wraiþaz

*wraiþaz (a-stem)

wraiþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wraiþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wraiþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wraiþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wraiþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wraiþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wraiþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wraiþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wraiþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wraiþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wraiþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wraiþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wraiþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wraiþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wraiþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wraiþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wraiþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wraiþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wraiþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wraiþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wraiþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wraiþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wraiþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wraiþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wraiþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wraiþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wraiþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wraiþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wraiþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wraiþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wraiþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wraiþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wraiþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wraiþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wraiþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wraiþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wraiþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wraiþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wraiþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wraiþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wraiþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wraiþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wraiþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wraiþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wraiþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wraiþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wraiþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wraiþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wraiþini (dative masculine singular weak)
wraiþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wraiþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wraiþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wraiþini (dative neuter singular weak)
wraiþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wraiþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wraiþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wraiþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wraiþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wraiþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wraiþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wraiþ
Old English: wrāþ
Middle English: wrath, wroth
English: wrath, wroth
Scots: wraith
Old Frisian: wrēth
Saterland Frisian: wreed
West Frisian: wreed
Old Saxon: wrēth
Middle Low German: wrêt
German Low German: wreed, wreet
Old Dutch: *wrēth
Middle Dutch: wreet
Dutch: wreed
Afrikaans: wreed
Old High German: reid, (Central Franconian) wrēde
Middle High German: reit
Alemannic German: reid
Central Franconian: fried

Old Norse:

Old West Norse: reiðr, vreiðr — older form, Old East Norse
Icelandic: reiður
Faroese: vreiður, reiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: reid

Old East Norse: vreiðr, reiðr — Old West Norse
Old Swedish: vrēþer
Swedish: vred
Old Danish: wredher, wredh
Danish: vred
Norwegian Bokmål: vred
→ Russenorsk: vred
Norwegian Nynorsk: vreid

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to turn, twist”).


glaimiz

glaimiz (nominative singular)
glaimīz (nominative plural)
glaimi (singular vocative)
glaimīz (plural vocative)
glaimį (accusative singular)
glaiminz (accusative plural)
glaimīz (genitive singular)
glaimijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glaimī (dative singular)
glaimimaz (dative plural)
glaimī (instrumental singular)
glaimimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: glǣm

Middle English: gleme

English: gleam

Old High German: gleimo

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰley- (“to shine”).


miltijaz

miltijaz (nominative singular)
miltijōz (nominative plural)
miltijōs (nominative plural)
miltī (singular vocative)
miltijōz (plural vocative)
miltijōs (plural vocative)
miltiją (accusative singular)
miltijanz (accusative plural)
miltijas (genitive singular)
miltīs (genitive singular)
miltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miltijai (dative singular)
miltijamaz (dative plural)
miltijō (instrumental singular)
miltijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miltī

Old English: milt

>? Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌹 f (milti)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, grind, crush, weaken”).


furhnō

furhnō (nominative singular)
furhnôz (nominative plural)
furhnō (singular vocative)
furhnôz (plural vocative)
furhnǭ (accusative singular)
furhnōz (accusative plural)
furhnōz (genitive singular)
furhnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhnōi (dative singular)
furhnōmaz (dative plural)
furhnō (instrumental singular)
furhnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *forhnu
Old English: forn
Old Saxon: forhna
Middle Low German: vôrne
→ Swedish: färna
Old Dutch: *forna
Middle Dutch: vōorne
Dutch: voorn
Old High German: forhana
Middle High German: forhen, forhel
German: Forelle
→ Danish: forel
→ Dutch: forel
Luxembourgish: Frell

→ Latin: fariō (gen. fariōnis) (?)

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥ḱ-n-éh₂, from *perḱ- (“colored, speckled”). Cognate with Middle Irish erch (“perch, salmon”), Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”).


skiwô

skiwô (nominative singular)
skiwaniz (nominative plural)
skiwô (singular vocative)
skiwaniz (plural vocative)
skiwanų (accusative singular)
skiwanunz (accusative plural)
skiwiniz (genitive singular)
skiwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skiwini (dative singular)
skiwammaz (dative plural)
skiwinē (instrumental singular)
skiwammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skiwō

Old English: sċēo

Middle English: scheu, schew

Old Saxon: scio, skio

Old Norse: *skew, *skiw

→ Middle English: skew, skiw, skyw

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover, bedeck”). Cognate with Old Irish ceó (“sky, heaven”).


skiwją

skiwją (nominative singular)
skiwjō (nominative plural)
skiwją (singular vocative)
skiwjō (plural vocative)
skiwją (accusative singular)
skiwjō (accusative plural)
skiwjas (genitive singular)
skiwis (genitive singular)
skiwjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skiwjai (dative singular)
skiwjamaz (dative plural)
skiwjō (instrumental singular)
skiwjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: ský
Icelandic: ský (“cloud”)
Faroese: skýggj (“cloud”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: sky f (“cloud”)
Old Swedish: skȳ (“cloud, sky”)
Swedish: sky (“sky, heaven”)
Old Danish: sky
Danish: sky (“cloud”)
Norwegian Bokmål: sky m or f (“cloud”)
→ Middle English: sky, skie, ske (“cloud, sky”)
English: sky (“sky, (obsolete) cloud”)
Scots: sky, skie, skey, ske (“sky”)
Yola: skee


greutą

greutą (nominative singular)
greutō (nominative plural)
greutą (singular vocative)
greutō (plural vocative)
greutą (accusative singular)
greutō (accusative plural)
greutas (genitive singular)
griutis (genitive singular)
greutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
greutai (dative singular)
greutamaz (dative plural)
greutō (instrumental singular)
greutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: grēot

Middle English: griet, grete

English: grit

→ Dutch: grit

Old Saxon: griot

Old Dutch: *griot

Middle Dutch: griet

q

Dutch: griet (“brill”) (possibly, if the name derives from the typical habitat of brills)

Old High German: grioz

Middle High German: griez

Bavarian: Griaß

German: Grieß

→ Dutch: gries, griesmeel

→ Polish: grys

desctree

Old Norse: grjót n
Icelandic: grjót
Faroese: grjót
Norwegian Nynorsk: grjot
Old Bothnian: *griūt n, *griūta f
Old Swedish: grȳt
Swedish: gryt; (dialectal) gryte

→ Proto-Finnic: *riutta (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-. Compare Lithuanian grúodas (“frost; frozen street dirt”) and Serbo-Croatian grȕda (“lump”).


stagą

stagą (nominative singular)
stagō (nominative plural)
stagą (singular vocative)
stagō (plural vocative)
stagą (accusative singular)
stagō (accusative plural)
stagas (genitive singular)
stagis (genitive singular)
stagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stagai (dative singular)
stagamaz (dative plural)
stagō (instrumental singular)
stagamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stag

Old English: stæġ

Middle English: steye, stay

English: stay

Scots: sta, stay

→ Old French: estay, estai

Middle French: estai

French: étai

→ Catalan: estai

→ Spanish: estay

→ Portuguese: estay, estai

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: esteo (or either from Latin stilus)

Galician: esteo

Portuguese: esteio

Old Frisian: stag

West Frisian: staach

Old Saxon: stag

Middle Low German: stach

German Low German: Stag

→ German: Stag

→ Polish: sztag

→ Dutch: stag

Old Norse: stag

Icelandic: stag

Norwegian: stag

Swedish: stag

Danish: stag

From *stag- (“to be stiff, prop”), from Proto-Indo-European *stak-, *stek- (“to stand, stell, hold”).


meltǭ

meltǭ (nominative singular)
meltōniz (nominative plural)
meltǭ (singular vocative)
meltōniz (plural vocative)
meltōnų (accusative singular)
meltōnunz (accusative plural)
meltōniz (genitive singular)
meltōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
meltōni (dative singular)
meltōmaz (dative plural)
meltōnē (instrumental singular)
meltōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *meltā, *miltijā

desctree

Old English: milte
Middle English: milte, milt, multe, mylt, mylte
English: milt
Scots: melt, meilt

Old Frisian: milte

Saterland Frisian: Milte

West Frisian: milt, melt

Old Saxon: *milta

Middle Low German: milte

German Low German: Milt

Old Dutch: *milta
Middle Dutch: milte
Dutch: milt
Afrikaans: milt

Old High German: milza

Old Norse: mjalti

Norwegian: mjelte

Elfdalian: mjälta

Old Swedish: miælte, mælte

Swedish: mjälte


bōþlą

bōþlą (nominative singular)
bōþlō (nominative plural)
bōþlą (singular vocative)
bōþlō (plural vocative)
bōþlą (accusative singular)
bōþlō (accusative plural)
bōþlas (genitive singular)
bōþlis (genitive singular)
bōþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōþlai (dative singular)
bōþlamaz (dative plural)
bōþlō (instrumental singular)
bōþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bōþl
Old English: botl, botel, bold
Middle English: bottle, botle, buttle
English: bottle (“dwelling, building”)
Old Frisian: bōdel, bōld
North Frisian: bol, boel, böl
Saterland Frisian: bûdel, bôdel
West Frisian: boel
Old Saxon: bōdal
Middle Low German: bôdel, bôl
German Low German:
Klevisch-Weselisch: Baul
Westmünsterländisch: Buddel, Büoddel
Old Dutch: *buothal
Middle Dutch: boedel, bodel
Dutch: boedel, boel
Afrikaans: boedel, boel
→ English: boodle

Old Norse: ból
Icelandic: ból
Faroese: ból
Norwegian: bol
Old Swedish: bōl
Swedish: bol
Danish: bol

Possibly from *bōwwjaną (“to settle, inhabit”) + *-þlą (instrumental suffix), or perhaps from *bōþō (“building, dwelling”) + *-(i)lą, or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoh₂u-tlo-m (compare Lithuanian būklà (“presence (of mind), dwelling”)), all possibly from *bʰweh₂- (“to grow, arise, become”).


kruppaz

kruppaz (nominative singular)
kruppōz (nominative plural)
kruppōs (nominative plural)
krupp (singular vocative)
kruppōz (plural vocative)
kruppōs (plural vocative)
kruppą (accusative singular)
kruppanz (accusative plural)
kruppas (genitive singular)
kruppis (genitive singular)
kruppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kruppai (dative singular)
kruppamaz (dative plural)
kruppō (instrumental singular)
kruppamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krupp, *kropp

desctree

Old English: cropp
Middle English: croppe, crop, crope, croupe
English: crop
Scots: crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop

Old Frisian: *krop

Saterland Frisian: Krop

West Frisian: krop

Old Saxon: kropp, krop

Middle Low German: krop

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Krop, Krip

Suerländer-Märkisch: Kropp

Westmünsterländisch: Kropp

Plautdietsch: Kropp

Old Dutch: *kropp, crop

Middle Dutch: crop

Dutch: krop
Afrikaans: krop
Negerhollands: krop

→ Vulgar Latin: *cruppus
Catalan: grop
Italian: gruppo, groppo (see there for further descendants)
Sicilian: gruppu

Old High German: kropf, kroph

Middle High German: kropf, kroph

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Kropp

Luxembourgish: Krapp

German: Kropf

Rhine Franconian: Kropp, Krupp

Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀopʃ]

Vilamovian: kröp

Old Norse: kroppr

Icelandic: kroppur

Faroese: kroppur

Norwegian Bokmål: kropp

Norwegian Nynorsk: kropp

Old Swedish: kropper, krupper
Swedish: kropp

Danish: krop

→ Old French: crope, croupe, crupe
Middle French: croupe
French: croupe (see there for further descendants)
Norman: croupe
→ Middle English: croupe, crope, crop, croppe
English: croup, croupe
Scots: crouppe

From Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to curve, bend, crawl”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, wind”).

der

(of harvest, fruit, plant, corn) a crop; bunch; cluster; head (of grain)


lēwijaną

lēwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
lēwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lēwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lēwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lēwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lēwī (active imperative second-person singular)
lēwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lēwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lēwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lēwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lēwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lēwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lēwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lēwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lēwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lēwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lēwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lēwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lēwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lēwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lēwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lēwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lēwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lēwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lēwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lēwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lēwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lēwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lēwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lēwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lēwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
lēwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lēwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lēwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lēwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lēwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lēwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lēwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lēwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lēwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lēwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lēwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lēwijandz (active participle present)
lēwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lāwijan
Old English: lǣwan
⇒ Old English: lǣwede
Middle English: lewede, lewed
Scots: lawit, lewit, lewd
English: lewd
⇒ Old English: belǣwan
Middle English: belewen
⇒ Old English: lǣwa
⇒ Middle English: lewe (adjective)
Old High German: *lāwen, *lāen
⇒ Old High German: firlāwen, firlāen
⇒ Old High German: gilāwen, gilāen

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (lēwjan)

From *lēwą (“occasion, opportunity”) + *-janą.


butmaz

butmaz (nominative singular)
butmōz (nominative plural)
butmōs (nominative plural)
butm (singular vocative)
butmōz (plural vocative)
butmōs (plural vocative)
butmą (accusative singular)
butmanz (accusative plural)
butmas (genitive singular)
butmis (genitive singular)
butmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
butmai (dative singular)
butmamaz (dative plural)
butmō (instrumental singular)
butmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *botm, *bodm

desctree

Old English: bodan, botm
Middle English: botme, botom, botome, bothom, bothum, botham, bothme, botym, bottum, butme, boþem
English: bottom
→ French: bottom
Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome
Yola: bothom
⇒ Middle English: bum (syncopated)
English: bum
Scots: bum

Old Frisian: bodem, boden

North Frisian: bom

Saterland Frisian: Boudem

West Frisian: beame (archaic), boaiem, boom

Old Saxon: bodom
Middle Low German: bōdeme, bodem, boddeme, boddem, bodden
German Low German: Bodden, Borrn, Baam
Münsterländisch: Buodden
Plautdietsch: Boddem

Old Dutch: *bodom

Middle Dutch: bodem

Dutch: bodem
Afrikaans: bodem
→ Papiamentu: bòm, boom

Limburgish: boeadem, baom

Old High German: bodam, podam

Middle High German: bodem, boden

German: Boden

Hunsrik: Boddem

Luxembourgish: Buedem

Old Norse: botn

Icelandic: botn

Faroese: botnur

Norwegian Nynorsk: botn

→ Norwegian Bokmål: botn

Norwegian Bokmål: bånn

Old Swedish: butn, botn

Swedish: botten

Old Danish: botn, bon

Danish: bund

Norwegian Bokmål: bunn

Elfdalian: buottn

Gutnish: buttn

Scanian: bónð

→ Proto-Samic: *ponnē:

Western Samic:

Southern Sami: bädnie

Ume Sami: bådˈnee

Pite Sami: påtnie

Northern Sami: bodni

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: ponne

Skolt Sami: påʹnn

Akkala Sami: поннҍ (ponn’)

Kildin Sami: поаннҍ (pånn’)

Ter Sami: ponne

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn, gen. *bʰudʰmnós. According to Kroonen, the -m- had been dissimilated in the genitive already in Proto-Indo-European, giving Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna) and Latin fundus, resulting in a Germanic paradigm of *budm-, *butt-, which then gave rise to other variants.


lataz

latizô (comparative)
latistaz (superlative)
lataz (masculine nominative singular strong)
latai (masculine nominative plural strong)
latō (feminine nominative singular strong)
latôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
latą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
latō (neuter nominative plural strong)
latanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
latanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
latǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
latōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
latą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
latō (accusative neuter plural strong)
latas (genitive masculine singular strong)
latis (genitive masculine singular strong)
lataizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lataizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lataizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
latas (genitive neuter singular strong)
latis (genitive neuter singular strong)
lataizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
latammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lataimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lataizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lataimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
latammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lataimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
latanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lataimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lataizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lataimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
latanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lataimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *lat
Old English: læt
Middle English: lat, late
Scots: lat
English: late
Yola: laate
Old Frisian: let
Saterland Frisian: leet
West Frisian: let
Old Saxon: lat
Middle Low German: lat
Low German: laat
Plautdietsch: lot
Old Dutch: *lat
Middle Dutch: lat, lāat
Dutch: laat
Afrikaans: laat
Limburgish: laat
Old High German: laz
Middle High German: laz
German: lass, lasch

Old Norse: latr
Icelandic: latur
Faroese: latur
Norwegian: lat (Bokmål), lat (Nynorsk)
Old Swedish: later
Swedish: lat
Danish: lad
Elfdalian: lat
Gutnish: latar, latur, lattur
Scanian: lader

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐍄𐍃 (lats)

From Proto-Indo-European *lh₁d-o-, verbal adjective from the root *leh₁d- (“to be tired”). Cognate with Latin lassus (“weary, faint”).


smalaz

*smalaz (a-stem)

smalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
smalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
smalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
smalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
smalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
smalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
smalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
smalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
smalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
smalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
smalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
smalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
smalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
smalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
smalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
smalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
smalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
smalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
smalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
smalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
smalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
smalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
smalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
smalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
smalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
smalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
smalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
smalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
smalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
smalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
smalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
smalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
smalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
smalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
smalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
smalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
smalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
smalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
smalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
smalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
smalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
smalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
smaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
smalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
smalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
smalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
smaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
smalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
smalini (dative masculine singular weak)
smalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
smalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
smalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
smalini (dative neuter singular weak)
smalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
smalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
smalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
smalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
smalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
smalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
smalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *smal
Old English: smæl
Middle English: smal
Scots: smal, smaw
English: small
Old Frisian: smel
North Frisian: smaal, smääl, smeel
Saterland Frisian: smäl
West Frisian: smel
Old Saxon: smal
Middle Low German: smal
Low German: small
Old Dutch: smal
Middle Dutch: smal
Dutch: smal
Old High German: smal
Middle High German: smal
Bavarian: schmål, schmoi
German: schmal
Hunsrik: schmaal
Luxembourgish: schmuel
Vilamovian: śmoł
Yiddish: שמאָל (shmol)

i

Old Norse: smalr (late Old Norse; possibly borrowed from Low German)

Icelandic: smalur

Faroese: smalur

Norwegian: smal

Swedish: smal

Danish: smal

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*smals)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (smalists)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mal-, *(s)mel-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *malъ (“small; little”) and possibly Latin malus (“bad”).


farwō

farwō (nominative singular)
farwôz (nominative plural)
farwō (singular vocative)
farwôz (plural vocative)
farwǭ (accusative singular)
farwōz (accusative plural)
farwōz (genitive singular)
farwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farwōi (dative singular)
farwōmaz (dative plural)
farwō (instrumental singular)
farwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faru
Old Frisian: ferwe, verwa
Saterland Frisian: Faawe
West Frisian: farve, ferve
Old Saxon: farwi, farawi, farw
Middle Low German: varwe, verwe
Low German: Faarf, Farf, Farv, Farve, Farw, Farwe
→ Danish: farve
Norwegian Bokmål: farve (riksmål)
→ Estonian: värv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: farge
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: farge
→ Old Swedish: færgha
Swedish: färg
→ Finnish: väri
Old Dutch: *farwa
Middle Dutch: varwe
Dutch: verf
Afrikaans: verf
Negerhollands: verw
→ Papiamentu: fèrfdó
→ Sranan Tongo: ferfi
→ Aukan: felifi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: verfi
→ Saramaccan: féifi
Limburgish: varf
Old High German: farawa, farawī
Middle High German: varwe, farwe, verwe, var, far
Alemannic German:
Alsatian: Fàrb
Swabian: Farb
Bavarian: Foam
Cimbrian: bèrbe
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Forreb
Ripuarian: Färv
German: Farbe (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Faarf
Vilamovian: förf
Yiddish: פֿאַרב (farb)
→ Czech: barva (see there for further descendants)
→ Lower Sorbian: barwa
→ Slovene: barva
→ Upper Sorbian: barba
→ Old Polish: barwa
Polish: barwa
→ Belarusian: ба́рва (bárva)
→ Ukrainian: ба́рва (bárva)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 (farwa, dative singular) (a-stem of uncertain gender)

From earlier *fargwō, from *fargwaz (“colorful”) + *-ō.


-ilingaz

-ilingaz (nominative singular)
-ilingōz (nominative plural)
-ilingōs (nominative plural)
-iling (singular vocative)
-ilingōz (plural vocative)
-ilingōs (plural vocative)
-ilingą (accusative singular)
-ilinganz (accusative plural)
-ilingas (genitive singular)
-ilingis (genitive singular)
-ilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ilingai (dative singular)
-ilingamaz (dative plural)
-ilingō (instrumental singular)
-ilingamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ling
Old English: -ling
Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge
English: -ling
Scots: -ling, -lin
Old Frisian: -ling
Saterland Frisian: -ling
West Frisian: -ling
Old Saxon: -ling
Middle Low German: -linc, -link
German Low German: -ling
Old Dutch: -ling
Middle Dutch: -ling
Dutch: -ling
Old High German: -ling
Middle High German: -linc
German: -ling
→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus
Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn
Middle French: -llan
French: -llan
→ Italian: -llano
→ Spanish: -lán
→ English: -lain
Old Italian: -lingo
Italian: -lengo
Old Occitan: -leng
Catalan: -lenc
Spanish: -lengo

Old Norse: -lingr

Icelandic: -lingur

Faroese: -lingur

Swedish: -ling

Gothic: -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs)

Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force.


supô

supô (nominative singular)
supaniz (nominative plural)
supô (singular vocative)
supaniz (plural vocative)
supanų (accusative singular)
supanunz (accusative plural)
supiniz (genitive singular)
supanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
supini (dative singular)
supammaz (dative plural)
supinē (instrumental singular)
supammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sopa

Middle English: sope, soppe, sop

English: sop

Scots: sope

Old Saxon: *sopo

Middle Low German: sope

q

with influence from Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">supe</i>

→ German: Suppe (with influence from Old French supe) (see there for further descendants)

→ Old Norse: soppa

→ Icelandic: súpa

→ Faroese: súpan

→ Norwegian: suppe

→ Swedish: soppa
→ Finnish: soppa

→ Danish: suppe

Old Dutch: *sopo

Middle Dutch: sope, soop

desc

⇒ Dutch: zoopje, zopie (diminutiva tantum)

Afrikaans: sopie

Old Norse: sopi

Icelandic: sopi

Faroese: sopi

Norwegian Nynorsk: sope

Old Swedish: supi, sopi

→ Latin: suppa (also possibly from *suppǭ)

Lombard: süpa

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: zuppa

Sicilian: suppa, zuppa

Old French: supe (see there for further descendants)

Old Occitan:

Catalan: sopa

Occitan: sopa

West Iberian

Aragonese: sopa

Asturian: sopa

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: sopa

Portuguese: sopa

Spanish: sopa

→ Basque: zopa

From Proto-Indo-European *sū-, *sewH- (“wetness, moisture, rain; juice, flow”). Related to Hittite [script needed] (šuḫḫai, “to pour”) and perhaps Sanskrit सूप (sūpa, “soup, sauce”).


sūkaną

sūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
sūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sūk (active imperative second-person singular)
sūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
sūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
sūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sauk (active first-person indicative singular)
sukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauht (active indicative second-person singular)
sukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sauk (active indicative singular third-person)
sukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sukū (active dual first-person indicative)
sukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sukum (active first-person indicative plural)
sukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sukud (active indicative plural second-person)
sukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sukun (active indicative plural third-person)
sukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūkandz (active participle present)
sukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sūkan
Old English: sūcan
Middle English: souken, suken
Scots: souke, souk
English: suck
Old Dutch: *sūcan
Middle Dutch: suken
Dutch: zuiken (dialectal or obsolete)
Limburgish: zuken, zoeken

From Proto-Indo-European *sug-, *suk- (“to suck”), from Proto-Indo-European *su-, *sew- (“juice, sap”). Cognate with Latin sūgō (“suck”).


sūganą

sūgō (active first-person indicative singular)
sūgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sūgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sūgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sūgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sūg (active imperative second-person singular)
sūgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sūgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sūgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sūgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sūgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sūgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sūgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sūgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sūgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sūgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sūgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sūgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sūgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sūgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sūgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sūgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sūgid (active indicative plural second-person)
sūgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sūgid (active imperative plural second-person)
sūgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sūgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sūgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sūgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sūgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sūgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saug (active first-person indicative singular)
sugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sauht (active indicative second-person singular)
sugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saug (active indicative singular third-person)
sugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sugū (active dual first-person indicative)
sugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sugum (active first-person indicative plural)
sugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sugud (active indicative plural second-person)
sugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sugun (active indicative plural third-person)
sugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sūgandz (active participle present)
suganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sūgan
Old English: sūgan
Middle English: sugen (partially)
Old Frisian: *sūga
Saterland Frisian: suge
West Frisian: sûge
Old Saxon: sūgan
Middle Low German: sugen, sȫgen
Low German: sugen
Old Dutch: sūgan
Middle Dutch: sugen
Dutch: zuigen
Afrikaans: suig
Negerhollands: sug
→ Sranan Tongo: soygi
Limburgish: zuge
Old High German: sūgan
Middle High German: sūgen
Alemannic German: suuge
German: saugen
Luxembourgish: saugen
Yiddish: זויגן (zoygn)

Old Norse: súga, sjúga
Icelandic: súga, sjúga
Faroese: súgva
Norwegian Bokmål: suge
Norwegian Nynorsk: suga
Old Swedish: sūgha
Swedish: suga
Old Danish: sūghæ
Danish: suge
Elfdalian: sauga
Gutnish: säuge
Scanian: súğa


hanhilaz

hanhilaz (nominative singular)
hanhilōz (nominative plural)
hanhilōs (nominative plural)
hanhil (singular vocative)
hanhilōz (plural vocative)
hanhilōs (plural vocative)
hanhilą (accusative singular)
hanhilanz (accusative plural)
hanhilas (genitive singular)
hanhilis (genitive singular)
hanhilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanhilai (dative singular)
hanhilamaz (dative plural)
hanhilō (instrumental singular)
hanhilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄hilō
Old English: hēla
Middle English: hele, heele, heyle, heyll, hiele, hile
English: heel
Scots: heel
Yola: heel
Old Frisian: hēla
North Frisian: (Föhr-Amrum) haiel, hael, häile, hajel, hägel
West Frisian: hyl
Old Saxon: *hāhilo, *hēhilo, *hēlo
Middle Low German: *hêle, *hiele
German Low German: Hiel (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Dutch: *hālo, *hēlo m, *hēla f
Middle Dutch: hiele, hiel m or f (perhaps a borrowing from Frisian)
Dutch: hiel m

Old Norse: hæll

Icelandic: hæll

Faroese: hælur

Norwegian: hel, hæl

Old Swedish: hǣl

Swedish: häl

Danish: hæl

Gutnish: hel, heil


stōlaz

stōlaz (nominative singular)
stōlōz (nominative plural)
stōlōs (nominative plural)
stōl (singular vocative)
stōlōz (plural vocative)
stōlōs (plural vocative)
stōlą (accusative singular)
stōlanz (accusative plural)
stōlas (genitive singular)
stōlis (genitive singular)
stōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōlai (dative singular)
stōlamaz (dative plural)
stōlō (instrumental singular)
stōlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stōl
Old English: stōl
Middle English: stool
English: stool
Scots: stuil, stul, stule
Old Frisian: stōl
North Frisian: stuul, stölj, Stuul
Saterland Frisian: Stoul
West Frisian: stoel
Old Saxon: stōl
Middle Low German: stôl
German Low German: Stohl (also Münsterländisch), Stauhl (Paderbornisch), Staul (Sauerländisch)
→ Lower Sorbian: stoł
Plautdietsch: Stool
→ Estonian: tool
→ Votic: stooli
Old Dutch: stuol
Middle Dutch: stoel
Dutch: stoel
Afrikaans: stoel
→ Southern Ndebele: ísítúlo
→ Shona: chitúru
→ Sotho: setulo
→ Swazi: sítúlo
→ Tsonga: xitulu
→ Xhosa: ísítúlo
→ Zulu: ísítúlo
Jersey Dutch: stûl
Negerhollands: stoel, stul, stuel
Skepi Creole Dutch: stool
→ Aukan: sutuu
→ Fanagalo: stul (possibly via Zulu or from English)
→ Papiamentu: stul, stoeltsje, stoeltji
→ Sranan Tongo: sturu
Limburgish: stool
Old High German: stuol
Middle High German: stuol
German: Stuhl
Hunsrik: Stuhl
Luxembourgish: Stull
Vilamovian: śtül
Yiddish: שטול (shtul)

Old Norse: stóll
Icelandic: stóll
Faroese: stólur
Norn: stol, stul, støl
Norwegian Bokmål: stol
Norwegian Nynorsk: stol
Old Swedish: stōl
Swedish: stol
→ Finnish: tuoli
→ Ingrian: stooli
Danish: stol
Gutnish: stol, stul

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍉𐌻𐍃 (stōls)

Crimean Gothic: stul

→ Old East Slavic: стулъ (stulŭ) (via Old Norse or Middle Low German)

Russian: стул (stul), стулъ (stul) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Azerbaijani: stul
→ Even: стул (stul)
→ Kildin Sami: стӯла (stūla)
→ Uzbek: stul

From Proto-Indo-European *stoh₂los (“frame, rack, stand”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Lithuanian stalas (“table”), Russian стол (stol, “table”), Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē, “sile, pillar”), Lithuanian pastoliai (“scaffolding”).


wrangaz

*wrangaz (a-stem)

wrangaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wrangai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wrangō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wrangôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wrangą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wrangō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wranganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wranganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wrangǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wrangōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wrangą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wrangō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wrangas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wrangaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wrangaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wrangaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wrangas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wrangaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wrangammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wrangaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wrangaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wrangaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wrangammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wrangaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wranganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wrangaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wrangaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wrangaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wranganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wrangaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wrangô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wranganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wrangǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wrangōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wrangô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wrangōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wranganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wranganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wrangōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wrangōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wrangô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wrangōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wranginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wranganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wrangōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wrangōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wranginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wranganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wrangini (dative masculine singular weak)
wrangammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wrangōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wrangōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wrangini (dative neuter singular weak)
wrangammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wranginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wrangammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wrangōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wrangōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wranginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wrangammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrang

Old Frisian: *wrang

West Frisian: wrang

Old Saxon: *wrang, *wrank

Middle Low German: wrank, wrange

Old Dutch: *wrang, *wrank

Middle Dutch: wranc

Dutch: wrang
Afrikaans: vrank, wrang

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚱᚨᛜᚨᛉ (*wraŋaʀ)

Old Norse: vrangr

Norwegian: vrang; (dialectal) vrang’e, vrång’e

Old Danish: wrangær

Danish: vrang

Norwegian Bokmål: vrang

Old Swedish: wranger

Swedish: vrång

Scanian: vránger

→ Old English: wrang (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Later Old West Norse: rangr
Icelandic: rangur
Faroese: rangur
Norn: rang
Norwegian: rang; (dialectal) rang’u, rång’e
Jamtish: ráng

From *wringaną (“to wring, twist”), from Proto-Indo-European *wrenǵʰ- (“to twist, wry, constrict, choke, thring”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to twist, bend”).


rōō

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

rōō (nominative singular)
rōôz (nominative plural)
rōō (singular vocative)
rōôz (plural vocative)
rōǭ (accusative singular)
rōōz (accusative plural)
rōōz (genitive singular)
rōǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōōi (dative singular)
rōōmaz (dative plural)
rōō (instrumental singular)
rōōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rōu
Old English: rōw, rō
Middle English: ro, rou, rowe, roo
English: roo
Scots: ro, ruve
Old Saxon: *rōwa
Middle Low German: rôwe
German Low German:
Altmärkisch, Westphalian (Bentheimisch): Raue
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Rugge, Riu (Sundern), Rūre (Wenden)
Westmünsterländisch: Ruhe
East Westphalian: Riuhe (Lippisch), Rue (Wedemarkisch)
→? Saterland Frisian: Raue
Old Dutch: *ruowa
Middle Dutch: rowe, rouwe
Old High German: ruowa
Middle High German: ruowe, rouwe, ruo
German: Ruhe
Alemannic German: Ruew
Hunsrik: Ruh
Luxembourgish: Rou
Yiddish: רו (ru)

Old Norse: ró
Icelandic: ró
Faroese: ró, rógv
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: ro
Norwegian Bokmål: ro
Elfdalian: ruo
Old Swedish: rō
Swedish: ro
Danish: ro

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roh₁-weh₂, from *h₁reh₁- (“quiet, calm”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (rāman, “peace, tranquility”) and Sanskrit रात्रि (rātri, “night”), whence Hindi रात (rāt, “night”).


bedą

bedą (nominative singular)
bedō (nominative plural)
bedą (singular vocative)
bedō (plural vocative)
bedą (accusative singular)
bedō (accusative plural)
bedas (genitive singular)
bidis (genitive singular)
bedǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bedai (dative singular)
bedamaz (dative plural)
bedō (instrumental singular)
bedamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bed
Old English: bed
Middle English: bed, bede (through confluence with descendants of Old English ġebed)
English: bead
Scots: bede, beid
Old High German: *bet
Middle High German: bët, bëte
German: Bet

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech, implore”); more at *bedō.


bastaz

bastaz (nominative singular)
bastōz (nominative plural)
bastōs (nominative plural)
bast (singular vocative)
bastōz (plural vocative)
bastōs (plural vocative)
bastą (accusative singular)
bastanz (accusative plural)
bastas (genitive singular)
bastis (genitive singular)
bastǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bastai (dative singular)
bastamaz (dative plural)
bastō (instrumental singular)
bastamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bast
Old English: bæst
Middle English: bast, baste
English: bast, bass
Scots: bass
Old Saxon: bast
Middle Low German: bast
→ Old Norse: bast
Faroese: bast
Old Swedish: bast
Swedish: bast
Old Danish: bast
Danish: bast
Old Dutch: *bast
Middle Dutch: bast
Dutch: bast
Afrikaans: bas
Old High German: bast
German: Bast

Uncertain; suggested to be an alteration of Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- ~ *bʰasḱ- (“bundle, heap, load”), but this is disputed.


wrakjô

gem-decl-noun-table

*wrakjô (an-stem)

wrakjô (nominative singular)
wrakjaniz (nominative plural)
wrakjô (singular vocative)
wrakjaniz (plural vocative)
wrakjanų (accusative singular)
wrakjanunz (accusative plural)
wrakiniz (genitive singular)
wrakjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrakini (dative singular)
wrakjammaz (dative plural)
wrakinē (instrumental singular)
wrakjammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wrakkjō
Old English: wræċċa, wreċċa
Middle English: wrecche
English: wretch
Scots: wratch, wretch, werch, warch
Old Saxon: wrekkio
Old Dutch: *recko
Middle Dutch: recke
Old High German: *wreccheo, wreccho, hrechjo, reccho, wrecko, recko
Middle High German: reche, recke
→ Middle Low German: recke
German: Recke
→ Medieval Latin: garciō (see there for further descendants)

an exile, one who is persecuted or displaced, fugitive


fersnō

fersnō (nominative singular)
fersnôz (nominative plural)
fersnō (singular vocative)
fersnôz (plural vocative)
fersnǭ (accusative singular)
fersnōz (accusative plural)
fersnōz (genitive singular)
fersnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fersnōi (dative singular)
fersnōmaz (dative plural)
fersnō (instrumental singular)
fersnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: fiersn

Old Saxon: fersna

Middle Low German: vērsene, vērse

Old Dutch: *fersana

Middle Dutch: versene

Dutch: verzen, vaars (dialectal)

Old High German: fersana, fersna

desc

Middle High German: vërsene, vërsen, vërse

Bavarian: Ferschn

German: Ferse

Luxembourgish: Feescht

Vilamovian: faoś

⇒ Cimbrian: vèerzinga, bèerzinga (Mezzaselva)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌽𐌰 (fairzna)


skagją

skagją (nominative singular)
skagjō (nominative plural)
skagją (singular vocative)
skagjō (plural vocative)
skagją (accusative singular)
skagjō (accusative plural)
skagjas (genitive singular)
skagis (genitive singular)
skagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skagjai (dative singular)
skagjamaz (dative plural)
skagjō (instrumental singular)
skagjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaggī

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *skaggijā

desctree

Old English: sċeacga
Middle English: *schagge
English: shag
Middle Scots: schagg, schage, schaig

Old Norse: skegg
Icelandic: skegg
Faroese: skegg
Norwegian: skjegg
Old Swedish: skæg
Swedish: skägg
Danish: skæg

→ Proto-Samic: *skāvčā (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from *skōgô (“brush, thicket”) + *-ją.


kalwaz

*kalwaz (a-stem)

kalwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kalwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kalwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kalwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kalwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kalwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kalwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kalwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kalwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kalwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kalwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kalwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kalwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kalwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kalwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kalwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kalwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kalwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kalwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kalwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kalwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kalwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kalwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kalwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kalwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kalwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kalwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kalwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kalwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kalwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kalwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kalwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kalwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kalwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kalwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kalwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kalwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kalwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kalwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kalwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kalwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kalwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kalwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kalwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kalwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kalwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kalwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kalwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kalwini (dative masculine singular weak)
kalwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kalwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kalwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kalwini (dative neuter singular weak)
kalwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kalwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kalwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kalwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kalwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kalwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kalwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kalu

Old English: calu

Middle English: calwe

English: callow

Old Frisian: kale, kāle

Saterland Frisian: koal

West Frisian: keal

Old Saxon: kalo

Middle Low German: kāle, kāl

German Low German: kahl

→ Swedish: kal

Old Dutch: *kalo

Middle Dutch: cale, calu

Dutch: kaal

Old High German: kalo, chalo; kalwēr, chalwēr, chalawēr

Middle High German: kal

German: kahl

Luxembourgish: kuel

Old Norse: *kǫlr

Swedish: kal, kalka (dialectal)

From Pre-Germanic *golH-wo-s, from Proto-Indo-European *gelH-, a root found only in Germanic and Balto-Slavic.


nadraz

nadraz (nominative singular)
nadrōz (nominative plural)
nadrōs (nominative plural)
nadr (singular vocative)
nadrōz (plural vocative)
nadrōs (plural vocative)
nadrą (accusative singular)
nadranz (accusative plural)
nadras (genitive singular)
nadris (genitive singular)
nadrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nadrai (dative singular)
nadramaz (dative plural)
nadrō (instrumental singular)
nadramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: naðr

Icelandic: naður

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌳𐍂𐍃 (nadrs)


uzristiz

uzristiz (nominative singular)
uzristīz (nominative plural)
uzristi (singular vocative)
uzristīz (plural vocative)
uzristį (accusative singular)
uzristinz (accusative plural)
uzristīz (genitive singular)
uzristijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzristī (dative singular)
uzristimaz (dative plural)
uzristī (instrumental singular)
uzristimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ǣrist

Middle English: arist

English: arist

Old High German: urrist

Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (urrists)

From *uz- + *ristiz, from *rīsaną (“to rise”).


barsaz

barsaz (nominative singular)
barsōz (nominative plural)
barsōs (nominative plural)
bars (singular vocative)
barsōz (plural vocative)
barsōs (plural vocative)
barsą (accusative singular)
barsanz (accusative plural)
barsas (genitive singular)
barsis (genitive singular)
barsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barsai (dative singular)
barsamaz (dative plural)
barsō (instrumental singular)
barsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bars
Old English: bærs
Middle English: bars, bas
English: barse, bass
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: Boas
Old Saxon: bars
→ Polabian: borš
Old Dutch: *bars
Middle Dutch: bars, bāers
Dutch: baars
Old High German: bars
Middle High German: bars
German: Barsch

(Old Norse: *borri < *burzô)

(Old Swedish: borre (in compounds))

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰórsos (“pointy, prickly”), from *bʰers- (“top, point”).


bainaz

bainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
bainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
bainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
bainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
bainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
bainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
bainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
bainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
bainis (genitive masculine singular strong)
bainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
bainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
bainis (genitive neuter singular strong)
bainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
bainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
bainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
bainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
bainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

desctree

Old Norse: beinn
Icelandic: beinn
Faroese: beinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bein
Norwegian Bokmål: ben, bein
Swedish: bena
Danish: ben
→ Middle English: beyn, bayn, bayne, bain
Scots: bein, bien
English: bain

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to hit, strike, beat”).


bardaz

bardaz (nominative singular)
bardōz (nominative plural)
bardōs (nominative plural)
bard (singular vocative)
bardōz (plural vocative)
bardōs (plural vocative)
bardą (accusative singular)
bardanz (accusative plural)
bardas (genitive singular)
bardis (genitive singular)
bardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bardai (dative singular)
bardamaz (dative plural)
bardō (instrumental singular)
bardamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bard
Old English: beard
Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
English: beard
Scots: berd, berde, beird
Yola: bearde
→ Anglo-Norman: berd
→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)
Old Frisian: *bard, berd
West Frisian: burd
Old Saxon: bard
Middle Low German: bart
German Low German: Baart
Westphalian
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bårt
Vest Recklinghausen: Bart
Westmünsterländisch: Baord, Buord, Burd
Plautdietsch: Boat
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
→ Saterland Frisian: Boart
Old Dutch: *bart
Middle Dutch: bāert
Dutch: baard
Afrikaans: baard
Negerhollands: baard
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bad (archaic)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
→ West Frisian: baard
Limburgish: baerd
Old High German: bart
Middle High German: bart
Alemannic German: Baart
Bavarian: Bårt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Baart
Luxembourgish: Baart
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: biöet, biöt
East Franconian:
German: Bart
→ Norwegian: bart
Rhine Franconian: Bat, Bart
Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt], (older) [b̥ɔːt]
Pennsylvania German: Baart
Yiddish: באָרד (bord)

Old Norse: barð n (< *barðą)
Icelandic: barð
Norwegian Bokmål: bard m
Norwegian Nynorsk: bard, barde
Swedish: bard, bård

Crimean Gothic: bars

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂.
The change from a feminine first declension pattern to a masculine short a-stem is analogous; a more etymologically accurate descendant would be something like "bardō."


wīsadōmaz

wīsadōmaz (nominative singular)
wīsadōmōz (nominative plural)
wīsadōmōs (nominative plural)
wīsadōm (singular vocative)
wīsadōmōz (plural vocative)
wīsadōmōs (plural vocative)
wīsadōmą (accusative singular)
wīsadōmanz (accusative plural)
wīsadōmas (genitive singular)
wīsadōmis (genitive singular)
wīsadōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīsadōmai (dative singular)
wīsadōmamaz (dative plural)
wīsadōmō (instrumental singular)
wīsadōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīsdōm

Middle English: wisdom

Scots: wisdom, wysdome

English: wisdom

Old Frisian: wīsdōm

West Frisian: wiisdom

Old Saxon: wīsdōm

Middle Low German: wiisdoem

Old Dutch: *wīsduom

Middle Dutch: wijsdom

Dutch: wijsdom

Old High German: wīstuom

Middle High German: wīstuom

German: Weistum

Old Norse: vísdómr

Icelandic: vísdómur

Norwegian: visdom

Old Swedish: vīsdōmber

Swedish: visdom

Danish: visdom


seldanē

Proto-West Germanic: *seldanā
Old English: seldan, seldum
Middle English: selden, seilden, seldom
Scots: seld, seldin, seendil
English: seldom
Old Frisian: sielden
Saterland Frisian: säilden
West Frisian: komselden
Old Saxon: seldan
Middle Low German: selden
Old Dutch: *seldan
Middle Dutch: selden
Dutch: zelden
Afrikaans: selde
Negerhollands: selden
Old High German: seltan; *seldan (Central German)
Middle High German: selten; selden
Alemannic German: selte
German: selten
Central Franconian: säle, seale, selle, selde
Luxembourgish: sielen
Yiddish: זעלטן (zeltn)

Old Norse: sjaldan
Icelandic: sjaldan
Faroese: sjáldan, sjaldan
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: sjelden
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjeldan
Old Swedish: siäldan, säldan, siällan
Swedish: sällan
Old Danish: siældæn
Danish: sjælden

From unattested *seldaz (“rare”) + *-anē.


hwistlōną

hwistlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwistlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwistlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwistlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlō (active imperative second-person singular)
hwistlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwistlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwistlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwistlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwistlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwistlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwistlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwistlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwistlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwistlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwistlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwistlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwistlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwistlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwistlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwistlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwistlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwistlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwistlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwistlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwistlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwistlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwistlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwistlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwistlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwistlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwistlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwistlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwistlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwistlōndz (active participle present)
hwistlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hwistlian

Middle English: whistlen

Scots: whistle

English: whistle

Old Dutch: *wistalon

Middle Dutch: *wistelen

Dutch: wistelen

Old Norse: hvísla

Icelandic: hvísla

Norwegian: hvisle

Old Swedish: hvīsla, hvizsla

Swedish: vissla

Old Danish: hwīslæ

Danish: hvisle

Elfdalian: wissla

Scanian: hvysla

From *hwis- (“to hiss”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweys-, *ḱwey- (“to hiss, whistle, whisper”). Cognate with Latin quiritō (“scream, screech, shriek, squall”).


bewwą

bewwą (nominative singular)
bewwō (nominative plural)
bewwą (singular vocative)
bewwō (plural vocative)
bewwą (accusative singular)
bewwō (accusative plural)
bewwas (genitive singular)
biwwis (genitive singular)
bewwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bewwai (dative singular)
bewwamaz (dative plural)
bewwō (instrumental singular)
bewwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *beuw
Old English: bēow
Old Frisian: bē
Old Saxon: beo, beu
⇒ Old Saxon: beuwod, bewod
Old High German: *beo
Middle High German: bū, bou (merger with *bū m or n)

Proto-Norse: *ᛒᛁᚷᚹᚨ (*bigwa /*biggwa/)

Old Norse: bygg, biugg — Old East Norse
Icelandic: bygg n
Faroese: bygg n
Norwegian: m
Norwegian Bokmål: bygg
Norwegian Nynorsk: bygg
Old Swedish: biug, biugh
Swedish: bjugg n, bju, bygg, byg, by, bägg
Old Danish: biug n
Danish: byg c
→ Middle English: big, byg, byge
English: bigg, big
Scots: bigg, big


akwisī

akwisī (nominative singular)
akuzijôz (nominative plural)
akwisī (singular vocative)
akuzijôz (plural vocative)
akuzijǭ (accusative singular)
akuzijōz (accusative plural)
akuzijōz (genitive singular)
akuzijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akuzijōi (dative singular)
akuzijōmaz (dative plural)
akuzijō (instrumental singular)
akuzijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *akusi
Old English: æx, æces, acas, eax
Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe, æxæ, æxe
English: axe, ax
Scots: aix
Old Frisian: axa
Saterland Frisian: Äkse
Old Saxon: akus
Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, akes
Low German: Ax, Äx, Ex
Westphalian:
Märkisch: Akes
Plautdietsch: Akjs
Old Dutch: *akus, *acus
Middle Dutch: aex
Dutch: aks, akst
Old High German: ackis, ackus
Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt
German: Axt
Luxembourgish: Aaxt

Old Norse: øx, ǫx
Icelandic: öxi
Faroese: øks
Norwegian Bokmål: øks
Norwegian Nynorsk: øks
Old Swedish: øx, øxa
Swedish: yxa
Old Danish: øx, øxæ
Danish: økse
Elfdalian: öks
Old Gutnish: yxi
Gutnish: yx
Scanian: yğsa

Gothic: 𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌹 (aqizi)

→ Proto-Samic: *ākšōjō (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *okъša, *okъšy (see there for further descendants)

From apparent pre-Germanic *h₂egʷésih₂ (“axe”), which along with Ancient Greek ἀξῑ́νη (axī́nē) and Latin ascia is probably a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language. Compare also Akkadian 𒍏𒄩𒍣𒅔 (ḫaṣṣinnum), Aramaic חצינא (ḥăṣṣīnā).

cog

Aramaic חצינא (ḥăṣṣīnā)

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


krēǭ

krēǭ (nominative singular)
krēōniz (nominative plural)
krēǭ (singular vocative)
krēōniz (plural vocative)
krēōnų (accusative singular)
krēōnunz (accusative plural)
krēōniz (genitive singular)
krēōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krēōni (dative singular)
krēōmaz (dative plural)
krēōnē (instrumental singular)
krēōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krāā
Old English: crāwe, crāuuae — early
Middle English: crowe, crawe, crow, crauw, craw
English: crow
Geordie English: craw
Scots: craw
Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw
Old Frisian: *krā, *krē
West Frisian: krie
Old Saxon: krāia, krāa
Middle Low German: krâ, kreie
Plautdietsch: Krauj
Old Dutch: *krāia (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: crâye
Dutch: kraai
Afrikaans: kraai
Limburgish: krej
Old High German: krāwa, kraja, krāha
Middle High German: krā, krāe, krāwe
Cimbrian: kre
German: Krähe
Hunsrik: Kreh
Luxembourgish: Kréi
Vilamovian: kröw
Yiddish: קראָ (kro)


nadrǭ

nadrǭ (nominative singular)
nadrōniz (nominative plural)
nadrǭ (singular vocative)
nadrōniz (plural vocative)
nadrōnų (accusative singular)
nadrōnunz (accusative plural)
nadrōniz (genitive singular)
nadrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nadrōni (dative singular)
nadrōmaz (dative plural)
nadrōnē (instrumental singular)
nadrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nadrā
Old English: nǣdre, nǣddre
Middle English: naddere, addere
Scots: edder
English: adder; nedder (dialectal)
Old Frisian: *nēdre
Saterland Frisian: Neder
West Frisian: njirre
Old Saxon: nādra
Middle Low German: nâder, nader, nadder
Low German: Adder
German Low German: Adder
→ Saterland Frisian: Adder
Old Dutch: *nadra
Middle Dutch: nadre, nadder, adre, adder
Dutch: adder
Afrikaans: adder
Limburgish: adder
Old High German: nātara, otter
Middle High German: nātere, nāter, otter
German: Natter, Otter
Luxembourgish: Adder

Old Norse: naðra

Icelandic: naðra


dagāną

dagō (active first-person indicative singular)
dagaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dagai (active imperative second-person singular)
dagāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dagaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dagāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dagāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dagōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dagāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dagāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dagāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dagānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dagaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dagaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dagānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dagānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dagānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dagānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dagadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dagadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dagadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dagadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dagadē (active indicative singular third-person)
dagadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dagadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dagadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dagadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dagadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dagadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dagadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dagadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dagadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dagadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dagadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dagāndz (active participle present)
dagadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dagēn
Old English: dagian, dagiġan
Middle English: daȝiȝen, dawen
English: daw
Scots: daw
Old Frisian: *dagia
West Frisian: daagje
Old Saxon: *dagon
Middle Low German: dagen, dāgen
German Low German: dagen
Old Dutch: *dagon
Middle Dutch: dāgen
Dutch: dagen
Limburgish: dage
Old High German: tagēn
Middle High German: tagen
German: tagen

Old Norse: daga

Icelandic: daga

Faroese: daga

Norwegian: dage

Swedish: daga

Danish: dage

Gothic: *𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (*dagan) (in the derived agent noun 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (dagands))

/ˈdɑ.ɣɑː.nɑ̃/


kebrą

kebrą (nominative singular)
kebrō (nominative plural)
kebrą (singular vocative)
kebrō (plural vocative)
kebrą (accusative singular)
kebrō (accusative plural)
kebras (genitive singular)
kibris (genitive singular)
kebrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kebrai (dative singular)
kebramaz (dative plural)
kebrō (instrumental singular)
kebramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kebr

Old Dutch: *kifer; *kifel

→ Old French: *gifle, giffe

Middle French: gifle

French: gifle

Old High German: kifer; *kifel

Middle High German: kiver; kifel

German: Kiefer


dēhǭ

dēhǭ (nominative singular)
dēhōniz (nominative plural)
dēhǭ (singular vocative)
dēhōniz (plural vocative)
dēhōnų (accusative singular)
dēhōnunz (accusative plural)
dēhōniz (genitive singular)
dēhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dēhōni (dative singular)
dēhōmaz (dative plural)
dēhōnē (instrumental singular)
dēhōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dāhwā
Old English: *dāwe
Middle English: dawe
English: daw
⇒ English: jackdaw
Scots: da, daa, daw
Old Saxon: dāha
Old High German: tāha
Middle High German: tāhe
German: Tach, Dache (dialectal)

Perhaps from an onomatopoeic Proto-Indo-European root *dʰek-, *dʰēk- (“a daw, starling, thrush”). Cognate with Old Prussian doacke (“starling”), Latin faccilāre (“the sound or timbre of the thrush”).


akraną

akraną (nominative singular)
akranō (nominative plural)
akraną (singular vocative)
akranō (plural vocative)
akraną (accusative singular)
akranō (accusative plural)
akranas (genitive singular)
akranis (genitive singular)
akranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akranai (dative singular)
akranamaz (dative plural)
akranō (instrumental singular)
akranamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *akarn
Old English: æcern
Middle English: acorn
English: acorn
Scots: aicorn
Old Frisian: *akern
Saterland Frisian: Äkkene
West Frisian: aker
Old Saxon: *akeran
Middle Low German: ākeren, ackeren, ēkeren, eckeren
German Low German: Ecker
Low German: eckeren
Old Dutch: *akeran
Middle Dutch: aecker, aker
Dutch: aker
Afrikaans: akker
Old High German: *akeran, *ekerin
Middle High German: ackeran, eckeren, eckern, ecker
German: Ackeran, Ecker
→? Old French: aigrun
Middle French: aigrun, aigrin, egrun
French: aigrin, égrain

Old Norse: akarn
Icelandic: akarn
Faroese: akarn
Norwegian Nynorsk: åkorn
Swedish: akarn
Danish: agern

Gothic: 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 (akran)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógr̥ (“small fruit ~ berry”); compare Proto-Celtic *agrinyos (“~ sloe, small plum, berry”), Latvian ôga, Lithuanian úoga, Proto-Slavic *àgo-da (“fruit, berry”), Tocharian B oko (“fruit”).


strawą

strawą (nominative singular)
strawō (nominative plural)
strawą (singular vocative)
strawō (plural vocative)
strawą (accusative singular)
strawō (accusative plural)
strawas (genitive singular)
strawis (genitive singular)
strawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strawai (dative singular)
strawamaz (dative plural)
strawō (instrumental singular)
strawamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strau
Old English: strēaw
Middle English: straw
English: straw
Scots: strae
Yola: strew, stre
Old Frisian: strē
Saterland Frisian: Sträi
West Frisian: strie
Old Saxon: strō
Middle Low German: strô
German Low German: Stroh
Plautdietsch: Stroo
Old Dutch: strō
Middle Dutch: strô
Dutch: stro
Old High German: strou, strō
Middle High German: strō
German: Stroh
Luxembourgish: Stréi
Vilamovian: śtruf
Yiddish: שטרוי (shtroy)

Old Norse: strá

Icelandic: strá

Faroese: strá

Norwegian: strå

Old Swedish: strā

Swedish: strå

Old Danish: stra

Danish: strå

Gutnish: strä

From Pre-Germanic *strow-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *strew-.

etymon

*strow-o-m


nakwô

nakwô (nominative singular)
nakwaniz (nominative plural)
nakwô (singular vocative)
nakwaniz (plural vocative)
nakwanų (accusative singular)
nakwanunz (accusative plural)
nakwiniz (genitive singular)
nakwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nakwini (dative singular)
nakwammaz (dative plural)
nakwinē (instrumental singular)
nakwammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nakwō
Old English: naca
Old Frisian: *naka, âke, âk
West Frisian: aek, aak
Old Saxon: nako
German Low German: Âken
Old Dutch: *nako
Middle Dutch: naecke, aecke
Dutch: aak
Old High German: nahho
Middle High German: nache
German: Nachen
Luxembourgish: Naachen

Old Norse: nǫkkvi

Icelandic: nökkvi

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“boat”); a possible explanation of the kʷ is Cowgill's Law.


brēdô

brēdô (nominative singular)
brēdaniz (nominative plural)
brēdô (singular vocative)
brēdaniz (plural vocative)
brēdanų (accusative singular)
brēdanunz (accusative plural)
brēdiniz (genitive singular)
brēdanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brēdini (dative singular)
brēdammaz (dative plural)
brēdinē (instrumental singular)
brēdammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣd, brǣde, brād (Old English nouns are strong)

Middle English: brede, brade

Scots: brede

Old Frisian: *brāde, *brēde

Saterland Frisian: Broaden (possibly from Middle Low German)

(West Frisian: gebraden)

Old Saxon: brādo

Middle Low German: brade, brâde; brât

German Low German: Braa

Frankish: *brādō

Old Dutch: *brādo
Middle Dutch: brâde
Afrikaans: braai
→ Dutch: braai
→ English: braai

→ Old French: braon

→ Middle English: brawne

Scots: brawn, bran

English: brawn

Old High German: brāto, prāto; brāt

Middle High German: brāte; brāt

German: Brät, Braten, Bratwurst

→ English: brat, bratwurst

Luxembourgish: Brot

Old Norse: bráð

Icelandic: bráð

Faroese: bráð

Danish: brad

Old Swedish: brāþ

Swedish: bråd (in villebråd)

→ Proto-Finnic: *raato (see there for further descendants)

/ˈbrɛː.ðɔːː/

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrē- (“waft; breeze; haze”) or Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to seethe; brew; cook”).


brēdaną

brēdō (active first-person indicative singular)
brēdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brēdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brēdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brēdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brēd (active imperative second-person singular)
brēdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brēdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brēdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brēdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brēdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brēdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brēdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brēdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brēdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brēdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brēdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brēdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brēdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brēdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brēdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brēdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brēdid (active indicative plural second-person)
brēdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brēdid (active imperative plural second-person)
brēdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brēdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brēdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brēdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brēdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brēdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brēdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bebrēd (active first-person indicative singular)
bebrēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bebrēst (active indicative second-person singular)
bebrēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bebrēd (active indicative singular third-person)
bebrēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bebrēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bebrēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bebrēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bebrēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bebrēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bebrēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bebrēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bebrēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bebrēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bebrēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brēdandz (active participle present)
brēdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brādan

Old English: brǣdan

Middle English: breden, breaden

Scots: brade

Old Frisian: brēda

Saterland Frisian: bräide

West Frisian: briede

Old Saxon: brādan

Middle Low German: braden, brāden

Low German: braden, braën

Plautdietsch: broden

desctree

Old Dutch: brādan
Middle Dutch: brâden
Dutch: braden
Afrikaans: braai
→ English: braai
Berbice Creole Dutch: brai
Negerhollands: braen
Petjo: brajen
Skepi Creole Dutch: brai
→ Sranan Tongo: brai
Limburgish: braoje

Old High German: prātan, brātan

Middle High German: braten

German: braten

Luxembourgish: broden

Yiddish: בראָטן (brotn)

Old Norse: bræða

Icelandic: bræða

Faroese: bræða

Old Swedish: brædha

Danish: bræde

Crimean Gothic: breen

/ˈbrɛː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil, seethe”). Cognate with Latin fervō (“seethe, burn”).


raduraz

raduraz (nominative singular)
radurōz (nominative plural)
radurōs (nominative plural)
radur (singular vocative)
radurōz (plural vocative)
radurōs (plural vocative)
radurą (accusative singular)
raduranz (accusative plural)
raduras (genitive singular)
raduris (genitive singular)
radurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
radurai (dative singular)
raduramaz (dative plural)
radurō (instrumental singular)
raduramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *radur

Old English: radur, rador, rodor

Old Saxon: radur, radul

Old Norse: rǫðull

Icelandic: röðull

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂- (“to run”). Cognate with Latin rota (“wheel”).


būsniz

būsniz (nominative singular)
būsnīz (nominative plural)
būsni (singular vocative)
būsnīz (plural vocative)
būsnį (accusative singular)
būsninz (accusative plural)
būsnīz (genitive singular)
būsnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būsnī (dative singular)
būsnimaz (dative plural)
būsnī (instrumental singular)
būsnimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *būsni
Old English: bȳsn, bȳsen
Middle English: bisne, bysen
Scots: bysen, bizen, besyne, bysene
English: bizen
Old Saxon: būsen, būsan (in compounds: e.g. ambūsan)

Old Norse: býsn
Icelandic: býsn n pl
Norwegian Nynorsk: bisn f or n

From earlier *budsniz, from zero-grade of *beudaną (“to offer, bid”) + *-(s)niz.


strawjaną

strawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
strawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
strawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strawi (active imperative second-person singular)
strawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
strawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
strawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
strawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
strawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
strawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
strawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
strawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
strawidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
strawidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strawidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
strawidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strawidē (active indicative singular third-person)
strawidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strawidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
strawidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strawidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strawidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strawidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
strawidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strawidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
strawidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strawidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
strawidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strawjandz (active participle present)
strawidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strauwjan
Old English: strēawian, strēowian, strēwian
Middle English: strewen, streuen
English: strew, strow, straw (dialectal)
Scots: straw
Old Frisian: strēwa
North Frisian: strijen
West Frisian: streauwe
Old Saxon: streuwian, strōian
Middle Low German: strōen, strōuwen
Old Dutch: *strōien
Middle Dutch: strôyen
Dutch: strooien
Afrikaans: strooi
Negerhollands: strui, strooj
→ Papiamentu: stroi, strooi
→ West Frisian: struie
Limburgish: struie
Old High German: strewen, strouwen
Middle High German: streuwen, ströuwen, strouwen
Alemannic German: streuwe
Central Franconian: streue, streie, strähe, straaie
Luxembourgish: streeën
German: streuen

Old Norse: strá, *streyja

Icelandic: strá

Faroese: stroyggja

Norwegian Nynorsk: strå, strøya, strø

Old Swedish: strø̄ia, strø̄
Swedish: strö

Old Danish: strø̄

Danish: strø

Norwegian Bokmål: strø

Elfdalian: sträa

Gutnish: stråie

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (straujan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *raivat'ak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *strow-éye-ti, a causative from the root *strew- (“to spread, strew”).


būraz

būraz (nominative singular)
būrōz (nominative plural)
būrōs (nominative plural)
būr (singular vocative)
būrōz (plural vocative)
būrōs (plural vocative)
būrą (accusative singular)
būranz (accusative plural)
būras (genitive singular)
būris (genitive singular)
būrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būrai (dative singular)
būramaz (dative plural)
būrō (instrumental singular)
būramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *būr

Old English: būr

Middle English: boueer, booer

English: bower

Scots: bour

⇒ Old English: gebūr
→ English: gebur

Old Frisian: būr

⇒ Old Frisian: *gebūr

West Frisian: gebuur

Old Saxon: *būr

Middle Low German: bûr

Low German: Buer

⇒ Polabian: bör

⇒ Old Saxon: gibūr

Old Dutch: *būr

Middle Dutch: buur
Dutch: buur
Afrikaans: buur
Jersey Dutch: buer

Middle Dutch: bure (eastern dialects)

Dutch: boer
Afrikaans: boer
→ English: Boer
Jersey Dutch: bûr
→ English: boor
→ Sranan Tongo: buru
→ Caribbean Javanese: bulman, bulmang, buru
→ Dutch: boeroe

⇒ Old Dutch: gibūr

Middle Dutch: gebuur
Dutch: gebuur
West Flemish: gebeur

Old High German: būr
⇒ Middle High German: būre (“neighbor, farmer, peasant”)
German: Bauer (“farmer”)
→ English: bauer; bower
→ Polish: bauer
→ Serbo-Croatian: pȁor, па̏ор
Luxembourgish: Bauer
Mòcheno: pauer
Pennsylvania German: Bauer
Yiddish: פּויער (poyer)


gamaną

gamaną (nominative singular)
gamanō (nominative plural)
gamaną (singular vocative)
gamanō (plural vocative)
gamaną (accusative singular)
gamanō (accusative plural)
gamanas (genitive singular)
gamanis (genitive singular)
gamanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gamanai (dative singular)
gamanamaz (dative plural)
gamanō (instrumental singular)
gamanamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaman
Old English: gamen, gomen
Middle English: game, gamen, gemen, gomen, gome, gammen, gaume, gamme, gamin, gomin, gomyn, gomun, gam, geme
English: game (see there for further descendants); (dialectal gam)
⇒ Fingallian: gamshoge
Scots: gemme, gem, gyem, game
Yola: gaame, gaume, gaaume
Old Frisian: game, gome
>? West Frisian: gammen
Old Saxon: gaman
⇒ Middle Low German: gamel
German Low German: Gammel
Old Dutch: *gaman
Middle Dutch: game, gāme
⇒ Middle Dutch: gemelijc
Dutch: gemelijk
Old High German: gaman
Middle High German: gamen, gamel, game
German: Gammel (dialectal)

Old Norse: gaman; (gems)
Icelandic: gaman
Faroese: gaman
Norwegian Nynorsk: gaman, gama
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gaman
Old Swedish: gaman, gamman, gammen
Swedish: gamman
Danish: gammen
Norwegian Bokmål: gammen

>? Old Norse: man
Icelandic: man

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽 (gaman)

/ˈɣɑ.mɑ.nɑ̃/

Exact origin uncertain. Perhaps from *ga- + *mann-, but the stress is on the first syllable, whereas the prefix *ga- never bears stress. Alternatively:
* Cognate with Proto-Slavic *gomonъ (“noise”)
* Pokorny compares Middle High German gampen, gumpen (“to jump”) (cf. *gampaz) and Ancient Greek ἀθεμβοῦσα (athemboûsa, “exuberant”), which would point to Proto-Indo-European *(h₂)gʷʰemb- (“to hop, jump, frisk”).


airundiją

airundiją (nominative singular)
airundijō (nominative plural)
airundiją (singular vocative)
airundijō (plural vocative)
airundiją (accusative singular)
airundijō (accusative plural)
airundijas (genitive singular)
airundīs (genitive singular)
airundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
airundijai (dative singular)
airundijamaz (dative plural)
airundijō (instrumental singular)
airundijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ārundī
Old English: ǣrende, ǣrænde
Middle English: erende, erand, arend, ernde, arnde
English: errand
Scots: erand, eirand, earand
Yola: erroane, errone
Old Frisian: ērende
Old Saxon: ārundi
Old High German: ārunti
Middle High German: ārant, arant, erande, erende
Bavarian: Erend, Ernd

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᚢᚾᛞᛁᛃᚨ (*arundija /ārundija, arundija/)

Old Norse: eyrendi, erendi, ørendi

Icelandic: eyrendi, erindi

Faroese: ørindi

Norwegian: ærend

Old Swedish: ærande, ærinde, ærende

Swedish: ärende

Danish: ærinde

From a derivative of, or from a compound with an initial element of *airuz (“messenger”).


maiwaz

maiwaz (nominative singular)
maiwōz (nominative plural)
maiwōs (nominative plural)
maiw (singular vocative)
maiwōz (plural vocative)
maiwōs (plural vocative)
maiwą (accusative singular)
maiwanz (accusative plural)
maiwas (genitive singular)
maiwis (genitive singular)
maiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiwai (dative singular)
maiwamaz (dative plural)
maiwō (instrumental singular)
maiwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maiwī (diminutive)
Old English: mǣw, mēu, mēw, mēau, mēaw
Middle English: mewe, mawe, meau, mowe
English: mew (archaic)
Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)
→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve
French: mauve
Old French: moette
French: mouette

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *maiwā
Old Frisian: *mēwe
North Frisian: mö (Söl'ring)
West Frisian: meau, miuw
Old Saxon: *mēwa
Middle Low German: mêwe, mêve
German Low German: Meew, Meev, Mööw, Mööv
→ German: Möwe
→ Yiddish: מעווע (meve)
→ Luxembourgish: Méiw
→ Limburgish: mévas
Old Dutch: *mēwa
Middle Dutch: mewe, meeuwe
Dutch: meeuw
Afrikaans: meeu
>? Old High German: mēu, mēh (from a transcription originally written in Old English)

Old Norse: már, mór; diminutives: mási, *máki

Icelandic: már, mávur

Faroese: máur, mávur, mási

Norwegian: måke, måse

desc

Swedish: mås, måse, måsa, måk, måke, måka

Danish: måge, moge, måg

→? Middle Dutch: meauca

Dutch: mok

→ West Frisian: mok

Probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin, as no certain cognates exist outside of Germanic. Or, of imitative origin.

onomatopoeic

imitative


stabaz

stabaz (nominative singular)
stabōz (nominative plural)
stabōs (nominative plural)
stab (singular vocative)
stabōz (plural vocative)
stabōs (plural vocative)
stabą (accusative singular)
stabanz (accusative plural)
stabas (genitive singular)
stabis (genitive singular)
stabǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stabai (dative singular)
stabamaz (dative plural)
stabō (instrumental singular)
stabamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stab
Old English: stæf
Middle English: staf
Scots: staf, staff
English: staff, stave (from the inflected forms)
Old Frisian: staf, stef
Saterland Frisian: Stäf
West Frisian: stêf
Old Saxon: staf
Middle Low German: staf
German Low German: Staff, Staav (from the inflected forms)
Old Dutch: *staf
Middle Dutch: staf
Dutch: staf, staaf (from the inflected forms)
Old High German: stab, stap
Middle High German: stab, stap
German: Stab
→ Czech: štáb
→ Danish: stab
→ Esperanto: stabo
→ Hungarian: stáb
→ Macedonian: штаб (štab)
→ Polish: sztab
→ Russian: штаб (štab)
→ Serbo-Croatian: štab (“headquarters”)
→ Swedish: stab
Luxembourgish: Staf

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᛏᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*stabaʀ), ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ) (accusative plural)

Old Norse: stafr

Icelandic: stafur

Faroese: stavur

Norwegian Bokmål: stav

Old Swedish: staver

Swedish: stav

Old Danish: staf

Danish: stav

Gutnish: stav

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐍃 (stafs) (i-stem)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: stáhpi


stapulaz

stapulaz (nominative singular)
stapulōz (nominative plural)
stapulōs (nominative plural)
stapul (singular vocative)
stapulōz (plural vocative)
stapulōs (plural vocative)
stapulą (accusative singular)
stapulanz (accusative plural)
stapulas (genitive singular)
stapulis (genitive singular)
stapulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stapulai (dative singular)
stapulamaz (dative plural)
stapulō (instrumental singular)
stapulamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stapul
Old English: stapol, stapel
Middle English: stapel, stapil, stapile, staple, stapul, stable
English: staple
Scots: steeple
Old Frisian: stapul
Saterland Frisian: Stoapel
West Frisian: steapel
Old Saxon: stapol
Middle Low German: stapel
German Low German: Stapel
→ German: Stapel
→ Yiddish: שטאַפּל (shtapl)
Old Dutch: stapul, stapal
Middle Dutch: stāpel
Dutch: stapel
Afrikaans: stapel
Old High German: staffal, stapfal
Middle High German: staffel, stapfel
German: Staffel
→ Late Latin: stapula
Old French: estaple
Anglo-Norman: staple
→ Middle English: staple, stapel, stapil, stapul
English: staple
Scots: stapill, staple, steple
Middle French: estappe
French: étape (see there for further descendants)
→ Italian: stapula

Old Norse: stǫpull

Icelandic: stöpull

Faroese: støpul

Norwegian Nynorsk: stopul

Old Swedish: stapul

Swedish: stapel
→ Finnish: taapeli

Old Danish: stapæl

Danish: stabel, stapel, stavl

Norwegian Bokmål: stabel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: stabel

→ Icelandic: stafli

Scanian: stabel

→ Proto-Finnic: *sapilas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“stem, post”). Related to *stabaz (“staff, stick”).


skattaz

skattaz (nominative singular)
skattōz (nominative plural)
skattōs (nominative plural)
skatt (singular vocative)
skattōz (plural vocative)
skattōs (plural vocative)
skattą (accusative singular)
skattanz (accusative plural)
skattas (genitive singular)
skattis (genitive singular)
skattǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skattai (dative singular)
skattamaz (dative plural)
skattō (instrumental singular)
skattamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skatt
Old English: sċeatt
Middle English: schat, sat, schet, scet
→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta
→ English: sceat
Old Frisian: skett, skat, sket, schet
Saterland Frisian: Skät
West Frisian: skat
Old Saxon: skat
Middle Low German: schat
German Low German: Schatt
Old Dutch: skat
Middle Dutch: schat
Dutch: schat
Afrikaans: skat
Limburgish: sjat
Old High German: skaz, scaz
Middle High German: schaz, schatz
German: Schatz (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Schatz
→ Old French: escat

Old Norse: skattr

Icelandic: skattur

Faroese: skattur

Norwegian: skatt

Old Swedish: skatter

Swedish: skatt

Danish: skat

→ Middle English: scat, skatte

Scots: scatt, skatt, skait

English: scat

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍄𐍄𐍃 (skatts)

→ Old Church Slavonic: скотъ (skotŭ)

→ Russian: скот (skot)

From Proto-Indo-European *skatn-, *skat- (“to jump, skip, splash out”). Cognate with Latin scateō (“pour out, gush forth”).


bardǭ

bardǭ (nominative singular)
bardōniz (nominative plural)
bardǭ (singular vocative)
bardōniz (plural vocative)
bardōnų (accusative singular)
bardōnunz (accusative plural)
bardōniz (genitive singular)
bardōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bardōni (dative singular)
bardōmaz (dative plural)
bardōnē (instrumental singular)
bardōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bardā

Old Saxon: barda

Middle Low German: bārde

Frankish: *barda > *Langabarda (possibly, meaning "long axe")

Old Dutch: barda

Middle Dutch: barde, baerde; bardse; helmbaerde

Dutch: baars; hellebaard

→ Late Latin: Langobardus, Longobardus

Old French: Lombard

Old High German: barta

Middle High German: barte

German: Barte

Old Norse: barða

Icelandic: barða

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰ- or *bʰordʰ-, probably from *bʰer-, *bʰor- (“to protrude; bristle, spike, tip, awn”); compare *baraz for the unextended root.
Sometimes considered a derivative of *bardaz (“beard”), as if meaning “beard-shaped tool”, though the direction could be the reverse. Orel compares Old Norse skegg-ǫx (literally “beard-axe”) for the semantics.


kannǭ

kannǭ (nominative singular)
kannōniz (nominative plural)
kannǭ (singular vocative)
kannōniz (plural vocative)
kannōnų (accusative singular)
kannōnunz (accusative plural)
kannōniz (genitive singular)
kannōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kannōni (dative singular)
kannōmaz (dative plural)
kannōnē (instrumental singular)
kannōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kannā

Old English: canne

Middle English: canne

Scots: can

English: can

→ Scottish Gaelic: cana

Old Frisian: kanne, konne

Saterland Frisian: Kanne

West Frisian: kanne

Old Saxon: kanna

Middle Low German: kanne

German Low German: Kanne, Kann

Old Dutch: *kanna

Middle Dutch: kanne

Dutch: kan

desc

→ Medieval Latin: canna, cana; ⇒ canneta, caneta, cannata

→ Middle French: kanete

desctree

French: canette
→ Catalan: canet
→ English: canette

desc

→ Byzantine Greek: καννίον (kanníon), κανίον (kaníon), κανίν (kanín)

→ Classical Mandaic: ࡒࡀࡍࡉࡍࡀ (/qannīnā/)

→ Classical Syriac: ܩܢܝܢܬܐ (/qannīntā/)

→ Arabic: قِنِّينَة (qinnīna)

קאנון / קנון

→ Mishnaic Hebrew: קאנון / קנון

Old High German: channa

Middle High German: kanne

German: Kanne

→ Hungarian: kanna

→ Bulgarian: ка́на (kána)

→ Lower Sorbian: kana

Luxembourgish: Kan

Old Norse: kanna

Icelandic: kanna

Faroese: kanna

Norwegian: kanne

Old Swedish: kanna

Swedish: kanna

→ Finnish: kannu

→ Estonian: kann

Danish: kande

→ Norman: canne; cannette (Jersey)

Probably from a western Proto-Indo-European *gandʰ-, *gan- (“a vessel, vat, tub”), and related to *kanô (“vessel, boat”), as well as Middle Irish gand (“vessel, can”). An alternative etymology derives *kannǭ as possibly from Latin canna (“a reed, cane”).


sōmijaną

sōmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sōmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sōmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sōmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōmī (active imperative second-person singular)
sōmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sōmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sōmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sōmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sōmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sōmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sōmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sōmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sōmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sōmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sōmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sōmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sōmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sōmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sōmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sōmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sōmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sōmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sōmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sōmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sōmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sōmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sōmijandz (active participle present)
sōmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sōmijan
Old English: sēman
Middle English: semen, seme, semi

Old Norse: sǿma

Icelandic: sæma

Faroese: søma

Norwegian Nynorsk: søma

Old Swedish: sø̄ma

Danish: sømme

Norwegian Bokmål: sømme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sømma

→ Middle English: semen, cemyn, seeme, seemen, seme, semy, semyn
English: seem
Scots: seem

From *sōmiz (“fitting, seemly”) + *-janą.


kakǭ

kakǭ (nominative singular)
kakōniz (nominative plural)
kakǭ (singular vocative)
kakōniz (plural vocative)
kakōnų (accusative singular)
kakōnunz (accusative plural)
kakōniz (genitive singular)
kakōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kakōni (dative singular)
kakōmaz (dative plural)
kakōnē (instrumental singular)
kakōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kakā

Old English: ceace; *cieċil, cyċel, ciċel (< *kakilaz)

Middle English: kichel

Old Saxon: *kaka, *koka

Middle Low German: koke

Low German: koke

Old Dutch: coca

→ Catalan: coca
→ English: coca

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᚲᛟ (*kakō)

Old Norse: kaka
Icelandic: kaka
Faroese: køka, kaka
Norwegian Nynorsk: kake
Old Swedish: kaka
Swedish: kaka
Old Danish: kakæ
Danish: kage
→ Greenlandic: kaagi
Norwegian Bokmål: kake
Scanian: kâga
Gutnish: kake
→ Middle English: cake, kake, caake, cayk
English: cake (see there for further descendants)
Geordie English: kyek
Scots: cake
Yola: caake, kaake
→ Irish: cáca

→ Proto-Finnic: *kakku (or from earlier Proto-Germanic)

Estonian: kakk

Finnish: kakku

Livonian: kak

Votic: kakku, kakko

Unknown. The relationship with Lithuanian gúogas (“skull”) by supposed Proto-Indo-European *gag-, *gōg- (“something round, something lumpy”) is highly doubtful. Compare *kōkô (“cake”).


kebą

kebą (nominative singular)
kebō (nominative plural)
kebą (singular vocative)
kebō (plural vocative)
kebą (accusative singular)
kebō (accusative plural)
kebas (genitive singular)
kibis (genitive singular)
kebǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kebai (dative singular)
kebamaz (dative plural)
kebō (instrumental singular)
kebamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: kevan

Middle Low German: keben, keve

Low German: Keve, Keben

Danish: kæbe

Norwegian: kjeve

Apparently from the same Proto-Indo-European root, *ǵep- (“to chew, eat”), as *kebrą and *kaflaz of roughly the same meaning.


dwemrą

dwemrą (nominative singular)
dwemrō (nominative plural)
dwemrą (singular vocative)
dwemrō (plural vocative)
dwemrą (accusative singular)
dwemrō (accusative plural)
dwemras (genitive singular)
dwimris (genitive singular)
dwemrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dwemrai (dative singular)
dwemramaz (dative plural)
dwemrō (instrumental singular)
dwemramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwemr, *dwimr

desc

Old English: *dweomor, dwimor, dwimer, dwymer

Middle English: dweomer, dwimer

English: dweomer, dwimmer

⇒ Old English: ġedwimor

From *dwemaną (“to smoke; fume”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”).