hringaz

hringaz (nominative singular)
hringōz (nominative plural)
hringōs (nominative plural)
hring (singular vocative)
hringōz (plural vocative)
hringōs (plural vocative)
hringą (accusative singular)
hringanz (accusative plural)
hringas (genitive singular)
hringis (genitive singular)
hringǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hringai (dative singular)
hringamaz (dative plural)
hringō (instrumental singular)
hringamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hring
Old English: hring, hrincg, hrinċġ, ring
Middle English: ryng, rynge, ring
English: ring
Scots: ring
Yola: ring
→ Medieval Latin: ringa, renga (Anglo-Latin)
Old Frisian: hring
North Frisian: Ring, Rink
Saterland Frisian: Ring
West Frisian: ring
Old Saxon: hring
Middle Low German: rinc, rink, ring
German Low German: Ring
Low German: rink
Plautdietsch: Rinkj
Old Dutch: rinc
Middle Dutch: rinc
Dutch: ring
Afrikaans: ring
Negerhollands: rink, riṅ
→? Aukan: linga
→ Indonesian: ring
→ Papiamentu: renchi, ringtsje (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: rink
Old High German: ring, hring
Middle High German: rinc, ring
German: Ring
Luxembourgish: Rank
Yiddish: רינג (ring)
→ Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc (see there for further descendants)
→ Old French: renge, range (“sword-belt”)
Middle French: renge
→ Middle English: renge, raunge

Old Norse: hringr
Icelandic: hringur
Faroese: ringur
Norn: ring
Norwegian Nynorsk: ring
Elfdalian: ringg
Old Swedish: ringer
Swedish: ring
Old Danish: ring
Danish: ring
Norwegian Bokmål: ring
Gutnish: ringg

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (*hriggs)

→ Italian: aringo, arringo

Italian: aringa, arringa

→ Old French: harangue

French: harangue

→ English: harangue

→ Occitan: arengua

→ Spanish: arenga

→ Portuguese: arenga

→ Latin: harenga

→ Medieval Latin: arengum

→ Italian: arengo

Crimean Gothic: ringo

→ Proto-Finnic: *rëngas (< *hrengaz) (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *hrengaz (compare the Proto-Finnic loanword *rëngas), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ-, extended nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Cognates with Proto-Slavic *krǫgъ.


hringaz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hring
Old English: hring
Middle English: *ring
English: ring

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreg-, *(s)kArg-, *(s)kArk- (“to caw, crow, croak, pipe, shout”). Cognate with Lithuanian krañkti (“to caw, cough, croak”).


hasô

hesô (nominative singular)
hesaniz (nominative plural)
hesô (singular vocative)
hesaniz (plural vocative)
hesanų (accusative singular)
haznunz (accusative plural)
haznaz (genitive singular)
haznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hazini (dative singular)
hazummaz (dative plural)
haznē (instrumental singular)
hazummiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hasō ~ *haʀ-
Old English: hara
Middle English: hare
English: hare
Scots: hare, hair
Old Frisian: hasa, hase
North Frisian:
Sylt: Haas
Saterland Frisian: Hoaze, Hoase
West Frisian: hazze
Old Saxon: haso
Middle Low German: hāse
German Low German: Haas, Hoos
Plautdietsch: Hos
Old Dutch: *haso
Middle Dutch: hāse
Dutch: haas
Afrikaans: haas
Jersey Dutch: hâśe (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haas
Old High German: haso
Middle High German: hase
Alemannic German: Haase
Bavarian: Hås
Cimbrian: haazo, has (Luserna)
Mòcheno: hos
Central Franconian: Has, Hoas
Luxembourgish: Hues
German: Hase
→ French: hase
Vilamovian: hoza
Yiddish: האָז (hoz)

Old Norse: hjasi

Icelandic: hjasi

Norwegian Nynorsk: jase

Old Norse: *hjeri

Icelandic: héri

Old Norse: heri, hari — Old East Norse
Icelandic: héri
Norwegian Bokmål: hare
Norwegian Nynorsk: hare
Elfdalian: eri
Old Swedish: hari
Swedish: hare
Danish: hare
→ Faroese: hara f
→ Middle English: here, ere

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s-. Compare with Welsh cannu (“to whiten”), ceinach (“hare”), English hare, Latin cascus (“old”), Old Prussian sasins (“hare”), Pashto سوی (soe, “hare”), and Sanskrit शश (śaśa, “hare”).


warmaz

*warmaz (a-stem)

warmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
warmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
warmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
warmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
warmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
warmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
warmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
warmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
warmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
warmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
warmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
warmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
warmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
warmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
warmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
warmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
warmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
warmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
warmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
warmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
warmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
warmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
warmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
warmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
warmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
warmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
warmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
warmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
warmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
warmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
warmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
warmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
warmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
warmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
warmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
warmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
warmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
warmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
warmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
warmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
warmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
warmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
warminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
warmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
warmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
warmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
warminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
warmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
warmini (dative masculine singular weak)
warmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
warmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
warmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
warmini (dative neuter singular weak)
warmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
warminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
warmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
warmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
warmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
warminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
warmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *warm
Old English: wearm
Middle English: warm, warme, werm, wearm
Scots: wairm
English: warm
Old Frisian: warm
Saterland Frisian: woorm
West Frisian: waarm
Old Saxon: warm
Middle Low German: warm
Low German: warm
German Low German: warm
Old Dutch: *warm
Middle Dutch: warm
Dutch: warm
Afrikaans: warm
Limburgish: werm
West Flemish: werm
Old High German: warm
Middle High German: warm
Alemannic German: warm
Italian Walser: warm, woare, woarm, wore, wérme
Bavarian: borm
Cimbrian: barm
Mòcheno: bòrm
Udinese: borm, borbm, boarm
Viennese: wårm
Central Franconian: wärm, warm
Hunsrik: waarem
German: warm
Luxembourgish: waarm
Yiddish: וואַרעם (varem)

Old Norse: varmr
Icelandic: varmur
Faroese: varmur
Norwegian Nynorsk: varm; (dialectal) varm’u, varm’e
Elfdalian: warm
Old Swedish: varmber, værmber
Swedish: varm
Old Danish: warm
Danish: varm
Norwegian Bokmål: varm
Scanian: værmer
Old Gutnish: varmbr
Gutnish: varmar

Uncertain. Two different etymologies have been proposed.
# From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰór-mo-s, from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) + *-mos, related to Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós), Latin formus, Persian گرم (garm) and Sanskrit घर्म (gharma).
# From Proto-Indo-European *wór-mo-s, from *wer- (“to burn”) + *-mos, related to Hittite [script needed] (warnuzi).
The dispute is due to differing hypotheses on how Proto-Indo-European initial *gʷʰ- evolved in Germanic. Some maintain that *gʷʰ would have turned to *b, and therefore that the root *gʷʰer- would instead have given rise to *ber- (“to burn”) etc. (compare *banô < *gʷʰon-ō). A counterargument (e.g. Kroonen (2013: p. xxviii)) is that Germanic *w is in fact the usual outcome of *gʷʰ, citing uncontroversial examples such as *snaiwaz < *snóygʷʰos and *neurô < *négʷʰrō. There have also been etymologies proposing a merger of the two roots.

warm (having a higher temperature than usual)


rihtijaną

rihtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rihtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rihtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rihtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rihtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rihtī (active imperative second-person singular)
rihtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rihtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rihtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rihtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rihtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rihtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rihtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rihtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rihtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rihtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rihtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rihtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rihtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rihtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rihtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rihtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rihtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rihtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rihtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rihtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rihtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rihtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rihtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rihtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rihtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rihtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rihtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rihtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rihtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rihtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rihtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rihtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rihtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rihtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rihtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rihtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rihtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rihtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rihtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rihtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rihtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rihtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rihtijandz (active participle present)
rihtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rihtijan
Old English: rihtan, rehtan, ryhtan
Middle English: riȝten, righten, reghten
English: right
Old Frisian: riuchta
Old Saxon: rihtian
Old Dutch: *rihten
Middle Dutch: richten
Dutch: richten
Afrikaans: rig
Limburgish: richte
Old High German: rihten
Middle High German: richten
German: richten
Luxembourgish: riichten

q

Old Norse: rétta (a class 1 weak verb, the descendants have mostly moved it to class 2)

Icelandic: rétta

Faroese: rætta

Norwegian: rette

Old Swedish: rǣtta

Swedish: rätta, räta

Danish: rette

Elfdalian: retta, raita

Gutnish: rete, ret', reta


rehtaz

*rehtaz (a-stem)

rehtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rehtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rehtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rehtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rehtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rehtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rehtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rehtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rehtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rehtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rehtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rehtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rehtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rehtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rehtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rehtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rehtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rehtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rehtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rehtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rehtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rehtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rehtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rehtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rehtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rehtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rehtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rehtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rehtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rehtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rehtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rehtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rehtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rehtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rehtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rehtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rehtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rehtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rehtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rehtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rehtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rehtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rehtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rehtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rehtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rehtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rehtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rehtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rehtini (dative masculine singular weak)
rehtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rehtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rehtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rehtini (dative neuter singular weak)
rehtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rehtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rehtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rehtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rehtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rehtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rehtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *reht
Old English: riht, reht — Mercian, reht, reoht, reiht, ryht
Middle English: right, reȝt, riȝte, riȝt, ryȝt, ryght, righte, riht
English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit
Geordie English: reet
Scots: richt
Yola: reights (plural)
Old Frisian: riucht, riocht
Saterland Frisian: riucht, gjucht
West Frisian: rjocht
Old Saxon: reht
Middle Low German: recht, richt
Low German: recht
Old Dutch: reht
Middle Dutch: recht
Dutch: recht
Berbice Creole Dutch: rekti
Jersey Dutch: rääxt
Negerhollands: recht, rek, ret, tret, regt
→ Virgin Islands Creole: tret (dated)
→ Papiamentu: rècht
→ Saramaccan: leti
Limburgish: rèch
Old High German: reht
Middle High German: rëht
Alemannic German: Rëcht
Central Franconian: rääch, räht, räät (western Ripuarian, parts of western Moselle Franconian), reht, reet, reecht (other parts of Moselle Franconian), räächt (eastern Moselle Franconian)
German: recht, Recht
Hunsrik: richt
Luxembourgish: riets, riicht, Recht (influenced by German)
Vilamovian: racht
Yiddish: רעכט (rekht)

Old Norse: réttr
Icelandic: réttur
Faroese: rættur
Norwegian Nynorsk: rett
Elfdalian: rett
Old Swedish: rǣtter
Swedish: rätt, rät
Old Danish: rǣt
Scanian: rǽtter
Danish: ret
Norwegian Bokmål: rett
Gutnish: rettar

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (raihts)


fraetaną

fraetō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraetaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraetai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraetaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraet (active imperative second-person singular)
fraetazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraetaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraetai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraetadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraetadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraetaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraetōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraetaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraetadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraetaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraetadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraetamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraetaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraetandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraetaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraitid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraetaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraitid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraetandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraetaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraetandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraetain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraetandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraetandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraetaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fraēt (active first-person indicative singular)
fraētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraēst (active indicative second-person singular)
fraētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraēt (active indicative singular third-person)
fraētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraētū (active dual first-person indicative)
fraētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraētum (active first-person indicative plural)
fraētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraētud (active indicative plural second-person)
fraētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraētun (active indicative plural third-person)
fraētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraetandz (active participle present)
fraetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
fraitō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraitaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraitai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraitaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frait (active imperative second-person singular)
fraitazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraitaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraitai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraitadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraitadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraitaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraitōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraitaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraitadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraitaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraitadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraitamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraitaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraitandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraitaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraitid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraitaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraitid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraitandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraitaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraitandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraitain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraitandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraitandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraitaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frēt (active first-person indicative singular)
frētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frēst (active indicative second-person singular)
frētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frēt (active indicative singular third-person)
frētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frētū (active dual first-person indicative)
frētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frētum (active first-person indicative plural)
frētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frētud (active indicative plural second-person)
frētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frētun (active indicative plural third-person)
frētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraitandz (active participle present)
fraitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
fretō (active first-person indicative singular)
fretaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fretai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fritizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fretaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fret (active imperative second-person singular)
fretazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fretaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fritidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fretai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fretadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fretadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fretaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fretōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fretaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fretadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fretaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fretadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fretamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fretaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fretandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fretaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fritid (active indicative plural second-person)
fretaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fritid (active imperative plural second-person)
fretandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fretaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fretandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fretain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fretandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fretandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fretaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frēt (active first-person indicative singular)
frētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frēst (active indicative second-person singular)
frētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frēt (active indicative singular third-person)
frētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frētū (active dual first-person indicative)
frētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frētum (active first-person indicative plural)
frētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frētud (active indicative plural second-person)
frētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frētun (active indicative plural third-person)
frētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fretandz (active participle present)
fretanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fraetan
Old English: fretan
Middle English: freten, ffrete, frete, fretyn, vreten, freoten
English: fret
Scots: frete, freet
Old Frisian: freta
Saterland Frisian: freete
West Frisian: frette
Old Saxon: fretan
Middle Low German: vrēten
German Low German: freten, friätten
→ Swedish: fräta
Old Dutch: *fretan
Middle Dutch: vrēten
Dutch: vreten
Afrikaans: vreet
Limburgish: vraete
Old High German: frezzan, firezzan
Middle High German: vrezzen
Cimbrian: vrèssan, brèssan, vrèzzan
German: fressen
→ English: fress (or from Yiddish)
→ Polish: frasować
Luxembourgish: friessen
Vilamovian: fraosa
Yiddish: פֿרעסן (fresn)
→ English: fress (or from German)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan)


tehswô

gem-decl-adj-table

*tehswô (n-stem)

tehswô (masculine nominative singular)
tehswaniz (masculine nominative plural)
tehswǭ (feminine nominative singular)
tehswōniz (feminine nominative plural)
tehswô (neuter nominative singular)
tehswōnō (neuter nominative plural)
tehswanų (accusative masculine singular)
tehswanunz (accusative masculine plural)
tehswōnų (accusative feminine singular)
tehswōnunz (accusative feminine plural)
tehswô (accusative neuter singular)
tehswōnō (accusative neuter plural)
tihswiniz (genitive masculine singular)
tehswanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
tehswōniz (feminine genitive singular)
tehswōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
tihswiniz (genitive neuter singular)
tehswanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
tihswini (dative masculine singular)
tehswammaz (dative masculine plural)
tehswōni (dative feminine singular)
tehswōmaz (dative feminine plural)
tihswini (dative neuter singular)
tehswammaz (dative neuter plural)
tihswinē (instrumental masculine singular)
tehswammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
tehswōnē (feminine instrumental singular)
tehswōmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
tihswinē (instrumental neuter singular)
tehswammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tehswō
Old High German: zeso
Middle High German: zëse (inflected forms: zësewer, zëswer, zësem, etc.)
German: zese

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍅𐌰 (taihswa)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right”). Cognate with Latin dexter (“right”), Lithuanian dešinys (“right”).


hwī

Old English: hwȳ, hwī
Middle English: why
English: why
Scots: why

Old Dutch: wī

Middle Dutch: wij

⇒ Middle Dutch: winne, wijne (wij + ne ), twi (tot + wij)

Old High German: hwē (from the variant *hwē)

(Middle High German: wie) (chiefly from OHG hwēo < *hwaiwa)

(Cimbrian: bia)

(German: wie)

(Mòcheno: bia)

(Yiddish: ווי (vi))

Old Norse: hví

Icelandic: hví

Faroese: hví

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvi

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: kvifor

Swedish: vi

Danish: hvi

Norwegian Bokmål: hvi

⇒ Danish: hvifor

q

from the variant <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hwē</i>

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴 (ƕē) (from the variant *hwē)

how, with what, by what means; instrumental of *hwaz


anda-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *anda-
Old English: and-, an-, ond-, on-
English: an-, and-, on-, un-
Old Frisian: *and-, und-, ant-
Saterland Frisian: änt-
West Frisian: unt-, ûnt, ûnd
Old Saxon: and-
Middle Low German: ent-
German Low German: ent-
Old Dutch: ant-
Middle Dutch: ont-, ant-
Dutch: ont-
Afrikaans: ont-
Old High German: ant-, anta-, int-
Middle High German: ent-, -int-, ant-
German: ent-, emp-

Old Norse: and-

Icelandic: and-

Faroese: and-

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰- (anda-), 𐌰𐌽𐌳- (and-)

Vandalic: *and-

From pre-Germanic *h₂entó-, a combining form or allative formation from the Proto-Indo-European root noun *h₂énts. Cognate with Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë (“in front of”).


winistraz

*winistraz (a-stem)

winistraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
winistrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
winistrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
winistrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
winistrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
winistrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
winistranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
winistranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
winistrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
winistrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
winistrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
winistrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
winistras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
winistraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
winistraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
winistraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
winistras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
winistraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
winistrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
winistraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
winistraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
winistraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
winistrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
winistraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
winistranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
winistraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
winistraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
winistraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
winistranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
winistraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
winistrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
winistraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
winistrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
winistrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
winistrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
winistrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
winistranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
winistranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
winistrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
winistrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
winistrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
winistrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
winistriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
winistranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
winistrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
winistrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
winistriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
winistranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
winistrini (dative masculine singular weak)
winistrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
winistrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
winistrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
winistrini (dative neuter singular weak)
winistrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
winistrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
winistrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
winistrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
winistrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
winistrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
winistrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

As with many words for 'left', this word was probably a taboo formation from *winiz (“friend”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to strive for, wish for, desire, love”).


fra-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fra-
Old English: for-, fer-, fær-, fier-
Middle English: for-, far-, fer-, vor-
English: for-
Scots: for-
Old Frisian: for-
Saterland Frisian: fer-
West Frisian: for-, fer-
Old Saxon: far-, fir-, for-
Middle Low German: vor-
Low German: for-, ver-
Old Dutch: far-, for-, fer-
Middle Dutch: ver-
Dutch: ver-
Old High German: far-, fir-
Middle High German: ver-
German: ver-
Yiddish: פֿאַר־ (far-)

Old Norse: for-, fyr-, fir-

Icelandic: for-

Norwegian: for-

Swedish: för-

Danish: for-

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰- (fra-)

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before, in front of”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πρό- (pró-, “in front of”).


-īnaz

*-īnaz (a-stem)

-īnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-īnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-īnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-īnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-īną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-īnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-īnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-īnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-īnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-īnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-īną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-īnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-īnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-īnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-īnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-īnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-īnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-īnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-īnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-īnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-īnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-īnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-īnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-īnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-īnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-īnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-īnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-īnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-īnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-īnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-īnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-īnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-īnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-īnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-īnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-īnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-īnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-īnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-īnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-īnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-īniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-īnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-īnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-īnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-īniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-īnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-īnini (dative masculine singular weak)
-īnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-īnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-īnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-īnini (dative neuter singular weak)
-īnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-īninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-īnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-īnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-īnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-īninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-īnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: -en

Middle English: -en

Scots: -en, -in

English: -en

Old Saxon: -īn

Middle Low German: -en

Low German: -en

Old Dutch: *-īn

Middle Dutch: -ijn, -en

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -īn

Middle High German: -en

German: -en, -ern

Old Norse: -inn

Icelandic: -inn

Gothic: -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins)

From Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos. Cognate with Latin -īnus and Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

-en. Originally forming adjectives of material from nouns, meaning 'made of (noun)'; either later in proto-Germanic proper or a subsequent development in pre-Germanic expanding to also form adjectives or nominalised adjectives pertaining to a thing, as in ‘characteristic of (noun)’.


hwarjaz

hwarjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwarjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwarjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwarjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwarją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwarjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwarjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwarjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwarjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwarjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwarją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwarjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwarjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwaris (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwarjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwarjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwarjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwarjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwaris (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwarjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwarjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwarjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwarjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwarjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwarjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwarjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwarjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwarjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwarjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwarjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwarjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwarjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*hwarjaʀ)

Old Norse: hverr (paradigm merged with *hwaz)

Icelandic: hver

Faroese: hvør

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, kven

Old Swedish: hvar (acc. fem. hvaria)

Swedish: varje (var)

Danish: hver

Norwegian Bokmål: hver

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (ƕarjis)

From earlier *kʷoryos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷ-.


hwar

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwār
Old English: hwǣr, huœ̄r — Northumbrian, hwār, hwēr, hwīer, wēr, wār
Middle English: wher, where, wheir, whare, were, qwere
English: where, quhair, quhar, quher, quhere (obsolete)
Scots: whaur
Old Frisian: hwēr
Saterland Frisian: wier
West Frisian: wêr
Old Saxon: hwār, hwar
Middle Low German: wār, wōr
German Low German: waar
Low German: wor
Old Dutch: war, wara
Middle Dutch: waer, war
Dutch: waar
Afrikaans: waar
Javindo: waar
Jersey Dutch: wääir
Negerhollands: waar, wa
Petjo: waar
Skepi Creole Dutch: war
Old High German: hwār, wār
Middle High German: wār, wā, wō
Alemannic German: warr
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bo, ba (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: bou
German: wo
Hunsrik: wo
Luxembourgish: wou

Old Norse: hvar
Icelandic: hvar
Faroese: hvar
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, kor
Russenorsk: kor
Old Swedish: hvar, hwor
Swedish: var, (pre-1906 spelling) hvar, (dialectal) hôr
Danish: hvor
Norwegian Bokmål: hvor
Gutnish: var

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍂 (ƕar)


sumaz

sumaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sumai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sumō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sumôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sumą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sumō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sumanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sumanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sumǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sumōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sumą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sumō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sumas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sumis (genitive masculine singular strong)
sumaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sumaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sumaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sumas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sumis (genitive neuter singular strong)
sumaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sumammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sumaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sumaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sumaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sumammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sumaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sumanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sumaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sumaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sumaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sumanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sumaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *sum
Old English: sum
Middle English: som, somme, summe, zome (Kent)
English: some
Scots: sum, some
Yola: zim, zum
Old Frisian: sum
North Frisian: som, sam, säm
West Frisian: sume, sum
Old Saxon: sum
Middle Low German: som
Low German: sum
Old Dutch: sum
Middle Dutch: som
Dutch: som, saom (dialectal)
Limburgish: zóm
Old High German: sum
Middle High German: sum

Old Norse: sumr
Icelandic: sumur
Faroese: summur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sum, som; (dialectal) sum’e, søm
Old Swedish: sumber
Swedish: somme, somma, somt, (dialectal) sômmer, sômma
Danish: somme
Norwegian Bokmål: somme

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌼𐍃 (sums)

From Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-h₁-o-, from *sem- (“one, whole”).

(in the singular) some (one), a certain (one)


hwat

Proto-West Germanic: *hwat
Old English: hwæt, huæt, huæd, huædd, huætd, huædt, hwet, wæt, whæt, hwat
Middle English: what, whad, whote, watte, wath, wad, qhat, whæt, whæht, waht, waet, wæht, weht, hweat (Southern West Mid)
English: what
Scots: what, whate, whit, whut, wha', quhat, quat, fat, faht, phat, fit, fut, fout, at
Yola: faade, fhaade, faad, fade, f'ad
Old Frisian: hwet
Saterland Frisian: wät
West Frisian: wat
Old Saxon: hwat
Middle Low German: wat
Low German: wat
Old Dutch: wat
Middle Dutch: wat
Afrikaans: wat
Dutch: wat
Limburgish: waat
Old High German: waz, whaz, hwaz, hwat
Middle High German: waz, wat
Alemannic German: waas, waa, was, wa (unstressed)
Central Franconian: wat
Cimbrian: bas, baz (Luserna)
Hunsrik: was
German: was
Luxembourgish: wat
Yiddish: וואָס (vos)

Old Norse: hvat
Icelandic: hvað
Faroese: hvat
Norwegian Nynorsk: kva, kvat; (dialectal) k(v)att, kåt, ka, ke, ko, kø, hot, høt, hø, ho
Jamtish: hut, hvuð
Old Swedish: hvat, hvadh
Swedish: vad, hvad (pre-1906 spelling)
Old Danish: hwat
Danish: hvad
Norwegian Bokmål: hva

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷód (“what”), *kʷod, neuter form of *kʷós (“who”), *kʷós, *kʷis.

nominative/accusative singular neuter of *hwaz


librō

librō (nominative singular)
librôz (nominative plural)
librō (singular vocative)
librôz (plural vocative)
librǭ (accusative singular)
librōz (accusative plural)
librōz (genitive singular)
librǫ̂ (genitive plural)
librōi (dative singular)
librōmaz (dative plural)
librō (instrumental singular)
librōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *libru
Old English: lifer
Middle English: lyvere, lyver, livere
English: liver
Scots: liver
Old Frisian: livere
Saterland Frisian: Líeuwer
West Frisian: lever
Old Saxon: *livara, *levara (attested in Old Saxon leverinlappa)
Middle Low German: lēver
German Low German: Lever
Plautdietsch: Läwa
Old Dutch: *levara
Middle Dutch: lēvere
Dutch: lever
Afrikaans: lewer
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefre
Negerhollands: leber
→ Aukan: lebii
→ Indonesian: lever
→ Saramaccan: lebèn
→ Sranan Tongo: lefre
→ Caribbean Javanese: léfer
Old High German: lebara
Middle High German: leber
German: Leber
Central Franconian: Levver, Läver, Leaver
Hunsrik: Lewer
Luxembourgish: Liewer
Vilamovian: łaower
Yiddish: לעבער (leber)

Old Norse: lifr

Icelandic: lifur

Faroese: livur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: lever

Norwegian Nynorsk: lever

Old Swedish: liver

Swedish: lever

Old Danish: liuær

Danish: lever

Gutnish: livar, livår, livur

From Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“to smudge, stick”), from Proto-Indo-European *ley- (“to be slimy, be sticky, glide”). Compare *lībą (“body; life”).


hwaþeraz

hwaþeraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwaþerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwaþerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwaþerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwaþerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwaþerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwaþeranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwaþeranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwaþerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwaþerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwaþerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwaþerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwaþeras (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwaþiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwaþeraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwaþeraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwaþeraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwaþeras (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwaþiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwaþeraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwaþerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwaþeraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwaþeraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwaþeraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwaþerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwaþeraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwaþeranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwaþeraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwaþeraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwaþeraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwaþeranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwaþeraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaþar
Old English: hwæþer
Middle English: whether
Scots: quhether, quhither, whedder
English: whether
⇒ Old English: ǣġhwæþer, ǣġþer, āðer
Middle English: either, æȝþer, ethir, eiþer, outher
English: either
Scots: aither
Old Frisian: hweder
Old Saxon: hwēthar
Old Dutch: *wether
Middle Dutch: weder
Dutch: weder, weer
Afrikaans: weer
Limburgish: wieër
Old High German: wedar
Middle High German: weder
Alemannic German: weder
Cimbrian: bèdar
German: weder

Old Norse: hvaðarr, hvárr

Icelandic: hvor; hvorki (from Old Norse hvárt + -gi)

Faroese: hvørki

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvar, korkje, kven

Old Swedish: hvār; hvarke, hvarkin

Swedish: var; varken

Danish: hver

Norwegian Bokmål: hver

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂 (ƕaþar)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷóteros, from *kʷos (“which”). Cognate with Sanskrit कतर (katará), Ancient Greek πότερος (póteros), Proto-Slavic *koterъjь / *kotorъjь, Latin uter.


hwaz

hwaz (masculine nominative singular)
hwō (feminine nominative singular)
hwat (neuter nominative singular)
hwanǭ (accusative masculine singular)
hwǭ (accusative feminine singular)
hwat (accusative neuter singular)
hwes (genitive masculine singular)
hwezōz (feminine genitive singular)
hwes (genitive neuter singular)
hwammai (dative masculine singular)
hwezōi (dative feminine singular)
hwammai (dative neuter singular)
hwē (instrumental masculine singular)
hwī (instrumental masculine singular)
hwō (instrumental masculine singular)
hwezō (feminine instrumental singular)
hwē (instrumental neuter singular)
hwī (instrumental neuter singular)
hwō (instrumental neuter singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaʀ
Old English: hwā
Middle English: who, ȝwo, ho, hoo, huo, quo, qwo, qwho, whoo, wo, woo, qua, wha, hwa, hwo, hwoa
English: who
Geordie English: whe
Scots: wha
Yola: fho, fo, vo
Old Frisian: hwā
West Frisian: wa
Old Saxon: hwē
Middle Low German: wê, wei, wie
Low German: we, wo
Old Dutch: wie
Middle Dutch: wie
Dutch: wie
Limburgish: wae
Old High German: wer, hwer; (northern) *(h)wie
Middle High German: wer; (northern) wie, wē
Central Franconian: wä
Cimbrian: bèar, ber (Luserna)
German: wer
Yiddish: ווער (ver)

q

paradigm merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hwarjaz</i>

Old Norse: *hver, *hvar, hverr (paradigm merged with *hwarjaz), hvat, hví, hvé

Icelandic: hver, hvað, hví

Faroese: hvør, hvat, hví

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ

Old Swedish: hvar, hwar, hwo; hvat

Swedish: vem (from the dative), vad; vi, ho

Danish: hvem (from the dative), hvad, hvis (from the genitive), hvi, hvo

Norwegian Bokmål: hvem (from the dative), hva, hvis (from the genitive), hvi, hvo

Jamtish: hut, hvuð, horreg

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍃 (ƕas), 𐍈𐌰 (ƕa), 𐍈𐌴 (ƕē)

(interrogative, in accusative and dative) whom

(interrogative, in instrumental) with whom, with what, how, in what way


hūdiz

hūdiz (nominative singular)
hūdīz (nominative plural)
hūdi (singular vocative)
hūdīz (plural vocative)
hūdį (accusative singular)
hūdinz (accusative plural)
hūdīz (genitive singular)
hūdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hūdī (dative singular)
hūdimaz (dative plural)
hūdī (instrumental singular)
hūdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hūdi
Old English: hȳd
Middle English: hyde, hyd, hide, hid, hude, huyde, huide (Southern, Southwestern)
English: hide
Scots: hide, hyde
Old Frisian: hūd, hēd, hēde
North Frisian: heed
Saterland Frisian: Häid
West Frisian: hûd
Old Saxon: hūd
Middle Low German: hūt
Low German: Huud, Huut
Old Dutch: hūd
Middle Dutch: huut
Dutch: huid
Afrikaans: huid
Old High German: hūt
Middle High German: hūt
Alemannic German: Hutt
Walser: Huut
Cimbrian: haut
Central Franconian: Hock, Hout (Moselle Franconian), Huut (western Ripuarian), Huck (Kölsch)
Hunsrik: Haut, haut
German: Haut
Luxembourgish: Haut
Yiddish: הויט (hoyt)

Old Norse: húð
Icelandic: húð
Faroese: húð
Norwegian: hud
Old Swedish: hūþ
Swedish: hud
Danish: hud

→? Proto-Finnic: *huudëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéwHtis (“bedecking, hide, skin”), possibly from *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”). Cognate with Latin cutis.


kussijaną

kussijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kussijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kussijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kussīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kussijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kussī (active imperative second-person singular)
kussijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kussijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kussīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kussijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kussijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kussijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kussijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kussijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kussijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kussijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kussijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kussijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kussijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kussijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kussijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kussijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kussīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kussijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kussīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kussijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kussijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kussijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kussijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kussijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kussijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kussijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kussidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kussidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kussidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kussidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kussidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kussidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kussidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kussidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kussidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kussidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kussidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kussidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kussidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kussidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kussidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kussidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kussijandz (active participle present)
kussidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kussijan
Old English: cyssan
Middle English: kissen, cusse, cussen, kess, kessen, kis, kiss, kisse, kysse, kussen
English: kiss
→ Esperanto: kisi
Scots: kiss
Yola: kisth (preterite)
Old Frisian: kessa
Old Saxon: kussian
Middle Low German: kussen
Low German: küssen
Plautdietsch: kussen
Old Dutch: *cussen
Middle Dutch: cussen
Dutch: kussen
Afrikaans: kus
Limburgish: kösse, kösje
Old High German: kussen
Middle High German: küssen, kussen
German: küssen
Hunsrik: kisse
Luxembourgish: këssen
Yiddish: קושן (kushn)

Old Norse: kyssa
Icelandic: kyssa
Faroese: kyssa
Norwegian Nynorsk: kyssa; (dialectal) kjøssa, kissa
Norwegian Bokmål: kysse
Old Swedish: kyssa
Swedish: kyssa
Danish: kysse
Gutnish: kyssa, kysse


fingraz

fingraz (nominative singular)
fingrōz (nominative plural)
fingrōs (nominative plural)
fingr (singular vocative)
fingrōz (plural vocative)
fingrōs (plural vocative)
fingrą (accusative singular)
fingranz (accusative plural)
fingras (genitive singular)
fingris (genitive singular)
fingrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fingrai (dative singular)
fingramaz (dative plural)
fingrō (instrumental singular)
fingramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fingr
Old English: finger
Middle English: fynger, finger, vinger, fyngir, fyngur, fyngyr, fiyngir, ffynger
English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga
Scots: finger
Yola: vinger
Old Frisian: finger
Saterland Frisian: Finger
West Frisian: finger
Old Saxon: fingar
Middle Low German: vinger
Low German: Finger
Plautdietsch: Finja
Old Dutch: fingar
Middle Dutch: vinger
Dutch: vinger
Afrikaans: vinger
Berbice Creole Dutch: finggri
Negerhollands: vinger, fiṅgu, finger
→? Aukan: finga
→? Caribbean Hindustani: ungri
→? Sranan Tongo: finga
→ Saramaccan: fingá
Limburgish: vinger, vènger
Old High German: fingar
Middle High German: vinger
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Fengr
Bavarian: Finga
Cimbrian: vingar, bingar (Mezzaselva)
German: Finger
Luxembourgish: Fanger
Vilamovian: fyngier
Yiddish: פֿינגער (finger)

Old Norse: fingr

Icelandic: fingur

Faroese: fingur

Norwegian: finger

Old Swedish: finger

Swedish: finger

Old Danish: fingær

Danish: finger

Gutnish: finggar, finggur

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs)

Probably from a putative Proto-Indo-European *penkʷrós, related to Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe (“five”) (Proto-Germanic *fimf).


naglaz

naglaz (nominative singular)
naglōz (nominative plural)
naglōs (nominative plural)
nagl (singular vocative)
naglōz (plural vocative)
naglōs (plural vocative)
naglą (accusative singular)
naglanz (accusative plural)
naglas (genitive singular)
naglis (genitive singular)
naglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naglai (dative singular)
naglamaz (dative plural)
naglō (instrumental singular)
naglamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nagl
Old English: næġl, næġel, neġl, neġel
Middle English: nayl, neil, nail, nayle, nayll, neyl, naylle
English: nail
Scots: nail, nale
Yola: niel
Old Frisian: neil, nīl
North Frisian:
Sylt: Nail
Saterland Frisian: Nail
West Frisian: neil
Old Saxon: nagal
Middle Low German: nāgel, nēgel
German Low German: Nagel
Plautdietsch: Noagel
Old Dutch: *nagal
Middle Dutch: nāgel
Dutch: nagel
Afrikaans: nael
Berbice Creole Dutch: nanggli
→ Caribbean Hindustani: nakkhun
→ Sranan Tongo: nangra
→ Aukan: nangaa
Limburgish: nagel
Old High German: nagal, negil
Middle High German: nagel, nail, nāl, negel, neil
Bavarian: Någl
Cimbrian: naaghel
Mòcheno: nagel
Central Franconian: Nohl, Nähl, Näl, Nääl, Nahl, Nagel
Hunsrik: Naaghel
Luxembourgish: Nol
German: Nagel
→ Russian: нагель (nagelʹ)
Alemannic German: Nagel
Yiddish: נאָגל (nogl), נאגיל (nogil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

Old Norse: nagl m (pl. negl), nagli m, negla f, nygla f

Icelandic: nögl f, nagli m

Faroese: naglur m, negl f, nøgl f

Norwegian Nynorsk: nagl m, nygla f, nugla f, naggel m

Old Swedish: naghl m

Swedish: nagel c

Danish: negl c

Norwegian Bokmål: negl m

Elfdalian: nagel m

Gutnish: nagel m, nagul m

→ Kildin Sami: на̄ввьл (nāvv’l)

Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌻𐍃 (*nagls)

→ Proto-Finnic: *nakla (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʰs (“nail”).


saiwalō

saiwalō (nominative singular)
saiwalôz (nominative plural)
saiwalō (singular vocative)
saiwalôz (plural vocative)
saiwalǭ (accusative singular)
saiwalōz (accusative plural)
saiwalōz (genitive singular)
saiwalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saiwalōi (dative singular)
saiwalōmaz (dative plural)
saiwalō (instrumental singular)
saiwalōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *saiwalu
Old English: sāwol, sāwel, sāwal, sāul, sawl, sōwhul, sawul
Middle English: soule, saul, saule, souel, soul, soull, soulle, sowel, sowele, sowle, sowll, sowyl, sauele, sawlæ, sawle, sæule (Early Middle English), sauel, saull, saulle, sawel, sawele, sawell, sawil, sawle (Northern), zaule (Kent)
English: soul (see there for further descendants)
Scots: saul
→ Old Norse: sála, sál
Icelandic: sál
Faroese: sál
Norwegian Nynorsk: sål
Old Gutnish: selu
Old Frisian: sēla
North Frisian: siel, sial
Saterland Frisian: Seele
West Frisian: siel
Old Saxon: sēola
Middle Low German: sêle
Low German:
German Low German: Seel
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Siäle, Säile, Saile, Sǟle
Westmünsterländisch: Seele, Sääle
Plautdietsch: Seel
→ Old Norse:
Norwegian: sjel
Old Swedish: siæl, sial
Swedish: själ
Danish: sjæl
Old Dutch: sēla
Middle Dutch: siele
Dutch: ziel
Afrikaans: siel
Limburgish: zeel
Old High German: sēla
Middle High German: sēle
Alemannic German: Seel
Central Franconian: Siel
German: Seele
Luxembourgish: Séil
Vilamovian: zejł

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰 (saiwala)

Uncertain with several theories:
* from *saiwiz (“sea, ocean”) + *-alō, in connection to the pagan Germanic belief in sacred lakes inhabited by the dead and the unborn, compare the Sami borrowing from Germanic, *Sāvjë, a realm of the dead believed to be under special double-bottomed lakes,
* from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂i-wl̥ ~ *sh₂i-wéns, possibly cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *séiˀlāˀ (“strength, force; soul”), Latin saevus (“fierce”), Proto-Celtic *saitlom (“life, age”), Latin saeculum (“generation, lifetime”), perhaps either from *seh₂y- (“to bind”) or homonym *seh₂y- (“rage, fury”), making it possibly again related to *saiwiz (“sea, ocean”),
* or from *s(w)ai (“self”), from Proto-Indo-European *swoy-, + *walō (“choice, will”), from Proto-Indo-European *wolh₁-eh₂, from *welh₁-.


haimaz

haimaz (nominative singular)
haimōz (nominative plural)
haimōs (nominative plural)
haim (singular vocative)
haimōz (plural vocative)
haimōs (plural vocative)
haimą (accusative singular)
haimanz (accusative plural)
haimas (genitive singular)
haimis (genitive singular)
haimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haimai (dative singular)
haimamaz (dative plural)
haimō (instrumental singular)
haimamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haim
Old English: hām
Middle English: hom, hoom, home, hoome, whom, om, am, hame (Northern), ham (Early Middle English)
English: home, -ham (partially)
Geordie English: hyem
Scots: hame
Yola: hime, hyme, haime
Old Frisian: hām
North Frisian: hamm
Saterland Frisian: Heem
West Frisian: hiem
Old Saxon: hēm
Middle Low German: hēm, heim
German Low German: Heem, Heim
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Haim
East Westphalian: Håime (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)
Plautdietsch: Heim
Old Dutch: hēm
Middle Dutch: hêem
Dutch: heem, heim (possibly from German), -em, -hem, -gem (in placenames)
Afrikaans: heim
Limburgish: heim
Old High German: heim
Middle High German: heim
Alemannic German: Haa, Hai, Ham, Häi
Italian Walser: haim, heim, hemmu, hei
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hòam, huam (Tredici Comuni, Luserna)
Mòcheno: hoa'm
Udinese: hame, hama
German: Heim
Luxembourgish: Heem
Yiddish: היים (heym)
→ Old French: ham (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: heimr, haimr — Old Gutnish, hæimr
Icelandic: heimur m, heim n
Faroese: heimur m, heim n
Norn: hem
Norwegian Nynorsk: heim m
→ Norwegian Bokmål: heim m
Elfdalian: iem
Old Swedish: hēmber m, hēm n
Swedish: hem n
Finnish: hima
Old Danish: hēm, hiem
Danish: hjem n
Norwegian Bokmål: hjem n
Old Gutnish: haimr
Gutnish: haim

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃 (haims)

→⇒ Latin: Boiohaemum

French: Bohème

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóymos (“village, home”), either from o-grade form of *ḱey- (“to be lying down, to settle”) + *-mos (action/result noun forming suffix), or from *tḱóymos (“settlement, dwelling”), from o-grade form of *tḱey- (“to settle, dwell”) + *-mos (action/result noun forming suffix). If the second proposal is correct, cognate of Sanskrit क्षेम (kṣéma, “basis, foundation; residing, resting, abiding at ease”), Lithuanian kaimas (“village, countryside”) (though this could be a borrowing).


kussaz

kussaz (nominative singular)
kussōz (nominative plural)
kussōs (nominative plural)
kuss (singular vocative)
kussōz (plural vocative)
kussōs (plural vocative)
kussą (accusative singular)
kussanz (accusative plural)
kussas (genitive singular)
kussis (genitive singular)
kussǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kussai (dative singular)
kussamaz (dative plural)
kussō (instrumental singular)
kussamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *koss
Old English: coss, cos, *cus
Middle English: cos, cus, kis, kys, kysse, kesse
English: kiss
Scots: kis
Yola: kesse
Old Frisian: koss, kos
Old Saxon: kus, kuss, koss, kos
Middle Low German: kus, kuss
Plautdietsch: Kuss
Old Dutch: *cus, *cos
Middle Dutch: kos, kus
Dutch: kus
Afrikaans: kus
Berbice Creole Dutch: kosi
Negerhollands: kus
Old High German: kus, kos
Middle High German: kus, kos
Cimbrian: khüss (vowel influenced by verb)
German: Kuss
Hunsrik: Kuss
Luxembourgish: Kuss

Old Norse: koss
Icelandic: koss
Faroese: kossur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kyss; (dialectal) kjøss, kjuss
Old Swedish: kus, kos
Swedish: kyss
Old Danish:
Danish: kys

Probably onomatopoeic; or alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *gʷas-, *gus-.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


blōtaną

blōtō (active first-person indicative singular)
blōtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blōtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blōtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blōt (active imperative second-person singular)
blōtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blōtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blōtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blōtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blōtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blōtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blōtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blōtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blōtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blōtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blōtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blōtid (active indicative plural second-person)
blōtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōtid (active imperative plural second-person)
blōtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blōtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blōtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blōtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blōtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blōtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblōt (active first-person indicative singular)
beblōtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblōst (active indicative second-person singular)
beblōtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblōt (active indicative singular third-person)
beblōtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblōtū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblōtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblōtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblōtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblōtum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblōtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblōtud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblōtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblōtun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblōtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōtandz (active participle present)
blōtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōtan
Old English: blōtan
Old High German: bluozan, pluozan, plozzan

Old Norse: blóta

Icelandic: blóta

Faroese: blóta

Norwegian Nynorsk: blóta

Old Swedish: blōta

Swedish: blota

→ Danish: blote

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌽 (blōtan)


laugō

laugō (nominative singular)
laugôz (nominative plural)
laugō (singular vocative)
laugôz (plural vocative)
laugǭ (accusative singular)
laugōz (accusative plural)
laugōz (genitive singular)
laugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laugōi (dative singular)
laugōmaz (dative plural)
laugō (instrumental singular)
laugōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laugu

Old English: lēaġ

Middle English: leihe, leȝe, liȝe

English: lye

Scots: lee

Old Frisian: *lāge, *lāch

Saterland Frisian: Loge, Looie

West Frisian: leach

Old Saxon: *lōga

Middle Low German: lôge

German Low German: Loge, Loog, Loje

Old Dutch: *lōga

Middle Dutch: lôge

Dutch: loog

Afrikaans: loog

Old High German: louga

Middle High German: louge

German: Lauge

→ Bulgarian: луга (luga)

→ Czech: louh

→ Hungarian: lúg

→ Macedonian: лу́га (lúga)

→ Polish: ług

→ Serbo-Croatian: лу̑г / lȗg

→ Slovak: lúh

→ Slovene: lug

→ Ukrainian: луг (luh)

Old Norse: laug
Icelandic: laug
Faroese: leyg
Norwegian Nynorsk: laug
→ Norwegian Bokmål: laug
Old Swedish: løgh
Swedish: lög
Danish: løv, lø, løj, lørdag, Løgum (placename)

desc

Proto-Samic: *lāvkō, *lāvkōtēk (“to bathe”)

Northern Sami: lávgu

Southern Sami: laavkoe

From Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash”).


beuganą

beugō (active first-person indicative singular)
beugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
biugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
beugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beug (active imperative second-person singular)
beugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
beugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
beugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
beugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
beugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
beugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
beugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
beugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
beugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
beugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biugid (active indicative plural second-person)
beugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biugid (active imperative plural second-person)
beugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
beugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
beugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
beugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
beugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
beugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baug (active first-person indicative singular)
bugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bauht (active indicative second-person singular)
bugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baug (active indicative singular third-person)
bugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bugū (active dual first-person indicative)
bugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bugum (active first-person indicative plural)
bugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bugud (active indicative plural second-person)
bugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bugun (active indicative plural third-person)
bugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beugandz (active participle present)
buganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *beugan
Old English: būgan
Middle English: bowen, bouȝen, buȝen, bouwen, buwen, bowe
English: (to) bow
Scots: boo
Old Saxon: būgan
Middle Low German: būgen
Low German: bugen
Old Dutch: *būgan
Middle Dutch: bugen
Dutch: buigen
Limburgish: buge
Old High German: biogan
Middle High German: biegen
German: biegen
Luxembourgish: béien

Old Norse: bjúga, búga

Swedish: buga

Norwegian: bue

Danish: bue

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (biugan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”). Cognate with Sanskrit भुजति (bhujáti, “to bend, curve”).


ubiri

From Proto-Indo-European *upéri, from *upér (ultimately from *upo + *-i).

(with dative) over, above (positioned above)


ubiri

(Old English: yferra (adj))

desctree

Old High German: ubari, ubiri, ubere, uviri
Middle High German: über
Central Franconian: üvver
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: übar
Mòcheno: iber
German: über
→ Serbo-Croatian: iber
Hunsrik: iwer
Luxembourgish: iwwer
Yiddish: איבער (iber)

Old Norse: yfir
Icelandic: yfir
Faroese: yvir
Norwegian: over
Danish: over
Old Swedish: yvir, ivir, over
Swedish: över; öv (dialectal)
Gutnish: yfvar, yfver
Dalian: yvyr


upanaz

*upanaz (a-stem)

upanaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
upanai (masculine nominative plural strong)
upanō (feminine nominative singular strong)
upanôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
upaną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
upanō (neuter nominative plural strong)
upananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
upananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
upanǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
upanōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
upaną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
upanō (accusative neuter plural strong)
upanas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
upanaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
upanaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
upanaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
upanas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
upanaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
upanammai (dative masculine singular strong)
upanaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
upanaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
upanaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
upanammai (dative neuter singular strong)
upanaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
upananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
upanaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
upanaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
upanaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
upananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
upanaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
upanô (masculine nominative singular weak)
upananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
upanǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
upanōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
upanô (neuter nominative singular weak)
upanōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
upananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
upananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
upanōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
upanōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
upanô (accusative neuter singular weak)
upanōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
upaniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
upananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
upanōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
upanōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
upaniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
upananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
upanini (dative masculine singular weak)
upanammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
upanōni (dative feminine singular weak)
upanōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
upanini (dative neuter singular weak)
upanammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
upaninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
upanammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
upanōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
upanōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
upaninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
upanammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *opan
Old English: open
Middle English: open, opyn, ope
Scots: appen, apen
English: open
Old Frisian: open, epen
Saterland Frisian: eepen
West Frisian: iepen
Old Saxon: opan, open
Middle Low German: open, apen
Low German: open, apen
Old Dutch: *opan
Middle Dutch: ōpen
Dutch: open
Afrikaans: oop
Negerhollands: open, hopo
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hopo
→? Aukan: obo
Limburgish: aop
Old High German: offan, ophan, ofan
Middle High German: offen
Alemannic German: offe
German: offen
Yiddish: אָפֿן (ofn)

Old Norse: opinn

Icelandic: opinn

Faroese: opin

Norwegian Nynorsk: open

Old Swedish: ypin

Swedish: öppen

Danish: åben

Norwegian Bokmål: åpen

Seemingly the past participle of a verb *eupaną, *ūpaną, though no other evidence of such a verb exists. Related to *upp (“up”) and thus originally meaning "lying on top" > "clear, open".


þai

Proto-West Germanic: *þai

Old English: þā

Middle English: tha, tho; thas, thos

Scots: tha, thai; thais

English: tho; those

Old Frisian: thā

Saterland Frisian: do

West Frisian: dy

Old Saxon: thē

Middle Low German: dê

German Low German: de

Old Dutch: thie

Middle Dutch: die

Dutch: die

Old High German: dē, dea, dia, die

Middle High German: dē, die

German: die

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᛁᛉ (*þaiʀ)

Old Norse: þeir, ᚦᛅᛁᛦ (þaiʀ) — early Common Nordic, ᚦᛅᛁᚱ (þair), ᚦᛂᛁᚱ (þeir) — after merger of r and ʀ, occurring by the 800s in West Norse and late 1000s in East Norse, ᚦᛂᚱ (þer), ᚦᛂᛦ (þeʀ), ᚦᛁᚱ (þir), ᚦᛁᛦ (þiʀ) — after East Norse monophthongization, starting in the mid 900s in Denmark, ᚦᛅ (þa), ᚦᛅᛁᛘ (þaim) — Common Nordic, ᚦᛂᛁᛘ (þeim) — after invention of stung runes, ᚦᛂᛘ (þem), ᚦᛁᛘ (þim) — after East Norse monophthongization, ᚦᛅᛁᚱᛅ (þaira), ᚦᛅᛁᛦᛅ (þaiʀa), ᚦᛂᛁᚱᛅ (þeira), ᚦᛂᛁᛦᛅ (þeiʀa), ᚦᛂᚱᛅ (þera), ᚦᛂᛦᛅ (þeʀa), ᚦᛁᚱᛅ (þira), ᚦᛁᛦᛅ (þiʀa)
Icelandic: þeir
Faroese: teir
Norwegian Nynorsk: dei
Jamtish: di
Elfdalian: dier
Old Swedish: þēr, the, þir, thi
Swedish: de, (archaic) the, dhe (dialectal) di, da
Danish: de
Norwegian Bokmål: de
Old Gutnish: þar
Gutnish: dair, di
→ Middle English: thei, they
Scots: they
English: they

From demonstrative root *þa- with plural suffix *-i, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tóy. Compare *twai (“two”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ with same suffix.

they; those; nominative plural masculine of *sa


unsiz

Old English: ūs

Middle English: us

English: us

Old Frisian: ūs

West Frisian: ús

Old Saxon: ūs

Old Dutch: uns

Middle Dutch: ons

Dutch: ons

Afrikaans: ons

Old High German: uns

Middle High German: uns

German: uns

⇒ Cimbrian: izàndarn

Old Norse: oss

Icelandic: oss

Norwegian: oss

Swedish: oss

Danish: os

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌹𐍃 (unsis)


hurną

hurną (nominative singular)
hurnō (nominative plural)
hurną (singular vocative)
hurnō (plural vocative)
hurną (accusative singular)
hurnō (accusative plural)
hurnas (genitive singular)
hurnis (genitive singular)
hurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurnai (dative singular)
hurnamaz (dative plural)
hurnō (instrumental singular)
hurnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *horn
Old English: horn
Middle English: horn, horne, orn
English: horn
Scots: horn
Yola: hoorn
Old Frisian: horn
North Frisian: horn
Saterland Frisian: Houden, (Strukelje) Hudden
West Frisian: hoarn
Old Saxon: horn
Middle Low German: horen, hōrn
Dutch Low Saxon: horn
German Low German: Hoorn
Plautdietsch: Huarn
Old Dutch: *horn (attested in plural horni)
Middle Dutch: horn, horen
Dutch: hoorn
Afrikaans: horing
Berbice Creole Dutch: hurun, hurunu, hornu
Negerhollands: horn
Old High German: horn
Middle High German: horn
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Horn
Luxembourgish: Har
Cimbrian: hòrn
German: Horn
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: [hɔɐ̯n]
Yiddish: האָרן (horn)

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ (horna) (attested on the Gallehus horns)

Old Norse: horn
Icelandic: horn
Faroese: horn
Norn: honnj
Norwegian Nynorsk: horn, (dialectal) hønn
Norwegian Bokmål: horn
Old Swedish: horn
Swedish: horn
Danish: horn

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-nó-m, from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”). Cognate with Latin cornū, Sanskrit शृङ्ग (ṡṛṅga, “horn”), Old Church Slavonic сръна (srŭna, “roedeer”), Hittite [script needed] (surna, “horn”).


himmai

Proto-West Germanic: *himmā, *himō

Old English: him

Middle English: him

English: him

Scots: him

Old Frisian: him

North Frisian: ham, höm (Sylt)

Saterland Frisian: him

West Frisian: him

Old Saxon: imu

desc

Middle Low German: ime, ēme, ȫme, gim, jum, um, em, en

German Low German: hum, hüm, em, äm

Dutch Low Saxon: em, um

Plautdietsch: am

Old Dutch: himo, imo, him

Middle Dutch: heme, him, hem, hen

Dutch: hem

Old High German: himo, imo, imu

Middle High German: him, ime, im

German: ihm

dative singular masculine/neuter of *hiz


-ārijaz

-ārijaz (nominative singular)
-ārijōz (nominative plural)
-ārijōs (nominative plural)
-ārī (singular vocative)
-ārijōz (plural vocative)
-ārijōs (plural vocative)
-āriją (accusative singular)
-ārijanz (accusative plural)
-ārijas (genitive singular)
-ārīs (genitive singular)
-ārijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ārijai (dative singular)
-ārijamaz (dative plural)
-ārijō (instrumental singular)
-ārijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ārī
Old English: -ere, -re
Middle English: -er
English: -er
Scots: -ar
Old Frisian: -ere
Saterland Frisian: -er
West Frisian: -er
Old Saxon: -āri
Middle Low German: -ære, -ēre, -ere
Low German: -er
Old Dutch: *-āri, -ere
Middle Dutch: -ere
Dutch: -er, -aar
Afrikaans: -er
Limburgish: -er
Old High German: -āri, -ari, -eri
Middle High German: -ære, -er
Alemannic German: -er
Bavarian: -er
Cimbrian: -ar
German: -er
Luxembourgish: -er
Yiddish: ־ער (-er)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ari
Icelandic: -ari
Faroese: -ari
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ar; (dialectal) -ari, -are, -ær
Old Swedish: -are, -ari
Swedish: -are
Danish: -er
Norwegian Bokmål: -er
→ Estonian: -r
→ Finnish: -ari, -uri

Gothic: -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-āreis)
→ Proto-Slavic: *-ařь (see there for further descendants)

Usually held to be a borrowing from Latin -ārius; at the very least, it was probably influenced and reinforced by it.
However, Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which was then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.


izwiz

West Germanic: *iwwi (from dative/accusative of *jīz)

Old English: ēow

Middle English: yow
English: you
Scots: you

q

⇒ Old English: ēowic (with -c from the singular accusative pronouns)

desctree

Old Frisian: jū, iu, jō, io
North Frisian: juu
Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
West Frisian: jo

Old Saxon: iu, eu, iuu, giu
Middle Low German: jû, jûw
Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg

Old Dutch: iu

Middle Dutch: u, ju

Dutch: u

Old Dutch: *jū (northern variant)

Middle Dutch: jou

Dutch: jou
Afrikaans: jou
Jersey Dutch: jāu
Petjo: jou
Skepi Creole Dutch: asu

Old High German: iu

Middle High German: iu

Alemannic German: öi

⇒ Old High German: iuwih (with -h from the singular accusative pronouns)
Middle High German: iuch
Alemannic German: üüch
Cimbrian: òich
German: euch
Luxembourgish: iech
Yiddish: אײַך (aykh)

Old West Norse: yðr
Icelandic: yður
Norwegian Nynorsk: øder, (dialectal) ør, dør, døre

Old East Norse: iðʀ
Old Swedish: iþer, idher
Swedish: eder, er
Danish: eder, jer
Norwegian Bokmål: eder
→ Norwegian: (dialectal) der, dere
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dere

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌹𐍃 (izwis)

Ringe (2017: 235) cites two possibilities: (1) citing Katz (1998: 102-5, 110-12), from PIE Proto-Indo-European *uswé, an oblique form of *yū́ that then underwent apheresis to *swé, and in turn a prop vowel *I was added to create *iswé, with further changes and analogies leading to hypothetical accusative *is and dative-instrumental *izwiz, with the latter eventually replacing the former in form. (2) citing Michael Weiss (p.c.), dissimilation to *iswé took place.
In either case, an instrumental plural in *-is was formed on the model of the 1pl.


jeulō

nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *jehwlą


brūdigumô

brūdigumô (nominative singular)
brūdigumaniz (nominative plural)
brūdigumô (singular vocative)
brūdigumaniz (plural vocative)
brūdigumanų (accusative singular)
brūdigumanunz (accusative plural)
brūdiguminiz (genitive singular)
brūdigumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūdigumini (dative singular)
brūdigumammaz (dative plural)
brūdiguminē (instrumental singular)
brūdigumammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brūdigumō
Old English: brydguma
Middle English: bridegome, bredgome, bridegoome, bridgom, bridgume, brudgume, brydegome, bryd-gome, brydgrome
English: bridegroom
Scots: bridegreem
Yola: breedegroom
Old Frisian: brēdgoma, breidgoma
Saterland Frisian: Brüüdicham
West Frisian: breugeman
Old Saxon: brūdigumo, brūdigomo
Middle Low German: brûdegam, brȫdegam
German Low German: Brödigam, Brögam, Brüdigam, Brügam
Plautdietsch: Briegaum
Old Dutch: brūdigomo
Middle Dutch: brudegōme
Dutch: bruidegom
Old High German: brūtigomo
Middle High German: brûtegoum, briutegome
German: Bräutigam

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: brúðgumi
Danish: brudgom
Faroese: brúðgummi, brúðgummur, brúðgommur, brúðgómur
Gutnish: bräudgumme, bräugumme
Icelandic: brúðgumi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: brudgom
Norwegian Nynorsk: brudgom
Old Swedish: brūþgumi
Swedish: brudgum


jestuz

jestuz (nominative singular)
jistiwiz (nominative plural)
jestu (singular vocative)
jistiwiz (plural vocative)
jestų (accusative singular)
jestunz (accusative plural)
jestauz (genitive singular)
jistiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jistiwi (dative singular)
jestumaz (dative plural)
jestū (instrumental singular)
jestumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jestu
Old English: ġiest, ġist, ġyst
Middle English: yeest
Scots: yest
English: yeast
Old Frisian: *gest, *jest
Saterland Frisian: Gääst, Jääst
West Frisian: gêst, gist
Old Saxon: *gest
Middle Low German: gest
German Low German: Geste, Gest, Gist
→ German: Gest (northern Germany)
Old Dutch: *gest, *gist
Middle Dutch: gest, gist
Dutch: gist
Afrikaans: gis
Limburgish: ges
Old High German: *jest, *gest
Middle High German: jest, gest
Alemannic German: Jëst
German: Gischt, Jast, Jäst

Old Norse: jǫstr
Icelandic: jöstur
Norwegian Nynorsk: jester, jest
Norwegian Bokmål: jest
Old Swedish: iæster
Swedish: jäst

fermentation; byproducts or agents of fermentation; yeast


brūdiz

brūdiz (nominative singular)
brūdīz (nominative plural)
brūdi (singular vocative)
brūdīz (plural vocative)
brūdį (accusative singular)
brūdinz (accusative plural)
brūdīz (genitive singular)
brūdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brūdī (dative singular)
brūdimaz (dative plural)
brūdī (instrumental singular)
brūdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brūdi
Old English: brȳd
Middle English: bride, brid, bryd, bryde, brude
English: bride
Scots: bride
Yola: breede
Old Frisian: brēd, breid
Saterland Frisian: Bräid
West Frisian: breid
Old Saxon: brūd
Middle Low German: brûde, brût
German Low German: Bruut
Old Dutch: *brūd
Middle Dutch: bruut
Dutch: bruid
Afrikaans: bruid
Negerhollands: bruid
→ Papiamentu: brùit, breit, breid
Old High German: brūt, prut
Middle High German: brūt
Alemannic German: Bruut
Central Franconian: Brock, Brout, Bruut, Bruck
Hunsrik: praut
German: Braut
Luxembourgish: Braut
→ Friulian: brût
→ Old French: bruy
French: bru
→ Old French: bru, brut
French: bru

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: brúðr
Icelandic: brúður
Faroese: brúður
Norwegian Nynorsk: brud, brur
Norwegian Bokmål: brud
Jamtish: brúðr
Old Swedish: brūþ, ᛒᚱᚢᚦ
Swedish: brud
Danish: brud
Old Gutnish: bruþ (accusative singular)
Gutnish: braud, bräud

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌸𐍃 (brūþs)

→ Latin: bruta, brutes

→ Proto-Samic: *(p)ruvdës (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Perhaps a borrowing from a substrate word *bhrūdh.

Nicoline van der Sijs
de:Brian D. Joseph
de:Ludwig Rübekeil


hailagōną

hailagō (active first-person indicative singular)
hailagǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailagōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hailagōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hailagōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailagō (active imperative second-person singular)
hailagōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hailagōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hailagōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hailagō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailagōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hailagōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hailagōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hailagōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hailagōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailagōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailagōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailagōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hailagōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hailagōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailagōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hailagōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hailagōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hailagōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailagōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hailagōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hailagōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hailagōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hailagōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailagōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hailagōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hailagōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hailagōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hailagōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailagōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hailagōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailagōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hailagōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailagōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hailagōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailagōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailagōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailagōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hailagōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailagōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hailagōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailagōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hailagōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailagōndz (active participle present)
hailagōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hailagōn
Old English: *hālegian, hāligian, hālgian
Middle English: halwen
English: hallow
Scots: halow, hallow
Old Frisian: hēligia
Saterland Frisian: heligje
West Frisian: hilligje
Old Saxon: hēlagon
Middle Low German: hilligen, hilgen, helligen, hêiligen
German Low German: hilligen
Old Dutch: *hēlagon, *heilagon
Middle Dutch: heiligen
Dutch: heiligen
Afrikaans: heilig
Old High German: heilagon
Middle High German: heiligen
German: heiligen
→ Danish: hellige

Old Norse: helga

Icelandic: helga

Faroese: halga

Norwegian: hellige

Old Swedish: hælgha

Swedish: helga

Danish: hellige

/ˈxɑi̯.lɑ.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/


hailijaną

hailijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hailijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hailīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hailijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailī (active imperative second-person singular)
hailijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hailijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hailīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hailijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hailijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hailijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hailijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hailijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hailijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hailijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hailijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hailīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hailijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hailijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hailijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hailijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hailijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hailijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hailijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hailidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hailidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hailidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hailidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hailidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hailidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hailidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hailidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailijandz (active participle present)
hailidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hailijan
Old English: hǣlan
Middle English: helen
English: heal
→ Dutch: healen
Scots: heal
Old Frisian: hēla
Saterland Frisian: heila
West Frisian: hielje
Old Saxon: hēlian
Middle Low German: hêlen
Low German: helen
Old Dutch: heilen, *hēlen
Middle Dutch: helen, heilen
Dutch: helen
Afrikaans: heel
Limburgish: heile
Old High German: heilen
Middle High German: heilen
Cimbrian: hailan
German: heilen
Hunsrik: heele
Luxembourgish: heelen
Yiddish: היילן (heyln)

Old Norse: heila

Faroese: heila

Norwegian: heila, heile

Old Swedish: hēla
Swedish: hela

Danish: hele

Gutnish: haile

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hailjan)

From *hailaz (“whole, healthy”) + *-janą.


hailagaz

*hailagaz (a-stem)

hailagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hailagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hailagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hailagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hailagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hailagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hailaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hailaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hailagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hailagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hailagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hailagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hailagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hailagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hailagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hailagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hailagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hailagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hailagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hailagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hailagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hailagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hailagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hailagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hailaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hailagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hailagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hailagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hailaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hailagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hailagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hailaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hailagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hailagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hailagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hailagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hailaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hailaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hailagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hailagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hailagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hailagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hailaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hailaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hailagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hailagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hailaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hailaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hailagini (dative masculine singular weak)
hailagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hailagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hailagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hailagini (dative neuter singular weak)
hailagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hailaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hailagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hailagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hailagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hailaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hailagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hailag
Old English: hāliġ, hāleġ, hālæġ, hǣliġ
Middle English: holy
English: holy
Scots: haly, halie
Yola: holly, holy
Old Frisian: hēlich
North Frisian: hallig, hellig, hillig, hoeldig
Saterland Frisian: helig, halg
West Frisian: hillig
Old Saxon: hēlag
Middle Low German: hilch, hillich (inflected hillig-)
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: hilg-, (en) Hilgen
Münsterländisch: hillig
Westmünsterländisch: hillig
East Westphalian: hilg (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: heilich
Old Dutch: heilig
Middle Dutch: heilich
Dutch: heilig
Old High German: heilag
Middle High German: heilec, heilic
Alemannic German: heilig
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: heilich
Cimbrian: hòolig
German: heilig
Luxembourgish: helleg
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: heilich
Yiddish: הייליק (heylik)

Old Norse: heilagr, helgr
Icelandic: heilagur, helgur
Faroese: heilagur, halgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: heilag; (dialectal) heilag’u
Old Swedish: hēlagher
Swedish: helig
Danish: hellig
Norwegian Bokmål: hellig
Icelandic: helgi f
Norwegian Nynorsk: helg f; (dialectal) hæg f, halg f, helj f, halj f
Norwegian Bokmål: helg m or f
Swedish: helg c
Danish: helg c

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌲𐍃 (hailags)


hailaz

*hailaz (a-stem)

hailaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hailai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hailō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hailôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hailą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hailō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hailanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hailanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hailǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hailōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hailą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hailō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hailas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hailaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hailaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hailaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hailas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hailaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hailammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hailaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hailaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hailaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hailammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hailaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hailanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hailaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hailaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hailaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hailanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hailaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hailô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hailaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hailǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hailōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hailô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hailōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hailanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hailanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hailōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hailōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hailô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hailōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hailiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hailanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hailōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hailōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hailiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hailanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hailini (dative masculine singular weak)
hailammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hailōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hailōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hailini (dative neuter singular weak)
hailammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hailinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hailammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hailōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hailōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hailinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hailammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hail
Old English: hāl, hǣl
Middle English: hole
English: whole
Scots: hole, holl
Yola: haoleghey
Northern Middle English: hal
Geordie English: hyel
Scots: hale
Old Frisian: hēl
Saterland Frisian: heel
West Frisian: hiel
Old Saxon: hēl
Middle Low German: hêl, heil
Low German: hel, heel, heil
Old Dutch: *hēl, heil
Middle Dutch: hêel
Dutch: heel
Afrikaans: heel
Old High German: heil
Middle High German: heil
German: heil

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛁᛚᚨᛉ (*hailaʀ)

Old Norse: heill, hęill
Icelandic: heill
Faroese: heilur
Norwegian Nynorsk: heil
→ Norwegian Bokmål: heil
Old Swedish: hēl
Swedish: hel
Old Danish: hel, hiæl
Danish: hel
Norwegian Bokmål: hel
→ Middle English: heil
English: hail
Scots: hail

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 (hails)

Vandalic: *hailz (early), eils, *hēlz (late)

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“healthy, whole”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *káilas (> Proto-Slavic *cělъ (“whole”), Old Prussian kailūstiskan (“health”)).


hailaz

hailaz (nominative singular)
hailizō (nominative plural)
hailaz (singular vocative)
hailizō (plural vocative)
hailaz (accusative singular)
hailizō (accusative plural)
hailiziz (genitive singular)
hailizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hailizi (dative singular)
hailizumaz (dative plural)
hailizē (instrumental singular)
hailizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hail
Old English: hǣl
Old Saxon: hēl
Middle Low German: heil
Old Dutch: *heil
Middle Dutch: heil
Dutch: heil
Afrikaans: heil
Old High German: heil
Middle High German: heil
German: Heil

Old Norse: heill

Icelandic: heill

Probably of similar derivation to the above. Related to Proto-Brythonic *koɨl (“omen, augury”).


swihô

swihô (nominative singular)
swihaniz (nominative plural)
swihô (singular vocative)
swihaniz (plural vocative)
swihanų (accusative singular)
swihanunz (accusative plural)
swihiniz (genitive singular)
swihanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swihini (dative singular)
swihammaz (dative plural)
swihinē (instrumental singular)
swihammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *Swihō

Old English: Swēo (plural Swēon)

Old Norse: *svíi (plural svíar)

Icelandic: Svíi

Faroese: svíi, svii

Old Swedish: swēar, swīar

Swedish: svear pl

→ Old East Slavic: свѣи pl (svěi)

Russian: свей m (svej)

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰 (*swaiha), *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*swaihans) (reconstructed classical Gothic form of the ethnonym Suehans mentioned by Jordanes)

→ Latin: Suehans pl

→ Latin: Suiōnēs pl

Contested but likely from *swé (“one's own, self”) with the literal meaning "our tribe" or "our people"; compare *swēbaz (“Suebi”), said to have the same meaning.


swēbaz

swēbaz (nominative singular)
swēbōz (nominative plural)
swēbōs (nominative plural)
swēb (singular vocative)
swēbōz (plural vocative)
swēbōs (plural vocative)
swēbą (accusative singular)
swēbanz (accusative plural)
swēbas (genitive singular)
swēbis (genitive singular)
swēbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swēbai (dative singular)
swēbamaz (dative plural)
swēbō (instrumental singular)
swēbamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swāb
Old English: Swǣfas pl, Swǣfe
Old High German: swāb
Middle High German: swāp, swābe
German: Schwabe
→ Dutch: Zwaab
→ Romanian: șvab

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*swabaʀ /swābaɹ̝̊/)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᚨᛒᚨᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (swabaharjaʀ /Swābaharjaɹ̝̊/)

Old Norse: *sváfr

⇒ Old Norse: Sváfa

⇒ Old Norse: Sváfaland

→ Latin: Suēbus (plural Suēbī), Suēvus (plural Suēvī), Suēbia, Suābia

Catalan: sueu, Suèvia

Galician: suevos; Suevos, Suegos (place names)

→ Ancient Greek: Σούηβος (Soúēbos)

→ German: Sueben

→ English: Suebi, Suevi, Swabia

someone of the Suebi (a Swabian, but this has a modern meaning)