tweine, two, twa, tu
English: twain, two, tway (obsolete)
Solombala English: ту (tu)
Scots: twa, twae
Yola: twye
Old Frisian: twēne, twā
North Frisian: tou
Saterland Frisian: twäin, two
West Frisian: twa
Old Saxon: twēne, twēna m, twō, twā f, twē n
Middle Low German: twê, twî
German Low German: twee
Plautdietsch: twee
Old Dutch: twēne m, twē
Middle Dutch: twee, twe
Dutch: twee
Afrikaans: twee
Old High German: zwēne m
Middle High German: zwêne m, zwô f, zwei n
Alemannic German: zwei, zwe, zwo, zwöi, zwee, zwa, zwoi, zwea, zwuo
Bavarian: zwoa, zwo
Cimbrian:
Luserna: zboa
Sette Comuni: sbéen m or n, sbòa f
Mòcheno: zboa
Central Franconian: zwei, zwien (archaic masculine form), zwo, zwu (archaic feminine form)
Hunsrik: zweu
Luxembourgish: zwéin m, zwou f, zwee n
East Franconian: zwej
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: zwee
German: zwei, (rarer) zwo, (obsolete) zween
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: zwee
Pennsylvania German: zwee
Vilamovian: cwē
Yiddish: צוויי (tsvey)

Old Norse: tveir m
Icelandic: tveir m
Faroese: tveir m
Norwegian Nynorsk: tvo, to; tvei m
Norwegian: (dialectal) tvó, tó; två, tveir m
Dalian: tver, twèr m or f
Old Swedish: tvēr, twē, tvā m
Swedish: två
Old Danish: twā, two, to
Danish: to
Norwegian Bokmål: to
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: to
Gutnish: tweir
→ Old Frisian: twēr

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 (twai)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ with plural suffix *-i. Compare *þai (“they, those”), from demonstrative root *þa-.


þan

Proto-West Germanic: *þan
Old Frisian: than
Saterland Frisian: dan, do
West Frisian: dan
Old Saxon: than
Middle Low German: dan
Old Dutch: than
Middle Dutch: dan
Dutch: dan (“then, than”)
Old High German: dan
Middle High German: dan
Cimbrian: dan
German: dann (“then”), denn (“than, for”)
Hunsrik: dann
Luxembourgish: dann

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᚾ (*þan)

Old Norse: þá (“then”)
Icelandic: þá
Faroese: tá
Norwegian Nynorsk: då
Old Swedish: þā
Swedish: då, tå (obsolete)
Danish: da
Norwegian Bokmål: da
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: da

Old Norse: an (“than”)
⇒ Old Norse: en
Icelandic: en
Norwegian Nynorsk: enn
Norwegian Bokmål: enn
Old Swedish: æn
Swedish: än
Danish: end

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽 (þan, “then”)

Unclear. Probably from demonstrative *sa + an unclear suffix, possibly an earlier *-no or *-ne. But it could also continue Proto-Indo-European *tóm, whence also Latin tum.


twalif

Old English: twelf, tuœlf — Northumbrian, tuelf
Middle English: twelve, twelfe, twelf, twælf, tuelf
English: twelve
Scots: twal, twol (obsolete twelf, twalf, tuelf)

Old Frisian: twelif, twelef

North Frisian: tweelwen

desc

Saterland Frisian: tweelif, tweelf, tweelich

West Frisian: tolve, tolf

Old Saxon: twelif, twilif, twulif

Middle Low German: twelef, tweleve, twelve, twelf, twalf

German Low German: twölf, twalf, twalv

Plautdietsch: twelf

Old Dutch: *twelif, *twalif

Middle Dutch: twelef, tweelf, twalef, twaelf

Dutch: twaalf

Afrikaans: twaalf

Limburgish: twelf

desctree

Old High German: zwelif
Middle High German: zwelef, zwelf
Central Franconian: zwällef, zwellef (alternative spelling), zwöllef (Ripuarian variant from standard German)
Cimbrian: sbölbe
German: zwölf
Luxembourgish: zwielef
Vilamovian: cwełf
Yiddish: צוועלף (tsvelf)

Old Norse: tolf, tólf, tvalf
Icelandic: tólf
Faroese: tólv
Norwegian Nynorsk: tolv; (dialectal) tølv, tøl, tóv, tælv
Norwegian Bokmål: tolv
Elfdalian: tolv
Old Swedish: tolf
Swedish: tolv, (pre-1906 spelling) tolf
Old Danish: tolf
Danish: tolv
Scanian: tølw
Gutnish: tåll, tålv

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍆 (twalif)

Compound of *twai (“two”) and *-lif (“left over”), from *lībaną (“to remain, be left”).


alhs

alhs (nominative singular)
alhiz (nominative plural)
alh (singular vocative)
alhiz (plural vocative)
alhų (accusative singular)
alhunz (accusative plural)
alhiz (genitive singular)
alhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alhi (dative singular)
alhumaz (dative plural)
alhē (instrumental singular)
alhumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *alh
Old English: ealh, alh, alhn
Old Saxon: alah
Old Dutch: *al
Old High German: alah

Proto-Norse: ᚨᛚᚺ (alh), ᚨᛚᚻ (alh) alh (runic inscription)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌷𐍃 (alhs)

Cognate with Lithuanian alkas, elkas (“sanctuary, grove”), Latvian elks (“idol”). Pokorny (p. 32) proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *alk- (“sacred place, sanctuary; idol”) (= *h₂elk-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek- (“to defend”), whence Ancient Greek ἀλέξω (aléxō, “defend, ward off”), Ancient Greek ἀλκή (alkḗ, “defence, help, strength”), Latin ulciscor (“avenge”). Kroonen, however, doubts this, adding that “[g]iven the root noun inflection, it is conceivable that the word was adopted from a local non-I[ndo-]E[uropean] language by Germanic and Baltic after their arrival in Europe” (2013:22 s.v. *alh-).


ufta

Old English: oft

Middle English: oft, ofte, often

Scots: oft, oftin, aften

English: oft, often

→ Esperanto: ofte

→ Ido: ofte

Old Frisian: ofta, ofte

North Frisian: oft, oftem

Saterland Frisian: oafte

Old Saxon: ofto, oft

Middle Low German: ofte, oft

Low German: oft

Old Dutch: ofto

Middle Dutch: ofte

Dutch: oft (obsolete)

Old High German: ofta, ofto, oftu

Middle High German: ofte, oft, uft

German: oft

Old Norse: oft, opt

Icelandic: oft

Faroese: oft, ofta

Norwegian Bokmål: ofte

Norwegian Nynorsk: ofte

Old Swedish: opt

Danish: ofte

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌰 (ufta)

Uncertain; according to Kroonen, derived from *ub (“under”).


þauh

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þauh
Old English: þēah, þēh
Middle English: þah, thagh, thaugh, thogh, theigh
Scots: thoch (through confluence with Old Norse þó)
English: though (through confluence with Old Norse þó)
Old Frisian: thāch
Saterland Frisian: dach, daach
West Frisian: dôch, dochs
Old Saxon: thōh
Middle Low German: doch
Low German: doch
→ Old Danish: dogh
Danish: dog
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dog
→ Swedish: dock
Old Dutch: thoh
Middle Dutch: doch, toch
Dutch: doch, toch
Afrikaans: dog, tog
Old High German: thōh, dōh, doh
Middle High German: doch
Bavarian: do
German: doch
Luxembourgish: dach
Yiddish: דאָך (dokh)

Old Norse: þó
Icelandic: þó
Faroese: tó
Norwegian Nynorsk: do
Old Swedish: þō
Old Gutnish: þau

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 (þauh)

From *þau (“in that case”) + *-hw (“and”).


aigin

aigin (nominative singular)
aiginþ (nominative plural)
aigin (singular vocative)
aiginþ (plural vocative)
aigin (accusative singular)
aiginþ (accusative plural)
aiginþiz (genitive singular)
aiginþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiginþi (dative singular)
aiginþumaz (dative plural)
aiginþē (instrumental singular)
aiginþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German: ine

Old Norse: eigin

Faroese: egi

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyként- n (part.), from the same root as *aiglaz (“barb, shoot”), but no known parallels outside Germanic.


bikjǭ

bikjǭ (nominative singular)
bikjōniz (nominative plural)
bikjǭ (singular vocative)
bikjōniz (plural vocative)
bikjōnų (accusative singular)
bikjōnunz (accusative plural)
bikjōniz (genitive singular)
bikjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bikjōni (dative singular)
bikjōmaz (dative plural)
bikjōnē (instrumental singular)
bikjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bikkjā

desctree

Old English: biċċe
Middle English: bicche, beche, biche, bycche, byche, bikk, buche
English: bitch
→ Dutch: bitch
→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze
→ French: bitch

Scots: bitch
→ Old French: biche (Anglo-Norman)
⇒ Middle French: bichon
French: bichon
→ English: bichon

Old Norse: bikkja f, bikki m

Icelandic: bikkja

Faroese: bikkja

Norwegian Bokmål: bikkje

Norwegian Nynorsk: bikkje

Old Swedish: bikia

Swedish: bycka

>? Swedish: -bigga in argbigga

Old Danish: bikke

→ Scots: bik

From *bikjaną (“to thrust, attack”) (compare Old Norse bikkja (“plunge into water”), Dutch bikken (“to hack”), Old High German bicchen (“to stab, attack”), Old English becca (“a beck, pick, pick-axe, mattock”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to smash”).


haliþaz

haliþaz (nominative singular)
haliþōz (nominative plural)
haliþōs (nominative plural)
haliþ (singular vocative)
haliþōz (plural vocative)
haliþōs (plural vocative)
haliþą (accusative singular)
haliþanz (accusative plural)
haliþas (genitive singular)
haliþis (genitive singular)
haliþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haliþai (dative singular)
haliþamaz (dative plural)
haliþō (instrumental singular)
haliþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haliþ
Old English: hæle, hæleþ, hæleð
Middle English: heleð, haleð, hæleð; hathel (conflation with athel (“nobleman”))
English: health
Middle Scots: hathill
Old Frisian: *heleth
Saterland Frisian: Häld
West Frisian: held
Old Saxon: helith, helid
Middle Low German: helt
German Low German: Held
→ Danish: helt
→ Norwegian Bokmål: helt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: helt
→ Swedish: hjälte
Old Dutch: *helit
Middle Dutch: helet, helt
Dutch: held
Afrikaans: held
Old High German: helid
Middle High German: helt
German: Held
Yiddish: העלד (held), האָלד (hold)

Old Norse: halr, hǫldr

Icelandic: halur, höldur

Norwegian Nynorsk: hauld

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Proto-Slavic *xvala (“praise, thanks”). Kluge suggests a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”), see also Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, “to harden, cool”), Old Irish calath (“hard”), Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, “bud”).


gagin

Proto-West Germanic: *gagin

desctree

Old English: ġeġn, gæġn, ġēan
Middle English: gain, ȝæn
English: gain (obsolete)
Scots: gain, gin

Old Frisian: jēn, jōn

North Frisian: jen, jien

Saterland Frisian: juun

West Frisian: jin

⇒ West Frisian: tsjin

Old Saxon: gegin, gigin, gagan
Middle Low German: gēgen, jēgen
Low German: giegen (Münsterländisch); gegen
⇒ Low German: tiegen (Münsterländisch); tegen (from to giegen, to gegen)

Old Dutch: gegin

Middle Dutch: jegen, jeghen

⇒ Middle Dutch: tegen, tjegen (from te jegen)

Dutch: tegen
Afrikaans: teen
Negerhollands: tegen, teegen
Skepi Creole Dutch: tagen
→ Caribbean Javanese: tékhe

⇒ Middle Dutch: jeghens

Dutch: jegens

Afrikaans: jeens

Old High German: gagan
Middle High German: gegen, gagen, jegen, gein, gēn
Alemannic German: gege
Cimbrian: ghéghen
German: gegen
Hunsrik: geghe
Yiddish: קעגן (kegn)
⇒ Middle High German: gein, gēn (contraction)
German: gen (literary, dated)
Yiddish: קיין (keyn)
⇒ Luxembourgish: géint (with paragogic -t)

Old Norse: gegn

Icelandic: gegn

Faroese: gjøgn

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: gjen-

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjegn, gjen-

Old Swedish: gēn

Swedish: gen-

Danish: gen-

→ Middle English: gayn, geyn, gein, gain, gayne, gaine
English: gain (obsolete, dialectal)
Scots: gain

⇒ Old Norse: gegnum (dative) (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Old Norse: í gegn

Faroese: ígjøgn

Norwegian: igjen

Jamtish: igjann

Old Swedish: ī gēn

Swedish: igen

Danish: igen

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs