Þunraz

Þunraz (nominative singular)
Þunr (singular vocative)
Þunrą (accusative singular)
Þunras (genitive singular)
Þunris (genitive singular)
Þunrai (dative singular)
Þunrō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þunr, *Þonr, *Þonr
Old English: Þunor, Þūr, Þor
→ English: Thunor (learned)
Old Saxon: Thunær [9th c. CE, Old Saxon Baptismal Vow]
Old High German: Donar
→ German: Donar (learned)
→ Dutch: Donar (learned)
⇒ Old High German: ᚹᛁᚷᛁᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ (wigiþonar) [6th–7th c. CE, Nordendorf fibula]

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*þonaraʀ), *ᚦᛟᚱᚨᛉ (*þoraʀ /Þǭraʀ/)

desctree

Old Norse: Þórr, ᚦᚢᚱ (þur), ᚦᚮᚱ (þor) — nominative
Icelandic: Þór
Faroese: Tórur
Norwegian: Tor
Old Swedish: Þōr
Swedish: Tor
Old Danish: Thor
Danish: Tor (older spelling Thor)
→ Chinese: 索爾／索尔 (suǒ'ěr)
→ English: Thor
→ French: Thor
→ Japanese: トール
→ Korean: 토르 (toreu)
→ Russian: Тор (Tor)

Personification of *þunraz (“thunder”). Identified with the Roman deity Jupiter by way of interpretatio germanica in Germanic weekday names (see Thursday), yet otherwise identified with Hercules by way of interpretatio romana.


beudaną

beudō (active first-person indicative singular)
beudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
biudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
beudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beud (active imperative second-person singular)
beudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
beudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
biudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
beudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
beudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
beudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
beudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
beudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
beudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
beudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
beudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
biudid (active indicative plural second-person)
beudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
biudid (active imperative plural second-person)
beudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
beudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
beudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
beudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
beudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
beudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baud (active first-person indicative singular)
budį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baust (active indicative second-person singular)
budīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baud (active indicative singular third-person)
budī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
budū (active dual first-person indicative)
budīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
budīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
budum (active first-person indicative plural)
budīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
budud (active indicative plural second-person)
budīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
budun (active indicative plural third-person)
budīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
beudandz (active participle present)
budanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *beudan
Old English: bēodan
Middle English: beden
Scots: bede
English: bid, bede
Old Frisian: biāda
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bad
Halligen: biide
Mooring: biidje
Saterland Frisian: biada, bjoode
West Frisian: biede
Old Saxon: biodan
Middle Low German: bēden
Low German: beden
Old Dutch: biedan
Middle Dutch: bieden
Dutch: bieden
Limburgish: beje, bijje
Old High German: biotan
Middle High German: bieten
German: bieten
Luxembourgish: bidden

Old Norse: bjóða
Icelandic: bjóða
Faroese: bjóða
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjoda, bjode
Jamtish: bjǿðe
Elfdalian: biuoða
Old Swedish: biūþa
Swedish: bjuda
Old Danish: biūthæ
Danish: byde
Norwegian Bokmål: by, byde
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: by, byde, byda
Scanian: býða
Old Gutnish: biauþa
Gutnish: bjaude


ga-

Proto-West Germanic: *ga-
Old English: ġe-
Middle English: ȝe-, i-, y-
English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)
Old Frisian: ge-, gi-, je-, ie-, e-, i-, a-
Saterland Frisian: ge-
West Frisian: ge-
Old Saxon: gi-, i-, ge-, ga-
Middle Low German: ge-
Low German: ge-, e-, je-
Old Dutch: gi-, ge-
Middle Dutch: ghe-, ge-, (West-Flanders) i-, y-
Dutch: ge-
Afrikaans: ge-
West Flemish: ge-, e-
Old High German: gi-, ga-, ki-, ka-
Middle High German: ge-
Alemannic German: g- or ge- (euphonic)
Bavarian: g-
German: ge-
Luxembourgish: ge-
Vilamovian: gy-
Yiddish: גע־ (ge-)

Old Norse: g- (non-productive)

⇒ Old Norse: gnógr, glíkr, greiðr, greiða, granni

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰- (ga-)

Vandalic: *ga-

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, near, by, along”). Cognate with Latin co-, con-, prefix forms of cum (“with”). The irregular change from expected **ha- to *ga- is probably due to the unstressed nature of this prefix.

der

Indicates association or togetherness; co-.

Indicates completeness or wholeness. In verbs, also indicates perfectivity (a finished action).


fehtaną

fehtō (active first-person indicative singular)
fehtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fehtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fihtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fehtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
feht (active imperative second-person singular)
fehtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fehtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fihtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fehtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fehtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fehtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fehtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fehtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fehtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fehtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fehtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fehtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fehtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fehtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fehtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fehtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fihtid (active indicative plural second-person)
fehtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fihtid (active imperative plural second-person)
fehtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fehtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fehtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fehtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fehtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fehtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fehtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
faht (active first-person indicative singular)
fuhtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fahst (active indicative second-person singular)
fuhtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faht (active indicative singular third-person)
fuhtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fuhtū (active dual first-person indicative)
fuhtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fuhtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fuhtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fuhtum (active first-person indicative plural)
fuhtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fuhtud (active indicative plural second-person)
fuhtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fuhtun (active indicative plural third-person)
fuhtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fehtandz (active participle present)
fuhtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fehtan
Old English: feohtan
Middle English: fighten, fehten, feghten, feighten, fihhtenn, fiȝten
Scots: fecht, ficht
English: fight
Old Frisian: fiuchta, fiuhta
Saterland Frisian: fjuchte
West Frisian: fjochtsje, fjuchte
Old Saxon: fehtan
Middle Low German: vechten
Low German: fechten
→ Danish: fægte
→ Norwegian: fekte
→ Saterland Frisian: fächtje
→ Swedish: fäkta
Old Dutch: fehtan
Middle Dutch: vechten
Dutch: vechten
Afrikaans: veg
Berbice Creole Dutch: purkaru
Negerhollands: vekkete, fegete, figiti, fikiti
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fikiti (dated)
Limburgish: vechte
West Flemish: vichten
Old High German: fehtan
Middle High German: vëhten
Alemannic German: fëchte
German: fechten
→ Russian: фехтовать (fextovatʹ)

From Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to pluck, ruffle, tousle, shear”). Cognate with Latin pectō (“to comb, thrash”).


finþaną

finþō (active first-person indicative singular)
finþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
finþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
finþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
finþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
finþ (active imperative second-person singular)
finþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
finþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
finþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
finþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
finþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
finþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
finþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
finþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
finþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
finþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
finþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
finþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
finþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
finþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
finþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
finþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
finþid (active indicative plural second-person)
finþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
finþid (active imperative plural second-person)
finþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
finþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
finþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
finþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
finþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
finþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
finþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fanþ (active first-person indicative singular)
fundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanst (active indicative second-person singular)
fundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fanþ (active indicative singular third-person)
fundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fundū (active dual first-person indicative)
fundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fundum (active first-person indicative plural)
fundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fundud (active indicative plural second-person)
fundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fundun (active indicative plural third-person)
fundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
finþandz (active participle present)
fundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *finþan
Old English: findan
Middle English: finden
Scots: find, fynd
English: find
→ Welsh: ffeindio
Old Frisian: finda
Saterland Frisian: fiende
West Frisian: fine
Old Saxon: findan, fīthan
Middle Low German: vinden
Low German: finden, finnen
Plautdietsch: finje
Old Dutch: findan
Middle Dutch: vinden
Dutch: vinden
Limburgish: vinje
Old High German: findan
Middle High German: vinden
Alemannic German: fianda (Vorarlberg)
Bavarian: findn
Cimbrian: vènnan, bènnan, vennen, vintan
Mòcheno: vinnen
Central Franconian: fenge
German: finden
Luxembourgish: fannen
Yiddish: געפֿינען (gefinen)

Old Norse: finna
Icelandic: finna
Faroese: finna
Norn: finna
Norwegian Nynorsk: finna, finne
Old Swedish: finna
Swedish: finna
Old Danish: finnæ
Danish: finde
Norwegian Bokmål: finne
Gutnish: finne, finn', finna

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 (finþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *pent- (“to go, pass; path, bridge”).


bindaną

bindō (active first-person indicative singular)
bindaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bindai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bindizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bindaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bind (active imperative second-person singular)
bindazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bindaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bindidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bindai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bindadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bindadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bindaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bindōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bindaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bindadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bindaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bindadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bindamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bindaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bindandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bindaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bindid (active indicative plural second-person)
bindaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bindid (active imperative plural second-person)
bindandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bindaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bindandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bindain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bindandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bindandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bindaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
band (active first-person indicative singular)
bundį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
banst (active indicative second-person singular)
bundīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
band (active indicative singular third-person)
bundī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bundū (active dual first-person indicative)
bundīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bundudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bundīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bundum (active first-person indicative plural)
bundīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bundud (active indicative plural second-person)
bundīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bundun (active indicative plural third-person)
bundīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bindandz (active participle present)
bundanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bindan
Old English: bindan
Middle English: binden
English: bind
Scots: bind
Old Frisian: binda
North Frisian:
Helgoland: bin
Föhr-Amrum and Sylt: binj
Mooring: bine
Saterland Frisian: biende
West Frisian: bine
Old Saxon: bindan
Middle Low German: binden
Low German: binnen
Plautdietsch: binjen
Old Dutch: *bindan
Middle Dutch: binden
Dutch: binden
Afrikaans: bind
Berbice Creole Dutch: bendi
Negerhollands: bind, bint, bin
Limburgish: binje
Old High German: bintan
Middle High German: binden
Bavarian: bindn
German: binden
Luxembourgish: bannen

Old Norse: binda
Icelandic: binda
Faroese: binda
Norn: binda
Norwegian Nynorsk: binda, binde
Norwegian Bokmål: binde
Old Swedish: binda
Swedish: binda
Danish: binde
Gutnish: binde, bind', binda

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (bindan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéndʰ-e-ti, from *bʰendʰ- (“to tie”).


tanþs

tanþs (nominative singular)
tanþiz (nominative plural)
tanþ (singular vocative)
tanþiz (plural vocative)
tanþų (accusative singular)
tanþunz (accusative plural)
tundiz (genitive singular)
tundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tundi (dative singular)
tundumaz (dative plural)
tundē (instrumental singular)
tundumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tanþ, *tą̄þ (North Sea Germanic)
Old English: tōþ
Middle English: tothe, toth, tooth
Scots: tuth, tutht, tuith
English: tooth
Old Frisian: tōth
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tus
Sylt: Ter
Old Saxon: tand
Middle Low German: tant, tan
Low German: Tähn
German Low German: Tand, Tann, Tähn
Plautdietsch: Tän
→ Saterland Frisian: Tiende
Old Dutch: tant
Middle Dutch: tant
Dutch: tand
Old High German: zand, zan, zant, tænd
Middle High German: zan, zant
Alemannic German: Zah
Bavarian: Zåhn, Zant
Central Franconian: Zank, Zand
Kölsch: Zant
German: Zahn
→ Central Franconian: Zahn
Hunsrik: Zaan
Luxembourgish: Zant
Pennsylvania German: Zaah
Swabian: Zah, Zai
Vilamovian: cōn
Yiddish: צאָן (tson)
→ Italian: zanna (via Lombardic)

Old Norse: tǫnn

Icelandic: tönn

Faroese: tonn

Norn: tann, tannj

Norwegian: tann, tonn

Old Swedish: tan

Swedish: tand

Danish: tand

Gutnish: tann, tand


mūs

mūs (nominative singular)
mūsiz (nominative plural)
mūs (singular vocative)
mūsiz (plural vocative)
mūsų (accusative singular)
mūsunz (accusative plural)
mūsiz (genitive singular)
mūsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūsi (dative singular)
mūsumaz (dative plural)
mūsē (instrumental singular)
mūsumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mūs
Old English: mūs
Middle English: mous, mouse, mowse, mows, mus, mowce, muse
English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss
Scots: moose
Old Frisian: mūs
North Frisian: müs
Saterland Frisian: Múus
West Frisian: mûs
Old Saxon: mūs
Middle Low German: mûs
Low German: Muus
Plautdietsch: Mus
Old Dutch: *mūs
Middle Dutch: muus
Dutch: muis
Afrikaans: muis
Jersey Dutch: mäus
Negerhollands: mischi, miśi, muśi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mus
→ Sranan Tongo: moismoisi
Limburgish: moes
Old High German: mūs
Middle High German: mūs
Alemannic German: Muus, Müss (Uri)
Central Franconian: Muus
Cimbrian: maus
German: Maus
Luxembourgish: Maus
Vilamovian: maojs
Yiddish: מויז (moyz)

Old Norse: mús

Icelandic: mús

Faroese: mús

Norn: mus

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: mus

Norwegian Nynorsk: mus

Old Swedish: mūs

Swedish: mus

Old Danish: mūs

Danish: mus

Elfdalian: maus

Gutnish: mäus

From Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s. Cognates include Proto-Slavic *myšь (“mouse”). More cognates: see there.


þunraz

þunraz (nominative singular)
þunr (singular vocative)
þunrą (accusative singular)
þunras (genitive singular)
þunris (genitive singular)
þunrai (dative singular)
þunrō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *þunr, *þunar, *þonar
Old English: þunor, þunar, þunur, þuner, þonor
Middle English: thonder
English: thunder
Scots: thuner, thunder, thundir
Yola: dhunder, dunder
Old Frisian: thuner, thonger
West Frisian: tonger
Old Saxon: thunar, thuner
Middle Low German: dunner, donner, donre, donder, dōner
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Dunner
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Donner
Sauerländisch: Duener, Dūner, Dunner, Dōener
Westmünsterländisch: Dunder, Dunner
Plautdietsch: Donna
Old Dutch: *thonar
Middle Dutch: donre
Dutch: donder
Afrikaans: donder
Negerhollands: donner, dondu
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dondu (dated)
→ Papiamentu: dònder, donder
→ Sranan Tongo: dondru
Aukan: dondoo, donduu
Limburgish: dónder, dónjer
West Flemish: dunder
Old High German: donar, thonar
Middle High German: toner, doner
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Dunner
Luxembourgish: Donner
German: Donner
Rhine Franconian: Dunner
Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥onæ̆], (possible pre-1825 pronunciation) [d̥unæ̆]
Vilamovian: dunyn (likely a plural form of *duner)
Yiddish: דונער (duner)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*þonaraʀ), *ᚦᛟᚱᚨᛉ (*þoraʀ /þǭraʀ/)

Old Norse: þórr

⇒ Old Norse: *þórdynr

Swedish: tordön

Danish: torden

Norwegian Bokmål: torden

Faroese: tora

Norwegian Nynorsk: tor m, tore, tora f; (dialectal) torde (influenced by Þórðr)

Swedish: tor

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *toranos (“thunder”), Latin tonō (“to thunder”), Persian تندر (tondar, “thunder”), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, “to resound; to thunder; to roar”) and Proto-Germanic *stenaną.


fehu

fehu (nominative singular)
fehu (singular vocative)
fehu (accusative singular)
fehauz (genitive singular)
fehiwi (dative singular)
fehū (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fehu
Old English: feoh, fioh, feh
Middle English: feh, fe, fee (with Old French)
English: fee
Scots: fe, fee, fiel
Old Frisian: fia
Saterland Frisian: Fäi
West Frisian: fee
Old Saxon: fehu, feho, feu
Middle Low German: vehe, veh, vê, vie
German Low German: Veeh, Veh, Veih n (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch)
Plautdietsch: Fee
Old Dutch: fē, fio, fiu
Middle Dutch: vêe
Dutch: vee
Afrikaans: vee
Negerhollands: vee
Limburgish: vieë, vieëch
Old High German: fihu
Middle High German: vihe, vëhe, vich, viech, vech, vie, vē
Alemannic German: Vëh
Swabian: Viech
Bavarian: Viech
Cimbrian: viighe, biighe (Mezzaselva)
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Viech
German: Vieh; Viech (with distinction)
Luxembourgish: Véi
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Veh, Veih, Vieh
Palatine: Veh, Vieh, Viech
Yiddish: פֿיך (fikh)
→ Vulgar Latin: *feus
Old French: fieu (dated 11th-century) (see there for further descendants)
Old Occitan: feu
Catalan: feu
Occitan: fèu
Medieval Latin: fevum (dated 899, La Garde-Freinet, France)
Old French: fief m (dated 13th-century)
Middle French: fief
French: fief
→ Romanian: fief
→ English: fief
Old French: feffe, feoffe f
Middle French: fieffe
→ Middle English: feffe, feoffe
English: feoff
⇒ Medieval Latin: feudum, feodum (see there for further descendants)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛖᚺᚢ (*fehu /fehu, fēhu/), *ᚠᛖᚺ (*feh /fēh/)

desctree

Old Norse: fé
Icelandic: fé
Faroese: fæ
Norwegian Nynorsk: fe; (dialectal) fi
Norwegian Bokmål: fe
Old Swedish: fǣ
Swedish: fä
Danish: fæ

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu), 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍉 (faihō)

From early *péku, from Proto-Indo-European *péḱu.


friþuz

friþuz (nominative singular)
friþiwiz (nominative plural)
friþu (singular vocative)
friþiwiz (plural vocative)
friþų (accusative singular)
friþunz (accusative plural)
friþauz (genitive singular)
friþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
friþiwi (dative singular)
friþumaz (dative plural)
friþū (instrumental singular)
friþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *friþu
Old English: friþ, friþu
Middle English: frith, ffryth, firth, freth, freþ, frið, friþ, friþþ, fryth, fryþ
English: frith
⇒ English: Chilvers (from a contraction of Ċēolfriþ + es or 's)
Old Frisian: fretho
Saterland Frisian: Free
West Frisian: frede
Old Saxon: frithu
Middle Low German: vrēde
Low German:
German Low German: Freed
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Frää, Frääden, Frääde, Frääne, Freeden (Westmünsterländisch)
Münsterländisch: Friäde, Friäden; tefriäden
East Westphalian: Friae (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: Fräd
Old Dutch: frithu
Middle Dutch: vrēde
Dutch: vrede
Afrikaans: vrede
Negerhollands: vreed, vrede, vreede
Sranan Tongo: vrede, freide
Limburgish: vrieëd
Old High German: fridu
Middle High German: vride, vrit
Cimbrian: friide
German: Friede, Frieden
Luxembourgish: Fridden
Yiddish: פֿרידן (fridn)
→⇒ Vulgar Latin: *exfridō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: friðr
Icelandic: friður
Faroese: friður
Norwegian Bokmål: fred
Norwegian Nynorsk: fred
Old Swedish: friþer
Swedish: fred, frid
Danish: fred

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (*friþus)

Vandalic: *friðV-


segaz

segaz (nominative singular)
sigizō (nominative plural)
segaz (singular vocative)
sigizō (plural vocative)
segaz (accusative singular)
sigizō (accusative plural)
sigiziz (genitive singular)
sigizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sigizi (dative singular)
sigizumaz (dative plural)
sigizē (instrumental singular)
sigizumiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *sigʀ, *sigu, *sigi

Old English: sigor, siġe

Middle English: siȝe, sige

Old Frisian: sige, sī

Saterland Frisian: Siech

West Frisian: sege

Old Saxon: sigi

Middle Low German: sēge

German Low German: Sieg

Old Dutch: sigi (in compounds)

Middle Dutch: sēge

Dutch: zege

Old High German: sigi, sigu

Middle High German: sige

German: Sieg

Hunsrik: Siegh

desctree

Old Norse: sigr m
Icelandic: sigur
Faroese: sigur
Norwegian Nynorsk: siger
Old Swedish: sigher
Swedish: seger
Old Danish: sighær
Danish: sejr
Norwegian Bokmål: seier

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌹𐍃 (sigis)

Vandalic: *sigis

From Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰos (“control, power”), from root *seǵʰ- (“to hold, overpower”). Cognate with Sanskrit सहस् (sáhas, “force, power, victory”), and the Ancient Greek verb ἔχω (ékhō, “I have, I own”).


wēaną

wēō (active first-person indicative singular)
wēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wē (active imperative second-person singular)
wēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wēid (active indicative plural second-person)
wēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēid (active imperative plural second-person)
wēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewō (active first-person indicative singular)
wewōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewōt (active indicative second-person singular)
wewōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewō (active indicative singular third-person)
wewōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewōū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewōum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewōud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewōun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēandz (active participle present)
wēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wāan
Old English: wāwan
Old Frisian: wēia, wāia
West Frisian: waaie
Old Saxon: wāian
Middle Low German: weien
Low German: weihn
Old Dutch: wāien
Middle Dutch: wâyen
Dutch: waaien
Limburgish: wèjje
Old High German: wāen, wāhen
Middle High German: wæjen
German: wehen

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (waian)

/ˈwɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wḗh₁ti, from *h₂weh₁-.


grētaną

grētō (active first-person indicative singular)
grētaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grētai (first-person indicative passive singular)
grētizi (active indicative second-person singular)
grētaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
grēt (active imperative second-person singular)
grētazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
grētaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
grētidi (active indicative singular third-person)
grētai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grētadau (active imperative singular third-person)
grētadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
grētaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
grētōz (active dual first-person indicative)
grētaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grētadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grētaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grētadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
grētamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
grētaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grētandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
grētaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
grētid (active indicative plural second-person)
grētaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grētid (active imperative plural second-person)
grētandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
grētaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
grētandi (active indicative plural third-person)
grētain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grētandau (active imperative plural third-person)
grētandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
grētaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gegrōt (active first-person indicative singular)
gegrōtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gegrōst (active indicative second-person singular)
gegrōtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gegrōt (active indicative singular third-person)
gegrōtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gegrōtū (active dual first-person indicative)
gegrōtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gegrōtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gegrōtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gegrōtum (active first-person indicative plural)
gegrōtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gegrōtud (active indicative plural second-person)
gegrōtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gegrōtun (active indicative plural third-person)
gegrōtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
grētandz (active participle present)
grētanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *grātan
Old English: grǣtan
Middle English: greten
Scots: grete, greit
English: greet
Old Saxon: grātan
Middle Low German: gretten, grötten
Low German: graten
Old High German: grāzzan
Middle High German: grāzen; grazieren
Alemannic German: graasse
→ Old French: regrater, regreter
Middle French: regreter, regretter
French: regretter
→ Middle English: regretten
English: regret

Old Norse: gráta
Icelandic: gráta
Faroese: gráta
Norwegian: gråta
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gråte
Elfdalian: gråta
Old Swedish: grāta
Swedish: gråta
Old Danish: grǣtæ
Danish: græde
Scanian: grǽda
Gutnish: grate

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌽 (grētan)

/ˈɣrɛː.tɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁d- (“to sound”).


sēaną

sēō (active first-person indicative singular)
sēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sē (active imperative second-person singular)
sēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sēid (active indicative plural second-person)
sēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sēid (active imperative plural second-person)
sēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sezō (active first-person indicative singular)
sezōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sezōt (active indicative second-person singular)
sezōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sezō (active indicative singular third-person)
sezōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sezōū (active dual first-person indicative)
sezōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sezōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sezōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sezōum (active first-person indicative plural)
sezōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sezōud (active indicative plural second-person)
sezōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sezōun (active indicative plural third-person)
sezōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sēandz (active participle present)
sēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sāan
Old English: sāwan
Middle English: sawen, sowȝen, sewȝen, soghen, sowen
English: sow
Scots: saw
Old Frisian: seā, siā
>? West Frisian: saaie (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: sāian
Middle Low German: seien, seyen, seygen, seigen, sêgen, seigen, seighen, seigen, segen, seghen, seegen, zeygen, zeyghen, zegen, saien, sajen, seien, zeien, seihen, seggen
German Low German: saien
Old Dutch: *sāien
Middle Dutch: sâyen
Dutch: zaaien
Afrikaans: saai
Berbice Creole Dutch: sai
Negerhollands: saai, saey, saej
→ Aukan: sai
Limburgish: zèjje
Old High German: sāwen, sāen
Middle High German: sāwen, sæwen, sæhen, sææen, sēgen, sēwen, sēn, sein, sān, sæn, sæen, sæjen
German: säen
Luxembourgish: séien

Old Norse: sá

Icelandic: sá

Faroese: sáa

Old Swedish: sā

Swedish: så

Danish: så

Norwegian: så

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (saian)

→⇒? Proto-Finnic: *heittädäk (< earlier *sēja-/*sēje-)

→? Proto-Finnic: *haja- (< *sāja-, later borrowing)

/ˈsɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow”).


sprekaną

sprekō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprek (active imperative second-person singular)
sprekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprikid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprikid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprak (active first-person indicative singular)
sprēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spraht (active indicative second-person singular)
sprēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprak (active indicative singular third-person)
sprēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprekandz (active participle present)
sprekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sprekan
Old English: sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan
Middle English: speken
English: speak
Scots: speke, speik
Old Frisian: spreka
Saterland Frisian: spreke
West Frisian: sprekke
Old Saxon: sprekan
Middle Low German: sprēken
Low German: spreken
Plautdietsch: spräakjen
Old Dutch: sprecan
Middle Dutch: sprēken
Dutch: spreken
Limburgish: spraeke
Old High German: sprehhan, sprechan
Middle High German: sprëchen
Central Franconian: sjprèche
German: sprechen
→ Czech: šprechtit
→ Polish: szprechać
→ Serbo-Croatian: šprȅhati／шпре̏хати
→ Ukrainian: шпрехати (šprexaty)
Hunsrik: spreche
Luxembourgish: spriechen

Unknown; suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *spreg- on the basis of Albanian shpreh (“to express, voice”). Alternatively cognate with Old Norse spraka (“to crackle, patter”), Lithuanian spragù (“to crackle, patter”).

cog

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


aukaną

aukō (active first-person indicative singular)
aukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
aukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
auk (active imperative second-person singular)
aukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
aukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
aukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
aukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aukid (active indicative plural second-person)
aukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aukid (active imperative plural second-person)
aukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
aukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
aukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
eauk (active first-person indicative singular)
eaukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
eauht (active indicative second-person singular)
eaukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
eauk (active indicative singular third-person)
eaukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
eaukū (active dual first-person indicative)
eaukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
eaukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
eaukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
eaukum (active first-person indicative plural)
eaukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
eaukud (active indicative plural second-person)
eaukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
eaukun (active indicative plural third-person)
eaukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aukandz (active participle present)
aukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aukan
Old English: ēacan
Middle English: eken
Scots: eik
English: eke
Old Frisian: āka
Old Saxon: ōkan
Old Saxon: ôken
Old Dutch: *ōkan
Middle Dutch: ôken
Dutch: oken
Old High German: ouhhan, ouchan (in derivatives)

Old Norse: auka
Icelandic: auka
Faroese: eyka
Norwegian Nynorsk: auka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: auke
Old Swedish: ø̄ka
Swedish: öka
Old Danish: økæ
Danish: øge
Norwegian Bokmål: øke
→ Faroese: økja
Scanian: øga
Old Gutnish: auka
Gutnish: aukä

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (aukan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwg-e-ti, from *h₂ewg- (“to increase”). Cognate with Latin augeō (“I augment”).


falþaną

falþō (active first-person indicative singular)
falþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
falþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
falþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
falþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
falþ (active imperative second-person singular)
falþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
falþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
falþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
falþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
falþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
falþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
falþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
falþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
falþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
falþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
falþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
falþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
falþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
falþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
falþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
falþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
falþid (active indicative plural second-person)
falþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
falþid (active imperative plural second-person)
falþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
falþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
falþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
falþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
falþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
falþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
falþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fefalþ (active first-person indicative singular)
fefaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fefalst (active indicative second-person singular)
fefaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fefalþ (active indicative singular third-person)
fefaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fefaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
fefaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fefaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fefaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fefaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
fefaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fefaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
fefaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fefaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
fefaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
falþandz (active participle present)
faldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *falþan
Old English: faldan, fealdan
Middle English: falden, folden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
Scots: fald, fauld
English: fold
Old Frisian: *falda
⇒ Saterland Frisian: foolden (past participle/adjective)
West Frisian: fâlde (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
Old Saxon: faldan
Middle Low German: valden, volden, vōlden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
German Low German: folden, folgen, follen, folen
Plautdietsch: foljen
Old Dutch: *faldan
Middle Dutch: vouden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
Dutch: vouwen
Afrikaans: vou
Old High German: faldan
Middle High German: valden, valten (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
German: falten
Luxembourgish: falen

Old Norse: falda

Old Swedish: falda

Swedish: fålla

Danish: folde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌽 (falþan)

→ Galician: faldra

→ Portuguese: fralda, falda

→ Spanish: falda

/ˈɸɑl.θɑ.nɑ̃/

From Pre-Germanic *polt-, with suffixal -t-, from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”).


hauzijaną

hauzijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hauzijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hauzijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hauzīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hauzijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hauzī (active imperative second-person singular)
hauzijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hauzijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hauzīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hauzijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hauzijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hauzijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hauzijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hauzijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hauzijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hauzijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hauzijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hauzijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hauzijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hauzijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hauzijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hauzijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hauzīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hauzijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hauzīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hauzijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hauzijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hauzijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hauzijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hauzijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hauzijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hauzijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hauzidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hauzidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hauzidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hauzidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hauzidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hauzidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hauzidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hauzidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hauzidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hauzidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hauzidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hauzidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hauzidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hauzidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hauzidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hauzidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hauzijandz (active participle present)
hauzidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hauʀijan
Old English: hīeran, hȳran, hēran
Middle English: heren
English: hear
Scots: her, hear
Yola: hert (preterite)
Old Frisian: hēra, heera
Saterland Frisian: here
West Frisian: hearre
Old Saxon: hōrian
Middle Low German: hōren
Low German: hören, höörn
Plautdietsch: hieren
Old Dutch: *hōren
Middle Dutch: hôren
Dutch: horen
Afrikaans: hoor
Berbice Creole Dutch: horo
Jersey Dutch: hôre
Negerhollands: hoor
→ Virgin Islands Creole: hoor (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: hoar
Limburgish: huuere, heure
Old High German: hōren
Middle High German: hœren
Bavarian: hearn
Cimbrian: hòrran, höarn (Luserna)
Central Franconian: hüre, hiere (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: heere
Luxembourgish: héieren
German: hören
Vilamovian: hüchia
Yiddish: הערן (hern)

Old Norse: heyra
Icelandic: heyra
Faroese: hoyra
Norn: høra
Norwegian Nynorsk: høyra; (dialectal) haura
Elfdalian: ära
Old Swedish: hø̄ra
Swedish: höra
Scanian: høra
Old Danish: hø̄ræ
Danish: høre
Norwegian Bokmål: høre
Old Gutnish: hoyra
Gutnish: håire

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hausjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to be sharp-eared”), from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) + *h₂ows- (“ear”) + *-yéti (denominative suffix).


fanhaną

fanhō (active first-person indicative singular)
fanhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fanhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fanhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fanh (active imperative second-person singular)
fanhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fanhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fanhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fanhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fanhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fanhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fanhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fanhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fanhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fanhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fanhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fanhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fanhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fanhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fanhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fanhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fanhid (active indicative plural second-person)
fanhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fanhid (active imperative plural second-person)
fanhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fanhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fanhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fanhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fanhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fanhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fefanh (active first-person indicative singular)
fefangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fefanht (active indicative second-person singular)
fefangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fefanh (active indicative singular third-person)
fefangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fefangū (active dual first-person indicative)
fefangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fefangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fefangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fefangum (active first-person indicative plural)
fefangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fefangud (active indicative plural second-person)
fefangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fefangun (active indicative plural third-person)
fefangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanhandz (active participle present)
fanganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fą̄han
Old English: fōn
Middle English: fon, fangen
Scots: fang
English: fang
Old Frisian: fā
Saterland Frisian: fange
West Frisian: fange
Old Saxon: fāhan
Low German: fangen
Old Dutch: fān
Middle Dutch: vâen
Dutch: vangen
Afrikaans: vang
Berbice Creole Dutch: fanggi
Negerhollands: vang, faṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: fank
→ Aukan: fanga
→ Sranan Tongo: fanga
→ Caribbean Javanese: fangah, mangah
Limburgish: vange
Old High German: fāhan
Middle High German: vāhen, vān
Alemannic German: faa, faahe
Bavarian: fångan, fånga
Cimbrian: vangan, bangan (Mezzaselva)
German: fangen, (obsolete) fahen
Luxembourgish: fänken

Old Norse: fá, ᚠᛅᚦᛁ (faþi), ᚠᛆᚦᛁ (faþi) — third singular past indicative
Icelandic: fá
Faroese: fáa, fá
Norwegian: få
Elfdalian: fą̊
Old Swedish: fā
Swedish: få
Old Danish: fā
Danish: få

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (fahan)

/ˈɸɑ̃ː.xɑ.nɑ̃/

Different origins have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ-, nasal-infix present of the root *peh₂ḱ- (“secure, attach, strengthen”). Related to *fōgijaną.
* From Pre-Germanic *ponḱ-, apparently a univerbation of Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó + *h₂n(e)ḱ- (“to reach, attain”).


rēdaną

rēdō (active first-person indicative singular)
rēdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rēdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rēdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rēdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rēd (active imperative second-person singular)
rēdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rēdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rēdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rēdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rēdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rēdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rēdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rēdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rēdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rēdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rēdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rēdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rēdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rēdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rēdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rēdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rēdid (active indicative plural second-person)
rēdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rēdid (active imperative plural second-person)
rēdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rēdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rēdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rēdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rēdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rēdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rēdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rerōd (active first-person indicative singular)
rerdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rerōst (active indicative second-person singular)
rerdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rerōd (active indicative singular third-person)
rerdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rerdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rerdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rerdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rerdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rerdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rerdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rerdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rerdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rerdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rerdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rēdandz (active participle present)
rēdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rādan
Old English: rǣdan
Middle English: reden
English: read, rede
Scots: rede
Old Frisian: rēda
Saterland Frisian: räide
West Frisian: riede
Old Saxon: rādan
Middle Low German: râden
German Low German: raden
Low German: raden
Old Dutch: rādan
Middle Dutch: râden
Dutch: raden
Limburgish: raoje
Old High German: rātan
Middle High German: raten
German: raten
Luxembourgish: roden
Yiddish: ראָטן (rotn)

Old Norse: ráða, ᚱᛅᚦᛅ (raþa) — infinitive, Runic form, ᚱᛅᚦᚱ (raþr) — second/third singular present indicative, Runic form, ᚱᛁᚦ (riþ), ᚱᛆᛁᚦ (raiþ) — first/third singular past indicative, Runic form, ᚱᛅᚦᛁ (raþi), ᚱᚮᚦᛁ (roþi) — third singular present subjunctive, Runic form, ᚱᛅᚦ (raþ) — second singular imperative, Runic form
Icelandic: ráða
Faroese: ráða
Norwegian Nynorsk: rå, råda
Old Swedish: rāþa
Swedish: råda
Danish: råde
Norwegian Bokmål: råde, rå

Gothic: *𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*rēdan)

/ˈrɛː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréh₁dʰeti, from *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange”).


skaiþaną

skaiþō (active first-person indicative singular)
skaiþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaiþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skaiþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skaiþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaiþ (active imperative second-person singular)
skaiþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skaiþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skaiþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skaiþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaiþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skaiþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skaiþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skaiþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skaiþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaiþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaiþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaiþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skaiþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skaiþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaiþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skaiþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skaiþid (active indicative plural second-person)
skaiþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaiþid (active imperative plural second-person)
skaiþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skaiþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skaiþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skaiþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaiþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skaiþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skaiþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skeskaiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
skeskaidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skeskaist (active indicative second-person singular)
skeskaidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeskaiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
skeskaidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeskaidū (active dual first-person indicative)
skeskaidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeskaidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeskaidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeskaidum (active first-person indicative plural)
skeskaidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skeskaidud (active indicative plural second-person)
skeskaidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skeskaidun (active indicative plural third-person)
skeskaidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaiþandz (active participle present)
skaidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaiþan
Old English: sċēadan, sċādan
Middle English: sheden, scheden, schoden
English: shed
Scots: sched, scheid, schade
Old Frisian: skētha
Saterland Frisian: skeede
West Frisian: skiede
Old Saxon: skēthan
Middle Low German: schêden, scheiden
German Low German: scheden
→ Swedish: skeda
Old Dutch: skeithan
Middle Dutch: scheiden
Dutch: scheiden
Afrikaans: skei
Negerhollands: skeid, skei, skee, skej
Petjo: scheien, schejen
Limburgish: sjeie
Old High German: skeidan
Middle High German: scheiden
Alemannic German: scheide
German: scheiden
Luxembourgish: scheeden

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (skaidan)

From Proto-Indo-European *skeyt- (“to cut, part, divide, separate”), from *skey-.


tēkaną

tēkō (active first-person indicative singular)
tēkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tēkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tēkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tēkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tēk (active imperative second-person singular)
tēkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tēkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tēkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tēkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tēkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tēkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tēkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tēkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tēkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tēkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tēkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tēkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tēkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tēkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tēkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tēkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tēkid (active indicative plural second-person)
tēkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tēkid (active imperative plural second-person)
tēkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tēkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tēkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tēkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tēkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tēkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tēkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tetōk (active first-person indicative singular)
tetōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tetōht (active indicative second-person singular)
tetōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tetōk (active indicative singular third-person)
tetōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tetōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
tetōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tetōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tetōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tetōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
tetōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tetōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
tetōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tetōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
tetōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tēkandz (active participle present)
tēkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *takan

Old Saxon: *takan

Middle Low German: tacken (= tācken?, otherwise secondarily geminated)

German Low German: tacken

Old Dutch: *takan

desctree

Middle Dutch: tāken
Dutch: taken
Limburgish: take

Old Norse: taka
Icelandic: taka
Faroese: taka
Norn: taka
Norwegian Nynorsk: taka, ta; (dialectal) tåkå, tå
Jamtish: ta
Elfdalian: tågå
Old Swedish: taka, tagha
Swedish: taga, ta
Old Danish: taka, taghæ
Danish: tage
Norwegian Bokmål: ta
Scanian: tâga
Old Gutnish: taka
→ Old English: tacan
Middle English: taken
English: take
Geordie English: tyek
Scots: tak, ta
Yola: taake

Gothic: 𐍄𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌽 (tēkan)

From an apparent Proto-Indo-European *deh₁g- (“to touch”), with the only formal cognate being Tocharian B täk- (“to touch, feel (with the hand); to fetch”), ceśäṃ (“touches; takes”, 3sg.pres.). Ringe suggests that either pre-Germanic or pre-Tocharian borrowed the word from the other.
Several authors have noted the similarity of this root to Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (“to touch, take (by the hand)”) (whence *þakkōną (“to touch lightly, tap”), Latin tangō (“I touch”), Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”, ptcp.)), but the two cannot be reconciled by traditional means, as the "unshifted" Germanic *t is not expected to come from PIE *t in this phonetic environment, nor should Germanic *ē (as in the Gothic descendant only) have developed from PIE *eh₂, and Tocharian short *ä cannot continue PIE *eh₂ under normal conditions. However, the stop consonant in Germanic can be explained if it developed from a cluster *dg with voicing assimilation from earlier *tg. According to the hypothesis by Mottausch, the reduplicated form *te-th₂g- (as in Latin tetigī (“have touched”), Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn)) regularly lost its laryngeal in pre-Germanic, and so the resulting *te-tg- would have required voicing assimilation to *te-dg-, which was subsequently back-formed to *de-dg- to restore the normal pattern of reduplication, resulting in the unshifted Germanic /t/. Additionally, the pre-form *deh₁g- that resulted in the long vowel in Germanic can be maintained, if it is assumed that the second stop in this pre-Germanic *dedg- underwent dissimilation to glottalic *h₁ = [ʔ]. Kroonen upholds this derivation, though he notes its great difficulties. For a partial alternative, he suggests a back-formation of *tēkaną from iterative *þakkōną (cf. his similar derivation of *slēpaną from *slapp/bōną).


hiz

gem-decl-adj-table

*hiz (irregular)

hiz (masculine nominative singular)
hīz (masculine nominative plural)
hijō? (feminine nominative singular)
hijōz (feminine nominative plural)
hit (neuter nominative singular)
hijō (neuter nominative plural)
hinǭ (accusative masculine singular)
hinz (accusative masculine plural)
hijǭ (accusative feminine singular)
hijōz (accusative feminine plural)
hit (accusative neuter singular)
hijō (accusative neuter plural)
hes (genitive masculine singular)
hezǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
hezōz (feminine genitive singular)
hezǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
hes (genitive neuter singular)
hezǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
himmai (dative masculine singular)
himaz (dative masculine plural)
hezōi (dative feminine singular)
himaz (dative feminine plural)
himmai (dative neuter singular)
himaz (dative neuter plural)
hinō (instrumental masculine singular)
himiz (instrumental masculine plural)
hezō (feminine instrumental singular)
himiz (feminine instrumental plural)
hinō (instrumental neuter singular)
himiz (instrumental neuter plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hiʀ

desctree

Old English: hē
Middle English: he, hee, ȝe, e, hey, hi, hie, hye, heo, ho, hæ, ha, a
English: he
Scots: he
Yola: hea, he, hey, hay

Old Frisian: hī
North Frisian:
Most dialects: hi, he
Halligen: hii
Saterland Frisian: hie
West Frisian: hy

Old Saxon: hē, hī

Middle Low German: hê, hî

German Low German: he

Low German: he

Old Dutch: hie
Middle Dutch: hi
Dutch: hij, ie
Limburgish: hae

Old High German: her (northern dialects)

Middle High German: her, *he

Central Franconian: hä

Luxembourgish: hien (from the accusative)

Vilamovian: hār

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᛁᚾᛟ (hino) (masculine accusative singular)

Gothic: *𐌷𐌹𐍃 (*his)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱís, compound of *ḱe + *ís.


þrīz

þrīz (nominative plural)
þrijō (neuter nominative plural)
þrinz (accusative plural)
þrijō (accusative neuter plural)
þrijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrijǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
þrimaz (dative plural)
þrimaz (dative neuter plural)
þrimiz (instrumental plural)
þrimiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þrīʀ
Old English: þrī, þrīe, þrȳ, þrēo
Middle English: thre, threo, thri, thrie, þre, þreo
English: three
Scots: three, threi, shrei, hrei
Yola: dhree, dhrie, dree
Old Frisian: thrē, thriā
North Frisian: tri
Saterland Frisian: träi
West Frisian: trije
Old Saxon: thrīe
Middle Low German: drê
German Low German: dree
Low German: drei, dree
Plautdietsch: dree
Old Dutch: thri, *thrie
Middle Dutch: dri m, drie f
Dutch: drie, drij (dialectal)
Afrikaans: drie
Old High German: drī
Middle High German: drî
Alemannic German: drüü, drü
Bavarian: drei
Cimbrian: drai
Mòcheno: drai
Central Franconian: drei, dreij
Hunsrik: drei
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: dreie
German: drei
Luxembourgish: dräi
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: drei
Vilamovian: draj
Yiddish: דרײַ (dray)

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛟᛉ (þrijoʀ) (feminine nominative), ᚦᚱᛁᚨ (þrīą) (masculine accusative)

desctree

Old Norse: þrír
Icelandic: þrír
Faroese: tríggir
Norn: trir
Norwegian Nynorsk: tri; (dialectal) trí, trir, try, (possibly influenced by Danish) tre
Jamtish: trí
Elfdalian: trair
Old Swedish: þrīr, þrī
Swedish: tre, try
Old Danish: thrē
Danish: tre
Norwegian Bokmål: tre
Scanian: tré
Gutnish: trei

Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (þreis)

From earlier *þrijiz, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes.


fedwōr

fedwōr (nominative plural)
fedwōr (accusative plural)
fedurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fedurmaz (dative plural)
fedurmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *feuwar
Old English: fēower, fēowor, fēowur — West Saxon
Middle English: four, fore, feour, fower, fowwre, foure, fowr, vour
English: four
Geordie English: fower
Scots: fower
Yola: vour, voure, vowre
Old Frisian: fiūwer
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fjauer
Goesharde: fjauer
Helgoland: schtjuur
Mooring: fjouer
Sylt: fjuur
Wiedingharde: fjauer
Saterland Frisian: fjauer
West Frisian: fjouwer
Old Saxon: fiuwar, fiwar, fior
Middle Low German: vêr
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: vier, veer
German Low German: veer (Hamburgisch)
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: veer
East Westphalian: veier (Paderbornisch), fåir' (Ravensbergisch)
Plautdietsch: vea
Old Dutch: *fiuwar (found in toponym Viuwarflet now called Viervliet), *fior, fier
Middle Dutch: vier
Dutch: vier
Afrikaans: vier
Old High German: fior
Middle High German: vier
Alemannic German: vier
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: viare
Mòcheno: viar
Central Franconian: vier
Hunsrik: fier
German: vier
Luxembourgish: véier
Pennsylvania German: vier
Vilamovian: fiyr
Yiddish: פֿיר (fir)

Old Norse: fjórir, fjǫgurir
Icelandic: fjórir
Faroese: fýra
Norn: fyre
Norwegian Nynorsk: fjore (archaic, Høgnorsk)
Elfdalian: fyra
Old Swedish: fiūrir, fiūri, fȳrir, fȳri
Swedish: fyra
Old Danish: fiūræ, fiūghræ, fȳræ, firæ
Danish: fire
Norwegian Bokmål: fire
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fire

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 (fidwōr)

Crimean Gothic: fyder

From pre-Grimm *petwṓr, with an irregular consonant change from *kʷetwṓr, the neuter form of Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres. The consonant change was probably caused by the influence of the *p- in the word for "five", *pénkʷe. The expected outcome would have been **hwedwōr.


unkeraz

unkeraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unkerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unkerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unkerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unkerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unkerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unkeranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unkeranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unkerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unkerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unkerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unkerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unkeras (genitive masculine singular strong)
unkiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
unkeraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unkeraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unkeraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unkeras (genitive neuter singular strong)
unkiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
unkeraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unkerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unkeraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unkeraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unkeraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unkerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unkeraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unkeranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unkeraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unkeraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unkeraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unkeranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unkeraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *unkar
Old English: uncer
Middle English: unker
Old Saxon: unker
>? Old High German:
Sette Comuni Cimbrian: ögnar

Old Norse: okkarr

Icelandic: okkar

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: okka, okkons, kons, kans

Old Swedish: okar, ukar

Gothic: *𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌰𐍂 (*ugkar)

our, of us two; 1st person dual possessive


sīnaz

sīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sīnis (genitive masculine singular strong)
sīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sīnis (genitive neuter singular strong)
sīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sīn
Old English: sīn
Old Frisian: sīn
Saterland Frisian: sin
West Frisian: syn
Old Saxon: sīn
Middle Low German: sîn
German Low German: sien
Low German: sin
Old Dutch: sīn
Middle Dutch: sijn
Dutch: zijn
Limburgish: zeen
Old High German: sīn
Middle High German: sīn
Alemannic German: siin
Bavarian: sei
Cimbrian: zain, soi (Luserna)
German: sein
Hunsrik: sein
Luxembourgish: säin
Yiddish: זײַן (zayn)

Old Norse: sínn, sinn
Icelandic: sinn
Faroese: sín
Old Swedish: sīn
Swedish: sin
Danish: sin
Norwegian Bokmål: sin
Norwegian Nynorsk: sin

Gothic: 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (seins)

From Proto-Indo-European *séynos, equivalent to the genitive form of Proto-Germanic *se-.

his/her/its/their own; reflexive possessive


inkweraz

inkweraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
inkwerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
inkwerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
inkwerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
inkwerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
inkwerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
inkweranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
inkweranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
inkwerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
inkwerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
inkwerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
inkwerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
inkweras (genitive masculine singular strong)
inkwiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
inkweraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
inkweraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
inkweraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
inkweras (genitive neuter singular strong)
inkwiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
inkweraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
inkwerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
inkweraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
inkweraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
inkweraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
inkwerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
inkweraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
inkweranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
inkweraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
inkweraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
inkweraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
inkweranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
inkweraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *inkwar
Old English: incer
Middle English: inker
Old Saxon: inker, inka
Old High German: enker
Middle High German: enker
Yiddish: ענקער (enker) (Poylish)

Proto-Norse: *ᛁᛜᚲᚹᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*iŋkwaraʀ)

Old West Norse: ykkarr, *þykkarr

Icelandic: ykkar

Faroese: tykkara

Norwegian Nynorsk: dykkar

Old East Norse: *ikkarʀ

Old Swedish: *ikkar

Dalian: ikken, ikko, ikka

Gothic: 𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐍂 (igqar)

your, of you two; 2nd person dual possessive


unseraz

unseraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unserai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unserō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unserôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unserą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unserō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unseranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unseranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unserǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unserōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unserą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unserō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unseras (genitive masculine singular strong)
unsiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
unseraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unseraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unseraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unseras (genitive neuter singular strong)
unsiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
unseraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unserammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unseraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unseraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unseraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unserammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unseraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unseranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unseraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unseraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unseraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unseranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unseraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *unsar
Old English: ūser, ūre, ūr, usser
Middle English: oure
Scots: wir
English: our
Old Frisian: ūser, ūse
West Frisian: ús
Old Saxon: ūsa, ūse
Old Dutch: unsa
Middle Dutch: onse
Dutch: ons
Afrikaans: ons
Old High German: unsēr
Middle High German: unser
Alemannic German: öise, öisere, oisere
Cimbrian: ünsar
German: unser
Yiddish: אונדזער (undzer)

Old Norse: várr, órr — archaic, poetic
Icelandic: vor
Faroese: vár
Norwegian Nynorsk: vår
Norwegian Bokmål: vår
Elfdalian: ųor
Old Swedish: vār
Swedish: vår, våran
Old Danish: vor
Danish: vor, vores
→ Old English: *war (Northumbrian)
English: wor (dialectal, Northern England)
Scots: wir

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂 (unsar)


þīnaz

þīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þīnis (genitive masculine singular strong)
þīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þīnis (genitive neuter singular strong)
þīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *þīn
Old English: þīn
Middle English: þin, þine, þyn, þyne, thin, thine, thyn, thyne, þinne, thyen, theyn, tin, tine, yin
English: thine (determiner)
⇒ Middle English: þi, they, thi, thy, ti, ty, þei, þey, þhi, þy, yi, yhi (apocopated variant)
English: thy
Old Frisian: thīn
West Frisian: dyn
Old Saxon: thīn
Old Dutch: thīn
Middle Dutch: dijn
Dutch: dijn
Limburgish: dien
Old High German: dīn, thin
Middle High German: dīn
Alemannic German: diin, dyn
Bavarian: dei
Cimbrian: dain, doi (Luserna)
German: dein
Hunsrik: dein
Luxembourgish: däin
Yiddish: דײַן (dayn)

Old Norse: þínn, þinn
Icelandic: þinn, þín
Faroese: tín
Norwegian: din
Old Swedish: þīn
Swedish: din
Danish: din

Gothic: 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (þeins)

your, yours (thy, thine); 2nd person singular possessive


mīnaz

mīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mīnis (genitive masculine singular strong)
mīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mīnis (genitive neuter singular strong)
mīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mīn
Old English: mīn
Middle English: min
English: mine
Scots: mine
⇒ Middle English: mi, me, mie, my (apocopated)
English: my
Geordie English: my, maw
Scots: my, ma, me
Yola: mee
Old Frisian: mīn
North Frisian: man
Saterland Frisian: min, mien
West Frisian: myn
Old Saxon: mīn
Middle Low German: mīn
German Low German: mien
Old Dutch: mīn
Middle Dutch: mijn
Dutch: mijn
Limburgish: mien
Old High German: mīn
Middle High German: mīn
Alemannic German: miin, myn
Bavarian: mei
Cimbrian: main, moi (Luserna)
Hunsrik: mein
Luxembourgish: mäin
German: mein
Vilamovian: maj
Yiddish: מײַן (mayn)

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*minaʀ /mīnaʀ/) (attested forms: ᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ (minino /mīninō/, m. acc. sg.), ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊ (minas /mīnas/, m. gen. sg.), ᛗᛁᚾᚢ (minu /mīnu/, f. nom. sg.))

Old Norse: mínn, minn
Icelandic: minn
Faroese: mín
Norwegian: min
Old Swedish: mīn
Swedish: min
Danish: min

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (meins)

Crimean Gothic: mine

From pre-Proto-Germanic *mey-no-s, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ ~ *h₁mey, whence also *miz (“me”), + *-nos (adjectival suffix).

my, mine; 1st person singular possessive


ainaz

ainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainis (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainis (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *ain
Old English: ān
Middle English: oon, on, one, oen, oune, hon, none, an, anne, onne, an, ane, auen, aune (Northern), auen, aune (north Midland), enne, onen, onenen (Kent), en, an, ane (Early Middle English), won, von, wone (Late Middle English), on, one, an (Northern), an, ane (Early Middle English)
English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)
Geordie English: yen
Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae
Yola: oan, own, ane
Old Frisian: ēn, ān, een
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum:
Föhr: een m, ian f or n
Amrum: ään m, ian f or n
Goesharde:
Hoolmer: åån m, iin f or n
Hoorninger: aan m, iin f or n
Halligen: aon m, ian f or n
Heligoland: iaan, jaan
Mooring: ån m, iinj f or n
Sylt: jen
Wiedingharde: oan m, iin f or n
Saterland Frisian: aan m, een f or n
West Frisian: ien
Old Saxon: ēn
Middle Low German: ên, ein
Low German:
German Low German: een (Hamburgisch)
Westphalian:
Lippisch: eun
Ravensbergisch: åine
Sauerländisch: ên
Westmünsterländisch: een, eene, ne
Plautdietsch: een
Old Dutch: ēn
Middle Dutch: êen
Dutch: een
Afrikaans: een, 'n
West Flemish: ien, jin
Limburgish: ein
Old High German: ein, ain
Middle High German: ein
Alemannic German: ain, äin, a, an, en
Bavarian: a
Cimbrian: a, an (“a, an”); òan, umm (“one”)
Mòcheno: a (“a, an”); oa' (“one”)
Central Franconian: ne (Ripuarian)
Ripuarian: ne
East Central German: ä, e
German: ein
Luxembourgish: een
Rhine Franconian: e (Hessian)
Yiddish: איין (eyn), אַ (a), אַן (an)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*ainaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚾᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*ainalaibaʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: einn
Icelandic: einn
Faroese: ein
Norn: en
Norwegian Nynorsk: ein
Dalecarlian: jenn
Elfdalian: ᛁᛆᚿ (ien)
Old Swedish: ēn
Swedish: en
Old Danish:
Danish: en
Norwegian Bokmål: en
Scanian: æn, én
Gutnish: en, ann, h'en

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ains)