blīkaną

blīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
blīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blīk (active imperative second-person singular)
blīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
blīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
blīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blaik (active first-person indicative singular)
blikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
blikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blaik (active indicative singular third-person)
blikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blikū (active dual first-person indicative)
blikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blikum (active first-person indicative plural)
blikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blikud (active indicative plural second-person)
blikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blikun (active indicative plural third-person)
blikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīkandz (active participle present)
blikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blīkan
Old English: blīcan
Middle English: blīken
English: blike (obsolete)
Old Frisian: blīka
West Frisian: blyckjen, blike
Old Saxon: blīkan
Middle Low German: blīken, blicken
Low German: bleken
Old Dutch: *blīcan
Middle Dutch: bliken
Dutch: blijken
Afrikaans: blyk
Limburgish: blieke
Old High German: blīhhan, blīchan
Middle High German: blīchen
German: bleichen (merged with *blaikijaną)

Old Norse: blíkja, blika

Icelandic: blíkja

Swedish: blika

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”).


wurgijaną

wurgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wurgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wurgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wurgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurgī (active imperative second-person singular)
wurgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wurgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wurgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wurgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wurgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wurgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wurgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wurgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wurgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wurgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wurgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wurgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wurgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wurgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wurgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wurgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wurgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wurgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wurgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wurgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wurgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wurgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wurgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurgijandz (active participle present)
wurgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: wyrġan

Middle English: werien, worien, wirwen

Scots: wirry, werry, worry

English: worry

Old Frisian: wergia, wirgia

West Frisian: wjirgje, wurgje

Old Saxon: *wurgian

Middle Low German: wörgen, worgen

Low German: wörgen

Old Dutch: *wurgen

Middle Dutch: worgen, wurgen

Dutch: wurgen

Old High German: wurgen

Middle High German: würgen, worgen

German: würgen

Luxembourgish: wiergen

From Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ- (“bind, squeeze”).


skalkaz

skalkaz (nominative singular)
skalkōz (nominative plural)
skalkōs (nominative plural)
skalk (singular vocative)
skalkōz (plural vocative)
skalkōs (plural vocative)
skalką (accusative singular)
skalkanz (accusative plural)
skalkas (genitive singular)
skalkis (genitive singular)
skalkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skalkai (dative singular)
skalkamaz (dative plural)
skalkō (instrumental singular)
skalkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skalk
Old English: sċealc
Middle English: schalk, scalk, schalke, schalkke, shalk
English: shalk
Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik
Old Frisian: skalk
(West Frisian: ontschalken)
Old Saxon: skalk
Middle Low German: schalk (in compounds: erseschalk, marschalk, etc.)
Old Dutch: scalc
Middle Dutch: scalc
Dutch: schalk (also in maarschalk)
Old High German: skalk, scalc, scalk
Middle High German: schalc
German: Schalk
Luxembourgish: Schallek
→ Italian: scalco (from Lombardic)
→ Vulgar Latin: scalcus (in compounds)
Medieval Latin: scalcius, scalciatus
Old French: escalque
→ Italian: scalco

Old Norse: skalkr, skálkr

Icelandic: skálkur

Faroese: skálkur

Norwegian: skalk

Old Swedish: skalker

Swedish: skalk

Danish: skalk

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (skalks)


skup-

Old English: sċoppa, sċeoppa; sċypen

Middle English: schoppe; schüpene, schipne, schepne

Scots: schop, schap, chop, chope

English: shoppe, shop; shippen, shippon

→ Welsh: siop

→ Cornish: shoppa

→ Anglo-Norman: shope

→ Medieval Latin: shopa, sopa

Old Saxon: *skoppa

Middle Low German: schoppe m or f

German Low German: Schuppen

Plautdietsch: Schaup

Old Dutch: *skoppa

Middle Dutch: scoppe, schoppe, scop

Dutch: schop

→ Old French: escope, eschope, choppe

Middle French: échoppe

French: échoppe

→ Galician: chopa, chupeta

→ Medieval Latin: scupa, choppa

Old High German: scupfa, scupha; skopf, scoph; (scobar)

Middle High German: schupfe; schopf; (schober)

Bavarian: Schupfa, Schupfn

German: Schupfen, Schuppen; Schopf; (Schober)

From Proto-Indo-European *skub-, *skup-, *skupn- (“to curve, bow, vault”).

A stem found in various derivatives meaning: barn, shed


haugaz

haugaz (nominative singular)
haugōz (nominative plural)
haugōs (nominative plural)
haug (singular vocative)
haugōz (plural vocative)
haugōs (plural vocative)
haugą (accusative singular)
hauganz (accusative plural)
haugas (genitive singular)
haugis (genitive singular)
haugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haugai (dative singular)
haugamaz (dative plural)
haugō (instrumental singular)
haugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haug
Old Saxon: *hōg
Middle Low German: hôch, hö̂
German Low German: Hooch, Hööch
⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chil
⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chillîn, hö̂chilîn
Old High German: houg (in compounds: steinenhoug, marchoug, etc.)
Middle High German: houc
⇒ Middle High German: hogil
⇒ German: Hügel
→ Old French: hoge (also possibly via Old Norse haugr)
⇒ Old French: ahoge, ahuge
→ Middle English: huge
Scots: huge, hudge
English: huge

Old Norse: haugr

Icelandic: haugur

Faroese: heygur, heyggjur

Norwegian Nynorsk: haug

Norwegian Bokmål: haug

Old Swedish: hø̄gher

Swedish: hög

Old Danish: høgh

Middle Danish: høg, høw

Danish: høj

Norwegian Bokmål: høy (riksmål)

→ Middle English: houȝ, hogh, hoo

Scots: hog, howe, how

English: hough, hoe, how, howe

From Proto-Indo-European *kewk- (“hill, elevation”).


regnabugô

regnabugô (nominative singular)
regnabuganiz (nominative plural)
regnabugô (singular vocative)
regnabuganiz (plural vocative)
regnabuganų (accusative singular)
regnabuganunz (accusative plural)
regnabuginiz (genitive singular)
regnabuganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
regnabugini (dative singular)
regnabugammaz (dative plural)
regnabuginē (instrumental singular)
regnabugammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *regnabogō
Old English: reġnboga
Middle English: reynbowe, raynbowe, raynebowe, rayne-bowe, reinbow, reinbowe, rein-bowe, reynebawe, reynebow, reynebowe, rainbou, rainbow, rayn-boghe (Northern)
English: rainbow
Scots: rainbow
Old Frisian: reinboga
Saterland Frisian: Rienbooge
West Frisian: reinbôge
Old Saxon: *reganbogo
Middle Low German: regenboge, regensboge
German Low German: Regenboog
Low German: Regenbaag, Regenbagen
Plautdietsch: Räajenboagen
Old Dutch: *reganbogo
Middle Dutch: rēgenbōge
Dutch: regenboog
Afrikaans: reënboog
Old High German: reginbogo, reganbogo
Middle High German: regenboge, rëgenboge
German: Regenbogen
Hunsrik: Rehnbohe
Luxembourgish: Reebou
Vilamovian: ranaböga, rȧnaböga, rȧnböga, raenaböga, rǡnabȫga
Yiddish: רעגנבויגן (regnboygn)

Old Norse: regnbogi

Icelandic: regnbogi

Faroese: regnbogi

Norwegian: regnboge, regnbue

Old Swedish: ræghnbughi, ræghnboghi

Swedish: regnbåge

Danish: regnbue

Elfdalian: raingenbugi

Gutnish: regnbuge, regnbugi


regną

regną (nominative singular)
regnō (nominative plural)
regną (singular vocative)
regnō (plural vocative)
regną (accusative singular)
regnō (accusative plural)
regnas (genitive singular)
rignis (genitive singular)
regnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
regnai (dative singular)
regnamaz (dative plural)
regnō (instrumental singular)
regnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *regn m
Old English: reġn, rēn, reġen
Middle English: reyn, rain, rayn, rayne, rein, reine, reigne, ren, ræin, reȝȝn (Early Middle English)
English: rain
Scots: rain
Yola: rhyne, ryne
Old Frisian: rein
Saterland Frisian: Rien
West Frisian: rein
Old Saxon: regan, regin
Middle Low German: rēgen
German Low German: Regen
Plautdietsch: Räajen
→ Transylvanian Saxon: Reen
Old Dutch: regan
Middle Dutch: rēgen
Dutch: regen
Afrikaans: reën
Negerhollands: regen, regn, rign, regon
Skepi Creole Dutch: regen, ragin
Limburgish: raenger
West Flemish: rin, rein
Old High German: regan, regin
Middle High German: rëgen
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Raga
Italian Walser: regu, räge, rägä
Swabian: Räaga
Bavarian: Regn
Cimbrian: réego, regan, reng
Mòcheno: reng
Udinese: regn, rein
Central Franconian: Rään
Hunsrik: Rehn
Luxembourgish: Reen
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: reeng [ˈɣeːŋ]
Vilamovian: raan
German: Regen
Rhine Franconian: Raje, Raane, Räje, Rääche, Rään, Rääne, Rääsche, Reche, Ree, Reen, Reesche, Reje, Resche, Riin
Frankfurterisch: Rääsche [ʀɛːʒ̥ə]
Pennsylvania German: Regge
Yiddish: רעגן (regn)

Old Norse: regn
Icelandic: regn
Faroese: regn
Norn: regen
Norwegian Bokmål: regn
Norwegian Nynorsk: regn
Russenorsk: regel
Old Swedish: ræghn
Swedish: regn
Danish: regn c
Gutnish: regn

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 (rign)

Crimean Gothic: reghen

Unknown, possibly from earlier *Hréģʰ-no-. May be cognate with Latin rigō and Albanian rrjedh, but this is uncertain.


masuraz

masuraz (nominative singular)
masurōz (nominative plural)
masurōs (nominative plural)
masur (singular vocative)
masurōz (plural vocative)
masurōs (plural vocative)
masurą (accusative singular)
masuranz (accusative plural)
masuras (genitive singular)
masuris (genitive singular)
masurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
masurai (dative singular)
masuramaz (dative plural)
masurō (instrumental singular)
masuramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *masur
Old English: *mæser, *maser, *masor
Middle English: maser, mazer
English: mazer
Old Saxon: masur
Middle Low German: maser
Old Dutch: *masur, *masar
Middle Dutch: maser, maeser
Dutch: maser
⇒ Middle Dutch: maserijn (adj.)
Old High German: masar, masor
Middle High German: maser
Alemannic German: Mäser
German: Maser
→ Old French: mazer, maser, mazar, madre (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mǫsurr
Icelandic: mösurr
Old Swedish: masur (attested as a nickname)
Swedish: masur
Danish: masur, maser

From *mas-, *mēs- (“spot, sore, scar”), from Proto-Indo-European *mos- (“skin sore”).

a type of veined or spotted wood, such as maple or walnut


rūskōną

rūskō (active first-person indicative singular)
rūskǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
rūskōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rūskōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūskō (active imperative second-person singular)
rūskōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rūskōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rūskō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūskōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rūskōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rūskōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rūskōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rūskōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūskōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūskōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūskōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rūskōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rūskōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūskōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rūskōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rūskōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rūskōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūskōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rūskōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rūskōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rūskōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rūskōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūskōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rūskōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rūskōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rūskōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rūskōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rūskōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rūskōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
rūskōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rūskōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rūskōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rūskōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rūskōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rūskōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rūskōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rūskōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rūskōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rūskōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rūskōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rūskōndz (active participle present)
rūskōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *rūsċian

Middle English: rouschen, ruschen

English: rush

Scots: rousch, rusch, rush

Old Frisian: *rūskia

Saterland Frisian: ruuskje

Old Saxon: *rūskōn

desc

Middle Low German: rūschen, rūsken, rusken

Low German: rusken

Old Dutch: *rūskōn

Middle Dutch: ruuschen

Dutch: ruisen

Old High German: *rūskōn

Middle High German: rūschen, riuschen

German: rauschen

Hunsrik: rausche

⇒ Middle High German: geriusche

Alemannic German: Grüüsch

German: Geräusch

Variant (with formative k) of *rūsōną (“to storm, whiz, roar, make a noise, be fierce”), from Proto-Indo-European *rews-, *rewH- (“to move, drive, agitate”).


rustaz

rustaz (nominative singular)
rustōz (nominative plural)
rustōs (nominative plural)
rust (singular vocative)
rustōz (plural vocative)
rustōs (plural vocative)
rustą (accusative singular)
rustanz (accusative plural)
rustas (genitive singular)
rustis (genitive singular)
rustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rustai (dative singular)
rustamaz (dative plural)
rustō (instrumental singular)
rustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rust

Old English: rust, rūst

desctree

Middle English: rust, rost, roste, roust, rouste, ruste
English: rust
Scots: roost, roust

Old Frisian: *rust, *rost

Saterland Frisian: rust

West Frisian: roast

Old Saxon: rost

Middle Low German: rost

German Low German: Rost

Old Dutch: *rost, *rōst

Middle Dutch: rost, roest

Dutch: roest

Afrikaans: roes

Old High German: rost

Middle High German: rost

German: Rost

Luxembourgish: Rascht (etymology 1)

Old Norse: *rustr (possibly borrowed)

Norwegian: rust, ryst (dialectal)

Swedish: rost

Danish: rust

q

Gothic: *𐍂𐌿𐍃- (*rus-) (suggested Gothic form of the element Ros- found in some Latinized Gothic names)

→ Proto-Finnic: *roostëk (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *rudʰ-s-tos-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”). Compare Lithuanian rùstas (“brown-red”). Also compare Latin russus (“red, reddish-brown”), Proto-Slavic *rusъ (“fair, blonde (of hair), yellow, red, light-colored”) (whence Russian ру́сый (rúsyj, “fair(-haired), blond(e), light brown (of hair), dirty blond”)).


melwą

melwą (nominative singular)
melwō (nominative plural)
melwą (singular vocative)
melwō (plural vocative)
melwą (accusative singular)
melwō (accusative plural)
melwas (genitive singular)
milwis (genitive singular)
melwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
melwai (dative singular)
melwamaz (dative plural)
melwō (instrumental singular)
melwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *melu
Old English: melu, melo, meolo
Middle English: mele, meale, meele, melow
English: meal
Scots: meil, mele
Yola: mele, mell
Old Frisian: mele
North Frisian: meel, mal
Saterland Frisian: Meel
West Frisian: moal
Old Saxon: melo
Middle Low German: mēle, mel
Dutch Low Saxon: mael
German Low German: Mehl
Old Dutch: *melo
Middle Dutch: mēle, meel
Dutch: meel
Afrikaans: meel
Berbice Creole Dutch: meli
Negerhollands: meel, mil
→ Lokono: meli
Limburgish: mael
Old High German: melo
Middle High German: mël
Alemannic German: Mël, Mèhl
Bavarian: Mej, Möö
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Meel
Luxembourgish: Miel
German: Mehl
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Mehl
Vilamovian: maoł
Yiddish: מעל (mel)

Old Norse: mjǫl
Icelandic: mjöl
Faroese: mjøl
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjøl
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjøl
Old Swedish: miol, miøl, møl
Swedish: mjöl
Old Danish: miel, miøl, miæl, mial, mel
Danish: mel
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mel

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to beat; crush; grind”). Cognate with Latin molō (“mill; grist; grind”, verb).


fulgijaną

fulgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fulgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fulgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgī (active imperative second-person singular)
fulgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fulgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fulgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fulgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fulgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fulgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fulgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fulgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fulgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fulgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fulgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fulgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fulgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fulgijandz (active participle present)
fulgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fulgijan
Old English: fylgan, fylġian, fylġean, fylian, fyliġean, filian, feliġean, fyliġan
Middle English: filȝen, filiȝen, filghen, filighen, fileghen, fulwen, fulien, filowen, felowen

Old Norse: fylgja
Icelandic: fylgja
Faroese: fylgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: fylgja, følgja; (dialectal) fýgje, fòlgje, fylla, -e, følle, følgj, følgji, føll
Jamtish: fołi
Elfdalian: fya, fyå
Old Swedish: fylghia
Swedish: följa
Old Danish: fylghæ
Danish: følge
Norwegian Bokmål: følge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: følga, -e
Scanian: føğla
Old Gutnish: fylgia
Gutnish: fylge

A zero-grade present ye-stem, presumably pre-Germanic *(s)pl̥kyéti.


husǭ

husǭ (nominative singular)
husōniz (nominative plural)
husǭ (singular vocative)
husōniz (plural vocative)
husōnų (accusative singular)
husōnunz (accusative plural)
husōniz (genitive singular)
husōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
husōni (dative singular)
husōmaz (dative plural)
husōnē (instrumental singular)
husōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hosā
Old English: hose, hosa, hosu
Middle English: hose, hoyse, hosa, hoose (all rare)
English: hose
Scots: hose, hoe
Old Frisian: *hose
Saterland Frisian: Hoose
West Frisian: hoas
Old Saxon: hosa
Middle Low German: hōse, hāse
German Low German: Hose, Hoos
Old Dutch: *hosa
Middle Dutch: hōse
Dutch: hoos
Afrikaans: hoos
Old High German: hosa
Middle High German: hose
Cimbrian: hóoza
German: Hose
Luxembourgish: Hues
Yiddish: הויזן (hoyzn)
→ Late Latin: hosae (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hosa

Icelandic: hosa

Faroese: hosa

Norwegian Bokmål: hose

Old Swedish: hosa, husa
→ Finnish: housut
Swedish: hosa

Danish: hose

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐍃𐌰 (husa)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kew(H)- (“to cover, bewrap”).

der

an outer covering; hull; shell; husk; case

covering for the legs; leggings, trousers


kwankijaną

kwankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwankī (active imperative second-person singular)
kwankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kwankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kwankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kwankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kwankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kwankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kwankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kwankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kwankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kwankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kwankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwankijandz (active participle present)
kwankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwankijan

Old English: *cwenċan

Middle English: quenchen

English: quench

Scots: quench

⇒ Old English: ācwenċan


wlapp-

Old English: *wlappan, *wlappian; *wrappan, *wrappian

Middle English: wlappen; wrappen

Scots: lap; wrap, vrap, wraple

English: lap; wrap

Frankish: *wlappan, *wlappōn

Old Dutch: *wlappon

Middle Dutch: lappen

→ Vulgar Latin: *vuloppare, *guoluppare

Old French: vloper, voloper, veloper; envoluper, anveloper; desveloper

Middle French: envelopper; desveloper

French: envelopper; développer

→ English: develop

→ Middle English: envolupen

English: envelop

desc

Italian: avviluppare, inviluppare, sviluppare

Old Norse: *vrappa; *vrappla

Norwegian: vravla (dialectal)

Danish: vravle (dialectal)


kwinkaną

kwinkō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwinkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwinkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwinkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwinkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwink (active imperative second-person singular)
kwinkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwinkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwinkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwinkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwinkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwinkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwinkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwinkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kwinkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwinkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwinkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwinkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwinkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwinkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwinkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwinkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwinkid (active indicative plural second-person)
kwinkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwinkid (active imperative plural second-person)
kwinkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwinkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwinkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwinkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwinkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwinkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwinkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwank (active first-person indicative singular)
kunkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwanht (active indicative second-person singular)
kunkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwank (active indicative singular third-person)
kunkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunkū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunkum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunkud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunkun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwinkandz (active participle present)
kunkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwinkan

Old English: cwincan

Old Frisian: quinka

⇒ Old Frisian: ūtquinka

Old Dutch: *kwinkan

>? Middle Dutch: kwinken, kwincken

Dutch: kwinken

⇒ Dutch: kwinkelen (dialectal)

⇒? German Low German: quinken

→? Saterland Frisian: kwinkje

→? English: quinch

Uncertain. According to Vladimir Orel, possibly a derived term formed from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes-, the root of Ancient Greek σβέννῡμι (sbénnūmi, “I extinguish, quench”), Proto-Slavic *gasìti (“to extinguish”), Lithuanian gèsti (“to extinguish”), Sanskrit जासयति (jāsáyati, “to exhaust, weaken”).


hnappaz

hnappaz (nominative singular)
hnappōz (nominative plural)
hnappōs (nominative plural)
hnapp (singular vocative)
hnappōz (plural vocative)
hnappōs (plural vocative)
hnappą (accusative singular)
hnappanz (accusative plural)
hnappas (genitive singular)
hnappis (genitive singular)
hnappǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnappai (dative singular)
hnappamaz (dative plural)
hnappō (instrumental singular)
hnappamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnapp
Old English: hnæpp, hnæpf, hnæp
Middle English: nappe, neppe, nap, nep
English: nap
Scots: napp, nap
Old Frisian: *nepp, *nep
Saterland Frisian: Näp
West Frisian: nappe
Old Saxon: *hnapp, hnap
Middle Low German: nap
German Low German: Napp
Old Dutch: *napp, *nap
Middle Dutch: nappe, nap
Dutch: nap
Old High German: napf, naph
Middle High German: napf, naph
German: Napf
→ Medieval Latin: hanappus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hnappr

Icelandic: hnappur

Old Swedish: napper

Swedish: napp

Gothic: *𐌷𐌽𐌰𐍀𐍀𐍃 (*hnapps)

→ Medieval Latin: nappus, nappa, napus

Italian: nappo

Unknown. Perhaps related to *knuttô. See also *hnappōną.


frustaz

frustaz (nominative singular)
frustōz (nominative plural)
frustōs (nominative plural)
frust (singular vocative)
frustōz (plural vocative)
frustōs (plural vocative)
frustą (accusative singular)
frustanz (accusative plural)
frustas (genitive singular)
frustis (genitive singular)
frustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frustai (dative singular)
frustamaz (dative plural)
frustō (instrumental singular)
frustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *frost

Old English: forst, frost
Middle English: frost, forst, froste, vrost, frosst, freost
English: frost
Scots: frost
Yola: vrosth, vroste, vrast

Old Frisian: frost, forst

desc

Saterland Frisian: Froast, Fröäst (Skäddel)

West Frisian: froast

Old Saxon: frost

Middle Low German: vrost

German Low German: Fröst

Old Dutch: *frost, forst

desctree

Middle Dutch: vorst
Dutch: vorst
Limburgish: vrós

Old High German: frost
Middle High German: vrost
Cimbrian: vròst, bròst, vrost
German: Frost
Luxembourgish: Frascht
Vilamovian: fröst

Old Norse: frost
Icelandic: frost
Faroese: frost, frostur m (masculine is archaic)
Norwegian: frost
Old Swedish: frost
Swedish: frost
Danish: frost

From Proto-Indo-European *prustós (“frost”). Cognate with Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost”).

(possibly) frost; rime (minute ice crystals)


skakulaz

skakulaz (nominative singular)
skakulōz (nominative plural)
skakulōs (nominative plural)
skakul (singular vocative)
skakulōz (plural vocative)
skakulōs (plural vocative)
skakulą (accusative singular)
skakulanz (accusative plural)
skakulas (genitive singular)
skakulis (genitive singular)
skakulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skakulai (dative singular)
skakulamaz (dative plural)
skakulō (instrumental singular)
skakulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skakul, *skakil

Old English: sċacul, sċeacul, sċeacel; sċecel (< *skakilaz)

desc

Middle English: scheakel, schakle, schakylle, schakkyl

Scots: schakill, schaikill, scheckell

English: shackle

→ Danish: sjækkel

→ Norwegian: sjakkel

→ Swedish: schackel

→ Marshallese: jakōļ

Old Frisian: *skakel

Saterland Frisian: Schakel

West Frisian: skeakel (possibly from Middle Dutch)

Old Saxon: *skakul

Middle Low German: schākel

German Low German: Schakel

→ German: Schäckel, Schäkel

Old Dutch: *skakul

Middle Dutch: scākel, schakel, schaeckel

Dutch: schakel

Old Norse: skǫkull; skekill (< *skakilaz)

Icelandic: skökull, skekill, skekkill

Norwegian: skakel

Swedish: skakel

Danish: skagle


hnuppô

hnuppô (nominative singular)
hnuppaniz (nominative plural)
hnuppô (singular vocative)
hnuppaniz (plural vocative)
hnuppanų (accusative singular)
hnuppanunz (accusative plural)
hnuppiniz (genitive singular)
hnuppanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnuppini (dative singular)
hnuppammaz (dative plural)
hnuppinē (instrumental singular)
hnuppammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hnoppa

Middle English: noppe

Scots: nop, nap

English: nap

Old Saxon: *hnoppo

Middle Low German: noppe, nopp

→ Middle High German: noppe, nop

German: Noppe

Old Dutch: *noppo

Middle Dutch: noppe

Dutch: nop

→ French: noppe, nope

Old High German: *hnopfo, *nopho, *noppo

Old Norse: *hnoppi

Norwegian: napp

Old Swedish: noppa

Swedish: noppa

Danish: noppe, nopp

From Proto-Indo-European *knew-, *kenw- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”).


bruþą

bruþą (nominative singular)
bruþō (nominative plural)
bruþą (singular vocative)
bruþō (plural vocative)
bruþą (accusative singular)
bruþō (accusative plural)
bruþas (genitive singular)
bruþis (genitive singular)
bruþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bruþai (dative singular)
bruþamaz (dative plural)
bruþō (instrumental singular)
bruþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *broþ
Old English: broþ
Middle English: broth
English: broth
→ Scottish Gaelic: brot
Scots: broth
Old Saxon: broth
Middle Low German: brot
Old High German: brod, prod
Middle High German: brod
Cimbrian: bröode
German: Brod
Luxembourgish: Britt
→ Late Latin: brodium (see there for further descendants)
→ Vulgar Latin: *brodum (“broth, stew”)
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *brodiculāre (“to jumble together”)
Anglo-Norman: broiller
→ Middle English: broilen
English: broil
Scots: brulyie

Old Norse: broð

Icelandic: broð

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰru(h₁)-to-m, from *bʰrewh₁- (“to seethe; roil; brew”).


hneupaną

hneupō (active first-person indicative singular)
hneupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hneupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hneupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneup (active imperative second-person singular)
hneupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hneupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hneupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hneupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hneupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hneupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hneupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hneupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hneupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hneupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hneupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hneupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hneupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hneupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hneupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniupid (active indicative plural second-person)
hneupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniupid (active imperative plural second-person)
hneupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hneupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hneupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hneupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hneupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hneupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaup (active first-person indicative singular)
hnupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnauft (active indicative second-person singular)
hnupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaup (active indicative singular third-person)
hnupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnupū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnupum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnupud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnupun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hneupandz (active participle present)
hnupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *hnēopan (in combination: āhnēopan)

Old Norse: *hnjúpa

Old Swedish: niupa

Swedish: nypa

Gothic: *𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (*hniupan) (in combination: 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (dishniupan))


breuþaną

breuþō (active first-person indicative singular)
breuþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
breuþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briuþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
breuþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breuþ (active imperative second-person singular)
breuþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
breuþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briuþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
breuþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
breuþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
breuþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
breuþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
breuþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
breuþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
breuþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
breuþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
breuþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
breuþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
breuþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
breuþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
breuþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briuþid (active indicative plural second-person)
breuþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briuþid (active imperative plural second-person)
breuþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
breuþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
breuþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
breuþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breuþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
breuþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
breuþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brauþ (active first-person indicative singular)
bruþį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braust (active indicative second-person singular)
bruþīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brauþ (active indicative singular third-person)
bruþī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bruþū (active dual first-person indicative)
bruþīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bruþudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bruþīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bruþum (active first-person indicative plural)
bruþīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bruþud (active indicative plural second-person)
bruþīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bruþun (active indicative plural third-person)
bruþīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
breuþandz (active participle present)
bruþanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *breuþan
Old English: brēoþan
Middle English: breothen
Old High German: briodan

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce; to strike”).


hūbǭ

hūbǭ (nominative singular)
hūbōniz (nominative plural)
hūbǭ (singular vocative)
hūbōniz (plural vocative)
hūbōnų (accusative singular)
hūbōnunz (accusative plural)
hūbōniz (genitive singular)
hūbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūbōni (dative singular)
hūbōmaz (dative plural)
hūbōnē (instrumental singular)
hūbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hūbā

desctree

Old English: hūfe
Middle English: houve
Scots: how, hou

Old Frisian: hūve, houwe

North Frisian: huw, höw

Old Saxon: hūva

Middle Low German: hûve

German Low German: Huve, Huuv

Old Dutch: *hūva

Middle Dutch: hūve

Dutch: huif

Old High German: hūba

Middle High German: hūbe, hoube

German: Haube

Luxembourgish: Hauf

Rhine Franconian: Haub

→ Old French: huve

q

Middle French: huve, hobe (latter also considered a new borrowing from MHG)

⇒ French: aubette

Old Norse: húfa

Icelandic: húfa

Faroese: húgva

Norwegian: hue, huve

Old Swedish: hūva

Swedish: huva

Danish: hue

From Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“to arch, bend, curve, vault”).


falhuz

falhuz (nominative singular)
falhiwiz (nominative plural)
falhu (singular vocative)
falhiwiz (plural vocative)
falhų (accusative singular)
falhunz (accusative plural)
falhauz (genitive singular)
falhiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falhiwi (dative singular)
falhumaz (dative plural)
falhū (instrumental singular)
falhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fealh

Old Norse: falr

Icelandic: falur

Faroese: falur

Norwegian: fal

Old Swedish: fal (in compounds)

Swedish: fal


krupilaz

krupilaz (nominative singular)
krupilōz (nominative plural)
krupilōs (nominative plural)
krupil (singular vocative)
krupilōz (plural vocative)
krupilōs (plural vocative)
krupilą (accusative singular)
krupilanz (accusative plural)
krupilas (genitive singular)
krupilis (genitive singular)
krupilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krupilai (dative singular)
krupilamaz (dative plural)
krupilō (instrumental singular)
krupilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kryppill

Danish: krøbbel; krøbling

Icelandic: kryppill

Faroese: krypil; kryplingur

Norwegian: krøpling

Swedish: krympling


mastaz

mastaz (nominative singular)
mastōz (nominative plural)
mastōs (nominative plural)
mast (singular vocative)
mastōz (plural vocative)
mastōs (plural vocative)
mastą (accusative singular)
mastanz (accusative plural)
mastas (genitive singular)
mastis (genitive singular)
mastǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mastai (dative singular)
mastamaz (dative plural)
mastō (instrumental singular)
mastamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mast
Old English: mæst
Middle English: mast
English: mast
Scots: mast
Old Frisian: *mast, *mest
Saterland Frisian: Mäst
West Frisian: mêst
Old Saxon: *mast
Middle Low German: mast
German Low German: Mast
Old Dutch: *mast
Middle Dutch: mast
Dutch: mast
Old High German: mast
Middle High German: mast
German: Mast
→ Esperanto: masto
→ Ido: masto
→ Medieval Latin: mastus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mastr

Icelandic: mastur

Faroese: mastur

Norwegian Bokmål: mast

Norwegian Nynorsk: mast

Old Swedish: mast

Swedish: mast

→ Finnish: masto

Danish: mast

From Proto-Indo-European *mostos, *mozdos (“plank, board, flooring; perch, pole, mast”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *mostъ (“bridge, bridgework”), Latin mālus (“pole, mast”).


faluz

faluz (masculine nominative singular strong)
faljai (masculine nominative plural strong)
falī (feminine nominative singular strong)
faljôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
falų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
faljō (neuter nominative plural strong)
faljanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
faljanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
faljǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
faljōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
falų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
faljō (accusative neuter plural strong)
faljas (genitive masculine singular strong)
falis (genitive masculine singular strong)
faljaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
faljaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
faljaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
faljas (genitive neuter singular strong)
falis (genitive neuter singular strong)
faljaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
faljammai (dative masculine singular strong)
faljaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
faljaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
faljaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
faljammai (dative neuter singular strong)
faljaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
faljanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
faljaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
faljaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
faljaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
faljanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
faljaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
faljô (masculine nominative singular weak)
faljaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
faljǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
faljōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
faljô (neuter nominative singular weak)
faljōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
faljanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
faljanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
faljōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
faljōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
faljô (accusative neuter singular weak)
faljōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
faljanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
faljōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
faljōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
faljanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
falini (dative masculine singular weak)
faljammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
faljōni (dative feminine singular weak)
faljōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
falini (dative neuter singular weak)
faljammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
falinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
faljammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
faljōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
faljōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
falinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
faljammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fali, *falu
Old English: *fæle, *felo, *fel
Middle English: fel, fell (“wicked, treacherous”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French fel)
English: fell
Scots: fell
⇒ Old English: ælfæle, ealfelo (“very cruel”, literally “all-cruel”)
⇒ Old English: wælfel (“bloodthirsty”, literally “slaughter-cruel”)
Old Frisian: fal, fale, *fel, *fele (“terrible”) ([1404], hapax, presumed inherited, if not borrowed from Middle Dutch)
Saterland Frisian: fäl (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)
West Frisian: fel (< *fele, or borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *feli, *fel
Middle Low German: fel, vil (“godless, evil”) (or from Middle Dutch?)
German Low German: fell
⇒ Middle Low German: velike (“fiercely”) (or from Middle Dutch?)
Old Dutch: *feli, *fel, *felli
Middle Dutch: fel, felle (“cruel, wicked, embittered”) (reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French)
Dutch: fel
Old High German: *feli, *fel
Middle High German: vel (“cruel, heartless, evil”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], reinforced or possibly reborrowed from Old French)
⇒ Middle High German: velheit, felheit (“wickedness”) ([± 1340, Minnereden], or from Middle Dutch?)
→ Vulgar Latin: [Term?] (“cruel, evil”)
Old French: felon, feloun (obl.), fel, fels (nom.) (see there for further descendants)
Old Occitan: felon, felhon, fellon (obl.), fel, felh (nom.)
Occitan: fèl


wrēkō

wrēkō (nominative singular)
wrēkôz (nominative plural)
wrēkō (singular vocative)
wrēkôz (plural vocative)
wrēkǭ (accusative singular)
wrēkōz (accusative plural)
wrēkōz (genitive singular)
wrēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrēkōi (dative singular)
wrēkōmaz (dative plural)
wrēkō (instrumental singular)
wrēkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrāku
Old English: wrǣc, wrǣċ
Middle English: wrake, wreke, wræche, wrache, wreche
Scots: wrak, wraik, wrek
English: wrack, wreak
Old Frisian: wrēke, wrēze, wrētze
West Frisian: wrake, wraak (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: wrāka
Middle Low German: wrāke
Low German: Wraak
Old Dutch: wrāca
Middle Dutch: wrâke
Dutch: wraak
Afrikaans: wraak
Old High German: rāhha, rācha
Middle High German: rāche
German: Rache
→ Luxembourgish: Rach
→ Saterland Frisian: Rache

From Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin urgeō (“urge”).


uwwalǭ

uwwalǭ (nominative singular)
uwwalōniz (nominative plural)
uwwalǭ (singular vocative)
uwwalōniz (plural vocative)
uwwalōnų (accusative singular)
uwwalōnunz (accusative plural)
uwwalōniz (genitive singular)
uwwalōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uwwalōni (dative singular)
uwwalōmaz (dative plural)
uwwalōnē (instrumental singular)
uwwalōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *uwwilā
Old English: ūle
Middle English: oule, oul, owle, ule, howle, owlle
English: owl
Scots: oul, ool
Old Frisian: *ūle
Saterland Frisian: Ule
West Frisian: ûle
Old Saxon: ūwila
Middle Low German: ûle, uhle
German Low German: Uul
Plautdietsch: Ul
Old Dutch: ūla
Middle Dutch: ūle
Dutch: uil
Afrikaans: uil
→ Caribbean Hindustani: ullu
Old High German: ūwila
Middle High German: iuwele, iuwel, iule, ūle
Alemannic German: Üle
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: aul
Central Franconian: Eil
Hunsrik: Eil
Luxembourgish: Eil
Ripuarian: Üül
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: aojł
East Franconian:
German: Eule
Rhine Franconian: Eil, Il
Frankfurterisch: [ail], (newer) [oil]
Pennsylvania German: Eil

Old Norse: ugla

Icelandic: ugla

Faroese: ugla, ugli, úla

Norwegian: ugle, ule

Old Swedish: uggla

Swedish: uggla

Danish: ugle

→ Scots: yuggle

→ Catalan: òliba

From *uwwô (“eagle-owl”) + *-ilǭ (diminutive suffix). Probably ultimately of imitative origin, like Proto-West Germanic *hūō (“owl”).

onomatopoeic

imitative


bazōną

bazō (active first-person indicative singular)
bazǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bazōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bazōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bazōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bazō (active imperative second-person singular)
bazōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bazōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bazōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bazō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bazōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bazōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bazōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bazōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bazōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bazōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bazōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bazōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bazōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bazōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bazōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bazōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bazōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bazōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bazōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bazōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bazōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bazōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bazōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bazōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bazōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bazōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bazōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bazōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bazōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bazōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bazōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bazōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bazōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bazōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bazōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bazōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bazōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bazōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bazōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bazōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bazōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bazōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bazōndz (active participle present)
bazōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baʀōn
Old English: barian
Middle English: baren
Scots: bare
English: bare
Old Frisian: baria
West Frisian: bere
Old Saxon: barōn
Middle Low German: baren
Old Dutch: baron
Middle Dutch: baren
Dutch: baren
Old High German: barōn
Middle High German: baren, barn
Swabian: bären

Old Norse: bera; (Eastern dialect) *bara

Icelandic: bera

Old Swedish: bara

⇒ Old Norse: opinbera

Icelandic: opinbera


bazaz

*bazaz (a-stem)

bazaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bazai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bazō (feminine nominative singular strong)
bazôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bazą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
bazō (neuter nominative plural strong)
bazanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
bazanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
bazǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bazōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bazą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
bazō (accusative neuter plural strong)
bazas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
bazaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bazaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bazaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
bazas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
bazaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
bazammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bazaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bazaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bazaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
bazammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bazaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
bazanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bazaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bazaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bazaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
bazanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bazaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
bazô (masculine nominative singular weak)
bazaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
bazǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
bazōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
bazô (neuter nominative singular weak)
bazōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
bazanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
bazanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
bazōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
bazōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
bazô (accusative neuter singular weak)
bazōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
baziniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
bazanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
bazōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
bazōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
baziniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
bazanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
bazini (dative masculine singular weak)
bazammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
bazōni (dative feminine singular weak)
bazōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
bazini (dative neuter singular weak)
bazammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
bazinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
bazammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
bazōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
bazōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
bazinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
bazammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *baʀ
Old English: bær
Middle English: bare, bar, baar, bayre, bere, beare
English: bare
Scots: bare, bair
Yola: baar, baare
Old Frisian: ber
Saterland Frisian: boar
West Frisian: baar
Old Saxon: bar
Middle Low German: bâr
German Low German: baar
Old Dutch: *bar
Middle Dutch: bāer
Dutch: bar
Dutch: baar
Old High German: bar
Middle High German: bar
German: bar, baar
Yiddish: פּאַרעוו (parev)
→ English: parev, pareve
→ Old French: baraigne, baraing
Middle French: brehaigne
French: bréhaigne
→ Middle English: barain, barein
English: barren

Old Norse: berr (western), *baʀʀ (eastern)

Icelandic: ber

Faroese: berur

Norn: bjar

Norwegian: berr, bar

Old Swedish: bar

Swedish: bar

Danish: bar

Gutnish: bär, bärar


klajjô

klajjô (nominative singular)
klajjaniz (nominative plural)
klajjô (singular vocative)
klajjaniz (plural vocative)
klajjanų (accusative singular)
klajjanunz (accusative plural)
klajjiniz (genitive singular)
klajjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klajjini (dative singular)
klajjammaz (dative plural)
klajjinē (instrumental singular)
klajjammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kleggi

Icelandic: kleggi

Faroese: kleggi

Norwegian: kli (dialectal)

Danish: klæg, kleg

→ Scots: cleg, (clag), kleg

→ English: cleg; (clag?)

From Proto-Indo-European *gley- (“to glue, stick together”).


alinabugô

alinabugô (nominative singular)
alinabuganiz (nominative plural)
alinabugô (singular vocative)
alinabuganiz (plural vocative)
alinabuganų (accusative singular)
alinabuganunz (accusative plural)
alinabuginiz (genitive singular)
alinabuganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alinabugini (dative singular)
alinabugammaz (dative plural)
alinabuginē (instrumental singular)
alinabugammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: elnboga, elboga
Middle English: *elboghe, *elboȝe, elbowe
English: elbow
Scots: elbuck (earlier elbok)
Yola: helbough, helboge

Old Frisian: *elboga

Saterland Frisian: Älbooge

Old Saxon: *elinbogo

Middle Low German: ellebōge

German Low German: Ellebage

Plautdietsch: Alboagen

Old Dutch: *elinbogo

Middle Dutch: ellenbōge, ellenbōghe

Dutch: elleboog
Afrikaans: elmboog
→ Papiamentu: èlebog, èlembog, elleboog

Old High German: elinbogo
Middle High German: elenboge
German: Ellenboge, Ellbogen, Ellenbogen
Luxembourgish: Ielebou
Vilamovian: ełböga
Yiddish: עלנבויגן (elnboygn)

Old Norse: ǫlnbogi, alnbogi, albogi, ǫlbogi
Icelandic: olnbogi, olbogi
Faroese: albogi, albógvi
Norwegian:
Bokmål: albue
Norwegian Nynorsk: olboge
Old Swedish: *alnboghi, alboghi
Swedish: almboge, armbåge
Old Danish: almboghæ
Danish: albue, almbue, armbue
Gutnish: albuge, armbuge
Elfdalian: abugi
Scanian: alnbuğe

From *alinō (“ell, ulna, forearm”) + *bugô (“bend, bow”).


klakōną

klakō (active first-person indicative singular)
klakǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klakōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
klakōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klakōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klakō (active imperative second-person singular)
klakōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klakōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klakōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klakō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klakōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klakōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klakōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klakōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klakōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klakōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klakōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klakōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klakōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klakōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klakōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klakōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klakōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klakōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klakōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klakōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klakōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klakōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klakōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klakōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klakōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klakōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klakōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klakōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klakōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klakōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klakōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
klakōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klakōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klakōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klakōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klakōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klakōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klakōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klakōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klakōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klakōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klakōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klakōndz (active participle present)
klakōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *clacian

desc

Middle English: claken, clakken, clacken

Scots: clake, claik

English: clack

Old Saxon: *klakōn

Middle Low German: klacken

Low German: klakken

Old Dutch: *klakon

Middle Dutch: klacken

Dutch: klakken

→ Old French: clacquer, claquer

Middle French: claquer

French: claquer

Old High German: klahhazzen, klahhezzen, klachazzen, klachezzen

Old Norse: klaka

Icelandic: klaka

Norwegian: klakka

From Proto-Indo-European *glag- (“to make a noise, chatter, chirp”), from Proto-Indo-European *gal- (“to roop, scream, shout”).


nēhwagabūrô

nēhwagabūrô (nominative singular)
nēhwagabūraniz (nominative plural)
nēhwagabūrô (singular vocative)
nēhwagabūraniz (plural vocative)
nēhwagabūranų (accusative singular)
nēhwagabūranunz (accusative plural)
nēhwagabūriniz (genitive singular)
nēhwagabūranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nēhwagabūrini (dative singular)
nēhwagabūrammaz (dative plural)
nēhwagabūrinē (instrumental singular)
nēhwagabūrammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nāhwagabūrō

desctree

Old English: nēahġebūr
Middle English: neyghebour, neghboer, neghbour, neghebore, neghebur, neȝbore, neȝborwe, neȝebur, neȝȝebour, neȝhbor, nehebour, neighbore, neighbour, neighebor, neighebour, neiȝbor, neiȝbour, neiȝebor, neiȝebour, neihebur, neihȝebor, neybour, neyburwe, neyebore, neyghborn, neyghbour, neyghbur, neyȝbour, neyȝbure, neypur, nye-bore, neghtburgh, neghtebur, neȝtboure (influenced by nyght), neahȝebur, neahhebur, nehgebur, nehhebur (Early Middle English)
English: neighbour, neighbor
Scots: neibour, nebour, neebour, nichbour, nechbour, neichbour
Yola: nypore, nipore

Old Frisian: *nābūr

North Frisian: näiber

Saterland Frisian: Noaber

Old Saxon: *nāgibūr, nāhbūr, nābūr

desc

Middle Low German: nabûr, nabuwer, nahber, nâber

Low German: Nahwer, Naber, Nabur, Nabber, Nahber, Naober, nåber (New Saxon Spelling)

→ Finnish: naapuri (or directly from Old Swedish)

→ Estonian: naaber

→ Old Swedish: nabor

→ Ingrian: naapuri (or directly from Middle Low German)

→ Votic: naapuri (or directly from Middle Low German)

Old Dutch: *nāgibūr, *nābūr

Middle Dutch: nāgebuur, nāghebuur, nābuer, nābuur

Dutch: nagebuur, nabuur

Old High German: nāhgibūro; nāhgibūr

Middle High German: nāchgebūre; nāchgebūr

Alemannic German: Naachpuur, Nochbär, Nochber

Bavarian: Nochbar, Nåchbår

German: Nachbar, Nachbauer, Nachgebaur

Central Franconian: Nohber

Luxembourgish: Noper

Pennsylvania German: Nochber

desctree

Old Norse: nábúi
Icelandic: nábúi
Faroese: nábúgvi
Old Swedish: nābōe, nābō
Swedish: nabo
Danish: nabo
→ Norwegian Bokmål: nabo
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: nabo
→ Scottish Gaelic: nàbaidh

/ˈnɛː.xʷɑ.ɣɑ.ˌbuː.rɔːː/

From *nēhwaz (“nigh, close by”) + *gabūrô (“dweller”) (see *būraz).


stummaz

*stummaz (a-stem)

stummaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stummai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stummō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stummôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stummą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stummō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stummanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stummanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stummǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stummōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stummą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stummō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stummas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stummaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stummaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stummaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stummas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stummaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stummammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stummaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stummaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stummaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stummammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stummaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stummanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stummaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stummaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stummaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stummanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stummaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stummô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stummaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stummǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stummōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stummô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stummōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stummanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stummanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stummōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stummōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stummô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stummōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stumminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stummanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stummōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stummōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stumminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stummanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stummini (dative masculine singular weak)
stummammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stummōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stummōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stummini (dative neuter singular weak)
stummammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stumminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stummammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stummōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stummōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stumminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stummammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stumm
Old Frisian: stumm, stum
North Frisian: stomm, stamm
Saterland Frisian: stum
West Frisian: stom
Old Saxon: stumm, stum
Middle Low German: stum
Low German: stumm
Plautdietsch: stomm
→ Swedish: stum
Old Dutch: *stumm
Middle Dutch: stomm, stom
Dutch: stom
Berbice Creole Dutch: stom
Negerhollands: stom
→ English: stum, stoom
→ Papiamentu: stom (dated)
West Flemish: stum
Old High German: stumm, stumb, stum
Middle High German: stum
German: stumm
Luxembourgish: stomm
Yiddish: שטום (shtum)
→ English: shtum

From Pre-Germanic *stm̥Hnós, from Proto-Indo-European *stemH- (“to push, inhibit, stutter, stammer”).


skiftijaną

skiftijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skiftijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiftijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skiftīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skiftijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skiftī (active imperative second-person singular)
skiftijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skiftijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiftīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skiftijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiftijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skiftijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skiftijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skiftijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skiftijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiftijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiftijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiftijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skiftijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skiftijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiftijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skiftijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiftīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skiftijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiftīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skiftijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skiftijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skiftijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skiftijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiftijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skiftijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skiftijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skiftidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skiftidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skiftidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skiftidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skiftidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skiftidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skiftidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skiftidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skiftidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skiftidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skiftidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skiftidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skiftidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skiftidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiftidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skiftidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skiftijandz (active participle present)
skiftidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skiftijan

desc

Old English: sċiftan, *sċieftan, sċyftan

Middle English: schiften

Scots: schift, shift

English: shift

→ Vietnamese: quần chíp

Old Frisian: skifta, skiffa

⇒ Saterland Frisian: skiftje

West Frisian: skifte, skiftsje

Old Saxon: *skiftian

Middle Low German: schiften, schichten

German Low German: schichten

→ Middle High German: schihten (northern)

German: schichten

→ Luxembourgish: schichten

Old Dutch: *skiften

Middle Dutch: sciften, scichten, schiften, schiffen, schichten

Dutch: schiften

Old High German: *skiften

>? Middle High German: schiften

Old Norse: skipta

Icelandic: skipta, skifta

Norwegian: skifte

Old Swedish: skipta

Swedish: skifta

Danish: skifte

→ Scots: skift

From earlier *skiptijaną, from yet earlier *skipatjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skeyb- (“to separate, divide, part”), from Proto-Indo-European *skēy- (“to cut, divide, separate, part”) + *-atjaną.


skaþjaną

skaþjō (active first-person indicative singular)
skaþjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaþjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skaþisi (active indicative second-person singular)
skaþjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaþi (active imperative second-person singular)
skaþjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skaþjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skaþiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skaþjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaþjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skaþjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skaþjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skaþjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skaþjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaþjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaþjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaþjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skaþjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skaþjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaþjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skaþjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skaþiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skaþjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaþiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skaþjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skaþjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skaþjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skaþjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaþjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skaþjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skaþjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōd (active first-person indicative singular)
skōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōst (active indicative second-person singular)
skōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōd (active indicative singular third-person)
skōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaþjandz (active participle present)
skadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skaþþjan
Old English: sċeþþan, sċieþþan
Middle English: sceþþen

Old Norse: skeðja

Icelandic: skeðja

⇒ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skade

Norwegian Nynorsk: skade

⇒ Swedish: oskadd (“unscathed”)

⇒ Danish: uskadt (“unscathed”)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skaþjan)

From Pre-Germanic *skh₁tH-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁t- (“damage, harm”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀσκηθής (askēthḗs, “intact, safe, sound”, literally “without damage”).


starkuz

starkuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
starkijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
starkī (feminine nominative singular strong)
starkijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
starkų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
starkijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
starkijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
starkijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
starkijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
starkijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
starkų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
starkijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
starkijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
starkīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
starkijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
starkijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
starkijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
starkijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
starkīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
starkijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
starkijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
starkijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
starkijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
starkijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
starkijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
starkijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
starkijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
starkijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
starkijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
starkijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
starkijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
starkijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
starkijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
starkijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
starkijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
starkijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
starkijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
starkijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
starkijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
starkijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
starkijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
starkijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
starkijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
starkijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
starkīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
starkijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
starkijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
starkijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
starkīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
starkijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
starkīni (dative masculine singular weak)
starkijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
starkijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
starkijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
starkīni (dative neuter singular weak)
starkijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
starkīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
starkijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
starkijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
starkijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
starkīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
starkijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stark
Old English: starc, stearc, *stierc
Middle English: stark, sterk
Scots: stark, sterk
English: stark
Old Frisian: sterk, stark, steric
Saterland Frisian: stäärk
West Frisian: sterk
Old Saxon: stark, *sterk
Middle Low German: stark, sterk
Low German: sterk
Plautdietsch: stoakj
Old Dutch: stark, *sterk
Middle Dutch: starc, sterc
Dutch: sterk
Afrikaans: sterk
Limburgish: stèrk
Old High German: starah, starch, starc, stark
Middle High German: starc
German: stark
Luxembourgish: staark
Yiddish: שטאַרק (shtark)

Old Norse: starkr, sterkr

Icelandic: sterkur

Faroese: sterkur

Norn: stark

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: sterk

Norwegian Nynorsk: sterk

Old Swedish: starker

Swedish: stark

Danish: stærk

Elfdalian: stark

Gutnish: starkar, starkur

An o-grade adjective derived from the strong verb *sterkaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sterg- (“rigid, stiff”).


hliwjaz

*hliwjaz (ja-stem)

hliwjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hliwjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hliwjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hliwjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hliwją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hliwjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hliwjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hliwjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hliwjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hliwjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hliwją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hliwjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hliwjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hliwjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hliwjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hliwjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hliwjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hliwjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hliwjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hliwjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hliwjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hliwjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hliwjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hliwjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hliwjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hliwjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hliwjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hliwjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hliwjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hliwjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hliwjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hliwjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hliwjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hliwjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hliwjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hliwjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hliwjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hliwjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hliwjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hliwjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hliwjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hliwjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hliwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hliwjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hliwjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hliwjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hliwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hliwjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hliwini (dative masculine singular weak)
hliwjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hliwjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hliwjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hliwini (dative neuter singular weak)
hliwjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hliwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hliwjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hliwjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hliwjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hliwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hliwjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hliuwi

Old English: hlīwe, hlīewe, hlȳwe

Middle English: lewe

English: lew

Scots: lew

Old Norse: hlýr

Icelandic: hlýr

Faroese: lýggjur

Norwegian: ly

Swedish: ly

Danish: ly

Finlandic lect: lyi, ljoi

Gutnish: löir

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱal(w)e-, *ḱlēw- (“warm, hot”). Cognate with Lithuanian šiltas (“warm”), Latin calor (“warmth, heat”), Welsh clyd (“warm, cozy”).


wlakwaz

*wlakwaz (a-stem)

wlakwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wlakwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wlakwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wlakwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wlakwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wlakwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wlakwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wlakwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wlakwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wlakwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wlakwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wlakwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wlakwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wlakwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wlakwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wlakwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wlakwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wlakwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wlakwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wlakwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wlakwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wlakwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wlakwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wlakwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wlakwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wlakwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wlakwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wlakwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wlakwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wlakwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wlakwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wlakwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wlakwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wlakwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wlakwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wlakwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wlakwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wlakwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wlakwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wlakwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wlakwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wlakwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wlakwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wlakwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wlakwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wlakwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wlakwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wlakwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wlakwini (dative masculine singular weak)
wlakwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wlakwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wlakwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wlakwini (dative neuter singular weak)
wlakwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wlakwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wlakwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wlakwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wlakwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wlakwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wlakwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wlaku
Old English: wlacu, wlæc
Middle English: wlak, wlach
Early Scots: *wlach, *walch, *walgh
Scots: wallachie, wauch
Old Saxon: *wlak
Middle Low German: wlak, wlack

From Proto-Indo-European *welg- (“moist, wet”).


hlēwaz

*hlēwaz (a-stem)

hlēwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hlēwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hlēwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hlēwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hlēwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hlēwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hlēwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hlēwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hlēwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hlēwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hlēwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hlēwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hlēwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hlēwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hlēwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hlēwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hlēwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hlēwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hlēwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hlēwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hlēwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hlēwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hlēwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hlēwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hlēwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hlēwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hlēwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hlēwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hlēwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hlēwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hlēwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hlēwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hlēwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hlēwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hlēwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hlēwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hlēwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hlēwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hlēwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hlēwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hlēwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hlēwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hlēwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hlēwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hlēwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hlēwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hlēwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hlēwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hlēwini (dative masculine singular weak)
hlēwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hlēwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hlēwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hlēwini (dative neuter singular weak)
hlēwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hlēwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hlēwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hlēwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hlēwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hlēwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hlēwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlāu
Old English: hlēow
Middle English: lew, lewe
Scots: lew
English: lew
Old Frisian: *hliāw, *liāw
Saterland Frisian: ljou
West Frisian: lij
Old Saxon: *hlāo
Middle Low German: lau, lauw
German Low German: lau
Old Dutch: *lāo
Middle Dutch: lâeu, lau
Dutch: lauw
Afrikaans: lou
Old High German: lāo, *hlāo
Middle High German: lā (lāw-)
Alemannic German: leew
German: lau
→ Old French: [Term?], flou
Middle French: flou
French: flou
→ Middle Dutch: vlau
Dutch: flauw
→ German: flau
→ Danish: flov

desc

or from <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hlējaz</i>

>? Old Norse: hlær (or from *hlējaz)

Icelandic: hlær

Norwegian: læ

Danish: læ

→ Proto-Finnic: *leevä (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Finnic: *lauha (see there for further descendants)

From the same root of the synonym *hliwjaz as well as possibly *hlewą (“shelter”) (but see Proto-West Germanic *hlaiw for an alternative), further uncertain:
* from Proto-Indo-European *ḱleh₁-wós, from the root *ḱelh₁- ~ *ḱleh₁- (“warm, hot”). Cognate with Lithuanian šiltas (“warm”), Latin calor (“warmth, heat”), Welsh clyd (“warm, cozy”).
* a vṛddhi derivative of *hlew- (“(to) clean, bathe?”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlewH- (“to clean”), whence also *hlūtraz. However, even allowing for the semantic gap, the unextended root is not found in Germanic.


erþōbazją

erþōbazją (nominative singular)
erþōbazjō (nominative plural)
erþōbazją (singular vocative)
erþōbazjō (plural vocative)
erþōbazją (accusative singular)
erþōbazjō (accusative plural)
erþōbazjas (genitive singular)
erþōbazis (genitive singular)
erþōbazjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
erþōbazjai (dative singular)
erþōbazjamaz (dative plural)
erþōbazjō (instrumental singular)
erþōbazjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *erþubaʀi
Old English: eorþberġe, eorþberie, eorþberiġe
Old Frisian: *irtheberie
Saterland Frisian: Äidbäie
West Frisian: ierdbei
Old Saxon: erthberi, erdberi
Middle Low German: erdbere
German Low German: Eerdbeei, Eerdjebeei, Eerkebeei
Low German: Erebeie, Eerdbeer
Plautdietsch: Ieedbäa
Old Dutch: *erdberi
Middle Dutch: erdbere
Dutch: aardbei
Afrikaans: aarbei
→ Indonesian: arbei
→ Papiamentu: artbèi
Old High German: erdberi, erdperi
Middle High German: erdbere
German: Erdbeere
Luxembourgish: Äerdbier
Mòcheno: eaper
→ English: earthberry (calque)

Old Norse: jarðber

Icelandic: jarðarber

Faroese: jarðber

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: jordber, jordbær; (dialectal) jardabær, jardbær

Swedish: jordbär (archaic)

Danish: jordbær

Norwegian Bokmål: jordbær

From *erþō (“earth”) + *bazją (“berry”).


gōdalīkaz

*gōdalīkaz (a-stem)

gōdalīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gōdalīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gōdalīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gōdalīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gōdalīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gōdalīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gōdalīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gōdalīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gōdalīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gōdalīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gōdalīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gōdalīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gōdalīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gōdalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gōdalīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gōdalīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gōdalīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gōdalīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gōdalīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gōdalīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gōdalīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gōdalīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gōdalīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gōdalīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gōdalīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gōdalīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gōdalīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gōdalīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gōdalīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gōdalīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gōdalīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gōdalīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gōdalīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gōdalīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gōdalīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gōdalīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gōdalīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gōdalīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gōdalīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gōdalīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gōdalīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gōdalīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gōdalīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gōdalīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gōdalīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gōdalīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gōdalīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gōdalīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gōdalīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
gōdalīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gōdalīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gōdalīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gōdalīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
gōdalīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gōdalīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gōdalīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gōdalīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gōdalīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gōdalīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gōdalīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gōdalīk

Old English: gōdlīc, gōdlīċ

Middle English: goodlich, goodly

English: goodly

Middle Scots: gudely, gudly, guidly, gudelie, guidlye, gwidlie, goodly

Scots: gudely, gudly, guidly

Old Frisian: gōdlīk

West Frisian: gulk

Old Saxon: gōdlīk

Middle Low German: gôtlîk

Low German: göödlich

Old Dutch: *guodlīk

Middle Dutch: goetlike, goedelike, goedelijc, goedelijck, goedlijc, goetlijc, goetelijc, guedelijc, guelijc, guetelijc, goelijc

Dutch: goedelijk (obsolete), goelijk

Old High German: guotlīh, kuotilīh, guollīh

Middle High German: guotlīch, güetlīch

German: gütlich

Old Norse: góðligr

Icelandic: góðlegur

⇒ Faroese: góðsligur

/ˈɣɔː.ðɑ.ˌliː.kɑz/


swinþaz

*swinþaz (a-stem)

swinþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swinþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swinþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swinþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swinþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swinþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swinþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swinþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swinþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swinþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swinþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swinþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swinþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
swinþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swinþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swinþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swinþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
swinþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swinþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swinþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swinþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swinþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swinþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swinþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swinþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swinþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swinþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swinþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swinþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swinþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swinþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swinþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swinþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swinþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swinþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swinþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swinþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swinþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swinþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swinþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swinþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swinþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swinþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swinþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swinþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swinþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swinþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swinþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swinþini (dative masculine singular weak)
swinþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swinþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swinþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swinþini (dative neuter singular weak)
swinþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swinþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swinþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swinþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swinþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swinþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swinþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swinþ
Old English: swīþ
Middle English: swith
English: swith
Scots: swith
Old Frisian: *swīth
Saterland Frisian: swied
West Frisian: swiid
Old Saxon: swīth, *swinth
Middle Low German: swît, swîde, swinde
Low German: swied, swinn
Plautdietsch: schwind
→ Polish: szwytki, świtki (“agile, quick, dashing”) (dialectal)
→ Old Ruthenian: швыдкїй (švydkij) (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)
Old Dutch: *swīth, *swinth (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: swîde, swinde
Dutch: swiet, zwiej (dialectal)
Old High German: *swind (in personal names)
Middle High German: swinde, swint
⇒ Middle High German: geswinde
Bavarian: gschwind
German: geschwind
→ Dutch: gezwind
Luxembourgish: geschwënn

Old Norse: sviðr, svinnr

Icelandic: svinnur

Faroese: svinnur

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (swinþs)

Uncertain; suggested to derive from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to overpower”), whence also *segaz (“victory”), perhaps either:
* directly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sǵʰ-wént-s ~ *sǵʰ-unt-és, whence also variant *sundaz, from *seǵʰ- + *-wénts;
* or derived from unattested noun *swin- (“strength, power”) + *-þaz, from Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰ-wr̥ ~ *sǵʰ-wén-s (“overpowering; holding”), cognate with Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos, “strength, power”).


gadilingaz

gadilingaz (nominative singular)
gadilingōz (nominative plural)
gadilingōs (nominative plural)
gadiling (singular vocative)
gadilingōz (plural vocative)
gadilingōs (plural vocative)
gadilingą (accusative singular)
gadilinganz (accusative plural)
gadilingas (genitive singular)
gadilingis (genitive singular)
gadilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gadilingai (dative singular)
gadilingamaz (dative plural)
gadilingō (instrumental singular)
gadilingamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaduling, *gadiling
Old English: gædeling, geaduling
Middle English: gadling, gedelyng, gedling
Scots: gedling
English: gadling
Old Saxon: gaduling, *gediling
Middle Low German: gadelink, gedelink, gēdelinc
Old Dutch: *gediling
Middle Dutch: gēdelinc
Old High German: gatuling, gataling, gatiling, *getiling
Middle High German: getelinc, getlinc

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (gadiliggs)

From *gadō (“joined, united”) + *-ilingaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to join, unite”).

der

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache