Batawjō

Batawjō (nominative singular)
Batawjō (singular vocative)
Batawjǭ (accusative singular)
Batawjōz (accusative plural)
Batawjōz (genitive singular)
Batawjōi (dative singular)
Batawjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Batauwju
Old Dutch: *Batouwa, *Betuwa
Middle Dutch: *Betuwe
Dutch: Betuwe

→ Latin: Batavia
→ Dutch: Batavia
Javindo: Batafia
Petjo: Betawie
→ Caribbean Javanese: Betawi, mBetawi
→ Danish: Batavia
→ English: Batavia
→ French: Batavia
→ Indonesian: Batavia, Betawi
→ Javanese: ꦧꦠꦮꦶ (Batawi), ꦧꦼꦠꦮꦶ (Betawi)
→ Peranakan Indonesian: Betawi
→ Sundanese: Batawi
→ Old High German: Pazauwa (various forms attested)
Middle High German:
German: Passau

From *bataz (“good”) + *awjō (“island”).


eutaz

eutaz (nominative singular)
eutōz (nominative plural)
eutōs (nominative plural)
eut (singular vocative)
eutōz (plural vocative)
eutōs (plural vocative)
eutą (accusative singular)
eutanz (accusative plural)
eutas (genitive singular)
iutis (genitive singular)
eutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
eutai (dative singular)
eutamaz (dative plural)
eutō (instrumental singular)
eutamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *eut

Old English: Ēotas (plural)

German: Jüte

desctree

Old Norse: jótar (plural)
Icelandic: Jóti
Faroese: júti
Norwegian Nynorsk: jute
Old Danish: iutæ
Danish: jyde
Norwegian Bokmål: jyde
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jyde
Old Swedish: iūte
Swedish: jute (pl. jutar)

→ Latin: Iutae, Iutī (both plural)

→ English: Jute

→ Dutch: Juut

Of uncertain and disputed origin, the name has been connected to several different Germanic names and words, such as Old Saxon Eucii, Old Norse jǫtunn (“jotun”), Old English eoten (“monster, giant”), from Proto-Germanic *etunaz, from Proto-Germanic *etaną (“to eat”). Or possibly related to Proto-Germanic *gautaz (“Geat”).


gautaz

gautaz (nominative singular)
gautōz (nominative plural)
gautōs (nominative plural)
gaut (singular vocative)
gautōz (plural vocative)
gautōs (plural vocative)
gautą (accusative singular)
gautanz (accusative plural)
gautas (genitive singular)
gautis (genitive singular)
gautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gautai (dative singular)
gautamaz (dative plural)
gautō (instrumental singular)
gautamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Gaut

Old English: Gēat
→ English: Geat

Old Norse: gautar pl; Gautr

Icelandic: Gautur, Gauti

Norwegian Nynorsk: gaut

Old Swedish: gø̄tar pl

Swedish: göt

Gothic:

→ Latin: Gapt [Jordanes]

desc

→ Ancient Greek: Γοῦται pl (Goûtai), Γαῦτοι pl (Gaûtoi)

→ Latin: Gautae pl, Gautigothi pl

The theonym (“heiti of Odin”) is likely derived from the third-person singular past tense *gaut of the Proto-Germanic verb *geutaną (“to pour”), thus making also the mythical ancestor *Gautaz (“he who has poured (out libations)”), while the ethnonym was derived from this meaning (or vice versa). It is directly related to *gudą (“god”), *gudjô (“priest”), and *gutô (“Goth”), all being descended from the same Proto-Indo-European root as Vedic Sanskrit होतृ (hótṛ, “priest (hotr), sacrifice”).


þeuhą

þeuhą (nominative singular)
þeuhō (nominative plural)
þeuhą (singular vocative)
þeuhō (plural vocative)
þeuhą (accusative singular)
þeuhō (accusative plural)
þeuhas (genitive singular)
þeuhis (genitive singular)
þeuhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeuhai (dative singular)
þeuhamaz (dative plural)
þeuhō (instrumental singular)
þeuhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeuh
Old English: þēoh
Middle English: þigh
English: thigh
Scots: thee
Old Frisian: thiāch
West Frisian: tsjea
Old Saxon: thioh, thio
Middle Low German: dêch, dê, dee
⇒ Low German: Dickbeen
Old Dutch: thīo
Middle Dutch: dië
Dutch: dij
Afrikaans: dy
Limburgish: die, diech
Old High German: dioh
Middle High German: diech
German: Diech (obsolete)
>? German: Dickbein
Yiddish: דיך (dikh)

Old Norse: þjó
Icelandic: þjó
Faroese: tjógv
Norn: tjug
Norwegian: tjo
Gutnish: tiau, tjauv, tjaug


ūt

Proto-West Germanic: *ūt
Old English: ūt
Middle English: oute, out, ut, ute, uth, wt, uot
English: out
Geordie English: oot
Scots: out, oot
Yola: udh, uth, ut, out, outh
Old Frisian: ūt
Saterland Frisian: uut
West Frisian: út
Old Saxon: ūt
Middle Low German: ût
German Low German: uut
Low German: ut
Old Dutch: ūt
Middle Dutch: uut, ute
Dutch: uit
Afrikaans: uit
Berbice Creole Dutch: oiti
Jersey Dutch: äut
Negerhollands: ut, it, yt
Old High German: ūz
Middle High German: ūz
Alemannic German: us
Cimbrian: aus, auz (Luserna)
German: aus
Luxembourgish: aus
Yiddish: אויס (oys)

Old Norse: út

Icelandic: út

Faroese: út

Norwegian: ut

Old Swedish: ūt

Swedish: ut

Danish: ud

Gothic: 𐌿𐍄 (ūt)

From Proto-Indo-European *úd (“out, outward”).


falaz

falaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
falai (masculine nominative plural strong)
falō (feminine nominative singular strong)
falôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
falą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
falō (neuter nominative plural strong)
falanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
falanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
falǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
falōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
falą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
falō (accusative neuter plural strong)
falas (genitive masculine singular strong)
falis (genitive masculine singular strong)
falaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
falaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
falaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
falas (genitive neuter singular strong)
falis (genitive neuter singular strong)
falaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
falammai (dative masculine singular strong)
falaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
falaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
falaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
falammai (dative neuter singular strong)
falaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
falanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
falaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
falaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
falaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
falanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
falaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
falô (masculine nominative singular weak)
falaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
falǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
falōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
falô (neuter nominative singular weak)
falōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
falanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
falanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
falōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
falōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
falô (accusative neuter singular weak)
falōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
falanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
falōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
falōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
falanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
falini (dative masculine singular weak)
falammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
falōni (dative feminine singular weak)
falōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
falini (dative neuter singular weak)
falammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
falinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
falammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
falōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
falōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
falinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
falammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old High German: fali (feil is Old High German feili)

Old Norse: falr

Icelandic: falur

Faroese: falur

Swedish: fal

Danish: fal

Uncertain. Usually regarded as from a Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (“to sell”) and cognate with e.g. Lithuanian pel̃nas (“profit”), Proto-Slavic *pȇlnъ (“loot”), Ancient Greek πωλέω (pōléō, “I sell”).


þahsuz

þahsuz (nominative singular)
þahsiwiz (nominative plural)
þahsu (singular vocative)
þahsiwiz (plural vocative)
þahsų (accusative singular)
þahsunz (accusative plural)
þahsauz (genitive singular)
þahsiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þahsiwi (dative singular)
þahsumaz (dative plural)
þahsū (instrumental singular)
þahsumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þahs
Old Frisian: *thaks
Saterland Frisian: Taks
Old Saxon: thahs
Middle Low German: das, dasse
German Low German: Dass
Old Dutch: *thas
Middle Dutch: das
Dutch: das
Afrikaans: das, dassie
→ English: dassie
Jersey Dutch: dās
→ West Frisian: das
Limburgish: dasj
West Flemish: das
Old High German: dahs
Middle High German: dahs
Cimbrian: daks
German: Dachs
→ German Low German: Dacks
→ Luxembourgish: Dachs
→ Saterland Frisian: Daks
Hunsrik: Dachs
Luxembourgish: Duess (archaic)
Yiddish: דאַקס (daks)
→ Late Latin: taxus, taxō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þax, þǫx

Norwegian Nynorsk: toks

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: svintoks

Swedish: tax

Danish: taks (obsolete)

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐍃 (*þahsus)

⇒ Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌿𐌺𐍃 (*þahsuks) (diminutive)
→ Vulgar Latin: *taxūcus (Western Hispania)
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: teixugo
Portuguese: texugo
Spanish: tasugo

From Proto-Indo-European *tótḱ-us, from *tetḱ- (“to weave, braid, add, establish, construct”). Cognate with Latin texō (“weave, braid, build, compose”), Ancient Greek τίκτω (tíktō), τέχνη (tékhnē), τέκτων (téktōn). Also compare Proto-Celtic *taskos.


būkaz

būkaz (nominative singular)
būkōz (nominative plural)
būkōs (nominative plural)
būk (singular vocative)
būkōz (plural vocative)
būkōs (plural vocative)
būką (accusative singular)
būkanz (accusative plural)
būkas (genitive singular)
būkis (genitive singular)
būkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būkai (dative singular)
būkamaz (dative plural)
būkō (instrumental singular)
būkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *būk

Old English: būc, būcc

Middle English: bouk

Scots: bouk, bowk, buik

English: bouk

→ Anglo-Norman: buket, buquet

→ Scots: bucket

→ English: bucket

Old Frisian: būk

Saterland Frisian: Buuk

West Frisian: búk

Old Saxon: būk

Middle Low German: bûk

German Low German: Buuk

Plautdietsch: Buck

desctree

Old Dutch: būc
Middle Dutch: buuc
Dutch: buik
Afrikaans: buik
Negerhollands: buk, big, bik
Skepi Creole Dutch: buk
Limburgish: boek
West Flemish: buuk
Zealandic: buuk

→ Late Latin: *bucus

Old French: buc, bu

Middle French: bu

⇒ Old French: trebuchier

Middle French: trebucher

French: trébucher, trébuchet

Old Occitan: bu

Catalan: buc

Spanish: buque, trabuco, trabucar

Italian: buco, bucare

desc

Occitan: buc, trabucar, trabuc, trabuquet

Anglo-Norman: buc

Old High German: būh, pūch

Middle High German: būch

German: Bauch

Luxembourgish: Bauch

Yiddish: בויך (boykh)

Cimbrian: pauch

Old Norse: búkr

Icelandic: búkur

Faroese: búkur

Norwegian Bokmål: buk

Norwegian Nynorsk: buk

Old Swedish: būker

Swedish: buk

Danish: bug

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰōw- (“to swell, inflate”).


wissaz

*wissaz (a-stem)

wissaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wissai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wissō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wissôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wissą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wissō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wissanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wissanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wissǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wissōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wissą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wissō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wissas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wissaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wissaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wissaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wissas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wissaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wissammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wissaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wissaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wissaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wissammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wissaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wissanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wissaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wissaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wissaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wissanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wissaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wissô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wissaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wissǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wissōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wissô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wissōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wissanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wissanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wissōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wissōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wissô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wissōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wissiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wissanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wissōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wissōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wissiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wissanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wissini (dative masculine singular weak)
wissammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wissōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wissōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wissini (dative neuter singular weak)
wissammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wissinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wissammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wissōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wissōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wissinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wissammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)


trewą

trewą (nominative singular)
trewō (nominative plural)
trewą (singular vocative)
trewō (plural vocative)
trewą (accusative singular)
trewō (accusative plural)
trewas (genitive singular)
triwis (genitive singular)
trewǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trewai (dative singular)
trewamaz (dative plural)
trewō (instrumental singular)
trewamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *treu
Old English: trēow
Middle English: tre, treo
English: tree
Scots: tree
Old Frisian: trē
North Frisian: tre, trä
Old Saxon: trio, treo
Old Dutch: *trio, *treo
Middle Dutch: tree, tere
Dutch: teer (mostly in compounds, like appelteer and elzenteer)
Old High German: *tra
⇒ Old High German: affoltra, affultra
Middle High German: affalter, apfalter
German: Affolter
Bavarian: Affalter

Old Norse: tré
Icelandic: tré
Faroese: træ
Norwegian Nynorsk: tre
Dalecarlian: trai
Old Swedish: trǣ
Swedish: trä (“wood”), träd (“tree”) (from the definite)
Scanian: træ
Danish: træ
Norwegian Bokmål: tre

Gothic: 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu)

From pre-Germanic *dréwom, from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (specifically the oblique stem *dréw-).


ajją

ajją (nominative singular)
ajjō (nominative plural)
ajją (singular vocative)
ajjō (plural vocative)
ajją (accusative singular)
ajjō (accusative plural)
ajjas (genitive singular)
ajis (genitive singular)
ajjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ajjai (dative singular)
ajjamaz (dative plural)
ajjō (instrumental singular)
ajjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aij
Old English: ǣġ
Middle English: ey
English: ey (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: cokeney, cokenay (disputed)
English: Cockney
Old Frisian: *ei, *ai
Saterland Frisian: Oai
West Frisian: aei, aai
Old Saxon: ei, eig, egg
Middle Low German: ei, egg, eig
Low German:
German Low German: Ei
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Egg
Märkisch: Ägg
Ravensbergisch: Åich
Sauerländisch: Ai
Westmünsterländisch: Äi
Plautdietsch: Ei
Old Dutch: *ei
Middle Dutch: ei
Dutch: ei
Afrikaans: eier
Berbice Creole Dutch: airi
Jersey Dutch: āi
Negerhollands: ee, eiu, eyu, eju
Limburgish: ei
Old High German: ei
Middle High German: ei
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Oi
Bavarian: Oa
Mòcheno: oi
Central Franconian: Ei, Ää, Aai
Hunsrik: Eu
Luxembourgish: Ee
German: Ei
Vilamovian: e
Yiddish: איי (ey)

Old Norse: egg
Icelandic: egg
Faroese: egg
Norwegian Nynorsk: egg
Elfdalian: egg
Old Swedish: æg
Swedish: ägg
Scanian: ægg
Danish: æg
Norwegian Bokmål: egg
→ Middle English: eg, eeg, egg, egge, egghe, eeg
English: egg, egge
→⇒ German: not the yellow from the egg
Jamaican Creole: eg
Sranan Tongo: eksi
Scots: egg
Yola: egges (plural)

Crimean Gothic: ada

By Holtzmann's law from *ojóm, by Dybo's law from *ōjóm, by Mahlow's law from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm.


faþmaz

faþmaz (nominative singular)
faþmōz (nominative plural)
faþmōs (nominative plural)
faþm (singular vocative)
faþmōz (plural vocative)
faþmōs (plural vocative)
faþmą (accusative singular)
faþmanz (accusative plural)
faþmas (genitive singular)
faþmis (genitive singular)
faþmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faþmai (dative singular)
faþmamaz (dative plural)
faþmō (instrumental singular)
faþmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *faþm
Old English: fæþm
Middle English: fathome, fadome
Scots: faddom
English: fathom
Old Frisian: fethem, fethm
Saterland Frisian: Fäidem, Fäden
West Frisian: fiem
Old Saxon: fathm
Middle Low German: vādem
German Low German: Faam
Low German: fadem, faem
Old Dutch: *fatham
Middle Dutch: vādem, vāem (late)
Dutch: vadem, vaam
Afrikaans: vadem, vaam
Limburgish: vaam (“thread”), vadem (“fathom”)
Old High German: fadam, fadum
Middle High German: vadem, vaden
Central Franconian: Faddem, Foadem, Fodem, Fadem, Farem
Luxembourgish: Fuedem
Cimbrian: vaadom, baadom (Mezzaselva)
German: Faden

Old Norse: faðmr
Icelandic: faðmur
Faroese: favnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: famn; (dialectal) fabn, fabm
Elfdalian: farm, fammen
Old Swedish: famn, faghn
Swedish: famn, fagn
Old Danish: fafn, fathm
Danish: favn, farm, fadm
Norwegian Bokmål: favn
Scanian: fağn
Gutnish: famn

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: fáŧmi

Southern Sami: faerhmie

From Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“shoulders, armful, fathom”). Cognate with Lithuanian petys (“shoulder, armpit”) and possibly Ancient Greek ποτᾰμός (potamós).


aldaz

alþizô (comparative)
alþistaz (superlative)
aldaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aldai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aldō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aldôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aldą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aldō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aldanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aldanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aldǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aldōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aldą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aldō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aldas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aldaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aldaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aldaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aldas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aldaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aldammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aldaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aldaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aldaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aldammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aldaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aldanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aldaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aldaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aldaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aldanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aldaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aldô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aldaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aldǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aldōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aldô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aldōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aldanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aldanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aldōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aldōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aldô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aldōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aldiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aldanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aldōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aldōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aldiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aldanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aldini (dative masculine singular weak)
aldammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aldōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aldōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aldini (dative neuter singular weak)
aldammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aldinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aldammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aldōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aldōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aldinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aldammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*aldaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ald
Old English: eald, ald, eold, æld, eld
Middle English: olde, old, ald, holde, wolde, yolde, yhold, yolle
English: old, wold (dialect)
Geordie English: awd, auld
Scots: auld
Yola: yole, yold
Old Frisian: ald
North Frisian: ual, uul, ool
Saterland Frisian: oold
West Frisian: âld
Old Saxon: ald
Middle Low German: ôlt, old
German Low German: old, oold, ol, olt
→ German: oll
Plautdietsch: oolt
Old Dutch: alt
Middle Dutch: out
Dutch: oud
Afrikaans: oud
Berbice Creole Dutch: hau
Jersey Dutch: āud, āut
Negerhollands: oud, ouw, houw, hou
Skepi Creole Dutch: ou, oud
West Flemish: elde
Limburgish: aad
Old High German: alt, ald — northern
Middle High German: alt
Alemannic German: altu, oalt, oalt, olt, àltà (Italian Walser)
Bavarian:
Apeltonerisch: old
Central Bavarian: oid /ɔed̥/
Cimbrian: alt
Mòcheno: òlt
Northern Bavarian: old /ɔːld̥/
Southern Bavarian: ålt /ɔltʰ/
Udinese: olt, òlt
Central Franconian: alt
Hunsrik: alt
Kirchröadsj: aod, auw
Luxembourgish: al
German: alt
Rhine Franconian: alt, all
Frankfurterisch: [ɑːl], [aːl]
Pennsylvania German: alt
Vilamovian: aołd
Yiddish: אַלט (alt)

Old Norse: aldinn

Icelandic: aldinn

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (alþeis)

Crimean Gothic: alt

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eltós, from *h₂el- (“to grow, nourish”); equivalent to the old past participle of *alaną (“to grow”). Compare Latin altus (“tall, high”) with a similar origin.


anadô

anadô (nominative singular)
anadaniz (nominative plural)
anadô (singular vocative)
anadaniz (plural vocative)
anadanų (accusative singular)
anadanunz (accusative plural)
anadiniz (genitive singular)
anadanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anadini (dative singular)
anadammaz (dative plural)
anadinē (instrumental singular)
anadammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *anadō
Old English: anda, onda
Middle English: ande, onde, yond
English: ande, onde, and
Scots: and, ande, aind, aynd
Old Frisian: omma, andema, ondema
Saterland Frisian: Omme
West Frisian: amme
Old Saxon: ando
Middle Low German: ande
Old Dutch: ando
Middle Dutch: ande
Old High German: anto, ando, anado
Middle High German: ande
German: Ahnd, And

Old Norse: andi
Icelandic: andi
Faroese: andi
Norwegian Nynorsk: ande, ånd
Old Swedish: ande
Swedish: ande, anda
Danish: ånde, ånd
Norwegian Bokmål: ånde

/ˈɑ.nɑ.ðɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-dʰō, from *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”); compare *ananą. Related to Latin anima (“breath, spirit”).


buhtiz

buhtiz (nominative singular)
buhtīz (nominative plural)
buhti (singular vocative)
buhtīz (plural vocative)
buhtį (accusative singular)
buhtinz (accusative plural)
buhtīz (genitive singular)
buhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
buhtī (dative singular)
buhtimaz (dative plural)
buhtī (instrumental singular)
buhtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *buhti, *buht

Old English: byht, *buht

desc

Middle English: bight, byȝt, biȝt, bought, bouȝt

Scots: bicht, becht; bucht, boucht

English: bight; bought, bowt, bout

Old Frisian: *bucht

Saterland Frisian: Bucht

West Frisian: bocht

Old Saxon: *buht

Middle Low German: bucht, bocht

Low German: Bucht

→ Icelandic: bugt

→ Faroese: bukt

→ Norwegian Bokmål: bukt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bukt

→ Swedish: bukt

→ Danish: bugt

→ German: Bucht

Old Dutch: *buht

Middle Dutch: bucht, bocht

Dutch: bucht, bocht

Afrikaans: bocht

Old Norse: bót

Icelandic: bót


burdą

burdą (nominative singular)
burdō (nominative plural)
burdą (singular vocative)
burdō (plural vocative)
burdą (accusative singular)
burdō (accusative plural)
burdas (genitive singular)
burdis (genitive singular)
burdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burdai (dative singular)
burdamaz (dative plural)
burdō (instrumental singular)
burdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bord
Old English: bord
→ Cornish: bord
Middle English: bord
English: board
Scots: buird
Yola: borde
→ Old Irish: bord
Middle Irish: bord
Irish: bord
Manx: boayrd
Scottish Gaelic: bòrd
→ Middle Welsh: bort
Welsh: bord
→ Middle Welsh: bwrð
Welsh: bwrdd
Old Frisian: bord
Saterland Frisian: Boud
West Frisian: board
Old Saxon: bord
Middle Low German: bōrt
German Low German: Boord
Old Dutch: *bort
Middle Dutch: bort
Dutch: bord
Afrikaans: bord
Old High German: bort
Middle High German: bort
German: Bord
→ Medieval Latin: bordum (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: borð
Icelandic: borð
Faroese: borð
Norn: børd
Norwegian Nynorsk: bord
Elfdalian: buord
Old Swedish: borþ
Swedish: bord
Danish: bord
Norwegian Bokmål: bord
Gutnish: bord, bor, bård
→ Norman: bord (Jersey)

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (*baurd)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳 (fōtubaurd)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *pordas, *purci, *purdëh (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin; possibly from earlier *brezdą ~ *burzdnaz (“edge, board”) (whence also Old High German borto, Faroese breddi), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérsdʰ-ō ~ *bʰr̥sdʰ-nés, from *bʰers- (“tip, edge”) + *-dʰh₁eti (compare Sanskrit: भृस्ति (bhṛstí, “tip, edge”)). Alternatively perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHdʰ-, from *bʰerH- (“to strike, pierce; to work with sharp tools”) + *-dʰh₁eti. Possible cognate with Proto-Slavic *bьrdo (“comb, reed”). Or, compare instead Lithuanian bartà (“board”). Note that all of these explanations require the e-grade byform *bredą to be back-formed, when a root *bred- would otherwise be the simplest explanation.

bruzdaz

point, tip, shoot, edge?; probably, per Kroonen's theory


sēmi-

Proto-West Germanic: *sāmi-, *sām-

desctree

Old English: sām-
Middle English: sam-
English: sam

Old Saxon: sām-

Old Dutch: sām-

Old High German: sāmi-

From Proto-Indo-European *sēmi- (“half”). Cognate with Latin sēmi-, Ancient Greek ἡμι- (hēmi-).


lungraz

*lungraz (a-stem)

lungraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lungrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lungrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lungrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lungrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lungrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lungranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lungranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lungrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lungrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lungrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lungrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lungras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lungraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lungraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lungraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lungras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lungraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lungrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lungraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lungraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lungraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lungrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lungraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lungranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lungraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lungraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lungraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lungranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lungraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lungrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lungraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lungrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lungrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lungrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lungrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lungranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lungranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lungrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lungrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lungrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lungrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lungriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lungranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lungrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lungrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lungriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lungranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lungrini (dative masculine singular weak)
lungrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lungrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lungrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lungrini (dative neuter singular weak)
lungrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lungrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lungrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lungrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lungrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lungrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lungrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *lungr
Old English: lungor
Old Saxon: lungar

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ln̥gʷʰrós (“light”).


spurdz

spurdz (nominative singular)
spurdiz (nominative plural)
spurd (singular vocative)
spurdiz (plural vocative)
spurdų (accusative singular)
spurdunz (accusative plural)
spurdiz (genitive singular)
spurdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spurdi (dative singular)
spurdumaz (dative plural)
spurdē (instrumental singular)
spurdumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spyrd

Old High German: spurt

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (spaurds)

From Proto-Indo-European *sperdʰ- (“contest”).


hleumô

hleumô (nominative singular)
hleumaniz (nominative plural)
hleumô (singular vocative)
hleumaniz (plural vocative)
hleumanų (accusative singular)
hleumanunz (accusative plural)
hliuminiz (genitive singular)
hleumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliumini (dative singular)
hleumammaz (dative plural)
hliuminē (instrumental singular)
hleumammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌼𐌰 (hliuma)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwmn̥ (“hearing”), from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


-umô

gem-decl-adj-table

*-umô (an/īn-stem)

-umô (masculine nominative singular)
-umaniz (masculine nominative plural)
-umį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
-umīniz (feminine nominative plural)
-umô (neuter nominative singular)
-umōnō (neuter nominative plural)
-umanų (accusative masculine singular)
-umanunz (accusative masculine plural)
-umīnų (accusative feminine singular)
-umīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
-umô (accusative neuter singular)
-umōnō (accusative neuter plural)
-uminiz (genitive masculine singular)
-umanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
-umīniz (feminine genitive singular)
-umīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
-uminiz (genitive neuter singular)
-umanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
-umini (dative masculine singular)
-umammaz (dative masculine plural)
-umīni (dative feminine singular)
-umīmaz (dative feminine plural)
-umini (dative neuter singular)
-umammaz (dative neuter plural)
-uminē (instrumental masculine singular)
-umammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
-umīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
-umīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
-uminē (instrumental neuter singular)
-umammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-umō
Old English: -uma, -ema, -ma
English: -most (from -emest(a))

Gothic: -𐌿𐌼𐌰 (-uma)

From Pre-Germanic *-m̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *-mHo-. Cognate with Latin -imus, Sanskrit -अम (-ama).

Forms comparative or superlative adjectives.


sessaz

sessaz (nominative singular)
sessōz (nominative plural)
sessōs (nominative plural)
sess (singular vocative)
sessōz (plural vocative)
sessōs (plural vocative)
sessą (accusative singular)
sessanz (accusative plural)
sessas (genitive singular)
sissis (genitive singular)
sessǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sessai (dative singular)
sessamaz (dative plural)
sessō (instrumental singular)
sessamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sess

Old English: sess

Old Norse: sess

Icelandic: sess

Faroese: sessur

Norwegian Nynorsk: sess

Norwegian Bokmål: sess

From Proto-Indo-European *sedtós (“seated”), from *sed- (“to sit”) + *-tós.


bandī

bandī (nominative singular)
bandijôz (nominative plural)
bandī (singular vocative)
bandijôz (plural vocative)
bandijǭ (accusative singular)
bandijōz (accusative plural)
bandijōz (genitive singular)
bandijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bandijōi (dative singular)
bandijōmaz (dative plural)
bandijō (instrumental singular)
bandijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bandiOld English: bænd


gawissiz

gawissiz (nominative singular)
gawissīz (nominative plural)
gawissi (singular vocative)
gawissīz (plural vocative)
gawissį (accusative singular)
gawissinz (accusative plural)
gawissīz (genitive singular)
gawissijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawissī (dative singular)
gawissimaz (dative plural)
gawissī (instrumental singular)
gawissimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃 (gawiss)

From *ga- + *wissiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wédʰ-ti-s (“act of joining”), from *wedʰ- (“to join”) + *-tis. Equivalent to *gawedaną (“to to join”) + *-þiz.


astaz

astaz (nominative singular)
astōz (nominative plural)
astōs (nominative plural)
ast (singular vocative)
astōz (plural vocative)
astōs (plural vocative)
astą (accusative singular)
astanz (accusative plural)
astas (genitive singular)
astis (genitive singular)
astǫ̂ (genitive plural)
astai (dative singular)
astamaz (dative plural)
astō (instrumental singular)
astamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ast
Old Saxon: ast
Middle Low German: ast
Old Dutch: *ast
Middle Dutch: ast
Dutch: ast
Old High German: ast
Middle High German: ast
Cimbrian: ast
German: Ast
Luxembourgish: Aascht

Gothic: 𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (asts)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ósdos (“branch”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄζος (ózos, “branch, twig”) and Old Armenian ոստ (ost).


kwissiz

kwissiz (nominative singular)
kwissīz (nominative plural)
kwissi (singular vocative)
kwissīz (plural vocative)
kwissį (accusative singular)
kwissinz (accusative plural)
kwissīz (genitive singular)
kwissijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwissī (dative singular)
kwissimaz (dative plural)
kwissī (instrumental singular)
kwissimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwissi
Old English: *cwiss
Middle English: quiste
⇒ Middle English: biqueste
English: bequest
⇒ Old English: andcwiss

Gothic: *𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃 (*qiss)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷét-ti-s (“act of calling”), from *gʷet- (“to say, speak”) + *-tis. Equivalent to *kweþaną (“to say”) + *-þiz.


hleuþrą

hleuþrą (nominative singular)
hleuþrō (nominative plural)
hleuþrą (singular vocative)
hleuþrō (plural vocative)
hleuþrą (accusative singular)
hleuþrō (accusative plural)
hleuþras (genitive singular)
hliuþris (genitive singular)
hleuþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hleuþrai (dative singular)
hleuþramaz (dative plural)
hleuþrō (instrumental singular)
hleuþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hleuþr
Old English: hlēoþor
Old High German: liodar

Old Norse: hljóðr

Icelandic: hljóður

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwtrom (“means of hearing”), from *ḱlew- (“to hear”).


hleftuz

hleftuz (nominative singular)
hliftiwiz (nominative plural)
hleftu (singular vocative)
hliftiwiz (plural vocative)
hleftų (accusative singular)
hleftunz (accusative plural)
hleftauz (genitive singular)
hliftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hliftiwi (dative singular)
hleftumaz (dative plural)
hleftū (instrumental singular)
hleftumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (hliftus)


gawedaną

gawedō (active first-person indicative singular)
gawedaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawedai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gawidizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gawedaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawed (active imperative second-person singular)
gawedazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gawedaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gawididi (active indicative singular third-person)
gawedai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawedadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gawedadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gawedaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gawedōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gawedaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawedadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawedaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawedadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gawedamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gawedaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawedandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gawedaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gawidid (active indicative plural second-person)
gawedaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawidid (active imperative plural second-person)
gawedandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gawedaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gawedandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gawedain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawedandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gawedandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gawedaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gawad (active first-person indicative singular)
gawēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gawast (active indicative second-person singular)
gawēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gawad (active indicative singular third-person)
gawēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gawēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gawēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gawēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gawēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gawēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gawēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gawēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gawēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gawēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gawēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gawedandz (active participle present)
gawedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: giwet

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (gawidan)

From *ga- + *wedaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to join”).


hlefaną

hlefō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlefaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlefai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlifizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlefaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlef (active imperative second-person singular)
hlefazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlefaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlifidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlefai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlefadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlefadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlefaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlefōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlefaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlefadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlefaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlefadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlefamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlefaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlefandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlefaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlifid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlefaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlifid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlefandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlefaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlefandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlefain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlefandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlefandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlefaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaf (active first-person indicative singular)
hlēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaft (active indicative second-person singular)
hlēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaf (active indicative singular third-person)
hlēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlefandz (active participle present)
hlebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌽 (hlifan)

From Proto-Indo-European *klep- (“to steal”).


kwēniz

kwēniz (nominative singular)
kwēnīz (nominative plural)
kwēni (singular vocative)
kwēnīz (plural vocative)
kwēnį (accusative singular)
kwēninz (accusative plural)
kwēnīz (genitive singular)
kwēnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwēnī (dative singular)
kwēnimaz (dative plural)
kwēnī (instrumental singular)
kwēnimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwāni
Old English: cwēn, cwǣn, cuēn, cwœ̄n — Anglian, cœ̄n — Northumbrian
Middle English: quene, qwene, cwene, queene, quen, qween, qweene, queyne, qwenne, qwhene, kuene, quiene, queen
English: queen (see there for further descendants)
Scots: queen, wheen
Yola: queen
Old Saxon: quān
>? Middle Low German: quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quena)

Old Norse: kvæn, kván

Icelandic: kván, kvon, kvæn

Norwegian: kvån (dialectal)

Old Swedish: -qvæn in broþorqvæn, sonaqvæn

Gothic: 𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn (“woman”).


brūwō

brūwō (nominative singular)
brūwôz (nominative plural)
brūwō (singular vocative)
brūwôz (plural vocative)
brūwǭ (accusative singular)
brūwōz (accusative plural)
brūwōz (genitive singular)
brūwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūwōi (dative singular)
brūwōmaz (dative plural)
brūwō (instrumental singular)
brūwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brū, bruu

Middle English: browe, brou, brow

Scots: broo

English: brow

Old Frisian:

Saterland Frisian: Bruun, Oogenbruun

Old Norse: brún

Icelandic: brún

Faroese: brún

Norwegian: brun

Old Swedish: brūn (plural: brȳn)

Swedish: bryn

Danish: bryn

→ Middle English: bryne

English: brine, brim

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (“eyebrow, rim, edge”). Cognate with Lithuanian brùvē (“brow”), Old Irish brū (“edge, shore”), Russian бровь (brovʹ, “eyebrow”).


kundaz

kundaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kundai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kundō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kundôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kundą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kundō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kundanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kundanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kundǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kundōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kundą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kundō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kundas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kundis (genitive masculine singular strong)
kundaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kundaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kundaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kundas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kundis (genitive neuter singular strong)
kundaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kundammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kundaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kundaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kundaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kundammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kundaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kundanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kundaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kundaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kundaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kundanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kundaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kundô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kundaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kundǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kundōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kundô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kundōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kundanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kundanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kundōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kundōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kundô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kundōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kundiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kundōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kundōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kundiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kundini (dative masculine singular weak)
kundammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kundōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kundōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kundini (dative neuter singular weak)
kundammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kundinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kundammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kundōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kundōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kundinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kundammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kund

Old English: -cund

Middle English: -cund

Proto-Norse: *-ᚲᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*-kudaʀ)

Old Norse: -kundr

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚲᚢᛞᛟ (raginakudo /raginakundō/) (feminine accusative singular)

Old Norse: reginkunnr

Gothic: -𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-kunds)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós (“born”).


lauhaz

lauhaz (nominative singular)
lauhōz (nominative plural)
lauhōs (nominative plural)
lauh (singular vocative)
lauhōz (plural vocative)
lauhōs (plural vocative)
lauhą (accusative singular)
lauhanz (accusative plural)
lauhas (genitive singular)
lauhis (genitive singular)
lauhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lauhai (dative singular)
lauhamaz (dative plural)
lauhō (instrumental singular)
lauhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lauh
Old English: lēah
Middle English: leye, ley, legh, lege, liegh
English: leigh, lea
Scots: le, ley, lei
>? Yola: kotlieough, cotleough
Old Frisian: lāch
Old Saxon: lōh
Middle Low German: lōch, lō
Old Dutch: *lōh, *lō
Middle Dutch: lô
Dutch: lo, loo (obsolete outside place names)
Old High German: lōh
Middle High German: lōh, lōch, lō
German: Loh, Lah, Lage (mostly in place names)

Old Norse: ló

Icelandic: ló

Norwegian Nynorsk: lo

Norwegian Bokmål: lo (mostly in place names, like Oslo)

From Proto-Indo-European *lówkos (“clearing”), which is derived from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright”). Cognate with Latin lūcus (“sacred grove”).


unþī

unþī (nominative singular)
unþijôz (nominative plural)
unþī (singular vocative)
unþijôz (plural vocative)
unþijǭ (accusative singular)
unþijōz (accusative plural)
unþijōz (genitive singular)
unþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unþijōi (dative singular)
unþijōmaz (dative plural)
unþijō (instrumental singular)
unþijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *unþi
Old English: ȳþ
Middle English: ythe, ithe, uðe, uþe, uþæ, yþe
Old Saxon: ūthia
Old Dutch: *unthia, *untha
Middle Dutch: unde, onde
Dutch: onde (dialectal)
Old High German: undia
Middle High German: unde, ünde
German: Unde (obsolete, dialectal)
Yiddish: אינד (ind)

Old Norse: unnr, uðr

Icelandic: unnur

Probably from Pre-Germanic *h₂n̥tih₂, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“to draw water”). Compare Ancient Greek ἄντλος (ántlos, “hold of a ship, bilgewater”), Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒉌 (ḫa-a-ni, “to draw (liquids)”). Not related to Latin unda (“wave”).


hwassaz

*hwassaz (a-stem)

hwassaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwassai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwassō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwassôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwassą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwassō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwassanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwassanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwassǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwassōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwassą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwassō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwassas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwassaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwassaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwassaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwassas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwassaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwassammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwassaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwassaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwassaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwassammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwassaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwassanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwassaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwassaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwassaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwassanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwassaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwassô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwassaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwassǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwassōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwassô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwassōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwassanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwassanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwassōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwassōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwassô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwassōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwassiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwassanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwassōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwassōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwassiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwassanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwassini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwassammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwassōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwassōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwassini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwassammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwassinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwassammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwassōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwassōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwassinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwassammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwass
Old English: hwæs
Old Saxon: hwass
Old High German: was

Old Norse: hvass
Icelandic: hvass
Faroese: hvassur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvass
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvass
Old Swedish: hvas
Swedish: vass, (pre-1906 spelling) hvass
Danish: hvas
Norwegian Bokmål: hvass

Gothic: *𐍈𐌰𐍃𐍃 (*ƕass)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰 (ƕassaba)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷh₁dtós (“sharpened”).


taikuraz

taikuraz (nominative singular)
taikurōz (nominative plural)
taikurōs (nominative plural)
taikur (singular vocative)
taikurōz (plural vocative)
taikurōs (plural vocative)
taikurą (accusative singular)
taikuranz (accusative plural)
taikuras (genitive singular)
taikuris (genitive singular)
taikurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taikurai (dative singular)
taikuramaz (dative plural)
taikurō (instrumental singular)
taikuramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taikur
Old English: tācor
Old Frisian: tāker
Old High German: zeihhur
Middle High German: zeicher

From Proto-Indo-European *dayh₂ur-o-s, thematicized from *dayh₂wḗr ~ *dayh₂ur-és (“brother-in-law”).


blōaną

blōō (active first-person indicative singular)
blōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blō (active imperative second-person singular)
blōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blōid (active indicative plural second-person)
blōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōid (active imperative plural second-person)
blōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblō (active first-person indicative singular)
beblōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblōt (active indicative second-person singular)
beblōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblō (active indicative singular third-person)
beblōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblōū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblōum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblōud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblōun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōandz (active participle present)
blōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blōan
Old English: blōwan
Middle English: blowen, blowe
English: blow
Northumbrian: blaa
Scots: blaw
Old Frisian: *blōia
North Frisian: blöye
West Frisian: bloeie
Old Saxon: blōian, blōjan
Middle Low German: blōen, blōien
Low German: blöhen
Old Dutch: bluoien
Middle Dutch: bloeyen
Dutch: bloeien
Afrikaans: bloei
Limburgish: blöjje
Old High German: bluoen
Middle High German: blüejen, blüen
Alemannic German: blüeje
German: blühen
Hunsrik: bliehe
Luxembourgish: bléien
Vilamovian: błin

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom, to flower”).


bōguz

bōguz (nominative singular)
bōgiwiz (nominative plural)
bōgu (singular vocative)
bōgiwiz (plural vocative)
bōgų (accusative singular)
bōgunz (accusative plural)
bōgauz (genitive singular)
bōgiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōgiwi (dative singular)
bōgumaz (dative plural)
bōgū (instrumental singular)
bōgumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōgu

desctree

Old English: bōg
Middle English: boȝ, bogh
English: bough
Scots: beuch

Old Frisian: bōch

Saterland Frisian: Bouch

West Frisian: boech

Old Saxon: bōg

Middle Low German: bôg, bôch, bûch

German Low German: Boog

→ English: bow

Old Dutch: *buog

Middle Dutch: boech
Dutch: boeg
Afrikaans: boeg

Old High German: buog

Middle High German: buoc

German: Bug

Luxembourgish: Buch

Old Norse: bógr
Icelandic: bógur
Faroese: bógvur
Norwegian: bog (Bokmål), bog (Nynorsk)
Old Swedish: bōgher
Swedish: bog
Danish: bov

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”).


ēsą

ēsą (nominative singular)
ēsō (nominative plural)
ēsą (singular vocative)
ēsō (plural vocative)
ēsą (accusative singular)
ēsō (accusative plural)
ēsas (genitive singular)
ēsis (genitive singular)
ēsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēsai (dative singular)
ēsamaz (dative plural)
ēsō (instrumental singular)
ēsamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣs

Middle English: ēs, hes

English: yess, iss, easse; eaceworm

Old Frisian: ēs

Saterland Frisian: Oas; Äise

West Frisian: ies

Old Saxon: ās (found in angulās)

Middle Low German: âs

German Low German: Aas

→ Danish: ås

→ Swedish: as

Old Dutch: *ās

Middle Dutch: aes

Dutch: aas

Afrikaans: aas

→ West Frisian: aas

Old High German: ās

Middle High German: ās

German: Aas (merged with Middle High German āz, from Proto-Germanic *ētą)

Hunsrik: Ooz

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēd-s-om (“eaten”), from *h₁ed- (“to eat”). Related to *etaną. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *ěsa (“food, dish”) < *h₁ed-s-eh₂, Tocharian B: yetse (“skin”) < *h₁ed-s-os.


kalaną

kalō (active first-person indicative singular)
kalaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kalai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kalizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kalaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kal (active imperative second-person singular)
kalazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kalaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kalidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kalai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kaladau (active imperative singular third-person)
kaladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kalaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kalōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kalaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kaladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kalaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kaladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kalamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kalaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kalandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kalaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kalid (active indicative plural second-person)
kalaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kalid (active imperative plural second-person)
kalandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kalaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kalandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kalain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kalandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kalaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kōl (active first-person indicative singular)
kōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
kōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōl (active indicative singular third-person)
kōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
kōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
kōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
kōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
kōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalandz (active participle present)
kalanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kalan
Old English: calan
Middle English: calen

Old Norse: kala
Icelandic: kala
Norwegian Nynorsk: kala, (past participle) kalen
Swedish: kala (dialectal)

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *kalëda (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”). Related to Latin gelū.


brēwō

brēwō (nominative singular)
brēwôz (nominative plural)
brēwō (singular vocative)
brēwôz (plural vocative)
brēwǭ (accusative singular)
brēwōz (accusative plural)
brēwōz (genitive singular)
brēwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brēwōi (dative singular)
brēwōmaz (dative plural)
brēwō (instrumental singular)
brēwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brāwu, *brāwi (< *brēwiz)

Old English: brǣw, brēaw, brēġ

Middle English: breu

Scots: brew, bree, breers

English: bree (dialectal), brow

Old Frisian: *brāw, brē (in âgbrē, etc.)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Oogenbruun

⇒ West Frisian: winbrau

Old Saxon: brāwa, brāha

Middle Low German: brâwe, brâ (in winbrâwe, winbrâ)

German Low German: Braan, Bruun

Old Dutch: *brāwa

Middle Dutch: brauwe

Dutch: brauw (mostly in wenkbrauw); -per (in wimper)

⇒ Afrikaans: wenkbrou

Limburgish: braoj (mostly in ougsbraoj)

Old High German: brāwa

Middle High German: brā; (rarely) brāwe

German: Braue (mostly in Augenbraue); -per (in Wimper)

Luxembourgish: -per (in Aper, Wëmper)

Old Norse: brá

Icelandic: brá

Faroese: brá

Old Swedish: brā

Swedish: -brå in baldersbrå

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrḗw- (“eyebrow”).


mīganą

mīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
mīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
mīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīg (active imperative second-person singular)
mīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
mīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
mīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
mīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
mīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
mīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
mīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
mīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maig (active first-person indicative singular)
migį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maiht (active indicative second-person singular)
migīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maig (active indicative singular third-person)
migī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
migū (active dual first-person indicative)
migīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
migudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
migīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
migum (active first-person indicative plural)
migīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
migud (active indicative plural second-person)
migīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
migun (active indicative plural third-person)
migīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīgandz (active participle present)
miganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mīgan
Old English: mīgan
Middle English: mīȝen
Old Frisian: *mīga
Saterland Frisian: miege
West Frisian: mige
Old Saxon: *mīgan
Middle Low German: mîgen
Low German: miegen
→ Dutch: miegen
Old Dutch: *mīgan
Middle Dutch: migen

Old Norse: míga
Icelandic: míga
Faroese: míga
Norwegian Nynorsk: miga
Norwegian Bokmål: mige
Old Swedish: migha
Swedish: miga
Old Danish: mighæ
Danish: mige

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃méyǵʰeti, from *h₃meyǵʰ- (“to urinate”).


kwenǭ

kwenǭ (nominative singular)
kwenōniz (nominative plural)
kwenǭ (singular vocative)
kwenōniz (plural vocative)
kwenōnų (accusative singular)
kwenōnunz (accusative plural)
kwenōniz (genitive singular)
kwenōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwenōni (dative singular)
kwenōmaz (dative plural)
kwenōnē (instrumental singular)
kwenōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwenā
Old English: cwene
Middle English: quene
Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin
English: quean
Old Saxon: quena
Middle Low German: quēne, quêne, kôn (merged with Old Saxon quān)
Low German: Quene
→ German: Queene
Old Dutch: *quena
Middle Dutch: quene, kone
Dutch: kween
Afrikaans: kween
Old High German: chuuena, quena
Middle High German: kone, kan, kun, quëne
German: Kone (obsolete)

Old Norse: kona (gen. plur. kvenna, kvinna)

Icelandic: kona (gen. plur. kvenna, kvinna)

Faroese: kona, kvinna

Norwegian Bokmål: kone, kvinne

Norwegian Nynorsk: kone, kvinne

Old Swedish: kona, kuna (gen. plur. kvinna, kvænna)

Swedish: kåna, kona, kvinna

Old Danish: kona, konæ

Danish: kone, kvinde

→ Norman: guênipe, guénipe (Jèrriais)

→ French: guenipe

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 (qinō)


tuz-

Proto-West Germanic: *tuʀ-, *toʀ-
Old English: tor-
Old High German: zur-

Old Norse: tor-

Icelandic: tor-

Faroese: tor-

Norwegian Nynorsk: tor-

Swedish: tor- (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌶- (tuz-)

From Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-).


niþjaz

niþjaz (nominative singular)
niþjōz (nominative plural)
niþjōs (nominative plural)
niþi (singular vocative)
niþjōz (plural vocative)
niþjōs (plural vocative)
niþją (accusative singular)
niþjanz (accusative plural)
niþjas (genitive singular)
niþis (genitive singular)
niþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niþjai (dative singular)
niþjamaz (dative plural)
niþjō (instrumental singular)
niþjamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: *niþe, *niþþe, niþþas, niþas (plural)

desctree

Old Norse: niðr
Icelandic: niður
Old Swedish: niþiar m pl
Old Gutnish: niþi

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌹𐍃 (niþjis)

From Proto-Indo-European *nítyos (“(one's) own”).


hangijaną

hangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hangī (active imperative second-person singular)
hangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hangijandz (active participle present)
hangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hangijan
Old Frisian: hingia
Old Saxon: *hengian
Middle Low German: hengen
Low German: hängen
Old Dutch: *hengen
Middle Dutch: hengen
Old High German: hengen
Middle High German: hengen
Bavarian: hängan, hänga
German: hängen
Hunsrik: henge
Luxembourgish: hänken
Vilamovian: hengia

Old Norse: hengja

Icelandic: hengja

Faroese: heingja

Norwegian: henge

Old Swedish: hængia
Swedish: hänga

Old Danish: hængiæ, hængæ

Danish: hænge

→ Scots: hing


hnīganą

hnīgō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnīgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnīgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnīgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnīgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīg (active imperative second-person singular)
hnīgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnīgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnīgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnīgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnīgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnīgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnīgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnīgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnīgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnīgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnīgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnīgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnīgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnīgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnīgid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnīgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīgid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnīgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnīgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnīgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnīgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnīgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnīgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnaig (active first-person indicative singular)
hnigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
hnigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnaig (active indicative singular third-person)
hnigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnigū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnigum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnigud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnigun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnīgandz (active participle present)
hniganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

(Northwest Germanic) Alternative form of *hnīwaną


kwikwaz

*kwikwaz (a-stem)

kwikwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kwikwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kwikwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kwikwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kwikwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kwikwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kwikwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kwikwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kwikwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kwikwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kwikwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kwikwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kwikwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kwikwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kwikwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kwikwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kwikwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kwikwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kwikwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kwikwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kwikwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kwikwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kwikwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kwikwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kwikwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kwikwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kwikwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kwikwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kwikwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kwikwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kwikwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kwikwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kwikwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kwikwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kwikwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kwikwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kwikwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kwikwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kwikwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kwikwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kwikwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kwikwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kwikwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kwikwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kwikwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kwikwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kwikwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kwikwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kwikwini (dative masculine singular weak)
kwikwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kwikwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kwikwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kwikwini (dative neuter singular weak)
kwikwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kwikwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kwikwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kwikwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kwikwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kwikwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kwikwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwiku
Old English: cwic, cuc, cucu, cwicu, cwuc, cwucu
Middle English: quyk, quic, quicke, quik, quike, quikke, quycke, quyke, quykke, qwicke, qwik, qwyck, qwyk, qwyke, cwic, cwich, cwick, cwuc (Early Middle English), qwhyke, weke, whik, whike, whikk, whyk, whyke, whykke (Northern)
English: quick (dialectal wick)
→ Ido: quik
Scots: quick, queek
Old Frisian: quik
North Frisian: quick, queck
Saterland Frisian: kwik
West Frisian: kwik, kwyk
Old Saxon: quik
Middle Low German: *quik (in derivatives and compounds: e.g. quikpenninc, quikstērt, quiksilver)
German Low German: quick
→ German: quick (chiefly in quicklebendig)
Old Dutch: quic
Middle Dutch: quic
Dutch: kwik, kwiek
Old High German: quic, quec, chëch
Middle High German: quëc, këc
German: keck; (qu- in Quecksilber, erquicken)
→ Danish: kæk
→ Dutch: kek
→ Norwegian: kjekk
→ Swedish: käck

Old Norse: kvikr, kykr

Icelandic: kvikur

Faroese: kvikur, kykur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kvikk

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvik, kvikk

Old Swedish: qvikker

Swedish: kvick

Danish: kvik

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌿𐍃 (qius)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós (“alive”).


ankwô

ankwô (nominative singular)
ankwaniz (nominative plural)
ankwô (singular vocative)
ankwaniz (plural vocative)
ankwanų (accusative singular)
ankwanunz (accusative plural)
ankwiniz (genitive singular)
ankwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ankwini (dative singular)
ankwammaz (dative plural)
ankwinē (instrumental singular)
ankwammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ankwō
Old Saxon: *anko
Middle Low German: anke
Old High German: ancho, anco
Middle High German: anke
Alemannic German: Anke

From Pre-Germanic *óngʷô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éngʷō, collective of *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat, oil, ointment”), from *h₃engʷ- (“anoint”). Cognate with Old Armenian օծ (ōc), Latin ungō.


kambaz

kambaz (nominative singular)
kambōz (nominative plural)
kambōs (nominative plural)
kamb (singular vocative)
kambōz (plural vocative)
kambōs (plural vocative)
kambą (accusative singular)
kambanz (accusative plural)
kambas (genitive singular)
kambis (genitive singular)
kambǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kambai (dative singular)
kambamaz (dative plural)
kambō (instrumental singular)
kambamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: ᚲᚨᛒᚨ (kaba /kamba/) [250–320 AD]

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kamb
Old English: camb, comb
Middle English: comb, combe, kombe, camb, kambe, cambe
English: comb
Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem
Yola: cowm, khime
Old Frisian: ᚳᚪᛒᚢ (kabu /kambu/), ᚳᚩᛒᚢ (kobu /kombu/)
North Frisian:
Föhr: kum
Hallig: kööm
Heligoland: Kum
Mooring: köm
Saterland Frisian: Koum m
West Frisian: kaem, kaam
Old Saxon: kamb, camb
Middle Low German: kam
German Low German: Kamm
Plautdietsch: Kaum
Old Dutch: *kamb
Middle Dutch: kamp, kamme, kam
Dutch: kam (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kamb, kamp
Old High German: kamb, camb, chamb
Middle High German: kamp, kam
Cimbrian: khamp
German: Kamm
Luxembourgish: Kamp
Yiddish: קאַם (kam)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*kabaʀ)

Old Norse: kambr
Icelandic: kambur
Faroese: kambur
Norn: kamb, kåmb
Norwegian Nynorsk: kamb, kam
Elfdalian: kamb
Old Swedish: kamber
Swedish: kam
→ Finnish: kampa
Old Danish: kamb
Danish: kam
Norwegian Bokmål: kam
Gutnish: kamb
Scanian: køm


swegrō

swegrō (nominative singular)
swegrôz (nominative plural)
swegrō (singular vocative)
swegrôz (plural vocative)
swegrǭ (accusative singular)
swegrōz (accusative plural)
swegrōz (genitive singular)
swegrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swegrōi (dative singular)
swegrōmaz (dative plural)
swegrō (instrumental singular)
swegrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swegru
Old English: sweġer
Middle English: sweȝer
Old Frisian: *sweger, *sweier
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Sweegermuur
Old Saxon: *swegar, *swigar
Middle Low German: swēger
German Low German: Sweger, Swegermoder
Old Dutch: *sweger
Middle Dutch: swēger
Dutch: zweger
Old High German: swigar
Middle High German: swiger
German: Schwieger (obsolete)
⇒ German: Schwiegermutter, Schwiegervater, Schwiegertochter, Schwiegersohn
Yiddish: שוויגער (shviger)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍂𐍉 (swaihrō)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱrúh₂ (“mother-in-law”).


knudaną

knudō (active first-person indicative singular)
knudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
knudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
knudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knud (active imperative second-person singular)
knudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
knudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
knudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
knudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knudid (active indicative plural second-person)
knudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knudid (active imperative plural second-person)
knudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
knudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
knudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knaþ (active first-person indicative singular)
knēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knast (active indicative second-person singular)
knēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knaþ (active indicative singular third-person)
knēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knudandz (active participle present)
knudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *knedan
Old English: cnedan
Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
English: knead
Scots: kned
Old Frisian: *kneda
Saterland Frisian: kneede
⇒ West Frisian: knetsje
Old Saxon: knedan
Middle Low German: knēden
German Low German: kneden
Old Dutch: *knedan
Middle Dutch: cnēden
Dutch: kneden
Afrikaans: knee
Old High German: knetan
Middle High German: kneten
German: kneten
Esperanto: knedi
Luxembourgish: knieden
Vilamovian: knāta
Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)
⇒? Cimbrian: khnèttalan

Old Norse: knoða

Icelandic: hnoða

Faroese: knoða

Norwegian Nynorsk: knode

Old Swedish: knodha

Swedish: knåda

An "aorist-present", from Pre-Germanic *gnét-, *gn̥t-, with remodeling of the zero-grade after the full-grade, from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to compress”). Related to Proto-Slavic *gnesti (“to knead, press”) (> Old Church Slavonic гнєсти (gnesti, “to squeeze, press”)).


hanhaną

hanhō (active first-person indicative singular)
hanhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hanhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hanhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hanhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hanh (active imperative second-person singular)
hanhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hanhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hanhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hanhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hanhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hanhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hanhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hanhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hanhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hanhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hanhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hanhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hanhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hanhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hanhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hanhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hanhid (active indicative plural second-person)
hanhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hanhid (active imperative plural second-person)
hanhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hanhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hanhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hanhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hanhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hanhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hanhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehanh (active first-person indicative singular)
hehangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehanht (active indicative second-person singular)
hehangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehanh (active indicative singular third-person)
hehangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehangū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehangum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehangud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehangun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hanhandz (active participle present)
hanganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄han
Old English: hōn
Middle English: hōn, hangen, hongen (merger with hangian)
English: hang
Scots: hang
Old Frisian: huā, hwā, (merger with hangia, hongia)
Saterland Frisian: hongje
West Frisian: hingje
Old Saxon: hāhan
Middle Low German: hân, hangen (merger with hangon)
Low German: hangen
Old Dutch: *hān
Middle Dutch: hâen, hangen (merger with hangon)
Dutch: hangen
Afrikaans: hang
Berbice Creole Dutch: hanggi
Negerhollands: hang, haṅ
→ Sranan Tongo: anga
Limburgish: hange
Old High German: hāhan
Middle High German: hāhen
German: hängen (merger with hangen and hengen)

Old Norse: hanga
Icelandic: hanga
Faroese: hanga
Norwegian Nynorsk: hanga, henga (merger with hengja)
Norwegian Bokmål: henge
Swedish: hänga (merger with hengja)
Old Danish: hængæ (merger with hengja)
Danish: hænge

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (hāhan)

/ˈxɑ̃ː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to hang”).


mizdō

mizdō (nominative singular)
mizdôz (nominative plural)
mizdō (singular vocative)
mizdôz (plural vocative)
mizdǭ (accusative singular)
mizdōz (accusative plural)
mizdōz (genitive singular)
mizdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mizdōi (dative singular)
mizdōmaz (dative plural)
mizdō (instrumental singular)
mizdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miʀdu
Old English: mēd
Middle English: mede, meede
English: meed
Scots: med
Old Saxon: mēda
Middle Low German: mêde
Low German: Meed
Old Dutch: *miada, *mieda
Middle Dutch: miede
Dutch: miede
Old High German: miata
Middle High German: miete
German: Miete
Luxembourgish: Mit
Lombardic: mēta

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌶𐌳𐍉 (mizdō)

From Proto-Indo-European *misdʰéh₂ (“reward”).


ub

From Proto-Indo-European *upó. Cognate with Latin sub, Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó), Sanskrit उप (úpa).


ub

Proto-West Germanic: *ob
Old English: ob-, of-
>? Old English: ufe-, ofe-
Old Saxon: of
>? Middle Low German: uf
Old Dutch: of
Old High German: ob, oba
Middle High German: ob, obe
German: ob

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆 (uf)


marhaz

marhaz (nominative singular)
marhōz (nominative plural)
marhōs (nominative plural)
marh (singular vocative)
marhōz (plural vocative)
marhōs (plural vocative)
marhą (accusative singular)
marhanz (accusative plural)
marhas (genitive singular)
marhis (genitive singular)
marhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marhai (dative singular)
marhamaz (dative plural)
marhō (instrumental singular)
marhamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *marh
Old English: mearh, mear
Middle English: mearh
English: mare
Old Frisian: mar
Old High German: marh, march, marah
Middle High German: marc
German: Mähre

Old Norse: marr

Icelandic: mar

Gothic: *𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 (*marhs)

→? Albanian: magar

→? Romanian: măgar

Vandalic: *mar

→ Proto-Finnic: *marha

⇒ Proto-Finnic: *marhaminta (see there for further descendants)

Cognate with Proto-Celtic *markos. This is generally reconstructed as being from Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”), but other theories exist; see that page for further discussion.


haftaz

*haftaz (a-stem)

haftaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haftai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haftō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haftôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haftą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haftō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haftanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haftanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haftǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haftōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haftą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haftō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haftas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haftaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haftaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haftaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haftas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haftaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haftammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haftaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haftaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haftaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haftammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haftaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haftanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haftaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haftaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haftaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haftanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haftaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haftô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haftaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haftǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haftōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haftô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haftōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haftanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haftanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haftōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haftōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haftô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haftōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haftiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haftanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haftōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haftōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haftiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haftanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haftini (dative masculine singular weak)
haftammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haftōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haftōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haftini (dative neuter singular weak)
haftammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haftinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haftammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haftōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haftōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haftinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haftammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *haft
Old English: hæft
Old Saxon: -haft
Old Dutch: -haft
Middle Dutch: -acht, -achtig
Dutch: -achtig
Old High German: haft
Middle High German: -haft
German: -haft
→ Dutch: -haftig

Old Norse: haptr

Icelandic: haftur

Old Swedish: hapt

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (hafts)

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós (“grabbed”).


swehuraz

swehuraz (nominative singular)
swehurōz (nominative plural)
swehurōs (nominative plural)
swehur (singular vocative)
swehurōz (plural vocative)
swehurōs (plural vocative)
swehurą (accusative singular)
swehuranz (accusative plural)
swehuras (genitive singular)
swehuris (genitive singular)
swehurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swehurai (dative singular)
swehuramaz (dative plural)
swehurō (instrumental singular)
swehuramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swēor

Middle English: sweor

Old Frisian: swire, *swiār

⇒ Old Frisian: swiāring

Old Saxon: swiri

desc

Middle Low German: swēher, schwēher, swēger

German Low German: Sweger

→ Saterland Frisian: Sweeger

Old Dutch: *sweor, *swēr

Middle Dutch: sweer

Dutch: zweer

Old High German: swehur

Middle High German: sweher, swēr, swæher, sweger

German: Schwäher (obsolete)

Yiddish: שווער (shver)

Old Norse: *svær

Old Swedish: svær

Swedish: svär-

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍂𐌰 (swaihra)

From Proto-Indo-European *swéḱuros (“father-in-law”).


spurnaną

spurnō (active first-person indicative singular)
spurnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spurnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spurnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spurnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spurn (active imperative second-person singular)
spurnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spurnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spurnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spurnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spurnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spurnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spurnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spurnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spurnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spurnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spurnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spurnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spurnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spurnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spurnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spurnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spurnid (active indicative plural second-person)
spurnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spurnid (active imperative plural second-person)
spurnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spurnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spurnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spurnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spurnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spurnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spurnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sparn (active first-person indicative singular)
spurnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparnt (active indicative second-person singular)
spurnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparn (active indicative singular third-person)
spurnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spurnū (active dual first-person indicative)
spurnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spurnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spurnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spurnum (active first-person indicative plural)
spurnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spurnud (active indicative plural second-person)
spurnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spurnun (active indicative plural third-person)
spurnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spurnandz (active participle present)
spurnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: spurnan
Middle English: spurnen, sporne, spornen, spournen, spurn, spurne, spyrnen
English: spurn
Scots: spurn

Old Frisian: spurna

Old Saxon: spurnan

Old High German: spurnan

German: anspornen

Old Norse: sporna

Icelandic: sporna

Old Swedish: spiærna (remodeled after other class III verbs)

Swedish: spjärna

From Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”).


snuzō

snuzō (nominative singular)
snuzôz (nominative plural)
snuzō (singular vocative)
snuzôz (plural vocative)
snuzǭ (accusative singular)
snuzōz (accusative plural)
snuzōz (genitive singular)
snuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snuzōi (dative singular)
snuzōmaz (dative plural)
snuzō (instrumental singular)
snuzōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snuʀu
Old English: snoru
Middle English: snore
Old Frisian: snore
West Frisian: snoar
Old Saxon: *snura, *snora
Middle Low German: snare, snāre, snōre, snōr
⇒ Middle Low German: snōreke, snǖreke, snorche, snoirche, snurche, snurghe
Old Dutch: *snura
Middle Dutch: snore, snoere, snare
Dutch: snaar, snoer
Old High German: snura
Middle High German: snuor, snur
Alemannic German: Schnuer
German: Schnur (obsolete)
Luxembourgish: Schnauer
Yiddish: שנור (shnur)

Old Norse: snor, snør
Icelandic: snör

Crimean Gothic: schuos (presumably a misspelling of *schnos)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *snusós (“daughter-in-law”). The remaking to an ō-stem (for an expected a-stem) is linked to the disappearance of feminine thematic stems in Germanic. Compare Proto-Slavic *snъxa (formally identical; both possibly from Proto-Indo-European *snuséh₂) and Latin nurus (remade as an u-stem).


marhijō

marhijō (nominative singular)
marhijôz (nominative plural)
marhijō (singular vocative)
marhijôz (plural vocative)
marhijǭ (accusative singular)
marhijōz (accusative plural)
marhijōz (genitive singular)
marhijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marhijōi (dative singular)
marhijōmaz (dative plural)
marhijō (instrumental singular)
marhijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *marhijā
Old English: mīere, mȳre, mīre
Middle English: mere, mare
English: mare
Scots: meir, mere, mear
Old Frisian: merie
North Frisian: mar
Saterland Frisian: Märe
West Frisian: merje
Old Saxon: meriha
Middle Low German: mēre, mērie
Old Dutch: *meria, merie
Middle Dutch: merie
Dutch: merrie
Afrikaans: merrie
Negerhollands: merri, mėri
Old High German: meriha
Middle High German: meriche, merhe
Alemannic German: Märe
German: Mähre

Old Norse: merr
Icelandic: meri
Faroese: mer
Norwegian Bokmål: merr
Norwegian Nynorsk: merr
Jamtish: már
Old Swedish: mær
Swedish: märr
Danish: mær


wiftiz

wiftiz (nominative singular)
wiftīz (nominative plural)
wifti (singular vocative)
wiftīz (plural vocative)
wiftį (accusative singular)
wiftinz (accusative plural)
wiftīz (genitive singular)
wiftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiftī (dative singular)
wiftimaz (dative plural)
wiftī (instrumental singular)
wiftimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wift

Middle English: wefte, weft, wyft
English: weft
Scots: waft
Yola: weft

Old High German: giwift


banô

banô (nominative singular)
bananiz (nominative plural)
banô (singular vocative)
bananiz (plural vocative)
bananų (accusative singular)
bananunz (accusative plural)
baniniz (genitive singular)
bananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
banini (dative singular)
banammaz (dative plural)
baninē (instrumental singular)
banammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *banō

Old English: bana
Middle English: bane, ban, bayn, beone, bone
English: bane
Scots: bane, baine, bain, bayn, bone

Old Frisian: bona

Old Saxon: bano

Middle Low German: bāne

Old Dutch: *bano

Middle Dutch: bāne

Old High German: bano

Middle High German: bane, ban

Old Norse: bani
Icelandic: bani
Faroese: bani
Norn: bani
Norwegian Nynorsk: bane
Old Swedish: bani
Swedish: bane
Old Danish: banæ
Danish: bane
Norwegian Bokmål: bane

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰon-ō, from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”).