jihtiz

jihtiz (nominative singular)
jihtīz (nominative plural)
jihti (singular vocative)
jihtīz (plural vocative)
jihtį (accusative singular)
jihtinz (accusative plural)
jihtīz (genitive singular)
jihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jihtī (dative singular)
jihtimaz (dative plural)
jihtī (instrumental singular)
jihtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġiht

Old Frisian: jecht

Old Saxon: *jiht, *giht

Middle Low German: jicht, gicht

Low German: Jicht

→ Swedish: gikt

→ Danish: gigt

→ Icelandic: gigt

→ Faroese: gikt

⇒ Old Saxon: bigihto

Middle Low German: bichte

→ Swedish: bikt

→ Danish: bigt (obsolete), afbigt

Old Dutch: *jiht, *giht

Middle Dutch: jicht

Dutch: jicht

Afrikaans: jig

⇒ Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: biecht

Afrikaans: bieg

Old High German: jiht, *giht (attested in compounds)

Middle High German: giht

German: Gicht

Luxembourgish: Giicht

⇒ Old High German: bijiht, bigiht

Middle High German: begiht, bīht

Bavarian: Beichtn

German: Beichte

Luxembourgish: Becht, Beicht (influenced by German)


asnijaz

asnijaz (nominative singular)
asnijōz (nominative plural)
asnijōs (nominative plural)
asnī (singular vocative)
asnijōz (plural vocative)
asnijōs (plural vocative)
asniją (accusative singular)
asnijanz (accusative plural)
asnijas (genitive singular)
asnīs (genitive singular)
asnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
asnijai (dative singular)
asnijamaz (dative plural)
asnijō (instrumental singular)
asnijamiz (instrumental plural)

See *asunz


awistrą

awistrą (nominative singular)
awistrō (nominative plural)
awistrą (singular vocative)
awistrō (plural vocative)
awistrą (accusative singular)
awistrō (accusative plural)
awistras (genitive singular)
awistris (genitive singular)
awistrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awistrai (dative singular)
awistramaz (dative plural)
awistrō (instrumental singular)
awistramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *awist(r)
Old English: ēowestre
Old Frisian: ēstra, ēster
West Frisian: jister
Old High German: ewist, ouwist
Middle High German: *owist, oist
Alemannic German: Äugst, Äust

Gothic: 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂 (awistr)


austrōnijaz

*austrōnijaz (ja-stem)

austrōnijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
austrōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
austrōnijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
austrōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
austrōniją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
austrōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
austrōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
austrōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
austrōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
austrōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
austrōniją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
austrōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
austrōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
austrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
austrōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
austrōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
austrōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
austrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
austrōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
austrōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
austrōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
austrōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
austrōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
austrōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
austrōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
austrōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
austrōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
austrōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
austrōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
austrōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
austrōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
austrōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
austrōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
austrōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
austrōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
austrōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
austrōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
austrōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
austrōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
austrōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
austrōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
austrōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
austrōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
austrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
austrōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
austrōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
austrōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
austrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
austrōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
austrōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
austrōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
austrōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
austrōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
austrōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
austrōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
austrōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
austrōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
austrōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
austrōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
austrōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *austrōnī
Old English: ēasterne
Middle English: esterne, esturne, estern, estrin, eestreen, æsterne, estren, estryn
English: eastern
Scots: estrene, eistrene, eastren
>? Old Frisian: āster
Old Saxon: ōstrōni
Old High German: *ōstrōni
⇒ Old High German: nordōstrōni

Old Norse: austrǿnn, austrœnn
Icelandic: austrænn
Faroese: eystrønur
Norwegian Nynorsk: austrøn
Icelandic: austrænn
Faroese: eystrønur
Norwegian Nynorsk: austrøn

From *austraz + *-ōnijaz, the former from Proto-Indo-European *austero- (“eastern”).


wīsijaną

wīsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsī (active imperative second-person singular)
wīsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wīsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsijandz (active participle present)
wīsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīsijan
(Old English: wīsian)
(Middle English: wisen)
(Scots: wise, wyse, wyze)
(Middle English: wise)
Old Frisian: wīsa
North Frisian: wise (Föhr)
Saterland Frisian: wiese
West Frisian: wize
Old Saxon: wīsian
Middle Low German: wîsen
German Low German: wiesen
Old Dutch: wīsen
Middle Dutch: wisen
Dutch: wijzen
Afrikaans: wys
Old High German: wīsen
Middle High German: wīsen
German: weisen
Luxembourgish: weisen
Yiddish: ווײַזן (vayzn)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*weisjan)

desc

𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fullaweisjan)

→ Finnish: vihjata

to make wise, knowing; to show, instruct


wīsōną

wīsō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīsōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsō (active imperative second-person singular)
wīsōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīsōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīsōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīsōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīsōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīsōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīsōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wīsōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīsōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīsōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīsōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wīsōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wīsōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīsōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wīsōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīsōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wīsōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīsōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīsōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīsōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wīsōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīsōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wīsōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīsōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wīsōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīsōndz (active participle present)
wīsōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: wīsia

Old Saxon: wīsōn

Old Dutch: wīson

Old High German: wīsōn

Middle High German: wīsen

German: weisen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍉𐌽 (gaweisōn)


wīsōną

Old English: wīsian

Middle English: wisien, wisen

Scots: wise, wyse, wyze

English: wise

Old Saxon: giwīsōn

Old Norse: vísa

Danish: vise

Faroese: vísa

Icelandic: vísa

Norwegian Bokmål: vise

Old Swedish: vīsa

Swedish: visa

From *wīsaz (“wise”) + *-ōną (factitive verb–forming suffix): literally “make wise”. Identical with the above.


awidiją

awidiją (nominative singular)
awidijō (nominative plural)
awidiją (singular vocative)
awidijō (plural vocative)
awidiją (accusative singular)
awidijō (accusative plural)
awidijas (genitive singular)
awidīs (genitive singular)
awidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awidijai (dative singular)
awidijamaz (dative plural)
awidijō (instrumental singular)
awidijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ēowede, ēowde, ēowd, ēde

Old High German: ouwiti, ewit, ewida

Gothic: 𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌸𐌹 (awēþi)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewi-dʰh₁-yo-, equivalent to *awiz + *-dją, a suffix used with herds. Compare *kudją (“herd”), which might have originally meant ("cow herd"). Cognate with Lithuanian avìdė (“sheepfold”).


þuljaną

þuljō (active first-person indicative singular)
þuljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þuljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þulisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þuljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þuli (active imperative second-person singular)
þuljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þuljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þuliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þuljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þuljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þuljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þuljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þuljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þuljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þuljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þuljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þuljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þuljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þuljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þuljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þuljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þuliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þuljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þuliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þuljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þuljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þuljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þuljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þuljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þuljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þuljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þulidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þulidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þulidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þulidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þulidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þulidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þulidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þulidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þulidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þulidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þulidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þulidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þulidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þulidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þulidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þulidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þuljandz (active participle present)
þulidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: þylja

Icelandic: þylja


skrīþaną

skrīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
skrīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skraiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
skridį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skraist (active indicative second-person singular)
skridīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skraiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
skridī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skridū (active dual first-person indicative)
skridīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skridudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skridīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skridum (active first-person indicative plural)
skridīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skridud (active indicative plural second-person)
skridīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skridun (active indicative plural third-person)
skridīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrīþandz (active participle present)
skridanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skrīþan
Old English: sċrīþan
→ English: shrithe (revived)
Old Frisian: *skrītha, skrīda
Old Saxon: scrīthan, skrīdan
Middle Low German: schrîden
Low German: schrieden
Old Dutch: *scrīthan
Middle Dutch: schriden
Dutch: schrijden
Old High German: skrītan, scrītan
Middle High German: schrīten
German: schreiten

Old Norse: skríða

Icelandic: skríða

Faroese: skríða

Norwegian Nynorsk: skrida, skri

Old Swedish: skridha

Swedish: skrida

Old Danish: skrithæ

Danish: skride

Norwegian Bokmål: skride, skri

→ Middle English: skrithen, scrithen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreyt-, *(s)ker- (“twist, turn, bend”).


mēþą

mēþą (nominative singular)
mēþō (nominative plural)
mēþą (singular vocative)
mēþō (plural vocative)
mēþą (accusative singular)
mēþō (accusative plural)
mēþas (genitive singular)
mēþis (genitive singular)
mēþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēþai (dative singular)
mēþamaz (dative plural)
mēþō (instrumental singular)
mēþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣþ

Middle English: math

English: math, aftermath

Old Frisian: mēth

Old High German: mād

Middle High German: māt

German: Mahd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂meh₁- (“to mow”).


mērijaną

mērijō (active first-person indicative singular)
mērijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mērijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mērīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mērijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mērī (active imperative second-person singular)
mērijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mērijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mērīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mērijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mērijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mērijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mērijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mērijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mērijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mērijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mērijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mērijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mērijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mērijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mērijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mērijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mērīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mērijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mērīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mērijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mērijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mērijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mērijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mērijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mērijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mērijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mēridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mēridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mēridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mēridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mēridē (active indicative singular third-person)
mēridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mēridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mēridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mēridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mēridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mēridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mēridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mēridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mēridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mēridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mēridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mērijandz (active participle present)
mēridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mārijan
Old English: mǣran
Old Saxon: mārian
Old Dutch: *māren
Middle Dutch: maren, vermaren
Dutch: vermaren (vermaard)
Old High German: māren

Old Norse: mæra

Icelandic: mæra

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (mērjan)

From *mēraz (“renowned, famous”) + *-janą.


haftiją

haftiją (nominative singular)
haftijō (nominative plural)
haftiją (singular vocative)
haftijō (plural vocative)
haftiją (accusative singular)
haftijō (accusative plural)
haftijas (genitive singular)
haftīs (genitive singular)
haftijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haftijai (dative singular)
haftijamaz (dative plural)
haftijō (instrumental singular)
haftijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haftī

Old English: hæft

Middle English: haft, heft

English: haft

Scots: haft, heft

Old Frisian: *heft

Saterland Frisian: Hääft, Hächt

Old Saxon: *hefti

Middle Low German: hefte, hechte, hecht

German Low German: Hecht

Old Dutch: *hefti

Middle Dutch: hechte, hefte

Dutch: heft

Afrikaans: hef

→ French: hec, hece, hé (“hook”) (dialectal)

Old High German: hefti

Middle High German: hefte

German: Heft

Old Norse: hepti

Icelandic: hefti

Old Swedish: hæpte

Swedish: häfte

Danish: hæfte

Derived from *haftijaną (“to bind, secure”).


haftijaną

haftijō (active first-person indicative singular)
haftijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haftijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
haftīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haftijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haftī (active imperative second-person singular)
haftijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haftijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haftīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haftijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haftijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haftijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haftijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haftijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haftijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haftijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haftijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haftijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haftijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haftijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haftijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haftijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haftīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haftijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haftīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haftijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haftijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haftijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haftijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haftijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haftijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haftijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haftidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haftidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haftidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haftidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haftidē (active indicative singular third-person)
haftidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haftidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haftidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haftidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haftidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haftidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haftidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haftidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haftidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haftidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haftidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haftijandz (active participle present)
haftidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *haftijan
Old English: hæftan
Old Frisian: hefta
Old Saxon: heftian
Old Dutch: *heften
Middle Dutch: hechten
Dutch: hechten
Afrikaans: heg
Old High German: heften
Middle High German: heften
German: heften
Luxembourgish: heften

Old Norse: hefta, hepta

Icelandic: hefta

Faroese: hefta

Norwegian Nynorsk: hefta

Old Swedish: hæpta, hæfta

Swedish: häfta

Danish: hæfte

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (haftjan)

From *haftaz (“captive, bound”) + *-janą.


lindō

lindō (nominative singular)
lindôz (nominative plural)
lindō (singular vocative)
lindôz (plural vocative)
lindǭ (accusative singular)
lindōz (accusative plural)
lindōz (genitive singular)
lindǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lindōi (dative singular)
lindōmaz (dative plural)
lindō (instrumental singular)
lindōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lindu
Old English: lind
Middle English: lynde, lynd, linde, lind, lyne, lyn
English: lind, lime
Scots: lind, lynde, leind
Old Saxon: linda, lindia
Middle Low German: linde
Old Dutch: *linda
Middle Dutch: linde
Dutch: linde
Old High German: linta
Middle High German: linde
Bavarian: Lindn
German: Linde
Luxembourgish: Lann

Old Norse: lind

Icelandic: lind

Old Swedish: lind

Swedish: lind

Danish: lind

Possibly related to *linþaz (“mild, soft”). Has also been compared to Albanian lëndë (“wood, material”), Lithuanian lentà (“(linden) board”), Russian лут (lut, “(linden) bast”) (< Proto-Slavic *lǫtъ), thereby perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *lentéh₂.


gudjô

gem-decl-noun-table

*gudjô (an-stem)

gudjô (nominative singular)
gudjaniz (nominative plural)
gudjô (singular vocative)
gudjaniz (plural vocative)
gudjanų (accusative singular)
gudjanunz (accusative plural)
gudiniz (genitive singular)
gudjanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudini (dative singular)
gudjammaz (dative plural)
gudinē (instrumental singular)
gudjammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: Gydda (personal name)

Proto-Norse: ᚷᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨ (gudija)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚢᛞᛃᛟ (*gudjo /gudjō/, “priestess”) (< *gudjǭ)

Old Norse: gyðja

→ Danish: gydje (learned)

→ Norwegian: gydje (learned)

→ English: gythja (learned)

→ Swedish: gydja (learned)

Old Norse: goði

Icelandic: goði

→ Faroese: goði (learned)

→ Norwegian: gode (learned)

→ Swedish: gode (learned)

→ Danish: gode (learned)

→ English: godi, gothi (learned)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌾𐌰 (gudja)

one who invokes; a (pagan) priest (responsible for sacrifices and temple custodian)


smirilaz

smirilaz (nominative singular)
smirilōz (nominative plural)
smirilōs (nominative plural)
smiril (singular vocative)
smirilōz (plural vocative)
smirilōs (plural vocative)
smirilą (accusative singular)
smirilanz (accusative plural)
smirilas (genitive singular)
smirilis (genitive singular)
smirilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smirilai (dative singular)
smirilamaz (dative plural)
smirilō (instrumental singular)
smirilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smiril
Old Saxon: *smiril
Middle Low German: smerl
Old Dutch: *smiril
Middle Dutch: smērel, smerle
Dutch: smeerle (archaic)
Old High German: smiril, smirl
Middle High German: smerl, smirl
German: Schmirl, Schmerl
⇒ Middle High German: smerlīn
German: Schmerlein
→ Medieval Latin: smerlus, *smerla
Catalan: esmirla, esmirle
Italian: smerlo
Old Occitan: esmirle

Old Norse: smyrill

Icelandic: smyrill

Faroese: smyril


meltaną

meltō (active first-person indicative singular)
meltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
meltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
miltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
meltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
melt (active imperative second-person singular)
meltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
meltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
miltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
meltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
meltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
meltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
meltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
meltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
meltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
meltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
meltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
meltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
meltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
meltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
meltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
meltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
miltid (active indicative plural second-person)
meltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
miltid (active imperative plural second-person)
meltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
meltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
meltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
meltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
meltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
meltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
meltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
malt (active first-person indicative singular)
multį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
malst (active indicative second-person singular)
multīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
malt (active indicative singular third-person)
multī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
multū (active dual first-person indicative)
multīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
multudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
multīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
multum (active first-person indicative plural)
multīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
multud (active indicative plural second-person)
multīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
multun (active indicative plural third-person)
multīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
meltandz (active participle present)
multanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *meltan
Old English: meltan
Middle English: melten
Scots: melt
English: melt

Old Norse: melta

Icelandic: melta

Norwegian Nynorsk: melta

⇒ Old Norse: moltinn

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: molten; ⇒ molte f (“cloudberry”)

→ Danish: multebær

Swedish: multen

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, crush, grind”). Related to Sanskrit मर्दति (mardati, “to crush, grind”).


marwaz

*marwaz (a-stem)

marwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
marwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
marwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
marwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
marwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
marwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
marwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
marwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
marwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
marwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
marwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
marwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
marwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
marwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
marwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
marwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
marwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
marwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
marwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
marwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
marwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
marwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
marwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
marwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
marwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
marwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
marwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
marwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
marwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
marwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
marwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
marwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
marwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
marwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
marwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
marwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
marwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
marwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
marwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
marwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
marwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
marwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
marwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
marwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
marwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
marwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
marwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
marwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
marwini (dative masculine singular weak)
marwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
marwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
marwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
marwini (dative neuter singular weak)
marwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
marwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
marwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
marwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
marwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
marwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
marwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *maru

Old English: mearu, meru

desc

Middle English: merwe, merow, melowe, melwe

Scots: melly

English: mellow

Old Saxon: *maru, *moru; *murwi

Middle Low German: morwe, mare, more, mȫre

German Low German: möör

Old Dutch: *maru

Middle Dutch: meru, merue; murwe, morwe

Dutch: murw
→ West Frisian: morf, murf

West Flemish: merf

Old High German: maro; marawi; muruwi, murwi

Middle High German: mar; mürwe

Alemannic German: murw

German: mürbe

→ French: morbement (dialectal)

Old Norse: meyrr (< *maurijaz, *maurwuz)

Icelandic: meyr

Faroese: moyrur

Old Swedish: mø̄r

Swedish: mör

Old Danish: miør

Danish: mør

From Proto-Indo-European *merw- (“to rub, pack”).


smerwą

smerwą (nominative singular)
smerwō (nominative plural)
smerwą (singular vocative)
smerwō (plural vocative)
smerwą (accusative singular)
smerwō (accusative plural)
smerwas (genitive singular)
smirwis (genitive singular)
smerwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smerwai (dative singular)
smerwamaz (dative plural)
smerwō (instrumental singular)
smerwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smeru
Old English: smeoru
Middle English: smer, smere
English: smear
Scots: smergh
Old Frisian: smere
Saterland Frisian: Smeer
West Frisian: smoar
Old Saxon: smero
Middle Low German: smēr, smör
(German Low German: Smeer)
Old Dutch: smero
Middle Dutch: smere, smer
Dutch: smeer
Afrikaans: smeer
→ Caribbean Javanese: semir
→ Indonesian: semir
→ Papiamentu: smeer (dated)
Old High German: smero
Middle High German: smër
Alemannic German: Schmër
German: Schmer
→ Polish: smar
→ Carpathian Rusyn: смар (smar)

Old Norse: smjǫr, smjor, smør

Icelandic: smjör

Faroese: smør

Norn: smyrr, smorr

Norwegian Nynorsk: smør, smjør

Old Swedish: smior, smør

Swedish: smör

Danish: smør

Norwegian Bokmål: smør

Old Gutnish: smier

Gutnish: smör, smöir, smer, smyr

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍂 (smairþr)

From Proto-Indo-European *smérus (“grease, fat”).


hōdaz

hōdaz (nominative singular)
hōdōz (nominative plural)
hōdōs (nominative plural)
hōd (singular vocative)
hōdōz (plural vocative)
hōdōs (plural vocative)
hōdą (accusative singular)
hōdanz (accusative plural)
hōdas (genitive singular)
hōdis (genitive singular)
hōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōdai (dative singular)
hōdamaz (dative plural)
hōdō (instrumental singular)
hōdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōd

Old English: hōd

Middle English: hood, hode

Scots: hude, huid

English: hood

Old Frisian: hōd

North Frisian: hod

Saterland Frisian: Houd

West Frisian: hoed

Old Saxon: hōd

Middle Low German: hôt

German Low German: Hood

Old Dutch: *huod

Middle Dutch: hoet

Dutch: hoed

Old High German: huot

Middle High German: huot

desc

Central Franconian: Hot, Hut (southern Moselle Franconian)

Bavarian: Huat

Cimbrian: huat, huut (Sette Comuni)

German: Hut

Luxembourgish: Hutt

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to cover, protect”) and compared to Latin cassis (“helmet”). However, Kroonen reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European form as *koHt-ó- instead, and links the root to Proto-Germanic *hattuz (“hat”); see there for more.


swībaną

swībō (active first-person indicative singular)
swībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swīb (active imperative second-person singular)
swībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swībid (active indicative plural second-person)
swībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swībid (active imperative plural second-person)
swībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swaib (active first-person indicative singular)
swibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaift (active indicative second-person singular)
swibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaib (active indicative singular third-person)
swibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swibū (active dual first-person indicative)
swibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swibum (active first-person indicative plural)
swibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swibud (active indicative plural second-person)
swibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swibun (active indicative plural third-person)
swibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swībandz (active participle present)
swibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swīban
Old English: swīfan
Middle English: swiven
English: swive
⇒ Middle English: swift
English: swift
Old Frisian: swīva

Old Norse: svífa
Icelandic: svífa
Norwegian Nynorsk: sviva, svive
Swedish: sväva

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (sweiban)

From Proto-Indo-European *kswéybʰ-e-ti, thematic root present of *ksweybʰ- (“to move swiftly, swing, whip”).


skakaną

skakō (active first-person indicative singular)
skakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skak (active imperative second-person singular)
skakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skakid (active indicative plural second-person)
skakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skakid (active imperative plural second-person)
skakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōk (active first-person indicative singular)
skōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōht (active indicative second-person singular)
skōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōk (active indicative singular third-person)
skōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skakandz (active participle present)
skakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skakan
Old English: sċacan, sċeacan
Middle English: schaken
English: shake
Scots: schake, schaik, schack
Old Frisian: skeka
>? Saterland Frisian: skädje
West Frisian: schaekjen, schaakje, schaekje (obsolete)
Old Saxon: skakan
Middle Low German: *schaken
Low German: schaken
Old Dutch: *skakan
Middle Dutch: schāken
Dutch: schaken

Old Norse: skaka (skakra)
Icelandic: skaka
Faroese: skaka
Norwegian Nynorsk: skaka; (dialectal) skåkå, skøkø, skæka, skjeka
Norwegian Bokmål: skake
Old Swedish: skaka
Swedish: skaka
Danish: skage

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek- (“to shake, stir”), with unexpected *-k- instead of *-h-, either through contamination or back-formation from the iterative *skakkōną (“to shake”).


trūþaz

trūþaz (nominative singular)
trūþōz (nominative plural)
trūþōs (nominative plural)
trūþ (singular vocative)
trūþōz (plural vocative)
trūþōs (plural vocative)
trūþą (accusative singular)
trūþanz (accusative plural)
trūþas (genitive singular)
trūþis (genitive singular)
trūþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
trūþai (dative singular)
trūþamaz (dative plural)
trūþō (instrumental singular)
trūþamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: trūþ

Middle English: trūþ

Old Norse: trúðr

Icelandic: trúður

From Proto-Indo-European *drūt- (“jester, fool”). Cognate with Irish drúth (“fool”).


tīnaz

tīnaz (nominative singular)
tīnōz (nominative plural)
tīnōs (nominative plural)
tīn (singular vocative)
tīnōz (plural vocative)
tīnōs (plural vocative)
tīną (accusative singular)
tīnanz (accusative plural)
tīnas (genitive singular)
tīnis (genitive singular)
tīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīnai (dative singular)
tīnamaz (dative plural)
tīnō (instrumental singular)
tīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tīn

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *langatīn

⇒ Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (sinteins, “daily”)

From Proto-Indo-European *deyn-, *dyew- (“day”). Cognate with Lithuanian dienà (“day”), Latin diēs (“day”), Sanskrit दिन (diná, “day”). Related to Proto-Germanic *Tīwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”).


tilaz

*tilaz (a-stem)

tilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
tilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
tilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
tilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tilini (dative masculine singular weak)
tilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tilini (dative neuter singular weak)
tilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: til

Old Frisian: til

Old Saxon: til

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (gatils) (note also 𐍄𐌹𐌻 (til))

From Proto-Indo-European *ad- (“to secure, establish, order”).


tībrą

tībrą (nominative singular)
tībrō (nominative plural)
tībrą (singular vocative)
tībrō (plural vocative)
tībrą (accusative singular)
tībrō (accusative plural)
tībras (genitive singular)
tībris (genitive singular)
tībrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tībrai (dative singular)
tībramaz (dative plural)
tībrō (instrumental singular)
tībramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: tīber, tīfer

→ Old Norse: tívor

Frankish: *tīvar

→ Old French: toivre

Old High German: zebar, zepar

Middle High German: ziber, zifer; ungezībere, ungezifer, ungezīver

German: Ziefer; Ungeziefer

Luxembourgish: Ongeziwwer

Old Norse: tífurr, tívurr

Gothic: *𐍄𐌹𐌱𐍂 (*tibr) ( > 𐌰𐌹𐌱𐍂 (aibr)) (controversial)

From Proto-Indo-European *deHpro- (“sacrificial animal; cattle; livestock”). Cognate with Old Armenian տուար (tuar).


timrą

timrą (nominative singular)
timrō (nominative plural)
timrą (singular vocative)
timrō (plural vocative)
timrą (accusative singular)
timrō (accusative plural)
timras (genitive singular)
timris (genitive singular)
timrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
timrai (dative singular)
timramaz (dative plural)
timrō (instrumental singular)
timramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *timr
Old English: timber
Middle English: timber
English: timber
Scots: timmer, tymmer, tymer
Old Frisian: timber, timmer
Saterland Frisian: Timmer
West Frisian: timmer
Old Saxon: timbar
Middle Low German: timber, timmer
German Low German: Timmer
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Timmer
Westmünsterländisch: Timmer
Old Dutch: *timbar
Middle Dutch: timber, timmer
Dutch: timmer
Old High German: zimbar
Middle High German: zimber, zimmer, zimer
German: Zimmer
Luxembourgish: Zëmmer
Yiddish: צימער (tsimer)

Old Norse: timbr
Icelandic: timbur
Faroese: timbur
Norwegian Nynorsk: timber; (dialectal) tymbur, tymbr, tembr
Old Swedish: timber
Swedish: timmer
Old Danish: tymbær
Danish: tømmer
Norwegian Bokmål: tømmer
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tømmer

From Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build”). Cognate with Latin domus (“house; home”).


targǭ

targǭ (nominative singular)
targōniz (nominative plural)
targǭ (singular vocative)
targōniz (plural vocative)
targōnų (accusative singular)
targōnunz (accusative plural)
targōniz (genitive singular)
targōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
targōni (dative singular)
targōmaz (dative plural)
targōnē (instrumental singular)
targōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *targā

Old English: targe; targa m (< *targô)

Middle English: targe, terge; targette, target

Scots: targ, targe, tairge; target

English: targe; target

Old Saxon: *targa

>? Middle Low German: targe

Old Dutch: *targa

Middle Dutch: targe, taerge

Dutch: targe

→ Old French: targue, tarque, targe; *targuette

Middle French: targe

French: targe

→ Medieval Latin: targa; tarcheta

→ Italian: targa; targhetta

→ Spanish: tarja; tarjeta

→ Portuguese: tarja

→ Galician: targa

→ Middle High German: tartsche

→ Old Polish: tarcza

Polish: tarcza

Old High German: zarga

Middle High German: zarge

German: Zarge

Old Norse: targa

Icelandic: targa

From Proto-Indo-European *derǵʰ- (“fenced lot”), or from Proto-Indo-European *dergʰ- (“to catch, grasp”). Cognate with Lithuanian daržas (“border, halo, enclosure, garden”), Old Church Slavonic подрагъ (podragŭ, “hem, edge, rim”).


tulguz

tulguz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tulgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tulgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
tulgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tulgų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tulgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tulgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tulgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tulgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tulgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tulgų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tulgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tulgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
tulgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
tulgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tulgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tulgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tulgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
tulgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
tulgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tulgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tulgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tulgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tulgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tulgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tulgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tulgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tulgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tulgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tulgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tulgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tulgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tulgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tulgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tulgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tulgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tulgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tulgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tulgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tulgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tulgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tulgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tulgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tulgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tulgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tulgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tulgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tulgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tulgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tulgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tulgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
tulgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tulgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tulgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tulgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
tulgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tulgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tulgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tulgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tulgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tulgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tulgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: tulge; tylġ, tylġest

Old Saxon: tulgo

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌿𐍃 (tulgus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dl̥h₁gʰós (“long”). Cognate with Lithuanian ilga (“long”), Latin indulgeō (“favour, grant, indulge”).


þinhtaz

*þinhtaz (a-stem)

þinhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þinhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þinhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þinhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þinhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þinhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þinhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þinhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þinhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þinhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þinhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þinhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þinhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þinhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þinhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þinhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þinhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þinhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þinhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þinhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þinhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þinhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þinhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þinhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þinhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þinhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þinhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þinhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þinhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þinhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þinhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þinhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þinhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þinhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þinhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þinhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þinhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þinhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þinhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þinhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þinhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þinhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þinhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þinhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þinhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þinhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þinhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þinhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þinhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
þinhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þinhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þinhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þinhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
þinhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þinhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þinhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þinhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þinhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þinhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þinhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þį̄ht(ī)
Old English: *þīht, *þiht (in combination: meteþiht)
Middle English: thiht, thight
Scots: ticht
English: tight
→ Danish: tight
→ Norwegian: teit
→ Swedish: tajt, tight
English: tights
→ German: Tight
→ Danish: tights
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tights
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tights
→ Swedish: tajts, tights
Old Frisian: *thīcht
Saterland Frisian: ticht
West Frisian: ticht
Old Saxon: *thīht, *thīhti
Middle Low German: dicht, dichte
German Low German: dicht
Old Dutch: *thīhti, *thīht
Middle Dutch: dichte, dicht
Dutch: dicht
Old High German: dīhti
Middle High German: dīchte, gedīhte
German: dicht; deicht (dialectal)

Old Norse: þéttr

Icelandic: þéttur

Faroese: tættur

Norwegian Bokmål: tett

Norwegian Nynorsk: tett

Old Swedish: thǣtter

Swedish: tät

Danish: tæt

From Proto-Indo-European *tenk- (“to contract”).


klewô

klewô (nominative singular)
klewaniz (nominative plural)
klewô (singular vocative)
klewaniz (plural vocative)
klewanų (accusative singular)
klewanunz (accusative plural)
kliwiniz (genitive singular)
klewanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kliwini (dative singular)
klewammaz (dative plural)
kliwinē (instrumental singular)
klewammiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old High German: chliwa, chliuwa, kliuwa, kliuwi, kliwi, kliu, chliuwi

Middle High German: kliuwe ⇒ kliuwel

German: Kläuel, Kleuel

⇒ Middle High German: kniuwel

Cimbrian: khnaul

German: Knauel, Knäuel

→ English: knawel

Old Norse: klé, kljár

Icelandic: klé, kljár

From Proto-Indo-European *glew- (“to conglomerate, amass; clump, ball, bale”).

der

kluwe

Middle Low German: klūwen, klüwen; Low German

kluwen

Middle Dutch: cluwen, clouwen, cluen, clūwijn

kliuwelīn ⇒ kniulin

Old High German: kliuwelīn; Middle High German


skīriz

skīriz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skīrijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skīrī (feminine nominative singular strong)
skīrijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skīrį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skīrijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skīrijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skīrijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skīrijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skīrijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skīrį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skīrijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skīrijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skīrīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
skīrijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skīrijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skīrijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skīrijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skīrīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
skīrijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skīrijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skīrijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skīrijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skīrijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skīrijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skīrijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skīrijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skīrijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skīrijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skīrijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skīrijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skīrijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skīrijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skīrijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skīrijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skīrijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skīrijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skīrijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skīrijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skīrijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skīrijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skīrijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skīrijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skīrijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skīrīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skīrijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skīrijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skīrijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skīrīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skīrijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skīrīni (dative masculine singular weak)
skīrijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skīrijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skīrijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skīrīni (dative neuter singular weak)
skīrijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skīrīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skīrijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skīrijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skīrijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skīrīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skīrijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *skīr

Old English: sċīr

Middle English: schyre, schire

English: shire (dialectal); sheer

Scots: schyre; sheer

Old Frisian: skīre

North Frisian: sker, skier

Saterland Frisian: skier

West Frisian: skier

Old Saxon: skīr, skīri

Middle Low German: schîr, schîre

Low German: schier

→ German: schier

Old Dutch: scieri

Middle Dutch: scier, schier, schīr

Dutch: schier

Afrikaans: skier

Old High German: *skīr, *skīri

Middle High German: schīr

desctree

Old Norse: skírr
Icelandic: skír
Faroese: skírur
Norwegian: skir
Old Swedish: skīr
Swedish: skir
Danish: skjær, skær
→ Faroese: skærur

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐍃 (skeirs)

From Proto-Indo-European *sḱēy- (“luster, gloss, shadow”). Cognate with Irish cír (“pure”).


medumō

medumō (nominative singular)
medumôz (nominative plural)
medumō (singular vocative)
medumôz (plural vocative)
medumǭ (accusative singular)
medumōz (accusative plural)
medumōz (genitive singular)
medumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
medumōi (dative singular)
medumōmaz (dative plural)
medumō (instrumental singular)
medumōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: mjǫðm
Icelandic: mjöðm f
Faroese: mjødn f
Norwegian Bokmål: mjødm f or m
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjødm f
Elfdalian: myörm m
Old Swedish: miædhm f

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐌰 (miduma)

Derived from *medumô (“middle, midmost”).


maþlą

maþlą (nominative singular)
maþlō (nominative plural)
maþlą (singular vocative)
maþlō (plural vocative)
maþlą (accusative singular)
maþlō (accusative plural)
maþlas (genitive singular)
maþlis (genitive singular)
maþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maþlai (dative singular)
maþlamaz (dative plural)
maþlō (instrumental singular)
maþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maþl
Old English: mæþel
Old Frisian: mēl (in derivatives)
Old Saxon: mahal
Middle Low German: mal
Frankish:
→ Late Latin: mallum
Old High German: mahal, māl
Middle High German: mahel, māl
German: Mahl (obsolete)

Old Norse: mál
Icelandic: mál
Faroese: mál
Norwegian Bokmål: mål
Old Swedish: māl
Swedish: mål
Danish: mål
→ Old English: māl (“speech, contract, agreement”)
Middle English: mal, male
English: mail
Scots: mail

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻 (maþl)

From a zero-grade stem of *mōtaną (“to be permitted to, to be allowed”). In the case of *maþlą, the root-final Proto-Indo-European *d of their common root was regularly lost before the instrumental *-þlą ( < *-tlom) suffix; compare the development of Proto-West Germanic *seþl from *séd-tlom.


drītaną

drītō (active first-person indicative singular)
drītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
drītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
drītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
drītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drīt (active imperative second-person singular)
drītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
drītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
drītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
drītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
drītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
drītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
drītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
drītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
drītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
drītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
drītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
drītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
drītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
drītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
drītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
drītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
drītid (active indicative plural second-person)
drītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
drītid (active imperative plural second-person)
drītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
drītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
drītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
drītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
drītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
drītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
drait (active first-person indicative singular)
dritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draist (active indicative second-person singular)
dritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
drait (active indicative singular third-person)
dritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dritū (active dual first-person indicative)
dritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dritum (active first-person indicative plural)
dritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dritud (active indicative plural second-person)
dritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dritun (active indicative plural third-person)
dritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
drītandz (active participle present)
dritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *drītan
Old English: drītan
Middle English: driten
Scots: drite
English: drite
Old Frisian: drīta
Old Saxon: *drītan
Middle Low German: drîten
Low German: drieten
Old Dutch: *drītan
Middle Dutch: driten
Dutch: drijten
Old High German: trīzan; *drīzan
Central Franconian: drieße

Old Norse: dríta
Icelandic: dríta
Faroese: dríta
Norwegian Nynorsk: drita
Norwegian Bokmål: drite
Elfdalian: dritå, draita
Swedish: drita (dialectal (1862), not necessarily still used)
Danish: dritte (dialectal, obsolete in common language)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰreyd- (“to have diarrhea”). Perhaps cognate to Russian дриста́ть (dristátʹ, “to shart”), as well as Persian درد (dord, “dregs”).


swammaz

swammaz (nominative singular)
swammōz (nominative plural)
swammōs (nominative plural)
swamm (singular vocative)
swammōz (plural vocative)
swammōs (plural vocative)
swammą (accusative singular)
swammanz (accusative plural)
swammas (genitive singular)
swammis (genitive singular)
swammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swammai (dative singular)
swammamaz (dative plural)
swammō (instrumental singular)
swammamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swamm
Old English: swamm
Middle English: swam
(Scots: swaam)
(English: swamp)
Old Frisian: *swam, *swom
Saterland Frisian: Swom, Swam
West Frisian: swam
Old Saxon: swamm, swam
Middle Low German: swam
German Low German: Swamm
Old Dutch: *swamm
Middle Dutch: swamme, swam
Dutch: zwam
Afrikaans: swam
Old High German: swamb, swam, swamp
Middle High German: swam, swamme, swamp
Bavarian: Schwåmm, Schwammerl
German: Schwamm
Luxembourgish: Schwamp
Yiddish: שוואָם (shvom), שוועמל (shveml)

Old Norse: svǫppr, soppr, svampr

Icelandic: sveppur, svampur

Faroese: soppur, svøppur, svampur

Norwegian: svamp, sopp

Old Swedish: svamper, *sopper

Swedish: svamp, sopp

Old Danish: swamp, *sop

Danish: svamp, svomp, sop

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (swamms)

Seemingly related to Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós, “spongy, porous (esp. of wood)”), with which it is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *swombʰ- (“sponge; tree-fungus”), but the Greek probably cannot be of inherited Indo-European origin given its lack of the expected shift *s- > *h- (but see σῦς (sûs) for a possible exception). Likely ultimately of substrate or wanderwort origin. Such a substrate word may speculatively be related to the substrate sources of similar words in other languages, including Latin fungus (“mushroom, fungus”), Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos)/σφόγγος (sphóngos, “sponge; tonsil”), Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn, “tree fungus”) and perhaps Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (“bulged, bloated”) (whence Lithuanian gum̃bas (“bulge”) and Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip”)), which cannot be reconciled in terms of Proto-Indo-European.
See also *sumpaz (“swamp”). This along with the variants *swambaz (Old High German swamb) and *swampuz (Old Norse sǫppr, svǫppr, svampr) perhaps point to an original n-stem *swambô ~ *sumppaz.


maþlijaną

maþlijō (active first-person indicative singular)
maþlijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maþlijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
maþlīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
maþlijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maþlī (active imperative second-person singular)
maþlijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
maþlijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
maþlīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
maþlijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maþlijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
maþlijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
maþlijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
maþlijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
maþlijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maþlijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maþlijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maþlijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
maþlijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
maþlijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maþlijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
maþlijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
maþlīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
maþlijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maþlīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
maþlijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
maþlijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
maþlijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
maþlijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maþlijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
maþlijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
maþlijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maþlidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
maþlidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maþlidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
maþlidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maþlidē (active indicative singular third-person)
maþlidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maþlidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
maþlidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maþlidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maþlidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maþlidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
maþlidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maþlidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
maþlidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maþlidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
maþlidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maþlijandz (active participle present)
maþlidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maþlijan
Old English: mǣlan
Middle English: melen, mellen
English: mell
Old Saxon: mahlian
Middle Low German:
German Low German: melen
⇒ German Low German: afmelen, utmelen
Old High German: mahalen
Middle High German: mehelen
German: vermählen
→ Late Latin: admallāre

Old Norse: mæla
Icelandic: mæla
Faroese: mæla
Norwegian Nynorsk: mæla
Norwegian Bokmål: mæle
Old Swedish: mǣla, mælla
Swedish: mäla
Old Danish: mælæ
Scanian: mæla, møla, mælla
Danish: mæle
Gutnish: melä

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (maþljan)

Crimean Gothic: malthata

From *maþlą (“speech, gathering, legal case”) + *-janą.


mundōną

mundō (active first-person indicative singular)
mundǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mundōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
mundōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mundōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mundō (active imperative second-person singular)
mundōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mundōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mundōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mundō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mundōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mundōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mundōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mundōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mundōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mundōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mundōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mundōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mundōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mundōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mundōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mundōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mundōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mundōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mundōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mundōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mundōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mundōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mundōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mundōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mundōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mundōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mundōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mundōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mundōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mundōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mundōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
mundōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mundōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mundōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mundōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mundōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mundōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mundōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mundōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mundōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mundōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mundōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mundōndz (active participle present)
mundōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mundīgōn

(Old English: myndgian)

Middle English: mingen

⇒ Old High German: gimuntigōn

Old Norse: munda

Icelandic: munda

Faroese: munda

Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍉𐌽 (mundōn)

From Pre-Germanic *mendʰh₁- or *mensdʰh₁-, "to put in mind", a compound of Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put”).


aurī

aurī (nominative singular)
aurijôz (nominative plural)
aurī (singular vocative)
aurijôz (plural vocative)
aurijǭ (accusative singular)
aurijōz (accusative plural)
aurijōz (genitive singular)
aurijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aurijōi (dative singular)
aurijōmaz (dative plural)
aurijō (instrumental singular)
aurijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: eyrr
Icelandic: eyri f
Faroese: oyri f
Norwegian Nynorsk: øyr f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: øyr m or f
Swedish: ör c
Danish: ør c
Norwegian Bokmål: ør m or f
⇒ English: ayre (via Norn)
⇒ Scots: air (Etym 5)
→ Scottish Gaelic: tiùrr

a river bank, or sandbank at the river’s mouth


auraz

auraz (nominative singular)
aurōz (nominative plural)
aurōs (nominative plural)
aur (singular vocative)
aurōz (plural vocative)
aurōs (plural vocative)
aurą (accusative singular)
auranz (accusative plural)
auras (genitive singular)
auris (genitive singular)
aurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aurai (dative singular)
auramaz (dative plural)
aurō (instrumental singular)
auramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aur
Old English: ēar, ær
Middle English: are

Old Norse: aurr
Icelandic: aur
Faroese: eyrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: aur
→ Norwegian Bokmål: aur
Old Swedish: ø̄r
Swedish: ör
Danish: ør
Gutnish: aur

>? Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌼 (aurahjōm)

Uncertain; possibly a secondary vṛddhi full-grade of Proto-Indo-European *Huh₁-ró-s (compare Lithuanian jáura (“marsh”), jū́ra (“sea”), Old Prussian wurs (“pool”)), from *Hweh₁- (“water”) + *-rós. Cognate with Sanskrit वार् (vā́r, “water; pond, pool”).


firinō

firinō (nominative singular)
firinôz (nominative plural)
firinō (singular vocative)
firinôz (plural vocative)
firinǭ (accusative singular)
firinōz (accusative plural)
firinōz (genitive singular)
firinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firinōi (dative singular)
firinōmaz (dative plural)
firinō (instrumental singular)
firinōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *firinu
Old English: firen, fyren
Old Frisian: firne
Old Saxon: firina
Old High German: firina
Middle High German: virne

Old Norse: firin-, firna-, firn

Icelandic: firin-, firna-, firn

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌰 (fairina)

Possibly related to *fērą, *fērō (“danger”).


Alarīks

Alarīks (nominative singular)
Alarīk (singular vocative)
Alarīkų (accusative singular)
Alarīki (dative singular)
Alarīkē (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Alarīk

Old English: Alrīċa

desc

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">Ælfrīċ</i> etc.

Middle English: Alrich, Aldrich (conflated with Ælfrīċ etc.)

German: Alarich

Old Norse: Alrekr, Alríkr

Icelandic: Alrekur

Gothic: *𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*alareiks)

→ Latin: Alarīcus

→ English: Alaric

→ Italian: Alarico

→ Spanish: Alarico

From *allaz (“all”) + *rīks (“king, ruler”).


þiudijaną

þiudijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þiudijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þiudijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þiudīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þiudijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þiudī (active imperative second-person singular)
þiudijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þiudijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þiudīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þiudijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þiudijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þiudijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þiudijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þiudijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þiudijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þiudijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þiudijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þiudijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þiudijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þiudijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þiudijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þiudijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þiudīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þiudijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þiudīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þiudijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þiudijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þiudijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þiudijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þiudijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þiudijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þiudijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þiudidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þiudidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þiudidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þiudidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þiudidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þiudidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þiudidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þiudidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þiudidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þiudidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þiudidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þiudidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þiudidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þiudidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þiudidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þiudidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þiudijandz (active participle present)
þiudidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þiudijan
Old English: þīedan, þēodan
Middle English: theden
Old Frisian: *thiōda, thiūda
Saterland Frisian: tjuude
West Frisian: tsjutte
Old Saxon: *thiudian
Middle Low German: dûden, düden
German Low German: düden
Old Dutch: *thiuden
Middle Dutch: dieden, duden
Dutch: duiden
Afrikaans: dui
Limburgish: duuje
Old High German: diuten, *tiuten
Middle High German: diuten, tiuten
Bavarian: deitn
German: deuten
Luxembourgish: deiten
Yiddish: טײַטשן (taytshn)

Old Norse: þýða
Icelandic: þýða
Faroese: týða
Norwegian Nynorsk: tyda, ty
Elfdalian: tyða
Old Swedish: þȳþa
Swedish: tyda
Old Danish: thȳthæ
Danish: tyde, ty
Norwegian Bokmål: tyde, ty
Gutnish: tyde
Scanian: týða

Origin obscure. Possibly a conflated word, partly from *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”); and partly from *þiudijaz, *þiudiz (“good, friendly”), from Proto-Indo-European *tew- (“to hearken, take notice, regard in a friendly manner”).

der

(transitive, +instrumental) to associate (with); engage with; attach to; join (with); connect


taskǭ

taskǭ (nominative singular)
taskōniz (nominative plural)
taskǭ (singular vocative)
taskōniz (plural vocative)
taskōnų (accusative singular)
taskōnunz (accusative plural)
taskōniz (genitive singular)
taskōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taskōni (dative singular)
taskōmaz (dative plural)
taskōnē (instrumental singular)
taskōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taskā

Old Frisian: *taske

Saterland Frisian: Taaske

gl

<i class="Latn mention" lang="fy">tas</i> perhaps a loan from Dutch

West Frisian: (archaic) task, tas (tas perhaps a loan from Dutch)

Old Saxon: taska, daska, dasga

Middle Low German: tasche

German Low German: Taske, Task

Old Dutch: *taska

desc

Middle Dutch: tasche, tesche, tassche, tessche

Dutch: tas

Afrikaans: tas

→ Vulgar Latin: *tasca, *tascha

Old French: tasche; tachette, tassette

Middle French: taisse

→ Middle English: tache, tasse

English: tasse; tasset

Italian: tasca

→ Old High German: tasca, taska

Middle High German: tasche, tesche

Central Franconian: Täsch

German: Tasche

→ Czech: taška

→ Slovak: taška

→ Serbo-Croatian: taška, tašna

Yiddish: טאַש (tash)

⇒ Old High German: taskila, tascila

Interlingua: tasca

Old High German: *zaska, zasca

⇒ Old High German: zaskōn, zascōn (“to snatch, seize, rob”)

gl

Old Norse: taska (alternatively, perhaps from Middle Low German)

Icelandic: taska

Faroese: taska

Norwegian: taske

Old Swedish: taska

Swedish: taska, task

Danish: taske

→ Finnish: tasku

Of unknown origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *das-, *des- (“to fray, exhaust, get tired, faint, unravel”).


grīmô

grīmô (nominative singular)
grīmaniz (nominative plural)
grīmô (singular vocative)
grīmaniz (plural vocative)
grīmanų (accusative singular)
grīmanunz (accusative plural)
grīminiz (genitive singular)
grīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grīmini (dative singular)
grīmammaz (dative plural)
grīminē (instrumental singular)
grīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: grīma

Middle English: grime

Scots: grime

English: grime

Old Frisian: grīme

Saterland Frisian: Grīme

Old Saxon: grīmo, grīma, grīm

Middle Low German: grîmet, grēme

German Low German: Greemtiek, Gremeree

Frankish: *grīmo, *grīma

Old Dutch: *grīmo

Middle Dutch: grīme, gryme; grimsel, grijmsel

Dutch: grijm

→ Old French: grime, grimuche; grimace, grimouart

Middle French: grimace

French: grimace

→ English: grimace

→ Dutch: grimas

→ German: Grimasse

→ Medieval Latin: grimutio

→ Spanish: grimazo

Old High German: grīmo, grīm

Old Norse: gríma f

Icelandic: gríma

Faroese: gríma, grímutur

Norwegian: grime; grimet

Old Swedish: grima

Swedish: grimma, grima (dialectal)

Danish: grime

→ Scots: grima, grimek, grimet

Gothic: *𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (*greima)

→ Galician: grima, grimo

/ˈɣriː.mɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrēy- (“to paint, streak, smear”), from *gʰer- (“to rub, stroke”).


kastōną

kastō (active first-person indicative singular)
kastǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kastōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kastōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kastōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kastō (active imperative second-person singular)
kastōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kastōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kastōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kastō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kastōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kastōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kastōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kastōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kastōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kastōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kastōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kastōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kastōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kastōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kastōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kastōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kastōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kastōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kastōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kastōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kastōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kastōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kastōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kastōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kastōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kastōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kastōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kastōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kastōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kastōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kastōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kastōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kastōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kastōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kastōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kastōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kastōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kastōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kastōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kastōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kastōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kastōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kastōndz (active participle present)
kastōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: kasta
Icelandic: kasta
Faroese: kasta
Norwegian Nynorsk: kasta
Old Swedish: kasta
Swedish: kasta
Danish: kaste
Norwegian Bokmål: kaste
→ North Frisian: kastin
→ Middle English: casten, kesten
Scots: cast
English: cast
→ Dutch: casten
→ German: casten

From *kas- (“to throw, toss, raise, bring up”), of uncertain origin. Possibly related to Latin gerō (“carry, bring”).


barō

barō (nominative singular)
barôz (nominative plural)
barō (singular vocative)
barôz (plural vocative)
barǭ (accusative singular)
barōz (accusative plural)
barōz (genitive singular)
barǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barōi (dative singular)
barōmaz (dative plural)
barō (instrumental singular)
barōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baru

gl

possibly deverbal from Proto-West Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-pro">*barjan</i>

Old Frisian: bēr (“threat, attack”) (possibly deverbal from Proto-West Germanic *barjan)

desc

Old High German: bara (“fenced plot of land, enclosure, district”)

q

→? Vulgar Latin: *barra (with sporadic geminate r; unless from Gaulish) (see there for further descendants)

desc

⇒ Old Norse: berlingr (“short bar”, diminutive)

Icelandic: berlingur

Norwegian: berling

Swedish: bärling

→ Middle English: berling, barling, birling

English: berling, barling

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to strike; pierce”). Compare Latin forus (“gangway, plank”), Russian забо́р (zabór, “fencing, paling, fence”). Compare also Ancient Greek φάρος (pháros, “piece of land, furrow, marker, beacon, lighthouse”).


anhtō

anhtō (nominative singular)
anhtôz (nominative plural)
anhtō (singular vocative)
anhtôz (plural vocative)
anhtǭ (accusative singular)
anhtōz (accusative plural)
anhtōz (genitive singular)
anhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anhtōi (dative singular)
anhtōmaz (dative plural)
anhtō (instrumental singular)
anhtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ą̄htu
Old English: ōht
Old Frisian: achte, acht
Old Saxon: *āhta, ōht
Middle Low German: achte
Low German: Acht
→ Norwegian Bokmål: akt
Old Dutch: *āhta
Middle Dutch: achte
Dutch: acht
Old High German: āhta
Middle High German: āhte, ǣhte
German: Acht

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk-, *h₂enḱ- (“fate, destiny”).


wardō

wardō (nominative singular)
wardôz (nominative plural)
wardō (singular vocative)
wardôz (plural vocative)
wardǭ (accusative singular)
wardōz (accusative plural)
wardōz (genitive singular)
wardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardōi (dative singular)
wardōmaz (dative plural)
wardō (instrumental singular)
wardōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wardu
Old English: weard, uueard
Middle English: warde, ward
Scots: ward
English: ward
Old Saxon: warda
Middle Low German: warde
Old Dutch: *warda (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: wāerde
Old High German: warta
Middle High German: warte
German: Warte
→ Medieval Latin: warda (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: vǫrð

Icelandic: vörð

Norwegian: vård, vord

Swedish: vård

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to perceive, give heed, be careful”).


buriz

buriz (nominative singular)
burīz (nominative plural)
buri (singular vocative)
burīz (plural vocative)
burį (accusative singular)
burinz (accusative plural)
burīz (genitive singular)
burjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burī (dative singular)
burimaz (dative plural)
burī (instrumental singular)
burimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *burī

Old English: byre

Old Norse: burr

Icelandic: bur

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (baur)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”).


buriz

Old English: byre

Old High German: bur, pur, bor; burī

Middle High German: bor; büre

German: Bor

Alemannic German: Büri

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”), particularly from the developed sense “to lift”. Equivalent to etymology 1.


buriz

Old English: byre; (ġebyre?; ambyre?)

Old Frisian: *bure

West Frisian: bur

Old Saxon: *buri

Middle Low German: bore (in derivative: borelōs)

Old Norse: byrr

Icelandic: byr

Faroese: byrur

Norwegian: bør

Old Swedish: byr, bør

Swedish: bör

Danish: bør

→ Middle English: bür, byrre, bir

Scots: bir, ber, beir, bere, bur, burr

English: birr

→ Proto-Finnic: *purjëh (“sail”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry, bring”), perhaps as *“carrying force”. Equivalent to etymologies 1 and 2.


haifstiz

haifstiz (nominative singular)
haifstīz (nominative plural)
haifsti (singular vocative)
haifstīz (plural vocative)
haifstį (accusative singular)
haifstinz (accusative plural)
haifstīz (genitive singular)
haifstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haifstī (dative singular)
haifstimaz (dative plural)
haifstī (instrumental singular)
haifstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haifsti
Old English: hǣst, hǣste, hēst
Middle English: heste (hapax)
Old Frisian: hāst
Saterland Frisian: Hoast
West Frisian: haest; haeste
Old Saxon: heist
Middle Low German: heist
Old Dutch: *hēst
Old High German: heist, heisti, *heifti
Middle High German: heifte
→ Old French: haste (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: heipt, heift, heist

Icelandic: heift

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐍃 (haifsts)
→? Italian: astio

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱoyp-stis, from *ḱeyp- (“to ridicule, anger”).


brēþaz

*brēþaz (a-stem)

brēþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
brēþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
brēþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
brēþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
brēþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
brēþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
brēþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
brēþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
brēþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
brēþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
brēþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
brēþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
brēþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
brēþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
brēþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
brēþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
brēþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
brēþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
brēþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
brēþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
brēþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
brēþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
brēþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
brēþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
brēþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
brēþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
brēþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
brēþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
brēþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
brēþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
brēþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
brēþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
brēþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
brēþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
brēþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
brēþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
brēþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
brēþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
brēþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
brēþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
brēþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
brēþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
brēþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
brēþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
brēþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
brēþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
brēþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
brēþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
brēþini (dative masculine singular weak)
brēþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
brēþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
brēþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
brēþini (dative neuter singular weak)
brēþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
brēþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
brēþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
brēþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
brēþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
brēþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
brēþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: bráðr

Icelandic: bráður

Faroese: bráður

Norwegian: brå

Old Swedish: brāþer

Swedish: bråd

Danish: brad

→ Middle English: brath, broth, braith

Scots: braith

English: brath

Related to Sanskrit भुरति (bhurati, “to stir, palpitate”), both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-.


brēþiz

brēþiz (nominative singular)
brēþīz (nominative plural)
brēþi (singular vocative)
brēþīz (plural vocative)
brēþį (accusative singular)
brēþinz (accusative plural)
brēþīz (genitive singular)
brēþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brēþī (dative singular)
brēþimaz (dative plural)
brēþī (instrumental singular)
brēþimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brāþi
Old English: brǣþ
Middle English: breeth, breað, braþe, breth, breith
English: breath
Scots: breth, brethe, breith

Pointing to pre-Germanic *bʰrēt-, but of uncertain further origin. Most likely from the verb *brēaną (“to fume, smell, give off vapor”), attested only in Middle High German bræhen (“to smell”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁-, perhaps an extension of the root *bʰer- (“to seethe, toss about, cook”) .
Alternatively, perhaps from *gʰwer- (“to smell, breathe”).


būlō

būlō (nominative singular)
būlôz (nominative plural)
būlō (singular vocative)
būlôz (plural vocative)
būlǭ (accusative singular)
būlōz (accusative plural)
būlōz (genitive singular)
būlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būlōi (dative singular)
būlōmaz (dative plural)
būlō (instrumental singular)
būlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bȳl; bȳle (< *būlijō, *būlijǭ); also possibly from *bīele < *baulijō

Middle English: büle, bile

Scots: bile, beil

English: boil

Old Frisian: bēl, bēle, beil (< *būlijō)

West Frisian: bûl

Old Saxon: būla

Middle Low German: būle

Low German: Buul

Old Dutch: *būla

Middle Dutch: būle, buul

Dutch: buil

Old High German: *būla; būilla; būlla; būllia (< *būlijō)

Middle High German: biule

German: Beule

Old Norse: bóla (?)

Swedish: bula

Danish: bule

From Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to blow, inflate, swell”).


warduz

warduz (nominative singular)
wardiwiz (nominative plural)
wardu (singular vocative)
wardiwiz (plural vocative)
wardų (accusative singular)
wardunz (accusative plural)
wardauz (genitive singular)
wardiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardiwi (dative singular)
wardumaz (dative plural)
wardū (instrumental singular)
wardumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: vǫrðr
Icelandic: vörður
Faroese: vørður
Norwegian Nynorsk: vord
Norwegian Bokmål: vord
Old Swedish: varþer
Swedish: vard, vård
→ Scots: warth

From Proto-Indo-European *wor-tús, *wor-tós, suffixed o-grade forms of Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to heed”).

North Germanic form of *wardaz (“guard”)


skulō

skulō (nominative singular)
skulôz (nominative plural)
skulō (singular vocative)
skulôz (plural vocative)
skulǭ (accusative singular)
skulōz (accusative plural)
skulōz (genitive singular)
skulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skulōi (dative singular)
skulōmaz (dative plural)
skulō (instrumental singular)
skulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skolu

Old English: sċolu, sċeolu
Middle English: *schole
English: shoal
Scots: schole

Old Frisian: *skole

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: Skuul

Fering: skuul

Öömrang: skuul

Halunder: Skuul

Bökingharde: schölj

West Frisian: skoal

Old Saxon: scola, skola

Middle Low German: schōle

Old Dutch: *skola

Middle Dutch: schōle

Dutch: school

→ Middle English: scole

Scots: scule, scuill, skole

English: school

→ Danish: skole

→ Latin: schola (“troop of soldiers”)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, divide”).


braidį̄

braidį̄ (nominative singular)
braidīniz (nominative plural)
braidį̄ (singular vocative)
braidīniz (plural vocative)
braidīnų (accusative singular)
braidīnunz (accusative plural)
braidīniz (genitive singular)
braidīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
braidīni (dative singular)
braidīmaz (dative plural)
braidīnē (instrumental singular)
braidīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: brǣdu

Middle English: brede

English: bread (“breadth”) (dialectal)

Scots: brede, breid

Old Frisian: brēde

(Saterland Frisian: Bratte)

(West Frisian: breedte)

Old Saxon: brēda

Middle Low German: brêde, breide

(German Low German: Breddte, Breddt)

Old Dutch: *brēdi, *breidi

Middle Dutch: *brēde

desctree

Old High German: breitī, *breitīn
Middle High German: breite; breiten
German: Breite
Luxembourgish: Breet

/ˈbrɑi̯.ðĩː/