skaþô

skaþô (nominative singular)
skaþaniz (nominative plural)
skaþô (singular vocative)
skaþaniz (plural vocative)
skaþanų (accusative singular)
skaþanunz (accusative plural)
skaþiniz (genitive singular)
skaþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaþini (dative singular)
skaþammaz (dative plural)
skaþinē (instrumental singular)
skaþammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaþō
Old English: scaþa, sċeaþa
Middle English: scaþe, scathe, schaþe, schathe
Old Frisian: skatha, sketha
Saterland Frisian: Skoade
West Frisian: skea
Old Saxon: skatho
Middle Low German: scade, schade, schāde
German Low German: Schaa
Old Dutch: scatho
Middle Dutch: schāde
Dutch: schade
Afrikaans: skade
Limburgish: sjaaj
Old High German: scado
Middle High German: schade
Central Franconian: Schade
German: Schaden
Hunsrik: Schaade
Luxembourgish: Schued
Yiddish: שאָד (shod)
→ Czech: škoda
→ Old Polish: szkoda
Polish: szkoda
→ Old East Slavic: шкода (škoda)
Belarusian: шко́да (škóda)
Russian: шко́да (škóda)
Ukrainian: шко́да (škóda)
→ Serbo-Croatian: škȍda, шко̏да
→ Slovak: škoda

Old Norse: skaði
Icelandic: skaði
Faroese: skaði
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skade
Norwegian Nynorsk: skade
Old Swedish: skaþi
Swedish: skada, skade
Old Danish: skathi
Danish: skade
→ Middle English: scathe, skathe
English: scath, scathe
Scots: scath, scaith, skaith, schath, schaith

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁t- (“damage, harm”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀσκηθής (askēthḗs, “intact, safe, sound”, literally “without damage”).


uzrīsaną

uzrīsō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzrīsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzrīsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzrīsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzrīsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzrīs (active imperative second-person singular)
uzrīsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzrīsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzrīsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzrīsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzrīsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzrīsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzrīsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzrīsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzrīsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzrīsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzrīsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzrīsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzrīsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzrīsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzrīsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzrīsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzrīsid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzrīsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzrīsid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzrīsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzrīsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzrīsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzrīsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzrīsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzrīsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzrīsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzrais (active first-person indicative singular)
uzrizį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzraist (active indicative second-person singular)
uzrizīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzrais (active indicative singular third-person)
uzrizī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzrizū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzrizīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzrizudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzrizīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzrizum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzrizīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzrizud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzrizīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzrizun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzrizīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzrīsandz (active participle present)
uzrizanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀrīsan
Old English: ārīsan
Middle English: arisen
Scots: arise, aryse
English: arise
Old Saxon: *arīsan
Middle Low German: errīsen
Old Dutch: *irrīsan
Middle Dutch: errisen
Old High German: irrīsan, arrīsan

Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (urreisan)


uzrēdaną

uzrēdō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzrēdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzrēdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzrēdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzrēdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzrēd (active imperative second-person singular)
uzrēdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzrēdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzrēdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzrēdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzrēdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzrēdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzrēdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzrēdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzrēdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzrēdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzrēdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzrēdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzrēdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzrēdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzrēdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzrēdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzrēdid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzrēdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzrēdid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzrēdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzrēdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzrēdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzrēdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzrēdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzrēdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzrēdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzrerōd (active first-person indicative singular)
uzrerōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzrerōst (active indicative second-person singular)
uzrerōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzrerōd (active indicative singular third-person)
uzrerōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzrerōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzrerōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzrerōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzrerōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzrerōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzrerōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzrerōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzrerōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzrerōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzrerōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzrēdandz (active participle present)
uzrēdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ārǣdan

Middle English: areden

English: aread, arread

Old High German: urrātan, arrātan

Middle High German: erraten

German: erraten

Luxembourgish: erroden

Gothic: *usrēdan > 𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌽 (urrēdan)

/ˌuzˈrɛː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/


ferhuz

ferhuz (nominative singular)
ferhiwiz (nominative plural)
ferhu (singular vocative)
ferhiwiz (plural vocative)
ferhų (accusative singular)
ferhunz (accusative plural)
ferhauz (genitive singular)
ferhiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ferhiwi (dative singular)
ferhumaz (dative plural)
ferhū (instrumental singular)
ferhumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ferh
Old English: feorh, feorg
Middle English: fere, vore
Old Frisian: ferch
Old Saxon: ferh, ferah
Old High German: ferah
Middle High German: vërch
German: Ferch (obsolete)

Old Norse: fjǫrr (< *ferhwaz)

Icelandic: fjör

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍈𐌿𐍃 (fairƕus)

From Proto-Indo-European *pérkus (“oak”), from the root *perkʷ- (“oak”).


ferhwą

ferhwą (nominative singular)
ferhwō (nominative plural)
ferhwą (singular vocative)
ferhwō (plural vocative)
ferhwą (accusative singular)
ferhwō (accusative plural)
ferhwas (genitive singular)
ferhwis (genitive singular)
ferhwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ferhwai (dative singular)
ferhwamaz (dative plural)
ferhwō (instrumental singular)
ferhwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fjǫr

Icelandic: fjör

Faroese: fjør

From Proto-Indo-European *perkʷ- (“oak”). Probably derived from Proto-Germanic *ferhuz (“body; life; oak-tree”).
Old Norse fjǫrg (“gods”), from Proto-Germanic *fergō, could originally be the plural of this neuter (“vital forces”?), with analogical vocalism instead of the expected *furgō (with delabialization in this context).


pullaz

pullaz (nominative singular)
pullōz (nominative plural)
pullōs (nominative plural)
pull (singular vocative)
pullōz (plural vocative)
pullōs (plural vocative)
pullą (accusative singular)
pullanz (accusative plural)
pullas (genitive singular)
pullis (genitive singular)
pullǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pullai (dative singular)
pullamaz (dative plural)
pullō (instrumental singular)
pullamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pull

Old English: pull; (pyll < *pullijaz)

Middle English: pul, pyll, pill

English: pill

Old Saxon: *pull, *poll

Middle Low German: poll

Old Norse: pollr

Icelandic: pollur

Faroese: pollur

→ Scots: poll, pow

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pull

Old Breton: Pul-Bili (place name)

Middle Breton: pul, poul, poull

Breton: poull

Old Cornish: pol

Middle Cornish: pol

Cornish: poll

Middle Welsh: pwll

Welsh: pwll

→ Middle Irish: poll

Irish: poll

Manx: poyll

Scottish Gaelic: poll

From Proto-Indo-European *bl̥nos (“bog, marsh”). Cognate with Lithuanian balà (“bog; marsh; swamp; pool”), Latvian bala (“a muddly, treeless depression”), Russian боло́то (bolóto, “swamp; bog; marsh”).


pōlaz

pōlaz (nominative singular)
pōlōz (nominative plural)
pōlōs (nominative plural)
pōl (singular vocative)
pōlōz (plural vocative)
pōlōs (plural vocative)
pōlą (accusative singular)
pōlanz (accusative plural)
pōlas (genitive singular)
pōlis (genitive singular)
pōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pōlai (dative singular)
pōlamaz (dative plural)
pōlō (instrumental singular)
pōlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pōl

Old English: pōl

Middle English: pol, pole, pool

English: pool

Scots: pule, puil, peel

Old Frisian: pōl

Saterland Frisian: Pol, Poul

West Frisian: poel

Old Saxon: *pōl

Middle Low German: pôl, pûl

German Low German: Pool, Pohl, Puhl

→ Norwegian: pøl

→ Swedish: pöl

→ Danish: pøl

Old Dutch: puol

Middle Dutch: poel

Dutch: poel

Afrikaans: poel

Old High German: pfuol, phuol

Middle High German: phuol

German: Pfuhl

Hunsrik: Puhl

Luxembourgish: Pull

⇒ Old Norse: *pœla (< *pōlijǭ)

Norwegian: pøla (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *bōlos (“bog, marsh”). Cognate with Lithuanian balà (“bog; marsh; swamp; pool”), Latvian bala (“a muddy, treeless depression”), Proto-Slavic *bala, *balъka (“pool; ravine”).


skelbaną

skelbō (active first-person indicative singular)
skelbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skelbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skilbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skelbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skelb (active imperative second-person singular)
skelbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skelbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skilbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skelbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skelbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skelbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skelbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skelbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skelbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skelbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skelbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skelbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skelbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skelbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skelbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skelbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skilbid (active indicative plural second-person)
skelbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skilbid (active imperative plural second-person)
skelbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skelbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skelbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skelbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skelbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skelbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skelbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skalb (active first-person indicative singular)
skulbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skalft (active indicative second-person singular)
skulbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skalb (active indicative singular third-person)
skulbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skulbū (active dual first-person indicative)
skulbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skulbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skulbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skulbum (active first-person indicative plural)
skulbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skulbud (active indicative plural second-person)
skulbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skulbun (active indicative plural third-person)
skulbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skelbandz (active participle present)
skulbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skelban
Old English: sċelfan

Old Norse: skjalfa
Icelandic: skjálfa
Faroese: skjálva, skelva
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjelva; (dialectal) skjæve, skjølve
Elfdalian: stjåva
Old Swedish: skiælva
Swedish: skälva
Danish: skælve
Norwegian Bokmål: skjelve


laihną

laihną (nominative singular)
laihnō (nominative plural)
laihną (singular vocative)
laihnō (plural vocative)
laihną (accusative singular)
laihnō (accusative plural)
laihnas (genitive singular)
laihnis (genitive singular)
laihnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laihnai (dative singular)
laihnamaz (dative plural)
laihnō (instrumental singular)
laihnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laihn

Old English: lǣn

Middle English: læn, leane

Scots: len

Old Frisian: lēn

North Frisian: leen

West Frisian: lien

Old Saxon: lēhan

desc

Middle Low German: lehen, lên, leen, lehn, lein

→ Old Norse: lén

Danish: len

Swedish: län

→ Finnish: lääni

Norwegian: len

Old Dutch: *lēn

Middle Dutch: leen

Dutch: leen

Afrikaans: leen

Old High German: lēhan

Middle High German: lēhen

German: Lehen

→ Russian: лен (len)

→ Old Czech: léno

→ Polish: lenno

Old Norse: lán

Icelandic: lán

Faroese: lán

Norwegian: lån

Old Swedish: lān

Swedish: lån

Old Danish: lān

Danish: lån

→ Middle English: lane, lone

Scots: lane, lain

English: loan

→ Scots: loan

→ Proto-Finnic: *laihna (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *laihwnam, from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave, leave over”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬑𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵 (raēxənah), Sanskrit रेक्णस् (rékṇas, “property, inheritance”).


landį̄

landį̄ (nominative singular)
landīniz (nominative plural)
landį̄ (singular vocative)
landīniz (plural vocative)
landīnų (accusative singular)
landīnunz (accusative plural)
landīniz (genitive singular)
landīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landīni (dative singular)
landīmaz (dative plural)
landīnē (instrumental singular)
landīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *landī, *landīn

desc

Old English: lænden, lenden, lænde, lende (in compounds); lendenu (plural)

desctree

Middle English: lende, leend, leende, lynde
English: lend
Scots: lend, leynd

Old Frisian: lenden, lenderna (plural)

Saterland Frisian: Leende

Old Saxon: lendin (plural)

Middle Low German: lende

German Low German: Lenne, Lenn

Old Dutch: lendin (plural)

Middle Dutch: lende; lenden (plural)

Dutch: lende

Old High German: lentī, lentīn

Middle High German: lente, lende

German: Lende

Luxembourgish: Lenn

Old Norse: lend (< *landijō?); lendir, lendar (plural)

Icelandic: lend

Norwegian: lend

Old Swedish: lænd

Swedish: länd

Danish: lænd

→ Proto-Finnic: *landëh (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *landwį̄, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“waist, kidney”). Cognate with Russian ля́двея (ljádveja, “thigh, haunch”).


mōtą

mōtą (nominative singular)
mōtō (nominative plural)
mōtą (singular vocative)
mōtō (plural vocative)
mōtą (accusative singular)
mōtō (accusative plural)
mōtas (genitive singular)
mōtis (genitive singular)
mōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōtai (dative singular)
mōtamaz (dative plural)
mōtō (instrumental singular)
mōtamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *mōt, ġemōt

Middle English: mōt, ȝemōt

English: moot

Scots: mut, mote

Old Saxon: mōt, muot

Middle Low German: mote, mute

Low German: Mote

Old Dutch: *muot

Middle Dutch: moet

Old High German: *muoz, *muozi

Middle High German: muoz

desctree

Old Norse: mót
Icelandic: mót
Faroese: mót
Norwegian: mot, møte
Old Swedish: mōt; mø̄te (< *mōtiją)
Swedish: möte; emot, mot
Danish: møde; imod, mod

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gamōtjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to encounter, come”). Cognate with Old Armenian մատչիմ (matčʻim, “approach”).


drēnuz

drēnuz (nominative singular)
drēniwiz (nominative plural)
drēnu (singular vocative)
drēniwiz (plural vocative)
drēnų (accusative singular)
drēnunz (accusative plural)
drēnauz (genitive singular)
drēniwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drēniwi (dative singular)
drēnumaz (dative plural)
drēnū (instrumental singular)
drēnumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drānu
Old English: drān, drǣn
Middle English: drane, drone
English: drone
Scots: dron
Old Frisian: *drāne
Saterland Frisian: Droane (alternatively from Middle Low German)
Old Saxon: drān
Middle Low German: drâne, dorne, drône
Low German: Drahn
→ Danish: drone
→ German: Drohne
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: drone
Norwegian Nynorsk: drone
Old Dutch: *drān, *drano, *darno
Middle Dutch: darne, dorne, drone
Dutch: dar
Limburgish: dreen

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrēn- (“bee, hornet, drone”). Cognate with Lithuanian tranas (“drone”), Serbo-Croatian trut (“drone”), Czech trubec (“drone”).


sundaz

*sundaz (a-stem)

sundaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sundai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sundō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sundôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sundą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sundō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sundanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sundanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sundǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sundōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sundą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sundō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sundas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sundaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sundaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sundaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sundas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sundaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sundammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sundaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sundaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sundaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sundammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sundaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sundanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sundaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sundaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sundaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sundanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sundaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sundô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sundaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sundǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sundōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sundô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sundōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sundanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sundanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sundōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sundōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sundô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sundōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sundiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sundōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sundōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sundiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sundini (dative masculine singular weak)
sundammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sundōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sundōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sundini (dative neuter singular weak)
sundammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sundinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sundammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sundōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sundōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sundinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sundammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sund
Old English: *sund (with various prefixes)
Middle English: sund, sound
English: sound
Scots: sound, soun
Old Frisian: sund
North Frisian: suwn
Saterland Frisian: suund
West Frisian: sûnd, sûn
Old Saxon: *sund
Middle Low German: sunt
Low German: sund
→ Danish: sund
→ Faroese: sunnur
→ Swedish: sund
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sunn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sunn
Old Dutch: *sund
Middle Dutch: sunt, sont
Dutch: zond
Old High German: sunt
Middle High German: sunt

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gasund
Old English: ġesund
Middle English: ȝesund, isund, izound; sund, sound
English: sound
Scots: sound, soun
Old Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: gesuund
Old Saxon: gisund
Middle Low German: gesunt
Low German: gesund
Old Dutch: gisunt
Middle Dutch: gesont
Dutch: gezond
Afrikaans: gesond
Jersey Dutch: xjezónd
Negerhollands: gesond, gesont
→ Sranan Tongo: gesontu
→ Aukan: gusontu
→ Caribbean Javanese: kheson
Old High German: gisunt
Middle High German: gesunt
Bavarian: gsund
Cimbrian: gazùnt, gesunt (Luserna)
Central Franconian: gesond, jesond, jesonk (Ripuarian)
German: gesund
Hunsrik: gesund
Luxembourgish: gesond
Yiddish: געזונט (gezunt)

From Proto-Indo-European *swent- (“strong, vigorous, active, healthy”).


rakō

rakō (nominative singular)
rakôz (nominative plural)
rakō (singular vocative)
rakôz (plural vocative)
rakǭ (accusative singular)
rakōz (accusative plural)
rakōz (genitive singular)
rakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rakōi (dative singular)
rakōmaz (dative plural)
rakō (instrumental singular)
rakōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: racu

Middle English: rake; raike, rayke (through confluence with Old Norse reik)

Scots: rak, rack, raik

English: rake, rack (path, track, furrow)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”).


rakō

Old English: racu; reahtiġan

Middle English: rake

English: rake

Old Saxon: raka

Old High German: rahha, racha

Middle High German: rache

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᚲᚢ (*raku)

Old Norse: rǫk

Icelandic: rök

qualifier

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌺- (*rak-) (uncertain lemma; possibly attested in given names)

From *rakaz (“straight, direct”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”).


rakō

Old English: racu; (raca; ræce)

Middle English: rake

Scots: rak

English: rake

Old Saxon: raka, reka (possibly through interference with *rekô)

Middle Low German: rāke

German Low German: Raak

Low German: raak

Old Dutch: *raka

Middle Dutch: rāke

Dutch: rake, raak; > rakelen; > rakel

Old Norse: raka; reka (possibly through interference with *rekô)

Icelandic: raka; reka

Swedish: raka, räka (dialectal)

Danish: rage

a device used for straightening; rake (implement)


rakintǭ

rakintǭ (nominative singular)
rakintōniz (nominative plural)
rakintǭ (singular vocative)
rakintōniz (plural vocative)
rakintōnų (accusative singular)
rakintōnunz (accusative plural)
rakintōniz (genitive singular)
rakintōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rakintōni (dative singular)
rakintōmaz (dative plural)
rakintōnē (instrumental singular)
rakintōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *rakintā, *rakuntā, *rakantā

desctree

Old English: racente, racete
Middle English: rakente, racand, rakand, rakynt, rekand, rekanth, rekenth, recawnt (conflated with Old Norse rekendr, rekendi)
English: rackan, racon, rackin, racken, reckan, recon, reckin, reckon

Old Saxon: *rekinta

Middle Low German: rekente

desc

Old High German: rahhenza, rachenza, rahhinza

→ Old Saxon: rakinza

→ Old Dutch: rakinza, *rakiza (attested in Latin texts as rakinzun)

>? Middle Dutch: raecse, raecks, reecs (“chain”)

Dutch: raaks, reeks

Old Norse: rekendr f (plural); rekendi n

Icelandic: rekendur; rekendi, rekindi

→ Proto-Slavic: *retędzь

From Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“to bind”).


aglijaną

aglijō (active first-person indicative singular)
aglijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aglijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aglīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aglijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aglī (active imperative second-person singular)
aglijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aglijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aglīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aglijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aglijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aglijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aglijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aglijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aglijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aglijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aglijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aglijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aglijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aglijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aglijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aglijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aglīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aglijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aglīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aglijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aglijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aglijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aglijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aglijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aglijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aglijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aglidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aglidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aglidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aglidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aglidē (active indicative singular third-person)
aglidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aglidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aglidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aglidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aglidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aglidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aglidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aglidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aglidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aglidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aglidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aglijandz (active participle present)
aglidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aglijan
Old English: eġlan, eġlian, elan
Middle English: eilen, eilien, alen
English: ail
Scots: ail
Yola: teil
>? Old Saxon: *eglan
Middle Low German: egelen, echelen, ekelen, eichelen
Low German: aicheln
→ German: ekeln
→ Luxembourgish: eekelen

Old Norse: *egla

Norwegian: egla

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (agljan)


agluz

agluz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aglijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aglī (feminine nominative singular strong)
aglijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aglų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aglijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aglijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aglijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aglijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aglijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aglų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aglijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aglijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
aglīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
aglijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aglijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aglijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aglijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
aglīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
aglijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aglijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aglijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aglijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aglijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aglijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aglijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aglijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aglijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aglijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aglijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aglijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aglijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aglijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aglijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aglijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aglijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aglijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aglijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aglijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aglijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aglijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aglijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aglijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aglijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aglīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aglijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aglijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aglijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aglīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aglijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aglīni (dative masculine singular weak)
aglijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aglijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aglijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aglīni (dative neuter singular weak)
aglijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aglīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aglijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aglijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aglijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aglīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aglijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: eġle
Middle English: eile, eyle
English: ail

Gothic: 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aglus)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʰlo-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʰ- (“repulsive, offensive, hateful, disgusting”). Cognate with Old Irish áil (“ignomy, insult”), Ancient Greek ἀχλύς (akhlús, “manure, dung”), Ancient Greek ὀχλέω (okhléō, “to vex, harass”), Sanskrit अघल (aghala, “bad, terrible”), Sanskrit अघ (agha, “evil, pain”).

cog

cumbersome, tedious, tiresome, burdensome


weruz

weruz (nominative singular)
wiriwiz (nominative plural)
weru (singular vocative)
wiriwiz (plural vocative)
werų (accusative singular)
werunz (accusative plural)
werauz (genitive singular)
wiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiriwi (dative singular)
werumaz (dative plural)
werū (instrumental singular)
werumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *weru; *werulu

⇒ Old English: weler, weolor, welur (< *werulō)

Old Frisian: were

North Frisian: ware, were

Old Norse: vǫrr

Icelandic: vör

Faroese: vørr

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌻𐍉 (wairilō) (< *werulō)

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“high, raised area, tuber, lump, blister”). Compare Latin varus (“pimple”).


uzlagjaną

uzlagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzlagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzlagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzlagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzlagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlagi (active imperative second-person singular)
uzlagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzlagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzlagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzlagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzlagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
uzlagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzlagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzlagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzlagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzlagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzlagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzlagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzlagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzlagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
uzlagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
uzlagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzlagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzlagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzlagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzlagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
uzlagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzlagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
uzlagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
uzlagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzlagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzlagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzlagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzlagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzlagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzlagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzlagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzlagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlagjandz (active participle present)
uzlagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: āleċġan

Middle English: aleggen, aleyen, alayen

English: allay

Old High German: arleggen, irleccan

Middle High German: erleggen

German: erlegen

Luxembourgish: erleeën

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (uslagjan)


gaberaną

gaberō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaberaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaberai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gabirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaberaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaber (active imperative second-person singular)
gaberazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaberaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gabiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaberai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaberadau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaberadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaberaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaberōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gaberaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaberadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaberaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaberadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaberamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaberaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaberandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaberaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gabirid (active indicative plural second-person)
gaberaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gabirid (active imperative plural second-person)
gaberandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaberaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaberandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaberain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaberandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaberandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaberaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gabar (active first-person indicative singular)
gabērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gabart (active indicative second-person singular)
gabērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gabar (active indicative singular third-person)
gabērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gabērū (active dual first-person indicative)
gabērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gabērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gabērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gabērum (active first-person indicative plural)
gabērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gabērud (active indicative plural second-person)
gabērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gabērun (active indicative plural third-person)
gabērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaberandz (active participle present)
gaburanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaberan
Old English: ġeberan
Middle English: ȝeberen, iberen
(Scots: bere, beir)
(English: bear)
Old Saxon: giberan
Middle Low German: gebēren
→ North Frisian: gebeure
→ Saterland Frisian: gebääre
Old High German: giberan
Middle High German: gebërn
German: gebären
Luxembourgish: gebären

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (gabairan)


marzijaną

marzijō (active first-person indicative singular)
marzijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
marzijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
marzīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
marzijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
marzī (active imperative second-person singular)
marzijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
marzijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
marzīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
marzijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
marzijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
marzijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
marzijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
marzijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
marzijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
marzijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
marzijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
marzijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
marzijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
marzijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
marzijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
marzijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
marzīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
marzijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
marzīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
marzijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
marzijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
marzijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
marzijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
marzijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
marzijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
marzijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
marzidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
marzidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
marzidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
marzidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
marzidē (active indicative singular third-person)
marzidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
marzidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
marzidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
marzidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
marzidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
marzidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
marzidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
marzidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
marzidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
marzidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
marzidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
marzijandz (active participle present)
marzidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *marʀijan
Old English: mierran, merran
Middle English: merren
Scots: mer, mar
English: mar
Old Frisian: mēra
Old Saxon: merrian
Middle Low German: merren
Old Dutch: *merren
Middle Dutch: merren
Old High German: marrjan, marran, merran, merren
Middle High German: merren
German: merren
→ Old French: marrir (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: merja

Icelandic: merja

Faroese: merja

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (marzjan)

→ Catalan: marrar

→ Galician: marrar

→ Spanish: marrar

Causative form of an unattested strong verb *mersaną, from Proto-Indo-European *mers- (“to annoy, disturb, neglect, forget, ignore”). Related to Hittite [script needed] (maršant-, “deceitful, false, duplicitous”), Lithuanian miršti (“to forget, lose, become oblivious, die”), Armenian մոռանալ (moṙanal, “to forget, fail”).


hnakkô

hnakkô (nominative singular)
hnakkaniz (nominative plural)
hnakkô (singular vocative)
hnakkaniz (plural vocative)
hnakkanų (accusative singular)
hnakkanunz (accusative plural)
hnakkiniz (genitive singular)
hnakkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnakkini (dative singular)
hnakkammaz (dative plural)
hnakkinē (instrumental singular)
hnakkammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnakkō, *hnekkō
Old English: *hnæcca, hnecca
Middle English: nekke, nake, nec, necke, nek, neke, nhicke, nykke (Kent)
English: neck
Scots: neck
Yola: neckarès (plural)
Old Frisian: hnekka, nekke
North Frisian: neek, neeke, Nak
Saterland Frisian: Näcke, Näkke
West Frisian: nekke
Old Saxon: *hnakko, *hnekko
Middle Low German: nacke, nëcke
German Low German: Nacke, Nack
Low German: nakke
Plautdietsch: Jenekj (?)
Old Dutch: *nakko, nekko
Middle Dutch: nacke, nac, necke, nack, neck, nick
Dutch: nek
Afrikaans: nek
Limburgish: nak
Old High German: *hnahho, hnach-, hnacch-, hnac, nach, nac, nak
Middle High German: knac, nacke, nac
German: Nacken
Vilamovian: naoka
Yiddish: נאַקן (nakn)

Old Norse: hnakki
Icelandic: hnakki
Faroese: nakki
Norwegian: nakke
Old Swedish: nakke
Swedish: nacke
Old Danish: nakkæ
Danish: nakke

From Proto-Indo-European *knog-, *kneg- (“back of the head, nape, neck”), from *ken- (“to press, pinch, buckle, kink”).
Kroonen reconstructs an etymon Proto-Indo-European *knékō, which he connects with Tocharian A kñuk (“neck”). German Hunke (“hillock”) might retain a trace of the original genitive. Compare Proto-Celtic *knukkos (“protuberance; hill”), which Kroonen suggests is borrowed from Germanic.
Compare also the suffix *-kô, found in names of several other body parts.


swartōną

swartō (active first-person indicative singular)
swartǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swartōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
swartōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
swartōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swartō (active imperative second-person singular)
swartōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swartōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swartōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
swartō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swartōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
swartōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swartōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swartōs (active dual first-person indicative)
swartōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swartōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swartōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swartōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swartōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swartōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swartōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swartōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swartōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
swartōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swartōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
swartōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swartōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swartōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
swartōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swartōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
swartōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swartōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swartōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
swartōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swartōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
swartōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swartōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
swartōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swartōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
swartōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swartōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swartōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swartōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
swartōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swartōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
swartōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swartōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
swartōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swartōndz (active participle present)
swartōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swartōn
Old English: sweartian
Middle English: swarten
English: swart
Old Frisian: *swartia
West Frisian: swartsje
Old Saxon: *swartōn
Middle Low German: swarten
Old Dutch: *swarton
Middle Dutch: swarten
Dutch: zwarten

Old Norse: svarta

Icelandic: svarta


aunōną

aunō (active first-person indicative singular)
aunǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aunōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
aunōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aunōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aunō (active imperative second-person singular)
aunōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aunōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aunōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aunō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aunōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aunōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aunōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aunōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aunōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aunōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aunōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aunōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aunōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aunōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aunōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aunōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aunōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aunōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aunōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aunōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aunōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aunōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aunōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aunōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aunōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aunōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aunōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aunōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aunōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aunōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aunōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
aunōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aunōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aunōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aunōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aunōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aunōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aunōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aunōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aunōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aunōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aunōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aunōndz (active participle present)
aunōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *aunōn
Old English: ēanian
Middle English: enen, einde, enyen, enyn
English: ean
Scots: eenie
Old Frisian: *ānia
⇒ Saterland Frisian: bejänne
West Frisian: eandsje, inje, (antsje?)
Old Saxon: *ōnon
Middle Low German: *ônen
→ North Frisian: oone (Hallig)
Old Dutch: *ōnon
Middle Dutch: *ônen
Dutch: onen (dialectal)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: *auna

Old Swedish: öna

Swedish: öna (dialectal, < *aunijaną?)

Gutnish: åina

/ˈɑu̯.nɔː.nɑ̃/

From earlier *ak(w)nōną, although influenced in form by *awiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷnós (“lamb”). Cognate with Latin agnus (“lamb”), Ancient Greek ἀμνός (amnós, “lamb”), Old Irish úan (“lamb”), Old Church Slavonic агнѧ (“lamb”).


anþiją

anþiją (nominative singular)
anþijō (nominative plural)
anþiją (singular vocative)
anþijō (plural vocative)
anþiją (accusative singular)
anþijō (accusative plural)
anþijas (genitive singular)
anþīs (genitive singular)
anþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anþijai (dative singular)
anþijamaz (dative plural)
anþijō (instrumental singular)
anþijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: andi, endi

Cimbrian: énne

Old Norse: enni
Icelandic: enni
Faroese: enni
Norwegian: enne
Elfdalian: enne
Old Swedish: ænne
Swedish: änne (dialectal, archaic)

→? Proto-Finnic: *oncca (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“forehead”). Related to Latin antiae (“forelocks”), Old Irish étan (“forehead”). Compare *andijaz (“end”) and *umbi (“around”).


wētijaną

wētijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wētijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wētijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wētīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wētijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wētī (active imperative second-person singular)
wētijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wētijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wētīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wētijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wētijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wētijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wētijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wētijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wētijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wētijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wētijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wētijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wētijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wētijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wētijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wētijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wētīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wētijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wētīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wētijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wētijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wētijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wētijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wētijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wētijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wētijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wētidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wētidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wētidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wētidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wētidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wētidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wētidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wētidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wētidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wētidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wētidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wētidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wētidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wētidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wētidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wētidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wētijandz (active participle present)
wētidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wātijan
Old English: wǣtan
Middle English: weten
English: wet
Scots: wete, weit
⇒ Middle English: wett, iwett, ywett (ppt)
English: wet
Scots: wat
Old Frisian: wēta

Old Norse: væta

Icelandic: væta

Faroese: væta

Norwegian: væte

Old Swedish: vǣta

Swedish: väta

Old Danish: wætæ

Danish: væde


wētaz

*wētaz (a-stem)

wētaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wētai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wētō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wētôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wētą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wētō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wētanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wētanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wētǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wētōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wētą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wētō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wētas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wētaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wētaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wētaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wētas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wētaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wētammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wētaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wētaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wētaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wētammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wētaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wētanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wētaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wētaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wētaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wētanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wētaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wētô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wētaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wētǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wētōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wētô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wētōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wētanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wētanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wētōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wētōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wētô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wētōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wētiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wētanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wētōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wētōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wētiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wētanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wētini (dative masculine singular weak)
wētammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wētōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wētōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wētini (dative neuter singular weak)
wētammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wētinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wētammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wētōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wētōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wētinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wētammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāt
Old English: wǣt
Middle English: wāt, wēt, weet
Scots: weet, weit
English: weet (dialectal)
Old Frisian: wēt
North Frisian: weet, wiat, wäit
Saterland Frisian: wäit
West Frisian: wiet
>? Old Dutch: *wāt
Middle Dutch: wet, wit (possibly borrowed from Frisian)
⇒ Middle Dutch: verwetten
⇒ Middle Dutch: wetheit

Old Norse: vátr

Icelandic: votur

Faroese: vátur

Norwegian: våt

Old Swedish: vāter

Swedish: våt

Old Danish: wātær

Danish: våd

Vṛddhi derivative from Proto-Indo-European *wed- (“water, wet”).


narwaz

*narwaz (a-stem)

narwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
narwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
narwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
narwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
narwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
narwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
narwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
narwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
narwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
narwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
narwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
narwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
narwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
narwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
narwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
narwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
narwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
narwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
narwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
narwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
narwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
narwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
narwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
narwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
narwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
narwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
narwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
narwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
narwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
narwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
narwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
narwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
narwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
narwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
narwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
narwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
narwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
narwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
narwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
narwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
narwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
narwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
narwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
narwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
narwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
narwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
narwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
narwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
narwini (dative masculine singular weak)
narwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
narwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
narwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
narwini (dative neuter singular weak)
narwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
narwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
narwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
narwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
narwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
narwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
narwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *naru

Old English: naro, naru, nearu

desc

Middle English: naru, narwe, narewe, narowe

English: narrow

Scots: naro, narow, narrow

Old Frisian: *naro

North Frisian: naar, noar, noor, nåår

Saterland Frisian: noar

West Frisian: near, naar

Old Saxon: naru, naro, narowo, narawo

Middle Low German: nare, narwe

German Low German: naar

qual

Old Dutch: *naro, *naru (attested in a placename of probable Frisian origin)

Middle Dutch: nare, naer (rare; possibly from Frisian or Saxon)

Dutch: naar

Afrikaans: naar

Old High German: *naru (in derivatives)

Old Norse: *nǫrr, *njǫrr (attested in placenames: Nǫrvasund, Njǫrvasund)

Swedish: nor

Norwegian: nor

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ner- (“to turn, bend, twist, constrict”).


draugiz

draugiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
draugijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
draugī (feminine nominative singular strong)
draugijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
draugį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
draugijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
draugijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
draugijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
draugijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
draugijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
draugį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
draugijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
draugijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
draugīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
draugijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
draugijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
draugijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
draugijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
draugīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
draugijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
draugijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
draugijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
draugijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
draugijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
draugijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
draugijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
draugijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
draugijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
draugijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
draugijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
draugijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
draugijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
draugijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
draugijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
draugijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
draugijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
draugijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
draugijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
draugijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
draugijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
draugijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
draugijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
draugijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
draugijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
draugīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
draugijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
draugijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
draugijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
draugīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
draugijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
draugīni (dative masculine singular weak)
draugijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
draugijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
draugijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
draugīni (dative neuter singular weak)
draugijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
draugīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
draugijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
draugijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
draugijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
draugīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
draugijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *draugī
Old English: drȳġe, drīġe (or < *drūgī)
Middle English: drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, drüȝe
English: dry
Scots: dry, drey
Old Saxon: *drōgi
Middle Low German: drôge
Low German: dröög
→ German: dröge
Old Dutch: *drougi, *drōgi
Middle Dutch: drôghe
Dutch: droog
Afrikaans: droog
Berbice Creole Dutch: droko
Negerhollands: droog, drok
Skepi Creole Dutch: dróg
→ West Frisian: droech

⇒ Old Norse: draugr
Icelandic: draugur

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


seuþaną

seuþō (active first-person indicative singular)
seuþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
seuþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
siuþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
seuþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
seuþ (active imperative second-person singular)
seuþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
seuþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
siuþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
seuþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
seuþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
seuþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
seuþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
seuþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
seuþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
seuþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
seuþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
seuþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
seuþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
seuþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
seuþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
seuþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
siuþid (active indicative plural second-person)
seuþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
siuþid (active imperative plural second-person)
seuþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
seuþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
seuþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
seuþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seuþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
seuþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
seuþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sauþ (active first-person indicative singular)
sudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saust (active indicative second-person singular)
sudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sauþ (active indicative singular third-person)
sudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sudū (active dual first-person indicative)
sudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sudum (active first-person indicative plural)
sudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sudud (active indicative plural second-person)
sudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sudun (active indicative plural third-person)
sudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
seuþandz (active participle present)
sudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *seuþan
Old English: sēoþan
Middle English: sethen
Scots: seth, seith
English: seethe
Old Frisian: siāþa, siātha
Saterland Frisian: sjoode
West Frisian: sjiedden, siede
Old Saxon: *siothan
Middle Low German: sêden
Low German: seden
Old Dutch: *siethan
Middle Dutch: sieden
Dutch: zieden
Old High German: siodan
Middle High German: sieden
German: sieden
Bavarian: siadn
Luxembourgish: sueden

Old Norse: sjóða
Icelandic: sjóða
Norwegian: syde
Old Swedish: siūþa
Swedish: sjuda
Old Danish: siuthæ, sythæ
Danish: syde

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sewt- (“to move about, roil, seethe”), perhaps a t-extension of *(h)sew- (“to burn”), for which see *swīþaną (“to burn, ache”) for more. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *šutiti (“to joke, jest”), Lithuanian siaũsti (“to play, rage”), Ancient Greek ἀϋτμή (aütmḗ, “breath, scent”).


fraberaną

fraberō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraberaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraberai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frabirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraberaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraber (active imperative second-person singular)
fraberazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraberaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frabiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraberai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraberadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraberadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraberaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraberōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fraberaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraberadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraberaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraberadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraberamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraberaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraberandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraberaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frabirid (active indicative plural second-person)
fraberaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frabirid (active imperative plural second-person)
fraberandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraberaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraberandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraberain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraberandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraberandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraberaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frabar (active first-person indicative singular)
frabērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frabart (active indicative second-person singular)
frabērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frabar (active indicative singular third-person)
frabērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frabērū (active dual first-person indicative)
frabērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frabērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frabērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frabērum (active first-person indicative plural)
frabērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frabērud (active indicative plural second-person)
frabērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frabērun (active indicative plural third-person)
frabērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraberandz (active participle present)
fraburanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fraberan
Old English: forberan
Middle English: forberen
English: forbear
Scots: forbere, forbeir
Old Frisian: forbera
⇒ Old Frisian: forbernisse
Old Saxon: *farberan
⇒ Middle Low German: vorbörnisse, vörbȫrnisse
Old Dutch: *farberan
⇒ Middle Dutch: verboornisse, verbeurnisse
Old High German: *farberan, *firberan, ferberan
Middle High German: verbërn
Cimbrian: vorbèeran

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (frabairan)

From *fra- (“off, away (from), completely”) + *beraną (“to bear, carry”).

prefix

to hold back or keep away (from); restrain or refrain (oneself) from


algiz

algiz (nominative singular)
algīz (nominative plural)
algi (singular vocative)
algīz (plural vocative)
algį (accusative singular)
alginz (accusative plural)
algīz (genitive singular)
algijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
algī (dative singular)
algimaz (dative plural)
algī (instrumental singular)
algimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: elgr m
Icelandic: elgur
Faroese: elgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: elg; (dialectal) alg
Old Swedish: ælgher
Swedish: älg
Danish: elg, ⇒ elsdyr
Norwegian Bokmål: elg

→? Ancient Greek: ἄλκη f (álkē)
Greek: άλκη (álki)

→? Latin: alcēs f
Galician: alce
Italian: alce
Portuguese: alce
Spanish: alce
→ English: alce

→ English: Algiz (learned)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱis, *h₁ólḱis (“elk”), from *h₁el- (“deer”). Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit ऋश्य (ṛ́śya, “antelope”), Lithuanian elnias (“deer, stag, hart”), Russian оле́нь (olénʹ, “deer”), Russian лось (losʹ, “elk”), Ancient Greek ἔλαφος (élaphos, “deer”), Old Armenian եղն (ełn, “hind”).


elhaz

elhaz (nominative singular)
elhōz (nominative plural)
elhōs (nominative plural)
elh (singular vocative)
elhōz (plural vocative)
elhōs (plural vocative)
elhą (accusative singular)
elhanz (accusative plural)
elhas (genitive singular)
elhis (genitive singular)
elhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
elhai (dative singular)
elhamaz (dative plural)
elhō (instrumental singular)
elhamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: eolh, elch, elh, eolc, eolch; ēola
Middle English: elk, elke
English: elk
→ German: Elk (obsolete)
→ Korean: 엘크 (elkeu)
→ Malayalam: എൽക്ക് (elkkŭ)
→ Welsh: elc

Old Saxon: *elho

Middle Low German: elk

>? German Low German: Elk (or from English)

>? Middle Low German: elen, elent

(→ German: Elen)

Old Dutch: *elho, elo

>? Middle Dutch: elen, elent

(Dutch: eland)

desc

Old High German: elahho, eliho, elcho, elo

Middle High German: elch, elhe

German: Elch
→ Luxembourgish: Elch

→ English: Elhaz (learned)


aiwaz

aiwaz (nominative singular)
aiwōz (nominative plural)
aiwōs (nominative plural)
aiw (singular vocative)
aiwōz (plural vocative)
aiwōs (plural vocative)
aiwą (accusative singular)
aiwanz (accusative plural)
aiwas (genitive singular)
aiwis (genitive singular)
aiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiwai (dative singular)
aiwamaz (dative plural)
aiwō (instrumental singular)
aiwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aiw, *aiwu
⇒ Old English: āwa, ā (adverb)
Middle English: ō, ā
Old Frisian: ēwa; ēwe, ē
West Frisian: iuw
⇒ Old Frisian: ā (adverb)
Old Saxon: ēo, io, ēu, ē (also adverb)
Middle Low German: ê, ee, eje, ewe
German Low German: Ehe
Old Dutch: ēwa
Middle Dutch: êwe, êeu
Dutch: eeuw
Afrikaans: eeu
Limburgish: ieuw
⇒ Old Dutch: io (adverb)
Middle Dutch: ie
Old High German: ēwa, ēo, ēa
Middle High German: ēwe, ê
Alemannic German: Ee, E-e
German: Ehe
⇒ Old High German: io (adverb)
Middle High German: ie
German: je

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᛉ (*aiwaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚹᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*aiwalaibaʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: æ, ei, ey
Icelandic: æ
Old Swedish: ē, ǣ
Swedish: ä, e, e-
→ Middle English: aye, ai, agg
English: aye

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 (aiws); 𐌰𐌹𐍅 (aiw)

→? Proto-Finnic: *aika (“time”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu ~ *h₂yéws, reformed as a thematic (a-stem) noun.


sturmaz

sturmaz (nominative singular)
sturmōz (nominative plural)
sturmōs (nominative plural)
sturm (singular vocative)
sturmōz (plural vocative)
sturmōs (plural vocative)
sturmą (accusative singular)
sturmanz (accusative plural)
sturmas (genitive singular)
sturmis (genitive singular)
sturmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturmai (dative singular)
sturmamaz (dative plural)
sturmō (instrumental singular)
sturmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sturm
Old English: storm, stearm
Middle English: storm
English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm
Scots: storm
Yola: stharm, starm
Old Frisian: *storm
Saterland Frisian: Stoarm
West Frisian: stoarm
Old Saxon: storm
Middle Low German: storm
German Low German: Storm
→ Polish: sztorm
Old Dutch: *sturm
Middle Dutch: storm
Dutch: storm
Afrikaans: storm
Negerhollands: storm
→ Papiamentu: storm
Old High German: sturm
Middle High German: sturm
German: Sturm
Yiddish: שטורעם (shturem)
→ Polish: szturm
→ Russian: штурм (šturm)
Luxembourgish: Stuerm
Hunsrik: Storrem
Lombardic: *sturm
→ Italian: stormo
→ Vulgar Latin: *estornus, *estorma
Old French: estor, estour, estur, estorme, estorn
Middle French: estor, estour
→ Middle English: stour, store, stor
English: stour
Scots: sture, stour
Occitan: estorn

Old Norse: stormr
Icelandic: stormur
Faroese: stormur
Norwegian: storm (Bokmål), storm (Nynorsk)
Old Swedish: stormber
Swedish: storm
Danish: storm

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twerH- (“to rotate, swirl, twirl, move around”).


þankaz

þankaz (nominative singular)
þankōz (nominative plural)
þankōs (nominative plural)
þank (singular vocative)
þankōz (plural vocative)
þankōs (plural vocative)
þanką (accusative singular)
þankanz (accusative plural)
þankas (genitive singular)
þankis (genitive singular)
þankǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þankai (dative singular)
þankamaz (dative plural)
þankō (instrumental singular)
þankamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þanc, þonc

Middle English: thank, thonk

Scots: thank

English: thank, thanks

Old Frisian: thank, thonk

Saterland Frisian: Tonk

West Frisian: tanck, tank

Old Saxon: thanc, thank

Middle Low German: dank, danke

Low German: Dank

Old Dutch: *thanc, thank

Middle Dutch: danc

Dutch: dank

Afrikaans: dank

⇒ Afrikaans: dankie

Old High German: danc

Middle High German: danc

German: Dank

Yiddish: דאַנק (dank)

→ Old Czech: diek

Czech: dík

→ Old Polish: dzięka (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þǫkk (from *þankō)

Icelandic: þökk

Faroese: tøkk

Norwegian: takk

Elfdalian: tokk

Old Swedish: þak

Swedish: tack

Danish: tak

→ Faroese: takk

→ Icelandic: takk

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 (þagks)

Vandalic: *þank-

From Proto-Indo-European *tóng-o-s, from *teng- (“to think, feel, perceive, know”).


gundaz

gundaz (nominative singular)
gundōz (nominative plural)
gundōs (nominative plural)
gund (singular vocative)
gundōz (plural vocative)
gundōs (plural vocative)
gundą (accusative singular)
gundanz (accusative plural)
gundas (genitive singular)
gundis (genitive singular)
gundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gundai (dative singular)
gundamaz (dative plural)
gundō (instrumental singular)
gundamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gund

Old English: gund

Middle English: gunde, gounde, gownde

English: gound

Old Saxon: gund

Old High German: gund, kund, gunt, cunt

Old Norse: *gundr

Norwegian: gund (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌳 n (gund) (< *gundą)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰendʰ- (“sore, ulcer, abscess, boil”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κανθύλη (kanthúlē, “swelling”). See also Middle Persian gwnd (/gund/).


sturkaz

sturkaz (nominative singular)
sturkōz (nominative plural)
sturkōs (nominative plural)
sturk (singular vocative)
sturkōz (plural vocative)
sturkōs (plural vocative)
sturką (accusative singular)
sturkanz (accusative plural)
sturkas (genitive singular)
sturkis (genitive singular)
sturkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturkai (dative singular)
sturkamaz (dative plural)
sturkō (instrumental singular)
sturkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stork
Old English: storc
Middle English: stork
Scots: stork
English: stork
Old Frisian: *stork
Saterland Frisian: Stoark
Old Saxon: *stork
Middle Low German: stork
German Low German: Störk, Stoork, Stürk
Old Dutch: *stork
Middle Dutch: storke, storc, sturc
Dutch: stork
Old High German: storah, storh, *stork (irregular -h- possibly generalized from svarabhakti form)
Middle High German: storch, storc
German: Storch, (obsolete) Stork
→ Hunsrik: Storrich
→ Luxembourgish: Storch
Luxembourgish: (dated) Stuerk
→ Latvian: stārķis
→ Lithuanian: starkus

Old Norse: storkr
Icelandic: storkur
Faroese: storkur
Norwegian Bokmål: stork
Norwegian Nynorsk: stork
Old Swedish: storker
Swedish: stork
Old Danish: stork
Danish: stork

According to Witczak (1991), from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥ǵos (“stork”), cognate to Sanskrit सृजय (sṛjaya, “wading bird”), Ancient Greek πελαργός (pelargós, “stork”), and Dacian *βärzæ (whence Romanian barză (“stork”), dialectal Bulgarian барзъ (barz).)
Alternately, from Proto-Indo-European *str̥gos, from *(s)terg-, *(s)terǵ- (“a type of bird”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter- (“stiff”). Cognate with Old East Slavic стьркъ (stĭrkŭ, “stork, crane”), Russian стерх (sterx, “Siberian crane”), Ancient Greek τόργος (tórgos, “vulture”), Albanian sterkjok (“stork”) and possibly Old Armenian տառեղն (taṙełn, “stork”).


anhulō

anhulō (nominative singular)
anhulôz (nominative plural)
anhulō (singular vocative)
anhulôz (plural vocative)
anhulǭ (accusative singular)
anhulōz (accusative plural)
anhulōz (genitive singular)
anhulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anhulōi (dative singular)
anhulōmaz (dative plural)
anhulō (instrumental singular)
anhulōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *anhulu, *ą̄hulu, *ą̄hlu

Old English: *ōl

⇒ Old English: ōlþwong

Old Norse: ál, ǫ́l

Icelandic: ól

Faroese: ól

Old Swedish: ōl, øl, öl

Danish: øl

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to turn, bend, flex, curve”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀγκύλη (ankúlē, “leather belt”), Lithuanian ánka (“sling, loop”).


aitrą

aitrą (nominative singular)
aitrō (nominative plural)
aitrą (singular vocative)
aitrō (plural vocative)
aitrą (accusative singular)
aitrō (accusative plural)
aitras (genitive singular)
aitris (genitive singular)
aitrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aitrai (dative singular)
aitramaz (dative plural)
aitrō (instrumental singular)
aitramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aitr
Old English: ātor
Middle English: atter, attere, attir, attre, atture, attyr, attyre, atterr (Ormulum)
English: atter
Scots: atter, etter
Old Frisian: āter, ater, ātter, atter
Saterland Frisian: Atter
West Frisian: etter
Old Saxon: ēttor, ēttar; eitir
Middle Low German: etter
German Low German: Etter, Atter
Old Dutch: *ētar, *ēttar; eitir
Middle Dutch: etter, atter
Dutch: etter, atter
Old High German: eitar, eittar
Middle High German: eiter
German: Eiter
Luxembourgish: Eeter

Old Norse: eitr
Elfdalian: ietter (“venom; pus”)
Icelandic: eitur
Faroese: eitur
Norwegian Nynorsk: eiter, eitr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: eiter
Old Swedish: ēter
Swedish: etter
⇒ Old Swedish: ēterkoppa
Swedish: etterkopp
Old Danish: ētær
Danish: edder
Norwegian Bokmål: edder
⇒ Old Danish: etærkop, ederkoppæ
Danish: edderkop
Norwegian Bokmål: edderkopp
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: edderkopp

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyd-ro-m, from *h₂eyd- (“to swell; swelling, tumour, abscess”). Cognate with Ancient Greek οἶδος (oîdos, “tumour, swelling”) and the first element *οἰδῐ́- (*oidí-) of the name Οἰδῐ́πους (Oidípous, “Oedipus”, literally “swollen-footed”), as well as with Old Church Slavonic ꙗдра (jadra, “bosom, embrace”, pl.).


þwangiz

þwangiz (nominative singular)
þwangīz (nominative plural)
þwangi (singular vocative)
þwangīz (plural vocative)
þwangį (accusative singular)
þwanginz (accusative plural)
þwangīz (genitive singular)
þwangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwangī (dative singular)
þwangimaz (dative plural)
þwangī (instrumental singular)
þwangimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þwangi, *þwang m (strong a-stem)
Old English: þwang, þwong, þwæng, þweng
Middle English: thong, thwong, thwang
English: thong
Scots: thwang, thwayng, thang
Yola: fong
Old Frisian: thwong, thwang
Saterland Frisian: Twoang
West Frisian: twang
Old Saxon: *thwang
Middle Low German: dwanc, dwank
German Low German: Dwang
Old Dutch: *thwang
Middle Dutch: dwanc
Dutch: dwang
Afrikaans: dwang
Negerhollands: twang
→ Indonesian: paksaan (semantic loan)
Old High German: dwang (“bit, bridle, rein, restraint”)
Middle High German: twanc
German: Zwang

Old Norse: þvengr

Icelandic: þvengur

Faroese: tvongur

Norwegian: tveng (dialectal)

From earlier *þwanguz, from Proto-Indo-European *twenk- (“to squeeze, press, pressure”).


artijaną

artijō (active first-person indicative singular)
artijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
artijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
artīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
artijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
artī (active imperative second-person singular)
artijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
artijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
artīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
artijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
artijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
artijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
artijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
artijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
artijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
artijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
artijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
artijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
artijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
artijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
artijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
artijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
artīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
artijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
artīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
artijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
artijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
artijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
artijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
artijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
artijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
artijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
artidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
artidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
artidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
artidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
artidē (active indicative singular third-person)
artidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
artidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
artidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
artidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
artidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
artidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
artidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
artidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
artidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
artidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
artidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
artijandz (active participle present)
artidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: erta

Icelandic: erta

Faroese: erta

Norwegian Nynorsk: erta

Old Swedish: ærta

Swedish: ärta

Danish: erte

Norwegian Bokmål: erte

→ Middle English: erten, ertin

English: ert

Scots: ert

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂erdi-, *h₂erd- (“sharp point, stinger”). Cognate with Old Irish aird (“point, ord, end point”), Ancient Greek ἄρδις (árdis, “arrowhead”).

cog

to tease, taunt, grill, annoy, irritate, provoke


skeubaną

skeubō (active first-person indicative singular)
skeubaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skeubai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skiubizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skeubaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeub (active imperative second-person singular)
skeubazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skeubaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skiubidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skeubai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeubadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skeubadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skeubaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skeubōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skeubaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeubadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeubaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeubadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skeubamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skeubaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skeubandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skeubaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skiubid (active indicative plural second-person)
skeubaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skiubid (active imperative plural second-person)
skeubandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skeubaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skeubandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skeubain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeubandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skeubandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skeubaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skaub (active first-person indicative singular)
skubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skauft (active indicative second-person singular)
skubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skaub (active indicative singular third-person)
skubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skubū (active dual first-person indicative)
skubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skubum (active first-person indicative plural)
skubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skubud (active indicative plural second-person)
skubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skubun (active indicative plural third-person)
skubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skeubandz (active participle present)
skubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skeuban
Old English: sċēofan, sċūfan
Middle English: schouven, shoven
Scots: shuve
English: shove
(Old Frisian: *skiāva, *skiōua?), skūva
Saterland Frisian: schuuwe, skuuwe
(West Frisian: sjouwe?), skowe
(→ Dutch: sjouwen?)
(→ Low German: sjove?)
(→ Swedish: sjåa?)
Old Saxon: *skiovan, *skūvan
Middle Low German: schûven
Low German: schuven
→ Danish: skuffe
→ Swedish: skuffa
Old Dutch: *scūvan
Middle Dutch: schuven
Dutch: schuiven
Afrikaans: skuif, skuiwe
Limburgish: sjuve
Old High German: sciopan, scioban
Middle High German: schieben
Alemannic German: schiebe
German: schieben
→ Polish: szybować

Old Norse: *skjófa, skúfa

Icelandic: skúfa

Norwegian: skyva, skyve, skuva

→ Danish: skyve

Old Swedish: skiūva, skūva

Swedish: skjuva, skuva

Danish: skue

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌽 (*skiuban) (in 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐌱𐌰𐌽 (afskiuban))

From Proto-Indo-European *skewbʰ-, *skūbʰ- (“to push, drive, move forward”), possibly metathesized from *ksewbʰ- (compare Sanskrit क्षुभ् (kṣubh, “to throw, shake, agitate”)). Cognate with Lithuanian skubėti (“to hurry, rush”), Polish skubać (“to pull quickly, pluck”).


wōmatjaną

wōmatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
wōmatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōmatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wōmatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wōmatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōmati (active imperative second-person singular)
wōmatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wōmatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wōmatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wōmatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōmatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wōmatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wōmatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wōmatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wōmatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōmatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōmatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōmatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wōmatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wōmatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōmatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wōmatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wōmatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wōmatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōmatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wōmatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wōmatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wōmatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wōmatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōmatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wōmatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wōmatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wōmastǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wōmastēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wōmastēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wōmastēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wōmastē (active indicative singular third-person)
wōmastēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wōmastēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wōmastēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wōmastēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wōmastēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wōmastēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wōmastēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wōmastēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wōmastēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wōmastēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wōmastēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wōmatjandz (active participle present)
wōmatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: œmta, œnta

Icelandic: æmta, ænta

Faroese: ønta, øna

Norwegian Nynorsk: ømta


hōlą

hōlą (nominative singular)
hōlō (nominative plural)
hōlą (singular vocative)
hōlō (plural vocative)
hōlą (accusative singular)
hōlō (accusative plural)
hōlas (genitive singular)
hōlis (genitive singular)
hōlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōlai (dative singular)
hōlamaz (dative plural)
hōlō (instrumental singular)
hōlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōl

Old English: hōl

Old Norse: hól

Icelandic: hól

Faroese: hól

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁l-, *keh₁l- (“to beguile, deceive”).
Cognate with Latin calvor (“deceive, plot against”), calumnia (“false accusation, deceit, defamation”), Russian хвала́ (xvalá, “praise, laud”), Ancient Greek κηλέω (kēléō, “to charm, bewitch, beguile, appease”).


hōlōną

hōlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hōlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hōlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hōlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlō (active imperative second-person singular)
hōlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hōlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hōlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hōlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hōlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hōlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hōlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hōlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hōlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hōlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hōlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hōlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hōlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hōlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hōlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hōlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hōlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hōlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hōlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hōlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hōlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hōlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hōlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlōndz (active participle present)
hōlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōlōn

Old English: hōlian

Middle English: holen

Gothic: 𐌷𐍉𐌻𐍉𐌽 (hōlōn)

/ˈxɔː.lɔː.nɑ̃/


hōlijaną

hōlijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hōlijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōlijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hōlīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hōlijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlī (active imperative second-person singular)
hōlijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hōlijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hōlijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hōlijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hōlijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hōlijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōlijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōlijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōlijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hōlijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hōlijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōlijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hōlijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hōlīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hōlijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hōlijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hōlijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hōlijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hōlijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hōlijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hōlidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hōlidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hōlidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hōlidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hōlidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hōlidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hōlidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hōlidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hōlidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hōlidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hōlidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hōlidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hōlidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hōlidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hōlidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hōlijandz (active participle present)
hōlidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hōlijan
Old English: hēlan
Old High German: huolen

Old Norse: hœla

Icelandic: hæla

Norwegian: høla (dialectal)

From *hōlą (“vain speech, flattery, slander”) + *-janą.


leuþą

leuþą (nominative singular)
leuþō (nominative plural)
leuþą (singular vocative)
leuþō (plural vocative)
leuþą (accusative singular)
leuþō (accusative plural)
leuþas (genitive singular)
liuþis (genitive singular)
leuþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leuþai (dative singular)
leuþamaz (dative plural)
leuþō (instrumental singular)
leuþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *leuþ
Old English: lēoþ
Middle English: leoþ, leod, lede
Scots: leed, lede
English: leed (dialectal); lidden (dialectal, archaic)
Old Frisian: *liāth
Saterland Frisian: Läid
West Frisian: liet
Old Saxon: lioth
Middle Low German: *lēt, *liet
German Low German: Leed, Lied
Old Dutch: *lioth
Middle Dutch: liet, lijt
Dutch: lied
Afrikaans: lied
Negerhollands: liederen (from the plural)
Old High German: liod
Middle High German: liet
German: Lied
→ English: lied
→ Finnish: lied
→ French: lied
→ Romanian: lied
Hunsrik: Lied
Luxembourgish: Lidd
Vilamovian: łid
Yiddish: ליד (lid)

Old Norse: ljóð
Icelandic: ljóð n
Faroese: ljóð n

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (liuþ)

Unclear. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *lew-t-, an extension of a tentative root *lew- (“to sing, praise”), whence also Latin laus (“praise”).


skēpą

skēpą (nominative singular)
skēpō (nominative plural)
skēpą (singular vocative)
skēpō (plural vocative)
skēpą (accusative singular)
skēpō (accusative plural)
skēpas (genitive singular)
skēpis (genitive singular)
skēpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skēpai (dative singular)
skēpamaz (dative plural)
skēpō (instrumental singular)
skēpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skāp
Old English: sċēap, *sċǣp, sċēp, scīp
Middle English: schep, scheep, schepe, sheep, shepe, ssep (Kent, Southern)
English: sheep (see there for further descendants)
Scots: sheep
Yola: zheep, sheep
Old Frisian: skēp
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: schep, schap
Goesharde: schäip
Helgoland: skēap
Mooring: schäip
Sylt: Sjip
Wiedingharde: sees
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: schaip
Saterland Frisian: Skäip, Schäip
Wangerooge Frisian: schaip
Wursten Frisian: schepp, scheep
West Frisian: skiep
Hindeloopen: skeep
Schiermonnikoog: schiep
Old Saxon: skāp, scāp
Middle Low German: schâp
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Schaap
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Schåp
Sauerländisch: Schōp
Westmünsterländisch: Schaop
Plautdietsch: Schop
Old Dutch: scāp
Middle Dutch: schâep
Dutch: schaap
Afrikaans: skaap
Berbice Creole Dutch: skapu
Jersey Dutch: sxâp
Negerhollands: skaap, skap
→ Lokono: sjikapoe, shikápo
→ Sranan Tongo: skapu
→ Saramaccan: sikáfu, sikápu
→ Warao: sikabo
Old High German: scāf
Middle High German: schāf
Alemannic German: Schooff
Swabian: Schoaf
Bavarian: Schåf
Carinthian: Hap
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Schåf
German: Schaf
→ Alemannic German: Schaf
Hunsrik: Schof
Luxembourgish: Schof
Rhine Franconian: Schoof
Palatine German: Schoof
Pennsylvania German: Schof
Vilamovian: siöf
Yiddish: שאָף (shof)

Unknown. May be a wanderword from West Asia: compare Persian چپش (čapeš, “yearling goat”), Proto-Scythian *capi (whence Ossetian цӕу (cæw, “goat”); probably also loaned into Albanian as cap, cjap (“he-goat”) and Slavic as *capъ (“he-goat”)) and Proto-Turkic *čepiš (“yearling goat”).
Other proposals include:
* An old European substrate word
* Derived from the root of *skabaną (“to scratch, scrape, shave, shear”), with *b > *p via Kluge's law; this may be evidenced by Old High German scāpāri, scāppāri (“sheepskin”) which points to a Proto-Germanic form with *b
* Mallory & Adams assume a relation to Old English hēċen (“kid”) (see Proto-West Germanic *hōkīn) and propose Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱégos (“goat, sheep”), comparing several Indo-Iranian cognates such as Sanskrit छगल (chagala), छाग (chā́ga, “goat”) (whence Marathi सागा (sāgā, “flock of sheep”)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sčágas.