balþaz

*balþaz (a-stem)

balþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
balþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
balþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
balþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
balþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
balþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
balþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
balþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
balþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
balþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
balþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
balþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
balþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
balþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
balþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
balþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
balþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
balþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
balþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
balþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
balþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
balþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
balþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
balþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
balþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
balþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
balþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
balþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
balþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
balþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
balþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
balþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
balþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
balþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
balþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
balþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
balþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
balþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
balþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
balþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
balþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
balþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
balþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
balþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
balþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
balþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
balþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
balþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
balþini (dative masculine singular weak)
balþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
balþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
balþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
balþini (dative neuter singular weak)
balþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
balþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
balþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
balþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
balþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
balþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
balþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balþ
Old English: beald, bald
Middle English: bolde, bold, boold, bald, beald
English: bold, bawd
Scots: bald, bauld, baul, bawl, beld
Old Frisian: bald
⇒ Old Frisian: balde (adverb)
Saterland Frisian: boalde
Old Saxon: bald
Middle Low German: bald, bold, balt, bolt
German Low German: bold, boll
Old Dutch: bald
Middle Dutch: bout
Dutch: boud
Afrikaans: boud
Old High German: bald, pald
Middle High German: balt
German: (obsolete) bald
Bavarian: bald
⇒ Old High German: baldo (adverb)
Middle High German: balde, palde
Bavarian: båld, boid
German: bald
→ Old French: baud (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: ballr, baldr
Icelandic: ballur, baldur
Faroese: baldur
Old Swedish: balder
Swedish: båld
Old Danish: bold

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (*balþs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌱𐌰 (balþaba)

From pre-Germanic *bʰóltos (“inflated, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to blow, swell, inflate”) + *-tos, the suffix equivalent to Proto-Germanic *-þaz.


fetaną

fetō (active first-person indicative singular)
fetaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fetai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fetaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fet (active imperative second-person singular)
fetazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fetaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fetai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fetadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fetadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fetaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fetōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fetaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fetadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fetaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fetadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fetamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fetaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fetandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fetaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fitid (active indicative plural second-person)
fetaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fitid (active imperative plural second-person)
fetandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fetaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fetandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fetain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fetandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fetandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fetaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fat (active first-person indicative singular)
fētį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fast (active indicative second-person singular)
fētīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fat (active indicative singular third-person)
fētī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fētū (active dual first-person indicative)
fētīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fētudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fētīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fētum (active first-person indicative plural)
fētīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fētud (active indicative plural second-person)
fētīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fētun (active indicative plural third-person)
fētīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fetandz (active participle present)
fetanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fetan

Old English: fetan

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fitan)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to give birth”). Cognate with Old Irish idu (“labour pains”).


fetaną

Proto-West Germanic: *fetan

desc

Old English: *fetan (“to fall”), ġefetan

Old High German: fezzan (“to fall”)

Old Norse: feta (“to step”)

Icelandic: feta

Swedish: fjäta (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ped- (“to walk, stumble, fall”). Cognate with Russian па́дать (pádatʹ, “to fall, drop, decrease, decline”).


finkô

finkô (nominative singular)
finkaniz (nominative plural)
finkô (singular vocative)
finkaniz (plural vocative)
finkanų (accusative singular)
finkanunz (accusative plural)
finkiniz (genitive singular)
finkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
finkini (dative singular)
finkammaz (dative plural)
finkinē (instrumental singular)
finkammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: finko

Middle Low German: vinke, (vink)

German Low German: Fink

→ Danish: finke

→ Icelandic: finka

→ Swedish: fink

Old Dutch: finko

Middle Dutch: vinke, (vink)

Dutch: vink
Afrikaans: vink

Limburgish: vink

desctree

Old High German: finco
Middle High German: vinke
Bavarian: Pienke
Cimbrian: finko
→ Gheg Albanian: benk
→ Tosk Albanian: beng
German: Fink
→ Estonian: vint
Pennsylvania German: Fink

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ping- (“small bird, sparrow”).


finkiz

finkiz (nominative singular)
finkīz (nominative plural)
finki (singular vocative)
finkīz (plural vocative)
finkį (accusative singular)
finkinz (accusative plural)
finkīz (genitive singular)
finkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
finkī (dative singular)
finkimaz (dative plural)
finkī (instrumental singular)
finkimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: finc, finċ

Middle English: fink; fynche, fynch, finch

English: finch

Scots: phink, finch

Old Frisian: *fink

Saterland Frisian: Fink

West Frisian: fink

Old Saxon: *fink

Middle Low German: vink

Low German: Fink

→ Danish: finke

→ Norwegian Bokmål: finke

→ Swedish: fink

Old Dutch: *fink

Middle Dutch: vink

Dutch: vink

Old High German: finc, fink


balluz

balluz (nominative singular)
balliwiz (nominative plural)
ballu (singular vocative)
balliwiz (plural vocative)
ballų (accusative singular)
ballunz (accusative plural)
ballauz (genitive singular)
balliwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balliwi (dative singular)
ballumaz (dative plural)
ballū (instrumental singular)
ballumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ballu

desctree

Old English: *beall
Middle English: bal, ball, balle
English: ball
Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball
Yola: ball, balbeedhel

Old Frisian: *bal

Saterland Frisian: Baal

West Frisian: bal

Old Saxon: ball, bal

Middle Low German: bal

German Low German: Ball

Plautdietsch: Baul

Frankish: *ball, *bal

Old Dutch: *bal

Middle Dutch: bal
Dutch: bal
Afrikaans: bal
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bál
→ Caribbean Javanese: bal
→ Indonesian: bal
→ Papiamentu: bala, balchi
→ Saramaccan: balí
→ Sranan Tongo: bal
→ Sundanese: bal
Limburgish: bal
West Flemish: bol

→? Medieval Latin: balla, palla, bala f

>? Italian: palla

>? Lombard: balla

Old French: balle

Middle French: balle
French: balle
→ Portuguese: bala
→ Shona: bala

→? Italian: balla

Old French: bale

→ Middle Dutch: bale

Dutch: baal

→ Middle English: bale
English: bale

Occitan: bala

⇒ Italian: pallone
→ Middle French: ballon (via northern variants)
French: ballon (see there for further descendants)
→ English: balloon (see there for further descendants)
→ Hijazi Arabic: بَلّونة (ballōna)

Portuguese: bala

Sicilian: baḍḍa

Spanish: bala

Venetian: bala

⇒ Venetian: balin

→ Cimbrian: baliin

Old High German: bal

Middle High German: bal, ball

Central Franconian: Bal, Ball

German: Ball

Luxembourgish: Ball

Old Norse: bǫllr
Icelandic: böllur
Faroese: bøllur (“lump, clump; something rolled up”)
Norwegian Bokmål: ball
Norwegian Nynorsk: ball
Old Swedish: balder, baller
Swedish: boll
Old Danish: ball, boll, bold
Danish: bold; balde, balle (“ball of hand or foot, buttock”)

→ Proto-Finnic:

Finnish: pallo

Ingrian: pallo

→ Proto-Samic: *pāllō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰol-n- (“round thing, bubble”), from *bʰel- (“to blow, inflate, swell”). Cognate with Latin follis (“windbag, balloon”).
According to Kroonen, this was originally an n-stem (as preserved in Old High German ballo, German Ballen), and the North Germanic *balluz is an early back-formation from the old accusative plural **balluns.


firstiz

firstiz (nominative singular)
firstīz (nominative plural)
firsti (singular vocative)
firstīz (plural vocative)
firstį (accusative singular)
firstinz (accusative plural)
firstīz (genitive singular)
firstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
firstī (dative singular)
firstimaz (dative plural)
firstī (instrumental singular)
firstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *firsti
Old English: first, fierst, fyrst
Middle English: first, virst
Scots: first
Old Saxon: first
Middle Low German: verst
Low German: verst
Old Dutch: *first
Middle Dutch: verste
Dutch: verste (obsolete)
Old High German: first
Middle High German: virst, vierst, vërst, virste
Cimbrian: biarst
German: First
Luxembourgish: Fiischt
→ Old French: feste
French: faîte

From Proto-Indo-European *perst-, *porst- (“post, finger, peak”). Cognate with Latin postis (“post, doorpost”), Lithuanian pirštas (“finger, toe, pin, cam”), Russian перст (perst, “finger, digit”), Ancient Greek παρστάς (parstás), παστάς (pastás, “portico, porch, inner chamber, bower”).


geldą

geldą (nominative singular)
geldō (nominative plural)
geldą (singular vocative)
geldō (plural vocative)
geldą (accusative singular)
geldō (accusative plural)
geldas (genitive singular)
gildis (genitive singular)
geldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
geldai (dative singular)
geldamaz (dative plural)
geldō (instrumental singular)
geldamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *geld
Old English: ġield, ġild, ġyld, ġeld
Middle English: ȝeld
English: yield
Scots: ȝeld, ȝeild
→ Medieval Latin: geldum, gildum
Old Frisian: ield, geld, jeld
North Frisian: jild
Saterland Frisian: Jield, Jäild
West Frisian: jild
Old Saxon: geld
Middle Low German: gelt
German Low German: Geld
Plautdietsch: Jelt
Old Dutch: geld
Middle Dutch: gelt, ghelt, gheld
Dutch: geld
Afrikaans: geld
→ Sotho: tjhelete
→ Venda: tshelede
Jersey Dutch: xjäält, xält
Negerhollands: geld, gelt
Skepi Creole Dutch: galti
Limburgish: gèldj
Old High German: kelt, gelt
Middle High German: gelt
German: Geld
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Geld
Central Franconian: Jeld
Hunsrik: Geld
Bavarian: Goid
Cimbrian: gèlt
Alemannic German: Gäld
Luxembourgish: Geld
Vilamovian: giełd
Yiddish: געלט (gelt)
→ English: gelt

Old Norse: gjald

Icelandic: gjald

Faroese: gjald

Norwegian: gjeld

Old Swedish: giæld, giald, giæl, gæld
Swedish: gäld c

Old Danish: giald

Danish: gæld

Old Gutnish: gield

Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳 (gild)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ- (“to repay, reward”).

der

That which is paid out; reward, gift, money


hrugnaz

hrugnaz (nominative singular)
hrugnōz (nominative plural)
hrugnōs (nominative plural)
hrugn (singular vocative)
hrugnōz (plural vocative)
hrugnōs (plural vocative)
hrugną (accusative singular)
hrugnanz (accusative plural)
hrugnas (genitive singular)
hrugnis (genitive singular)
hrugnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrugnai (dative singular)
hrugnamaz (dative plural)
hrugnō (instrumental singular)
hrugnamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *hrogn

Middle English: rowne, rawne, rowe

Scots: rawn, raun

English: roan, roe

Old Saxon: *hrogan

Middle Low German: rōgen, rōgel

German Low German: Rögen

Old Dutch: *rogan

Middle Dutch: rōge, roch, roghe

Dutch: roge

Old High German: *hrogan, rogan, rogin

Middle High German: rogen

German: Rogen

Old Norse: hrogn

Icelandic: hrogn

Faroese: rogn

Norwegian: rogn

Old Swedish: rughn, romn

Swedish: rom

Danish: rogn, ravn

→? Middle French: *rogue

French: rogue (alternatively from Dutch)

From Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“frogspawn”). Cognate with Lithuanian kurkulaĩ (“frogspawn”), Proto-Slavic *krękъ (“spawn”).


mūk-

mūk- (canonical)
muk- (canonical)
mug- (canonical)

Proto-West Germanic: *mūkōn, *mukkjan

Old English: *myċċan

Middle English: müchen, michen; müchere

Scots: mich, myche

English: miche, mitch; micher

>? Dutch: mokkelen (“to flatter”)

Old High German: mūhhōn

Middle High German: mūchen

Alemannic German: mauchen

⇒ Old High German: *mūhhilōn (attested in mūhhilāri, mūhhilswert)

desc

>? Middle High German: *miucheln, *mūcheln

q

German: meucheln, maucheln (could also be a backformation from derivatives)

>? German: mogeln (relation uncertain)

→ Low German: mogeln

→ Saterland Frisian: mogelje

→ Old French: mucer; mucier, muchier

Middle French: musser

French: musser

Norman: muchi (Jèrriais), muchier (Guernésiais)

→ Middle English: mouchen, moochen

English: mooch

→ Walloon: muchi

Old Norse: *muggr

Norwegian: mugg (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mūg-, *(s)mugn-, *(s)mewgʰ- (“swindler, thief”). Cognate with Latin muger (“cheater”), Old Irish formúighte, formúchthae (“hidden”).


tamjaną

tamjō (active first-person indicative singular)
tamjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tamjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tamisi (active indicative second-person singular)
tamjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tami (active imperative second-person singular)
tamjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tamjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tamiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tamjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tamjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tamjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tamjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tamjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tamjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tamjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tamjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tamjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tamjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tamjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tamjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tamjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tamiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tamjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tamiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tamjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tamjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tamjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tamjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tamjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tamjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tamjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tamidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tamidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tamidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tamidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tamidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tamidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tamidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tamidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tamidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tamidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tamidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tamidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tamidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tamidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tamidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tamidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tamjandz (active participle present)
tamidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tammjan
Old English: temian, *temman
Middle English: temien, temen; tamen
English: tame
Scots: team, tame
Old Frisian: temia, tema
Saterland Frisian: tieme
West Frisian: teme
Old Saxon: *temian, *temmian
Middle Low German: temen, temmen
German Low German: tähmen
Low German: temmen
Old Dutch: *temmen
Middle Dutch: temmen
Dutch: temmen
Afrikaans: tem
Old High German: zemen, zemmen
Middle High German: zemen
German: zähmen (with a long vowel by analogy with zahm)
Hunsrik: zaame
Luxembourgish: zeemen

Old Norse: temja

Icelandic: temja

Faroese: temja

Old Swedish: tæmia

Swedish: tämja

Danish: tæmme

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gatamjan)

>? Proto-Albanian: *dalma

Albanian: delme

Latin: Dalmatae

→ Proto-Samic: *tāmëtēk (see there for further descendants)


aflą

aflą (nominative singular)
aflō (nominative plural)
aflą (singular vocative)
aflō (plural vocative)
aflą (accusative singular)
aflō (accusative plural)
aflas (genitive singular)
aflis (genitive singular)
aflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aflai (dative singular)
aflamaz (dative plural)
aflō (instrumental singular)
aflamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *afl
Old English: afol, abal
Middle English: afel
Old Frisian: evel
Old Saxon: aval
Old High German: *abal, *afal (in derivatives)
Middle High German: afel

Old Norse: afl; afli; (efla)

Icelandic: afl; afli; (efla)

Faroese: alv

Norwegian: avl (dialectal)

Old Swedish: afl

Swedish: avel

Danish: avl

From Pre-Germanic *h₃éplom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep- (“to work”).


hrōkaz

hrōkaz (nominative singular)
hrōkōz (nominative plural)
hrōkōs (nominative plural)
hrōk (singular vocative)
hrōkōz (plural vocative)
hrōkōs (plural vocative)
hrōką (accusative singular)
hrōkanz (accusative plural)
hrōkas (genitive singular)
hrōkis (genitive singular)
hrōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrōkai (dative singular)
hrōkamaz (dative plural)
hrōkō (instrumental singular)
hrōkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōk
Old English: hrōc
Middle English: roc, roke, rook
Scots: ruke, ruik
English: rook
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: Rouk
West Frisian: roek
Old Saxon: hrōk
Middle Low German: rôk, rôke
German Low German: Rook
Low German: rok
Old Dutch: *ruok
Middle Dutch: roec
Dutch: roek
Old High German: hruoh, ruoh; hruoho, ruoho
Middle High German: ruoch
German: Ruch
→ Vulgar Latin: *frocum (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hrókr

Icelandic: hrókur

Faroese: rókur

Norwegian: rok

Old Swedish: roker, roka

Swedish: råka

Danish: råge

Burgundian: hrōks (in personal names)

From Proto-Indo-European *kreg-, *krek-, *kerk- (“to crow, croak”), from Proto-Indo-European *ker-, *kor- (“to crow”).


mūlô

mūlô (nominative singular)
mūlaniz (nominative plural)
mūlô (singular vocative)
mūlaniz (plural vocative)
mūlanų (accusative singular)
mūlanunz (accusative plural)
mūliniz (genitive singular)
mūlanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūlini (dative singular)
mūlammaz (dative plural)
mūlinē (instrumental singular)
mūlammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: mūla

West Frisian: mûle

Old Norse: múli

Icelandic: múli

Faroese: múli

Norwegian: mule

Old Swedish: mūle

Swedish: mule

Danish: mule

From Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“lips, muzzle”).


mūlō

mūlō (nominative singular)
mūlôz (nominative plural)
mūlō (singular vocative)
mūlôz (plural vocative)
mūlǭ (accusative singular)
mūlōz (accusative plural)
mūlōz (genitive singular)
mūlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūlōi (dative singular)
mūlōmaz (dative plural)
mūlō (instrumental singular)
mūlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *mūle

Saterland Frisian: Muule

Old Saxon: *mūla

Middle Low German: mûle

Old Dutch: *mūla

Middle Dutch: mule

Dutch: muil

Old High German: mūla

Middle High German: mūle

Central Franconian: Muul f (etymology 1)

Gothic: *𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌰 (*mula) (in 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌼𐌿𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurmuljan, “to muzzle”))


mūlą

mūlą (nominative singular)
mūlō (nominative plural)
mūlą (singular vocative)
mūlō (plural vocative)
mūlą (accusative singular)
mūlō (accusative plural)
mūlas (genitive singular)
mūlis (genitive singular)
mūlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mūlai (dative singular)
mūlamaz (dative plural)
mūlō (instrumental singular)
mūlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *mūl

Middle Low German: mûl

German Low German: Muul

Old Dutch: *mūl

Middle Dutch: muul

Dutch: muil

Afrikaans: muil

Old High German: *mūl

Middle High German: mūl

Alemannic German: Muul

German: Maul

Central Franconian: Muul n (etymology 2)

Luxembourgish: Maul

Yiddish: מויל (moyl)

Possibly form Proto-Indo-European *muHlo- (“lips, muzzle”), from Proto-Indo-European *mew- (“to chew”).


kōkô

kōkô (nominative singular)
kōkaniz (nominative plural)
kōkô (singular vocative)
kōkaniz (plural vocative)
kōkanų (accusative singular)
kōkanunz (accusative plural)
kōkiniz (genitive singular)
kōkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kōkini (dative singular)
kōkammaz (dative plural)
kōkinē (instrumental singular)
kōkammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *cōca

Old Frisian: *kōka

Saterland Frisian: Kouke

West Frisian: koeke

Old Saxon: *kōko, *koko

desctree

Middle Low German: kôke, kûke
German Low German: Kook, Kauken
⇒ German Low German: Kookje (diminutive)
→ Estonian: kook
→ Latvian: kūka

Old Dutch: *kuoko

Middle Dutch: coeke
Dutch: koek
Afrikaans: koek
→ Sotho: kuku
Berbice Creole Dutch: kuku
Jersey Dutch: kuk
→ Sranan Tongo: kuku
→ Lokono: kuku
→ Aukan: kuku
→ Caribbean Hindustani: kuku
→ Caribbean Javanese: kuku
→ Kwinti: kúku
→ Saramaccan: kúku
⇒ Dutch: koekje (diminutive)
→ English: cookie (see there for further descendants)
Negerhollands: koeki, kuki, kukkie
Limburgish: kook
→ Bourguignon: couque
→ French: couque
French: cocagne
→? English: Cockaigne
→ Picard: couque

Old High German: kuohho, kuocho, chuohho
Middle High German: kuoche
Alemannic German: Chueche
Bavarian: Kuacha, Kuachn
Central Franconian:
Eiflerisch: Kooche
Hunsrik: Kughe
Luxembourgish: Kuch
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Kugn
Meißnisch: Kuchn
Osterländisch: Guchn
Vilamovian: kücha
East Franconian:
Lower East Franconian: Kuache, Kuachn
Southern East Franconian: Kuacha
Upper East Franconian: Kuchn, Kougn
German: Kuchen
→ English: kuchen
→ Esperanto: kuko
Ido: kuko
→ Japanese: クーヘン (kūhen)
→ Kashubian: kùch
→ Portuguese: cuca, cuque
→ Spanish: kuchen
Rhine Franconian: Kuche
Frankfurterisch: [kʰuxə]
Lorraine Franconian: Küeche
→ French: quiche
→ Danish: quiche
→ Dutch: quiche
→ English: quiche
→ Japanese: キッシュ (kisshu)
→ Korean: 키슈 (kisyu), 키쉬 (kiswi)
→ Esperanto: kiŝo
→ German: Quiche
→ Greek: κις (kis)
→ Polish: quiche, kisz
→ Portuguese: quiche
→ Russian: киш (kiš)
→ Spanish: quiche
→ Swedish: quiche
→ Thai: กิช (gìch)
Pennsylvania German: Kuche
Yiddish: קוכן (kukhn)

Old Norse: *kóki

Norwegian: kok (dialectal)

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *gag- ~ *gōg- (“round, ball-shaped object; lump; clump”), but this reconstruction is obsolete in view of modern laryngeal theory as well as semantically gratuitous. Proto-Indo-European *geh₂g- or similar is possible, with the zero grade seen in the synonym *kakǭ, but external cognates are unknown. Possibly a sound-symbolic invention.


writą

writą (nominative singular)
writō (nominative plural)
writą (singular vocative)
writō (plural vocative)
writą (accusative singular)
writō (accusative plural)
writas (genitive singular)
writis (genitive singular)
writǫ̂ (genitive plural)
writai (dative singular)
writamaz (dative plural)
writō (instrumental singular)
writamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: writ, ġewrit

Middle English: writ, ȝewrit, iwrit

Scots: writ

English: writ

Old Norse: vrit, rit

Icelandic: rit


writiz

writiz (nominative singular)
writīz (nominative plural)
writi (singular vocative)
writīz (plural vocative)
writį (accusative singular)
writinz (accusative plural)
writīz (genitive singular)
writjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
writī (dative singular)
writimaz (dative plural)
writī (instrumental singular)
writimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: riz

Middle High German: riʒ

German: Riss

Hunsrik: Riss

Luxembourgish: Rass

Yiddish: ריס (ris)

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐍄𐍃 (writs)


faką

faką (nominative singular)
fakō (nominative plural)
faką (singular vocative)
fakō (plural vocative)
faką (accusative singular)
fakō (accusative plural)
fakas (genitive singular)
fakis (genitive singular)
fakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fakai (dative singular)
fakamaz (dative plural)
fakō (instrumental singular)
fakamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fak
Old English: fæc, fec
Middle English: fæc, fec
English: fack
Scots: faik, feck, fauk
Old Frisian: fak, fek
Saterland Frisian: Fäk
West Frisian: fek
Old Saxon: fac, fak
Middle Low German: vak
German Low German: Fack
→ Danish: fag
→ Icelandic: fag
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: fag
Norwegian Nynorsk: fag
→ Swedish: fack
Old Dutch: *fak
Middle Dutch: vac
Dutch: vak
Afrikaans: vak
→ Indonesian: vak
Old High German: fah
Middle High German: vach
German: Fach
→ English: Fach
→ Esperanto: fako
→ Kashubian: fach
→ Luxembourgish: Fach
→ Polish: fach
Yiddish: פֿאַך (fakh)

Via pre-Germanic *ph₂ǵóm, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ- (“to fit, fasten, fix”). Cognate with Sanskrit पाजस् (pā́jas, “surface, side”), Latin pāgus (“division, district”) and pangō (“fasten, fix”, verb). The root is otherwise absent from Germanic, but see *fastuz.

cog

An enclosed or defined space; division; compartment; department


bad-

Old English: bædan; >? bæddel, >? bædling

>? Middle English: badde

Scots: bad, baud

English: bad

Old High German: pad

Unknown. Compare Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰ- (“to dig; plot of ground”), relating to "ground, dirt", ablaut form of Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ-


hriwwijaz

*hriwwijaz (ja-stem)

hriwwijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hriwwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hriwwijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hriwwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hriwwiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hriwwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hriwwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hriwwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hriwwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hriwwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hriwwiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hriwwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hriwwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
hriwwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hriwwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hriwwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hriwwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
hriwwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hriwwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hriwwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hriwwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hriwwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hriwwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hriwwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hriwwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hriwwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hriwwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hriwwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hriwwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hriwwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hriwwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hriwwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hriwwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hriwwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hriwwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hriwwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hriwwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hriwwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hriwwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hriwwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hriwwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hriwwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hriwwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hriwwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hriwwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hriwwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hriwwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hriwwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hriwwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
hriwwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hriwwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hriwwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hriwwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
hriwwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hriwwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hriwwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hriwwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hriwwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hriwwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hriwwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *hriuwī

Old English: hrēowe, hrēow

Middle English: reou, reu

Old Saxon: hriuwi

Old Norse: hryggr

Icelandic: hryggur

From *hrewwaną (“to grieve, to feel sorrow; to cause regret, to rue”) + *-jaz.


hanhaz

hanhaz (nominative singular)
hanhōz (nominative plural)
hanhōs (nominative plural)
hanh (singular vocative)
hanhōz (plural vocative)
hanhōs (plural vocative)
hanhą (accusative singular)
hanhanz (accusative plural)
hanhas (genitive singular)
hanhis (genitive singular)
hanhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hanhai (dative singular)
hanhamaz (dative plural)
hanhō (instrumental singular)
hanhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hą̄h
Old English: hōh, hō, hōg
Middle English: hough, ho, hoche, hogh, hoȝ, hokke, hoo, houȝ, houe, howe, howghe, howh
English: hough, hoff, hock
Scots: hoch, houch
⇒ Yola: houghany

Old Norse: há

Icelandic: há

From Proto-Indo-European *kenk-, *kemǝk- (“joint, legbone”). Cognate with Lithuanian kìnka (“haunch”), Sanskrit कङ्काल (kaṅkāla, “skeleton”).


haiþī

haiþī (nominative singular)
haiþijôz (nominative plural)
haiþī (singular vocative)
haiþijôz (plural vocative)
haiþijǭ (accusative singular)
haiþijōz (accusative plural)
haiþijōz (genitive singular)
haiþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haiþijōi (dative singular)
haiþijōmaz (dative plural)
haiþijō (instrumental singular)
haiþijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haiþi
Old English: hǣþ
Middle English: heeth, heth, hethe, hath, hathe, hoth, hothe
English: heath, heather
Scots: haithe (in compounds)
Old Frisian: *hēthe
North Frisian: hiiđ
Saterland Frisian: Heede
West Frisian: heide
Old Saxon: hētha
Middle Low German: heide
German Low German: Heide, Heid
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Häide m, Haide f (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: Håi'n (Ravensberger)
Old Dutch: *heitha
Middle Dutch: heide
Dutch: heide, hei
Afrikaans: heide
Old High German: heida
Middle High German: heide
German: Heide
Luxembourgish: Heed

Old Norse: heiðr f

Icelandic: heiður, heiði

Faroese: heiði

Norwegian Nynorsk: hei, heid

Norwegian Bokmål: hei

Old Swedish: hēþ

Swedish: hed

Danish: hede

Norwegian Bokmål: hede

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌹 (haiþi)

Cognate with Proto-Brythonic *koɨd (“forest”) (Old Welsh coit), Latin bū-cētum (“pastureland”, literally “cow-pasture”), Albanian kath (“type of wheat”), kasht (“straw”). Possibly further from Proto-Indo-European *kóy-t-os (“forest, wasteland, pasture”), from *keyt- (“to shine”).


rīmą

rīmą (nominative singular)
rīmō (nominative plural)
rīmą (singular vocative)
rīmō (plural vocative)
rīmą (accusative singular)
rīmō (accusative plural)
rīmas (genitive singular)
rīmis (genitive singular)
rīmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rīmai (dative singular)
rīmamaz (dative plural)
rīmō (instrumental singular)
rīmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rīm
Old English: rīm n
Middle English: rime, ryme
Scots: rime, ryme
English: rime, (rhyme)
Old Frisian: rīm m
Saterland Frisian: Riem
West Frisian: rym
Old Saxon: rīm m
Middle Low German: rîm, rime m
German Low German: Riem
Frankish: *rīm
Old Dutch: *rīm
→ Old Occitan: rim m
→ Old French: rime f (alternatively, derived from the verb Old French rimer (“to recount, rhyme”) < Frankish *rīman (“to arrange in a series”))
Middle French: rime
French: rime
→ Old Occitan: rima
→ Italian: rima
→ Middle English: rime, ryme
English: rhyme
Scots: rime, rhyme
→ Middle Dutch: rime, rijm
Dutch: rijm
Old High German: rīm m
Middle High German: rīm
German: Reim
Luxembourgish: Reim

Old Norse: rím

Icelandic: rím

Faroese: rím

Norwegian: rim

Swedish: rim

Danish: rim

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to customise, regulate, order, count, add”).


abniją

abniją (nominative singular)
abnijō (nominative plural)
abniją (singular vocative)
abnijō (plural vocative)
abniją (accusative singular)
abnijō (accusative plural)
abnijas (genitive singular)
abnīs (genitive singular)
abnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abnijai (dative singular)
abnijamaz (dative plural)
abnijō (instrumental singular)
abnijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *efn

⇒ Old English: andefn (+ and-)

desctree

Old Norse: efni
Icelandic: efni
Faroese: evni
Norn: even
Norwegian: emne; (dialectal) evne, ebne
→ Danish: emne
Norwegian Bokmål: emne
Old Swedish: æfni
Swedish: ämne
Danish: evne
Norwegian Bokmål: evne
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: evne
Gutnish: ämne
→ Middle English: efne, efene, evene, even
Scots: evyne, evyn, evin

→? Proto-Finnic: *ainëh

Finnish: aine

Karelian: aineh


abnijaną

abnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
abnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
abnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
abnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abnī (active imperative second-person singular)
abnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
abnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
abnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
abnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
abnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
abnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
abnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
abnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
abnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
abnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
abnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
abnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
abnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
abnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
abnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
abnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
abnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
abnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
abnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
abnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
abnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
abnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
abnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
abnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
abnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
abnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
abnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
abnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
abnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
abnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
abnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
abnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
abnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
abnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
abnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
abnijandz (active participle present)
abnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *abnijan
Old English: æfnan, efnan

Old Norse: efna

Icelandic: efna

Faroese: evna

Norwegian: emna, evna

→ Norwegian Bokmål: emne

Old Swedish: æmna, æmpna

Swedish: ämna

Danish: evne

Norwegian Bokmål: evne

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃op-, *h₃ep- (“to work; the result of work, income, wealth”). Cognate with Latin ops (“help”), Lithuanian apstus (“rich, plentiful, abundant”).


missijaną

missijō (active first-person indicative singular)
missijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
missijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
missīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
missijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
missī (active imperative second-person singular)
missijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
missijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
missīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
missijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
missijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
missijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
missijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
missijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
missijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
missijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
missijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
missijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
missijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
missijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
missijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
missijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
missīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
missijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
missīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
missijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
missijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
missijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
missijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
missijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
missijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
missijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
missidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
missidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
missidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
missidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
missidē (active indicative singular third-person)
missidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
missidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
missidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
missidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
missidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
missidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
missidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
missidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
missidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
missidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
missidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
missijandz (active participle present)
missidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *missijan
Old English: missan
Middle English: missen
Scots: mis, mys, miss
English: miss
→ Maltese: mmisja
→ Danish: misse
Old Frisian: missa
Saterland Frisian: misje, miste
West Frisian: misse
Old Saxon: *missian
Middle Low German: missen
German Low German: missen
Old Dutch: *missen
Middle Dutch: missen
Dutch: missen
Old High German: missen
Middle High German: missen
German: missen
Luxembourgish: mëssen

Old Norse: missa
Icelandic: missa
Faroese: missa
Norwegian Nynorsk: missa, mista; (dialectal) myssa
Elfdalian: mista
Old Swedish: mista
Swedish: mista, missa
Old Danish: mistæ
Danish: miste, misse
Norwegian Bokmål: miste, misse
Scanian: mysta
Gutnish: miste

From *missaz (“alternate, abberant, wrong”) + *-janą.


wantuz

wantuz (nominative singular)
wantiwiz (nominative plural)
wantu (singular vocative)
wantiwiz (plural vocative)
wantų (accusative singular)
wantunz (accusative plural)
wantauz (genitive singular)
wantiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wantiwi (dative singular)
wantumaz (dative plural)
wantū (instrumental singular)
wantumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wantu
Old Frisian: *want, *wont
Saterland Frisian: Wonte
West Frisian: want
Old Saxon: *wantu
Middle Low German: *wante, *want
Low German: Want
⇒ Middle Low German: wanteke f
Old Dutch: *want
Middle Dutch: want, wante
Dutch: want
→ Medieval Latin: wantus, gantus, guantus
Old French: gant, gaunt
Middle French: gant
French: gant
⇒ Old French: gantelet, gauntlet
French: gauntlet, gantlet
→ Middle English: gauntelet, gantelet, gauntlet
English: gauntlet
Yola: gauntletès (plural)
→ Spanish: guantelete
Iberian:
Old Leonese: guante
Asturian: guante
Leonese: guante
Portuguese: guante
Spanish: guante
Italian: guanto
Old Occitan: gant, gaunt
Catalan: guant
Occitan: gant
Ladin: guant
Piedmontese: guant
Sicilian: nguantu
→ Old High German: wantus, guantus, vantus, wanta

Old Norse: vǫttr, vǫntr
Icelandic: vöttur
Faroese: vøttur
Norwegian: vott; (dialectal) vott’e, vøtt
→ Danish: vott (used by Norwegian authors)
Norwegian Bokmål: vott
Jamtish: vott
Elfdalian: ųott
Old Swedish: wante, vanter, vatter
Swedish: vante
Danish: vante
Norwegian Bokmål: vante
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vante

→ Proto-Finnic: *vant'us (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: fáhcca

Southern Sami: vaanhtse

From Proto-Indo-European *wondʰnú- (“glove”), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to wind, wrap”).


jungilingaz

jungilingaz (nominative singular)
jungilingōz (nominative plural)
jungilingōs (nominative plural)
jungiling (singular vocative)
jungilingōz (plural vocative)
jungilingōs (plural vocative)
jungilingą (accusative singular)
jungilinganz (accusative plural)
jungilingas (genitive singular)
jungilingis (genitive singular)
jungilingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jungilingai (dative singular)
jungilingamaz (dative plural)
jungilingō (instrumental singular)
jungilingamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jungiling
Old English: ġeongling
Middle English: ȝongling, ȝongeling, ȝungling
English: youngling
Scots: younklin
Old Frisian: iungeling, jungeling
Old Saxon: jungling
Middle Low German: jüngelink
Old Dutch: *jungeling, iungelig
Middle Dutch: jongelinc, jonghelinc
Dutch: jongeling
Afrikaans: jongeling
Old High German: jungiling, jungaling, jungeling
Middle High German: jungelinc
German: Jüngling

Old Norse: ynglingr, unglingr

Icelandic: unglingur, ynglingur

Faroese: unglingur, unglingi

Norwegian: yngling

Swedish: yngling

Danish: yngling


leþrą

leþrą (nominative singular)
leþrō (nominative plural)
leþrą (singular vocative)
leþrō (plural vocative)
leþrą (accusative singular)
leþrō (accusative plural)
leþras (genitive singular)
liþris (genitive singular)
leþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leþrai (dative singular)
leþramaz (dative plural)
leþrō (instrumental singular)
leþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *leþr
Old English: leþer
Middle English: lether, lethere, lethir, lethyr, leþer, leþyr, leþir, leddyr, ledder, leddur, leddir, ledyr, leder
English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro
Scots: lether, ledder, leither
Yola: luther (verb)
Old Frisian: lether, leither, leder, lider, leer
Saterland Frisian: Leeder
West Frisian: leare
Old Saxon: lethar
Middle Low German: leder
German Low German: Leer
Low German: Ledder, Lier
Old Dutch: *lether
Middle Dutch: leder
Dutch: leer
Afrikaans: leer
Negerhollands: leër, leer
→ Aukan: leli
→ Sranan Tongo: leri
Old High German: leder
Middle High German: leder
German: Leder
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro

Hunsrik: Letter
Luxembourgish: Lieder
Vilamovian: łaoder
Yiddish: לעדער (leder)

Old Norse: leðr
Danish: læder n
Faroese: leður n
Icelandic: leður n
Norwegian Bokmål: lær n
Norwegian Nynorsk: lêr n
Swedish: läder n

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)letrom (“leather, hide”).


utraz

utraz (nominative singular)
utrōz (nominative plural)
utrōs (nominative plural)
utr (singular vocative)
utrōz (plural vocative)
utrōs (plural vocative)
utrą (accusative singular)
utranz (accusative plural)
utras (genitive singular)
utris (genitive singular)
utrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
utrai (dative singular)
utramaz (dative plural)
utrō (instrumental singular)
utramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *otr
Old English: otr, oter, ottor, otor
Middle English: oter, otir, otur, otyre
Scots: otter
English: otter
Old Frisian: *otter
Saterland Frisian: Otter
West Frisian: otter
Old Saxon: *ottar
Middle Low German: otter
German Low German: Otter
Old Dutch: *ottar
Middle Dutch: otter
Dutch: otter
Berbice Creole Dutch: otro
Limburgish: ódder
Old High German: ottar
Middle High German: otter
German: Otter

Old Norse: otr

Icelandic: otur

Faroese: otur

Norwegian Bokmål: oter

Norwegian Nynorsk: oter

Old Swedish: uter, oter

Swedish: utter

Danish: odder

From Proto-Indo-European *udrós (“water-animal, otter”), from *wed- (“water”).


strangaz

*strangaz (a-stem)

strangaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
strangai (masculine nominative plural strong)
strangō (feminine nominative singular strong)
strangôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
strangą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
strangō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stranganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stranganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
strangǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
strangōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
strangą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
strangō (accusative neuter plural strong)
strangas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
strangaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
strangaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
strangaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
strangas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
strangaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
strangammai (dative masculine singular strong)
strangaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
strangaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
strangaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
strangammai (dative neuter singular strong)
strangaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stranganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
strangaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
strangaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
strangaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stranganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
strangaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
strangô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stranganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
strangǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
strangōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
strangô (neuter nominative singular weak)
strangōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stranganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stranganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
strangōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
strangōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
strangô (accusative neuter singular weak)
strangōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stranginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stranganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
strangōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
strangōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stranginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stranganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
strangini (dative masculine singular weak)
strangammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
strangōni (dative feminine singular weak)
strangōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
strangini (dative neuter singular weak)
strangammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stranginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
strangammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
strangōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
strangōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stranginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
strangammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strang, *strangī
Old English: strang, strong
Middle English: strong, stronge, stronke, stron, strange, straunge
English: strong
Scots: strang
Yola: straung
Old Frisian: *strang, streng
Saterland Frisian: strang
West Frisian: string
Old Saxon: strang
Middle Low German: stranc, strenge
Low German: strenge
Old Dutch: *strang, *strank
Middle Dutch: strange, stranc, strenge, streng
Dutch: streng
Afrikaans: streng
Limburgish: strang
Old High German: strangi, strengi, strang
Middle High German: strenge, strange
German: streng

Old Norse: strangr
Icelandic: strangur
Faroese: strangur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: streng
Norwegian Nynorsk: streng
Old Swedish: strænger, stranger
Swedish: sträng, strang (dialectal)
Danish: stræng, streng

→ Proto-Finnic: *rankka (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *strongʰos, an adjective formed from the strong verb *stringaną, from Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“pulled tight, straight, constricted”), from Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“stiff, rigid”). Cognate with Latvian strangs (“brave, brisk, fresh”).


skandō

skandō (nominative singular)
skandôz (nominative plural)
skandō (singular vocative)
skandôz (plural vocative)
skandǭ (accusative singular)
skandōz (accusative plural)
skandōz (genitive singular)
skandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skandōi (dative singular)
skandōmaz (dative plural)
skandō (instrumental singular)
skandōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skandu
Old English: sċand, sċeand, sċeond, sċond; sċendle
Middle English: schande, schonde; (schandle)
English: shand, shond
Old Frisian: skande, skonde
Saterland Frisian: Skounde
West Frisian: skande
Old Saxon: *skanda
Middle Low German: schande
German Low German: Schande, Schanne, Schann
→ Danish: skand (in compounds: e.g. skandskrift)
Old Dutch: *scanda
Middle Dutch: schande
Dutch: schande
Afrikaans: skande
Old High German: skanta, scanta, scanda
Middle High German: schande
German: Schande
→ Yiddish: שאַנדע (shande)
→ English: shanda, shonda
Luxembourgish: Schan
Yiddish: שאַנד (shand)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (skanda)

From earlier *skamdō, pre-Germanic *skomtéh₂, from *sko-m- (root of *skamō (“shame”)) + *-téh₂.


hugjaną

hugjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hugjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hugaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hugjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hugai (active imperative second-person singular)
hugaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hugjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hugjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hugjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hugjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hugjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hugjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hugjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hugjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hugjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hugaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hugjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hugaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hugjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hugjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hugjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hugdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hugdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hugdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hugdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hugdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hugdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hugdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hugdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hugdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hugdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hugdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hugdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hugdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hugdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hugdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hugdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hugjandz (active participle present)
hugdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *huggjan
Old English: hyċġan
Middle English: huyen, hoyen
Scots: huik
Old Saxon: huggian
Middle Low German: hugen, hogen, hügen, hȫgen
Low German: högen
Old Dutch: *huggen
Middle Dutch: hōgen, huegen
Dutch: heugen
Old High German: bihuggen, gihuggen

Old Norse: hyggja

Icelandic: hyggja

Faroese: hyggja

Norwegian Nynorsk: hyggja, hygga

Old Swedish: hyggia

Swedish: hygga

Old Danish: hyggæ

Danish: hygge

Norwegian Bokmål: hygge

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hugjan)


kustuz

kustuz (nominative singular)
kustiwiz (nominative plural)
kustu (singular vocative)
kustiwiz (plural vocative)
kustų (accusative singular)
kustunz (accusative plural)
kustauz (genitive singular)
kustiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kustiwi (dative singular)
kustumaz (dative plural)
kustū (instrumental singular)
kustumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cost (possibly also from Old Norse); cyst m

Middle English: cost

Scots: cost, kost, coust

English: cost (“manner, way”)

Old Frisian: kest

Old Saxon: *cust , kust

Old Dutch: *kust

Middle Dutch: cust

Dutch: kust (archaic)

Old High German: *kust

Middle High German: kust

German: Kust m (dialectal)

Old Norse: kostr

Icelandic: kostur

Faroese: kostur

Old Swedish: koster, kuster

Swedish: -kost in farkost

Danish: kost

Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (kustus)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéwstus (“taste”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to enjoy, taste”).


fernaz

*fernaz (a-stem)

fernaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fernai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fernō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fernôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ferną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fernō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fernanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fernanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fernǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fernōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ferną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fernō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fernas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fernaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fernaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fernaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fernas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fernaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fernammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fernaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fernaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fernaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fernammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fernaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fernanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fernaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fernaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fernaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fernanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fernaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fernô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fernaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fernǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fernōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fernô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fernōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fernanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fernanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fernōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fernōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fernô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fernōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ferniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fernanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fernōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fernōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ferniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fernanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fernini (dative masculine singular weak)
fernammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fernōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fernōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fernini (dative neuter singular weak)
fernammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ferninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fernammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fernōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fernōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ferninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fernammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: firn, fyrn

Scots: fernȝere, farnȝer, fairnȝer

Old Frisian: fīr, fēr

North Frisian: fier

Saterland Frisian: fier

West Frisian: fier

Old Saxon: ferni, fern, *furn

Middle Low German: verne, vere, ver

German Low German: feern

Old Dutch: *ferni

Middle Dutch: verne

Dutch: verne

Old High German: firni

Middle High German: virne, vërne

Alemannic German: fëret, Fiire

German: firne, firn

⇒ German: Firn

→ English: firn

desctree

Old Norse: forn
Icelandic: forn
Faroese: fornur
Norwegian Nynorsk: forn
Norwegian: (dialectal) fonn, fodn
Norwegian Bokmål: forn
Old Swedish: forn
Swedish: forn
Danish: forne

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (fairns)

From Proto-Indo-European *perǝm-, *perǝ- (“fore, first”), from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“forth, over, across, through”). Cognate with Lithuanian pernai (“last year”, adverb).


awahaimaz

awahaimaz (nominative singular)
awahaimōz (nominative plural)
awahaimōs (nominative plural)
awahaim (singular vocative)
awahaimōz (plural vocative)
awahaimōs (plural vocative)
awahaimą (accusative singular)
awahaimanz (accusative plural)
awahaimas (genitive singular)
awahaimis (genitive singular)
awahaimǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awahaimai (dative singular)
awahaimamaz (dative plural)
awahaimō (instrumental singular)
awahaimamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auhaim
Old English: ēam
Middle English: em, eam, eem, eeme, eme, heme, nem, æem, æm, eom, heam, yem (Early Middle English), eame, eyme (Late Middle English)
English: eam, eme (dialectal)
Scots: eme
Old Frisian: ām, āme, ēm
North Frisian: ohm
Saterland Frisian: Oom
West Frisian: iem, yem, yeme
Old Saxon: *ōhēm
Middle Low German: ōhem, ōm
Low German: Ohm
Münsterländisch: Low German: Öhms (plural)
Plautdietsch: Oom
Old Dutch: *ōm
Middle Dutch: ôom
Dutch: oom
Afrikaans: oom
Berbice Creole Dutch: om
Negerhollands: noom, nom, noem
→ Virgin Islands Creole: nom, noom (dated)
→ Indonesian: om
→ Papiamentu: mò, òn, òmpi (from the diminutive), mo (Aruba), òm (Aruba), omo (Aruba), oom
→ Sranan Tongo: omu
→ West Frisian: omme, omke
Limburgish: oeam
Old High German: ōheim
Middle High German: ōheim; (Central German) ōhem, ōem
German: Oheim, Ohm (partly from Low German), Oehm

From *awô (“grandfather”) + *haimaz (“home”). .


kustiz

kustiz (nominative singular)
kustīz (nominative plural)
kusti (singular vocative)
kustīz (plural vocative)
kustį (accusative singular)
kustinz (accusative plural)
kustīz (genitive singular)
kustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kustī (dative singular)
kustimaz (dative plural)
kustī (instrumental singular)
kustimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cyst

Middle English: cüste

Old Frisian: kest

North Frisian: kest

West Frisian: kêst

Old Saxon: cust

Middle Low German: kust, küst

Old Dutch: *kust

Middle Dutch: kust

Dutch: kust

Old High German: chust, kust

Middle High German: kust

Gothic: *𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*kusts) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gakusts)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵéws-ti-s (“taste”), from *ǵews- (“to enjoy, taste”).


fagraz

*fagraz (a-stem)

fagraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fagrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fagrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fagrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fagrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fagrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fagranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fagranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fagrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fagrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fagrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fagrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fagras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fagraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fagraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fagraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fagras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fagraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fagrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fagraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fagraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fagraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fagrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fagraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fagranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fagraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fagraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fagraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fagranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fagraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fagrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fagraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fagrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fagrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fagrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fagrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fagranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fagranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fagrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fagrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fagrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fagrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fagriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fagranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fagrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fagrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fagriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fagranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fagrini (dative masculine singular weak)
fagrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fagrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fagrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fagrini (dative neuter singular weak)
fagrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fagrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fagrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fagrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fagrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fagrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fagrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fagr
Old English: fæger, fæġer
Middle English: fager, fæȝer, feir, fayer, fayr
Scots: fair, fayr, fare
English: fair
→ Dutch: fair
→ German: fair
Old Saxon: fagar
Middle Low German: fagher
Old Dutch: *fagar, *vagar (in placenames: vagara velda)
Old High German: fagar
Middle High German: fager, vager

Old Norse: fagr
Icelandic: fagur
Faroese: fagur
Norn: feg, fåg
Norwegian Nynorsk: fager, fagr; (dialectal) fagur
Old Swedish: fagher
Swedish: fager
Old Danish: faghær
Danish: fager, feir, fauer, faver, favr
Norwegian Bokmål: fager

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌲𐍂𐍃 (fagrs)

→? Estonian: vapper

From pre-Germanic *ph₂ḱrós, equivalent to unattested *fahaną + *-raz, a ro-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to fasten, place”). Cognate with Umbrian pacer (“gracious, merciful, kind”), Slovak pekný (“good-looking, handsome, nice”).


flauhaz

flauhaz (nominative singular)
flauhōz (nominative plural)
flauhōs (nominative plural)
flauh (singular vocative)
flauhōz (plural vocative)
flauhōs (plural vocative)
flauhą (accusative singular)
flauhanz (accusative plural)
flauhas (genitive singular)
flauhis (genitive singular)
flauhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flauhai (dative singular)
flauhamaz (dative plural)
flauhō (instrumental singular)
flauhamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flauh
Old English: flēah, flēa, flǣh, fleah, flēo
Middle English: fle, flee, flei, fleigh, fley
English: flea (dialectal fleck)
Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae
Yola: fleen (plural)
Old Frisian: *flā, *flē
Saterland Frisian: Flee
West Frisian: flie
Old Saxon: *flōh, *flō
Middle Low German: vlô
Low German: Flo, Flö, Flau, Flua
Old Dutch: *flō
Middle Dutch: vlô
Dutch: vlo
Limburgish: vlouch
Old High German: flōh, flō
Middle High German: vlōch, vlō
Bavarian: Floach
Cimbrian: vlòach, blòach (Mezzaselva)
Alemannic German: Flo
German: Floh
Luxembourgish: Flou
Yiddish: פֿלוי (floy)

Old Norse: fló
Icelandic: fló
Norwegian: flo

→ Proto-Samic: *lāffēs

Lule Sami: láffes

→ Proto-Samic: *lāvkkēs

Northern Sami: lávkkis

Uncertain. From Pre-Germanic *plówkos or *plówkeh₂, apparently formed from the Proto-Indo-European root *plewk-, but perhaps a folk-etymological or tabooistic replacement for an earlier, extinct reflex of *pusl-, *plúsis (“flea”) (from which e.g. Latin pūlex (“flea”) and Lithuanian blusa (“flea”) derive). The reformation may have developed under the influence of *fleuhaną (“to flee”).


smakkuz

smakkuz (nominative singular)
smakkiwiz (nominative plural)
smakku (singular vocative)
smakkiwiz (plural vocative)
smakkų (accusative singular)
smakkunz (accusative plural)
smakkauz (genitive singular)
smakkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smakkiwi (dative singular)
smakkumaz (dative plural)
smakkū (instrumental singular)
smakkumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *smakku
Old English: smæċ
Middle English: smak, smac, smach, smech, ssmak, smacche, smake, smatche, smacc
English: smack
Scots: smack
⇒? Scots: smick
Old Frisian: *smak, smekk, smek
Saterland Frisian: Smoak
West Frisian: smaak
Old Saxon: *smakk, *smak
Middle Low German: smak
German Low German: Smakk, Smack
→ Danish: smag
→ Norwegian Bokmål: smak
→ Polish: smak
→ Belarusian: смак (smak)
→ Russian: смак (smak)
→ Ukrainian: смак (smak)
→ Swedish: smak
→? Faroese: smakkur
Old Dutch: smak
Middle Dutch: smac
Dutch: smaak (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *smakō)
Old High German: smak, smac
Middle High German: smac, smach
German: Schmack
Yiddish: שמעק (shmek)
⇒ Old High German: gismac, gismah
Middle High German: gesmac, gesmacke
Bavarian: Gschmåckn, Gschmåch, Gschmåcha, Gschmo
Cimbrian: gasmékh
German: Geschmack, Geschmeck
Luxembourgish: Geschmaach

>? Old Norse: smekkr (possibly a borrowing)

Icelandic: smekkur

⇒? Gothic: 𐍃𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌺𐌰 (smakka)

→ Proto-Slavic: *smakъ (mainly West Slavic, later borrowed into East Slavic)

From Proto-Indo-European *smeg- (“taste”). Cognate with Lithuanian smagùs (“fun, jolly, pleasant”), Lithuanian smaguris (“a foodie, gourmand”).


mildijaz

mildijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mildijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mildijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mildijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mildiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mildijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mildijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mildijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mildijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mildijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mildiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mildijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mildijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mildīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mildijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mildijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mildijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mildijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mildīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mildijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mildijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mildijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mildijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mildijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mildijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mildijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mildijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mildijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mildijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mildijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mildijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mildijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mildijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mildijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mildijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mildijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mildijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mildijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mildijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mildijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mildijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mildijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mildijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mildijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mildīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mildijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mildijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mildijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mildīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mildijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mildīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mildijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mildijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mildijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mildīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mildijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mildīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mildijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mildijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mildijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mildīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mildijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: milde

Middle English: milde

Scots: mild, myld

English: mild

Old Frisian: milde

Saterland Frisian: milde, mild

West Frisian: myld

Old Saxon: mildi

Middle Low German: milde

Low German: milde

desctree

Old Dutch: mildi
Middle Dutch: milde
Dutch: mild
Afrikaans: mild

Old High German: milti

Middle High German: milte, milde

German: milde, mild

Luxembourgish: mëll

Vilamovian: myłd

Old Norse: mildr

Icelandic: mildur

Norwegian: mild

Old Swedish: milder

Swedish: mild

Old Danish:

Danish: mild

desc

𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (friaþwamildeis), 𐌿𐌽𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (unmildeis)

From Proto-Indo-European *melh₂- (“to beat, pound, grind, mill”). Cognate with Latin mollis (“soft, gentle”).


twinaz

From Proto-Indo-European *dwino- (“twin”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”). Cognate with Lithuanian dvynys (“twin”), Russian дво́йня (dvójnja, “twin”).


twinaz

twinaz (nominative singular)
twinōz (nominative plural)
twinōs (nominative plural)
twin (singular vocative)
twinōz (plural vocative)
twinōs (plural vocative)
twiną (accusative singular)
twinanz (accusative plural)
twinas (genitive singular)
twinis (genitive singular)
twinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twinai (dative singular)
twinamaz (dative plural)
twinō (instrumental singular)
twinamiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Old English: twin, twinn, tƿin

Middle English: twinne, twynne

Scots: twin, twyn

English: twin

⇒ Old English: *twinling

Middle English: twynlynge

English: twinling

⇒ Old English: ġetwin, ġetwinn, ġetƿin (< *twinjaz)

Old Frisian: twina, twine

⇒ Old Frisian: *twinling, *twilling

Saterland Frisian: Twilling

West Frisian: twilling

→ English: twinling

⇒ Old Saxon: *twenling

Middle Low German: twēlink

(German Low German: Twennel)

⇒ Old Dutch: *twinling

desc

Middle Dutch: twiling, twilling, tweiling, tweilinc, tweelinc

Dutch: tweeling

Old High German: zwinal, zwenel

⇒ Old High German: zwiniling

Middle High German: zwineling, zwinling, zwillinc

German: Zwilling

Old Norse: tvinnr, tvennr (< *twinjaz)

Icelandic: tvennur

⇒ Icelandic: tvenna

Faroese: tvinnur

Norwegian Nynorsk: tvenn, tvinn

⇒ Old Norse: tvinnir (plural), tvennir (plural)

Icelandic: tvennir

Faroese: tvennir

Norwegian Nynorsk: tvenne

Old Swedish: tvænne

Swedish: tvenne

Old Danish: twænnæ, twinnæ

Danish: tvende

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tvenne, tvende

⇒ Old Norse: *tvinlingr

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tvilling

Norwegian Nynorsk: tvilling

Old Swedish: tvinlinger

Swedish: tvilling

Old Danish: tvinling

Danish: tvilling


brōks

brōks (nominative singular)
brōkiz (nominative plural)
brōk (singular vocative)
brōkiz (plural vocative)
brōkų (accusative singular)
brōkunz (accusative plural)
brōkiz (genitive singular)
brōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brōki (dative singular)
brōkumaz (dative plural)
brōkē (instrumental singular)
brōkumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brōk
Old English: brōc
Middle English: brek, breke, brech, breche, breech
English: breech, breeches, britches
→ Irish: bríste
→ Welsh: britis
Scots: breke, breik, breek, britchin
→ Scottish Gaelic: briogais
Old Frisian: brōk
Saterland Frisian: Breek
West Frisian: broek
Old Saxon: brōk
Middle Low German: brôk
Low German: Brook
Old Dutch: *bruoc
Middle Dutch: broec
Dutch: broek
Old High German: pruoh, bruoh, bruohha
Middle High German: bruoch
Alemannic German: Bruech
German: Bruch (obsolete)

Old Norse: brók
Icelandic: brók
Faroese: brók
Norwegian Nynorsk: brok
Old Swedish: brōk
Swedish: brok
Danish: brog
→ Old Irish: bróc
Irish: bróg
Scottish Gaelic: bròg
Manx: braag

→ Transalpine Gaulish: *brāca

→ Latin: brāca (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rook'ëh

Finnish: ruoke

From earlier *brāks, from Pre-Germanic *bʰrāg-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break, crack, split”). Cognate with Latin frangō.


mihstaz

mihstaz (nominative singular)
mihstōz (nominative plural)
mihstōs (nominative plural)
mihst (singular vocative)
mihstōz (plural vocative)
mihstōs (plural vocative)
mihstą (accusative singular)
mihstanz (accusative plural)
mihstas (genitive singular)
mihstis (genitive singular)
mihstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mihstai (dative singular)
mihstamaz (dative plural)
mihstō (instrumental singular)
mihstamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mist

Old English: mist

Middle English: mist

English: mist

→ Norwegian Bokmål: mist

Scots: mist

Old Frisian: *mist

West Frisian: mist

Old Saxon: *mist

Middle Low German: mist

German Low German: Mist

Old Dutch: *mist

Middle Dutch: mist, mest

Dutch: mist

Old Norse: mistr

Icelandic: mistur

>? Norn: most

Swedish: mist

Danish: mist

From *mig- (“light rain, drizzle”), from Proto-Indo-European *migʰ-, *migʰ-lo- (“drizzle, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *meygʰ-, *h₃meygʰ- (“to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist”). Cognate with Lithuanian miglà (“fog”), Russian мгла (mgla, “fog, haze”).


bragz

bragz (nominative singular)
bragiz (nominative plural)
brag (singular vocative)
bragiz (plural vocative)
bragų (accusative singular)
bragunz (accusative plural)
bragiz (genitive singular)
bragǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bragi (dative singular)
bragumaz (dative plural)
bragē (instrumental singular)
bragumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bregu, brego, breogo

Old Norse: bragr; bragi, Bragi, bragnar

Icelandic: bragur

Faroese: bragg n (“bragging”)

⇒ Faroese: bragga (“to brag”)

Norwegian: brag

→ Middle English: brag

⇒ Middle English: braggen

English: brag

Scots: bragge, braig

→⇒ Old French: braguer

Middle French: braguer

Uncertain. Hypotheses include:
* From *breh- (“to flash, move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreḱ-, *bʰreǵ- (“to shine, shimmer”).
* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *mrekʷ- or *mregʷ- (“to shimmer”). If so, then cognate with Lithuanian mirkčioti (“to blink, flicker, wink, twinkle, shimmer, sparkle”), Russian морга́ть (morgátʹ, “to blink, wink”).

cog

One who is first or foremost, a premier, chief, leader, prince


bregdaną

bregdō (active first-person indicative singular)
bregdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bregdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brigdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bregdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bregd (active imperative second-person singular)
bregdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bregdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brigdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bregdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bregdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bregdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bregdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bregdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bregdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bregdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bregdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bregdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bregdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bregdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bregdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bregdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brigdid (active indicative plural second-person)
bregdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brigdid (active imperative plural second-person)
bregdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bregdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bregdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bregdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bregdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bregdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bregdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bragd (active first-person indicative singular)
brugdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brahst (active indicative second-person singular)
brugdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bragd (active indicative singular third-person)
brugdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brugdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brugdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brugdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brugdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brugdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brugdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brugdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brugdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brugdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brugdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bregdandz (active participle present)
brugdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bregdan
Old English: breġdan, brēdan
Middle English: breiden, breden
English: braid
Scots: breed, brade, braid, bray
Old Frisian: breida, brēda, brīda
North Frisian: brüjen
Saterland Frisian: braidje
West Frisian: breidzje
Old Saxon: bregdan
Middle Low German: breiden
Low German: breien, breiden
Old Dutch: *bregdan
Middle Dutch: breiden
Dutch: breien
Afrikaans: brei
Old High German: brettan
Middle High German: brëtten
German: bretten (obsolete)

Old Norse: bregða

Icelandic: bregða

Faroese: bregða

Old Swedish: breghþa

Danish: brejde, bebrejde

→ Scots: bregd, breg; braith, brath

From *breh- (“to flash, move quickly”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēḱ-, *bʰrēǵ- (“to shine, shimmer”).
An alternative etymology derives *breh- from Proto-Indo-European *mrekʷ-, *merǝkʷ-, *merǝgʷ- (“to shimmer”). If so, then cognate with Lithuanian mirkčioti (“to blink, flicker, wink, twinkle, shimmer, sparkle”), Russian морга́ть (morgátʹ, “to blink, wink”).

cog

to flicker, flutter, jerk, tug (on), twitch, flinch, move, swing


irzijaz

irzijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
irzijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
irzijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
irzijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
irziją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
irzijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
irzijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
irzijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
irzijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
irzijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
irziją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
irzijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
irzijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
irzīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
irzijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
irzijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
irzijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
irzijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
irzīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
irzijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
irzijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
irzijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
irzijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
irzijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
irzijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
irzijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
irzijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
irzijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
irzijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
irzijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
irzijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
irzijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
irzijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
irzijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
irzijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
irzijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
irzijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
irzijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
irzijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
irzijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
irzijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
irzijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
irzijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
irzijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
irzīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
irzijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
irzijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
irzijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
irzīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
irzijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
irzīni (dative masculine singular weak)
irzijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
irzijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
irzijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
irzīni (dative neuter singular weak)
irzijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
irzīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
irzijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
irzijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
irzijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
irzīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
irzijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *irʀī
Old English: eorre, ierre, yrre
Middle English: eorre, erre, irre
Old Frisian: irre, īre
Saterland Frisian: íer
Old Saxon: *erri, irri
Middle Low German: erre, irre
Old Dutch: *erri, *irri
Middle Dutch: erre, irre, arre
Dutch: ar
Old High German: *erri, irri
Middle High German: ërre, irre
German: irre

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌴𐌹𐍃 (airzeis)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers-. Cognate with Latin errō (“to wander, roam, stray, lose one's way”), Lithuanian įširsti (“to become angry, fly into passion”), Lithuanian aršùs (“fierce”).


aibraz

*aibraz (a-stem)

aibraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aibrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aibrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aibrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aibrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aibrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aibranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aibranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aibrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aibrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aibrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aibrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aibras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aibraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aibraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aibraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aibras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aibraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aibrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aibraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aibraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aibraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aibrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aibraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aibranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aibraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aibraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aibraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aibranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aibraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aibrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aibraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aibrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aibrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aibrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aibrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aibranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aibranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aibrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aibrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aibrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aibrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aibriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aibranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aibrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aibrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aibriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aibranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aibrini (dative masculine singular weak)
aibrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aibrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aibrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aibrini (dative neuter singular weak)
aibrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aibrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aibrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aibrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aibrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aibrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aibrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *aibr

Old English: ābor, āfor

Old Frisian:

→ Dutch: aver

desc

Old High German: eibar, eivar, eifar, aipar, eipar, eiber, eiver, eifir

Old Norse: æfr (possibly also from *abraz)

Icelandic: æfur

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍂𐍃 (aifrs)

→ Old Occitan: affre

→ Middle French: affre

French: affres

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eybʰros (“sharp, severe, astringent”). Cognate with dialectal Lithuanian aibrùmas (“waters in the mouth”).


abraz

*abraz (a-stem)

abraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
abrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
abrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
abrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
abrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
abrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
abranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
abranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
abrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
abrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
abrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
abrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
abras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
abraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
abraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
abraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
abras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
abraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
abrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
abraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
abraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
abraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
abrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
abraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
abranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
abraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
abraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
abraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
abranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
abraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
abrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
abraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
abrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
abrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
abrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
abrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
abranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
abranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
abrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
abrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
abrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
abrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
abriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
abranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
abrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
abrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
abriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
abranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
abrini (dative masculine singular weak)
abrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
abrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
abrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
abrini (dative neuter singular weak)
abrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
abrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
abrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
abrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
abrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
abrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
abrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: afar (in compounds); æfr (possibly also from *aibraz)

Icelandic: afar

Gothic: 𐌰𐌱𐍂𐍃 (abrs)

From Pre-Germanic *h₃(e)prós, equivalent to the lost strong verb *afaną + *-raz.

strong, severe, exceeding, immense, great, huge, terrible


hulþaz

*hulþaz (a-stem)

hulþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hulþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hulþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hulþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hulþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hulþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hulþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hulþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hulþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hulþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hulþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hulþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hulþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hulþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hulþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hulþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hulþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hulþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hulþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hulþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hulþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hulþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hulþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hulþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hulþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hulþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hulþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hulþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hulþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hulþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hulþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hulþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hulþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hulþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hulþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hulþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hulþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hulþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hulþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hulþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hulþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hulþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hulþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hulþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hulþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hulþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hulþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hulþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hulþini (dative masculine singular weak)
hulþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hulþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hulþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hulþini (dative neuter singular weak)
hulþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hulþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hulþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hulþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hulþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hulþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hulþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hold

Middle English: hold, holde

English: hold

Old Frisian: hold, houd

Saterland Frisian: hold

Old Saxon: hold

Middle Low German: hold, hōlt, hult

Old Dutch: hold

Middle Dutch: holt, hout

Dutch: hou

Old High German: hold

Middle High German: holt

German: hold

Yiddish: האָלט האָבן (holt hobn)

Old Norse: hollr

Icelandic: hollur

Faroese: hollur

Norwegian Nynorsk: holl

Old Swedish: hulder, holder

Swedish: hull (obsolete), huld

Danish: huld

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃 (hulþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *kelH-, *ḱel- (“to tend, lean, incline, bend, tip”). Cognate with Latin auscultō (“incline one's ear, listen, listen in, heed”).


blōþijaną

blōþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blōþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blōþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blōþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blōþī (active imperative second-person singular)
blōþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blōþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blōþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blōþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blōþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blōþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blōþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blōþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blōþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blōþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blōþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blōþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blōþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blōþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blōþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blōþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blōþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blōþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blōþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blōþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blōþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blōþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blōþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blōþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blōþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blōþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blōþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blōþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blōþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blōþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blōþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blōþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blōþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blōþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blōþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blōþijandz (active participle present)
blōþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōdijan
Old English: blœ̄dan, blēdan
Middle English: bleden
Scots: blede, bleid
English: bleed
Old Frisian: blēda
North Frisian: blädje
Saterland Frisian: bläide
West Frisian: bliede
Old Saxon: *blōdian
Middle Low German: blṏden
German Low German: bloden, blöden
Low German: blöden
Old Dutch: *bluoden
Middle Dutch: bloeden
Dutch: bloeden
Old High German: bluoten; bluotēn (weak 3)
Middle High German: bluoten
Bavarian: bliatn
German: bluten
Luxembourgish: bludden

Old Norse: blǿða, blœða
Icelandic: blæða
Faroese: bløða
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: blø
Norwegian Nynorsk: blø, bløde, bløda
Old Swedish: blø̄þa
Swedish: blöda
Old Danish:
Danish: bløde


budōną

budō (active first-person indicative singular)
budǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
budōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
budōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
budōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
budō (active imperative second-person singular)
budōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
budōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
budōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
budō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
budōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
budōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
budōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
budōs (active dual first-person indicative)
budōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
budōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
budōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
budōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
budōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
budōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
budōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
budōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
budōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
budōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
budōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
budōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
budōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
budōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
budōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
budōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
budōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
budōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
budōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
budōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
budōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
budōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
budōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
budōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
budōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
budōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
budōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
budōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
budōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
budōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
budōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
budōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
budōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
budōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
budōndz (active participle present)
budōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bodōn
Old English: bodian
Middle English: bōdien, boden
Scots: bode, bod
English: bode
Old Frisian: bodia
Old Saxon: *bodōn
Middle Low German: bōden
Old Dutch: *bodon
Middle Dutch: bōden
Dutch: boden (dialectal)
Old High German: *botōn
Middle High German: boten, poten
⇒ Old High German: forabotōn
⇒ Old High German: inbotōn

Old Norse: boða

Icelandic: boða

Faroese: boða

Old Swedish: buþa, bodha

Swedish: båda

Norwegian Nynorsk: bode

From *budą (“message”) + *-ōną or *budô (“messenger”) + *-ōną.