grīsaz

*grīsaz (a-stem)

grīsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grīsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grīsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
grīsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grīsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grīsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grīsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grīsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grīsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grīsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grīsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grīsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grīsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
grīsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grīsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grīsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grīsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
grīsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grīsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grīsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grīsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grīsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grīsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grīsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grīsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grīsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grīsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grīsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grīsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grīsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grīsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grīsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grīsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grīsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grīsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grīsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grīsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grīsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grīsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grīsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grīsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grīsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grīsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grīsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grīsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grīsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grīsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grīsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grīsini (dative masculine singular weak)
grīsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grīsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grīsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grīsini (dative neuter singular weak)
grīsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grīsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grīsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grīsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grīsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grīsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grīsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *grīs
Old Frisian: grīs
Saterland Frisian: gries
West Frisian: griis
Old Saxon: grīs
Middle Low German: grîs
German Low German: gries
→ German: gries
Plautdietsch: jriess
Old Dutch: *grīs
Middle Dutch: grise, grijs
Dutch: grijs
Afrikaans: grys
Old High German: grīs
Middle High German: grīs
Central Franconian: greis, jries
German: greis
Gallo-Romance:
→ Catalan: gris
→ Ligurian: grîxo
→? Corsican: grisgiu
→? Italian: grigio
→ Lombard: gris
→ Old Occitan: gris
Occitan: gris
→ Galician: gris
→ Spanish: gris
→ Old French: gris, grise
Middle French: gris
French: gris
Norman: gris
Walloon: gris, grise
→ Middle English: gris, grys (“gray; gray fur”)
→ Medieval Latin: grīseus
Old French: grisel
→ Middle English: grisel, griselle, gresel (“gray; gray hair”)
English: grizzle
→ Piedmontese: gris
→ Venetian: grixo
→ Greek: γκρίζος (gkrízos)

Unknown. Often related to *grēwaz, which would require a pre-form *greh₁-is-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow; to become green”). This is highly speculative, however.


snīkaną

snīkō (active first-person indicative singular)
snīkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snīkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snīkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snīkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snīk (active imperative second-person singular)
snīkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snīkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snīkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snīkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snīkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snīkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snīkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snīkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snīkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snīkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snīkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snīkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snīkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snīkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snīkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snīkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snīkid (active indicative plural second-person)
snīkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snīkid (active imperative plural second-person)
snīkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snīkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snīkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snīkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snīkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snīkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snaik (active first-person indicative singular)
snikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
snikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaik (active indicative singular third-person)
snikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snikū (active dual first-person indicative)
snikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snikum (active first-person indicative plural)
snikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snikud (active indicative plural second-person)
snikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snikun (active indicative plural third-person)
snikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīkandz (active participle present)
snikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snīkan
Old English: snīcan
Middle English: sniken
>? English: sneak, snitch
>? Scots: sneke, sneak

Old Norse: sníkja (weak verb) (< *snīkijaną)

Danish: snige

Faroese: sníkja

Icelandic: sníkja

Norwegian Bokmål: snike

Norwegian Nynorsk: snike, snika

Swedish: snika

From Proto-Indo-European *sneyg- (“to crawl”).


Brunjōhildiz

Brunjōhildiz (nominative singular)
Brunjōhildi (singular vocative)
Brunjōhildį (accusative singular)
Brunjōhildīz (genitive singular)
Brunjōhildī (dative singular)
Brunjōhildī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Brunnjuhildi

desc

Old High German: Brunichildis, *Brunnīhilta

Middle High German: Briunhilde, Priunhilde

German: Brunhilde, Brünhild, Brünnhilde, Brunhild

→ English: Brunhild

→ French: Brunehilde

→ Italian: Brunilde

→ Spanish: Brunilda

→ Portuguese: Brunilda

→ Catalan: Brunilda

Old Norse: Brynhildr

Icelandic: Brynhildur

Faroese: Brynhild

Norwegian: Brynhild

Swedish: Brynhild

→ Finnish: Brynhild

Danish: Brynhild

From *brunjǭ (“breastplate”) + *hildiz (“battle, fight”).


Sigifriþuz

Sigifriþuz (nominative singular)
Sigifriþu (singular vocative)
Sigifriþų (accusative singular)
Sigifriþauz (genitive singular)
Sigifriþū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Sigifriþu

desctree

Old High German: Sigifrith
Middle High German: Sîfrit
German: Siegfried (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: Sigfriðr, Sigfrøðr

Icelandic: Sigfreður

Faroese: Sigfríður

Norwegian: Sigfred, Sigfrid

Swedish: Sigfrid
→ Finnish: Sigfrid

Danish: Sigfred, Sigfrid

From *sigiz (“victory, triumph”) + *friþuz (“peace, tranquility, sanctuary, refuge”).


bulgijō

bulgijō (nominative singular)
bulgijôz (nominative plural)
bulgijō (singular vocative)
bulgijôz (plural vocative)
bulgijǭ (accusative singular)
bulgijōz (accusative plural)
bulgijōz (genitive singular)
bulgijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bulgijōi (dative singular)
bulgijōmaz (dative plural)
bulgijō (instrumental singular)
bulgijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Middle Low German: bulge

Low German: bülge

Middle High German: bulga

desctree

Old Norse: bylgja
Icelandic: bylgja
Faroese: bylgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bylgja, bylgju, bylgje, bølgje; (dialectal) bulgje
Swedish: bölja
Danish: bølge
Norwegian Bokmål: bølge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bølge
→ Middle English: *bilowe, *bilewe, *bilwe, *bilȝe
English: billow

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”).


Ermunahildiz

Ermunahildiz (nominative singular)
Ermunahildi (singular vocative)
Ermunahildį (accusative singular)
Ermunahildīz (genitive singular)
Ermunahildī (dative singular)
Ermunahildī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Ermunahildi

Old High German: *Ermenhilta

Middle High German: Ermhilde, Irmhilde

German: Irmhild

→ Italian: Imelda

→ Catalan: Imelda

→ Irish: Imelda

→ Spanish: Imelda

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Late Latin: Ermildi, Ermilli

Galician: Esmelle, Ermilda

From *ermunaz (“strong, whole”) + *hildiz (“battle, fight”).


hraspōną

hraspō (active first-person indicative singular)
hraspǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraspōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hraspōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hraspōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraspō (active imperative second-person singular)
hraspōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hraspōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hraspōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hraspō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hraspōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hraspōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hraspōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hraspōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hraspōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hraspōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hraspōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hraspōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hraspōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hraspōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hraspōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hraspōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hraspōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hraspōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hraspōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hraspōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hraspōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hraspōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hraspōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hraspōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hraspōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hraspōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hraspōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hraspōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraspōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hraspōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraspōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hraspōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hraspōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hraspōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hraspōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hraspōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hraspōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hraspōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hraspōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hraspōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hraspōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hraspōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hraspōndz (active participle present)
hraspōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hraspōn
Old Saxon: *hraspōn
⇒ Middle Low German: raspelen
German Low German: raspeln
Old High German: raspōn
Middle High German: raspen
German: raspen (obsolete)
⇒ German: raspeln
→ Vulgar Latin: *raspāre (see there for further descendants)


swaipaną

swaipō (active first-person indicative singular)
swaipaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaipai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swaipizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swaipaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaip (active imperative second-person singular)
swaipazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swaipaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swaipidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swaipai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swaipadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swaipadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swaipaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swaipōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swaipaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swaipadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swaipaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swaipadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swaipamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swaipaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swaipandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swaipaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swaipid (active indicative plural second-person)
swaipaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swaipid (active imperative plural second-person)
swaipandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swaipaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swaipandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swaipain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swaipandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swaipandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swaipaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sezwaip (active first-person indicative singular)
sezwaipį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sezwaift (active indicative second-person singular)
sezwaipīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sezwaip (active indicative singular third-person)
sezwaipī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sezwaipū (active dual first-person indicative)
sezwaipīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sezwaipudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sezwaipīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sezwaipum (active first-person indicative plural)
sezwaipīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sezwaipud (active indicative plural second-person)
sezwaipīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sezwaipun (active indicative plural third-person)
sezwaipīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swaipandz (active participle present)
swaipanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swaipan
Old English: swāpan
Middle English: swapen, swopen
English: swoop
Scots: swap, swape, swaip
Old Frisian: swēpa
West Frisian: swiepe (obsolete)
Old Saxon: swēpan
Middle Low German: swêpen
German Low German: swepen
Old High German: sweifan
Middle High German: sweifen
German: schweifen

Old Norse: sveipa (“to swaddle, wrap; to cast”)
Icelandic: sveipa
Faroese: sveipa
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: sveipa
Norwegian Bokmål: sveipe
Ostrobothnian: sveip
Nilandian: svipa
Old Swedish: svēpa, swǣpa
Swedish: svepa
Scanian: svøba, svepa, sveva
Older Danish: svebe
Danish: svøbe, svippe
→ Middle English: swaipen
English: swaip
Scots: swape, swaip

From Proto-Indo-European *kswoybʰ-e-ti, thematic o-grade present of *ksweybʰ- (“to move swiftly, swing, whip”).


gimrį̄

gimrį̄ (nominative singular)
gimrīniz (nominative plural)
gimrį̄ (singular vocative)
gimrīniz (plural vocative)
gimrīnų (accusative singular)
gimrīnunz (accusative plural)
gimrīniz (genitive singular)
gimrīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gimrīni (dative singular)
gimrīmaz (dative plural)
gimrīnē (instrumental singular)
gimrīmiz (instrumental plural)

Frankish: *ingimus, *inzimus, *inzismus (attested in the Salic Laws; < *ainagim-)

Old Norse: gimbr, gymbr

Icelandic: gimbur

Faroese: gimbur

Norwegian: gimbur, gimbur (dialectal)

Swedish: gimber, gimmer

→ Middle English: gymbyre, gymbure

English: gimmer

Scots: gimmer

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰyem- (“winter”) (in o-grade *ǵʰyom- with loss of -y-). Cognate with Latin hiems (“winter”).


pikkōną

pikkō (active first-person indicative singular)
pikkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
pikkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
pikkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
pikkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
pikkō (active imperative second-person singular)
pikkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
pikkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
pikkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
pikkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
pikkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
pikkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
pikkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
pikkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
pikkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
pikkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
pikkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
pikkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
pikkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
pikkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
pikkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
pikkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
pikkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
pikkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
pikkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
pikkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
pikkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
pikkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
pikkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
pikkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
pikkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
pikkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
pikkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
pikkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
pikkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
pikkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
pikkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
pikkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
pikkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
pikkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
pikkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
pikkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
pikkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
pikkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
pikkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
pikkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
pikkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
pikkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
pikkōndz (active participle present)
pikkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *pikkōn
Old English: *piccian, *pīcian, pȳcan
Middle English: piken, picken, pikken
English: pick
Scots: pik
Middle English: pecken, pekken (possible borrowing from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German forms)
English: peck
Scots: peck
Old Saxon: *pikkōn
Middle Low German: picken, pecken
German Low German: picken
→ German: picken
Old Dutch: *pikken
Middle Dutch: picken, pecken, peken
Dutch: pikken
Old High German: picchen
→ Vulgar Latin: *piccō (“to strike, sting”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: pikka

Icelandic: pikka

Norwegian: pikka

Swedish: picka

Danish: pikke

Unknown; from a stem *pikk-, of apparently imitative origin, + *-ōną. Compare Proto-Germanic *bikjaną, but also Latin beccus and Latin bucca.

onomatopoeic

imitative


bikjaną

bikjō (active first-person indicative singular)
bikjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bikisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bikjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biki (active imperative second-person singular)
bikjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bikjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bikiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bikjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bikjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bikjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bikjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bikjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bikjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bikjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bikjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bikiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bikjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bikjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bikjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bikjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bikjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bikjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bikjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bikjandz (active participle present)
bikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bikkjan
Old Frisian: *bitsia, *bikja, *bikka
Saterland Frisian: bikje
West Frisian: bikje, bikke
Old Saxon: *bikkian (suggested by derivative bikkil)
Middle Low German: bicken
German Low German: bickern (frequentative)
Old Dutch: *bikken
Middle Dutch: bicken
Dutch: bikken
→ Middle English: bickeren, beckeren (frequentative)
English: bicker
Old High German: bikken, bicken; anabikken
Middle High German: bicken, becken
German: bicken

Old Norse: bikkja

Icelandic: bikkja

Norwegian Bokmål: bikke

Norwegian Nynorsk: bikke

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to smash, break”).


knuttô

knuttô (nominative singular)
knuttaniz (nominative plural)
knuttô (singular vocative)
knuttaniz (plural vocative)
knuttanų (accusative singular)
knuttanunz (accusative plural)
knuttiniz (genitive singular)
knuttanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knuttini (dative singular)
knuttammaz (dative plural)
knuttinē (instrumental singular)
knuttammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *knottō

desctree

Old English: cnotta
Middle English: knotte, cnot, cnotte, knot, knote, knott, notte
English: knot
Scots: knot

Old Frisian: knotta

Saterland Frisian: Knöt, Knät

West Frisian: knotte

Old Saxon: knotto

Middle Low German: knotte, knutte

German Low German: Knütt, Knütte

Old Dutch: *knotto

Middle Dutch: cnote, cnotte, cnudde

Dutch: knot

Old High German: *knozzo; *knozza f

Middle High German: knotze f

German: Knotze f (“gnarl, knot”) (obsolete)

Old Norse: knútr
Icelandic: knútur, hnútur
Faroese: knútur
Norwegian Nynorsk: knut
Old Swedish: knūter
Swedish: knut
→ Finnish: nuttura
Danish: knude
Norwegian Bokmål: knute
→? Norwegian Nynorsk: knute
⇒ Old Norse: Knútr
Icelandic: Knútur
Faroese: Knútur
Norwegian: Knut
Swedish: Knut
Danish: Knud
→ Greenlandic: Kunuuti
→ Anglo-Norman: *Canut, Kenut
→ Middle English: Canut
English: Canute
→ Medieval Latin: Canūtus
→ Italian: Canuto
→ Portuguese: Canuto
→ Spanish: Canuto
→ Old East Slavic: кнутъ (knutŭ)
Russian: кнут (knut)
→ French: knout
→ English: knout
→ German: Knute
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: кну̏т
Latin script: knȕt
→ Greek: κνούτο (knoúto)
→ Plautdietsch: Knutt
→ Polish: knut
→ Romanian: cnut
→ Slovak: knuta

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gnod- (“to bind”). Cognate with Latin nōdus.


heltą

heltą (nominative singular)
heltō (nominative plural)
heltą (singular vocative)
heltō (plural vocative)
heltą (accusative singular)
heltō (accusative plural)
heltas (genitive singular)
hiltis (genitive singular)
heltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
heltai (dative singular)
heltamaz (dative plural)
heltō (instrumental singular)
heltamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hilt m

Middle English: hilte, hilt, hylt, hylte, hilta, hult, hulte, helte, heolte
English: hilt
Scots: hilt

Old High German: hilza, helza

Old Norse: hjalt n

Old West Norse:

Icelandic: hjalt

Faroese: hjalt

Norwegian: hjalt

→ Swedish: hjalt

Old East Norse:

Old Swedish: hiælt, hælt

Danish: hjalte

→ Italian: elsa f (< *heltō)

From Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to hit; beat”).


wrōtaną

wrōtō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrōtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrōtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrōtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrōtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrōt (active imperative second-person singular)
wrōtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrōtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrōtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrōtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrōtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrōtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrōtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrōtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrōtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrōtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrōtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrōtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrōtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrōtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrōtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrōtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrōtid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrōtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrōtid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrōtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrōtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrōtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrōtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrōtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrōtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrōtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewrōt (active first-person indicative singular)
wewrōtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewrōst (active indicative second-person singular)
wewrōtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewrōt (active indicative singular third-person)
wewrōtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewrōtū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewrōtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewrōtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewrōtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewrōtum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewrōtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewrōtud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewrōtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewrōtun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewrōtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrōtandz (active participle present)
wrōtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrōtan
Old English: wrōtan
Middle English: wroten, wrooten
English: root
Scots: wrutt, wort, rute, wirt, ruit
Old Saxon: *wrōtan
Middle Low German: wrôten
German Low German: wröten
Old Dutch: *wruotan
Middle Dutch: wroeten
Dutch: wroeten
Old High German: ruozzen

Old Norse: róta


erbô

erbô (nominative singular)
erbaniz (nominative plural)
erbô (singular vocative)
erbaniz (plural vocative)
erbanų (accusative singular)
erbanunz (accusative plural)
irbiniz (genitive singular)
erbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
irbini (dative singular)
erbammaz (dative plural)
irbinē (instrumental singular)
erbammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ (erafaʀ)

Old Norse: jarfr, jerfr

Icelandic: jarfi, jerfur

Faroese: jarvur

Norwegian: jerv, jarv, erv

→ Danish: jærv

Old Swedish: iärver

Swedish: järv

Perhaps connected to Proto-Germanic *erpaz (“light brown”) or to Ancient Greek ἔριφος (ériphos, “young goat”), or perhaps connected to Norwegian jarva (“gnaw, chew”).


frakweþaną

frakweþō (active first-person indicative singular)
frakweþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakweþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frakwiþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frakweþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakweþ (active imperative second-person singular)
frakweþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frakweþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwiþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frakweþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakweþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frakweþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frakweþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frakweþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frakweþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakweþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakweþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakweþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frakweþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frakweþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakweþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frakweþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frakwiþid (active indicative plural second-person)
frakweþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwiþid (active imperative plural second-person)
frakweþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frakweþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frakweþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frakweþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakweþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frakweþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frakweþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frakwaþ (active first-person indicative singular)
frakwēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakwast (active indicative second-person singular)
frakwēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwaþ (active indicative singular third-person)
frakwēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakwēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frakwēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakwēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakwēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakwēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frakwēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakwēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frakwēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frakwēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakweþandz (active participle present)
frakwedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: forcweþan

Middle English: forquethen

Old High German: firquedan

Old Norse: fyrkveða, fyrirkveða

Icelandic: fyrirkveða

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (fraqiþan)

/ˌɸrɑ.ˈkʷe.θɑ.nɑ̃/


frafaraną

frafarō (active first-person indicative singular)
frafaraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frafarai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frafarizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frafaraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frafar (active imperative second-person singular)
frafarazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frafaraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frafaridi (active indicative singular third-person)
frafarai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frafaradau (active imperative singular third-person)
frafaradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frafaraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frafarōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frafaraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frafaradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frafaraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frafaradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frafaramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frafaraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frafarandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frafaraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frafarid (active indicative plural second-person)
frafaraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frafarid (active imperative plural second-person)
frafarandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frafaraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frafarandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frafarain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frafarandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frafarandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frafaraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frafōr (active first-person indicative singular)
frafōrį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frafōrt (active indicative second-person singular)
frafōrīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frafōr (active indicative singular third-person)
frafōrī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frafōrū (active dual first-person indicative)
frafōrīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frafōrudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frafōrīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frafōrum (active first-person indicative plural)
frafōrīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frafōrud (active indicative plural second-person)
frafōrīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frafōrun (active indicative plural third-person)
frafōrīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frafarandz (active participle present)
frafaranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: forfaran

Middle English: forfaren

English: forfare (obsolete/archaic)

Old Frisian: forfara

Old Dutch: *farfaran

Middle Dutch: vervāren

Dutch: vervaren

Old High German: firfaran, farfaran

Middle High German: vervarn

German: verfahren

Old Norse: *forfara (cf.) fara (senses of "to perish" and "to destroy"), fyrirfara

Icelandic: fyrirfara

Old Danish: forfare

/ˌɸrɑ.ˈɸɑ.rɑ.nɑ̃/

(originally) to go away
(intransitive) to perish

(originally) to go away
(transitive) to destroy


frakwemaną

frakwemō (active first-person indicative singular)
frakwemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakwemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frakwimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frakwemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwem (active imperative second-person singular)
frakwemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frakwemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frakwemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakwemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frakwemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frakwemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frakwemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frakwemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakwemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakwemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakwemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frakwemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frakwemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakwemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frakwemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frakwimid (active indicative plural second-person)
frakwemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwimid (active imperative plural second-person)
frakwemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frakwemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frakwemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakwemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frakwemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frakwemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frakwam (active first-person indicative singular)
frakwēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakwamt (active indicative second-person singular)
frakwēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakwam (active indicative singular third-person)
frakwēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakwēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
frakwēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakwēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakwēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakwēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
frakwēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakwēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
frakwēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakwēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
frakwēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakwemandz (active participle present)
frakumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: forcuman

Old Saxon: farkuman

Middle Low German: vorkomen

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (fraqiman)


laþô

laþô (nominative singular)
laþaniz (nominative plural)
laþô (singular vocative)
laþaniz (plural vocative)
laþanų (accusative singular)
laþanunz (accusative plural)
laþiniz (genitive singular)
laþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþini (dative singular)
laþammaz (dative plural)
laþinē (instrumental singular)
laþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *laþa (possibly)

Middle English: lathe, laththe

English: lath (through confluence with descendant of Old English lætt < *lattō)

Scots: lath

Old High German: *lado

Middle High German: lade, laden m

German: Laden

Unknown, but apparently akin to Proto-Germanic *lattō.

(West Germanic) board; shelf; bar; shutter


lattō

lattō (nominative singular)
lattôz (nominative plural)
lattō (singular vocative)
lattôz (plural vocative)
lattǭ (accusative singular)
lattōz (accusative plural)
lattōz (genitive singular)
lattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lattōi (dative singular)
lattōmaz (dative plural)
lattō (instrumental singular)
lattōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lattu

Old English: lætt; *læþþ, *læþ (< *laþþō)

desc

Middle English: latte, lat, lathe, latthe, laththe

English: lath

Scots: latt, lat, lath

Old Frisian: *latt; *latte

Saterland Frisian: Latte

West Frisian: latte

Old Saxon: latta

Middle Low German: latte

German Low German: Latte, Latt

Old Dutch: *latta

Middle Dutch: latte

Dutch: lat

→ Old French: late, latte

Middle French: latte

French: latte

→ Medieval Latin: latta

Catalan: llata

Italian: latta

Portuguese: lata

Spanish: lata

Old High German: latta (< *laþþō); latza (doubtful)

Middle High German: latte

Cimbrian: latta

German: Latte

Luxembourgish: Lat

From an n-stem *laþô ~ *lattaz, though the expected paradigm would be *laþô ~ *ulttaz, which presumably underwent leveling; compare the formation of *rattaz. Further origin uncertain. Perhaps the origin is shared with Proto-Celtic *slattā (“stalk, staff”), and both loaned from a pre-Indo-European substrate due to the limited geographical distribution and variation in the final consonant of the stem. Compare Spanish lata, said to be a borrowing from Iberian, and Basque lata (“roof batten”).

(West Germanic) board; plank; ledge; slat; bar; shelf


franemaną

franemō (active first-person indicative singular)
franemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
franemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
franimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
franemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
franem (active imperative second-person singular)
franemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
franemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
franimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
franemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
franemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
franemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
franemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
franemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
franemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
franemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
franemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
franemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
franemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
franemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
franemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
franemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
franimid (active indicative plural second-person)
franemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
franimid (active imperative plural second-person)
franemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
franemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
franemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
franemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
franemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
franemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
franemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
franam (active first-person indicative singular)
franēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
franamt (active indicative second-person singular)
franēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
franam (active indicative singular third-person)
franēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
franēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
franēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
franēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
franēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
franēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
franēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
franēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
franēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
franēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
franēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
franemandz (active participle present)
franumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *franeman
Old English: forniman
Middle English: fornimen
Old Saxon: farniman
Middle Low German: vornemen
→ Danish: fornemme
→ Norwegian: fornemme
Old Dutch: *farneman
Middle Dutch: vernēmen
Dutch: vernemen
Afrikaans: verneem
Old High German: firneman
Middle High German: vernemen
German: vernehmen

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (franiman)


ganemaną

ganemō (active first-person indicative singular)
ganemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ganimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ganemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganem (active imperative second-person singular)
ganemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ganemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ganimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ganemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ganemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ganemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ganemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ganemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ganemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ganemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ganemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ganimid (active indicative plural second-person)
ganemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganimid (active imperative plural second-person)
ganemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ganemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ganemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ganemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ganemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ganemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ganam (active first-person indicative singular)
ganēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganamt (active indicative second-person singular)
ganēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganam (active indicative singular third-person)
ganēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
ganēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
ganēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
ganēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
ganēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganemandz (active participle present)
ganumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganeman
Old English: ġeniman
Old Saxon: giniman
Old Dutch: *gineman
Middle Dutch: genēmen
Old High German: gineman
Middle High German: genemen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (ganiman)


abanemaną

abanemō (active first-person indicative singular)
abanemaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abanemai (first-person indicative passive singular)
abanimizi (active indicative second-person singular)
abanemaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abanem (active imperative second-person singular)
abanemazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
abanemaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abanimidi (active indicative singular third-person)
abanemai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abanemadau (active imperative singular third-person)
abanemadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
abanemaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abanemōz (active dual first-person indicative)
abanemaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abanemadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abanemaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abanemadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
abanemamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
abanemaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abanemandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
abanemaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
abanimid (active indicative plural second-person)
abanemaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abanimid (active imperative plural second-person)
abanemandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
abanemaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abanemandi (active indicative plural third-person)
abanemain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abanemandau (active imperative plural third-person)
abanemandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
abanemaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abanam (active first-person indicative singular)
abanēmį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abanamt (active indicative second-person singular)
abanēmīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abanam (active indicative singular third-person)
abanēmī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abanēmū (active dual first-person indicative)
abanēmīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abanēmudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abanēmīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abanēmum (active first-person indicative plural)
abanēmīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abanēmud (active indicative plural second-person)
abanēmīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abanēmun (active indicative plural third-person)
abanēmīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abanemandz (active participle present)
abanumanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *abaneman
Old Dutch: *avaneman
Middle Dutch: avenemen, afnemen
Dutch: afnemen
Old High German: abaneman
Middle High German: abenemen, abnemen, abe nemen
German: abnehmen

Old Norse: afnema

Icelandic: afnema

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (afniman)


bisatjaną

bisatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
bisatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bisatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bisatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bisatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bisati (active imperative second-person singular)
bisatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bisatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bisatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bisatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bisatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bisatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bisatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bisatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bisatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bisatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bisatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bisatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bisatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bisatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bisatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bisatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bisatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bisatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bisatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bisatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bisatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bisatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bisatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bisatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bisatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bisatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bisatidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bisatidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bisatidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bisatidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bisatidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bisatidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bisatidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bisatidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bisatidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bisatidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bisatidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bisatidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bisatidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bisatidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bisatidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bisatidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bisatjandz (active participle present)
bisatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bisattjan

Old English: besettan

Middle English: besetten, bisetten

English: beset

Scots: besett, beset

Old Frisian: bisetta

Saterland Frisian: besätte

West Frisian: besette

Old Saxon: *bisettian

Middle Low German: besetten

German Low German: besetten

→ Danish: besætte

→ Swedish: besätta

→ Norwegian: besette

Old Dutch: bisetten

Middle Dutch: besetten

Dutch: bezetten

Afrikaans: beset

Old High German: bisezzen

Middle High German: besetzen

German: besetzen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bisatjan)


atgebaną

atgebō (active first-person indicative singular)
atgebaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atgebai (first-person indicative passive singular)
atgibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
atgebaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atgeb (active imperative second-person singular)
atgebazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
atgebaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
atgibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
atgebai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atgebadau (active imperative singular third-person)
atgebadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
atgebaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
atgebōz (active dual first-person indicative)
atgebaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atgebadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atgebaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atgebadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
atgebamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
atgebaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atgebandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
atgebaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
atgibid (active indicative plural second-person)
atgebaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atgibid (active imperative plural second-person)
atgebandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
atgebaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
atgebandi (active indicative plural third-person)
atgebain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atgebandau (active imperative plural third-person)
atgebandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
atgebaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
atgab (active first-person indicative singular)
atgēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atgaft (active indicative second-person singular)
atgēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atgab (active indicative singular third-person)
atgēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atgēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
atgēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atgēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atgēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atgēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
atgēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atgēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
atgēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atgēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
atgēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atgebandz (active participle present)
atgebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *atgeban

Old English: ætġifan

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (atgiban)

/ˌɑt.ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/


uzgebaną

uzgebō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzgebaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzgebai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzgibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzgebaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzgeb (active imperative second-person singular)
uzgebazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzgebaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzgibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzgebai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzgebadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzgebadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzgebaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzgebōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzgebaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzgebadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzgebaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzgebadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzgebamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzgebaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzgebandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzgebaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzgibid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzgebaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzgibid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzgebandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzgebaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzgebandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzgebain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzgebandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzgebandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzgebaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzgab (active first-person indicative singular)
uzgēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzgaft (active indicative second-person singular)
uzgēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzgab (active indicative singular third-person)
uzgēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzgēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzgēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzgēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzgēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzgēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzgēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzgēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzgēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzgēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzgēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzgebandz (active participle present)
uzgebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀgeban
Old English: āġiefan, āġeofan — Non-West Saxon, āġifan — West Saxon, āġyfan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: ayefen, ayeven
English: agive
Old Saxon: agevan
Old High German: irgeban
Middle High German: ergëben
German: ergeben

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (usgiban)


abagebaną

abagebō (active first-person indicative singular)
abagebaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abagebai (first-person indicative passive singular)
abagibizi (active indicative second-person singular)
abagebaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abageb (active imperative second-person singular)
abagebazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
abagebaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abagibidi (active indicative singular third-person)
abagebai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abagebadau (active imperative singular third-person)
abagebadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
abagebaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abagebōz (active dual first-person indicative)
abagebaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abagebadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abagebaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abagebadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
abagebamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
abagebaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abagebandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
abagebaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
abagibid (active indicative plural second-person)
abagebaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abagibid (active imperative plural second-person)
abagebandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
abagebaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abagebandi (active indicative plural third-person)
abagebain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abagebandau (active imperative plural third-person)
abagebandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
abagebaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abagab (active first-person indicative singular)
abagēbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abagaft (active indicative second-person singular)
abagēbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abagab (active indicative singular third-person)
abagēbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abagēbū (active dual first-person indicative)
abagēbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abagēbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abagēbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abagēbum (active first-person indicative plural)
abagēbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abagēbud (active indicative plural second-person)
abagēbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abagēbun (active indicative plural third-person)
abagēbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abagebandz (active participle present)
abagebanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *abageban
Old English: ofġifan
Old Saxon: afgevan
Middle Low German: afgēven
German Low German: ofgeven
Old Dutch: *afgevan, *avagevan
Middle Dutch: āvegēven
Dutch: afgeven
Afrikaans: afgee
Old High German: abageban
Middle High German: *abegeben, *abgeben
German: abgeben
Luxembourgish: ofginn

Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (afgiban)

/ˌɑ.βɑ.ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/


frijōndlīkaz

*frijōndlīkaz (a-stem)

frijōndlīkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frijōndlīkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frijōndlīkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frijōndlīkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frijōndlīką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frijōndlīkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frijōndlīkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frijōndlīkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frijōndlīkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frijōndlīkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frijōndlīką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frijōndlīkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frijōndlīkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frijōndlīkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frijōndlīkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frijōndlīkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frijōndlīkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frijōndlīkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frijōndlīkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frijōndlīkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frijōndlīkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frijōndlīkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frijōndlīkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frijōndlīkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frijōndlīkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frijōndlīkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frijōndlīkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frijōndlīkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frijōndlīkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frijōndlīkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frijōndlīkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frijōndlīkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frijōndlīkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frijōndlīkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frijōndlīkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frijōndlīkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frijōndlīkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frijōndlīkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frijōndlīkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frijōndlīkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frijōndlīkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frijōndlīkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frijōndlīkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frijōndlīkini (dative masculine singular weak)
frijōndlīkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frijōndlīkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frijōndlīkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frijōndlīkini (dative neuter singular weak)
frijōndlīkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frijōndlīkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frijōndlīkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frijōndlīkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frijōndlīkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frijōndlīkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frijōndlīkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *frijōndlīk

Old English: frēondlīċ

desc

Middle English: frendlich, freendly, frendly

English: friendly

Scots: freindly

Old Frisian: friōndlik, friūndlik, frūndlik

Saterland Frisian: früntelk, fjuntelk

West Frisian: freonlik

Old Saxon: friundlīk

Middle Low German: vrüntlîk, vröntlîk, vrentelîk

German Low German: früntelk, frünnelk, fründelk

→ Swedish: fryntlig

→ Faroese: fryntligur

Old Dutch: *friuntlik, *friuntlik

Middle Dutch: vrintlec, vriendelijc

Dutch: vriendelijk

Limburgish: vruntjelik

Old High German: friuntlīh

Middle High German: vriuntlich, vrūntlich, friuntlich

German: freundlich

Yiddish: פֿרײַנדלעך (frayndlekh)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: frýnligr, frýniligr

Danish: frændelig

Icelandic: frýnilegur

Norwegian: frendelig


Audawulfaz

Audawulfaz (nominative singular)
Audawulf (singular vocative)
Audawulfą (accusative singular)
Audawulfai (dative singular)
Audawulfō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Audawulf

Old English: Ēadwulf

Old High German: Odolf, *Ōtwolf

→ Norwegian: Odolf, Odolv

→ Swedish: Odolf

Old Norse: Auðulfr, Auðúlfr, Auðólfr

Icelandic: Auðólfur

Faroese: Eyðolvur

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *wulfaz (“wolf”).


rīpaną

rīpō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīp (active imperative second-person singular)
rīpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīpid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīpid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raip (active first-person indicative singular)
ripį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raift (active indicative second-person singular)
ripīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raip (active indicative singular third-person)
ripī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ripū (active dual first-person indicative)
ripīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ripudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ripīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ripum (active first-person indicative plural)
ripīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ripud (active indicative plural second-person)
ripīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ripun (active indicative plural third-person)
ripīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīpandz (active participle present)
ripanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīpan
Old English: rīpan
Middle English: ripen

Old Norse: *rípa

Norwegian: ripa (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to tear”).


marþuz

marþuz (nominative singular)
marþiwiz (nominative plural)
marþu (singular vocative)
marþiwiz (plural vocative)
marþų (accusative singular)
marþunz (accusative plural)
marþauz (genitive singular)
marþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marþiwi (dative singular)
marþumaz (dative plural)
marþū (instrumental singular)
marþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *marþ
Old English: mearþ
Old Frisian: *merth
West Frisian: murd
Old Saxon: *marth
Middle Low German: mārt, mārte
Old Dutch: *mard
Middle Dutch: mārt
Old High German: *mard
Middle High German: mard
→ Medieval Latin: martes (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: mǫrðr
Icelandic: mörður
Faroese: mørður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mord, mår; (dialectal) mard (mał, mar)
Old Swedish: mārþer
Swedish: mård c
Danish: mår c
Norwegian Bokmål: mår

Unknown. The original meaning could have been "bride," which could be related to Latin mas (“male bride”), Lithuanian marti (“daughter-in-law”), and possibly Crimean Gothic marzu (“marriage”). For similar semantic development, compare Greek νυφίτσα (nyfítsa, “weasel”), from a diminutive of νύφη (nýfi, “bride”); Italian donnola (“weasel”), from a diminutive of donna (“woman”); and Spanish comadreja (“weasel”), from a deprecative diminutive of Spanish comadre (“mother of one's godchild”). Or, possibly of substrate origin.


marþraz

marþraz (nominative singular)
marþrōz (nominative plural)
marþrōs (nominative plural)
marþr (singular vocative)
marþrōz (plural vocative)
marþrōs (plural vocative)
marþrą (accusative singular)
marþranz (accusative plural)
marþras (genitive singular)
marþris (genitive singular)
marþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
marþrai (dative singular)
marþramaz (dative plural)
marþrō (instrumental singular)
marþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *marþr
Old Frisian: *marther
Saterland Frisian: Modder
West Frisian: motter
Old Saxon: *mardar (found in the derived adjective mardrīn)
Middle Low German: marder
German Low German: Marder
Old High German: marther, mardar
Middle High German: marder, merder, mader
German: Marder
→ Old French: martre
→ Middle Dutch: marter, māerter
Dutch: marter

Unknown. Kroonen has reconstructed the variants Proto-Germanic *marþu-, Proto-Germanic *marþra- und Proto-Germanic *marþa- and derived the primal form Proto-Germanic *marþru from those. Has been compared to Proto-Finnic *mäkrä but problematic due to phonetic reasons.
Torp has compared it morphosemantically to Lithuanian martì (“bride, daughter-in-law”), due to Albanian nuselalë (“weasel, racoon”, literally “friendly bride”) and nusebukur (literally “beautiful bride”), Greek νυφίτσα (nyfítsa, “least weasel”, literally “little bride”), Italian donnola (“weasel, least weasel”, literally “little woman”) (likewise Portuguese doninha, slightly different is the metaphor in Spanish comadreja (literally “little godmother”)), Old Church Slavonic невѣста (nevěsta, “bride; weasel”). For the last compare Romanian nevăstuică (“weasel, ferret”), Bulgarian невестулка (nevestulka, “least weasel”). If connected to Lithuanian martì, the entry would be derived from Proto-Indo-European *meryo (“young man, woman”).


Gudagebō

Gudagebō (nominative singular)
Gudagebō (singular vocative)
Gudagebǭ (accusative singular)
Gudagebōz (genitive singular)
Gudagebōi (dative singular)
Gudagebō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Godagebu

Old English: Godġifu

English: Godiva

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Medieval Latin: Gudigeba

Galician: Guxeva

/ˈɣu.ðɑ.ɣe.βɔː/


snawwiz

snawwiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
snawwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
snawwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
snawwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
snawwį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
snawwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
snawwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
snawwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
snawwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
snawwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
snawwį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
snawwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
snawwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
snawwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
snawwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
snawwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
snawwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
snawwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
snawwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
snawwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
snawwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
snawwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
snawwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
snawwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
snawwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
snawwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
snawwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
snawwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
snawwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
snawwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
snawwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
snawwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
snawwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
snawwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
snawwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
snawwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
snawwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
snawwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
snawwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
snawwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
snawwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
snawwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
snawwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
snawwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
snawwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
snawwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
snawwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
snawwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
snawwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
snawwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
snawwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
snawwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
snawwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
snawwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
snawwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
snawwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
snawwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
snawwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
snawwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
snawwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
snawwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
snawwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: snøggr

Icelandic: snöggur

Faroese: snøggur

Norwegian: snøgg

Swedish: snygg

Danish: snøg, snyg

→ Proto-Samic: *snāvēs

Lule Sami: snáves


agjōną

agjō (active first-person indicative singular)
agjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
agjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
agjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
agjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
agjō (active imperative second-person singular)
agjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
agjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
agjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
agjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
agjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
agjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
agjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
agjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
agjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
agjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
agjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
agjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
agjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
agjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
agjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
agjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
agjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
agjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
agjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
agjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
agjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
agjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
agjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
agjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
agjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
agjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
agjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
agjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
agjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
agjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
agjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
agjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
agjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
agjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
agjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
agjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
agjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
agjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
agjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
agjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
agjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
agjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
agjōndz (active participle present)
agjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aggjōn
Old English: eggian
Middle English: eggen (Likely merged with the descendant of *aggjan)
English: edge
Old Frisian: eggia
Old Dutch: *eggon (and / or from *aggjan)
Middle Dutch: eggen
Dutch: eggen

Old Norse: eggja

Icelandic: eggja

Faroese: eggja


girnijaną

girnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
girnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
girnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
girnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
girnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
girnī (active imperative second-person singular)
girnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
girnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
girnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
girnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
girnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
girnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
girnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
girnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
girnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
girnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
girnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
girnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
girnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
girnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
girnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
girnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
girnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
girnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
girnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
girnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
girnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
girnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
girnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
girnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
girnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
girnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
girnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
girnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
girnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
girnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
girnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
girnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
girnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
girnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
girnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
girnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
girnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
girnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
girnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
girnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
girnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
girnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
girnijandz (active participle present)
girnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *girnijan
Old English: giernan
Middle English: yernen
English: yearn
Old Saxon: girnian

Old Norse: girna

Icelandic: girna

Faroese: girnast

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gairnjan)

From *gernaz (“eager, willing”) + *-janą.


hwargin

Old English: hwerġen

Old Saxon: hwergin

Old High German: hwergin, wergin

Old Norse: hvargi, hvergi

Icelandic: hvargi, hvergi


hwandê

desc

Old Frisian: hwanda, hwenda, hwante, hwente, hwant, hwent

West Frisian: hwant, want

Old Saxon: hwanda

Middle Low German: wande, wante, want, went, wan, wen

Old Dutch: wanda

Middle Dutch: want

Dutch: want

Old High German: wanta

Middle High German: wande, wante, want, wanne, wenne


glaidijaną

glaidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
glaidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glaidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
glaidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glaidī (active imperative second-person singular)
glaidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glaidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glaidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
glaidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glaidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
glaidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glaidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glaidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
glaidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glaidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glaidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glaidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glaidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glaidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glaidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glaidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glaidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
glaidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glaidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
glaidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glaidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glaidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
glaidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glaidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
glaidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glaidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glaididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
glaididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glaididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
glaididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glaididē (active indicative singular third-person)
glaididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glaididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
glaididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glaididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glaididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glaididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
glaididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glaididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
glaididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glaididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
glaididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glaidijandz (active participle present)
glaididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: glǣdan

Old Saxon: glēdian


fermōną

fermō (active first-person indicative singular)
fermǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fermōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fermōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fermōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fermō (active imperative second-person singular)
fermōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fermōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fermōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fermō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fermōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fermōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fermōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fermōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fermōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fermōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fermōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fermōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fermōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fermōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fermōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fermōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fermōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fermōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fermōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fermōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fermōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fermōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fermōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fermōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fermōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fermōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fermōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fermōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fermōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fermōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fermōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fermōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fermōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fermōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fermōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fermōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fermōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fermōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fermōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fermōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fermōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fermōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fermōndz (active participle present)
fermōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fermōn

Old English: feormian

Old Frisian: fermia

Old Saxon: formon

Old High German: firmōn

Old Norse: ferma

Icelandic: ferma

From *fermō (“means of living, subsistence”) + *-ōną.


birhtį̄

birhtį̄ (nominative singular)
birhtīniz (nominative plural)
birhtį̄ (singular vocative)
birhtīniz (plural vocative)
birhtīnų (accusative singular)
birhtīnunz (accusative plural)
birhtīniz (genitive singular)
birhtīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
birhtīni (dative singular)
birhtīmaz (dative plural)
birhtīnē (instrumental singular)
birhtīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *birhtī
Old English: bierhtu
Middle English: bright
English: bright (archaic or obsolete)
Old High German: berahtī

Old Norse: birti

Icelandic: birti

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹 (bairhtei)


biþankijaną

biþankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
biþankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biþankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
biþankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
biþankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biþankī (active imperative second-person singular)
biþankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
biþankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biþankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
biþankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biþankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
biþankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
biþankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
biþankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
biþankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biþankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biþankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biþankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
biþankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
biþankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biþankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
biþankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biþankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
biþankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biþankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
biþankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
biþankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
biþankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
biþankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biþankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
biþankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
biþankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
biþanhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
biþanhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biþanhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
biþanhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
biþanhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
biþanhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
biþanhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
biþanhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biþanhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biþanhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biþanhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
biþanhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
biþanhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
biþanhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biþanhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
biþanhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
biþankijandz (active participle present)
biþankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: beþenċan, biþenċan

Middle English: bithenchen, bethenken

English: bethink

Old Frisian: bithanka

Old Dutch: *bithenkon, *bithenkan

Middle Dutch: bedenken

Dutch: bedenken

Old High German: pidenchan

Middle High German: bedenken

German: bedenken

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (biþagkjan)


markōną

markō (active first-person indicative singular)
markǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
markōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
markōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
markōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
markō (active imperative second-person singular)
markōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
markōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
markōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
markō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
markōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
markōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
markōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
markōs (active dual first-person indicative)
markōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
markōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
markōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
markōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
markōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
markōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
markōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
markōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
markōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
markōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
markōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
markōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
markōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
markōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
markōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
markōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
markōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
markōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
markōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
markōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
markōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
markōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
markōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
markōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
markōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
markōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
markōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
markōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
markōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
markōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
markōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
markōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
markōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
markōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
markōndz (active participle present)
markōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *markōn
Old English: mearcian
Middle English: marken
English: mark
Old Frisian: merkia
Old Saxon: markon
Middle Low German: marken
Old High German: markōn
Middle High German: marken
→ Old French: marchier
Middle French: marcher
French: marcher
→ Middle English: marchen
English: march
Norman: marchi (Jersey, continental Normandy), marchier (Guernsey)

Old Norse: marka

Icelandic: marka

From *marką (“mark, sign, stamp”) + *-ōną


bisitjaną

bisitjō (active first-person indicative singular)
bisitjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bisitjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bisitisi (active indicative second-person singular)
bisitjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bisiti (active imperative second-person singular)
bisitjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bisitjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bisitiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bisitjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bisitjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bisitjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bisitjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bisitjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bisitjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bisitjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bisitjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bisitjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bisitjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bisitjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bisitjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bisitjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bisitiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bisitjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bisitiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bisitjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bisitjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bisitjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bisitjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bisitjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bisitjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bisitjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bisat (active first-person indicative singular)
bisētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bisast (active indicative second-person singular)
bisētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bisat (active indicative singular third-person)
bisētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bisētū (active dual first-person indicative)
bisētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bisētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bisētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bisētum (active first-person indicative plural)
bisētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bisētud (active indicative plural second-person)
bisētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bisētun (active indicative plural third-person)
bisētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bisitjandz (active participle present)
bisetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bisittjan
Old English: besittan
Middle English: besitten
English: besit
Old Saxon: besittian
Middle Low German: besitten
→ Danish: besidde
→ Norwegian Bokmål: besitte
→ Swedish: besitta
Old Dutch: *besitten
Middle Dutch: besitten
Dutch: bezitten
Afrikaans: besit
Old High German: bisizzen
Middle High German: besitzen
German: besitzen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (bisitan)


frumjaną

frumjō (active first-person indicative singular)
frumjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frumjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frumisi (active indicative second-person singular)
frumjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frumi (active imperative second-person singular)
frumjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frumjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frumiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frumjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frumjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frumjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frumjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frumjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frumjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frumjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frumjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frumjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frumjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frumjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frumjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frumjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frumiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frumjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frumiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frumjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frumjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frumjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frumjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frumjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frumjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frumjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frumidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frumidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frumidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frumidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frumidē (active indicative singular third-person)
frumidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frumidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frumidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frumidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frumidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frumidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frumidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frumidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frumidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frumidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frumidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frumjandz (active participle present)
frumidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frummjan

Old Saxon: frummian

Middle Low German: vromen

Old High German: frummen

Middle High German: vrümen, vrumen, vromen

German: frommen

→ Catalan: fornir

→ Old French: fornir, furnir; /parfornir, parfurnir

French: fournir
→ German: furnieren

→ Middle English: furnysshen; performen, parfournen

English: furnish; perform

→ Italian: fornire

→ Piedmontese: fornì

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*frumjan)

→ Vulgar Latin: frummiare

From *fram (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr-, *pro-, *perəm-, *prom- (“forth, forward”), from *por- (“forward, through”), *per-, with suffix *-janą. More at English furnish, from.


Auziwandilaz

Auziwandilaz (nominative singular)
Auziwandil (singular vocative)
Auziwandilą (accusative singular)
Auziwandilai (dative singular)
Auziwandilō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Auʀiwandil

Old English: Ēarendel, ēarendel

desc

Old High German: Erentil, Orentil, Auriwandalo (Lombardic)

→ Medieval Latin: Horuuendillus, Horvandillus

Old Norse: Aurvandill

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻 (auzandil)

From *auzi (“dawn”) + *wandilaz (“fluctuating, variable, wandering”). The first element from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-, cognate with Latin Aurora, Ancient Greek Ἠώς (Ēṓs) (compare *austraz, *Austrǭ). For the semantics of the second element, compare Ancient Greek πλάνης (plánēs, “wanderer; planet”).


runiz

runiz (nominative singular)
runīz (nominative plural)
runi (singular vocative)
runīz (plural vocative)
runį (accusative singular)
runinz (accusative plural)
runīz (genitive singular)
runjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
runī (dative singular)
runimaz (dative plural)
runī (instrumental singular)
runimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ryne m

Middle English: rüne, rine, rene

English: rine

Scots: rin, run

Old Frisian: rene m

Old High German: run m

Old Norse: run n; runi m

Icelandic: runi

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃 m (runs)

From Proto-Indo-European *(H)r̥-nw (“to flow, move, run”).


hrīdrǭ

hrīdrǭ (nominative singular)
hrīdrōniz (nominative plural)
hrīdrǭ (singular vocative)
hrīdrōniz (plural vocative)
hrīdrōnų (accusative singular)
hrīdrōnunz (accusative plural)
hrīdrōniz (genitive singular)
hrīdrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīdrōni (dative singular)
hrīdrōmaz (dative plural)
hrīdrōnē (instrumental singular)
hrīdrōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīdrā
Old English: hridder, hriddel n
Middle English: ridder; riddel
English: ridder; riddle
Scots: riddil
Old Saxon: hrīdra
Old High German: rītra, rītera
Middle High German: rītere, rīter
German: Reiter

From Proto-Indo-European *kréydʰrom, from the root *krey- (“to divide; part; separate; sift”). Cognate with Latin crībrum.