raudaz

raudōzô (comparative)
raudōstaz (superlative)
raudaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
raudai (masculine nominative plural strong)
raudō (feminine nominative singular strong)
raudôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
raudą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
raudō (neuter nominative plural strong)
raudanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
raudanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
raudǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
raudōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
raudą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
raudō (accusative neuter plural strong)
raudas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
raudaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
raudaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
raudaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
raudas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
raudaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
raudammai (dative masculine singular strong)
raudaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
raudaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
raudaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
raudammai (dative neuter singular strong)
raudaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
raudanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
raudaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
raudaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
raudaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
raudanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
raudaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
raudô (masculine nominative singular weak)
raudaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
raudǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
raudōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
raudô (neuter nominative singular weak)
raudōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
raudanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
raudanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
raudōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
raudōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
raudô (accusative neuter singular weak)
raudōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
raudiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
raudanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
raudōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
raudōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
raudiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
raudanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
raudini (dative masculine singular weak)
raudammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
raudōni (dative feminine singular weak)
raudōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
raudini (dative neuter singular weak)
raudammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
raudinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
raudammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
raudōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
raudōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
raudinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
raudammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*raudaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raud
Old English: rēad
Middle English: red, redde, reed, read, ræd
English: red
Scots: rede, reid
Yola: reed
Old Frisian: rād
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: ruad
Goesharde: ruud
Halligen: ruad
Heligoland: rooad
Mooring: rüüdj
Sylt: ruar
Wiedingharde: ruuid
Saterland Frisian: rood
West Frisian: read
Old Saxon: rōd
Middle Low German: rōt
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: rod
Westphalian
Sauerländisch: räod, raud, reyet, rout, rōet
Westmünsterländisch: root
Plautdietsch: root
Old Dutch: rōt
Middle Dutch: rôot
Dutch: rood
Afrikaans: rooi
Jersey Dutch: rôi
Negerhollands: rooi, ro, roo, rood
Skepi Creole Dutch: aro
Limburgish: roead
Old High German: rōt
Middle High German: rōt
Alemannic German: rot, rout, ruat, ròt, röts (Italian Walser)
Central Franconian: rut, rot
Kirchröadsj Ripuarian: roeëd
German: rot
Hunsrik: rod
Luxembourgish: rout
Mòcheno: roat
Pennsylvania German: rot
Vilamovian: rut
Yiddish: רויט (royt)

Old Norse: rauðr
Icelandic: rauður
Faroese: reyður
Norn: rø
Norwegian Nynorsk: raud; (dialectal) raud’u, raud’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: raud-
Norwegian: (dialectal) raug, rauv, rå
Elfdalian: roð, roðå
Old Swedish: rø̄þer
Swedish: röd

Danish: rød
Norwegian Bokmål: rød
Gutnish: raudar, raudår, raudur

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (rauþs)

→ Galician: ruán

→ Portuguese: ruão

→ Spanish: roano

→? Proto-Finnic: *rauta (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Samic: *ruovtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós < *h₁rewdʰ-.


fullaz

*fullaz (a-stem)

fullaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fullai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fullō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fullôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fullą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fullō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fullanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fullanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fullǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fullōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fullą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fullō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fullas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fullaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fullaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fullaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fullas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fullaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fullammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fullaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fullaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fullaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fullammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fullaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fullanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fullaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fullaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fullaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fullanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fullaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fullô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fullaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fullǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fullōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fullô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fullōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fullanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fullanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fullōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fullōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fullô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fullōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fulliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fullanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fullōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fullōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fulliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fullanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fullini (dative masculine singular weak)
fullammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fullōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fullōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fullini (dative neuter singular weak)
fullammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fullinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fullammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fullōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fullōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fullinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fullammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *full
Old English: full, ful
Middle English: ful, fol, full, vol, vul
English: full
Scots: fou, full
Yola: vull
Old Frisian: full
Saterland Frisian: ful
West Frisian: fol
Old Saxon: ful, full
Middle Low German: vul
Low German: vull
Old Dutch: *full
Middle Dutch: vol
Dutch: vol
Afrikaans: vol
Old High German: foll
Middle High German: vol, voll
Alemannic German: vole, voll
Bavarian: voi, vui
Cimbrian: vòll, bòll (Mezzaselva)
Hunsrik: foll
Luxembourgish: voll
German: voll
Vilamovian: fułł
Yiddish: פֿול (ful)

Old Norse: fullr
Icelandic: fullur
Faroese: fullur
Norwegian Nynorsk: full; (dialectal) fudl’u, fudl’e, fudd’e, foill
Russenorsk: fol
Old Swedish: fulder, folder
Swedish: full
Danish: fuld
Norwegian Bokmål: full

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐍃 (fulls)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *pullas (“round, thick”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *polnē (“hillock, mound”)

Southern Sami: belnie

Northern Sami: boldni

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


hirdijaz

hirdijaz (nominative singular)
hirdijōz (nominative plural)
hirdijōs (nominative plural)
hirdī (singular vocative)
hirdijōz (plural vocative)
hirdijōs (plural vocative)
hirdiją (accusative singular)
hirdijanz (accusative plural)
hirdijas (genitive singular)
hirdīs (genitive singular)
hirdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirdijai (dative singular)
hirdijamaz (dative plural)
hirdijō (instrumental singular)
hirdijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hirdī
Old English: hierde, hyrde, hiorde, hirde, heorde
Middle English: herde
English: herd
Scots: herd, hird
Old Frisian: *herde, *hirde
East Frisian: höid
Old Saxon: hirdi, herdi
Middle Low German: herde, hirde
German Low German: Heier
Plautdietsch: Hoad
Old Dutch: *hirdi
Middle Dutch: herde
Old High German: hirti, hirt
Middle High German: hirte, hirt
Cimbrian: hiart
German: Hirte, Hirt (both are roughly equally common)
Luxembourgish: Hiert

Old Norse: hirðir
Icelandic: hirðir
Faroese: hirði
Old Swedish: hirþi
Swedish: herde
Old Danish: hierde, hirde, hiørde, hjurde
Danish: hyrde
Norwegian Bokmål: hyrde m
Norwegian Nynorsk: hyrdar m

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (hairdeis)


īsą

īsą (nominative singular)
īsō (nominative plural)
īsą (singular vocative)
īsō (plural vocative)
īsą (accusative singular)
īsō (accusative plural)
īsas (genitive singular)
īsis (genitive singular)
īsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īsai (dative singular)
īsamaz (dative plural)
īsō (instrumental singular)
īsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *īs
Old English: īs, ys
Middle English: is, ise, yes, yce, yys, ys, ijs, yse, ysz, hyse, hyys, ice, isse, ysse, yis
English: ice (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ice
Old Frisian: īs
North Frisian: Iis, Is, is
Saterland Frisian: Ies
West Frisian: iis
Old Saxon: īs
Middle Low German: îs
Low German:
German Low German: Ies
Plautdietsch: Iess
Old Dutch: *īs
Middle Dutch: ijs
Dutch: ijs
Afrikaans: ys
Petjo: es
→ Caribbean Javanese: ès
→ Indonesian: es
→ Papiamentu: eis
→ Sranan Tongo: èisi, hèisi
→ Aukan: eisi
→ Saramaccan: eísí
Limburgish: ies
Old High German: īs
Middle High German: īs
Alemannic German: Iis, Is, Isch
Alsatian: Iis; Eis (northern)
Italian Walser: isch, éisch
Bavarian: ais
Cimbrian: ais
Mòcheno: ais
Central Franconian: Eis, Ies
Hunsrik: Eis
Luxembourgish: Äis
Transylvanian Saxon: Ais
German: Eis
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurt: [ais]
Pennsylvania German: Eis
Vilamovian: ajs
Yiddish: אײַז (ayz)

Old Norse: íss (< *īsaz)
Icelandic: ís
Faroese: ísur
Norwegian Bokmål: is
Elfdalian: ais
Old Swedish: īs
Swedish: is
Danish: is
Gutnish: eis, h'eis


watōr

watōr (nominative singular)
watnō (nominative plural)
watōr (singular vocative)
watnō (plural vocative)
watōr (accusative singular)
watnō (accusative plural)
watiniz (genitive singular)
watnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
watini (dative singular)
watnamaz (dative plural)
watinē (instrumental singular)
watnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *watar
Old English: wæter
Middle English: water, watere, watir, waterre
English: water (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: watter, wetter
Scots: watter
Yola: waudher, wadher
Old Frisian: weter, water, wetir
North Frisian: weeter, woar, waer, waar
Föhr-Amrum: weeder
Mooring: wååder
Saterland Frisian: Woater
West Frisian: wetter
Old Saxon: watar
Middle Low German: wāter
Dutch Low Saxon: water (Drents, Twents)
Low German: Water
Plautdietsch: Wota
Old Dutch: watar, watir, uuatar, uuatir
Middle Dutch: wāter
Dutch: water
Afrikaans: water
Javindo: water
Negerhollands: watu, water, water, waeter
Petjo: watter
Skepi Creole Dutch: water
→? Sranan Tongo: watra
→ Aukan: wataa
→ Saramaccan: wáta
Limburgish: water
West Flemish: woater
Old High German: wazzar, wazar, wazzer, waszer
Middle High German: waȥȥer
Alemannic German: Wasser, Wâser
Alsatian: Wasser, Wâsser, Wàser
Italian Walser: wasser, wàsser
Bavarian: Wåsser, Wossa
Cimbrian: bassar, bazzar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Gottscheerish: boßər, bàsser
Mòcheno: bòsser
Udinese: bosser, bosar, bòsser
Central Franconian: Wasser, Waßer
Hunsrik: Wasser, waser
Transylvanian Saxon: Wåsser
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Woasser, Wosser, Wasser
Upper Saxon German: Wassor
German: Wasser
Unserdeutsch: Wasser
Luxembourgish: Waasser
Rhine Franconian: Wasser
Hessian: Wassä
Pennsylvania German: Wasser
Vilamovian: wosser, woser
Yiddish: וואַסער (vaser)

Old Norse: vatn
Icelandic: vatn
Faroese: vatn
Norn: vatn
Norwegian Nynorsk: vatn, vats-, vass- (e.g. in vassbasert)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: vatn, vass-
Elfdalian: wattn
Old Swedish: vatn, vatu-
Swedish: vatten, vattu- (e.g. in Vattumannen)
Old Danish: watn, wan, wand
Danish: vand
Norwegian Bokmål: vann
Scanian: vann
Gutnish: vattn

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō)

From Proto-Indo-European *wédōr ~ *wednés, leveled collective of *wódr̥ ~ *udéns (“water”).


metaną

metō (active first-person indicative singular)
metaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
metai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
metaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
met (active imperative second-person singular)
metazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
metaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
metai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
metadau (active imperative singular third-person)
metadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
metaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
metōz (active dual first-person indicative)
metaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
metadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
metaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
metadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
metamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
metaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
metandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
metaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mitid (active indicative plural second-person)
metaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mitid (active imperative plural second-person)
metandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
metaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
metandi (active indicative plural third-person)
metain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metandau (active imperative plural third-person)
metandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
metaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mat (active first-person indicative singular)
mētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mast (active indicative second-person singular)
mētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mat (active indicative singular third-person)
mētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mētū (active dual first-person indicative)
mētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mētum (active first-person indicative plural)
mētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mētud (active indicative plural second-person)
mētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mētun (active indicative plural third-person)
mētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
metandz (active participle present)
metanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *metan
Old English: metan
Middle English: meten
Scots: mete, meit
English: mete
Old Frisian: meta
Saterland Frisian: meete
West Frisian: mjitte (>ôfmjitte)
Old Saxon: metan
Middle Low German: meten
Low German: meten
Old Dutch: metan
Middle Dutch: mēten
Dutch: meten
Limburgish: maete
Old High German: mezzan
Middle High German: mezzen
German: messen
Luxembourgish: miessen
Yiddish: מעסטן (mestn)

Old Norse: meta

Icelandic: meta

Faroese: meta

Norwegian: meta

Old Swedish: mæta, miæta

Swedish: mäta

Scanian: meda, máda, máttas

Elfdalian: mät åv ?

→ Proto-Finnic: *mët'ëldak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”).


miskijaną

miskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
miskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
miskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
miskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
miskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
miskī (active imperative second-person singular)
miskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
miskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
miskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
miskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
miskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
miskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
miskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
miskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
miskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
miskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
miskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
miskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
miskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
miskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
miskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
miskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
miskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
miskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
miskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
miskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
miskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
miskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
miskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
miskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
miskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
miskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
miskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
miskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
miskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
miskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
miskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
miskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
miskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
miskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
miskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
miskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
miskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
miskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
miskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
miskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
miskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
miskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
miskijandz (active participle present)
miskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *miskijan, *miskōn

Old English: *mixian, miscian

Middle English: mixen (attested in myxyd (past participle))

Scots: mix

English: mix

→ Esperanto: miksi

→ Dutch: mixen

→ German: mixen

Old Frisian: *miskia

Saterland Frisian: miskje

West Frisian: mjuksje

Old Saxon: *misken, *miskōn

Middle Low German: mischen, meschen

German Low German: mischen, misken

Frankish: *misken, *miscen; *misklōn; *misklinga

desctree

Old Dutch: misken
Middle Dutch: mischen, misschen
Dutch: (obsolete) misschen, (dialectal) missen, miesjen, meisjen
Limburgish: miesje
⇒ Middle Dutch: misschelen
Dutch: (obsolete) misschelen, misselen

→⇒ Old French: meslinges, meslance (likely, due to the fossilised germanic suffix appended to this word)

Middle French: meslange, mélange

French: mélange; mélanger

desc

Old High German: miskian, misgēn, miskēn; miscilōn, miskilōn, miskelōn

Middle High German: mischen

German: mischen

Luxembourgish: mëschen

From earlier *mihsk-, from Proto-Indo-European *miḱ-sḱé- (*sḱé- inchoative present) (whence Latin misceō (“mix”), Ancient Greek μίσγω (mísgō, “mix”)), from *meyǵ-, *meyḱ- (“to mix, knead”). Cognate with *maiskaz, *maiskō (“mixture”), Old Irish mescaid (“mix”), Sanskrit मेक्षयति (mekṣáyati, “to mingle, mix”).


lakō

lakō (nominative singular)
lakôz (nominative plural)
lakō (singular vocative)
lakôz (plural vocative)
lakǭ (accusative singular)
lakōz (accusative plural)
lakōz (genitive singular)
lakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lakōi (dative singular)
lakōmaz (dative plural)
lakō (instrumental singular)
lakōmiz (instrumental plural)

From *lekaną (“to leak, drain”), from Proto-Indo-European *leg- (“to leak”).

perhaps merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *lagu

Proto-West Germanic: *lakuOld English: lacuMiddle English: lakeScots: lakeEnglish: lake→? Old French: lacMiddle French: lacFrench: lacOld Frisian: *lake >? Saterland Frisian: LogeOld Saxon: lacaMiddle Low German: lākeGerman Low German: Lake

Laak→ German: LakeOld Dutch: *lakaMiddle Dutch: lākeDutch: laakOld High German: lacha

lahhaMiddle High German: lacheGerman: Lache

LackeLuxembourgish: Laach→ Vulgar Latin: *laccaItalian: lacca>? Old Occitan: lac

latz

pit, trench, pitfall; knot, noose, snare, trap; merged with descendant of Latin laqueus ()

seep; water aggregation, puddle, pool; lake


ī

Gothic: 𐌴𐌹 (ei)

that, who, which; (generic relative particle)


liudiz

liudiz (nominative singular)
liudīz (nominative plural)
liudi (singular vocative)
liudīz (plural vocative)
liudį (accusative singular)
liudinz (accusative plural)
liudīz (genitive singular)
liudijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
liudī (dative singular)
liudimaz (dative plural)
liudī (instrumental singular)
liudimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *liudi

Old English: lēod

⇒ Old English: lēode, lēoda m

Middle English: lede, leed, leod, leode

English: lede (obsolete)

Middle Scots: leid

Old Frisian: liōd, liūde, liōde m

Saterland Frisian: ljode

Saterland Frisian: Ljuude

West Frisian: lie, lju, ljuwe

Old Saxon: liud, liudi m

Middle Low German: lüde, luede, luide

Low German: lüüd, lüüt

desc

German Low German: Lühde pl, Lühd pl, Lüüde pl, Lüüd pl, Lüü pl

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Luie pl

desctree

Old Dutch: liut
Middle Dutch: liede
Dutch: lieden

→ Medieval Latin: leodēs, leudēs

→ French: leude

→ English: leud

Old High German: liut m or f or n, liuti m pl

Middle High German: liut

Alemannic German: Lüüte

desc

Central Franconian: Löck, Lück (Kölsch, northernmost Ripuarian), Lüü (western Ripuarian), Lie (Siegerland), Leit (other Moselle Franconian)

German: Leute pl

Hunsrik: Leit

Luxembourgish: Leit

Vilamovian: łaojt

Yiddish: לײַט (layt)

desctree

Old Norse: lýðr m
Icelandic: ljóður, lýður
Faroese: -lýður (in borgarlýður, kirkjulýður, undirlýður), lýð- (in lýðveldi)
Norn: lø
Norwegian Nynorsk: lyd
Old Swedish: lyþir m pl
Old Gutnish: lyþir m pl
Gutnish: löid
→ Middle English: lith, lyth
Scots: lythe
English: lith

desc

Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 (*liuþs), *𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*liudeis)

→ Latin: leodes (in the Lex Visigothorum), leudes (possibly)

→ English: leud

→ French: leude

→ Proto-Finnic: *liuta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰis (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow (up)”). Doublet of *lūdiz.


dēdiz

dēdiz (nominative singular)
dēdīz (nominative plural)
dēdi (singular vocative)
dēdīz (plural vocative)
dēdį (accusative singular)
dēdinz (accusative plural)
dēdīz (genitive singular)
dēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dēdī (dative singular)
dēdimaz (dative plural)
dēdī (instrumental singular)
dēdimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dādi
Old English: dǣd, dēd
Middle English: dede
English: deed
Scots: dede, ded, deid
Old Frisian: dēd, dēde
Saterland Frisian: Däid
West Frisian: died
Old Saxon: dād
Middle Low German: dât, dâde
German Low German: Daad
Low German: Daat
→ Saterland Frisian: Doat
Old Dutch: dāt, *dād
Middle Dutch: dat, daet, *daed, dade
Dutch: daad
Afrikaans: daad
Old High German: tāt
Middle High German: tāt, dāt, tæte
German: Tat
Luxembourgish: Dot

Old Norse: dáð
Icelandic: dáð
Faroese: dáð
Norwegian Nynorsk: dåd m
Norwegian Bokmål: dåd m
Jamtish: dáð
Elfdalian: dåð
Old Swedish: dāþ
Swedish: dåd n
Old Danish: dāth
Danish: dåd
Scanian: dáð
Gutnish: dad

Gothic: *𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃 (*dēþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰéh₁tis (“putting, placement”) (through an intermediate form *dʰētís with oxytonic stress), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do, to put”). Corresponds to *dōną + *-þiz.


dēdiz

dēdiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dēdijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dēdī (feminine nominative singular strong)
dēdijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dēdį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dēdijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dēdijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dēdijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dēdijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dēdijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dēdį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dēdijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dēdijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
dēdīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
dēdijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dēdijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dēdijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dēdijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
dēdīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
dēdijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dēdijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dēdijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dēdijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dēdijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dēdijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dēdijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dēdijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dēdijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dēdijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dēdijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dēdijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dēdijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dēdijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dēdijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dēdijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dēdijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dēdijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dēdijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dēdijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dēdijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dēdijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dēdijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dēdijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dēdijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dēdīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dēdijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dēdijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dēdijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dēdīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dēdijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dēdīni (dative masculine singular weak)
dēdijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dēdijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dēdijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dēdīni (dative neuter singular weak)
dēdijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dēdīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dēdijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dēdijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dēdijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dēdīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dēdijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *dǣde, in māndǣde

⇒ Old Saxon: *dādig, in mēndādig

desc

Middle Low German: mêndēdich, meindēdich

⇒ Old High German: *tatīg, in meintatīg

Middle High German: meintætec, meintætic

Verbal adjective derived from *dōną (“to do”). Similar in construction to Sanskrit दधि (dadhi, “giving”), both being derived from the weak perfect stem.


hrainisōną

hrainisō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrainisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrainisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrainisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisō (active imperative second-person singular)
hrainisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrainisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrainisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrainisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrainisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrainisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrainisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrainisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrainisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrainisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrainisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrainisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrainisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrainisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrainisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrainisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrainisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrainisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrainisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrainisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrainisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrainisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrainisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrainisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrainisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrainisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrainisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrainisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrainisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrainisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrainisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrainisōndz (active participle present)
hrainisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrainisōn
Old High German: reinisōn
→ Old French: rincer (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hreinsa

Icelandic: hreinsa

Faroese: reinsa

Norwegian Bokmål: rense

Norwegian Nynorsk: reinse, reinsa

Old Swedish: rēnsa

Swedish: rensa

Old Danish: rēnsæ

Danish: rense

Elfdalian: rįesa

Gutnish: rense

Scanian: rénsa


armaz

armaz (nominative singular)
armōz (nominative plural)
armōs (nominative plural)
arm (singular vocative)
armōz (plural vocative)
armōs (plural vocative)
armą (accusative singular)
armanz (accusative plural)
armas (genitive singular)
armis (genitive singular)
armǫ̂ (genitive plural)
armai (dative singular)
armamaz (dative plural)
armō (instrumental singular)
armamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arm
Old English: earm, arm — Anglian
Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: airm
Yola: arrm
Old Frisian: erm
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: iarem
Halligen: eerm
Heligoland: iaarem
Mooring: ärm
Saterland Frisian: Íerm, Äirm (Strukelje)
West Frisian: earm
Old Saxon: arm
Middle Low German: arm
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Arm
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Ārm
Lippisch: Arm
Sauerländisch: Ārm, Ārem, Oarm
Westmünsterländisch: Arm
Plautdietsch: Oam, Oarm
Old Dutch: arm
Middle Dutch: arm
Dutch: arm
Afrikaans: arm
Javindo: arrem
Negerhollands: arm, erm
Limburgish: erm
Old High German: arm, aram, arma
Middle High German: arm, arn
Alemannic German: Aare, Arm, Are, Arme
Bavarian: Oarm
Cimbrian: arm
Central Franconian: Ärm, Arm, Orm (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Aarem
German: Arm
Luxembourgish: Aarm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Aarm
Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)

Old Norse: armr
Icelandic: armur
Faroese: armur
Norwegian Nynorsk: arm; (dialectal) arm’e
Old Swedish: armber
Swedish: arm
Danish: arm
Norwegian Bokmål: arm
Gutnish: arm, harm

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érmos, *h₂ŕ̥mos, from the root *h₂er-.
Cognate with Lithuanian ìrmėdė (“gout”), Old Prussian irmo (“arm”), Ancient Greek ἁρμός (harmós), Latin armus, Proto-Slavic *òrmo (“shoulder”), Sanskrit ईर्म (īrmá, “arm”).


armaz

armōzô (comparative)
armōstaz (superlative)
armaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
armai (masculine nominative plural strong)
armō (feminine nominative singular strong)
armôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
armą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
armō (neuter nominative plural strong)
armanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
armanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
armǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
armōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
armą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
armō (accusative neuter plural strong)
armas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
armaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
armaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
armaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
armas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
armaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
armammai (dative masculine singular strong)
armaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
armaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
armaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
armammai (dative neuter singular strong)
armaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
armanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
armaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
armaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
armaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
armanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
armaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
armô (masculine nominative singular weak)
armaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
armǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
armōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
armô (neuter nominative singular weak)
armōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
armanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
armanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
armōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
armōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
armô (accusative neuter singular weak)
armōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
arminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
armanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
armōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
armōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
arminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
armanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
armini (dative masculine singular weak)
armammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
armōni (dative feminine singular weak)
armōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
armini (dative neuter singular weak)
armammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
arminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
armammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
armōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
armōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
arminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
armammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*armaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *arm
Old English: earm
Middle English: arm
English: arm
Scots: arm
Old Frisian: erm
Saterland Frisian: äärm
West Frisian: earm
Old Saxon: *arm
Middle Low German: arm
German Low German: arm
Plautdietsch: oam, oarm
Old Dutch: arm
Middle Dutch: arm
Dutch: arm
Afrikaans: arm
Berbice Creole Dutch: arum
Jersey Dutch: arm
Negerhollands: aerm
Petjo: arm
Limburgish: erm
Old High German: arm
Middle High German: arm
Cimbrian: arm
German: arm
Luxembourgish: aarm
Plautdietsch: aarem
Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)

Old Norse: armr
Danish: arm
Faroese: armur
Icelandic: armur
Norwegian Bokmål: arm
Norwegian Nynorsk: arm
Swedish: arm

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)

→ Proto-Finnic: *armas, *armo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁erm- (“poor, ill”). Cognate with Hittite 𒅕𒈠𒀭 (erman, “sickness”).
Alternatively, from Pre-Germanic *h₃orbʰmos, with loss of -b- before -m-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-, whence English orphan. Compare the Norse variant aumr, as from *arbmaz with no loss of -b-, which mirrors the dissimilation of Old Norse haustr from *harbistaz.


maimrōną

maimrō (active first-person indicative singular)
maimrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
maimrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
maimrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maimrō (active imperative second-person singular)
maimrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
maimrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
maimrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maimrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
maimrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
maimrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
maimrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
maimrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maimrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maimrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maimrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
maimrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
maimrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maimrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
maimrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
maimrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
maimrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maimrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
maimrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
maimrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
maimrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
maimrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maimrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
maimrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
maimrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maimrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
maimrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
maimrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maimrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
maimrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maimrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
maimrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maimrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maimrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maimrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
maimrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maimrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
maimrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maimrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
maimrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maimrōndz (active participle present)
maimrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *maimrōn

Old English: māmrian

Middle English: mameren

English: mammer

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thought, remember, care for”). Cognate with *mīmrōną (“to think, keep in mind, be mindful, muse”), Latin memor (“mindful, thoughtful”), Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “he remembers, recollects”).

cog

(West Germanic) to think, be in thought, think out, ponder.


mīmrōną

mīmrō (active first-person indicative singular)
mīmrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
mīmrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mīmrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrō (active imperative second-person singular)
mīmrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mīmrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mīmrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mīmrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mīmrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mīmrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīmrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīmrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mīmrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mīmrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīmrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mīmrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mīmrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mīmrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mīmrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mīmrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mīmrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mīmrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mīmrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mīmrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mīmrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīmrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
mīmrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mīmrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīmrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīmrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mīmrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīmrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mīmrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīmrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mīmrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīmrōndz (active participle present)
mīmrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mī̆mrōn

Old English: mimorian, mymerian

Middle English: *mimmeren

English: mimmer

⇒ English: mimmering

Old Frisian: *mī̆meria

Saterland Frisian: miemerje

West Frisian: mimerje

Old Saxon: *mīmarōn

Middle Low German: *mîmeren, *mîmern

German Low German: mimereren

Low German: mimeren, mimern

→ Danish: mimre

→ Norwegian: mimre

Old Dutch: *mīmaron

desc

Middle Dutch: mimeren, mijmelen, mimmeren

Dutch: mijmeren, mimmeren

Afrikaans: mymer

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to fall into thought, remember, care for”). Cognate with *maimrōną (“to think, ponder, muse, think out”), Latin memor (“mindful, thoughtful”), Sanskrit स्मरति (smárati, “he remembers, recollects”).

to think, keep in mind, be mindful, muse.


akaną

akō (active first-person indicative singular)
akaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
akai (first-person indicative passive singular)
akizi (active indicative second-person singular)
akaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ak (active imperative second-person singular)
akazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
akaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
akidi (active indicative singular third-person)
akai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
akadau (active imperative singular third-person)
akadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
akaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
akōz (active dual first-person indicative)
akaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
akadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
akaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
akadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
akamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
akaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
akandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
akaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
akid (active indicative plural second-person)
akaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
akid (active imperative plural second-person)
akandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
akaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
akandi (active indicative plural third-person)
akain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
akandau (active imperative plural third-person)
akandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
akaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ōk (active first-person indicative singular)
ōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōht (active indicative second-person singular)
ōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōk (active indicative singular third-person)
ōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
ōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
ōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
ōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
ōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
akandz (active participle present)
akanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: aka
Icelandic: aka
Faroese: aka
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: aka, ake
Norwegian Bokmål: ake, åke
Dalian: aka
Elfdalian: åka
Old Swedish: aka
Swedish: åka
Scanian: aga
Old Danish: akæ
Danish: age
Gutnish: ake
→ Scots: oag, hoag; aik
→ English: aik (Northern England, Scotland, rare)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō (“drive”), Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “direct, drive, lead, draw, go”), Sanskrit अजति (ájati, “he drives”).

cog

(North Germanic) to drive, sail, navigate


akaną

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *akan
Old English: acan
Middle English: aken, ake, eken
English: ache
Scots: ake
Yola: aake
Old Frisian: *aka
Saterland Frisian: ääke, eeke
Old Saxon: *akan
Middle Low German: aken
Low German: aken, äken, achen
Old Dutch: *akan
⇒ Middle Dutch: ākel
⇒ Dutch: akelig

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“sin, crime”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγος (ágos, “curse, blood-guilt, penance”), Sanskrit आगस् (ā́gas, “offence, injury, sin, fault”). According to Orel, "[d]espite the semantic discrepancy, these forms are historically identical", referring to the verb for the 'drive' described above and referencing Seebold, p.74-5.


beuną

biumi (active first-person indicative singular)
biwjǭ? (active first-person singular subjunctive)
biusi (active indicative second-person singular)
biwjēs? (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beu (active imperative second-person singular)
biuþi (active indicative singular third-person)
biwjē? (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beuþau (active imperative singular third-person)
beū? (active dual first-person indicative)
biwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
biuþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
biwīþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
biudiz (active dual imperative second-person)
beum (active first-person indicative plural)
biwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beud (active indicative plural second-person)
biwīþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beuþ (active imperative plural second-person)
biunþi (active indicative plural third-person)
biwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beunþau (active imperative plural third-person)
was (active first-person indicative singular)
wēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wast (active indicative second-person singular)
wēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
was (active indicative singular third-person)
wēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wesandz (active participle present)

*beuną (infinitive)

desctree

Old English: bēon, bīon
Middle English: been, be, bean, ben, beon, boen, seen, sen
English: be; been (dialectal)
Scots: be
Yola: ba, bee, be, b'

*biumi (1st person singular present)

Old English: bēom, bīom

Old Frisian: bem, ben
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bian
Goesharde: biin
Halligen: bian
Heligoland: Bean
Mooring: biinj
Sylt: Biin
Wiedingharde: biin
Saterland Frisian: Been
West Frisian: bien

Old Saxon: bīum, bīom, bīon
Middle Low German: bün, bin
Dutch Low Saxon: bun
German Low German: bün, bin

Old Dutch: bim

Middle Dutch: bim, bin

Dutch: ben

Jersey Dutch: bän

Limburgish: bön

Old High German: bim
Middle High German: bin
German: bin

Middle High German: bin

Alemannic German: bi, bin

Swabian: bin, ben, bee

Bavarian: bin

Cimbrian: pin, pinn

German: bin

Pennsylvania German: bin

Yiddish: בין (bin)

*biusi (2nd person singular present) (see there for further descendants)

*biuþi (3rd person singular present)

Old English: biþ, bioþ, byþ, byt
Middle English: bith, biþ, beth, bis, bes
English: bes, beeth (now obsolete or dialectal)
Fingallian: bes
Yola: beeth

*biunþi (3rd person plural present)

Old English: bēoþ

Middle English: beth

*beu (2nd person singular imperative)

Old English: bēo

Middle English: be

English: be

Scots: be

*beuþ (2nd person plural imperative)

Old English: bēoþ

Middle English: beth

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéwH-ti, e-grade of *bʰuH- (“to grow, become, come into being, appear”). Cognate with Latin fuī (“have been”, verb), Latin futūrus (“becoming, imminent, future”), Sanskrit भवति (bhávati).


faimaz

faimaz (nominative singular)
faimōz (nominative plural)
faimōs (nominative plural)
faim (singular vocative)
faimōz (plural vocative)
faimōs (plural vocative)
faimą (accusative singular)
faimanz (accusative plural)
faimas (genitive singular)
faimis (genitive singular)
faimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faimai (dative singular)
faimamaz (dative plural)
faimō (instrumental singular)
faimamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faim
Old English: fām, fǣm n
Middle English: fom, fam, fome, foom, foome
English: foam
→ Faroese: fómur
Scots: fame, faim, faem
→ Faroese: fám
Old High German: feim
Middle High German: veim
Alemannic German: Feim, Fäum
Bavarian: Foam
Cimbrian: vòam, bòam (Mezzaselva)
German: Feim
East Franconian: Faam
>? Middle High German: fūm, vūm
German: Faum

Old Norse: *feimr; *feim; *feimi

Norwegian: feim n; feime m (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)poHy-m-os, from *(s)poH(y)- (“foam”). Cognate with Latin spūma (“foam”), Latin pūmex (“pumice”), Sanskrit फेन (phéna, “foam”).


Skadinawjō

Skadinawjō (nominative singular)
Skadinawjôz (nominative plural)
Skadinawjō (singular vocative)
Skadinawjôz (plural vocative)
Skadinawjǭ (accusative singular)
Skadinawjōz (accusative plural)
Skadinawjōz (genitive singular)
Skadinawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
Skadinawjōi (dative singular)
Skadinawjōmaz (dative plural)
Skadinawjō (instrumental singular)
Skadinawjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *Skadinauwju

Old English: Sċedenīġ

Lombardic: Scatenauge

Old Norse: Skáney (contraction of *Skaðney)
Icelandic: Skáney, Skáni, Skánn
Faroese: Skánoy
Norwegian Nynorsk: Skånøy
Swedish: Skåne
Danish: Skåne
Norwegian Bokmål: Skåne
→ Faroese: Skáni
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Skåne
→ Old English: Sconeġ
→ Latin: Scania
→ English: Scania
→ Old High German: Sconaowe
German: Schonen

desc

→ Latin: Scatinavia, Scadinavia, Scandinavia

→ English: Scandinavia

→ Dutch: Scandinavië

→ German: Skandinavien

→ Faroese: Skandinavia

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Skandinavia

→ Swedish: Skandinavien

→ Danish: Skandinavien

Norwegian Bokmål: Skandinavia

From the first element, of uncertain (possibly non-Germanic) origin, and *awjō (“island”). According to Knut Helle, the first formant may be related to Proto-Germanic *skaþô (“damage, danger”).


ahwō

ahwō (nominative singular)
ahwôz (nominative plural)
ahwō (singular vocative)
ahwôz (plural vocative)
ahwǭ (accusative singular)
ahwōz (accusative plural)
ahwōz (genitive singular)
ahwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahwōi (dative singular)
ahwōmaz (dative plural)
ahwō (instrumental singular)
ahwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ahu
Old English: ēa, ǣ
Middle English: ee, æ, ea, eaa (Early Middle English), *eo
English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo
⇒ Old English: edēa (with prefix ed-)
Middle English: eddy
English: eddy
Old Frisian: ā, ē
North Frisian: ia
Saterland Frisian: Äi
West Frisian: ie
Old Saxon: aha, ā
Middle Low German: ahe, â
>? German Low German: Ehe (archaic)
Old Dutch: ā
Middle Dutch: â
Dutch: a, Aa
Old High German: aha
Middle High German: ahe
German: Ach, Ache (obsolete or dialectal, chiefly in toponyms)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚺᚹᚢ (*ahwu), *ᚨᚺᚹᚨ- (*ahwa-)

desctree

Old Norse: á, ǫ́
Icelandic: á
Faroese: á
Norwegian Nynorsk: å
Old Swedish: ā
Swedish: å
Old Danish: ā
Danish: å
Norwegian Bokmål: å
→ Middle English: aa

Gothic: 𐌰𐍈𐌰 (aƕa)


silāną

silō (active first-person indicative singular)
silaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
silai (active imperative second-person singular)
silāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
silaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
silāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
silāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
silōs (active dual first-person indicative)
silāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
silāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
silāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
silānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
silaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
silaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
silānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
silānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
silānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
silānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
siladǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
siladēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
siladēz (active indicative second-person singular)
siladēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
siladē (active indicative singular third-person)
siladēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
siladēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
siladēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
siladēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
siladēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
siladēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
siladēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
siladēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
siladēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siladēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
siladēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
silāndz (active participle present)
siladaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *silēn

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *silōþu

Old English: seoloþ (“sea”)

desc

⇒? Old Norse: sil (“slow flowing water”)

Icelandic: sil

⇒ Icelandic: silvetni (“calm water”)

Faroese: sil (“calm, dead”)

⇒ Faroese: silvetni (“calm sea”)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (anasilan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hilja (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *seyl- (“still, windless, quiet, slow”). Cognate with Latin sileō (“be silent”). Related to Old English sālnes (“silence”), Old Norse sil (“slow flowing water”).


awiz

awiz (nominative singular)
awīz (nominative plural)
awi (singular vocative)
awīz (plural vocative)
awį (accusative singular)
awinz (accusative plural)
awīz (genitive singular)
awjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awī (dative singular)
awimaz (dative plural)
awī (instrumental singular)
awimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *awi
Old English: eowu
Middle English: ewe, awe, eu, ouwe, yeue, yowe
English: ewe
Scots: yowe, yhow
Yola: yowe
Old Frisian: ei, ey
Saterland Frisian: oye, Oue
West Frisian: ei
Old Saxon: ewi, ewwi
Middle Low German: ewe
Low German: Eev, Öwwe
German Low German: Öi, Ei
Old Dutch: *ōi, *ouwi, *ouw
Middle Dutch: ou, ooi
Dutch: ooi
Afrikaans: ooi
Old High German: awi, au, ou, ouwi
Middle High German: ouwe
Alemannic German: Au
Cimbrian: öbe
German: Aue

Old Norse: ær
Icelandic: ær
Faroese: ær
Norwegian Nynorsk: ærsaud, ærsau
Danish: ålam (Thy dialect)


batistaz

batist (adverb)
batistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
batistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
batistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
batistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
batistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
batistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
batistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
batistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
batistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
batistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
batistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
batistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
batistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
batistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
batistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
batistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
batistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
batistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
batistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
batistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
batistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
batistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
batistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
batistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
batistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
batistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
batistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
batistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
batistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
batistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
batistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
batistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
batistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
batistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
batistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
batistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
batistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
batistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
batistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
batistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
batistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
batistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
batistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
batistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
batistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
batistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
batistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
batistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
batistini (dative masculine singular weak)
batistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
batistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
batistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
batistini (dative neuter singular weak)
batistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
batistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
batistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
batistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
batistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
batistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
batistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*batistaz (a-stem)

Old English: betest, betst, bezt, betast, betost
Middle English: beste, betst, bettst, bezst, best
English: best
Scots: best

Old Frisian: betsta, besta

West Frisian: best

Old Saxon: betst, best

Middle Low German: best

Low German: best

Old Dutch: *betst

Middle Dutch: best
Dutch: best
Afrikaans: beste
Berbice Creole Dutch: besti
Negerhollands: bes, best
→? Sranan Tongo: besi
Limburgish: bès

Old High German: bezzisto
Middle High German: bezzist
Alemannic German: bescht
Central Franconian: beste
Cimbrian: peste, péste (Sette Comuni)
German: beste
Luxembourgish: beschte
Yiddish: בעסט (best)

Old Norse: beztr, baztr
Icelandic: bestur
Faroese: bestur
Norwegian: best
Old Swedish: bæzter, bazter, bæster
Swedish: bäst
Danish: bedst

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (batists)


awjō

awjō (nominative singular)
awjôz (nominative plural)
awjō (singular vocative)
awjôz (plural vocative)
awjǭ (accusative singular)
awjōz (accusative plural)
awjōz (genitive singular)
awjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awjōi (dative singular)
awjōmaz (dative plural)
awjō (instrumental singular)
awjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *auwju
Old English: īeġ
Middle English: ei, i, ie
English: ey
Old Frisian: ā
Saterland Frisian: Äi
Old Saxon: ōia
Middle Low German: ouwe, ou, ow, ō (in compounds)
Low German: Oie
Old Dutch: ōi, *owe
Middle Dutch: ooy, ouwe
Dutch: Ooij
⇒ ooibos, landouw
Old High German: ouwa
Middle High German: ouwe
German: Au, Aue
Luxembourgish: A

Old Norse: ey
Icelandic: ey f, eyja f
Faroese: oyggj f, oy f
Norwegian Nynorsk: øy
Norwegian Bokmål: øy
Old Swedish: ø̄
Swedish: ö c
Danish: ø c
→ English: oe
Gutnish: oy
→ Old Irish: í f
Irish: í f
⇒ Old Norse: -ey (indicating island names)
→ English: -ey, -ay (in place names)

From earlier *agwjō, originally a substantive adjective related to *ahwō (“water; stream, river”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂ (“water”).


aiz

aiz (nominative singular)
aiz (singular vocative)
aiz (accusative singular)
aiziz (genitive singular)
aizi (dative singular)
aizē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiʀ
Old English: ār
Middle English: ore (merged with ōra)
English: ore
Scots: ure, uir
Old Frisian: *ār, ēr
Saterland Frisian: Oare, Orre
Old Saxon: ēr
Middle Low German: ēr
Old Dutch: *ēr
Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Old High German: ēr
Middle High German: er
Alemannic German: Eer
⇒ Alemannic German: eerig
⇒ Old High German: ērīn
Middle High German: ērīn
German: ehern

Old Norse: eir

Icelandic: eir

desc

⇒ Faroese: eirdómur, eirgingin, eirgrønur, eiring

Norwegian: eir, irr

Old Swedish: ēr

Swedish: ärg

Danish: er, ir

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌶 (aiz)


ausô

ausô (nominative singular)
ausōnō (nominative plural)
ausô (singular vocative)
ausōnō (plural vocative)
ausô (accusative singular)
ausōnō (accusative plural)
ausiniz (genitive singular)
ausanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ausini (dative singular)
ausammaz (dative plural)
ausinē (instrumental singular)
ausammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auʀā
Old English: ēare
Middle English: ere, eare, eere, eyr, ȝhere, here, ire, yere
English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia
Scots: ear
Old Frisian: āre
North Frisian:
Föhr: uar
Hallig, Mooring: uur
Helgoland: Uaar
Saterland Frisian: Oor
West Frisian: ear
Old Saxon: ōra
Middle Low German: ôre
Low German: Ohr
Dutch Low Saxon: oor
German Low German: Or, Ur
Plautdietsch: Oa, Ua
Old Dutch: ōra
Middle Dutch: ôre
Dutch: oor
Afrikaans: oor
Jersey Dutch: ôr
Negerhollands: oor, hoor, ho
Limburgish: oear
Old High German: ōra
Middle High German: ore
Alemannic German: Oor
Bavarian: Oar
Central Franconian: Uhr, Ohr
Hunsrik: Oher
Luxembourgish: Ouer
German: Ohr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Ohr
Vilamovian: ür
Yiddish: אויער (oyer)

Old Norse: eyra
Icelandic: eyra
Faroese: oyra
Norwegian Nynorsk: øyra
Jamtish: ǿre
Elfdalian: ära
Old Swedish: ø̄ra
Swedish: öra
Old Danish: ø̄ræ
Danish: øre
Norwegian Bokmål: øre
Scanian: ǿra
Old Gutnish: oyra
Gutnish: åire

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 (ausō)


brugjǭ

brugjǭ (nominative singular)
brugjōniz (nominative plural)
brugjǭ (singular vocative)
brugjōniz (plural vocative)
brugjōnų (accusative singular)
brugjōnunz (accusative plural)
brugjōniz (genitive singular)
brugjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brugjōni (dative singular)
brugjōmaz (dative plural)
brugjōnē (instrumental singular)
brugjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bruggju
Old English: bryċġ
Middle English: brigge, brugge, brygge, bregge, brige, brig, bryge, brydge
English: bridge
Geordie English: brig
Scots: brig
Yola: burge
Old Frisian: brigge, bregge
North Frisian: brag, Bröch (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Brääch
West Frisian: brêge
Old Saxon: bruggia
Middle Low German: brugge
Dutch Low Saxon: brugge (Achterhoeks, Drents, Gronings, Twents, Veluws), brogge (Drents, Stellingwerfs, Veluws), brog (Drents, Gronings, Veluws)
German Low German: Brugge, Brügg(e), Brüch
Plautdietsch: Brigj
Old Dutch: brugga
Middle Dutch: brugge
Dutch: brug, Brugge
Afrikaans: brug
→ Papiamentu: brùg
Limburgish: brögk
Old High German: brucca
Middle High German: brucke, brücke
Alemannic German: Brugg
Bavarian: Bruck, Brugg
Central Franconian: Bröck, Breck
Hunsrik: Brick
German: Brücke
Luxembourgish: Bréck
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Brick
Vilamovian: bryk
Yiddish: בריק (brik)

Old Norse: bryggja

Icelandic: bryggja

→ English: Bruges

Faroese: bryggja

Norwegian: brygge, bryggje

(Old Norse: brú)

(Elfdalian: bru)

Old Swedish: bryggia, ᛒᚱᛦᚵᚵᛁᛆ
Swedish: brygga

Danish: brygge

→ Middle English: brig, brigg, bryg, bregg
Scots: brig, brigg, breeg
→ English: brig, brigg

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw-, *bʰrēw- (“wooden flooring, decking, bridge”); compare Gaulish brīuā.


batizô

batiz (adverb)
batizô (masculine nominative singular)
batizaniz (masculine nominative plural)
batizį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
batizīniz (feminine nominative plural)
batizô (neuter nominative singular)
batizōnō (neuter nominative plural)
batizanų (accusative masculine singular)
batizanunz (accusative masculine plural)
batizīnų (accusative feminine singular)
batizīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
batizô (accusative neuter singular)
batizōnō (accusative neuter plural)
batiziniz (genitive masculine singular)
batizanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
batizīniz (feminine genitive singular)
batizīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
batiziniz (genitive neuter singular)
batizanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
batizini (dative masculine singular)
batizammaz (dative masculine plural)
batizīni (dative feminine singular)
batizīmaz (dative feminine plural)
batizini (dative neuter singular)
batizammaz (dative neuter plural)
batizinē (instrumental masculine singular)
batizammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
batizīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
batizīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
batizinē (instrumental neuter singular)
batizammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*batizô (an/īn-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *batiʀō
Old English: betera
Middle English: bettre
English: better
Scots: better
Yola: bethther
Old Frisian: betera
Saterland Frisian: beter
West Frisian: better
Old Saxon: betiro
Middle Low German: beter
Low German: beter
Old Dutch: betiro
Middle Dutch: beter
Dutch: beter
Afrikaans: beter
Berbice Creole Dutch: betre
Negerhollands: beeter
→ Sranan Tongo: betre
Aukan: betee
Saramaccan: bë́të
Limburgish: baeter
Old High German: bezziro
Middle High German: bezzer
Central Franconian: besser
Cimbrian: péssor
German: besser
Luxembourgish: besser
Yiddish: בעסער (beser)

Old Norse: betri
Icelandic: betri
Faroese: betri
Norwegian Nynorsk: betre
Norwegian: bere, bære, beire (dialectal)
Old Swedish: bætre, bættre
Swedish: bättre
Danish: bedre
Norwegian Bokmål: bedre

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌶𐌰 (batiza)


alaną

alō (active first-person indicative singular)
alaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
alai (first-person indicative passive singular)
alizi (active indicative second-person singular)
alaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
al (active imperative second-person singular)
alazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
alaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
alidi (active indicative singular third-person)
alai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aladau (active imperative singular third-person)
aladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
alaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
alōz (active dual first-person indicative)
alaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
alaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
alamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
alaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
alandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
alaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
alid (active indicative plural second-person)
alaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
alid (active imperative plural second-person)
alandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
alaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
alandi (active indicative plural third-person)
alain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alandau (active imperative plural third-person)
alandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
alaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ōl (active first-person indicative singular)
ōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
ōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ōl (active indicative singular third-person)
ōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
ōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
ōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
ōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
ōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
alandz (active participle present)
alanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *alan
Old English: alan

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ala
Icelandic: ala
Faroese: ala
Norwegian Nynorsk: ala
Norwegian Bokmål: ale
Old Swedish: ala
Swedish: uppala
Old Danish: alæ
Old Gutnish: ala

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽 (alan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂életi, from *h₂el- (“to raise, feed, nourish”). Cognate with Latin alō (“nourish”, verb).


alaną

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁elh₂- (“to drive, move, go”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐλαύνω (elaúnō, “move”), Latin alacer (“lively, active, brisk”).

der

to spurn, kick-start, drive, set in motion, move


frehnaną

frehnō (active first-person indicative singular)
frehnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frehnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frihnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
frehnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frehn (active imperative second-person singular)
frehnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frehnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frihnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
frehnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frehnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
frehnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frehnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frehnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
frehnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frehnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frehnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frehnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frehnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frehnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frehnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frehnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frihnid (active indicative plural second-person)
frehnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frihnid (active imperative plural second-person)
frehnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frehnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frehnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
frehnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frehnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
frehnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frehnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frah (active first-person indicative singular)
frēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraht (active indicative second-person singular)
frēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frah (active indicative singular third-person)
frēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
frēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
frēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
frēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
frēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frehnandz (active participle present)
freganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fregnan
Old English: friġnan, fræġnan, freġnan, frīnan, freġna — Northumbrian
Middle English: fraynen, frain, fraine, frainen, frayn, frayne, freinen, freyne, fræine, fræinien, vraini (Early Middle English), fraȝȝnenn (Ormulum)
English: frain
Scots: frain, frane, frayn, frayne
Old Saxon: fregnan
⇒ Old High German: gifrëgnan

Old Norse: fregna

Icelandic: fregna

Faroese: fregna

Old Swedish: fræghna

Old Danish: fræghnæ

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌽 (fraihnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask, woo”). Cognate with Lithuanian prašyti (“to ask, request”), Latin precor (“ask, beseech”).


anstiz

anstiz (nominative singular)
anstīz (nominative plural)
ansti (singular vocative)
anstīz (plural vocative)
anstį (accusative singular)
anstinz (accusative plural)
anstīz (genitive singular)
anstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anstī (dative singular)
anstimaz (dative plural)
anstī (instrumental singular)
anstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ansti
Old English: ǣst, ēst
Middle English: este
English: est
Old Frisian: ēst, enst
Old Saxon: anst
Old Dutch: anst
Middle Dutch: jonst, onst, onste
Old High German: anst
Middle High German: anst

Old Norse: ást, ǫ́st
Icelandic: ást
Faroese: ást
Norwegian Nynorsk: åst
Norwegian Bokmål: åst
Danish: ast
→ Swedish: ast

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts)

From *unnaną + *-þiz, with intrusive *-s- after nasals.


undiz

undiz (nominative singular)
undīz (nominative plural)
undi (singular vocative)
undīz (plural vocative)
undį (accusative singular)
undinz (accusative plural)
undīz (genitive singular)
undijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
undī (dative singular)
undimaz (dative plural)
undī (instrumental singular)
undimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *unsti
⇒ Old Frisian: gunst
North Frisian: gunst, ginst
Old Saxon: unst
→ Swedish: ynnest
→ Danish: yndest
⇒ Old Dutch: *gunst
Middle Dutch: gonst, gunst
Dutch: gunst
Afrikaans: guns
Old High German: unst
Middle High German: unst
⇒ Middle High German: gunst
German: Gunst
Luxembourgish: Gonscht


ansuz

ansuz (nominative singular)
ansiwiz (nominative plural)
ansu (singular vocative)
ansiwiz (plural vocative)
ansų (accusative singular)
ansunz (accusative plural)
ansauz (genitive singular)
ansiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ansiwi (dative singular)
ansumaz (dative plural)
ansū (instrumental singular)
ansumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ansu
Old English: ōs, *ās
Old High German: ans
Old Saxon: ās, ōs

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛊᚢᛉ (*asuʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛉ (asugisalaʀ)

Old Norse: áss
Icelandic: ás m
→ Swedish: as c
→ Finnish: aasa
→ Danish: as c
Faroese: ásur m
Norwegian Nynorsk: ås m
Norwegian Bokmål: ås m
→ Swedish: ås c (learned)

Gothic: *𐌰𐌽𐍃𐌿𐍃 (*ansus)

→ Latin: Ansis (from the plural)

Vandalic: *ans-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂émsus, from *h₂ems- (“to engender, beget”). Compare Hittite 𒈗𒍑 (ḫa-aš-šu-uš /ḫaššuš/, “king”), Avestan 𐬀𐬵𐬎 (ahu, “lord”), 𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎 (aŋhu, “lord; life, existence”), Sanskrit असु (ásu, “spirit, life-force, life”), असुर (ásura, “godlike, powerful”).


fallijaną

fallijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fallijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fallijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fallīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fallijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fallī (active imperative second-person singular)
fallijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fallijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fallīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fallijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fallijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fallijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fallijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fallijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fallijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fallijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fallijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fallijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fallijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fallijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fallijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fallijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fallīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fallijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fallīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fallijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fallijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fallijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fallijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fallijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fallijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fallijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fallidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fallidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fallidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fallidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fallidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fallidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fallidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fallidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fallidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fallidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fallidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fallidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fallidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fallidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fallidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fallidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fallijandz (active participle present)
fallidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fallijan
Old English: fellan, fiellan
Middle English: fellen
Scots: fell
English: fell
Old Frisian: fella, falla
West Frisian: falle
Old Saxon: fellian
Middle Low German: vellen
Low German: fällen
Old Dutch: *fellen
Middle Dutch: vellen
Dutch: vellen
Afrikaans: vel
Old High German: fellen
Middle High German: vellen
German: fällen

Old Norse: fella

Icelandic: fella

Faroese: fella

Norwegian: felle

Old Swedish: fælla

Swedish: fälla

Danish: fælde


sprangijaną

sprangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprangī (active imperative second-person singular)
sprangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sprangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sprangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sprangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sprangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sprangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sprangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprangijandz (active participle present)
sprangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sprangijan
Old English: sprenġan, sprenċġan, sprænġan
Middle English: sprengen, sprenge, springe
English: springe (obsolete)
Old Frisian: sprenga, sprendza
Saterland Frisian: spränge
Old Saxon: *sprengian
Middle Low German: sprengen
German Low German: sprengen
Old Dutch: *sprengen
Middle Dutch: sprengen
Dutch: sprengen
Old High German: sprengen
Middle High German: sprengen
Alemannic German: sprengge
German: sprengen

Old Norse: sprengja

Icelandic: sprengja

Faroese: spreingja

Norwegian Nynorsk: sprengja, sprenga

Old Swedish: sprængia
Swedish: spränga

Danish: sprænge

Norwegian Bokmål: sprenge


malaną

malō (active first-person indicative singular)
malaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
malai (first-person indicative passive singular)
malizi (active indicative second-person singular)
malaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mal (active imperative second-person singular)
malazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
malaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
malidi (active indicative singular third-person)
malai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maladau (active imperative singular third-person)
maladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
malaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
malōz (active dual first-person indicative)
malaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
malaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
malamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
malaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
malandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
malaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
malid (active indicative plural second-person)
malaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
malid (active imperative plural second-person)
malandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
malaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
malandi (active indicative plural third-person)
malain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
malandau (active imperative plural third-person)
malandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
malaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mōl (active first-person indicative singular)
mōlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōlt (active indicative second-person singular)
mōlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōl (active indicative singular third-person)
mōlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōlū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōlum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōlud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōlun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
malandz (active participle present)
malanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *malan
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: mealle
Old Saxon: malan
Middle Low German: malen
Low German: mahlen
Old Dutch: *malan
Middle Dutch: mālen
Dutch: malen
Afrikaans: maal
Berbice Creole Dutch: mali
Negerhollands: maal
Limburgish: male
Old High German: malan
Middle High German: malen, maln
Bavarian: måhln, moihn
German: mahlen
Luxembourgish: muelen
Mòcheno: moln

Old Norse: mala
Icelandic: mala
Faroese: mala
Norwegian: male
Old Swedish: mala
Swedish: mala
Danish: male

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽 (malan)

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to beat, crush, grind”). Cognate with Latin molō (“mill, grist, grind”, verb).


fleuhaną

fleuhō (active first-person indicative singular)
fleuhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fleuhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fliuhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fleuhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleuh (active imperative second-person singular)
fleuhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fleuhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fliuhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fleuhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fleuhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fleuhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fleuhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fleuhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fleuhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fleuhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fleuhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fleuhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fleuhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fleuhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fleuhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fleuhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fliuhid (active indicative plural second-person)
fleuhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fliuhid (active imperative plural second-person)
fleuhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fleuhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fleuhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fleuhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleuhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fleuhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fleuhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flauh (active first-person indicative singular)
flugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flauht (active indicative second-person singular)
flugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flauh (active indicative singular third-person)
flugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flugū (active dual first-person indicative)
flugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flugum (active first-person indicative plural)
flugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flugud (active indicative plural second-person)
flugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flugun (active indicative plural third-person)
flugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleuhandz (active participle present)
fluganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fleuhan
Old English: flēon
Middle English: flen, fleon
English: flee
Scots: flee
Yola: flaadhokes
Old Frisian: fliā
Old Saxon: fliohan
Old Dutch: flian
Middle Dutch: vlien
Dutch: vlieden
Afrikaans: vlied
Old High German: fliohan
Middle High German: vliehen
Alemannic German: flie
German: fliehen

Old Norse: flýja
Icelandic: flýja
Faroese: flýggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: fly
Norwegian Bokmål: fly
Elfdalian: fly
Old Swedish: flȳia, flȳa
Swedish: fly
Scanian: flý
Old Danish: flȳ
Danish: fly
Gutnish: flöi

Gothic: 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-, enlargement of *plew- (“flow”), assuming that the þ- in Gothic 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan) was secondary. Kroonen instead believes that the Gothic þ- was primary; if that was the case *fleuganą would have influenced its replacement by f- elsewhere in Germanic. He assigns no etymology.


wadaną

wadō (active first-person indicative singular)
wadaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wadai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wadizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wadaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wad (active imperative second-person singular)
wadazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wadaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wadidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wadai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wadadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wadadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wadaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wadōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wadaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wadadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wadaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wadadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wadamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wadaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wadandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wadaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wadid (active indicative plural second-person)
wadaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wadid (active imperative plural second-person)
wadandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wadaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wadandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wadain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wadandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wadandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wadaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōd (active first-person indicative singular)
wōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōst (active indicative second-person singular)
wōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōd (active indicative singular third-person)
wōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wadandz (active participle present)
wadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wadan
Old English: wadan
Middle English: waden
English: wade
Scots: wad, wade
Old Frisian: wada
Saterland Frisian: waadje
West Frisian: wâdzje
Old Saxon: wadan
Middle Low German: wāden
German Low German: waden
Old Dutch: *wadan
Middle Dutch: wāden
Dutch: waden
Afrikaans: waad
Old High German: watan
Middle High German: waten
German: waten

Old Norse: vaða
Icelandic: vaða
Faroese: vaða
Norwegian Nynorsk: vada, va
Old Swedish: vaþa
Swedish: vada
Old Danish: vade
Danish: vade
Norwegian Bokmål: vade

/ˈwɑ.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Italic *wāðō, Old Armenian գամ (gam).


fleuganą

fleugō (active first-person indicative singular)
fleugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fleugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fliugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fleugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleug (active imperative second-person singular)
fleugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fleugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fliugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fleugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fleugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fleugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fleugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fleugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fleugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fleugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fleugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fleugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fleugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fleugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fleugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fleugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fliugid (active indicative plural second-person)
fleugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fliugid (active imperative plural second-person)
fleugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fleugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fleugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fleugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fleugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fleugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaug (active first-person indicative singular)
flugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flauht (active indicative second-person singular)
flugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaug (active indicative singular third-person)
flugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flugū (active dual first-person indicative)
flugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flugum (active first-person indicative plural)
flugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flugud (active indicative plural second-person)
flugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flugun (active indicative plural third-person)
flugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleugandz (active participle present)
fluganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fleugan
Old English: flēogan
Middle English: flien
English: fly
Scots: fle
Yola: vlee
Old Frisian: fliāga
Saterland Frisian: fljoge
West Frisian: fleane
Old Saxon: fliogan
Middle Low German: vlêgen
German Low German: flegen
Plautdietsch: fläje
Old Dutch: fliegan
Middle Dutch: vliegen
Dutch: vliegen
Limburgish: vlege
Old High German: fliogan
Middle High German: vliegen
Central Franconian: fleeje
German: fliegen
Luxembourgish: fléien
Yiddish: פֿליִען (flien)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fljúga

Icelandic: fljúga

Faroese: flúgva, fljúgva, fljúga

Norn: floga

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: flyge, fly

Norwegian Nynorsk: flyga, flyge

Old Swedish: flȳgha, fliūgha

Swedish: flyga

Old Danish: flȳghæ

Danish: flyve

Elfdalian: fliuoga

Gutnish: flauge

Scanian: flyğa

From Proto-Indo-European *plewk-, enlargement of *plew- (“flow”).


springaną

springō (active first-person indicative singular)
springaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
springai (first-person indicative passive singular)
springizi (active indicative second-person singular)
springaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spring (active imperative second-person singular)
springazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
springaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
springidi (active indicative singular third-person)
springai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
springadau (active imperative singular third-person)
springadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
springaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
springōz (active dual first-person indicative)
springaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
springadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
springaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
springadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
springamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
springaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
springandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
springaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
springid (active indicative plural second-person)
springaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
springid (active imperative plural second-person)
springandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
springaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
springandi (active indicative plural third-person)
springain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
springandau (active imperative plural third-person)
springandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
springaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprang (active first-person indicative singular)
sprungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spranht (active indicative second-person singular)
sprungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprang (active indicative singular third-person)
sprungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprungū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprungum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprungud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprungun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
springandz (active participle present)
sprunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *springan
Old English: springan
Middle English: spryngen
English: spring; sprink
Scots: spring
Old Frisian: springa
Saterland Frisian: springe
West Frisian: springe
Old Saxon: springan, sprengan
Middle Low German: springen
German Low German: springen
Old Dutch: *springan
Middle Dutch: springen
Dutch: springen
Afrikaans: spring
Berbice Creole Dutch: pringgi
Jersey Dutch: spring, springe, spränge
Negerhollands: spriṅ
Limburgish: springe
Old High German: springan
Middle High German: springen
Alemannic German: springe, schpringe
Cimbrian: springen
German: springen
Luxembourgish: sprangen
Pennsylvania German: schpringe
Yiddish: שפּרינגען (shpringen)

Old Norse: springa

Icelandic: springa (“to burst”)

Faroese: springa

Norwegian: springe, sprekke

Old Swedish: springa
Swedish: springa (“to run”), spricka (“to crack”)

Old Danish: springæ

Danish: springe, sprække

Gutnish: springge, springga

From Proto-Indo-European *sprenǵʰ-, nasalised form of Proto-Indo-European *sperǵʰ- (“to move energetically, hurry, spring”). Compare Albanian shpërthej (“to pop open, puncture, lance, make explode, blow up”), Lithuanian spreñgti (“to push (in)”), Ancient Greek σπέρχω (spérkhō, “to set in rapid motion, haste, hurry”), Sanskrit स्पृहयति (spṛháyati, “to be eager”).