skukkijaną

skukkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skukkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkī (active imperative second-person singular)
skukkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skukkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skukkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skukkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skukkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skukkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skukkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skukkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skukkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skukkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skukkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skukkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skukkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skukkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skukkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skukkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skukkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skukkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skukkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skukkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skukkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skukkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skukkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skukkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skukkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skukkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skukkijandz (active participle present)
skukkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *sċyċċan (attested as preterite sċyhte); sċyhtan

Frankish: *skukkijan

→ Old French (Picard): chuquier, çuker

Old Saxon: *skukkian

Middle Low German: schucken

Old High German: *skuhhen

Middle High German: schucken? (dialectal); schöcken?

(Old Norse: skykkr)


skikkijaną

skikkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skikkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skikkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skikkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skikkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skikkī (active imperative second-person singular)
skikkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skikkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skikkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skikkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skikkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skikkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skikkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skikkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skikkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skikkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skikkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skikkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skikkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skikkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skikkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skikkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skikkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skikkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skikkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skikkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skikkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skikkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skikkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skikkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skikkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skikkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skikkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skikkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skikkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skikkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skikkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
skikkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skikkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skikkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skikkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skikkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skikkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skikkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skikkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skikkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skikkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skikkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skikkijandz (active participle present)
skikkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skikkijan

Old English: *sċiċċan

Middle English: skekken (possibly from Dutch or Low German?)

Old Frisian: skikka, skitza

West Frisian: skikke

Old Saxon: *skikkian

Middle Low German: schicken

German Low German: schicken

→ Old Norse: skikka

Danish: skikke

Icelandic: skikka

Norwegian: skikke

Swedish: skicka

→ Middle French: chicaner

French: chicaner; chicanerie

→ German: schikanieren

→ English: chicanery

→ Polish: szykanować

Old Dutch: *skikken

Middle Dutch: schicken

Dutch: schikken

Old High German: *skicchen

Middle High German: schicken

German: schicken

Hunsrik: schicke

Luxembourgish: schécken

→ Polish: szykować

From Proto-Indo-European *skeg- or *skek- (“to jump; move”), perhaps from *skehaną + *-kijaną (intensive suffix).


skēkaz

skēkaz (nominative singular)
skēkōz (nominative plural)
skēkōs (nominative plural)
skēk (singular vocative)
skēkōz (plural vocative)
skēkōs (plural vocative)
skēką (accusative singular)
skēkanz (accusative plural)
skēkas (genitive singular)
skēkis (genitive singular)
skēkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skēkai (dative singular)
skēkamaz (dative plural)
skēkō (instrumental singular)
skēkamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *sċǣc; *sċǣcere, sċēacere; tōsċēacerian

Old Frisian: skāk; skākrāf; skākere, skāker

Old Saxon: *skāk; *skākāri

Middle Low German: schâk; schâker

Frankish: *skāk

Old Dutch: *skāk

Middle Dutch: scaec

Dutch: schaak; schaker

desc

→ Old French: eschec, eschiec (“booty, spoils”); eschiequer, eschecer, escheker, eschieker

Middle French: eschec, eschiec

→ Middle English: skekken, skiken

→ Medieval Latin: scachum; scachator

Old High German: skāh; skāhhāri

Middle High German: schāch; schāchære

German: Schächer

From Proto-Indo-European *skeg- (“to jump; move”).


spitą

spitą (nominative singular)
spitō (nominative plural)
spitą (singular vocative)
spitō (plural vocative)
spitą (accusative singular)
spitō (accusative plural)
spitas (genitive singular)
spitis (genitive singular)
spitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spitai (dative singular)
spitamaz (dative plural)
spitō (instrumental singular)
spitamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *spit

Middle Low German: spit n

German Low German: Spitt

→ Norwegian: spidd (possibly)

→ Old Swedish: spit

Swedish: spett (possibly)

→ Danish: spid (possibly)

Frankish: *spit

Old Dutch: *spit

Middle Dutch: spit, spet

Dutch: spit

→ Old French: espeiz

Middle French: espois

French: épois

→ Old Occitan:

Catalan: espet

→ Late Latin: spidus

Old Italian: spito, spedo

Old High German: spiz n or m

Middle High German: spiz

Gothic: *𐍃𐍀𐌹𐍄𐌿𐍃 (*spitus)

→ Spanish: espeto

→ Portuguese: espeto

→ Galician: espeta, espeto, gaspeto

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“sharp; pointed”).


spitō

spitō (nominative singular)
spitôz (nominative plural)
spitō (singular vocative)
spitôz (plural vocative)
spitǭ (accusative singular)
spitōz (accusative plural)
spitōz (genitive singular)
spitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spitōi (dative singular)
spitōmaz (dative plural)
spitō (instrumental singular)
spitōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spitu f

desc

Middle English: spite, spet, spete, spytte

Scots: spet, spete, speit

English: spit

Old Norse: *spita

Norwegian: spita f (dialectal)

Swedish: speta


teudrą

teudrą (nominative singular)
teudrō (nominative plural)
teudrą (singular vocative)
teudrō (plural vocative)
teudrą (accusative singular)
teudrō (accusative plural)
teudras (genitive singular)
tiudris (genitive singular)
teudrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
teudrai (dative singular)
teudramaz (dative plural)
teudrō (instrumental singular)
teudramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *teudr
Old English: *tēoder
Middle English: teder, tether (possibly merged with Old Norse)
Scots: tedder, tether
English: tether
→ Scottish Gaelic: teadhair
>? Old English: tūdor, tuddor, tudder
Middle English: tuder
Old Frisian: tiāder, tiēder
North Frisian: tjodder, tjudder
Saterland Frisian: Tjudder
West Frisian: tsjoar
Old Saxon: tiothar, tūdar
Middle Low German: tûder, tudder
German Low German: Tüder, Töder, Tider
Old Dutch: tūdar
Middle Dutch: tuder, tudder, tuyer
Dutch: tuier, teier
Old High German: ziotar
Middle High German: zieter
German: Zieter

Old Norse: tjóðr

Icelandic: tjóður

Faroese: tjóður

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tjor

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjor

Jamtish: tjøðr

Old Swedish: tiūþer

Swedish: tjuder

Old Danish: tyr

Danish: tøjr

Uncertain. Probably from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull”) or *dewh₂- (“to tie to, secure”) suffixed with *-tróm or *-dʰrom, but Kroonen prefers an alternative relationship to *deh₁-.

that which is tugged or pulled on, tether


knukô

knukô (nominative singular)
knukaniz (nominative plural)
knukô (singular vocative)
knukaniz (plural vocative)
knukanų (accusative singular)
knukanunz (accusative plural)
knukiniz (genitive singular)
knukanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knukini (dative singular)
knukammaz (dative plural)
knukinē (instrumental singular)
knukammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *knokō
Old Frisian: *knuko, *knoko
North Frisian: knook, knooke, knaake, knååke
Saterland Frisian: Knoke
Old Saxon: *knuko
Middle Low German: *knocke
Plautdietsch: Knoaken
→ Norwegian: knoke
Old Dutch: *knuko
Middle Dutch: cnoke
Dutch: knook
Afrikaans: knok
Old High German: knohha
Middle High German: knoche
Alemannic German: Chnoche
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Knoche
Kölsch: Knoche
Luxembourgish: Knachen
German: Knochen
→ Emilian: gnôc, gnòc
→ Italian: nocca
→ Venetian: gnoco
→ Italian: gnocco

Old Norse: knúi (“knuckle”)

(Icelandic: kjúka)

Old Swedish: knōe, knōghe

Swedish: knoge

Danish: kno

Gutnish: knoke, knoka, knokå

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *ģnu-gon-, itself potentially related to *ǵónu (“knee”). The nature of the relation of the root to Lithuanian gniáužti (“to close one's hand”) is unclear.
Older theories derived the root from Proto-Indo-European *gnew- (“a bundle; knot”), extended from the root *gen- (“to pinch; clench; ball up”), with the suffix *-kô used in some names of body parts, and compared with Ancient Greek κονδός (kondós), Ancient Greek κόνδυλος (kóndulos), Sanskrit कन्द (kanda).
In any case, compare Italian gnocco.


knukilaz

knukilaz (nominative singular)
knukilōz (nominative plural)
knukilōs (nominative plural)
knukil (singular vocative)
knukilōz (plural vocative)
knukilōs (plural vocative)
knukilą (accusative singular)
knukilanz (accusative plural)
knukilas (genitive singular)
knukilis (genitive singular)
knukilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knukilai (dative singular)
knukilamaz (dative plural)
knukilō (instrumental singular)
knukilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *knukil
Old English: cnucel, cnyċel, *cnocel
Middle English: knokel, knokelle, knokill, knokyl, knokylle
English: knuckle
Scots: knockle
Yola: noughel
Old Frisian: knokel
Saterland Frisian: Knouel
West Frisian: knokkel
Old Saxon: *knukil
Middle Low German: knö̂kel, knuckel
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: knökel
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Knäöw'l
Westphalian:
Dortmunder: Knüakel
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Knökel
Sauerländisch: Knüekel, Knöekel (Balve), Knǖkel (Niedersfeld), Knüökel (Attendorn), Kniäkel (Kirchhundem, Selbecke)
→ Danish: knogle
Old Dutch: *knukil
Middle Dutch: cnôkel, cnockel
Dutch: knokkel, kneukel
Afrikaans: kneukel
West Flemish: knekel
Old High German: *knuchil
Middle High German: knöchel
German: Knöchel (ankle, knuckle)
Hunsrik: Knechel
Luxembourgish: Knéchel
Yiddish: קנעכל (knekhl)

Old Norse: knykill

Elfdalian: kniųokel


glandaz

*glantaz (a-stem)

glantaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
glantai (masculine nominative plural strong)
glantō (feminine nominative singular strong)
glantôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
glantą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
glantō (neuter nominative plural strong)
glantanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
glantanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
glantǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
glantōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
glantą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
glantō (accusative neuter plural strong)
glantas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
glantaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
glantaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
glantaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
glantas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
glantaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
glantammai (dative masculine singular strong)
glantaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
glantaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
glantaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
glantammai (dative neuter singular strong)
glantaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
glantanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
glantaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
glantaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
glantaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
glantanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
glantaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
glantô (masculine nominative singular weak)
glantaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
glantǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
glantōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
glantô (neuter nominative singular weak)
glantōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
glantanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
glantanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
glantōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
glantōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
glantô (accusative neuter singular weak)
glantōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
glantiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
glantanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
glantōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
glantōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
glantiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
glantanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
glantini (dative masculine singular weak)
glantammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
glantōni (dative feminine singular weak)
glantōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
glantini (dative neuter singular weak)
glantammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
glantinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
glantammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
glantōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
glantōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
glantinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
glantammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Frisian: gland

Saterland Frisian: glënd, glënnd

West Frisian: glandich

→ Dutch: glandig

From Proto-Indo-European gʰl̥h₂-n̥-dʰ-ó-s, from *gʰleh₂dʰ- (“bright, shining”).


hrukkaz

hrukkaz (nominative singular)
hrukkōz (nominative plural)
hrukkōs (nominative plural)
hrukk (singular vocative)
hrukkōz (plural vocative)
hrukkōs (plural vocative)
hrukką (accusative singular)
hrukkanz (accusative plural)
hrukkas (genitive singular)
hrukkis (genitive singular)
hrukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrukkai (dative singular)
hrukkamaz (dative plural)
hrukkō (instrumental singular)
hrukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrokk

Old Frisian: hrock

Saterland Frisian: Rok

West Frisian: rôk, rok

Old Dutch: *rokk, *rok

Middle Dutch: roc

Dutch: rok

Afrikaans: rok

desc

→ Medieval Latin: hrocus, roccus, rocus, rochus

→ Old French: froc, rochet, roquet

French: froc, rochet

→ English: frock, rochet, rocket (dialectal)

→ French: frac

→ Dutch: frak (dialectal)

→ German: Frack

→ Swedish: frack

→ Danish: frakke

→ Faroese: frakki

→ Spanish: roquete

→ Portuguese: roquete

→ Italian: rocchetto, roccetto

Old High German: hroch, hrok

Middle High German: roc

German: Rock

Kroonen considers the term to be of unknown origin, and additionally considers the reconstruction *rukkaz to be incorrect, due to the existence of forms such as Old Frisian hrock, thus rejecting the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *rukn-, *ruk-, *rug-, *ruǵ- (“to spin”) and corollary connections with Proto-Germanic *rukkô (“spinning wheel, distaff”), Old Irish rucht (“tunic”), and Welsh rhuwch (“bran, husks, sieve; rough garment, cloak, mantle”).
An alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *kreḱ- (“to weave”) (whence Proto-Slavic *kresati (“to strike fire)”) is semantically attractive, but phonetically problematic, as the expected Germanic form would be something like *hruhaz.


lōkiz

lōkiz (nominative singular)
lōkīz (nominative plural)
lōki (singular vocative)
lōkīz (plural vocative)
lōkį (accusative singular)
lōkinz (accusative plural)
lōkīz (genitive singular)
lōkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lōkī (dative singular)
lōkimaz (dative plural)
lōkī (instrumental singular)
lōkimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: lœkr

Icelandic: lækur

Faroese: løkur

Norn: ljog

Norwegian Bokmål: løk

Norwegian Nynorsk: løk

→ English: Leake (placename)

→ Old Dutch: *leke (attested in name Sculingleke) (possibly)

Middle Dutch: leke

Dutch: leek

From Proto-Indo-European *leg- (“to leak; drain”).


lakaną

lakaną (nominative singular)
lakanō (nominative plural)
lakaną (singular vocative)
lakanō (plural vocative)
lakaną (accusative singular)
lakanō (accusative plural)
lakanas (genitive singular)
lakanis (genitive singular)
lakanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lakanai (dative singular)
lakanamaz (dative plural)
lakanō (instrumental singular)
lakanamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *lacen, *læcen

Middle English: lake

Scots: lake, laik

English: lake

Old Frisian: leken, letzen, lezen

Saterland Frisian: Leeken

West Frisian: lekken

Old Saxon: lakan

Middle Low German: lāken

German Low German: Laken

→ German: Laken

→ Old Norse: lakan, lak

Icelandic: lak

Faroese: lak

Norwegian: laken

Old Swedish: lakan

Swedish: lakan

→ Finnish: lakana

Danish: lagen

Old Dutch: *lakan

Middle Dutch: laken

Dutch: laken

Afrikaans: laken

Old High German: lahhan, lachan

Middle High German: lachen

German: Lachen (obsolete); Leilachen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₂g- (“to be slack; be limp; droop; sag”).


lekaną

lekō (active first-person indicative singular)
lekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
likizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lek (active imperative second-person singular)
lekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
likidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
likid (active indicative plural second-person)
lekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
likid (active imperative plural second-person)
lekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lak (active first-person indicative singular)
lēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laht (active indicative second-person singular)
lēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lak (active indicative singular third-person)
lēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
lēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
lēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
lēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
lēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lekandz (active participle present)
lekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lekan

Old English: *lecan

Middle English: leken (strong verb) (possibly borrowed from Old Norse)

Scots: leke, lek, leek

English: leak

→ Esperanto: liki

Old Frisian: *leka, *lekka

Saterland Frisian: läkke

West Frisian: lekke

Old Saxon: *lekan

Middle Low German: lēken

Low German: leken

Old Dutch: *lekan

Middle Dutch: lēken, lecken

Dutch: lekken

Afrikaans: lek

Old High German: lehhan; irlehhan

Middle High German: lechen; erlëchen

German: lechen (archaic or dialectal); erlechen

Old Norse: leka

Faroese: leka

Icelandic: leka

Norwegian Nynorsk: leka

Swedish: läka (dialectal)

>? Swedish: läcka

From Proto-Indo-European *leg- (“to leak”).


þrautą

þrautą (nominative singular)
þrautō (nominative plural)
þrautą (singular vocative)
þrautō (plural vocative)
þrautą (accusative singular)
þrautō (accusative plural)
þrautas (genitive singular)
þrautis (genitive singular)
þrautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrautai (dative singular)
þrautamaz (dative plural)
þrautō (instrumental singular)
þrautamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrēat m

desc

Middle English: thræt, thrat, thret, threte

Scots: threte, thret, threit

English: threat

Old Saxon: *thrōt

Middle Low German: drot, drōt, drôt m

Old High German: *drōz

Middle High German: drōz m

Old Norse: þraut f

Icelandic: þraut

(Faroese: treyt)

Norwegian: traut f; traute m

/ˈθrɑu̯.tɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to squeeze; push; press”).

der

affliction; agony; annoyance; displeasure; grief; complaint


gnattaz

gnattaz (nominative singular)
gnattōz (nominative plural)
gnattōs (nominative plural)
gnatt (singular vocative)
gnattōz (plural vocative)
gnattōs (plural vocative)
gnattą (accusative singular)
gnattanz (accusative plural)
gnattas (genitive singular)
gnattis (genitive singular)
gnattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gnattai (dative singular)
gnattamaz (dative plural)
gnattō (instrumental singular)
gnattamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gnattu, *gnatt

Old English: gnætt

Middle English: gnat

Scots: gnat

English: gnat

Old Saxon: *gnatta

Middle Low German: *gnatte

German Low German: Gnatte f

>? Dutch: gnuit, knuit

Old High German: *gnaz; *gnazza

Middle High German: gnaz m; *gnazze

German: Gnatz; Gnatze f (dialectal)

desc

Old Norse: *gnattr, *knǫttr (“midge; gnat”)

Norwegian Bokmål: knott

Norwegian Nynorsk: knott

Swedish: gnatt, knott (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰneHdʰn-, *gʰneHd- (“to gnaw; scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰen- (“to gnaw; bite; scratch; rub”).


-ungō

-ungō (nominative singular)
-ungôz (nominative plural)
-ungō (singular vocative)
-ungôz (plural vocative)
-ungǭ (accusative singular)
-ungōz (accusative plural)
-ungōz (genitive singular)
-ungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ungōi (dative singular)
-ungōmaz (dative plural)
-ungō (instrumental singular)
-ungōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ungu, *-ingu

Old English: -ung, -ing

Middle English: -ung, -ing, -yng

English: -ing

Scots: -ing

Old Frisian: -unge, -inge

Saterland Frisian: -enge

West Frisian: -ing

Old Saxon: -unga, -inga

Middle Low German: -inge, -unge, -onge

Low German: -ung, -ing

Old Dutch: -inga, -unga, -onga

Middle Dutch: -inge

Dutch: -ing

Old High German: -unga, -inga

Middle High German: -unge, -inge

Alemannic German: -ig (< -ing)

desc

Central Franconian: -ung, -ong, -ing, -eng

Luxembourgish: -ung (still -eng in Wunneng)

East Central German: -ung

German: -ung

Yiddish: ־ונג (-ung)

→ Polish: -unek

→ Old French: -enge, -enghe, -ange

Middle French: -ange

French: -ange

desctree

Old Norse: -ing
Icelandic: -ing, -ung
Faroese: -ing
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ing
Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
Old Swedish: -ing, -ung
Swedish: -ing, -ung (fossilized)
Danish: -ing

Unknown, but possibly from an earlier *-ōngō, equivalent to *-ōną + *-gō. No certain cognates outside of Germanic and not found in Gothic, which has instead similar verbal nouns without -g-.
Perhaps cognate with Latin suffixes -undus (forms the gerund) or from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷos as in ἀλλοδαπός (allodapós), ποδαπός (podapós), and possibly propinquus.

-ing, -ion; forms gerund nouns from verbs.


frijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*frijô (an-stem)

frijô (nominative singular)
frijaniz (nominative plural)
frijô (singular vocative)
frijaniz (plural vocative)
frijanų (accusative singular)
frijanunz (accusative plural)
frīniz (genitive singular)
frijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frīni (dative singular)
frijammaz (dative plural)
frīnē (instrumental singular)
frijammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: frēo m

Old Norse: frí


frijō

frijō (nominative singular)
frijôz (nominative plural)
frijō (singular vocative)
frijôz (plural vocative)
frijǭ (accusative singular)
frijōz (accusative plural)
frijōz (genitive singular)
frijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijōi (dative singular)
frijōmaz (dative plural)
frijō (instrumental singular)
frijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: frēo f, older *frio

Old Saxon: frī f; frī n (< *frijją)

From Proto-Indo-European *preyH- (“to love”).


bēlą

bēlą (nominative singular)
bēlō (nominative plural)
bēlą (singular vocative)
bēlō (plural vocative)
bēlą (accusative singular)
bēlō (accusative plural)
bēlas (genitive singular)
bēlis (genitive singular)
bēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bēlai (dative singular)
bēlamaz (dative plural)
bēlō (instrumental singular)
bēlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bǣl; bǣlfȳr

Middle English: bale; balefire

Scots: bale, baill

English: bale; balefire

Old Norse: bál

Icelandic: bál; bálit

Faroese: bál

Norwegian: bål; likbål

Old Swedish: bāl

Swedish: bål

Danish: bål

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“shiny; bright; gleaming; white”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *bělъ (“white”), Lithuanian bãlas, báltas (“white”), Latvian balts (“white”), Ancient Greek φαλός (phalós, “white”), Sanskrit भाल (bhāla, “splendour”).


swardiz

swardiz (nominative singular)
swardīz (nominative plural)
swardi (singular vocative)
swardīz (plural vocative)
swardį (accusative singular)
swardinz (accusative plural)
swardīz (genitive singular)
swardijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swardī (dative singular)
swardimaz (dative plural)
swardī (instrumental singular)
swardimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swardi

Old English: sweord, swierd

⇒ Old English: āþsweord

Old High German: swart, swert

⇒ Old High German: eidswart


ganzô

ganzô (nominative singular)
ganzaniz (nominative plural)
ganzô (singular vocative)
ganzaniz (plural vocative)
ganzanų (accusative singular)
ganzanunz (accusative plural)
ganziniz (genitive singular)
ganzanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ganzini (dative singular)
ganzammaz (dative plural)
ganzinē (instrumental singular)
ganzammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ganʀō

Old English: ganra, gandra

Middle English: ganer, gandre, gandere

Scots: ganare, ganer, ganner

English: gander

desc

Old Frisian: *ganra, *gonra, *gandra, *gondra

West Frisian: goarre

Old Saxon: *ganro

Middle Low German: ganre

Low German: Ganner, Gander

⇒ Low German: Ganter (merged with Gante < *ganatô)

→ German: Ganter

q

Dutch: gander (19th c., probably from Low German or English)

⇒ Old Norse: gassi (< *ganssô)

Icelandic: gassi

Norwegian Bokmål: gasse

Norwegian Nynorsk: gasse

Danish: gase

Swedish: gasse

Scanian: gáse

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”); see *gans.


tugô

tugô (nominative singular)
tuganiz (nominative plural)
tugô (singular vocative)
tuganiz (plural vocative)
tuganų (accusative singular)
tuganunz (accusative plural)
tuginiz (genitive singular)
tuganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tugini (dative singular)
tugammaz (dative plural)
tuginē (instrumental singular)
tugammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *togō

Old English: toga, toha

Middle English: toȝe, togh

English: toga (historical term), tog

Old Frisian: hertoga

West Frisian: toch

Old Saxon: togo

Low German: Tog

Old Dutch: *togo

Middle Dutch: toge, toche

Dutch: hertog

Afrikaans: tog

desctree

Old High German: *zogo, *zoho
Middle High German: zoge, zog
German: Zog

Old Norse: togi (possibly from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: togi

Faroese: togi, tugi

Norwegian: tug

Swedish: tig

Danish: tug


alþistaz

*alþistaz (a-stem)

alþistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
alþistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
alþistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
alþistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
alþistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
alþistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
alþistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
alþistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
alþistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
alþistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
alþistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
alþistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
alþistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
alþistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
alþistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
alþistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
alþistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
alþistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
alþistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
alþistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
alþistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
alþistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
alþistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
alþistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
alþistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
alþistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
alþistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
alþistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
alþistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
alþistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
alþistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
alþistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
alþistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
alþistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
alþistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
alþistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
alþistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
alþistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
alþistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
alþistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
alþistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
alþistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
alþistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
alþistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
alþistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
alþistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
alþistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
alþistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
alþistini (dative masculine singular weak)
alþistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
alþistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
alþistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
alþistini (dative neuter singular weak)
alþistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
alþistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
alþistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
alþistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
alþistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
alþistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
alþistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: ieldest

Middle English:

English: eldest

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: äälst, ialst

West Frisian: âldst

Old Saxon: aldist
Middle Low German: ôldest, ö̂ldest, êldest
German Low German: öllst

Old High German:

Middle High German:

Central Franconian: äälste, ältste

Cimbrian: éltorste

German: ältesten

Luxembourgish: eelsten

Pennsylvania German: eltscht

Yiddish: עלטסט (eltst)

Old Norse: ellztr
Icelandic: elstur
Faroese: elstur
Norwegian Nynorsk: eldst
Norwegian Bokmål: eldst
Old Swedish: ælzter
Swedish: äldst
Danish: ældst


druziz

druziz (nominative singular)
druzīz (nominative plural)
druzi (singular vocative)
druzīz (plural vocative)
druzį (accusative singular)
druzinz (accusative plural)
druzīz (genitive singular)
druzjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
druzī (dative singular)
druzimaz (dative plural)
druzī (instrumental singular)
druzimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dryre

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌿𐍃 (drus)

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *dreusaną.


dripiz

dripiz (nominative singular)
dripīz (nominative plural)
dripi (singular vocative)
dripīz (plural vocative)
dripį (accusative singular)
dripinz (accusative plural)
dripīz (genitive singular)
dripjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dripī (dative singular)
dripimaz (dative plural)
dripī (instrumental singular)
dripimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dripi

Old English: drepe, drype

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *drepaną.

(West Germanic) striking, stroke, slaying


sudiz

sudiz (nominative singular)
sudīz (nominative plural)
sudi (singular vocative)
sudīz (plural vocative)
sudį (accusative singular)
sudinz (accusative plural)
sudīz (genitive singular)
sudjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sudī (dative singular)
sudimaz (dative plural)
sudī (instrumental singular)
sudimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: syde m

Old High German: sutī f

Middle High German: sute f; sut m

German: Sud m; Absud

Zero-grade i-stem noun derived from *seuþaną.


bruniz

bruniz (nominative singular)
brunīz (nominative plural)
bruni (singular vocative)
brunīz (plural vocative)
brunį (accusative singular)
bruninz (accusative plural)
brunīz (genitive singular)
brunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunī (dative singular)
brunimaz (dative plural)
brunī (instrumental singular)
brunimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bryne, byrne

Middle English: brune

(Old Norse: bruni) (transfer to n-stem?)

Old Swedish: bruni

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *brinnaną.


akiz

akiz (nominative singular)
akīz (nominative plural)
aki (singular vocative)
akīz (plural vocative)
akį (accusative singular)
akinz (accusative plural)
akīz (genitive singular)
akjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akī (dative singular)
akimaz (dative plural)
akī (instrumental singular)
akimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aki, *akī

Old English: eċe, aċe, æċe
Middle English: ache, ake, eche
English: ache
Scots: ake

Old Saxon: *aki, *eki, *ak, *ek

Middle Low German: āk, ēk, eck

German Low German: Eek (“inflammation”)

⇒ Middle Low German: ēker, ecker

Old Dutch: *aki, *eki

Middle Dutch: *ake, *eke

Dutch: aak, eek (dialectal)

⇒ Middle Dutch: meinake

desc

⇒ Middle Dutch: akel m (“pain, suffering”)

⇒ Dutch: akelig


hawją

hawją (nominative singular)
hawjō (nominative plural)
hawją (singular vocative)
hawjō (plural vocative)
hawją (accusative singular)
hawjō (accusative plural)
hawjas (genitive singular)
hawis (genitive singular)
hawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hawjai (dative singular)
hawjamaz (dative plural)
hawjō (instrumental singular)
hawjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hawi
Old English: hīeġ, hīġ, hēġ
Middle English: hey, heyȝ, heygh, hay, ay, heyn, hayn, hei, heiȝ, heigh, hai, hain
English: hay
Scots: hey
Yola: hye, hey
Old Frisian: hā, hē
North Frisian: hau
Saterland Frisian: Ho
West Frisian: hea
Old Saxon: hōi, hōgi
Middle Low German: höü, hoy, hey, hou
Low German: Hau
Dutch Low Saxon: heui
German Low German: Hei, Heu
Plautdietsch: Hei
Old Dutch: houwi, houwe
Middle Dutch: houwe, hoj, hoy
Dutch: hooi
Afrikaans: hooi
Jersey Dutch: hôi
→ Papiamentu: hoi
Limburgish: heuj
Old High German: hewi, houwi, hou
Middle High German: höuwe, houwe, höu
Alemannic German: Heuw
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: höobe
Mòcheno: hei
German: Heu
Hunsrik: Hei
Luxembourgish: Hee
Yiddish: היי (hey)
⇒ Middle High German: höuwet
Bavarian: Heiet
Cimbrian: höbiat (“July”), hubiot (Sette Comuni)
German: Heuet

Old Norse: hey

Icelandic: hey

Faroese: hoyggj

Norwegian: høy

Old Swedish: hø̄

Swedish: hö, (dialectal) hej, hy

Danish: hø

Gutnish: hoy

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌹 (hawi)

→ Proto-Samic: *āvjē (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from a ja-collective form of *hawwaną (“to hew; cut down”).


stikiz

stikiz (nominative singular)
stikīz (nominative plural)
stiki (singular vocative)
stikīz (plural vocative)
stikį (accusative singular)
stikinz (accusative plural)
stikīz (genitive singular)
stikjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stikī (dative singular)
stikimaz (dative plural)
stikī (instrumental singular)
stikimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stiki
Old English: stiċe
Middle English: stiche, stecche, steche, sticche, sticke, stych, styche, styk
English: stitch
Scots: steek, stick
Old Frisian: steke, stek
Saterland Frisian: Stäk, Stääk
Old Saxon: stiki
Middle Low German: stēke, stēk, stecke, stik
German Low German: Steek
Old Dutch: *stiki
Middle Dutch: stēke
Dutch: steek
Afrikaans: steek
Old High German: stih
Middle High German: stich
Alemannic German: Stich, Stuch
Central Franconian: Stech, Stöch, Stoch
Luxembourgish: Stach
German: Stich
→ Saterland Frisian: Stik

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌺𐍃 (stiks)

Zero-grade i-stem derived from *stikaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg-.

stikill

Old Norse: stikill (“pointed end of the horn”); Icelandic


talgaz

talgaz (nominative singular)
talgōz (nominative plural)
talgōs (nominative plural)
talg (singular vocative)
talgōz (plural vocative)
talgōs (plural vocative)
talgą (accusative singular)
talganz (accusative plural)
talgas (genitive singular)
talgis (genitive singular)
talgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
talgai (dative singular)
talgamaz (dative plural)
talgō (instrumental singular)
talgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *talg

Old English: tælg, *tealg, *tealh

Middle English: talow
English: tallow
Scots: tauch, tallon

Old Frisian: *talch, *talk

West Frisian: talk

Old Saxon: *talg

Middle Low German: talch

German Low German: Talg

→ German: Talg

q

→ Dutch: talg (until 17th c.; modern form chiefly from German)

→ Old Norse: talg, talk n (*tǫlg, tolgr, tolg f)

(Old Norse: tólgr, tólg)

(Icelandic: tólg f)

Faroese: tálg f

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: talg; (dialectal) tolg, tølg, tålg, tåg)

Norwegian Bokmål: talg

Old Swedish: talgher m

Swedish: talg

Danish: talg

Old Dutch: *talg

Middle Dutch: talgh, talch; tallick

Dutch: talk

Afrikaans: talk

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dolgʰos (“fat”).


kwetwą

kwetwą (nominative singular)
kwetwō (nominative plural)
kwetwą (singular vocative)
kwetwō (plural vocative)
kwetwą (accusative singular)
kwetwō (accusative plural)
kwetwas (genitive singular)
kwitwis (genitive singular)
kwetwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwetwai (dative singular)
kwetwamaz (dative plural)
kwetwō (instrumental singular)
kwetwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kvett

Icelandic: kvett, kvetti

Unknown. Possibly related to *kutjaną (“to cut”) and *ketwą (“meat”).


ailijaną

ailijō (active first-person indicative singular)
ailijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ailijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ailīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ailijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ailī (active imperative second-person singular)
ailijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ailijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ailīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ailijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ailijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ailijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ailijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ailijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ailijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ailijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ailijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ailijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ailijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ailijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ailijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ailijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ailīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ailijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ailīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ailijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ailijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ailijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ailijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ailijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ailijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ailijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ailidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ailidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ailidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ailidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ailidē (active indicative singular third-person)
ailidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ailidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ailidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ailidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ailidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ailidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ailidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ailidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ailidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ailidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ailidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ailijandz (active participle present)
ailidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ailijan
Old English: ǣlan


nezą

nezą (nominative singular)
nezō (nominative plural)
nezą (singular vocative)
nezō (plural vocative)
nezą (accusative singular)
nezō (accusative plural)
nezas (genitive singular)
nizis (genitive singular)
nezǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nezai (dative singular)
nezamaz (dative plural)
nezō (instrumental singular)
nezamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ner

Functional zero-grade action noun derived from *nesaną.


gripą

gripą (nominative singular)
gripō (nominative plural)
gripą (singular vocative)
gripō (plural vocative)
gripą (accusative singular)
gripō (accusative plural)
gripas (genitive singular)
gripis (genitive singular)
gripǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gripai (dative singular)
gripamaz (dative plural)
gripō (instrumental singular)
gripamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: grip, ágrip, handargrip

Icelandic: grip

Old Swedish: grip

Swedish: grepp

Zero-grade action noun derived from *grīpaną.


bidą

bidą (nominative singular)
bidō (nominative plural)
bidą (singular vocative)
bidō (plural vocative)
bidą (accusative singular)
bidō (accusative plural)
bidas (genitive singular)
bidis (genitive singular)
bidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bidai (dative singular)
bidamaz (dative plural)
bidō (instrumental singular)
bidamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bid

⇒ Old English: anbid, onbid; bidfæst; bidsteal

Old Norse: bið

Icelandic: bið

Old Swedish: bidh

Zero-grade action noun derived from *bīdaną.


snidą

snidą (nominative singular)
snidō (nominative plural)
snidą (singular vocative)
snidō (plural vocative)
snidą (accusative singular)
snidō (accusative plural)
snidas (genitive singular)
snidis (genitive singular)
snidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snidai (dative singular)
snidamaz (dative plural)
snidō (instrumental singular)
snidamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: snid

Old Norse: snið

Icelandic: snið

Faroese: snið

Old Swedish: snidh

Zero-grade action noun derived from *snīþaną.


trudą

trudą (nominative singular)
trudō (nominative plural)
trudą (singular vocative)
trudō (plural vocative)
trudą (accusative singular)
trudō (accusative plural)
trudas (genitive singular)
trudis (genitive singular)
trudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trudai (dative singular)
trudamaz (dative plural)
trudō (instrumental singular)
trudamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *trod

Old English: trod

Middle English: trod, trode

⇒ Middle English: trodden

Old Norse: *troð, átroð

Old Swedish: troþ (in compounds)

Zero-grade action noun derived from *trudaną.


ganesaną

ganesō (active first-person indicative singular)
ganesaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganesai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ganisizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ganesaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganes (active imperative second-person singular)
ganesazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ganesaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ganisidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ganesai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganesadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ganesadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ganesaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ganesōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ganesaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganesadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganesaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganesadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ganesamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ganesaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganesandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ganesaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ganisid (active indicative plural second-person)
ganesaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganisid (active imperative plural second-person)
ganesandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ganesaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ganesandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ganesain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganesandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ganesandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ganesaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ganas (active first-person indicative singular)
ganēzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ganast (active indicative second-person singular)
ganēzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ganas (active indicative singular third-person)
ganēzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ganēzū (active dual first-person indicative)
ganēzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ganēzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ganēzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ganēzum (active first-person indicative plural)
ganēzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ganēzud (active indicative plural second-person)
ganēzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ganēzun (active indicative plural third-person)
ganēzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ganesandz (active participle present)
ganezanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ġenesan

Old Dutch: *ginesan

Middle Dutch: genēsen

Dutch: genezen

Afrikaans: genees

Old High German: ginesan

Middle High German: genesen

German: genesen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (ganisan)


dribą

dribą (nominative singular)
dribō (nominative plural)
dribą (singular vocative)
dribō (plural vocative)
dribą (accusative singular)
dribō (accusative plural)
dribas (genitive singular)
dribis (genitive singular)
dribǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dribai (dative singular)
dribamaz (dative plural)
dribō (instrumental singular)
dribamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *drib m

Old English: drif m or n

Old Saxon: *drif

Middle Low German: drif, drīf, drēf n

Old High German: *trib

desc

⇒? Middle High German: anetrip, antrip m

German: Antrieb m

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gadrib n
Old English: ġedrif
Old High German: *gitrib
Middle High German: getrip
⇒ Old High German: anagitrib m

Old Norse: drif

Icelandic: drif

Old Swedish: drif

Swedish: drev

Old Danish: drif

Danish: drev


grimmiþō

grimmiþō (nominative singular)
grimmiþôz (nominative plural)
grimmiþō (singular vocative)
grimmiþôz (plural vocative)
grimmiþǭ (accusative singular)
grimmiþōz (accusative plural)
grimmiþōz (genitive singular)
grimmiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grimmiþōi (dative singular)
grimmiþōmaz (dative plural)
grimmiþō (instrumental singular)
grimmiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grimmiþu
Old High German: grimmida
Middle High German: grimmede

Old Norse: grimmd, grimd

Icelandic: grimmd

Faroese: grimd

>? Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (*grimmiþa)

→? Italian: grinta (“wrath”)
→? Albanian: grindë (“quarrel”)


tumftō

tumftō (nominative singular)
tumftôz (nominative plural)
tumftō (singular vocative)
tumftôz (plural vocative)
tumftǭ (accusative singular)
tumftōz (accusative plural)
tumftōz (genitive singular)
tumftǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tumftōi (dative singular)
tumftōmaz (dative plural)
tumftō (instrumental singular)
tumftōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old Norse: *tóft, tomt, topt, tupt, tuft

Icelandic: topt, tuft

Faroese: toft

Norwegian Nynorsk: tuft, tomt; (dialectal) toft

Norwegian Bokmål: tomt, tuft

Old Swedish: topt, toft, tompt

Swedish: tomt

Scanian: tøvt

Danish: toft

From a compound of Proto-Indo-European *dm̥- (“to build”) and *ped- (“to walk, to step”), assuming a relationship with at least Ancient Greek δάπεδον (dápedon, “floor”). However, this word may simply be equivalent to *tumþiz ~ *tumþō; see there.

cog

(North Germanic) ground around a building


uzanþą

uzanþą (nominative singular)
uzanþō (nominative plural)
uzanþą (singular vocative)
uzanþō (plural vocative)
uzanþą (accusative singular)
uzanþō (accusative plural)
uzanþas (genitive singular)
uzanþis (genitive singular)
uzanþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzanþai (dative singular)
uzanþamaz (dative plural)
uzanþō (instrumental singular)
uzanþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: oroþ

Derived from *uzananą, presumably from the original past participle **uzandaz ("breathed out, exhaled" > "that which is exhaled: breath") with derivational stress shift. Equivalent to *uz + *anþą


uzananą

uzanō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzanaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzanai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzanizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzanaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzan (active imperative second-person singular)
uzanazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzanaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzanidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzanai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzanadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzanadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzanaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzanōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzanaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzanadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzanaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzanadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzanamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzanaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzanandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzanaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzanid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzanaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzanid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzanandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzanaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzanandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzanain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzanandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzanandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzanaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzōn (active first-person indicative singular)
uzōnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzōnt (active indicative second-person singular)
uzōnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzōn (active indicative singular third-person)
uzōnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzōnū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzōnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzōnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzōnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzōnum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzōnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzōnud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzōnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzōnun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzōnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzanandz (active participle present)
uzananaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽 (usanan)


grasjaną

grasjō (active first-person indicative singular)
grasjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grasjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grasisi (active indicative second-person singular)
grasjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grasi (active imperative second-person singular)
grasjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grasjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grasiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grasjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grasjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grasjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grasjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grasjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grasjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grasjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grasjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grasjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grasjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grasjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grasjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grasjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grasiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grasjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grasiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grasjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grasjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grasjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grasjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grasjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grasjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grasjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grasidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grasidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grasidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grasidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grasidē (active indicative singular third-person)
grasidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grasidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grasidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grasidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grasidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grasidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grasidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grasidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grasidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grasidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grasidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grasjandz (active participle present)
grasidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *grassjan
Old English: *gressan
Middle English: *gressen, gresen
Scots: gres, gress
English: gress (dialectal)
Old Dutch: *gressen, *gersen
Middle Dutch: gersen, *gresen
Dutch: grezen (dialectal)

Old Norse: gresja

Icelandic: gresja

Faroese: gresja

Swedish: gräsa

Danish: græsse


grasōną

grasō (active first-person indicative singular)
grasǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grasōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
grasōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
grasōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grasō (active imperative second-person singular)
grasōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grasōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grasōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
grasō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grasōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
grasōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grasōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grasōs (active dual first-person indicative)
grasōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grasōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grasōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grasōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grasōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grasōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grasōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grasōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grasōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
grasōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grasōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
grasōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grasōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grasōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
grasōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grasōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
grasōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grasōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
grasōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
grasōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grasōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
grasōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grasōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
grasōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grasōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
grasōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grasōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grasōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grasōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
grasōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grasōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
grasōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grasōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
grasōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grasōndz (active participle present)
grasōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grasōn
Old English: grasian
Middle English: grasen
English: graze
Old Frisian: gersia
West Frisian: gerskje
Old Saxon: grasōn
Middle Low German: grāsen
German Low German: grasen
Old Dutch: *grason
Middle Dutch: grāsen
Dutch: grazen
Old High German: grasōn
Middle High German: grasen
Cimbrian: graazan
German: grasen

Old Norse: grasa

Icelandic: grasa

Faroese: grasa

/ˈɣrɑ.sɔː.nɑ̃/


bilją

bilją (nominative singular)
biljō (nominative plural)
bilją (singular vocative)
biljō (plural vocative)
bilją (accusative singular)
biljō (accusative plural)
biljas (genitive singular)
bilis (genitive singular)
biljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
biljai (dative singular)
biljamaz (dative plural)
biljō (instrumental singular)
biljamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bill, bil n

Middle English: bil, bille, bill

Scots: bill

English: bill

(Old Frisian: *bile)

(West Frisian: bile)

Old Saxon: bil n; (*bīhal; *bīhala)

Middle Low German: bil n; (bīl n; bīle f)

(German Low German: Biel n or f)

→ Danish: bil (“axe”)

→ Swedish: bila (“axe”)

Old Dutch: *billi; (*bīal; *bīala)

Middle Dutch: bille; (bīle, bijl)

Dutch: bil, (bijl)

(Afrikaans: byl)

Old High German: billi n; (bīhal n; bīhala f)

Middle High German: bille, bil n; (bīhel, bīel, pīel, bīl, bīle n)

German: Bille f; (Beil n)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to strike; beat”).


stōdijaną

stōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
stōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
stōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stōdijandz (active participle present)
stōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: stǿða, stœða

Icelandic: stæða

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*stōdjan), 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (anastōdjan)


twitwizōną

twitwizō (active first-person indicative singular)
twitwizǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
twitwizōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
twitwizōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
twitwizōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
twitwizō (active imperative second-person singular)
twitwizōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
twitwizōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
twitwizōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
twitwizō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
twitwizōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
twitwizōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
twitwizōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
twitwizōs (active dual first-person indicative)
twitwizōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
twitwizōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
twitwizōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
twitwizōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
twitwizōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
twitwizōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
twitwizōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
twitwizōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
twitwizōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
twitwizōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
twitwizōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
twitwizōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
twitwizōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
twitwizōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
twitwizōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
twitwizōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
twitwizōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
twitwizōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
twitwizōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
twitwizōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
twitwizōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
twitwizōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
twitwizōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
twitwizōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
twitwizōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
twitwizōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
twitwizōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
twitwizōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
twitwizōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
twitwizōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
twitwizōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
twitwizōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
twitwizōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
twitwizōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
twitwizōndz (active participle present)
twitwizōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *twitwiʀōn

Old English: *twiterian, *twitrian

Middle English: twiteren, twitren

Scots: twitter

English: twitter

→ Dutch: twitteren

→ Low German: twitteren

Old Dutch: *twiteron, *kwiteron (possible dissimilation)

Middle Dutch: *quēteren (attested in quēteringhe)

Dutch: queteren (obsolete), kwetteren

Old High German: zwizzirōn, zwizerōn

Middle High German: zwitzern

German: zwitzern, zwitschern

Luxembourgish: zwitscheren

Old Norse: *tvitra, *kvitra

Danish: kvidre

Norwegian Bokmål: kvitre

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvitra

Old Swedish: kvittra, *tittra

Swedish: kvittra, Swedish: tittra (dialectal)


fōrō

fōrō (nominative singular)
fōrôz (nominative plural)
fōrō (singular vocative)
fōrôz (plural vocative)
fōrǭ (accusative singular)
fōrōz (accusative plural)
fōrōz (genitive singular)
fōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōrōi (dative singular)
fōrōmaz (dative plural)
fōrō (instrumental singular)
fōrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fōr

Middle English: fore, foore

Old High German: fuora

Middle High German: vuore

German: Fuhre

Luxembourgish: Fouer

Functional o-grade ō-stem derived from *faraną.

(West Germanic) a going, traveling, journey


grōbō

grōbō (nominative singular)
grōbôz (nominative plural)
grōbō (singular vocative)
grōbôz (plural vocative)
grōbǭ (accusative singular)
grōbōz (accusative plural)
grōbōz (genitive singular)
grōbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grōbōi (dative singular)
grōbōmaz (dative plural)
grōbō (instrumental singular)
grōbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *grōbu

Old English: *grōf

Middle English: grofe, groof

English: groove

Old Frisian: *grōf; (grōpe)

West Frisian: groef

Old Saxon: grōƀa, grōva

Middle Low German: grôve

Old Dutch: gruova

Middle Dutch: grove, groeve

Dutch: groeve, groef

Afrikaans: groef

Old High German: gruoba

Middle High German: gruobe

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: gruuba

Mòcheno: gruab

German: Grube (see there for further descendants)

→ Saterland Frisian: Gruube

Luxembourgish: Grouf

Old Norse: gróf

Icelandic: gróf

Norwegian Nynorsk: gróv

→ Scots: grüvi

desctree

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌱𐌰 (grōba)
→ Galician: groba
→ Asturian: engrueba

Functional o-grade ō-stem derived from *grabaną.


glutōną

glutō (active first-person indicative singular)
glutǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glutōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
glutōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
glutōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glutō (active imperative second-person singular)
glutōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glutōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glutōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
glutō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glutōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
glutōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glutōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glutōs (active dual first-person indicative)
glutōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glutōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glutōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glutōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glutōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glutōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glutōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glutōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glutōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
glutōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glutōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
glutōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glutōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glutōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
glutōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glutōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
glutōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glutōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glutōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
glutōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glutōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
glutōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glutōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
glutōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glutōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
glutōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glutōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glutōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glutōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
glutōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glutōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
glutōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glutōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
glutōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glutōndz (active participle present)
glutōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *glotōn
Old English: *glotian
Middle English: *gloten, glouten (alternatively borrowed from Old Norse glotta)
Scots: glout
English: gloat
Old High German: *glozzōn
Middle High German: glotzen
German: glotzen
→ German Low German: glotzen

Old Norse: glotta, *glytta (< *glutatjaną ?)

Icelandic: glotta

Norwegian: glutta, glytta

Swedish: glutta

(Danish: glo ?)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰln̥d-néh₂-ti and thus related to *glintaną (“to shine”), *glantaz (“bright”), from the root *gʰlend- (“to shine”); the unusual formation may be due to dissimilation *gʰln̥d-néh₂- > *gʰl̥d-néh₂-. Perhaps ultimately from an even earlier root *gʰel- (“to shine”).


swainaz

swainaz (nominative singular)
swainōz (nominative plural)
swainōs (nominative plural)
swain (singular vocative)
swainōz (plural vocative)
swainōs (plural vocative)
swainą (accusative singular)
swainanz (accusative plural)
swainas (genitive singular)
swainis (genitive singular)
swainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swainai (dative singular)
swainamaz (dative plural)
swainō (instrumental singular)
swainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swain

Old English: swān

desc

Middle English: swan, swane, swon, swone

Old Saxon: swēn

Middle Low German: swên, swein

Old High German: swein

Middle High German: swein

German: Schwein m (obsolete or dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: sveinn
Icelandic: sveinn
Faroese: sveinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svein; (dialectal) sveidn
→ Norwegian Bokmål: svein
Old Swedish: svēn, svæn
Swedish: sven
Old Danish: swen
Danish: svend
Norwegian Bokmål: svenn
→ Old English: sweġen
Middle English: swayn, sweine, sweyn, sueyn, swain, sweyn, swein, swaine, sweyne, swane
English: swain
Scots: swaine, swane

→ Proto-Samic: *svājnës (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *s(w)e- (“separate; apart; oneself; one's own”).


nabalô

nabalô (nominative singular)
nabalaniz (nominative plural)
nabalô (singular vocative)
nabalaniz (plural vocative)
nabalanų (accusative singular)
nabalanunz (accusative plural)
nabaliniz (genitive singular)
nabalanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nabalini (dative singular)
nabalammaz (dative plural)
nabalinē (instrumental singular)
nabalammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nabulō
Old English: nafola, nabula, nafela, navela
Middle English: navel, navele, navill, navyll, navle, naule, nawle, novel, novle, novele, nowle
English: navel
Scots: nyvel
Old Frisian: navla
North Frisian: nawel
Saterland Frisian: Nauel
West Frisian: nâle
Old Saxon: *navalo
Middle Low German: nâvel
German Low German: Naffel
Plautdietsch: Nowel
Old Dutch: *navalo
Middle Dutch: navele, navel
Dutch: navel
Afrikaans: nawel, nauel
Limburgish: navel
Old High German: nabalo, nabulo
Middle High German: nabele, nabel
German: Nabel
Hunsrik: Nawel
Luxembourgish: Nuebel
Vilamovian: nowuł
Yiddish: נאָפּל (nopl)

Old Norse: nafli
Icelandic: nafli
Faroese: nalvi
Norwegian: navle
Old Swedish: nafle
Swedish: navel
Old Danish: navle
Danish: navle
Elfdalian: navel
Gutnish: navel, navle, navli

/ˈnɑ.βɑ.lɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃nóbʰol-ō ~ *h₃m̥bʰl̥-nés, from *h₃nóbʰōl.


smēhaz

*smēhaz (a-stem)

smēhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
smēhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
smēhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
smēhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
smēhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
smēhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
smēhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
smēhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
smēhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
smēhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
smēhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
smēhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
smēhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
smēhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
smēhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
smēhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
smēhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
smēhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
smēhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
smēhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
smēhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
smēhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
smēhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
smēhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
smēhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
smēhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
smēhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
smēhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
smēhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
smēhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
smēhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
smēhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
smēhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
smēhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
smēhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
smēhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
smēhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
smēhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
smēhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
smēhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
smēhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
smēhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
smēhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
smēhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
smēhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
smēhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
smēhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
smēhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
smēhini (dative masculine singular weak)
smēhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
smēhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
smēhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
smēhini (dative neuter singular weak)
smēhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
smēhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
smēhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
smēhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
smēhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
smēhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
smēhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *smāh, *smāhī

Old Saxon: smāh

Middle Low German: smâ

⇒ Middle Low German: smâlīk, smêlīk

⇒ Middle Low German: smâwort

Old Dutch: smā

desc

⇒ Middle Dutch: smalike, smelike, smeelike, smalijc, smaliken

Dutch: (archaic) smalijk

→⇒ Swedish: smälek

Old High German: smāhi

Middle High German: smæhe

German: schmähe, schmäch

⇒ German: schmächlich

⇒ Middle High German: smæhelīche

German: schmählich

Old Norse: smár

Icelandic: smár

Faroese: smáur

Norwegian: små

Old Swedish: smār

Swedish: små

Danish: små

From Proto-Indo-European *smēk-, from Proto-Indo-European *smē- (“to rub; smear”).


skeuhaz

*skeuhaz (a-stem)

skeuhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skeuhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skeuhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skeuhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skeuhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skeuhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skeuhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skeuhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skeuhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skeuhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skeuhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skeuhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skeuhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
skeuhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skeuhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skeuhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skeuhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
skeuhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skeuhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skeuhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skeuhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skeuhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skeuhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skeuhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skeuhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skeuhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skeuhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skeuhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skeuhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skeuhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skeuhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skeuhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skeuhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skeuhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skeuhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skeuhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skeuhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skeuhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skeuhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skeuhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skeuhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skeuhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skeuhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skeuhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skeuhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skeuhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skeuhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skeuhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skeuhini (dative masculine singular weak)
skeuhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skeuhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skeuhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skeuhini (dative neuter singular weak)
skeuhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skeuhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skeuhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skeuhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skeuhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skeuhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skeuhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeuh
Old English: sċēoh
Middle English: sceouh, skey, schey
English: shy
Scots: skeich, skiech, skick
Old Frisian: *skiāch, *skiā
Saterland Frisian: skjou
West Frisian: skou
Old High German: *skioh
Middle High German: schiech, schiehe, schie
Bavarian: schiach
German: schiech, schiach, schirch (dialectal)
→ Old French: eschif, eschiu
→ Italian: schifo
→ Middle English: escheu, eschew

Old Norse: *skyggr (< *skugjaz)

Norwegian: skygg (dialectal)

Swedish: skygg

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍃 (*skiuhs)

→ Catalan: esquiu

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: esquivo

Galician: esquivo, esquío

Portuguese: esquivo

→ Proto-Finnic: *keühä (see there for further descendants)

Further origin unknown; assumed to be from pre-Germanic *skéwkos. Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skewbʰ-, *skūbʰ- (“to push, drive, move forward”) (for which see Proto-Germanic *skeubaną (“to push, drive”) for cognates) or *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”).

cog

shy; timid; bashful; coy; reserved; cautious


waltijaną

waltijō (active first-person indicative singular)
waltijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waltijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waltīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waltijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waltī (active imperative second-person singular)
waltijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waltijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waltīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waltijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waltijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waltijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waltijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waltijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waltijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waltijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waltijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waltijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waltijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waltijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waltijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waltijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waltīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waltijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waltīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waltijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waltijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waltijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waltijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waltijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waltijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waltijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waltidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waltidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waltidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waltidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waltidē (active indicative singular third-person)
waltidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waltidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waltidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waltidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waltidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waltidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waltidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waltidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waltidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waltidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waltidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waltijandz (active participle present)
waltidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waltijan
Old English: wæltan, weltan, *wieltan, wyltan, wiltan
Middle English: welten, walten
Scots: welt, walt
English: welt, walt
Old Saxon: weltian
Middle Low German: walten, wölten; walteren, wolteren
German Low German: weltern, wältern
Old High German: welzen
Middle High German: welzen
German: wälzen

Old Norse: velta

Icelandic: velta

Norwegian: velte

Old Swedish: vælta

Swedish: välta

Danish: vælte

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waltjan)


hulpiz

hulpiz (nominative singular)
hulpīz (nominative plural)
hulpi (singular vocative)
hulpīz (plural vocative)
hulpį (accusative singular)
hulpinz (accusative plural)
hulpīz (genitive singular)
hulpijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulpī (dative singular)
hulpimaz (dative plural)
hulpī (instrumental singular)
hulpimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: hulp (?)

Middle Low German: hülpe

Low German: Hülp

Old Dutch: hulpa

Middle Dutch: hulpe

Dutch: hulp

Afrikaans: hulp

Old High German: hulpa (Central German), *hulfa

Middle High German: hulfe, hülfe, hülpe

desc

Central Franconian: Hölp, Höllep, Höllef, Hellef

Luxembourgish: Hëllef

German: Hülfe (obsolete)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱelb- (“help”).


helpō

helpō (nominative singular)
helpôz (nominative plural)
helpō (singular vocative)
helpôz (plural vocative)
helpǭ (accusative singular)
helpōz (accusative plural)
helpōz (genitive singular)
helpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
helpōi (dative singular)
helpōmaz (dative plural)
helpō (instrumental singular)
helpōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: help
Middle English: help
English: help
Scots: help

Old Frisian: helpe

Saterland Frisian: Hälpe

West Frisian: help

Old Saxon: helpa
Middle Low German: helpe

Old Dutch: helpa

Middle Dutch: helpe

Old High German: helfa, hilfa

Middle High German: helfe, hilfa

Bavarian: Hülf

Cimbrian: hölfe

Mòcheno: hilf

German: Hilfe

Hunsrik: Hellef

Luxembourgish: Hëllef

Vilamovian: hyłf

Yiddish: הילף (hilf)

Old Norse: hjǫlp
Icelandic: hjálp
Faroese: hjálp
Elfdalian: jåp
Old Swedish: hiælp
Swedish: hjälp
Danish: hjælp
Norwegian Bokmål: hjelp
Gutnish: hjälp
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjelp

→ Proto-Finnic: *hëlppo (see there for further descendants)


midjasumaraz

midjasumaraz (nominative singular)
midjasumarōz (nominative plural)
midjasumarōs (nominative plural)
midjasumar (singular vocative)
midjasumarōz (plural vocative)
midjasumarōs (plural vocative)
midjasumarą (accusative singular)
midjasumaranz (accusative plural)
midjasumaras (genitive singular)
midjasumaris (genitive singular)
midjasumarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midjasumarai (dative singular)
midjasumaramaz (dative plural)
midjasumarō (instrumental singular)
midjasumaramiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: *middesumor, midsumer, midsumor

Middle English: midsomer, midsumer

Scots: midsumer, midsomer, midsimer

English: midsummer

Old Frisian: midsumur

West Frisian: midsimmer

Old Saxon: *middisumar

Middle Low German: midsōmer, mitsōmer, mitsommer

Low German: Mitsömmer, Midsömmer

Old Dutch: *midsumar

Middle Dutch: midsomer

Dutch: midzomer

Old High German: *mittisumar

Middle High German: mittersumer

German: Mittsommer

Yiddish: מיטזומער (mitzumer)

Old Norse: miðsumar

Icelandic: miðsumar

Faroese: midsummar

Norwegian Nynorsk: midsumar

Old Swedish: miþsumar, midhsomar

Swedish: midsommar

Danish: midsommer

Norwegian Bokmål: midsommer

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: midsommar

Elfdalian: missåmår

Gutnish: missåmmar

From *midjaz (“mid”) + *sumaraz (“summer”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *medyosamonyos.


waizdaz

waizdaz (nominative singular)
waizdōz (nominative plural)
waizdōs (nominative plural)
waizd (singular vocative)
waizdōz (plural vocative)
waizdōs (plural vocative)
waizdą (accusative singular)
waizdanz (accusative plural)
waizdas (genitive singular)
waizdis (genitive singular)
waizdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waizdai (dative singular)
waizdamaz (dative plural)
waizdō (instrumental singular)
waizdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waiʀd, *waid
Old English: wād, weard, *weald
Middle English: wad, wod, wadde, wode
Scots: wad, waid
English: woad
Middle English: welde, wolde
English: weld, wold
Old Frisian: wēd
Old Saxon: wēd
Middle Low German: wêt, weit
Old Dutch: *wēd, *weid
Middle Dutch: wede, weet
Dutch: wede
Old High German: weit
Middle High German: weit
German: Waid
→ Danish: vajd
→ Swedish: vejde
→ Czech: vejt
→ Russian: ва́йда (vájda)
→? Medieval Latin: waisdum, guaisdium, waisda, waida
Old French: guesde, gaide, waisde, waide
Middle French: guede
French: guède
Italian: guado
Piedmontese: vaud

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌳𐍃 (*waisds)

→ Medieval Latin: waisdus; waisdum; waisdo

→ Old French: guesde

Middle French: guede

French: guède

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *weydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *wey- (“to wither; fade”). Or, from a substrate source in common with Latin vitrum (“woad”). Compare also Ancient Greek ἰσάτις (isátis, “woad”).


batizōną

batizō (active first-person indicative singular)
batizǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
batizōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
batizōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
batizōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
batizō (active imperative second-person singular)
batizōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
batizōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
batizōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
batizō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
batizōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
batizōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
batizōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
batizōs (active dual first-person indicative)
batizōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
batizōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
batizōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
batizōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
batizōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
batizōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
batizōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
batizōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
batizōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
batizōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
batizōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
batizōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
batizōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
batizōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
batizōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
batizōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
batizōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
batizōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
batizōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
batizōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
batizōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
batizōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
batizōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
batizōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
batizōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
batizōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
batizōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
batizōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
batizōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
batizōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
batizōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
batizōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
batizōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
batizōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
batizōndz (active participle present)
batizōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *batiʀōn
Old English: beterian, betrian
Middle English: betren, bettren
Scots: beter, better
English: better
Old Frisian: beteria
Saterland Frisian: bäterje
West Frisian: betterje
Old Saxon: betirōn, betorōn
Middle Low German: bēteren
German Low German: betern
Old Dutch: *betiron
Middle Dutch: beteren
Dutch: beteren
Old High German: bezzirōn
Middle High German: bezzeren, bezzern, pezzern
German: bessern

Old Norse: betra

Icelandic: betra

Faroese: betra

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: betra, betre

Norwegian Bokmål: bedre

Swedish: bättra

Danish: bedre

Gutnish: bättre, bättra


jukuzī

jukuzī (nominative singular)
jukuzijôz (nominative plural)
jukuzī (singular vocative)
jukuzijôz (plural vocative)
jukuzijǭ (accusative singular)
jukuzijōz (accusative plural)
jukuzijōz (genitive singular)
jukuzijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jukuzijōi (dative singular)
jukuzijōmaz (dative plural)
jukuzijō (instrumental singular)
jukuzijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *jukuʀi

gl

>? Old English: ġycer, ġicer (alternatively, rendered as ġȳcer and allied to Old High German jūhhart, *jiuhhart)

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐌺𐌿𐌶𐌹 (jukuzi)

From pre-Germanic *yugusíh₂, presumably a fossilized perfect participle meaning "what has joined". Derived from Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join”).


nēmō

nēmō (nominative singular)
nēmôz (nominative plural)
nēmō (singular vocative)
nēmôz (plural vocative)
nēmǭ (accusative singular)
nēmōz (accusative plural)
nēmōz (genitive singular)
nēmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nēmōi (dative singular)
nēmōmaz (dative plural)
nēmō (instrumental singular)
nēmōmiz (instrumental plural)

i

Old English: nǣm; nām (nām possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse)

Middle English: nam, naam

English: naam

Old Frisian: nōme

⇒ Old Frisian: ofnōme

Old Saxon: *nāma

Middle Low German: nâme

⇒ Middle Low German: innâme

⇒ Middle Low German: ervenâme

Old High German: nāma

Middle High German: nāme, nām

German: Nahme (archaic)

⇒ Middle High German: innāme, īnnāme

German: Einnahme

The functional o-grade ō-stem derived from *nemaną. **namō would normally be expected, but class 4 and 5 strong verbs show some tendency to use -ē- in places where o-grade -a- is expected.


seuhslō

seuhslō (nominative singular)
seuhslôz (nominative plural)
seuhslō (singular vocative)
seuhslôz (plural vocative)
seuhslǭ (accusative singular)
seuhslōz (accusative plural)
seuhslōz (genitive singular)
seuhslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
seuhslōi (dative singular)
seuhslōmaz (dative plural)
seuhslō (instrumental singular)
seuhslōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sūsl f; sūsl n

Old Norse: sýsla f; sýsl f

Icelandic: sýsla

(Norwegian: sysle (verb))

Old Swedish: sȳsla

Swedish: syssla

From Proto-Indo-European *sewg- (“grievous; sorrowful; ill”).

der

pain; torment; affliction; suffering; agony


kwedô

kwedô (nominative singular)
kwedaniz (nominative plural)
kwedô (singular vocative)
kwedaniz (plural vocative)
kwedanų (accusative singular)
kwedanunz (accusative plural)
kwidiniz (genitive singular)
kwedanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwidini (dative singular)
kwedammaz (dative plural)
kwidinē (instrumental singular)
kwedammiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: folkweto, widarkweto

Old Norse: frumkveði


wigô

wigô (nominative singular)
wiganiz (nominative plural)
wigô (singular vocative)
wiganiz (plural vocative)
wiganų (accusative singular)
wiganunz (accusative plural)
wiginiz (genitive singular)
wiganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wigini (dative singular)
wigammaz (dative plural)
wiginē (instrumental singular)
wigammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiga

Old High German: widarwīgo (analogical if actually long)

fighter, warrior; he who fights or contends


farô

farô (nominative singular)
faraniz (nominative plural)
farô (singular vocative)
faraniz (plural vocative)
faranų (accusative singular)
faranunz (accusative plural)
fariniz (genitive singular)
faranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farini (dative singular)
farammaz (dative plural)
farinē (instrumental singular)
farammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *fara, ġefara, niwfara

Old Norse: -fari (as in e.g. "jórsalafari")

Icelandic: -fari

Old Swedish: -fari


slagô

slagô (nominative singular)
slaganiz (nominative plural)
slagô (singular vocative)
slaganiz (plural vocative)
slaganų (accusative singular)
slaganunz (accusative plural)
slaginiz (genitive singular)
slaganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slagini (dative singular)
slagammaz (dative plural)
slaginē (instrumental singular)
slagammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: slaga

Old High German: manslago

desc

Old Norse: *slagi, harpslagi, hǫrpuslagi

Icelandic: slagi, harpslagi, hörpuslagi

Zero-grade agentive n-stem derived from *slahaną.

striker, slayer; he who strikes or slays


burô

burô (nominative singular)
buraniz (nominative plural)
burô (singular vocative)
buraniz (plural vocative)
buranų (accusative singular)
buranunz (accusative plural)
buriniz (genitive singular)
buranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burini (dative singular)
burammaz (dative plural)
burinē (instrumental singular)
burammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *borō

Old English: bora (more frequent in compounds)

Old Frisian: bora

Old Dutch: *boro

Middle Dutch: bore

Dutch: boor

⇒ Old High German: muntboro

Old Norse: Buri

Derived from the zero-grade of *beraną + *-ô.


þegô

þegô (nominative singular)
þeganiz (nominative plural)
þegô (singular vocative)
þeganiz (plural vocative)
þeganų (accusative singular)
þeganunz (accusative plural)
þiginiz (genitive singular)
þeganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þigini (dative singular)
þegammaz (dative plural)
þiginē (instrumental singular)
þegammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *þegi, arfþegi, farþegi

Icelandic: -þegi

(North Germanic) accepter, receiver; he who accepts or receives


kumô

kumô (nominative singular)
kumaniz (nominative plural)
kumô (singular vocative)
kumaniz (plural vocative)
kumanų (accusative singular)
kumanunz (accusative plural)
kuminiz (genitive singular)
kumanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumini (dative singular)
kumammaz (dative plural)
kuminē (instrumental singular)
kumammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cuma


slīdaną

slīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
slīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīd (active imperative second-person singular)
slīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
slīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
slīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaid (active first-person indicative singular)
slidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaist (active indicative second-person singular)
slidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaid (active indicative singular third-person)
slidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slidū (active dual first-person indicative)
slidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slidum (active first-person indicative plural)
slidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slidud (active indicative plural second-person)
slidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slidun (active indicative plural third-person)
slidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slīdandz (active participle present)
slidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slīdan
Old English: slīdan
Middle English: sliden, slyden, slydyn, slijden, slidyn, slithen, slide, slyde
English: slide
→ Japanese: スライド (suraido)
Scots: slide
Old Saxon: *slīdan
Middle Low German: slīden
Old Dutch: *slīdan
⇒ Old Dutch: bislīdan
Old High German: slītan
Middle High German: slīten

From Proto-Indo-European *sléydʰ-e-ti, from *sleydʰ- (“slippery”). Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit स्रेधति (srédhati, “to err, blunder”).