lesaną

lesō (active first-person indicative singular)
lesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
les (active imperative second-person singular)
lesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lisid (active indicative plural second-person)
lesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lisid (active imperative plural second-person)
lesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
las (active first-person indicative singular)
lēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
last (active indicative second-person singular)
lēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
las (active indicative singular third-person)
lēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
lēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
lēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
lēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
lēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lesandz (active participle present)
lezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lesan

Old English: lesan

Middle English: lesen

Scots: lease

English: lease

Old Frisian: lesa

Saterland Frisian: leze

West Frisian: lêze

Old Saxon: lesan

Middle Low German: lēsen

Dutch Low Saxon: lezen

German Low German: lesen, läsen

Plautdietsch: läsen

Old Dutch: lesan
Middle Dutch: lēsen
Dutch: lezen
Afrikaans: lees
Berbice Creole Dutch: lesi
Javindo: lesen
Jersey Dutch: lêze
Negerhollands: lees
→ Lokono: alesedin
→? Mahican: lesówu
→ Papiamentu: lesa, leza
→ Sranan Tongo: leisi
Aukan: leisi
Saramaccan: lési
→ Caribbean Javanese: lési
→ Kari'na: resima
Limburgish: laeze, leuze

Old High German: lesan
Middle High German: lësen
Alemannic German: läse, lääse
Bavarian: lesn
Cimbrian: lesan, lèzan (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: lese
German: lesen
Luxembourgish: liesen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: lese
Vilamovian: łaoza

Old Norse: lesa

Icelandic: lesa

Faroese: lesa

Norwegian Bokmål: lese

Norwegian Nynorsk: lesa

Old Swedish: læsa

Swedish: läsa

Old Danish: læsæ

Danish: læse

Elfdalian: leså

Gutnish: läse

Scanian: læsa

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (lisan)

From Proto-Indo-European *les- (“to gather”). Cognate with Lithuanian lesti (“to pick, peck”).


þinhaną

þinhō (active first-person indicative singular)
þinhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þinhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þinhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þinhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þinh (active imperative second-person singular)
þinhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þinhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þinhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þinhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þinhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þinhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þinhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þinhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þinhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þinhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þinhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þinhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þinhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þinhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þinhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þinhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þinhid (active indicative plural second-person)
þinhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þinhid (active imperative plural second-person)
þinhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þinhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þinhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þinhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þinhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þinhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þanh (active first-person indicative singular)
þungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanht (active indicative second-person singular)
þungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þanh (active indicative singular third-person)
þungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þungū (active dual first-person indicative)
þungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þungum (active first-person indicative plural)
þungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þungud (active indicative plural second-person)
þungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þungun (active indicative plural third-person)
þungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinhandz (active participle present)
þunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þį̄han
Old English: þīon, þēon, ġeþingan
Middle English: theen
Scots: thee, the
English: thee
Old Frisian: thīgia
Saterland Frisian: tiegje
West Frisian: dije
Old Saxon: thīhan
Middle Low German: dîen, dîgen
Low German: deen
German Low German: dejen
→ Saterland Frisian: däie
Old Dutch: thīan
Middle Dutch: diën
Dutch: dijen
Old High German: thīhan, dīhan
Middle High German: dīhen
German: gedeihen, gediegen
Luxembourgish: gedeien
Yiddish: געדײַען (gedayen)

Gothic: 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þeihan)

/ˈθĩː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to be suitable”). Possibly related to Lithuanian tikti, Lithuanian patikti, Latvian tikt.


hwōsaną

hwōsō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwōsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōs (active imperative second-person singular)
hwōsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwōsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwōsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwōsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwōsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwōsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwōsid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōsid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwōsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwōsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwōsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwōsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōs (active first-person indicative singular)
hwehwōzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōst (active indicative second-person singular)
hwehwōzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōs (active indicative singular third-person)
hwehwōzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōzū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwehwōzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwehwōzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwehwōzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwehwōzud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwehwōzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōzun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwehwōzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōsandz (active participle present)
hwōzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hwōsan

Middle English: hwosen

/ˈxʷɔː.sɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”).


fraþjaną

fraþjō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraþjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraþjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraþisi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraþjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraþi (active imperative second-person singular)
fraþjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraþjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraþiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraþjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraþjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraþjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraþjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraþjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fraþjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraþjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraþjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraþjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraþjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraþjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraþjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraþjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraþiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fraþjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraþiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fraþjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraþjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraþjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraþjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraþjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraþjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraþjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
frōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frōst (active indicative second-person singular)
frōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
frōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraþjandz (active participle present)
fradanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan)

/ˈɸrɑθ.jɑ.nɑ̃/

From Pre-Germanic *prot-, o-grade of Proto-Indo-European *pret- (“to understand”).


flehtaną

flehtō (active first-person indicative singular)
flehtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flehtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flihtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flehtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleht (active imperative second-person singular)
flehtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flehtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flihtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flehtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flehtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flehtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flehtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flehtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flehtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flehtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flehtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flehtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flehtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flehtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flehtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flehtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flihtid (active indicative plural second-person)
flehtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flihtid (active imperative plural second-person)
flehtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flehtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flehtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flehtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flehtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flehtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flehtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaht (active first-person indicative singular)
fluhtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flahst (active indicative second-person singular)
fluhtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaht (active indicative singular third-person)
fluhtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fluhtū (active dual first-person indicative)
fluhtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fluhtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fluhtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fluhtum (active first-person indicative plural)
fluhtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fluhtud (active indicative plural second-person)
fluhtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fluhtun (active indicative plural third-person)
fluhtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flehtandz (active participle present)
fluhtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: fleohtan

Old Saxon: flehtan

desctree

Old Dutch: *flehtan
Middle Dutch: vlechten
Dutch: vlechten
Limburgish: vlèchte

Old High German: flehtan

Middle High German: vlehten

German: flechten

Luxembourgish: flechten

Old Norse: flétta

Icelandic: flétta

Faroese: flætta

Norwegian: flette

→ Middle English: *fletten

Middle English: fletting

Old Swedish: flǣtta, flǣta

Swedish: fläta

q

past participle <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmq-oda">flæth</i> attested

Old Danish: *flæthæ (past participle flæth attested)

Danish: flette

From Pre-Germanic *pleḱt-, an extension of Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to twine”).


dwelaną

dwelō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwelaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwelai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwilizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwelaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwel (active imperative second-person singular)
dwelazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwelaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwilidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwelai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dweladau (active imperative singular third-person)
dweladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwelaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwelōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dwelaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dweladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwelaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dweladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwelamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwelaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwelandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwelaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwilid (active indicative plural second-person)
dwelaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwilid (active imperative plural second-person)
dwelandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwelaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwelandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwelain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwelandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwelandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwelaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwal (active first-person indicative singular)
dwēlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwalt (active indicative second-person singular)
dwēlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwal (active indicative singular third-person)
dwēlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwēlū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwēlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwēludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwēlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwēlum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwēlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwēlud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwēlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwēlun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwēlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwelandz (active participle present)
dulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwelan
Old English: *dwelan
⇒ Old English: ġedwolen
⇒ Old English: dwelian
Middle English: dwelen
Old Saxon: dwelan
Middle Low German: dwelen, dwēlen, twelen
German Low German: dwelen
Old Dutch: dwelan
Middle Dutch: dwelen
Dutch: (obsolete) dwelen
>? Old High German: twelan
Middle High German: twelen, tweln


helaną

helō (active first-person indicative singular)
helaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
helai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hilizi (active indicative second-person singular)
helaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hel (active imperative second-person singular)
helazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
helaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hilidi (active indicative singular third-person)
helai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
heladau (active imperative singular third-person)
heladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
helaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
helōz (active dual first-person indicative)
helaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
heladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
helaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
heladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
helamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
helaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
helandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
helaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hilid (active indicative plural second-person)
helaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hilid (active imperative plural second-person)
helandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
helaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
helandi (active indicative plural third-person)
helain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helandau (active imperative plural third-person)
helandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
helaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hal (active first-person indicative singular)
hēlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
halt (active indicative second-person singular)
hēlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hal (active indicative singular third-person)
hēlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hēlū (active dual first-person indicative)
hēlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hēludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hēlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hēlum (active first-person indicative plural)
hēlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hēlud (active indicative plural second-person)
hēlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hēlun (active indicative plural third-person)
hēlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
helandz (active participle present)
hulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *helan
Old English: helan, hœ̄lan
Middle English: helen, helien (merger with helian)
English: hele, heel
Scots: heil
Old Frisian: hela
West Frisian: hele
Old Saxon: helan
Old Dutch: *helan
Middle Dutch: hēlen
Dutch: helen
Old High German: helan
Middle High German: heln
German: hehlen
→ Swedish: häla, hälare

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱéleti, from *ḱel- (“to cover”). Cognate with Latin cēlō (“hide, cover, conceal”).


stenaną

stenō (active first-person indicative singular)
stenaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stenai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stinizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stenaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sten (active imperative second-person singular)
stenazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stenaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stinidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stenai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stenadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stenadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stenaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stenōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stenaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stenadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stenaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stenadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stenamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stenaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stenandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stenaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stinid (active indicative plural second-person)
stenaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stinid (active imperative plural second-person)
stenandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stenaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stenandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stenain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stenandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stenandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stenaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stan (active first-person indicative singular)
stēnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stant (active indicative second-person singular)
stēnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stan (active indicative singular third-person)
stēnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stēnū (active dual first-person indicative)
stēnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stēnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stēnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stēnum (active first-person indicative plural)
stēnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stēnud (active indicative plural second-person)
stēnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stēnun (active indicative plural third-person)
stēnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stenandz (active participle present)
stunanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stenan
Old English: stenan, stinan
Middle English: stenen, steynen (regarded as byforms of stunien)
Old Saxon: *stenan
Middle Low German: stēnen, stȫnen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)
Low German: stöhnen
→? Middle High German: stenen (northern)
German: stöhnen
Old Dutch: *stenan
Middle Dutch: stēnen
Dutch: stenen, steunen (rounded form perhaps merged with *stunōną or *stunjaną)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan”). Cognate with Latin tonō (“to thunder”).


temaną

temō (active first-person indicative singular)
temaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
temai (first-person indicative passive singular)
timizi (active indicative second-person singular)
temaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tem (active imperative second-person singular)
temazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
temaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
timidi (active indicative singular third-person)
temai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
temadau (active imperative singular third-person)
temadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
temaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
temōz (active dual first-person indicative)
temaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
temadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
temaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
temadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
temamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
temaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
temandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
temaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
timid (active indicative plural second-person)
temaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
timid (active imperative plural second-person)
temandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
temaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
temandi (active indicative plural third-person)
temain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
temandau (active imperative plural third-person)
temandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
temaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tam (active first-person indicative singular)
tēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tamt (active indicative second-person singular)
tēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tam (active indicative singular third-person)
tēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
tēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
tēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
tēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
tēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
temandz (active participle present)
tumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *teman
Old English: *teman; (temian); *tēme, *tȳme (in luftȳme, wiþertȳme)
Middle English: temen; *betemen
English: teem; beteem
Old Frisian: tima; timia
Saterland Frisian: täämelk
West Frisian: tiemje; betame, betamje
Old Saxon: teman
Middle Low German: temen; tēmelik, tâmelik
Low German: temen, tamen
Old Dutch: teman
Middle Dutch: tēmen
Old High German: zeman
Middle High German: zëmen; gezëmen
German: ziemen; geziemen; ziemlich

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (gatiman)

From Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to put together”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δέμω (démō, “to build”).


swefaną

swefō (active first-person indicative singular)
swefaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swefai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swifizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swefaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swef (active imperative second-person singular)
swefazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swefaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swifidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swefai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swefadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swefadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swefaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swefōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swefaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swefadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swefaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swefadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swefamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swefaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swefandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swefaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swifid (active indicative plural second-person)
swefaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swifid (active imperative plural second-person)
swefandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swefaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swefandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swefain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swefandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swefandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swefaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swaf (active first-person indicative singular)
swēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaft (active indicative second-person singular)
swēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaf (active indicative singular third-person)
swēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
swēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
swēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
swēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
swēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swefandz (active participle present)
swebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swefan

Old English: swefan

⇒ Old English: āswefan

Middle English: asweven

English: asweve

desctree

Old Norse: sofa
Icelandic: sofa
Faroese: sova
Norwegian Nynorsk: sova, sove
Jamtish: sovo
Elfdalian: såvå
Old Swedish: sova
Swedish: sova
Old Danish: souæ
Danish: sove
Norwegian Bokmål: sove
Scanian: søva
Gutnish: syve

⇒ Old Norse: somna, sofna
Icelandic: sofna
Faroese: sovna
Norwegian Nynorsk: sobna, somna, somne, sovna, sovne
Norwegian Bokmål: sovne
Old Swedish: somna, sofna
Swedish: somna
Danish: sovne (obsolete)

From Proto-Indo-European *swep-. Originally either a zero-grade present, or possibly an aorist-present.


þreskaną

þreskō (active first-person indicative singular)
þreskaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þreskai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þriskizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þreskaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þresk (active imperative second-person singular)
þreskazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þreskaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þriskidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þreskai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þreskadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þreskadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þreskaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þreskōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þreskaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þreskadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þreskaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þreskadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þreskamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þreskaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þreskandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þreskaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þriskid (active indicative plural second-person)
þreskaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þriskid (active imperative plural second-person)
þreskandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þreskaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þreskandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þreskain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þreskandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þreskandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þreskaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrask (active first-person indicative singular)
þruskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrast (active indicative second-person singular)
þruskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrask (active indicative singular third-person)
þruskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þruskū (active dual first-person indicative)
þruskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þruskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þruskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þruskum (active first-person indicative plural)
þruskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þruskud (active indicative plural second-person)
þruskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þruskun (active indicative plural third-person)
þruskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þreskandz (active participle present)
þruskanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: þersċan, þresċan, þrexan

desc

Middle English: threshen, thresshen, threschen, thrasshen

Scots: thresch, thrash

English: thresh, thrash

Old Frisian: *therska

North Frisian: seenk (Amrum)

Saterland Frisian: täärske

West Frisian: terskje

Old Saxon: *threskan, *therskan

Middle Low German: derschen, dorschen

Low German: döschen

Frankish: *threskan

desctree

Old Dutch: *threscan
Middle Dutch: derschen
Dutch: dorsen
Afrikaans: dors

→ Vulgar Latin: *trescāre

Old French: trescher, treschier

Italian: trescare

Old High German: dreskan

desc

Middle High German: dreschen, dröschen, treschen, tröschen

German: dreschen

Luxembourgish: dreschen

Yiddish: דרעשן (dreshn)

desctree

Old Norse: þreskja
Icelandic: þreskja
Faroese: treskja
Norwegian Nynorsk: treskja, treska (dialectal) tryskja, trøskja, trøska, treiskje, trùska
Norwegian Bokmål: treske
Old Swedish: þriska, þryskja
Swedish: tröska
Danish: tærske, tæske

Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽 (þriskan)

→ Vulgar Latin: *triscāre

Galician: triscar

Portuguese: triscar

Spanish: triscar

→ Proto-Finnic: *rehkidäk (see there for further descendants)

Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, turn”).


kweþaną

kweþō (active first-person indicative singular)
kweþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kweþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwiþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kweþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kweþ (active imperative second-person singular)
kweþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kweþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwiþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kweþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kweþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kweþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kweþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kweþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kweþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kweþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kweþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kweþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kweþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kweþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kweþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kweþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwiþid (active indicative plural second-person)
kweþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwiþid (active imperative plural second-person)
kweþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kweþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kweþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kweþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kweþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kweþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kweþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwaþ (active first-person indicative singular)
kwēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwast (active indicative second-person singular)
kwēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwaþ (active indicative singular third-person)
kwēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kwēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kwēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kwēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kwēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kweþandz (active participle present)
kwedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kweþan
Old English: cweþan, cweðan — edh spelling, cwoða — Northumbrian
Middle English: quethen, cwethen, cweþen, cweðen, queðen, qwethyn, qweþe, queþen, quethe, queþe, queden, cwæthen
English: quethe (obsolete except in past tense quoth)
Scots: quethe (noun)
Yola: co, quo
Old Frisian: quetha
Saterland Frisian: kwede
Old Saxon: quethan, queþan, queðan
Middle Low German: queden
Old Dutch: quethan
Old High German: quedan
Middle High German: quëden
Cimbrian: khödan

Old Norse: kveða
Icelandic: kveða
Faroese: kvøða
Norwegian: kveda, kvede
Old Swedish: kvæþa
Swedish: kväda
Danish: kvæde

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (qiþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“to say, speak”). Cognate with Old Armenian կոչեմ (kočʻem).


teraną

terō (active first-person indicative singular)
teraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
terai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
teraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ter (active imperative second-person singular)
terazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
teraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
terai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
teradau (active imperative singular third-person)
teradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
teraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
terōz (active dual first-person indicative)
teraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
teradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
teraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
teradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
teramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
teraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
terandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
teraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tirid (active indicative plural second-person)
teraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tirid (active imperative plural second-person)
terandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
teraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
terandi (active indicative plural third-person)
terain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
terandau (active imperative plural third-person)
terandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
teraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tar (active first-person indicative singular)
tērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tart (active indicative second-person singular)
tērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tar (active indicative singular third-person)
tērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tērū (active dual first-person indicative)
tērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tērum (active first-person indicative plural)
tērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tērud (active indicative plural second-person)
tērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tērun (active indicative plural third-person)
tērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
terandz (active participle present)
turanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *teran
Old English: teran
Middle English: teren, teer, teere, tere, tern, teryn, teer
English: tear
Scots: tere, teir, tair
Old Frisian: tera
Saterland Frisian: teere
West Frisian: tarre
Old Saxon: teran
Middle Low German: teren (merged with Proto-West Germanic *tarjan)
German Low German: tehren
→ Old Norse: tæra
Danish: tære
Swedish: tära
Norwegian Bokmål: tære
Norwegian Nynorsk: tæra, tære
Icelandic: tæra
Old High German: zeran
Middle High German: zern, zeren (merged with Proto-West Germanic *tarjan, a strong participle Middle High German zerzorn is attested)
German: zehren
Luxembourgish: zieren

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*tairan) (in 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (distairan), 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (gatairan))

→? Vulgar Latin: *tīrāre

From Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to flay, split, cleave, crack”).


wrekaną

wrekō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrek (active imperative second-person singular)
wrekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrikid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrikid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wrak (active first-person indicative singular)
wrēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraht (active indicative second-person singular)
wrēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrak (active indicative singular third-person)
wrēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
wrēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
wrēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
wrēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
wrēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrekandz (active participle present)
wrekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrekan
Old English: wrecan
Middle English: wreken
English: wreak
Scots: wreke, wrek, wreik
Old Frisian: wreka
West Frisian: wrekke
Old Saxon: wrekan
Middle Low German: wrēken
Old Dutch: *wrekan
Middle Dutch: wrēken
Dutch: wreken
Afrikaans: wreek
Old High German: rehhan, wrehhan
Middle High German: rechen
German: rächen
→ Luxembourgish: rächen

Old Norse: vreka, reka
Icelandic: reka
Faroese: reka
Norwegian: reke
Norwegian Nynorsk: reka
Old Swedish: vræka, rwæka
Swedish: vräka, räka (dialectal)
Danish: vrage
Gutnish: bräkä

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (wrikan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“track, hunt, follow”). Cognate with Hittite ūrki- (“track”), Tocharian B werke (“to chase, hunt”), Sanskrit व्रजति (vrájati, “to go, walk, move”), and perhaps Latin urgēre (“to be urgent”), Proto-Slavic *vèrťi (“to throw, cast”).


brekaną

brekō (active first-person indicative singular)
brekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brek (active imperative second-person singular)
brekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brikid (active indicative plural second-person)
brekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brikid (active imperative plural second-person)
brekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brak (active first-person indicative singular)
brēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braht (active indicative second-person singular)
brēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brak (active indicative singular third-person)
brēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
brēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
brēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
brēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
brēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brekandz (active participle present)
brukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brekan
Old English: brecan
Middle English: breken
Scots: breke
English: break
Old Frisian: breka
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: breeg
Helgoland and Sylt: breek
Mooring: breege
Saterland Frisian: breke
West Frisian: brekke
Old Saxon: brekan
Middle Low German: breken
Low German: breken
→ Danish: brække
→ Norwegian Bokmål: brekke
→ Swedish: bräcka
Old Dutch: *brecan
Middle Dutch: brēken
Dutch: breken
Limburgish: braeke
Old High German: brehhan
Middle High German: brechen
German: brechen
Luxembourgish: briechen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: breche
Yiddish: ברעכן (brekhn)
→ Franco-Provençal: breyér
Bressan: brayë
Fribourgeois: brêyi
→ Old French: broiier (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (brikan)
→ Catalan: bregar
→ Galician: breigar
→ Italian: brigare, briga
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: бри̏га
Latin script: brȉga
→ Bulgarian: брига (briga)
Slovene: briga, brigati
→ Portuguese: brigar
Papiamentu: bringa
→ Spanish: bregar
→ Venetian: sbregar


skapjaną

skapjō (active first-person indicative singular)
skapjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skapjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skapisi (active indicative second-person singular)
skapjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skapi (active imperative second-person singular)
skapjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skapjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skapiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skapjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skapjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skapjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skapjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skapjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skapjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skapjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skapjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skapjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skapjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skapjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skapjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skapjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skapiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skapjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skapiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skapjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skapjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skapjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skapjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skapjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skapjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skapjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōp (active first-person indicative singular)
skōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōft (active indicative second-person singular)
skōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōp (active indicative singular third-person)
skōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skapjandz (active participle present)
skapanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skappjan
Old English: sċieppan, sċyppan, sċippan
Middle English: scheppen, schippen, schappen, schapen
English: shape
Scots: schape, schaipe
Old Frisian: skeppa
Saterland Frisian: skäppe, schäppe
West Frisian: skeppe
Old Saxon: skeppian
Middle Low German: scheppen
Low German: schapen
Old Dutch: skeppen
Middle Dutch: scheppen
Dutch: scheppen
Afrikaans: skep
Limburgish: sjape
Old High German: scafan, skaffan, scaphan, skepfen, scephen
Middle High German: schaffen, schepfen
Alemannic German: schaffe
Swabian: schaffa
German: schöpfen (archaic), schaffen
→ Low German: schaffen
→ Dutch: schaffen
Afrikaans: skaf
→ Saterland Frisian: skafje, schafje
→ Danish: skaffe
→ Faroese: skaffa
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skaffe
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skaffe, skaffa
→ Swedish: skaffa
Luxembourgish: schafen
Yiddish: שעפּן (shepn)

Old Norse: skapa, skepja
Icelandic: skapa, skepja
Faroese: skapa
Norwegian Bokmål: skape
Norwegian Nynorsk: skape, skapa
Old Swedish: skapa
Swedish: skapa
Danish: skabe

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskapjan) (from *gaskapjaną)

Vandalic: *skapjan, scapia

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)keb- (“to cut, split, hew, shape”).


hlahjaną

hlahjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlahjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlahjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlahisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlahjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlahi (active imperative second-person singular)
hlahjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlahjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlahiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlahjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlahjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlahjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlahjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlahjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlahjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlahjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlahjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlahjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlahjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlahjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlahjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlahjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlahiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlahjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlahiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlahjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlahjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlahjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlahjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlahjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlahjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlahjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlōh (active first-person indicative singular)
hlōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlōht (active indicative second-person singular)
hlōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlōh (active indicative singular third-person)
hlōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlahjandz (active participle present)
hlaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlahhjan
Old English: hliehhan, hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan
Middle English: laughen
English: laugh
Scots: lauch
Yola: leeigh, leigh
Old Saxon: hlahhian, hlahan
Middle Low German: lachen
Low German: lachen
Plautdietsch: lachen
Old Dutch: *lahhen, *lahhan
Middle Dutch: lachen
Dutch: lachen
Afrikaans: lag
Berbice Creole Dutch: laki
Javindo: lach, lag, lah
Negerhollands: lach, lak
Petjo: lahen
Limburgish: lache
Old High German: hlahhan, hlahhēn
Middle High German: lachen
Alemannic German: lache
Cimbrian: lachan
German: lachen
Luxembourgish: laachen
Yiddish: לאַכן (lakhn)

Old Norse: hlæja
Icelandic: hlæja
Faroese: læa
Norwegian Nynorsk: læja, læ, le
Elfdalian: läa
Old Swedish: lēia, lea, lēa
Swedish: le
Old Danish: lē
Danish: le
Norwegian Bokmål: le

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hlahjan)

Crimean Gothic: lachen

From Proto-Indo-European *klek- (“to laugh, cackle”). Cognate with Russian клекота́ть (klekotátʹ, “to scream (of birds of prey)”). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”).

cog

to laugh (+ genitive of thing laughed at)


hawwaną

hawwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hawwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hawwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hawwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hawwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haww (active imperative second-person singular)
hawwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hawwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hawwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hawwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hawwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hawwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hawwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hawwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hawwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hawwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hawwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hawwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hawwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hawwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hawwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hawwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hawwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hawwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hawwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hawwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hawwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hawwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hawwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hawwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hawwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehau (active first-person indicative singular)
hehauw (active first-person indicative singular)
hehawwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehaut (active indicative second-person singular)
hehauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hehawwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehau (active indicative singular third-person)
hehauw (active indicative singular third-person)
hehawwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehawwū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehawwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehawwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehawwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehawwum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehawwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehawwud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehawwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehawwun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehawwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hawwandz (active participle present)
hawwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hauwan
Old English: hēawan
Middle English: hewen
English: hew
Scots: hew, hewe
Old Frisian: hāwa, hauwa, hōwa, houwa
North Frisian: hauen, houwen
Saterland Frisian: haue
West Frisian: houwe
Old Saxon: hauwan
Middle Low German: houwen, howen, hauwen
German Low German: hauen
Old Dutch: houwan
Middle Dutch: houwen
Dutch: houwen
Afrikaans: hou
Limburgish: houwe
Old High German: houwan
Middle High German: houwen
Cimbrian: hauan
German: hauen
Luxembourgish: haen

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚷᚹᚨᚾ (*hagwan /haggwan/)

desctree

Old Norse: hǫggva
Icelandic: höggva
Faroese: høgga
Norwegian Nynorsk: hogga
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hogge
Jamtish: hǫgge
Elfdalian: ogga
Old Swedish: hugga, hogga
Swedish: hugga
Old Danish: huggæ, hoggæ
Danish: hugge
Norwegian Bokmål: hugge
Scanian: hogga
Gutnish: hagge

From Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to beat, hew, forge”).


skeraną

skerō (active first-person indicative singular)
skeraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skerai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skeraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sker (active imperative second-person singular)
skerazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skeraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
skerai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeradau (active imperative singular third-person)
skeradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skeraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skerōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skeraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skeramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skeraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skerandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skeraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skirid (active indicative plural second-person)
skeraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skirid (active imperative plural second-person)
skerandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skeraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skerandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skerain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skerandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skerandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skeraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skar (active first-person indicative singular)
skērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skart (active indicative second-person singular)
skērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skar (active indicative singular third-person)
skērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skērū (active dual first-person indicative)
skērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skērum (active first-person indicative plural)
skērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skērud (active indicative plural second-person)
skērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skērun (active indicative plural third-person)
skērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skerandz (active participle present)
skuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeran
Old English: sċieran, sċeran, sċeoran, sċiran
Middle English: scheren, schæren, schere, scheryn, shere, sheren, ssere
English: shear
Scots: shear
Yola: shaure (preterite)
Old Frisian: skera
Saterland Frisian: schääre, skääre
West Frisian: skarre
Old Saxon: skeran, sceran
Middle Low German: scheren
Low German: scheren
Old Dutch: skeran
Middle Dutch: schēren
Dutch: scheren
Afrikaans: skeer
Berbice Creole Dutch: skeri
Negerhollands: skeer
Skepi Creole Dutch: skler, scar
→ Aukan: sikeli
→ Sranan Tongo: sker
→ Dutch: skeer
→ West Frisian: skeare
Limburgish: sjaere
Old High German: skeran
Middle High German: schërn
German: scheren
Hunsrik: scheere
Luxembourgish: schieren
Yiddish: שערן (shern)
⇒ Old High German: giskirri
Middle High German: geschirre
Alemannic German: Geschirr
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Gescherr
Luxembourgish: Geschier
German: Geschirr
→ Polish: szory
→ Russian: шоры (šory)
→ Old French: escirer
⇒ Old French: descirer
Middle French: deschirer
French: déchirer

Old Norse: skera
Icelandic: skera
Faroese: skera
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjera
Old Swedish: skæra, skiæra
Swedish: skära
Danish: skære
Norwegian Bokmål: skjære

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*skairan)

→ Old Occitan:

Catalan: esquilar

Occitan: esquilar

→ Old Spanish: esquirar

Spanish: esquilar
→ Galician: esquiloar
→ Portuguese: esquiar, esquilar

→ Proto-Finnic: *kerit'äk (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


wurkijaną

wurkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wurkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wurkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wurkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurkī (active imperative second-person singular)
wurkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wurkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wurkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wurkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wurkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wurkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wurkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wurkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wurkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wurkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wurkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wurkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wurkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wurkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wurkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wurkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wurkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wurkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wurkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wurhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wurhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wurhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wurhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wurhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
wurhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wurkijandz (active participle present)
wurkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wurkijan
Old English: wyrċan
Middle English: werken, worken, worchen
English: work
Old Frisian: werka
West Frisian: werke
Old Saxon: workian, wurkian
Old High German: wurken
Middle High German: werken, würken

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto /worᵃhtō/), ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte /wurtē/), ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte /ortē/)

desctree

Old Norse: yrkja
Icelandic: yrkja, orka
Faroese: yrkja, orka
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: yrke, orke
Norwegian Nynorsk: yrkja, yrke, orka, orke
Elfdalian: yrtja, uorka
Old Swedish: yrkia, orka
Swedish: yrka, orka
Old Danish: yrkæ, orkæ
Danish: ørke, orke
Old Gutnish: yrkia, orka
Gutnish: yrke, orke
→ Middle English: irken
English: irk

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waurkjan)

⇒ Crimean Gothic: warthata

→? Proto-Finnic: *pürkidäk

→? Proto-Samic: *përkëtēk

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti, from *werǵ-, whence also *werką and *wirkijaną.


rōaną

rōō (active first-person indicative singular)
rōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rō (active imperative second-person singular)
rōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rōid (active indicative plural second-person)
rōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōid (active imperative plural second-person)
rōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rerō (active first-person indicative singular)
rerōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rerōt (active indicative second-person singular)
rerōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rerō (active indicative singular third-person)
rerōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rerōū (active dual first-person indicative)
rerōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rerōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rerōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rerōum (active first-person indicative plural)
rerōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rerōud (active indicative plural second-person)
rerōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rerōun (active indicative plural third-person)
rerōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōandz (active participle present)
rōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rōan
Old English: rōwan
Middle English: rowen
Scots: row
English: row
Old Frisian: *rōia
Saterland Frisian: roie
West Frisian: roeie
Old Saxon: *rōian
Middle Low German: rōen, rōien, rōjen
Old Dutch: *ruoien
Middle Dutch: roeyen
Dutch: roeien
Afrikaans: roei
Old High German: *ruojan
Middle High German: rüejen, rüegen, ruogen
German: rojen

Old Norse: róa
Icelandic: róa
Faroese: rógva
Norwegian: ro
Old Swedish: rōa
Swedish: ro
Danish: ro

/ˈrɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/


wōpijaną

wōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
wōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewōp (active first-person indicative singular)
wewōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewōft (active indicative second-person singular)
wewōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewōp (active indicative singular third-person)
wewōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijandz (active participle present)
wōpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
wōpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wōpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wōpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wōpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpī (active imperative second-person singular)
wōpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wōpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wōpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wōpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wōpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wōpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wōpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wōpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wōpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wōpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wōpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wōpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wōpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wōpidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōpidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wōpidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōpidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wōpidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōpidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōpidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōpidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōpidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōpidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōpidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōpidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōpidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōpidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōpidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōpijandz (active participle present)
wōpidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wōpijan
Old English: wēpan
Middle English: wepen
Scots: wep, wepe, weip
English: weep
Old Frisian: wēpa
Saterland Frisian: wapia
Old Saxon: wōpian
Middle Low German: wōpen
Old Dutch: wuopan
Old High German: wuofan, wuoffan, wuofen
Middle High German: wuofen, wüefen

Old Norse: ǿpa, œpa
Icelandic: æpa
Faroese: øpa, epa
Norwegian Bokmål: øpe
Old Swedish: ø̄pa
Old Danish: ø̄pæ

Gothic: 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wōpjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂b- (“to call, shout, complain”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *vabiti (“to lure”).


wahsijaną

wahsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wahsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wahsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wahsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wahsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsī (active imperative second-person singular)
wahsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wahsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wahsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wahsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wahsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wahsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wahsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wahsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wahsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wahsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wahsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wahsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wahsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōhs (active first-person indicative singular)
wōhsį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōhst (active indicative second-person singular)
wōhsīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōhs (active indicative singular third-person)
wōhsī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōhsū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōhsīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōhsudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōhsīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōhsum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōhsīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōhsud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōhsīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōhsun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōhsīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijandz (active participle present)
wahsanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wahsan
Old English: weaxan
Middle English: waxen
Scots: wax
English: wax
Old Frisian: waxa
Saterland Frisian: wacsa, wacsen
West Frisian: waakse
Old Saxon: wahsan
Middle Low German: wassen
Low German: wassen
Old Dutch: wassan
Middle Dutch: wassen
Dutch: wassen
Afrikaans: was
Old High German: wahsan
Middle High German: wahsen
Central Franconian: wahße, wahsse, waße, waaße (alternative spellings), wase (Dutch-based spelling), wohße (some dialects of Moselle Franconian), wohße, wohsse, woße
Hunsrik: wachse
Cimbrian: baksan
German: wachsen
Luxembourgish: wuessen
Yiddish: וואַקסן (vaksn)

Old Norse: vaxa
Icelandic: vaxa
Faroese: vaksa, veksa
Norwegian Nynorsk: veksa, vekse
Old Swedish: vaxa, væxa
Swedish: växa
Old Danish: waxæ
Danish: vokse
Norwegian Bokmål: vokse
Gutnish: vaksa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wahsjan)
→ Catalan: guaixar


wahsijaną

wahsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wahsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wahsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wahsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wahsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsī (active imperative second-person singular)
wahsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wahsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wahsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wahsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wahsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wahsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wahsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wahsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wahsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wahsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wahsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wahsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wahsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wahsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wahsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wahsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wahsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wahsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wahsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wahsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wahsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wahsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wahsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wahsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wahsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wahsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wahsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wahsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wahsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wahsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wahsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wahsijandz (active participle present)
wahsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wahsijan
Old Frisian: wexa
Old Saxon: wahsian
Old Dutch: *wahsen
Middle Dutch: wassen
Dutch: wassen
Old High German: *wahsen
Middle High German: wichsen
German: wichsen
→ Danish: vikse
⇒ Old High German: giwahsen

Old Norse: vexa

Icelandic: vexa


lībaną

lībō (active first-person indicative singular)
lībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līb (active imperative second-person singular)
lībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lībid (active indicative plural second-person)
lībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lībid (active imperative plural second-person)
lībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laib (active first-person indicative singular)
libį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laift (active indicative second-person singular)
libīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laib (active indicative singular third-person)
libī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
libū (active dual first-person indicative)
libīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
libudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
libīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
libum (active first-person indicative plural)
libīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
libud (active indicative plural second-person)
libīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
libun (active indicative plural third-person)
libīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lībandz (active participle present)
libanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *leyp-, although the appearance of the voiced (unstressed) Verner alternant b is unexpected. The verb may be back-formed from an older verb with the voiced alternant, such as *libjaną.


nesaną

nesō (active first-person indicative singular)
nesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
nesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nes (active imperative second-person singular)
nesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
nesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
nesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
nesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nisid (active indicative plural second-person)
nesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nisid (active imperative plural second-person)
nesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
nesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
nesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nas (active first-person indicative singular)
nēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nast (active indicative second-person singular)
nēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nas (active indicative singular third-person)
nēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
nēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
nēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
nēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
nēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nesandz (active participle present)
nezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: nesan

⇒ Old English: ġenesan

Old Saxon: nesan

Middle Low German: nēsen

Old Dutch: *nesan

Middle Dutch: nēsen

Old High German: nesan

Middle High German: nesen

⇒ Old High German: ginesan

⇒ Old High German: irnesan

Gothic: *𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*nisan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (ganisan))

From Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return, heal”).


laibijaną

laibijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laibijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laibijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laibīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laibijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laibī (active imperative second-person singular)
laibijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laibijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laibīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laibijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laibijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laibijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laibijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laibijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laibijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laibijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laibijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laibijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laibijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laibijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laibijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laibijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laibīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laibijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laibīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laibijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laibijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laibijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laibijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laibijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laibijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laibijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laibidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laibidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laibidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laibidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laibidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laibidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laibidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laibidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laibidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laibidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laibidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laibidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laibidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laibidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laibidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laibidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laibijandz (active participle present)
laibidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laibijan
Old English: lǣfan
Middle English: leven, leaven, lefven
English: leave
Scots: leve, leif
Yola: laave, lea, lee
Old Frisian: lēva
Old Saxon: lēvian
Middle Low German: lêven
Old High German: leiben
Middle High German: leiben

Old Norse: leifa

Icelandic: leifa

Faroese: leiva

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: leive

Norwegian Nynorsk: leiva, leive

Old Swedish: lēva
Swedish: leva (obsolete)

Old Gutnish: laifa

Gothic: *𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*laibjan) (in 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bilaibjan))


drankijaną

drankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
drankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
drankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drankī (active imperative second-person singular)
drankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
drankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
drankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
drankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
drankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
drankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
drankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
drankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
drankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
drankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
drankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
drankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
drankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
drankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
drankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drankijandz (active participle present)
drankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *drankijan
Old English: drenċan
Middle English: drenchen
English: drench
Old Frisian: drenka, drentza
North Frisian:
Mooring/Ockholm-Hoolmer: drånke
Wiedingharde: dranke
Langenhorn-Hoorninger: drange
Sylt: dreenk
West Frisian: drinzje
Old Saxon: drenkian
Middle Low German: drenken
Low German: dränken
Old Dutch: drenken
Middle Dutch: drenken
Dutch: drenken
Old High German: trenken
Middle High German: trenken
German: tränken
Luxembourgish: dränken

Old Norse: drekkja, drenkja

Icelandic: drekkja

Norwegian: drenke

Elfdalian: drettja

Old Swedish: drænkia

Swedish: dränka

Danish: drænke

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dragkjan)


nazjaną

nazjō (active first-person indicative singular)
nazjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nazjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nazisi (active indicative second-person singular)
nazjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nazi (active imperative second-person singular)
nazjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nazjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
naziþi (active indicative singular third-person)
nazjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nazjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
nazjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nazjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nazjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
nazjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nazjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nazjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nazjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nazjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nazjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nazjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nazjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
naziþ (active indicative plural second-person)
nazjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
naziþ (active imperative plural second-person)
nazjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nazjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nazjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
nazjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nazjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
nazjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nazjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nazidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
nazidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nazidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
nazidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nazidē (active indicative singular third-person)
nazidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nazidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
nazidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nazidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nazidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nazidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
nazidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nazidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
nazidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nazidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
nazidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nazjandz (active participle present)
nazidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *naʀjan
Old English: nerian
Middle English: nerian (early)
Old Frisian: nera
Saterland Frisian: neere
Old Saxon: nerian
Middle Low German: neren
German Low German: nähren
→ Old Swedish: næra
Swedish: nära
→ Old Danish: næræ
Danish: nære
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: nære
Norwegian Nynorsk: nære, næra
→ Old Norse: næra
Icelandic: næra
Old Dutch: neren
Middle Dutch: nēren
⇒ Middle Dutch: genēren
Dutch: (obsolete) generen
⇒ Middle Dutch: neringhe
Dutch: nering
Old High German: nerien, nerjan, nerren, neren
Middle High German: nerren, nern, nerigen
German: nähren
Hunsrik: neere
Luxembourgish: nieren
Yiddish: נערן (nern)

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nasjan)


raizijaną

raizijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raizijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raizijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raizīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raizijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raizī (active imperative second-person singular)
raizijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raizijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raizīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raizijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raizijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raizijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raizijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raizijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raizijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raizijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raizijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raizijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raizijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raizijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raizijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raizijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raizīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raizijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raizīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raizijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raizijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raizijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raizijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raizijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raizijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raizijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raizidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raizidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raizidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raizidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raizidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raizidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raizidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raizidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raizidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raizidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raizidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raizidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raizidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raizidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raizidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raizidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raizijandz (active participle present)
raizidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *raiʀijan

Old English: rǣran

Middle English: reren

English: rear

Scots: rere, reir

Proto-Norse: ᚱᛡᛁᛋᛁᛞᛟ (rᴀisido) (first-person singular past indicative)
Old Norse: reisa (first-person singular past indicative reista)
Icelandic: reisa
Faroese: reisa
Norwegian Nynorsk: reisa
Old Swedish: rēsa
Swedish: resa
Danish: rejse
Norwegian Bokmål: reise
→ Middle English: reisen, raisen
Scots: rais, rase, raise
English: raise

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raisjan)

to cause (someone, something) to rise; raise