nurþrōstaz

nurþrōst (adverb)
nurþrōstaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nurþrōstai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nurþrōstō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nurþrōstôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nurþrōstą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nurþrōstō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nurþrōstanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nurþrōstanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nurþrōstǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nurþrōstōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nurþrōstą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nurþrōstō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nurþrōstas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nurþrōstaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nurþrōstaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nurþrōstaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nurþrōstas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nurþrōstaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nurþrōstammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nurþrōstaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nurþrōstaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nurþrōstaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nurþrōstammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nurþrōstaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nurþrōstanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nurþrōstaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nurþrōstaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nurþrōstaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nurþrōstanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nurþrōstaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nurþrōstô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nurþrōstaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nurþrōstǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nurþrōstōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nurþrōstô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nurþrōstōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nurþrōstanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nurþrōstanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōstōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōstōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nurþrōstô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nurþrōstōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nurþrōstiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nurþrōstanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nurþrōstōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nurþrōstōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nurþrōstiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nurþrōstanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nurþrōstini (dative masculine singular weak)
nurþrōstammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōstōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōstōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nurþrōstini (dative neuter singular weak)
nurþrōstammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nurþrōstinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nurþrōstammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nurþrōstōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nurþrōstōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nurþrōstinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nurþrōstammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*nurþrōstaz (a-stem)

Old Norse: norðastr

Faroese: norðastur


sunþristaz

sunþrōst (adverb)
sunþrōstaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sunþrōstai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sunþrōstō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sunþrōstôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sunþrōstą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sunþrōstō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sunþrōstanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sunþrōstanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sunþrōstǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sunþrōstōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sunþrōstą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sunþrōstō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sunþrōstas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sunþrōstaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sunþrōstaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sunþrōstaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sunþrōstas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sunþrōstaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sunþrōstammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sunþrōstaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sunþrōstaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sunþrōstaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sunþrōstammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sunþrōstaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sunþrōstanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sunþrōstaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sunþrōstaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sunþrōstaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sunþrōstanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sunþrōstaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sunþrōstô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sunþrōstaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sunþrōstǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sunþrōstōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sunþrōstô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sunþrōstōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sunþrōstanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sunþrōstanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sunþrōstōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sunþrōstōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sunþrōstô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sunþrōstōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sunþrōstiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sunþrōstanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sunþrōstōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sunþrōstōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sunþrōstiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sunþrōstanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sunþrōstini (dative masculine singular weak)
sunþrōstammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sunþrōstōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sunþrōstōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sunþrōstini (dative neuter singular weak)
sunþrōstammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sunþrōstinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sunþrōstammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sunþrōstōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sunþrōstōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sunþrōstinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sunþrōstammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*sunþrōstaz (a-stem)

Old Norse: synnstr

Faroese: syðstur, sunnastur

Swedish: syndäst (dialectal)


westrōstaz

westrōst (adverb)
westrōstaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
westrōstai (masculine nominative plural strong)
westrōstō (feminine nominative singular strong)
westrōstôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
westrōstą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
westrōstō (neuter nominative plural strong)
westrōstanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
westrōstanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
westrōstǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
westrōstōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
westrōstą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
westrōstō (accusative neuter plural strong)
westrōstas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
westrōstaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
westrōstaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
westrōstaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
westrōstas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
westrōstaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
westrōstammai (dative masculine singular strong)
westrōstaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
westrōstaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
westrōstaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
westrōstammai (dative neuter singular strong)
westrōstaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
westrōstanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
westrōstaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
westrōstaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
westrōstaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
westrōstanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
westrōstaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
westrōstô (masculine nominative singular weak)
westrōstaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
westrōstǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
westrōstōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
westrōstô (neuter nominative singular weak)
westrōstōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
westrōstanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
westrōstanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
westrōstōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
westrōstōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
westrōstô (accusative neuter singular weak)
westrōstōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
westrōstiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
westrōstanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
westrōstōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
westrōstōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
westrōstiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
westrōstanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
westrōstini (dative masculine singular weak)
westrōstammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
westrōstōni (dative feminine singular weak)
westrōstōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
westrōstini (dative neuter singular weak)
westrōstammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
westrōstinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
westrōstammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
westrōstōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
westrōstōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
westrōstinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
westrōstammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*westrōstaz (a-stem)

Old Norse: vestastr

Faroese: vestastur


westrōzô

westrōz (adverb)
westrōzô (masculine nominative singular)
westrōzaniz (masculine nominative plural)
westrōzį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
westrōzīniz (feminine nominative plural)
westrōzô (neuter nominative singular)
westrōzōnō (neuter nominative plural)
westrōzanų (accusative masculine singular)
westrōzanunz (accusative masculine plural)
westrōzīnų (accusative feminine singular)
westrōzīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
westrōzô (accusative neuter singular)
westrōzōnō (accusative neuter plural)
westrōziniz (genitive masculine singular)
westrōzanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
westrōzīniz (feminine genitive singular)
westrōzīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
westrōziniz (genitive neuter singular)
westrōzanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
westrōzini (dative masculine singular)
westrōzammaz (dative masculine plural)
westrōzīni (dative feminine singular)
westrōzīmaz (dative feminine plural)
westrōzini (dative neuter singular)
westrōzammaz (dative neuter plural)
westrōzinē (instrumental masculine singular)
westrōzammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
westrōzīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
westrōzīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
westrōzinē (instrumental neuter singular)
westrōzammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*westrōzô (an/īn-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *westrōʀō
Old English: westra, westerra
English: wester

Old Norse: vestri

Faroese: vestari


westanē

Proto-West Germanic: *westanā
Old English: westan, westane
Middle English: westen, westan, westene
Yola: westan
Old Saxon: westan, westana
Old High German: *westana
Middle High German: westen, westene

Old Norse: vestan
Icelandic: vestan
Faroese: vestan
Old Swedish: væstan
Swedish: västan


sunþrizô

sunþrōz (adverb)
sunþrōzô (masculine nominative singular)
sunþrōzaniz (masculine nominative plural)
sunþrōzį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
sunþrōzīniz (feminine nominative plural)
sunþrōzô (neuter nominative singular)
sunþrōzōnō (neuter nominative plural)
sunþrōzanų (accusative masculine singular)
sunþrōzanunz (accusative masculine plural)
sunþrōzīnų (accusative feminine singular)
sunþrōzīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
sunþrōzô (accusative neuter singular)
sunþrōzōnō (accusative neuter plural)
sunþrōziniz (genitive masculine singular)
sunþrōzanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
sunþrōzīniz (feminine genitive singular)
sunþrōzīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
sunþrōziniz (genitive neuter singular)
sunþrōzanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
sunþrōzini (dative masculine singular)
sunþrōzammaz (dative masculine plural)
sunþrōzīni (dative feminine singular)
sunþrōzīmaz (dative feminine plural)
sunþrōzini (dative neuter singular)
sunþrōzammaz (dative neuter plural)
sunþrōzinē (instrumental masculine singular)
sunþrōzammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
sunþrōzīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
sunþrōzīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
sunþrōzinē (instrumental neuter singular)
sunþrōzammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*sunþrōzô (an/īn-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sunþriʀō
Old English: sūþra, sūþera, sȳþera
Middle English: sowther, southir
English: souther

Old Norse: syðri, syndri
Icelandic: syðri
Faroese: syðri
Norwegian Nynorsk: sydre, søre, syndre
Danish: søndre
Norwegian Bokmål: søndre


austraz

austrōzô (comparative)
austrōstaz (superlative)
austraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
austrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
austrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
austrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
austrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
austrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
austranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
austranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
austrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
austrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
austrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
austrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
austras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
austraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
austraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
austraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
austras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
austraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
austrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
austraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
austraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
austraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
austrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
austraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
austranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
austraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
austraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
austraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
austranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
austraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
austrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
austraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
austrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
austrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
austrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
austrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
austranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
austranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
austrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
austrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
austrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
austrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
austriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
austranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
austrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
austrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
austriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
austranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
austrini (dative masculine singular weak)
austrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
austrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
austrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
austrini (dative neuter singular weak)
austrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
austrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
austrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
austrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
austrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
austrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
austrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*austraz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *austr
Old English: ēast
English: east
Old Frisian: āster
Old Saxon: ōstar
Old High German: ōstar
Middle High German: oster

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros (“in the direction of dawn, east”).


austraz

austrōz (comparative)
austrōst (superlative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *austr
Old English: ēast
Middle English: est
English: east
→ Old French: est
French: est (see there for further descendants)
Old High German: ōstar
Middle High German: ōster

Old Norse: austr, ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱ (austr) — Runic form
Icelandic: austur
Faroese: eystur
Norwegian Nynorsk: aust, auster; (dialectal) aust’u, aust’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: aust
Old Swedish: ø̄ster
Swedish: öster
Old Danish: øst
Danish: øster, øst
Norwegian Bokmål: øst
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: øst


nurþraz

nurþrōzô (comparative)
nurþrōstaz (superlative)
nurþraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nurþrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nurþrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nurþrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nurþrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nurþrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nurþranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nurþranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nurþrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nurþrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nurþrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nurþrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nurþras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
nurþraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nurþraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nurþraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nurþras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
nurþraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nurþrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nurþraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nurþraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nurþraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nurþrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nurþraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nurþranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nurþraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nurþraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nurþraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nurþranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nurþraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nurþrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nurþraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nurþrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nurþrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nurþrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nurþrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nurþranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nurþranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nurþrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nurþriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nurþranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nurþrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nurþrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nurþriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nurþranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nurþrini (dative masculine singular weak)
nurþrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nurþrini (dative neuter singular weak)
nurþrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nurþrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nurþrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nurþrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nurþrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nurþrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*nurþraz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
Old English: norþ
Middle English: north, norþ, northe, norþe, norrþ
English: north
Scots: north
Yola: nordh, noardth
→ Old French: nort (see there for further descendants)
Old Frisian: north
Old Saxon: *northar
Middle Low German: nōrder, narder
Old High German: *nordar
Middle High German: norder

Old Norse: norðr
Icelandic: norður
Faroese: norður
Norn: nord
Norwegian Nynorsk: nord, norder-
Old Swedish: nor
Swedish: norr, nord (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
Danish: nord
Norwegian Bokmål: nord
Gutnish: nådar, nårdar

From Pre-Germanic *h₁nŕ̥t(e)ros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ner- (“inner, under”), from *h₁en (“in”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐνέρτερος (enérteros), νέρτερος (nérteros).


nurþraz

nurþrōz (comparative)
nurþrōst (superlative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
Old English: norþ
Middle English: north
English: north
Scots: north
Yola: nordh
Old Frisian: *north
West Frisian: noard
Old Saxon: north
Old Dutch: *north
Middle Dutch: nort
Dutch: noord
Afrikaans: noord
Negerhollands: noord
→ Papiamentu: nort, nòrt, noord
Limburgish: naord
Old High German: *nordar
Middle High German: norder

Old Norse: norðr

Icelandic: norður

Faroese: norður

Old Swedish: nor

Swedish: norr

Danish: nord


gafulkiją

gafulkiją (nominative singular)
gafulkijō (nominative plural)
gafulkiją (singular vocative)
gafulkijō (plural vocative)
gafulkiją (accusative singular)
gafulkijō (accusative plural)
gafulkijas (genitive singular)
gafulkīs (genitive singular)
gafulkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gafulkijai (dative singular)
gafulkijamaz (dative plural)
gafulkijō (instrumental singular)
gafulkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġefylċe

Old Norse: fylki

Icelandic: fylki

Faroese: fylki

Norwegian: fylke

From *ga- + *fulką + *-ją (collective suffix).


garūniją

garūniją (nominative singular)
garūnijō (nominative plural)
garūniją (singular vocative)
garūnijō (plural vocative)
garūniją (accusative singular)
garūnijō (accusative plural)
garūnijas (genitive singular)
garūnīs (genitive singular)
garūnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
garūnijai (dative singular)
garūnijamaz (dative plural)
garūnijō (instrumental singular)
garūnijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *garūnī
Old English: ġerȳne
Middle English: irīne, *yrīne, ʒerīnu (pl.)
Old High German: *girūni
Middle High German: gerūne, geriune
German: Geraune

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌹 (garūni)


gawēpniją

gawēpniją (nominative singular)
gawēpnijō (nominative plural)
gawēpniją (singular vocative)
gawēpnijō (plural vocative)
gawēpniją (accusative singular)
gawēpnijō (accusative plural)
gawēpnijas (genitive singular)
gawēpnīs (genitive singular)
gawēpnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawēpnijai (dative singular)
gawēpnijamaz (dative plural)
gawēpnijō (instrumental singular)
gawēpnijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġewǣpne

Old Saxon: giwāpni

Old High German: giwāfani

Middle High German: gewāfen

(Old Norse: *væpni in alvæpni)


bedō

bedō (nominative singular)
bedôz (nominative plural)
bedō (singular vocative)
bedôz (plural vocative)
bedǭ (accusative singular)
bedōz (accusative plural)
bedōz (genitive singular)
bedǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bedōi (dative singular)
bedōmaz (dative plural)
bedō (instrumental singular)
bedōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bedu
Old English: bedu, beodo
Middle English: bede, bed, beed, beode, bode, boede, ȝebed, ibæd, ibed (conflated with Old English ġebed)
English: bead (bede)
Scots: bead, bede, beid
Old Frisian: bede
Saterland Frisian: Beed
West Frisian: bea
Old Saxon: beda
Middle Low German: bēde
German Low German: Beed
→ German: Bede
Old Dutch: beda
Middle Dutch: bēde
Dutch: bede
Afrikaans: bede
Old High German: beta
Middle High German: bëte, bët
German: Bete (obsolete), Bitte (altered after bitten)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰 (bida)

Disputed: most likely from either Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ- (“to ask for, beseech”) or *bʰedʰ- (“to bend, bow”), the former depending on the outcome of Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰ in Germanic, which otherwise was *w; see *banô and *berô for other proposed examples of *gʷʰ- > *b-. Kroonen, though doubtful of this sound change, admits *gʷʰedʰ- is a better semantic match. For *bʰedʰ-, compare however Sanskrit ज्ञुबाध (jñu-bā́dha, “bending the knee, kneeling (in reverence)”), which would then have parallels in Old English cnēow-ġebed and Old Saxon kneo-beda (“prayer (on one's knees)”), all literally “knee-bend”.
In any case, the Germanic nouns probably point to a lost strong verb *bedaną.


gawurdiją

gawurdiją (nominative singular)
gawurdijō (nominative plural)
gawurdiją (singular vocative)
gawurdijō (plural vocative)
gawurdiją (accusative singular)
gawurdijō (accusative plural)
gawurdijas (genitive singular)
gawurdīs (genitive singular)
gawurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawurdijai (dative singular)
gawurdijamaz (dative plural)
gawurdijō (instrumental singular)
gawurdijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġewyrde

Old High German: *giwurti (possibly attested once as cauuurti)

Middle High German: *gewürte, ungewürte

Old Norse: yrði

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹 (gawaurdi)


þrūhs

þrūhs (nominative singular)
þrūhiz (nominative plural)
þrūh (singular vocative)
þrūhiz (plural vocative)
þrūhų (accusative singular)
þrūhunz (accusative plural)
þrūhiz (genitive singular)
þrūhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrūhi (dative singular)
þrūhumaz (dative plural)
þrūhē (instrumental singular)
þrūhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: þrūh

Middle English: þrouȝ, thrugh, throgh

English: through

Old Saxon: thrūh

Middle Low German: drû

Old Dutch: thrūh, thrūch

Old High German: drūh, druoh

Middle High German: drūch, drūhe, drū

German: Drauche

Old Norse: þró

Icelandic: þró

→ Proto-Finnic: *ruuhi (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *terh₃u- (“to rub, turn, drill, bore”).


hnits

hnits (nominative singular)
hnitiz (nominative plural)
hnit (singular vocative)
hnitiz (plural vocative)
hnitų (accusative singular)
hnitunz (accusative plural)
hnitiz (genitive singular)
hnitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hniti (dative singular)
hnitumaz (dative plural)
hnitē (instrumental singular)
hnitumiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hnitu

Old English: hnitu

English: nit

Old Saxon: *hnitu

Middle Low German: nete

Old Dutch: *nitu

Middle Dutch: nete

Dutch: neet

Old High German: niz, hniz

Middle High German: niz, nizze

German: Nisse

Old Norse: gnit

Icelandic: gnit, nit

Elfdalian: gnit

Faroese: nitrur

From Proto-Indo-European *-níd- (“nit, louse egg”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κονίς (konís, “nit, insect egg”), Old Irish sned (“nit”).


nīþą

nīþą (nominative singular)
nīþō (nominative plural)
nīþą (singular vocative)
nīþō (plural vocative)
nīþą (accusative singular)
nīþō (accusative plural)
nīþas (genitive singular)
nīþis (genitive singular)
nīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nīþai (dative singular)
nīþamaz (dative plural)
nīþō (instrumental singular)
nīþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nīþ
Old English: nīþ, nīð
Middle English: nith, nithe, niþ, nuþ, nyth, nyþe, nið, nuð (Early Middle English)
Old Frisian: nīth, nīd
Saterland Frisian: Nied
West Frisian: niid
Old Saxon: nīth
Middle Low German: nît
German Low German: Nied
Old Dutch: nīth
Middle Dutch: nijt
Dutch: nijd
Afrikaans: nyd
Negerhollands: neid
Old High German: nīd
Middle High German: nīt
German: Neid
Luxembourgish: Näid

Old Norse: níð

Icelandic: níð

Old Swedish: niþ, nidh (later)

Swedish: nid

Danish: nid

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 (neiþ)

From Pre-Germanic *néyHto- or *níHto-, from Proto-Indo-European *neyH- (“to be angry”). Related to Old Irish níth (“battle, fury”).


uhnaz

uhnaz (nominative singular)
uhnōz (nominative plural)
uhnōs (nominative plural)
uhn (singular vocative)
uhnōz (plural vocative)
uhnōs (plural vocative)
uhną (accusative singular)
uhnanz (accusative plural)
uhnas (genitive singular)
uhnis (genitive singular)
uhnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uhnai (dative singular)
uhnamaz (dative plural)
uhnō (instrumental singular)
uhnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ofn
Old English: ofn, ofen; ofnet
Middle English: oven
Scots: ovin, uven, une
English: oven
→ Chichewa: uvuni
→ Zulu: uhhavini
Old Frisian: oven
North Frisian: oven, ouvn
Saterland Frisian: Ougend (< *ogn ?)
West Frisian: ûne, ûn
Old Saxon: *ovan
Middle Low German: ōven
German Low German: Aven
Old Dutch: *ovan
Middle Dutch: ōven
Dutch: oven
Afrikaans: oond
Negerhollands: oven
→ Caribbean Javanese: ofen
→ Indonesian: oven
→ Sranan Tongo: onfu
→ Saramaccan: ónfu
Limburgish: aove
West Flemish: oven
Zealandic: oven
Old High German: ofan, ovan, ovin
Middle High German: oven
Central Franconian: Ovve, Owe, Oawe, Uawe (Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: Ove
Luxembourgish: Uewen
German: Ofen
Transylvanian Saxon: Owen, Îewen
Vilamovian: uwa
Yiddish: אויוון (oyvn)

Old Norse: ofn, omn; *ogn

Icelandic: ofn

Faroese: ovnur

Old Norwegian: ovn; ogn

Norwegian Nynorsk: omn

desc

Norwegian: (dialectal) ogn, obn, ovn (South Western Norway); obm, om, ømn, umn

Old Swedish: oghn, ughn

Swedish: ugn

→ Finnish: uuni

Old Danish: ofn; ouæn

Danish: ovn

Norwegian Bokmål: ovn

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐌽𐍃 (auhns)

→ Proto-Finnic: *uunas (see there for further descendants)

Ascribed to a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂uk-, *h₂ewk- (“a closed container or vessel for cooking; cookpot; oven”) or similar by equation with Sanskrit उखा (ukhā), Albanian anë, Ancient Greek ἰπνός (ipnós), Latin ōlla. It is unclear whether the byform *ufnaz (Proto-West Germanic *ofn) is the same word, or represents a different word altogether.
Kroonen suggests that the word is a Wanderwort from a pre-IE substrate language. Native terms for ovens and stoves are not taken for granted: the East Slavic term плита́ (plitá, “stove”) appears from Ancient Greek in the Middle Ages, against the earlier new formation печь (pečʹ, “oven”), and Arabic, in a warmer climate, seems to have many but no native terms: أَتُّون (ʔattūn), تَنُّور (tannūr), فُرْن (furn), قَمِين (qamīn).


furhs

furhs (nominative singular)
furhiz (nominative plural)
furh (singular vocative)
furhiz (plural vocative)
furhų (accusative singular)
furhunz (accusative plural)
furhiz (genitive singular)
furhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhi (dative singular)
furhumaz (dative plural)
furhē (instrumental singular)
furhumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *furh
Old English: furh, furuh
Middle English: forow, furgh
English: furrow
Scots: furr
Old Frisian: furch
North Frisian:
Amrum: forag
Saterland Frisian: Fuurge
West Frisian: fuorge
Old Saxon: *furh, furuh
Middle Low German: vōre, vōr
Low German: Föör
Old Dutch: *furh, *furuh
Middle Dutch: vōre, vuere
Dutch: voor, vore
Old High German: furh, furuh
→ Italian: forra
Middle High German: vurch
German: Furche
Luxembourgish: Fuer
Vilamovian: fiüch

Old Norse: for

Norwegian: for

Old Swedish: for

Swedish: fåra

→ Proto-Finnic: *horho (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *ɸrikā (“furrow”), Latin porca (“lynchet”), Lithuanian praparšas (“ditch”), Sanskrit पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”).


wisundz

wisundz (nominative singular)
wisundiz (nominative plural)
wisund (singular vocative)
wisundiz (plural vocative)
wisundų (accusative singular)
wisundunz (accusative plural)
wisundiz (genitive singular)
wisundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wisundi (dative singular)
wisundumaz (dative plural)
wisundē (instrumental singular)
wisundumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wesend, wesand, weosend

Middle English: wesend

Old Saxon: *wisund, *wisand

Middle Low German: wēsent, wisent

→ Old Norse: vísundr

Faroese: visundur

Icelandic: vísundur

Old Dutch: *wisund, *wisand, wisent (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: wēsent, wesende

Old High German: wisunt, wisant

desc

Middle High German: wisent, wisente, wisant

desctree

German: Wisent, Wisund
→ English: wisent
→ Danish: visent
→ Dutch: wisent
→ Swedish: visent

→ Latin: bisōn, bisōnt-

Old French: bison

French: bison

→ English: bison

→ Dutch: bizon

→ German: Bison, Bisont

Gothic or Suevic:

→ Galician: Guisande

Likely a lexicalization of the present participle *wesandz (Stiles 2004; cf. Krahe–Meid 1967:§129.1), from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to graze”). The naming-motive “big-eater” is suggested as hunters' taboo (compare 'grey one' for both hare and wolves; 'brown one' or 'honey-eater' for bear in Indo-European). Latin bisōn/bisōntis, variant visōn, is a first-century loan directly from continental West Proto-Germanic, as are Greek forms. Compare Old Prussian wissambrs (“bison”).


arwīts

arwīts (nominative singular)
arwītiz (nominative plural)
arwīt (singular vocative)
arwītiz (plural vocative)
arwītų (accusative singular)
arwītunz (accusative plural)
arwītiz (genitive singular)
arwītǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arwīti (dative singular)
arwītumaz (dative plural)
arwītē (instrumental singular)
arwītumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *arwīt
Old Frisian: *erit
Saterland Frisian: Aate
West Frisian: eart
Old Saxon: erit, eriwit
Middle Low German: erwete, erwitte, arwete, erwte, erfte, arfte, arvete, ērte
German Low German: Arvte, Arvt
Old Dutch: *erwit, *erewit
Middle Dutch: erwete
Dutch: erwt
Afrikaans: ertjie
→ Xhosa: i-ertyisi
→ Indonesian: ercis
→ Papiamentu: ert (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: erki
Old High German: arawīz, araweiz, arawez, areweiz, arewez, arewiz, arewurz, ariwez, arwiz, arwuz, erewiz, erit, erivit, eriwiz, erwez, erwiz, harviz, hereviz
Middle High German: erweiz, erbeiz, arwīs, arwīz, areweiz
Bavarian: Arbaiß
Cimbrian: érbasa
Central Franconian: Ääz, Eerz (Ripuarian), Arwes, Erwes, Erbes, Erres (Moselle Franconian)
Luxembourgish: Ierbes
German: Erbse
Yiddish: אַרבעס (arbes)

Old Norse: ertr (pl.) (likely borrowed from Low German)

Danish: ært

Elfdalian: ert

Faroese: ertur

Icelandic: erta

Norwegian Bokmål: ert

Norwegian Nynorsk: ert

Old Swedish: ært

Swedish: ärt, ärta

Possibly a substrate term related to Latin ervum (“bitter-vetch”), Ancient Greek ὄροβος (órobos, “bitter-vetch”), ἐρέβινθος (erébinthos, “chickpea”) and to Middle Armenian առուոյտ (aṙuoyt, “alfalfa”).


rētiz

rētiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rētijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rētī (feminine nominative singular strong)
rētijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rētį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rētijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rētijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rētijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rētijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rētijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rētį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rētijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rētijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
rētīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
rētijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rētijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rētijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rētijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
rētīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
rētijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rētijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rētijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rētijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rētijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rētijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rētijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rētijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rētijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rētijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rētijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rētijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rētijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rētijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rētijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rētijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rētijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rētijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rētijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rētijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rētijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rētijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rētijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rētijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rētijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rētīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rētijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rētijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rētijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rētīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rētijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rētīni (dative masculine singular weak)
rētijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rētijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rētijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rētīni (dative neuter singular weak)
rētijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rētīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rētijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rētijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rētijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rētīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rētijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old High German: rāzi

Middle High German: ræze

From Pre-Germanic *Hrēh₃dis, a long-grade verbal adjective derived to a lost strong verb *rōtaną, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₃d-. Related to Latin rōdō (“to gnaw”) and Sanskrit रदति (radati, “to dig”).


tangō

tangō (nominative singular)
tangôz (nominative plural)
tangō (singular vocative)
tangôz (plural vocative)
tangǭ (accusative singular)
tangōz (accusative plural)
tangōz (genitive singular)
tangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tangōi (dative singular)
tangōmaz (dative plural)
tangō (instrumental singular)
tangōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tangu
Old English: tang, tange
Middle English: tonge, tang, tange, tongge, toonge, tounge
English: tong (tongs); tang
Scots: tang, taing
Old Frisian: tange, tonge
Saterland Frisian: Tonge
West Frisian: tange
Old Saxon: tanga
Middle Low German: tange
Low German: Tang
Plautdietsch: Tang
Old Dutch: *tanga
Middle Dutch: tanghe
Dutch: tang
Afrikaans: tang
Limburgish: tang
Old High German: zanga
Middle High German: zange
Bavarian: Zanga
Central Franconian: Zang, Zaang
Hunsrik: Zang
German: Zange
Luxembourgish: Zaang
Rhine Franconian: Zang
Palatine German: Zang
Pennsylvania German: Zang
Vilamovian: cang
⇒ Middle High German: hebzange
→ Old Polish: hebcągi
Polish: obcęgi

Old Norse: tǫng
Icelandic: töng f
Faroese: tong f
Norwegian Nynorsk: tong f; (dialectal) tøng f
Elfdalian: taungg
Swedish: tång c
→ Finnish: tongit
Gutnish: tangg
Danish: tang c
Norwegian Bokmål: tang m or f

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).


līþu

līþu (nominative singular)
līþū (nominative plural)
līþu (singular vocative)
līþū (plural vocative)
līþu (accusative singular)
līþū (accusative plural)
līþauz (genitive singular)
līþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
līþiwi (dative singular)
līþumaz (dative plural)
līþū (instrumental singular)
līþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *līþu

Old English: līþ

Old Frisian: līth

Old Saxon: līth

Old High German: līth, līd

Middle High German: lît; lîtgebe

Bavarian: Leithaus; Leitkauf; leitgeben, Leitgeber

Old Norse: líð

Icelandic: líð

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌿 (leiþu)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *léyH-tu ~ *liH-téw-s, from *leyH- (“to pour”) + *-tu.


dōlijō

dōlijō (nominative singular)
dōlijôz (nominative plural)
dōlijō (singular vocative)
dōlijôz (plural vocative)
dōlijǭ (accusative singular)
dōlijōz (accusative plural)
dōlijōz (genitive singular)
dōlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōlijōi (dative singular)
dōlijōmaz (dative plural)
dōlijō (instrumental singular)
dōlijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōliju

Old Saxon: *dōlia

Middle Low German: dôle, dolle, dôlt

German Low German: Dole; Döle, Dööl

Low German: döle

→ Old Frisian: dōl, dōle

Saterland Frisian: Doul

West Frisian: dôl, dôle, dolle

→ Middle English: dool, dole, dowl

desc

English: dool, dole, dowl, dule (dialectal)

Early Scots: dule

Scots: dool, dule, dull

Old Dutch: *dōla, *duola

Middle Dutch: doele, doel

Dutch: doel

Afrikaans: doel

→ West Frisian: doel

Old High German: tuola, tuolla

Middle High German: tole, tol, tüele

German: Dole; Düle, Tüle

Old Norse: dœl; dól

Icelandic: dæl

>? Faroese: døll (“small clayen bowl”)

Norwegian Nynorsk: døl, døle

Vṛddhi derivative related to *dalą (“valley, dale”).

døl

Old Norse: dœll (“valley dwellers”); Norwegian Nynorsk


kumþiz

kumþiz (nominative singular)
kumþīz (nominative plural)
kumþi (singular vocative)
kumþīz (plural vocative)
kumþį (accusative singular)
kumþīnz (accusative plural)
kundīz (genitive singular)
kundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kundī (dative singular)
kundimaz (dative plural)
kundī (instrumental singular)
kundimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Dutch: cumst

Middle Dutch: comst

Dutch: komst

Old High German: -kumft (found in compounds, framkumft)

Middle High German: -kunft

German: -kunft

(Old Norse: *kund) (found in compounds, samkund < *kumdō/*kumdiz, showing Verner alternation)

Icelandic: -kund, -kunda

Gothic: *𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐍃 (*qumþs), 𐌲𐌰𐌵𐌿𐌼𐌸𐍃 (gaqumþs) (with -q- restored under influence of 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (qiman))

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s. Equivalent to *kwemaną (“to come”) + *-þiz.


flaugijaną

flaugijō (active first-person indicative singular)
flaugijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flaugijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
flaugīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flaugijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaugī (active imperative second-person singular)
flaugijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flaugijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flaugīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flaugijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flaugijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flaugijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flaugijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flaugijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flaugijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flaugijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flaugijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flaugijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flaugijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flaugijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flaugijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flaugijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flaugīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flaugijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flaugīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flaugijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flaugijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flaugijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flaugijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flaugijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flaugijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flaugijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaugidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flaugidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flaugidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flaugidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaugidē (active indicative singular third-person)
flaugidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flaugidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flaugidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flaugidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flaugidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flaugidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flaugidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flaugidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flaugidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flaugidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flaugidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flaugijandz (active participle present)
flaugidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old Norse: fleygja
Icelandic: fleygja
Faroese: floyggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: fløygje
Old Swedish: flø̄ghia
Swedish: flöja

Gothic: *𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*flaugjan), possibly attested once in 𐌿𐍃𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 (usflaugidai), alternative reading of 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 (uswalugidai)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laugëldak (see there for further descendants)


flaugijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *flaugijan
Old Dutch: *flōgen
Middle Dutch: vlôgen
Old High German: *flougen
Middle High German: vlougen, flougen


-slą

-slą (nominative singular)
-slō (nominative plural)
-slą (singular vocative)
-slō (plural vocative)
-slą (accusative singular)
-slō (accusative plural)
-slas (genitive singular)
-slis (genitive singular)
-slǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-slai (dative singular)
-slamaz (dative plural)
-slō (instrumental singular)
-slamiz (instrumental plural)


sumslą

sumslą (nominative singular)
sumslō (nominative plural)
sumslą (singular vocative)
sumslō (plural vocative)
sumslą (accusative singular)
sumslō (accusative plural)
sumslas (genitive singular)
sumslis (genitive singular)
sumslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sumslai (dative singular)
sumslamaz (dative plural)
sumslō (instrumental singular)
sumslamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌿𐌼𐍃𐌻 (swumsl) (possibly with restored -w- from unattested *𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰𐌽 (*swimman))

From Pre-Germanic *sumslom, equivalent to *swimmaną + *-slą.

(East Germanic) pool, place for swimming


skōhslą

skōhslą (nominative singular)
skōhslō (nominative plural)
skōhslą (singular vocative)
skōhslō (plural vocative)
skōhslą (accusative singular)
skōhslō (accusative plural)
skōhslas (genitive singular)
skōhslis (genitive singular)
skōhslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skōhslai (dative singular)
skōhslamaz (dative plural)
skōhslō (instrumental singular)
skōhslamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌷𐍃𐌻 (skōhsl)

Possibly from Pre-Germanic *skōkslom, a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *skek- (“to move, stir”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *skāxslom (“demon, supernatural being”). On the other hand, if the change -Vxsl- > -Vːxsl- is regular in Celtic, this would represent an early borrowing from Celtic.


þrangwaz

*þrangwaz (a-stem)

þrangwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þrangwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þrangwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þrangwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þrangwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þrangwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þrangwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þrangwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þrangwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þrangwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þrangwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þrangwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þrangwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þrangwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þrangwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þrangwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þrangwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þrangwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þrangwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þrangwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þrangwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þrangwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þrangwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þrangwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þrangwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þrangwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þrangwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þrangwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þrangwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þrangwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þrangwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þrangwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þrangwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þrangwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þrangwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þrangwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þrangwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þrangwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þrangwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þrangwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þrangwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þrangwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þrangwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þrangwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þrangwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þrangwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þrangwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þrangwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þrangwini (dative masculine singular weak)
þrangwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þrangwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þrangwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þrangwini (dative neuter singular weak)
þrangwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þrangwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þrangwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þrangwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þrangwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þrangwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þrangwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrang, *þrangwī

Old English: *þrang, *þrong

Middle English: thrang, throng

Old Frisian: *thrang, *throng

Saterland Frisian: troang

West Frisian: trang

Old Saxon: *thrang

Middle Low German: dranc, drange

German Low German: drang

Old Dutch: *thrang

Middle Dutch: dranc

Dutch: drang

Afrikaans: drang

Old High German: *drang

Middle High German: dranc, drange

German: drang

Old Norse: þrǫngr

Icelandic: þröngur

Faroese: trongur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: trang

Norwegian Nynorsk: trong

Old Swedish: þranger

Swedish: trång

Old Danish: thrang

Danish: trang

Elfdalian: traungg

Gutnish: tranggar

Scanian: tránger

/ˈθrɑŋʷ.ɡʷɑz/

An o-grade adjective derived from *þrinhwaną (“to press”).


þinsaną

þinsō (active first-person indicative singular)
þinsaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þinsai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þinsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þinsaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þins (active imperative second-person singular)
þinsazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þinsaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þinsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þinsai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þinsadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þinsadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þinsaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þinsōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þinsaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þinsadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þinsaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þinsadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þinsamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þinsaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þinsandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þinsaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þinsid (active indicative plural second-person)
þinsaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þinsid (active imperative plural second-person)
þinsandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þinsaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þinsandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þinsain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinsandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þinsandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þinsaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þans (active first-person indicative singular)
þunsį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þanst (active indicative second-person singular)
þunsīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þans (active indicative singular third-person)
þunsī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þunsū (active dual first-person indicative)
þunsīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þunsudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þunsīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þunsum (active first-person indicative plural)
þunsīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þunsud (active indicative plural second-person)
þunsīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þunsun (active indicative plural third-person)
þunsīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þinsandz (active participle present)
þunsanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þinsan

Old Saxon: thinsan

Old Dutch: thinsan
Middle Dutch: dinsen

Old High German: dinsan

Middle High German: dinsen

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌽 (þinsan)

From Proto-Indo-European *tens- (“to stretch”). Related to Lithuanian tęsti (“to stretch (out); to continue, extend”).


smukkōną

smukkō (active first-person indicative singular)
smukkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smukkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
smukkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smukkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smukkō (active imperative second-person singular)
smukkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smukkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smukkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smukkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smukkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smukkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smukkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smukkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smukkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smukkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smukkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smukkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smukkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smukkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smukkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smukkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smukkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smukkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smukkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smukkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smukkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smukkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smukkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smukkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smukkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smukkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smukkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smukkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smukkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smukkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smukkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
smukkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smukkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smukkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smukkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smukkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smukkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smukkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smukkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smukkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smukkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smukkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smukkōndz (active participle present)
smukkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

(Dutch: smokkelen) (with secondary frequentative suffix)

Old Norse: *smokka, *smugga

Faroese: smokka

Norwegian: smugga

From Pre-Germanic *smuknéh₂-, iterative formation to *smeuganą (“to creep, slip into”).


smirwislą

smirwislą (nominative singular)
smirwislō (nominative plural)
smirwislą (singular vocative)
smirwislō (plural vocative)
smirwislą (accusative singular)
smirwislō (accusative plural)
smirwislas (genitive singular)
smirwislis (genitive singular)
smirwislǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smirwislai (dative singular)
smirwislamaz (dative plural)
smirwislō (instrumental singular)
smirwislamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smirels m

Old Norse: smyrsl (plural)

Icelandic: smyrsl, smyrsli

Faroese: smyrsl

Norwegian: smorelse

Old Swedish: smyrsla, smyrilse

Swedish: smörjelse

Danish: smørelse

Dutch: smeersel


tīdijaz

*tīdijaz (ja-stem)

tīdijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tīdijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tīdijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
tīdijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tīdiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tīdijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tīdijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tīdijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tīdijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tīdijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tīdiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tīdijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tīdijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
tīdijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tīdijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tīdijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tīdijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
tīdijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tīdijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tīdijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tīdijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tīdijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tīdijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tīdijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tīdijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tīdijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tīdijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tīdijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tīdijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tīdijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tīdijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tīdijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tīdijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tīdijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tīdijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tīdijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tīdijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tīdijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tīdijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tīdijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tīdijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tīdijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tīdīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tīdijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tīdijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tīdijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tīdīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tīdijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tīdīni (dative masculine singular weak)
tīdijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tīdijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tīdijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tīdīni (dative neuter singular weak)
tīdijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tīdīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tīdijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tīdijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tīdijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tīdīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tīdijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: tíðr

Icelandic: tíður

Norwegian Nynorsk: tid


tinnaną

tinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
tinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tinn (active imperative second-person singular)
tinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
tinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
tinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tann (active first-person indicative singular)
tunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tannt (active indicative second-person singular)
tunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tann (active indicative singular third-person)
tunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
tunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
tunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
tunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
tunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinnandz (active participle present)
tunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *tinnan

Old English: tinnan

Old High German: *zinnan

Middle High German: zinnen, zinden

From Pre-Germanic *dendʰneti. The ultimate origin is unclear, as solid cognates outside of Germanic are lacking. Osthoff suggests Proto-Indo-European *deh₂w- (“kindle, burn”) (Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō)), but Pokorny rejects this.

der

Brill Publishers
Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis


smirwijaną

smirwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
smirwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smirwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smirwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smirwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smirwī (active imperative second-person singular)
smirwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smirwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smirwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smirwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smirwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smirwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smirwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smirwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smirwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smirwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smirwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smirwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smirwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smirwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smirwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smirwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smirwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smirwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smirwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smirwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smirwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smirwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smirwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smirwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smirwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smirwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smirwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smirwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smirwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smirwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smirwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
smirwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smirwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smirwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smirwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smirwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smirwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smirwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smirwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smirwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smirwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smirwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smirwijandz (active participle present)
smirwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smirwijan
Old English: smirwan, smierwan, smyrian, smerian
Middle English: smerien, smeren
English: smear
Scots: smere, smeir
Old Frisian: *smera
Saterland Frisian: smeere
Old Saxon: *smirwian, *smirian
Middle Low German: smeren
Low German: smeren
Old Dutch: *smirwen, *smiren
Middle Dutch: smeren
Dutch: smeren
Afrikaans: smeer
Negerhollands: smeer
→ Indonesian: semir
→ Papiamentu: smer
Old High German: smirwen
Middle High German: smirwen
Alemannic German: schmirre
German: schmieren
→ Polish: szmira
Hunsrik: schmeere
Luxembourgish: schmieren
Yiddish: שמיר (shmir)
→ English: shmear

Old Norse: smyrva, smyrja

Icelandic: smyrja

Faroese: smyrja

Norwegian Nynorsk: smyrja, smørja

Elfdalian: smyra

Old Swedish: smyria
Swedish: smörja

Old Danish: smyriæ, smøræ

Scanian: smøra

Danish: smøre, smørre

Norwegian Bokmål: smøre

Gutnish: smöire, smöre

From *smerwą (“butter, grease”) + *-janą.


ūtlandijaz

*ūtlandijaz (ja-stem)

ūtlandijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ūtlandijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ūtlandijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ūtlandijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ūtlandiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ūtlandijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ūtlandijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ūtlandijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ūtlandijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ūtlandijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ūtlandiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ūtlandijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ūtlandijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
ūtlandijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ūtlandijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ūtlandijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ūtlandijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
ūtlandijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ūtlandijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ūtlandijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ūtlandijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ūtlandijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ūtlandijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ūtlandijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ūtlandijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ūtlandijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ūtlandijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ūtlandijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ūtlandijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ūtlandijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ūtlandijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ūtlandijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ūtlandijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ūtlandijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ūtlandijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ūtlandijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ūtlandijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ūtlandijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ūtlandijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ūtlandijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ūtlandijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ūtlandijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ūtlandīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ūtlandijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ūtlandijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ūtlandijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ūtlandīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ūtlandijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ūtlandīni (dative masculine singular weak)
ūtlandijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ūtlandijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ūtlandijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ūtlandīni (dative neuter singular weak)
ūtlandijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ūtlandīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ūtlandijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ūtlandijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ūtlandijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ūtlandīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ūtlandijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: ūtlende

Old High German: ūzlenti

Old Norse: útlendr

Icelandic: útlendur

Faroese: útlendur


witraz

*witraz (a-stem)

witraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
witrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
witrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
witrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
witrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
witrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
witranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
witranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
witrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
witrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
witrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
witrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
witras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
witraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
witraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
witraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
witras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
witraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
witrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
witraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
witraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
witraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
witrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
witraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
witranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
witraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
witraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
witraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
witranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
witraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
witrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
witraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
witrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
witrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
witrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
witrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
witranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
witranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
witrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
witrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
witrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
witrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
witriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
witranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
witrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
witrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
witriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
witranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
witrini (dative masculine singular weak)
witrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
witrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
witrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
witrini (dative neuter singular weak)
witrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
witrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
witrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
witrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
witrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
witrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
witrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wit(t)r

Old English: witer, witter

Old Norse: vitr

Icelandic: vitur

Faroese: vitur

Old Danish: witær, vidher

Danish: vidder (obsolete)

Old Swedish: viter, wittur

Swedish: vitter

→ Danish: vitter (obsolete)

From pre-Germanic *widrós, equivalent to *witaną + *-raz, a ro-stem adjective derive from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to know, see”).


wlītaną

wlītō (active first-person indicative singular)
wlītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wlītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wlītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wlītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wlīt (active imperative second-person singular)
wlītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wlītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wlītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wlītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wlītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wlītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wlītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wlītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wlītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wlītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wlītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wlītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wlītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wlītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wlītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wlītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wlītid (active indicative plural second-person)
wlītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wlītid (active imperative plural second-person)
wlītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wlītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wlītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wlītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wlītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wlītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wlītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wlait (active first-person indicative singular)
wlitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wlaist (active indicative second-person singular)
wlitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wlait (active indicative singular third-person)
wlitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wlitū (active dual first-person indicative)
wlitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wlitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wlitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wlitum (active first-person indicative plural)
wlitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wlitud (active indicative plural second-person)
wlitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wlitun (active indicative plural third-person)
wlitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wlītandz (active participle present)
wlitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wlītan
Old English: wlītan
→ English: wlite (revived)

Old Norse: líta
Icelandic: líta
Faroese: líta
Norwegian Nynorsk: lita

From Pre-Germanic *wleyd(ʰ)- or *wleyt-. Further etymology uncertain, but probably from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”).


þainaz

*þainaz (a-stem)

þainaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þainai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þainō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þainôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þainą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þainō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þainanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þainanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þainǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þainōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þainą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þainō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þainas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þainaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þainaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þainaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þainas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þainaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þainammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þainaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þainaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þainaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þainammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þainaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þainanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þainaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þainaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þainaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þainanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þainaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þainô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þainaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þainǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þainōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þainô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þainōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þainanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þainanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þainōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þainōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þainô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þainōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þaininiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þainanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þainōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þainōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þaininiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þainanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þainini (dative masculine singular weak)
þainammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þainōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þainōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þainini (dative neuter singular weak)
þainammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þaininē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þainammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þainōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þainōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þaininē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þainammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *þain

Old English: þān

Middle English: *than, *thon

English: thone, thoan

Scots: thane, thain

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂- (“to melt, flow”).


grōiz

grōiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grōjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grōī (feminine nominative singular strong)
grōjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grōį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grōjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grōjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grōjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grōjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grōjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grōį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grōjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grōjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
grōis (genitive masculine singular strong)
grōjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grōjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grōjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grōjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
grōis (genitive neuter singular strong)
grōjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grōjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grōjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grōjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grōjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grōjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grōjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grōjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grōjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grōjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grōjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grōjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grōjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grōjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grōjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grōjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grōjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grōjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grōjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grōjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grōjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grōjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grōjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grōjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grōjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grōiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grōjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grōjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grōjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grōiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grōjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grōini (dative masculine singular weak)
grōjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grōjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grōjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grōini (dative neuter singular weak)
grōjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grōinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grōjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grōjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grōjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grōinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grōjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: *grǿr, snemmgrǿr

Icelandic: snemmgrær

A verbal adjective derived from *grōaną (“to grow, green”).


ainahandijaz

*ainahandijaz (ja-stem)

ainahandijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ainahandijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ainahandijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ainahandijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ainahandiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ainahandijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ainahandijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ainahandijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ainahandijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ainahandijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ainahandiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ainahandijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ainahandijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainahandijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ainahandijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ainahandijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ainahandijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainahandijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ainahandijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ainahandijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ainahandijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ainahandijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ainahandijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ainahandijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ainahandijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ainahandijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ainahandijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ainahandijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ainahandijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ainahandijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ainahandijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ainahandijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ainahandijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ainahandijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ainahandijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ainahandijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ainahandijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ainahandijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ainahandijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ainahandijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ainahandijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ainahandijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ainahandīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ainahandijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ainahandijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ainahandijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ainahandīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ainahandijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ainahandīni (dative masculine singular weak)
ainahandijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ainahandijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ainahandijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ainahandīni (dative neuter singular weak)
ainahandijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ainahandīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ainahandijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ainahandijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ainahandijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ainahandīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ainahandijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *ainahandī

Old English: ānhende

Middle English: anhende, onhende

Old High German: einhenti

Middle High German: einhende

German: einhändig

Old Norse: einhendr

Faroese: einhentur

Icelandic: einhentur

Old Swedish: ēnhænder

Swedish: enhänt (?)

one-handed, having one hand, lame, imperfect


īdalaz

*īdalaz (a-stem)

īdalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
īdalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
īdalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
īdalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
īdalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
īdalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
īdalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
īdalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
īdalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
īdalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
īdalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
īdalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
īdalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
īdalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
īdalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
īdalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
īdalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
īdalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
īdalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
īdalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
īdalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
īdalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
īdalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
īdalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
īdalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
īdalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
īdalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
īdalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
īdalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
īdalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
īdalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
īdalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
īdalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
īdalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
īdalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
īdalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
īdalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
īdalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
īdalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
īdalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
īdalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
īdalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
īdaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
īdalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
īdalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
īdalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
īdaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
īdalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
īdalini (dative masculine singular weak)
īdalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
īdalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
īdalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
īdalini (dative neuter singular weak)
īdalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
īdalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
īdalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
īdalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
īdalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
īdalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
īdalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old English: īdel
Middle English: ydel, idel, idil, idill, idul, idyl, idyll, ydell, ydil, ydill, ydul, ydull
English: idle
Scots: idle

Old Frisian: īdel

Old Saxon: īdal

Middle Low German: îdel

German Low German: iedel

Old Dutch: īdil

Middle Dutch: idel

Dutch: ijdel, ijl, iel

Afrikaans: ydel, yl

Old High German: ītal

Middle High German: ītel

German: eitel

A denominative adjective, from pre-Germanic *ih₁-tlo- or *ih₁tolos, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁-. Related to Russian я́ловый (jálovyj, “barren”), Latvian jēls (“raw, uncooked”), Welsh iâl (“clearing, glade”).


rēswō

rēswō (nominative singular)
rēswôz (nominative plural)
rēswō (singular vocative)
rēswôz (plural vocative)
rēswǭ (accusative singular)
rēswōz (accusative plural)
rēswōz (genitive singular)
rēswǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rēswōi (dative singular)
rēswōmaz (dative plural)
rēswō (instrumental singular)
rēswōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rāsu
Old English: rǣs
⇒? Middle Low German: rassen (verb)
⇒ Middle Low German: rasselen

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁dʰ-tweh₂, from *h₂reh₁dʰ- (“to arrange; to advise”) + *-tweh₂. Equivalent to *rēdaną + *-þwō.


ainanahtijaz

*ainanahtijaz (ja-stem)

ainanahtijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ainanahtijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ainanahtijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ainanahtijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ainanahtiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ainanahtijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ainanahtijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ainanahtijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ainanahtijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ainanahtijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ainanahtiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ainanahtijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ainanahtijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainanahtijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ainanahtijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ainanahtijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ainanahtijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainanahtijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ainanahtijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ainanahtijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ainanahtijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ainanahtijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ainanahtijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ainanahtijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ainanahtijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ainanahtijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ainanahtijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ainanahtijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ainanahtijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ainanahtijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ainanahtijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ainanahtijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ainanahtijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ainanahtijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ainanahtijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ainanahtijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ainanahtijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ainanahtijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ainanahtijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ainanahtijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ainanahtijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ainanahtijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ainanahtīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ainanahtijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ainanahtijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ainanahtijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ainanahtīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ainanahtijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ainanahtīni (dative masculine singular weak)
ainanahtijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ainanahtijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ainanahtijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ainanahtīni (dative neuter singular weak)
ainanahtijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ainanahtīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ainanahtijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ainanahtijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ainanahtijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ainanahtīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ainanahtijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *ainanahtī

Old English: ānnihte

Old High German: *einnehti

Middle High German: einnehte

Old Norse: einnættr

Icelandic: einnættur


rōdijaną

rōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
rōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rōdijandz (active participle present)
rōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: rǿða

Icelandic: ræða

Faroese: røða

Gothic: 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rōdjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂roh₁dʰéyeti, from *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange”). Equivalent to *rēdaną (“to decide, advise”) + *-janą.
Cognate with Proto-Slavic *raditi.


jēmaraz

*jēmaraz (a-stem)

jēmaraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
jēmarai (masculine nominative plural strong)
jēmarō (feminine nominative singular strong)
jēmarôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
jēmarą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
jēmarō (neuter nominative plural strong)
jēmaranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
jēmaranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
jēmarǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
jēmarōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
jēmarą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
jēmarō (accusative neuter plural strong)
jēmaras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
jēmaraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
jēmaraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
jēmaraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
jēmaras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
jēmaraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
jēmarammai (dative masculine singular strong)
jēmaraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
jēmaraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
jēmaraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
jēmarammai (dative neuter singular strong)
jēmaraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
jēmaranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
jēmaraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
jēmaraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
jēmaraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
jēmaranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
jēmaraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
jēmarô (masculine nominative singular weak)
jēmaraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
jēmarǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
jēmarōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
jēmarô (neuter nominative singular weak)
jēmarōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
jēmaranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
jēmaranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
jēmarōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
jēmarōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
jēmarô (accusative neuter singular weak)
jēmarōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
jēmariniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
jēmaranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
jēmarōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
jēmarōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
jēmariniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
jēmaranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
jēmarini (dative masculine singular weak)
jēmarammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
jēmarōni (dative feminine singular weak)
jēmarōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
jēmarini (dative neuter singular weak)
jēmarammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
jēmarinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
jēmarammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
jēmarōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
jēmarōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
jēmarinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
jēmarammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *jāmar
Old English: ġeōmor, ġēomor
Middle English: ȝeomere, yomer
Old Frisian: jāmer
⇒ Saterland Frisian: jammerje
West Frisian: jammer
Old Saxon: jāmar
Middle Low German: jâmer, jammer
→ Old Danish: iæmber
Danish: jammer
→ Swedish: jämmer
Old Dutch: jamer
Middle Dutch: jâmer, jammer
Dutch: jammer
Afrikaans: jammer
Negerhollands: jammer, jamer
→ Caribbean Javanese: yamer
Old High German: jāmar, āmar

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *yem- (“to hold, match, defeat, subjugate”), though the semantic shift is non-trivial.


stimbaz

stimbaz (nominative singular)
stimbizō (nominative plural)
stimbaz (singular vocative)
stimbizō (plural vocative)
stimbaz (accusative singular)
stimbizō (accusative plural)
stimbiziz (genitive singular)
stimbizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stimbizi (dative singular)
stimbizumaz (dative plural)
stimbizē (instrumental singular)
stimbizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *stimbr

Faroese: stimbur

From Proto-Indo-European *stembʰ- (“to make firm”). Related to Sanskrit स्तभ्नाति (stabhnāti, “to support, prop up”).


stammaz

*stammaz (a-stem)

stammaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stammai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stammō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stammôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stammą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stammō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stammanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stammanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stammǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stammōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stammą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stammō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stammas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stammaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stammaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stammaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stammas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stammaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stammammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stammaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stammaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stammaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stammammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stammaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stammanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stammaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stammaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stammaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stammanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stammaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stammô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stammaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stammǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stammōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stammô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stammōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stammanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stammanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stammōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stammōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stammô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stammōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stamminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stammanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stammōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stammōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stamminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stammanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stammini (dative masculine singular weak)
stammammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stammōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stammōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stammini (dative neuter singular weak)
stammammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stamminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stammammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stammōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stammōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stamminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stammammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: stamm, stam

Old High German: stam

Old Norse: stammr, stamr

Icelandic: stamr

Old Swedish: stamber

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (stamms)

An o-grade adjective derived from a lost strong verb *stimmaną. Probably ultimately related to *stammijaną (“to cause to slow”) and *stummaz (“mute”).