aiwukiz

aiwukiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aiwukijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aiwukī (feminine nominative singular strong)
aiwukijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aiwukį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aiwukijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aiwukijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aiwukijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aiwukijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aiwukijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aiwukį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aiwukijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aiwukijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
aiwukīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
aiwukijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aiwukijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aiwukijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aiwukijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
aiwukīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
aiwukijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aiwukijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aiwukijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aiwukijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aiwukijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aiwukijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aiwukijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aiwukijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aiwukijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aiwukijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aiwukijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aiwukijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aiwukijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aiwukijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aiwukijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aiwukijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aiwukijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aiwukijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aiwukijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aiwukijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aiwukijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aiwukijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aiwukijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aiwukijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aiwukijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aiwukīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aiwukijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aiwukijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aiwukijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aiwukīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aiwukijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aiwukīni (dative masculine singular weak)
aiwukijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aiwukijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aiwukijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aiwukīni (dative neuter singular weak)
aiwukijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aiwukīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aiwukijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aiwukijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aiwukijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aiwukīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aiwukijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *ajukī
Old English: ǣċe, ēċe
Middle English: ece, eche
English: eche

Gothic: *𐌰𐌾𐌿𐌺𐍃 (*ajuks)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌾𐌿𐌺𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (ajukdūþs)

A derivation from *aiwaz, *aiwō. The -k- suffix is uncertain, but Kroonen favors a comparison with Latin iūgis (“continual”) and Ancient Greek ὑγιής (hugiḗs, “healthy, sound, wholesome”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-gʷih₃- and *h₂yu-gʷih₃- respectively, to assume a reconstruction of Pre-Germanic *h₂oyu-gʷih₃- with an original meaning of "ever-living".


niþą

niþą (nominative singular)
niþō (nominative plural)
niþą (singular vocative)
niþō (plural vocative)
niþą (accusative singular)
niþō (accusative plural)
niþas (genitive singular)
niþis (genitive singular)
niþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
niþai (dative singular)
niþamaz (dative plural)
niþō (instrumental singular)
niþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: niþ

From Pre-Germanic *ní-to-, a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ni (“down”).


nibilaz

*nibilaz (a-stem)

nibilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nibilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nibilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nibilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nibilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nibilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nibilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nibilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nibilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nibilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nibilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nibilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nibilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nibilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nibilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nibilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nibilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nibilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nibilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nibilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nibilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nibilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nibilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nibilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nibilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nibilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nibilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nibilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nibilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nibilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nibilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nibilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nibilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nibilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nibilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nibilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nibilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nibilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nibilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nibilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nibilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nibilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nibiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nibilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nibilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nibilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nibiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nibilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nibilini (dative masculine singular weak)
nibilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nibilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nibilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nibilini (dative neuter singular weak)
nibilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nibilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nibilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nibilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nibilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nibilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nibilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: nifol

Old Frisian: nevil

⇒ Old Frisian: neilthiuster

Old Norse: *nifl

Icelandic: nifl

→ Faroese: nivlungar

⇒ Old Norse: Niflheimr

→ English: Niflheim

Derived from or related to *nebulaz (“fog, darkness”).


dreugaz

dreugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dreugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dreugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dreugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dreugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dreugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dreuganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dreuganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dreugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dreugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dreugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dreugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dreugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
driugis (genitive masculine singular strong)
dreugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dreugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dreugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dreugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
driugis (genitive neuter singular strong)
dreugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dreugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dreugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dreugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dreugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dreugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dreugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dreuganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dreugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dreugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dreugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dreuganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dreugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dreugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dreuganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dreugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dreugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dreugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dreugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dreuganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dreuganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dreugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dreugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dreugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dreugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
driuginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dreuganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dreugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dreugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
driuginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dreuganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
driugini (dative masculine singular weak)
dreugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dreugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dreugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
driugini (dative neuter singular weak)
dreugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
driuginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dreugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dreugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dreugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
driuginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dreugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dreug
Old English: *drēog
Middle English: dregh, dreȝ, dryȝ
English: dree, dreigh
Scots: dreich
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: dreg
West Frisian: dreech

Old Norse: drjúgr
Icelandic: drjúgur
Faroese: drjúgvur, drúgvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: dryg
Elfdalian: driuog
Old Swedish: drȳgher
Swedish: dryg
Scanian: dryğer
Old Danish: drȳgh, drø̄gh
Danish: drøj
Norwegian Bokmål: drøy
Gutnish: draugar, dravvur

Derived from *dreuganą (“to serve, be loyal”).


klibą

klibą (nominative singular)
klibō (nominative plural)
klibą (singular vocative)
klibō (plural vocative)
klibą (accusative singular)
klibō (accusative plural)
klibas (genitive singular)
klibis (genitive singular)
klibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klibai (dative singular)
klibamaz (dative plural)
klibō (instrumental singular)
klibamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *klib

Old English: clif

Middle English: clyf, clif

English: cliff

Scots: clyft, clift

Old Frisian: *klif

Saterland Frisian: Klif

West Frisian: klif

Old Saxon: klif, *klib

desc

Middle Low German: klif, klēf, kleif, klēv, klēb, kleff, klē

→ German: Kliff n

⇒? Middle Low German: klippe f

German Low German: Klipp

→ Middle High German: klippe, kliffe f

German: Klippe

→ Danish: klippe

Old Dutch: *klif

Middle Dutch: klif, klef

Dutch: klif

Old High German: kleb, klep, klif

→ Lombard: cepp, scepp

Old Norse: klif

Icelandic: klif

Faroese: kliv

A zero-grade derivation of *klībaną (“to stick”).


melhmô

melhmô (nominative singular)
melhmaniz (nominative plural)
melhmô (singular vocative)
melhmaniz (plural vocative)
melhmanų (accusative singular)
melhmanunz (accusative plural)
milhminiz (genitive singular)
melhmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
milhmini (dative singular)
melhmammaz (dative plural)
milhminē (instrumental singular)
melhmammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌼𐌰 (milhma)

From Pre-Germanic *mélḱmō, derived from a lost verb *melhaną, from Proto-Indo-European *melḱ- (“to cloud, overcast”).


garnō

garnō (nominative singular)
garnôz (nominative plural)
garnō (singular vocative)
garnôz (plural vocative)
garnǭ (accusative singular)
garnōz (accusative plural)
garnōz (genitive singular)
garnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garnōi (dative singular)
garnōmaz (dative plural)
garnō (instrumental singular)
garnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: gǫrn
Faroese: gørn
Icelandic: görn

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰórneh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“intestines”) or *ǵʰern-. Probably cognate with Latin hernia, Lithuanian žarna. Beekes reconstructs the PIE root with a laryngeal however, *ǵʰerH-, in relation to Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, “guts, string made of gut”).


badōną

badō (active first-person indicative singular)
badǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
badōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
badōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
badōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
badō (active imperative second-person singular)
badōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
badōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
badōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
badō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
badōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
badōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
badōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
badōs (active dual first-person indicative)
badōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
badōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
badōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
badōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
badōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
badōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
badōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
badōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
badōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
badōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
badōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
badōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
badōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
badōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
badōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
badōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
badōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
badōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
badōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
badōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
badōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
badōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
badōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
badōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
badōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
badōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
badōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
badōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
badōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
badōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
badōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
badōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
badōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
badōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
badōndz (active participle present)
badōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *badōn

⇒ Old Saxon: undarbadōn

Old Norse: *baða

Norwegian: bada

/ˈbɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/

From *badą (“pressure, trouble, distress”) + *-ōną.


dōgaz

*dōgaz (a-stem)

dōgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dōgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dōgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dōgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dōgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dōgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dōganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dōganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dōgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dōgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dōgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dōgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dōgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dōgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dōgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dōgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dōgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dōgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dōgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dōgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dōgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dōgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dōgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dōgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dōganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dōgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dōgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dōgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dōganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dōgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dōgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dōganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dōgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dōgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dōgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dōgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dōganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dōganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dōgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dōgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dōgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dōgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dōginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dōganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dōgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dōgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dōginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dōganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dōgini (dative masculine singular weak)
dōgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dōgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dōgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dōgini (dative neuter singular weak)
dōgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dōginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dōgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dōgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dōgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dōginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dōgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Gothic: -𐌳𐍉𐌲𐍃 (-dōgs)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *dagāną (“to dawn; to become day”).

vrd

(East Germanic, in compounds, preceded by a number) indicating a duration of days


ganhuz

ganhuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ganhwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ganhwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
ganhwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ganhų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ganhwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ganhwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ganhwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ganhwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ganhwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ganhų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ganhwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ganhwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
ganhwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
ganhwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ganhwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ganhwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ganhwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
ganhwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
ganhwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ganhwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ganhwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ganhwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ganhwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ganhwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ganhwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ganhwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ganhwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ganhwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ganhwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ganhwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ganhwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ganhwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ganhwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ganhwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ganhwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ganhwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ganhwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ganhwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ganhwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ganhwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ganhwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ganhwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ganhwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ganhwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ganhwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ganhwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ganhwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ganhwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ganhwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ganhwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
ganhwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ganhwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ganhwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ganhwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
ganhwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ganhwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ganhwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ganhwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ganhwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ganhwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ganhwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gą̄hī

Old Frisian: gā (in gālik)

North Frisian: gau

Saterland Frisian: gau

West Frisian: gau

Old Saxon: *gāh (in derivatives: gāhun, gāhlīko)

Middle Low German: gahens, gahes, gās

Low German: gau, gai

Old Dutch: gā

Middle Dutch: ga

Dutch: gauw

Afrikaans: gou

West Flemish: gow

Old High German: gāhi; gāhes (adverb) (presumably remodelled as a ja-stem)

Middle High German: gǣhe, gāch, gā; gǣhes, gāhes, gās

Bavarian: gach

German: jäh

Luxembourgish: géi

Yiddish: גיך (gikh), געך (gekh)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*gaheis)

→ Old Occitan: gai

→ Old French: gai

Middle French: gai

French: gai

→ Middle English: gay

English: gay

Possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“to stride, step”), but Kroonen rejects this derivation and treats the root as having no known etymology, also rejecting connections with Lithuanian guvus (“agile, quick”).


hanþaz

*hanþaz (a-stem)

hanþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hanþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hanþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hanþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hanþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hanþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hanþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hanþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hanþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hanþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hanþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hanþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hanþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hanþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hanþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hanþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hanþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hanþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hanþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hanþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hanþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hanþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hanþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hanþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hanþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hanþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hanþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hanþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hanþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hanþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hanþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hanþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hanþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hanþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hanþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hanþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hanþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hanþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hanþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hanþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hanþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hanþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hanþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hanþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hanþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hanþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hanþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hanþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hanþini (dative masculine singular weak)
hanþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hanþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hanþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hanþini (dative neuter singular weak)
hanþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hanþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hanþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hanþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hanþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hanþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hanþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: *hannr, sjónhannr

From Pre-Germanic *ḱóntos, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱent- (“to stab”).


speru

speru (nominative singular)
sperū (nominative plural)
speru (singular vocative)
sperū (plural vocative)
speru (accusative singular)
sperū (accusative plural)
sperauz (genitive singular)
spiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spiriwi (dative singular)
sperumaz (dative plural)
sperū (instrumental singular)
sperumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *speru, *spiri, *spari

Old English: spere

Middle English: spere

Scots: spere, speir

English: spear

Old Frisian: spere, spiri, sper

Saterland Frisian: Speer

West Frisian: spear

Old Saxon: sper

Middle Low German: sper

Low German: Speer

Old Dutch: *speru, *sper

Middle Dutch: spēre, sper

Dutch: speer

Afrikaans: speer

Old High German: sper

Middle High German: sper

German: Speer

Luxembourgish: Speer

Old Norse: spjǫr, spjǫrr, spǫrr, sparr

Icelandic: spjör, sparr

From Pre-Germanic *sperHu-, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH-. Cognate with Latin sparus (“hunting spear”).


duskaz

*duskaz (a-stem)

duskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
duskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
duskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
duskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
duską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
duskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
duskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
duskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
duskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
duskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
duską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
duskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
duskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
duskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
duskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
duskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
duskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
duskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
duskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
duskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
duskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
duskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
duskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
duskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
duskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
duskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
duskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
duskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
duskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
duskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
duskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
duskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
duskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
duskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
duskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
duskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
duskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
duskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
duskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
duskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
duskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
duskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
duskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
duskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
duskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
duskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
duskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
duskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
duskini (dative masculine singular weak)
duskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
duskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
duskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
duskini (dative neuter singular weak)
duskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
duskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
duskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
duskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
duskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
duskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
duskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: dox

Middle English: dosk, dusk

English: dusk

From Pre-Germanic *dʰuskos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes-. Cognate with Latin fuscus.


þwerhaz

*þwerhaz (a-stem)

þwerhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þwerhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þwerhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þwerhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þwerhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þwerhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þwerhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þwerhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þwerhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þwerhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þwerhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þwerhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þwerhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þwerhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þwerhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þwerhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þwerhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þwerhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þwerhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þwerhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þwerhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þwerhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þwerhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þwerhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þwerhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þwerhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þwerhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þwerhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þwerhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þwerhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þwerhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þwerhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þwerhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þwerhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þwerhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þwerhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þwerhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þwerhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þwerhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þwerhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þwerhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þwerhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þwerhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þwerhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þwerhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þwerhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þwerhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þwerhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þwerhini (dative masculine singular weak)
þwerhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þwerhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þwerhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þwerhini (dative neuter singular weak)
þwerhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þwerhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þwerhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þwerhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þwerhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þwerhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þwerhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þwerh
Old English: þweorh, þwerh
Middle English: thwīre, thwyre
Old Frisian: þweres (adverb)
West Frisian: twer
Old Saxon: thwerh, ðwerh
Middle Low German: dwer, dwers, queer
Low German: dweer, dwars, quars; (> verquars)
→ German: verquast
→ Middle English: dwere, dwire
→ Scots: queer
→ English: queer
→ German: queer, Queer
→ Russian: квир (kvir)
→ Swedish: queer
Old Dutch: *thwerh, *thwerhes
Middle Dutch: dwer, dwers, dwersch, dwāers
Dutch: dwars
Afrikaans: dwars
Old High German: dwerah
Middle High German: dwërch, twërch, twerhe, twer
Alemannic German: Twër
German: quer (Central German); zwerch (Upper German; still in Zwerchfell)
→ Swedish: kvär (dated)
→ Danish: kvær (dated)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvær (dated)
Luxembourgish: queesch
Vilamovian: twar

Old Norse: þverr

Icelandic: þver

Faroese: tvørur

Danish: tvær

Norwegian: tverr

Old Swedish: þvær, þvar

Swedish: tvär

⇒ Old Norse: þvert

Danish: tvært

→ Middle English: thwert

English: thwart

Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍃 (þwairhs)

Presumably from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to turn”); compare Sanskrit तर्कु (tarku, “spindle”) and Latin torqueō (“to twist”). Kroonen assumes metathesis of Pre-Germanic *térkʷos to *twérkos.


hurdiz

hurdiz (nominative singular)
hurdīz (nominative plural)
hurdi (singular vocative)
hurdīz (plural vocative)
hurdį (accusative singular)
hurdinz (accusative plural)
hurdīz (genitive singular)
hurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurdī (dative singular)
hurdimaz (dative plural)
hurdī (instrumental singular)
hurdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hurdi
Old English: *hyrd
Middle English: hurde
Old Saxon: hurth
Middle Low German: hōrde, hōrt
Old Dutch: *hurd
Middle Dutch: hurde, huerde, horde
Dutch: horde, hor
Old High German: hurt, hurd
Middle High German: hurt
German: Hürde
→ Old French: hort, hourd, hourt, hurde
Middle French: hourd
French: hourd
→ Middle English: hord, whourde
⇒ English: hoarding
→ Medieval Latin: hurdicium, hurdicia
Old French: hordëiz, hourdeis, hurdis
Middle French: hourdis, hourdy
French: hourdis, hourdi
→ Middle English: hurdeiz, hurdis, hurdice

Old Norse: hurð

Icelandic: hurð

Faroese: hurð

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (haurds)

From Pre-Germanic *kr̥h₂tis, from Proto-Indo-European *kreh₂-. Cognate with Latin crātis (“wickerwork frame”).


þurstuz

þurstuz (nominative singular)
þurstiwiz (nominative plural)
þurstu (singular vocative)
þurstiwiz (plural vocative)
þurstų (accusative singular)
þurstunz (accusative plural)
þurstauz (genitive singular)
þurstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurstiwi (dative singular)
þurstumaz (dative plural)
þurstū (instrumental singular)
þurstumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þurstu
Old English: þurst, þyrst
Middle English: þurst, thurst, thorst, thirst
English: thirst
Scots: thrist
Old Frisian: thorst
Saterland Frisian: Toarst
West Frisian: toarst
Old Saxon: thurst
Middle Low German: dorst
German Low German: Dörst, Döst
Plautdietsch: Darscht
Old Dutch: thurst
Middle Dutch: dorst
Dutch: dorst
Afrikaans: dors
Negerhollands: dorst, dos, durst
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dos (archaic)
Old High German: thurst, durst
Middle High German: durst
Central Franconian: Dursch
Cimbrian: duarst
East Central German: Durscht (Erzgebirgisch)
German: Durst
Luxembourgish: Duuscht
Yiddish: דאָרשט (dorsht)

Old Norse: þorsti
Icelandic: þorsti
Faroese: tosti
Norwegian:
Bokmål: tørst, tørste
Nynorsk: torste, tørste
Swedish: törst
Danish: tørst

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌹 (þaurstei)

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”). Exact cognate to Proto-Celtic *tartus.


fimbulaz

fimbulaz (nominative singular)
fimbulōz (nominative plural)
fimbulōs (nominative plural)
fimbul (singular vocative)
fimbulōz (plural vocative)
fimbulōs (plural vocative)
fimbulą (accusative singular)
fimbulanz (accusative plural)
fimbulas (genitive singular)
fimbulis (genitive singular)
fimbulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fimbulai (dative singular)
fimbulamaz (dative plural)
fimbulō (instrumental singular)
fimbulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fimbul, *fimbil

Old English: fīfel

Old Norse: fífl, fífl-; fambi, fimbul-

Icelandic: fífl, fífl-; fambi, fimbul-

Swedish: fimbul-

desc

Old Swedish: fifl; fimber-, fimbul-, fimel-, fimer-, fimmel-, fimmer-, fimur-

Swedish: fimmel-, fimmer-

From Proto-Indo-European *pamp-, *bamb- (“to inflate, swell”).


nehw

Proto-West Germanic: *nehw, *nehu, *neh

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *nehwain, *nehain

Old Saxon: nihēn, niēn, nigēn

Middle Low German: nechên, gên, kein

German Low German: geen, gien, keen, kien

Old Dutch: nehein, ghein, chein

Middle Dutch: negeen, gein

Dutch: geen

→? West Frisian: gjin

Old High German: nehein, nihein

Middle High German: nehein, nihein, nechein, nichein

gl

⇒ Middle High German: kein (merger of Middle High German nechein and dechein)

German: kein

desc

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *nehwan (conjunction)

>? Old English: nefne, nemne, nymne, nemþe, nymþe, nimþe

Old Saxon: newan, niwan, nowan, newa, neva, nevo, nevu

⇒ Middle Low German: mēven

Old Dutch: novan, navo, nova

⇒ Old Dutch: novanthoh

Old High German: niwan

Middle High German: niwen, niuwen, niewen

Old Norse: né

Icelandic: né

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌷 (nih)

From Proto-Indo-European *nekʷe. Equivalent to *ne + *-hw. Cognate with Latin neque (“nor”), Proto-Celtic *nekʷe.


trakjaną

trakjō (active first-person indicative singular)
trakjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trakjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trakisi (active indicative second-person singular)
trakjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
traki (active imperative second-person singular)
trakjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
trakjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trakiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
trakjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trakjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
trakjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
trakjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
trakjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
trakjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trakjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trakjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trakjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
trakjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
trakjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trakjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
trakjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trakiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
trakjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trakiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
trakjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
trakjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
trakjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
trakjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trakjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
trakjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
trakjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trakidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
trakidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trakidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
trakidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trakidē (active indicative singular third-person)
trakidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trakidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
trakidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trakidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trakidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trakidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
trakidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trakidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
trakidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trakidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
trakidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trakjandz (active participle present)
trakidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *trakkjan
Old Frisian: trekka
West Frisian: trekke
Old Saxon: *trekkian
Middle Low German: trecken
Low German: trecken
→ German: trecken
Plautdietsch: trakjen
→ Danish: trække
→ Norwegian: trekke
→ Icelandic: trekkja
→ Faroese: trekkja
Old Dutch: *trecken
Middle Dutch: trecken
Dutch: trekken
Afrikaans: trek
→ English: trek
Jersey Dutch: träkke
Negerhollands: trek, treek
→ Papiamentu: trèk
Old High German: trecchen
Middle High German: trechen, trecken
(German: trecken) (chiefly a Low German loan)
Central Franconian: trecke (native)


aspō

aspō (nominative singular)
aspôz (nominative plural)
aspō (singular vocative)
aspôz (plural vocative)
aspǭ (accusative singular)
aspōz (accusative plural)
aspōz (genitive singular)
aspǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aspōi (dative singular)
aspōmaz (dative plural)
aspō (instrumental singular)
aspōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aspu
Old English: æspe, æsp, æps
Middle English: aspe; aspen
English: asp; aspen
Old Saxon: *aspa
Middle Low German: aspe, espe, hespe
Low German: Äsp
Old Dutch: *aspa, *espa
Middle Dutch: espe
Dutch: esp
Old High German: aspa
Middle High German: aspe
German: Espe

Old Norse: ǫsp
Icelandic: ösp
Faroese: øsp
Norwegian Nynorsk: osp; (dialectal) øsp
Norwegian Bokmål: osp
Swedish: asp
Danish: asp
Norwegian Bokmål: asp

q

metathesized from <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*šapa</i>?

→? Proto-Finnic: *haapa (metathesized from *šapa?) (see there for further descendants)

From an apparent Proto-Indo-European *Hosp- (“aspen, poplar”), though the distribution is limited to northern languages spoken in regions where the tree inhabits. Indo-European cognates include Welsh aethnen, Latvian apse, Lithuanian ēpušė (dialectal ãpušė), Old Prussian abse and Proto-Slavic *opsa (along with its suffixed variants *osìna and Southern *esìka), all meaning “aspen”.


sīlō

sīlō (nominative singular)
sīlôz (nominative plural)
sīlō (singular vocative)
sīlôz (plural vocative)
sīlǭ (accusative singular)
sīlōz (accusative plural)
sīlōz (genitive singular)
sīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīlōi (dative singular)
sīlōmaz (dative plural)
sīlō (instrumental singular)
sīlōmiz (instrumental plural)


-ją

-ją (nominative singular)
-jō (nominative plural)
-ją (singular vocative)
-jō (plural vocative)
-ją (accusative singular)
-jō (accusative plural)
-jas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
-jǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-jai (dative singular)
-jamaz (dative plural)
-jō (instrumental singular)
-jamiz (instrumental plural)
-iją (nominative singular)
-ijō (nominative plural)
-iją (singular vocative)
-ijō (plural vocative)
-iją (accusative singular)
-ijō (accusative plural)
-ijas (genitive singular)
-īs (genitive singular)
-ijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ijai (dative singular)
-ijamaz (dative plural)
-ijō (instrumental singular)
-ijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: -i

Gothic: -𐌹 (-i)

Related to the adjectival suffixes *-jaz, *-ijaz.

Forms neuter collective nouns from other nouns, often accompanied with the collective prefix *ga-.


aldǭ

aldǭ (nominative singular)
aldōniz (nominative plural)
aldǭ (singular vocative)
aldōniz (plural vocative)
aldōnų (accusative singular)
aldōnunz (accusative plural)
aldōniz (genitive singular)
aldōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aldōni (dative singular)
aldōmaz (dative plural)
aldōnē (instrumental singular)
aldōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aldā

desc

⇒ Old English: ealdoþ, aldaht, aldot (“trough”)

Bavarian: Alden (“furrow”)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: alda

Icelandic: alda

Faroese: alda

Old Norse: olda (dialectal)

Swedish: ålle, ålla (dialectal)

Old Danish: aalde, olde

→ Proto-Finnic: *alto (“wave”) (see there for further descendants)

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *aldas (“trough”) (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *Holdʰō(n), variant formation of Proto-Indo-European *Holdʰu- (“trough, (dugout) canoe”). See also Old English ealdoþ (“trough”), Proto-Slavic *oldi (“boat”).

der

(North Germanic) trough, hollow (of a tree)


medumô

gem-decl-adj-table

*medumô (an/īn-stem)

medumô (masculine nominative singular)
medumaniz (masculine nominative plural)
medumį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
medumīniz (feminine nominative plural)
medumô (neuter nominative singular)
medumōnō (neuter nominative plural)
medumanų (accusative masculine singular)
medumanunz (accusative masculine plural)
medumīnų (accusative feminine singular)
medumīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
medumô (accusative neuter singular)
medumōnō (accusative neuter plural)
meduminiz (genitive masculine singular)
medumanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
medumīniz (feminine genitive singular)
medumīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
meduminiz (genitive neuter singular)
medumanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
medumini (dative masculine singular)
medumammaz (dative masculine plural)
medumīni (dative feminine singular)
medumīmaz (dative feminine plural)
medumini (dative neuter singular)
medumammaz (dative neuter plural)
meduminē (instrumental masculine singular)
medumammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
medumīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
medumīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
meduminē (instrumental neuter singular)
medumammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *medumō
Old English: medume
Middle English: medeme
⇒ English: midmost (from the superlative)
Old High German: metemo

From the root of *midjaz (“middle”) + *-umô. Compare Sanskrit मध्यम (madhyama, “middlemost”).


þegnaz

þegnaz (nominative singular)
þegnōz (nominative plural)
þegnōs (nominative plural)
þegn (singular vocative)
þegnōz (plural vocative)
þegnōs (plural vocative)
þegną (accusative singular)
þegnanz (accusative plural)
þegnas (genitive singular)
þignis (genitive singular)
þegnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þegnai (dative singular)
þegnamaz (dative plural)
þegnō (instrumental singular)
þegnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þegn
Old English: þeġn
Middle English: theyn, dain, thain, thayn, thein, þen, þein, þeyn, ðæin, þægen, þægn, þegen, þegn, þeȝn, þeign (Early Middle English)
English: thane
Scots: thane
→ Irish: taen
→ Medieval Latin: thainus
Old Saxon: thegan
Middle Low German: degen, dēgen
Old Dutch: *thegen (in derivatives and compounds)
Middle Dutch: dēgen
Dutch: degen
⇒ Old Dutch: thegenlīko (adverb)
Old High German: degan
Middle High German: dëgen
German: Degen

Old Norse: þegn
Icelandic: þegn
Old Swedish: þæghn, þiæghn
Swedish: tegn, tägn

Often compared with Ancient Greek τέκνον (téknon, “child”). Kroonen instead sees a derivation from *þigjaną (“to request, beg”).


hlaidrijō

hlaidrijō (nominative singular)
hlaidrijôz (nominative plural)
hlaidrijō (singular vocative)
hlaidrijôz (plural vocative)
hlaidrijǭ (accusative singular)
hlaidrijōz (accusative plural)
hlaidrijōz (genitive singular)
hlaidrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlaidrijōi (dative singular)
hlaidrijōmaz (dative plural)
hlaidrijō (instrumental singular)
hlaidrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaidriju
Old English: hlǣdre, hlǣder, hlædder, hlæddr-, hlædr-
Middle English: laddre, ladder, laddere, laddir, ladre, ledder, leddre, leddyr, lheddre, læddræ, læddre, leaddre (Early Middle English)
English: ladder
Scots: ledder
Old Frisian: hladder, hledder, hleder, hlērde
North Frisian: ladder
Saterland Frisian: Laadere, Laddere
West Frisian: ljedder, leider, ljerre
Old Saxon: hlēderi
Middle Low German: leddere, ledder, lēdere, lēder, leider, ladder
German Low German: Ledder
Plautdietsch: Lada
Old Dutch: *lēdara
Middle Dutch: ledere, leedre, ledder, laddere, ladere
Dutch: ladder, leer
Afrikaans: ladder; leer
Limburgish: lejjer, leier
Old High German: hleitra, hleitara, leitra, leitara
Middle High German: leiter
Bavarian: Later, Loater
German: Leiter
Hunsrik: Leeter
Luxembourgish: Leeder

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder”). Related to Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra, “booth, tent”, literally “that which leans”). Compare also Latin clathri (“trellis”).


nidwō

nidwō (nominative singular)
nidwôz (nominative plural)
nidwō (singular vocative)
nidwôz (plural vocative)
nidwǭ (accusative singular)
nidwōz (accusative plural)
nidwōz (genitive singular)
nidwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nidwōi (dative singular)
nidwōmaz (dative plural)
nidwō (instrumental singular)
nidwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: nið
Icelandic: nið

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌳𐍅𐌰 (nidwa)

From Pre-Germanic *nitwéh₂, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ni (“down”) + *-þwō.


wīhsą

wīhsą (nominative singular)
wīhsō (nominative plural)
wīhsą (singular vocative)
wīhsō (plural vocative)
wīhsą (accusative singular)
wīhsō (accusative plural)
wīhsas (genitive singular)
wīhsis (genitive singular)
wīhsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīhsai (dative singular)
wīhsamaz (dative plural)
wīhsō (instrumental singular)
wīhsamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs)

From Proto-Indo-European *wéyḱ-s-om, from *weyḱ-.


nabō

nabō (nominative singular)
nabôz (nominative plural)
nabō (singular vocative)
nabôz (plural vocative)
nabǭ (accusative singular)
nabōz (accusative plural)
nabōz (genitive singular)
nabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabōi (dative singular)
nabōmaz (dative plural)
nabō (instrumental singular)
nabōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nabu
Old English: nafu
Middle English: nave, nawe, naf, naff, naffe (Northern)
English: nave
Scots: naff
Old Frisian: *nave
West Frisian: nauwe
Old Saxon: nava
Middle Low German: nāve
Old Dutch: *nava
Middle Dutch: nāve
Dutch: naaf
Afrikaans: naaf
Old High German: naba
Middle High German: nabe
German: Nabe
Luxembourgish: Nuef

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ (naboʀ, genitive singular)

desctree

Old Norse: nǫf
Icelandic: nöf
Norwegian Nynorsk: nav
Norwegian Bokmål: nav
Danish: nav
Old Swedish: naf
Swedish: nav

→? Proto-Finnic: *napa (or from Baltic)

From Pre-Germanic *h₃nobʰeh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nebʰ- (“nave, hub”). Cognate with Latvian naba (“navel”).


griwjaną

griwjō (active first-person indicative singular)
griwjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
griwjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
griwisi (active indicative second-person singular)
griwjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
griwi (active imperative second-person singular)
griwjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
griwjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
griwiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
griwjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
griwjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
griwjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
griwjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
griwjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
griwjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
griwjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
griwjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
griwjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
griwjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
griwjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
griwjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
griwjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
griwiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
griwjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griwiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
griwjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
griwjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
griwjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
griwjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
griwjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
griwjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
griwjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
griwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
griwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
griwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
griwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
griwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
griwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
griwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
griwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
griwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
griwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
griwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
griwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
griwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
griwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
griwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
griwjandz (active participle present)
griwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *grýja (attested nominalization)

Norwegian: gry

Old Swedish: *grȳia, grȳ

Swedish: gry

Old Danish: *grȳ

Danish: gry

Elfdalian: gry

Gutnish: grya

i

possibly; if it continues earlier <i class="Latn mention" lang="fo">*griggja</i>

Faroese: gliggja (possibly; if it continues earlier *griggja)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁u-, *ǵʰreh₁- (“to dawn, shine”). Cognate with Hittite 𒅗𒊒𒌑 (ka-ru-ú, “early; up to now”).


heuhmô

heuhmô (nominative singular)
heuhmaniz (nominative plural)
heuhmô (singular vocative)
heuhmaniz (plural vocative)
heuhmanų (accusative singular)
heuhmanunz (accusative plural)
hiuhminiz (genitive singular)
heuhmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiuhmini (dative singular)
heuhmammaz (dative plural)
hiuhminē (instrumental singular)
heuhmammiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌼𐌰 (hiuhma)

From Pre-Germanic *kéwkmō, *kéwkmon-, from Proto-Indo-European *kewk-.


herzną

herzną (nominative singular)
herznō (nominative plural)
herzną (singular vocative)
herznō (plural vocative)
herzną (accusative singular)
herznō (accusative plural)
herznas (genitive singular)
hirznis (genitive singular)
herznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
herznai (dative singular)
herznamaz (dative plural)
herznō (instrumental singular)
herznamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hjarn

Icelandic: hjarn

Norwegian: hjårn

→ Proto-Samic: *kearnē (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *ḱersnó-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-. Indo-European cognates include Proto-Slavic *sernъ.

(North Germanic) frozen snow, snow crust

herzuz

> Old Norse *hjǫrr > dialectal Norwegian jorr


hulmaz

hulmaz (nominative singular)
hulmōz (nominative plural)
hulmōs (nominative plural)
hulm (singular vocative)
hulmōz (plural vocative)
hulmōs (plural vocative)
hulmą (accusative singular)
hulmanz (accusative plural)
hulmas (genitive singular)
hulmis (genitive singular)
hulmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulmai (dative singular)
hulmamaz (dative plural)
hulmō (instrumental singular)
hulmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *holm
Old English: holm (meaning influenced by Old Norse holmr)
Middle English: holm, holme
English: holm
Scots: holm, hulm, houm
Old Saxon: holm
Middle Low German: holm
Low German: Holm
→ German: Holm
Old Dutch: holm
Middle Dutch: holm
Dutch: holm

Old Norse: holmr

Icelandic: hólmur

Faroese: hólmur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: holm, holme; (dialectal) hølm, hølme, hómi, hùlme

Old Swedish: holmber, hulmber; holme

Swedish: holme

Old Danish: hulm

Danish: holm

→ Proto-Slavic: *xъlmъ (from an unknown Germanic language)

From Pre-Germanic *kl̥Hmos, likely from an original mn-stem; from Proto-Indo-European *kelH-. Cognate with Latin columen (“summit, peak”).


hurhwą

hurhwą (nominative singular)
hurhwō (nominative plural)
hurhwą (singular vocative)
hurhwō (plural vocative)
hurhwą (accusative singular)
hurhwō (accusative plural)
hurhwas (genitive singular)
hurhwis (genitive singular)
hurhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hurhwai (dative singular)
hurhwamaz (dative plural)
hurhwō (instrumental singular)
hurhwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *horhu

Old English: horh, horg, horu

Middle English: hore

Old Frisian: hore

Old Saxon: horo, horu

Middle Low German: hōre, hōr, hāre, hār

desctree

Old Dutch: horo
Middle Dutch: hōre
Dutch: hore

Old High German: horo

Middle High German: hore, hor

German: Hor

Old Norse: horr

Icelandic: hor

Possibly from a Pre-Germanic *kr̥k-wo-, which Kroonen suggests might be connected with Middle Irish corcach (“moor”), for a Proto-Indo-European *kork-.


aþna-

aþnaz (nominative singular)
aþnōz (nominative plural)
aþnōs (nominative plural)
aþn (singular vocative)
aþnōz (plural vocative)
aþnōs (plural vocative)
aþną (accusative singular)
aþnanz (accusative plural)
aþnas (genitive singular)
aþnis (genitive singular)
aþnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþnai (dative singular)
aþnamaz (dative plural)
aþnō (instrumental singular)
aþnamiz (instrumental plural)
aþną (nominative singular)
aþnō (nominative plural)
aþną (singular vocative)
aþnō (plural vocative)
aþną (accusative singular)
aþnō (accusative plural)
aþnas (genitive singular)
aþnis (genitive singular)
aþnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aþnai (dative singular)
aþnamaz (dative plural)
aþnō (instrumental singular)
aþnamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌼 (aþnam)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂étnos (“that which goes; sun; year”), *h₂et-. Cognate with Sanskrit अत्न (atna, “the sun”), Latin annus (“year”).


smukkaz

smukkaz (nominative singular)
smukkōz (nominative plural)
smukkōs (nominative plural)
smukk (singular vocative)
smukkōz (plural vocative)
smukkōs (plural vocative)
smukką (accusative singular)
smukkanz (accusative plural)
smukkas (genitive singular)
smukkis (genitive singular)
smukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smukkai (dative singular)
smukkamaz (dative plural)
smukkō (instrumental singular)
smukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smoc, smocc

Middle English: smoc

English: smock

Old Norse: smokkr
>? Icelandic: smokkur

Derived from either *smukkōną (“to creep, slink, slip”) or from the same zero-grade root representing Pre-Germanic *smuknós, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk- (“to slip, slide”)


asunz

asunz (nominative singular)
asniz (nominative plural)
asų (singular vocative)
asniz (plural vocative)
asnų (accusative singular)
asnunz (accusative plural)
asniz (genitive singular)
asnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
asni (dative singular)
asnumaz (dative plural)
asnē (instrumental singular)
asnumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *asnī

Old English: esne

Middle English: esne

→ English: esne

Old Saxon: *asni

Middle Low German: asne, asnen

Old High German: asni

Gothic: 𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍃 (asneis)

From Proto-Indo-European *os(e)n- (“summer, harvest-time, harvest”).


ailidaz

ailidaz (nominative singular)
ailidōz (nominative plural)
ailidōs (nominative plural)
ailid (singular vocative)
ailidōz (plural vocative)
ailidōs (plural vocative)
ailidą (accusative singular)
ailidanz (accusative plural)
ailidas (genitive singular)
ailidis (genitive singular)
ailidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ailidai (dative singular)
ailidamaz (dative plural)
ailidō (instrumental singular)
ailidamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ailid
Old English: ǣled
Middle English: ēld
→ Proto-Brythonic:
Breton: oaled
Cornish: oles
Welsh: aelwyd
Old Saxon: ēld

Old Norse: eldr, eildr
Icelandic: eldur
Faroese: eldur
Norwegian Nynorsk: eld
Elfdalian: jäld
Old Swedish: elder
Swedish: eld
Old Danish: eld
Danish: ild
Norwegian Bokmål: ild
→ North Frisian: iilj
→? North Frisian: Jöl
Scanian: élð, ílð
Gutnish: eld, ild

Substantive past participle of *ailijaną.


fanô

fanô (nominative singular)
fananiz (nominative plural)
fanô (singular vocative)
fananiz (plural vocative)
fananų (accusative singular)
fananunz (accusative plural)
faniniz (genitive singular)
fananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fanini (dative singular)
fanammaz (dative plural)
faninē (instrumental singular)
fanammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fanō

Old English: fana; fanu, fane

Middle English: fane, vane

Scots: fane, faan, thane, phane

English: fane, vane

Old Frisian: fana, fona

Saterland Frisian: Foane, Foone

West Frisian: fane

Old Saxon: fano, phano

Middle Low German: vāne

German Low German: Fahn

Low German: Fane

Old Dutch: *fano
Middle Dutch: vāne
Dutch: vaan

→ Latin: fanōnem (accusative)

→ Italian: fanone

→ Old French: fanon, feinion

French: fanon, fanion

→ Middle English: fanon, fanoun

English: fanon

Old High German: fano
Middle High German: vane, van
Alemannic German: Faane
Cimbrian: baane
German: Fahne
→ Silesian: fana
Hunsrik: Faan
Yiddish: פֿאָן (fon)

Old Norse: fani, fáni

Icelandic: fáni

Faroese: fáni

Norwegian Bokmål: fane

Norwegian Nynorsk: fane

Old Swedish: fana

Swedish: fana

Danish: fane

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰 (fana)

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“something woven; weave; tissue; fabric; cloth”). Cognate with Latin pannus (“cloth, rag”).


dintaną

dintō (active first-person indicative singular)
dintaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dintai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dintizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dintaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dint (active imperative second-person singular)
dintazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dintaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dintidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dintai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dintadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dintadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dintaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dintōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dintaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dintadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dintaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dintadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dintamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dintaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dintandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dintaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dintid (active indicative plural second-person)
dintaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dintid (active imperative plural second-person)
dintandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dintaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dintandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dintain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dintandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dintandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dintaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dant (active first-person indicative singular)
duntį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
danst (active indicative second-person singular)
duntīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dant (active indicative singular third-person)
duntī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
duntū (active dual first-person indicative)
duntīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
duntudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
duntīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
duntum (active first-person indicative plural)
duntīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
duntud (active indicative plural second-person)
duntīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
duntun (active indicative plural third-person)
duntīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dintandz (active participle present)
duntanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: detta

Icelandic: detta

Faroese: detta

Norwegian: detta

Elfdalian: detta


laikaną

laikō (active first-person indicative singular)
laikaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laikai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
laikaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laik (active imperative second-person singular)
laikazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laikaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
laikai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laikadau (active imperative singular third-person)
laikadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laikaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laikōz (active dual first-person indicative)
laikaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laikadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laikaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laikadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laikamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laikaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laikandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laikaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laikid (active indicative plural second-person)
laikaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laikid (active imperative plural second-person)
laikandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laikaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laikandi (active indicative plural third-person)
laikain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laikandau (active imperative plural third-person)
laikandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laikaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lelaik (active first-person indicative singular)
lelaikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lelaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
lelaikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lelaik (active indicative singular third-person)
lelaikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lelaikū (active dual first-person indicative)
lelaikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lelaikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lelaikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lelaikum (active first-person indicative plural)
lelaikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lelaikud (active indicative plural second-person)
lelaikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lelaikun (active indicative plural third-person)
lelaikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laikandz (active participle present)
laikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laikan
Old English: lācan
Middle English: laken
English: lake, laak (dialectal)
>? Old High German: *leihhan
Middle High German: leichen
German: laichen

Old Norse: leika
Icelandic: leika
Faroese: leika
Norwegian Nynorsk: leika
→ Norwegian Bokmål: leike
Old Swedish: lēka
Swedish: leka
Danish: lege
Norwegian Bokmål: leke
Scanian: lega
Gutnish: laika
→ Middle English: layken, leyken, leiken, laiken
English: lake, laik
Scots: laik

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (laikan)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“to jump around”).


skardaz

*skardaz (a-stem)

skardaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skardai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skardō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skardôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skardą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skardō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skardanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skardanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skardǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skardōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skardą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skardō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skardas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
skardaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skardaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skardaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skardas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
skardaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skardammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skardaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skardaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skardaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skardammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skardaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skardanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skardaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skardaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skardaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skardanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skardaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skardô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skardaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skardǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skardōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skardô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skardōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skardanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skardanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skardōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skardōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skardô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skardōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skardiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skardanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skardōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skardōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skardiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skardanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skardini (dative masculine singular weak)
skardammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skardōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skardōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skardini (dative neuter singular weak)
skardammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skardinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skardammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skardōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skardōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skardinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skardammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skard
Old English: sċeard
Middle English: scherd, scheard, scheord, scherde, schord, shard, sherd, sherde
English: shard, sherd
Scots: shaird
Yola: sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde
Old Frisian: skerd, skerde
Old Saxon: skard
Middle Low German: schart
Old High German: *skart
Middle High German: schart, scharte
German: Scharte

Old Norse: skarðr

Icelandic: skarður

From Pre-Germanic *skordʰos, from Proto-Indo-European *skerdʰ-. Cognate with Old Irish scerdaid, Lithuanian sker̃sti (“to cut, slaughter”).


tuskijaną

tuskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tuskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tuskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tuskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tuskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tuskī (active imperative second-person singular)
tuskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tuskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tuskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tuskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tuskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tuskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tuskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tuskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tuskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tuskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tuskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tuskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tuskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tuskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tuskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tuskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tuskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tuskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tuskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tuskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tuskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tuskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tuskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tuskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tuskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tuskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tuskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tuskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tuskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tuskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tuskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tuskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tuskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tuskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tuskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tuskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tuskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tuskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tuskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tuskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tuskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tuskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tuskijandz (active participle present)
tuskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old High German: zusken, zuscen

→? Proto-Finnic: *tuhka (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *dh₂uske-, sk-present to Proto-Indo-European *deh₂-, *deh₂w-. Compare Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō, “to burn”), Welsh deifio (“to kindle”).


uznaną

uznō (active first-person indicative singular)
uznaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uznōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
uznais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uznō (active imperative second-person singular)
uznōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
uznai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uznōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
uznōs (active dual first-person indicative)
uznaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uznaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uznaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uznaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uznamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uznaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uznaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
uznaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uznaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
uznanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
uznain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uznanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
uznōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
uznōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uznōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
uznōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uznōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
uznōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uznōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
uznōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uznōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uznōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uznōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
uznōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uznōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
uznōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uznōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
uznōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uznandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: *orna

Faroese: orna

Icelandic: orna

Old Swedish: orna

From Pre-Germanic *Hus-néh₂-, from one of two possible sources:
* Proto-Indo-European *h₁ews- (“to burn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek εὕω (heúō, “to singe”), Latin ūrō (“to burn”), Sanskrit ओषति (óṣati, “to burn”).
* Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“dawn”).

(North Germanic) to become warm, warm up


greutaną

greutō (active first-person indicative singular)
greutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
greutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
griutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
greutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
greut (active imperative second-person singular)
greutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
greutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
griutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
greutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
greutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
greutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
greutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
greutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
greutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
greutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
greutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
greutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
greutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
greutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
greutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
greutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
griutid (active indicative plural second-person)
greutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griutid (active imperative plural second-person)
greutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
greutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
greutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
greutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
greutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
greutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
graut (active first-person indicative singular)
grutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
graust (active indicative second-person singular)
grutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
graut (active indicative singular third-person)
grutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grutū (active dual first-person indicative)
grutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grutum (active first-person indicative plural)
grutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grutud (active indicative plural second-person)
grutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grutun (active indicative plural third-person)
grutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greutandz (active participle present)
grutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *greutan
Old High German: *griozan
Middle High German: griezen

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-, *gʰer- (“to rub, grind, remove”). Cognate with Lithuanian grūsti (“to crush, tamp”), Russian гру́да (grúda, “pile, heap”).


reudaną

reudō (active first-person indicative singular)
reudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reud (active imperative second-person singular)
reudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riudid (active indicative plural second-person)
reudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riudid (active imperative plural second-person)
reudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raud (active first-person indicative singular)
rudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raust (active indicative second-person singular)
rudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raud (active indicative singular third-person)
rudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rudū (active dual first-person indicative)
rudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rudum (active first-person indicative plural)
rudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rudud (active indicative plural second-person)
rudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rudun (active indicative plural third-person)
rudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reudandz (active participle present)
rudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *reudan
Old English: rēodan

Old Norse: rjóða

Icelandic: rjóða


reudaną

Proto-West Germanic: *reudan
Old English: rēodan
Old High German: *riotan
Middle High German: rieten

Old Norse: rjóða

Icelandic: rjóða


flōaną

flōō (active first-person indicative singular)
flōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
flōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flō (active imperative second-person singular)
flōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
flōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
flōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
flōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flōid (active indicative plural second-person)
flōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flōid (active imperative plural second-person)
flōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
flōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
flōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
feflō (active first-person indicative singular)
feflōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
feflōt (active indicative second-person singular)
feflōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feflō (active indicative singular third-person)
feflōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
feflōū (active dual first-person indicative)
feflōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
feflōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
feflōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
feflōum (active first-person indicative plural)
feflōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
feflōud (active indicative plural second-person)
feflōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
feflōun (active indicative plural third-person)
feflōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flōandz (active participle present)
flōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flōan

Old English: flōwan

Middle English: flowen

English: flow

Scots: flow, flou

Old Frisian: *flōja

Saterland Frisian: flouje

West Frisian: floeie

Old Saxon: *flōian

desc

Middle Low German: vlôien, vlôigen, vlôgen

Low German: floien, flojen

Old Dutch: *fluoien

Middle Dutch: vloeyen

Dutch: vloeien

Afrikaans: vloei

Old High German: flouwen, flawjan, flawen, flewen

Middle High German: flæjen, vlæjen, vlæen, vlæn

German: flaien

Old Norse: flóa

Icelandic: flóa

Norwegian Nynorsk: flo

Swedish: floa (dialectal)

/ˈɸlɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

Possibly from a pre-form *plōw-, the lengthened o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *plew-. Alternatively from *pleh₃-.
Kroonen explains the alternation between -w- (in Anglo-Saxon) and -j- (in Low German) as a result of hiatus after the regular loss of *u after *ō.


fleugǭ

fleugǭ (nominative singular)
fleugōniz (nominative plural)
fleugǭ (singular vocative)
fleugōniz (plural vocative)
fleugōnų (accusative singular)
fleugōnunz (accusative plural)
fleugōniz (genitive singular)
fleugōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fleugōni (dative singular)
fleugōmaz (dative plural)
fleugōnē (instrumental singular)
fleugōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: flēoge, flēge, flīeġe
Middle English: flye, fflye, fleȝe, flei, fleie, fley, fleye, flie, fliȝe, vliȝe, vlye
English: fly
Scots: flee, fle, flei

Old Frisian: *fliāge

Saterland Frisian: Fljooge

Old Saxon: flioga, fliega

Middle Low German: vlēge

German Low German: Fleeg

Plautdietsch: Fläj

Old Dutch: fliega

Middle Dutch: vlieghe

Dutch: vlieg
Afrikaans: vlieg
Negerhollands: vliegi, fligi
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fligi (dated)

Limburgish: vleeg

Old High German: flioga, fliuga (< *fliugijǭ)
Middle High German: vliege, fliuge
Alemannic German: Flüüge
Bavarian: Fluig
Cimbrian: blòiga
German: Fliege, Fleug
Luxembourgish: Fléi
Yiddish: פֿליג (flig)

Old Norse: *fljúga

Faroese: fljúga

Norwegian: fliuga, fljuge

/ˈɸleu̯.ɣɔ̃ː/

From *fleuganą, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (“to fly”).


flugǭ

flugǭ (nominative singular)
flugōniz (nominative plural)
flugǭ (singular vocative)
flugōniz (plural vocative)
flugōnų (accusative singular)
flugōnunz (accusative plural)
flugōniz (genitive singular)
flugōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flugōni (dative singular)
flugōmaz (dative plural)
flugōnē (instrumental singular)
flugōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fluga
Icelandic: fluga
Faroese: fluga
Norwegian Nynorsk: fluga, fluge, flugu
Elfdalian: flugu
Old Swedish: flugha
Swedish: fluga
Old Danish: flughæ
Danish: flue
Norwegian Bokmål: flue
Gutnish: fluge, flugå


remaz

remaz (nominative singular)
rimizō (nominative plural)
remaz (singular vocative)
rimizō (plural vocative)
remaz (accusative singular)
rimizō (accusative plural)
rimiziz (genitive singular)
rimizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rimizi (dative singular)
rimizumaz (dative plural)
rimizē (instrumental singular)
rimizumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌹𐍃 (rimis)

From Pre-Germanic *h₁rem-os, *h₁rem-es-, an s-stem from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rem- (“to be quiet, calm”). Related to Sanskrit रमते (rámate, “to calm down”), रामयति (rāmáyati, “to bring to rest”), Lithuanian rìmti (“to calm down”).


kudją

kudją (nominative singular)
kudjō (nominative plural)
kudją (singular vocative)
kudjō (plural vocative)
kudją (accusative singular)
kudjō (accusative plural)
kudjas (genitive singular)
kudis (genitive singular)
kudjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kudjai (dative singular)
kudjamaz (dative plural)
kudjō (instrumental singular)
kudjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kedde, ked

Old Saxon: *kuddi

Middle Low German: kudde, küdde

Old Dutch: *kuddi

Middle Dutch: cudde, kudde

Dutch: kudde

Old High German: kutti, chutti

Middle High German: kütte

German: Kütte, Kitte, Kette

Kroonen reconstructs the Pre-Germanic form *gʷh₃udʰh₁yom, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₃u- (“cow”), *gʷeh₃- (“to graze, pasture; to keep”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place”), with the meaning "set of cows". Kroonen notes, however, that the meaning of the root from the first part meant it might not have been necessarily restricted to cows. See *awidiją for a similar formation.


sarwą

sarwą (nominative singular)
sarwō (nominative plural)
sarwą (singular vocative)
sarwō (plural vocative)
sarwą (accusative singular)
sarwō (accusative plural)
sarwas (genitive singular)
sarwis (genitive singular)
sarwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sarwai (dative singular)
sarwamaz (dative plural)
sarwō (instrumental singular)
sarwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saru
Old English: searu, searo
Old Saxon: saru
Old High German: saro

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 pl (sarwa)

Likely from Pre-Germanic *sor-wo-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to tie together; to watch over, protect, guard”).


hēliz

hēliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hēlijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hēlī (feminine nominative singular strong)
hēlijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hēlį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hēlijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hēlijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hēlijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hēlijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hēlijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hēlį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hēlijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hēlijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
hēlīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hēlijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hēlijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hēlijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
hēlīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hēlijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hēlijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hēlijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hēlijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hēlijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hēlijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hēlijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hēlijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hēlijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hēlijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hēlijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hēlijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hēlijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hēlijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hēlijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hēlijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hēlijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hēlijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hēlijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hēlijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hēlijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hēlijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hēlijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hēlijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hēlijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hēlīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hēlijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hēlijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hēlijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hēlīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hēlijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hēlīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hēlijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hēlijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hēlijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hēlīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hēlijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hēlīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hēlijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hēlijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hēlijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hēlīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hēlijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Middle Low German: hāl

Old High German: hāli

Middle High German: hæl, hæle

Vṛddhi gerundive of *helaną (“to conceal”).


þrumą

þrumą (nominative singular)
þrumō (nominative plural)
þrumą (singular vocative)
þrumō (plural vocative)
þrumą (accusative singular)
þrumō (accusative plural)
þrumas (genitive singular)
þrumis (genitive singular)
þrumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrumai (dative singular)
þrumamaz (dative plural)
þrumō (instrumental singular)
þrumamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *þrum (in tunge-þrum "sublinguae; a ligament of the tongue")

Middle English: throm

desc

English: thrum (“end of the warp threads; a tuft or tassel”)

Old Saxon: thrumi

Middle Dutch: drom, drum

Dutch: drom, dreum

Old High German: trum, drum; demil (“beam”)

Middle High German: trum, drum; treme, trempel (“supporting pillar”), trame, drame (“beam”)

German: Trumm (“large block, lump”), Trümmer (“debris”); Tremel (“trunk”)

Old Norse: þrǫmr (“edge, border, brim”)

Norwegian: tröm, trumm, tram

Swedish: tröm, trumm, trom (“trunk, block of wood”)

Etymology uncertain. R. Meringer (Idg. Forsch. 21 (1907), 299) compared τέρμα (térma), terminus (Proto-Indo-European *térmn̥).


mahtīgaz

*mahtīgaz (a-stem)

mahtīgaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mahtīgai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mahtīgō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mahtīgôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mahtīgą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mahtīgō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mahtīganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mahtīganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mahtīgǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mahtīgōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mahtīgą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mahtīgō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mahtīgas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mahtīgaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mahtīgaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mahtīgas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mahtīgaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mahtīgammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mahtīgaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mahtīgaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mahtīgaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mahtīgammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mahtīgaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mahtīganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mahtīgaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mahtīgaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mahtīgaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mahtīganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mahtīgaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mahtīgô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mahtīganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mahtīgǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mahtīgōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mahtīgô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mahtīgōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mahtīganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mahtīganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mahtīgōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mahtīgô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mahtīgōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mahtīginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mahtīganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mahtīgōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mahtīginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mahtīganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mahtīgini (dative masculine singular weak)
mahtīgammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mahtīgōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mahtīgini (dative neuter singular weak)
mahtīgammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mahtīginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mahtīgammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mahtīgōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mahtīgōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mahtīginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mahtīgammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mahtīg
Old English: mæhtiġ, meahtiġ, mehtiġ, mihtiġ
Middle English: maȝty, miȝty, myghty, mighti
Scots: michty, mychty
English: mighty
Old Frisian: machtich, mechtich
Saterland Frisian: machtich
West Frisian: machtich
Old Saxon: mahtig
Middle Low German: mechtich
German Low German: machtig
→ Old Norse: mektugr
Danish: mægtig
Swedish: mäktig
Norwegian: mektig
Old Dutch: mahtig
Middle Dutch: machtech
Dutch: machtig
Afrikaans: magtig
Limburgish: mechtig
Old High German: mahtīg, mahtīc
Middle High German: mechtic
German: mächtig

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: máttugr, máttigr

Icelandic: máttugur

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (mahteigs)


gridiz

gridiz (nominative singular)
gridīz (nominative plural)
gridi (singular vocative)
gridīz (plural vocative)
gridį (accusative singular)
gridinz (accusative plural)
gridīz (genitive singular)
gridjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gridī (dative singular)
gridimaz (dative plural)
gridī (instrumental singular)
gridimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *grit, gritmāli

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍃 (griþs)

Derived from *grīdaną (“to step, spread the legs wide”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreydʰ-, see also Lithuanian grìdyti (“to go, to wander”), Old Irish in·greinn, do·greinn (“to persecute”).


gēbiz

gēbiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gēbijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gēbī (feminine nominative singular strong)
gēbijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gēbį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gēbijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gēbijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gēbijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gēbijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gēbijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gēbį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gēbijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gēbijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gēbīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
gēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gēbijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gēbijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gēbijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gēbīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
gēbijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gēbijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gēbijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gēbijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gēbijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gēbijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gēbijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gēbijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gēbijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gēbijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gēbijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gēbijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gēbijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gēbijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gēbijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gēbijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gēbijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gēbijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gēbijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gēbijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gēbijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gēbijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gēbijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gēbijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gēbijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gēbīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gēbijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gēbijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gēbijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gēbīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gēbijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gēbīni (dative masculine singular weak)
gēbijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gēbijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gēbijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gēbīni (dative neuter singular weak)
gēbijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gēbīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gēbijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gēbijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gēbijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gēbīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gēbijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: jēve, gēve

Middle Dutch: gāve

Dutch: gaaf

Afrikaans: gaaf

Middle Low German: gēve

Old High German: *gābi

Middle High German: gæbe

Old Norse: gæfr

Icelandic: gæfur

Faroese: gævur

Old Swedish: gǣver

Swedish: gäv

Old Danish: gæv, giæv, gev

Danish: gæv

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjæv

Norwegian Bokmål: gjev

Vṛddhi gerundive of *gebaną (“to give”).


farmaz

farmaz (nominative singular)
farmōz (nominative plural)
farmōs (nominative plural)
farm (singular vocative)
farmōz (plural vocative)
farmōs (plural vocative)
farmą (accusative singular)
farmanz (accusative plural)
farmas (genitive singular)
farmis (genitive singular)
farmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farmai (dative singular)
farmamaz (dative plural)
farmō (instrumental singular)
farmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *farm

Old English: fearm

Old Saxon: farm

Old High German: farm

Middle High German: varm

German: Farm

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: farmr

Icelandic: farmur

Faroese: farmur

Norwegian Bokmål: farm

Norwegian Nynorsk: farm

Old Swedish: farmber

From Proto-Indo-European *pórmos, from *per- (“to cross over”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pormъ (e.g. Russian паро́м (paróm, “small boat, ferry”)), Lithuanian paramà (“support, assistance”).