wulaną

wulō (active first-person indicative singular)
wulaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wulai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wulizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wulaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wul (active imperative second-person singular)
wulazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wulaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wulidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wulai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wuladau (active imperative singular third-person)
wuladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wulaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wulōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wulaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wuladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wulaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wuladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wulamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wulaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wulandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wulaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wulid (active indicative plural second-person)
wulaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wulid (active imperative plural second-person)
wulandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wulaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wulandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wulain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wulandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wulandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wulaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wal (active first-person indicative singular)
wulį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walt (active indicative second-person singular)
wulīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wal (active indicative singular third-person)
wulī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wulū (active dual first-person indicative)
wulīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wuludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wulīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wulum (active first-person indicative plural)
wulīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wulud (active indicative plural second-person)
wulīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wulun (active indicative plural third-person)
wulīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wulandz (active participle present)
wulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (wulan)

From Pre-Germanic *wl̥H-, a zero-grade present from Proto-Indo-European *welH-.


sanþōną

sanþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sanþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sanþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sanþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sanþō (active imperative second-person singular)
sanþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sanþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sanþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sanþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sanþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sanþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sanþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sanþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sanþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sanþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sanþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sanþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sanþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sanþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sanþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sanþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sanþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sanþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sanþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sanþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sanþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sanþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sanþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sanþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sanþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sanþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sanþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sanþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sanþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sanþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sanþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sanþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sanþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sanþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sanþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sanþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sanþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sanþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sanþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sanþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sanþōndz (active participle present)
sanþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sanþōn

desctree

Old English: sōþian, sōðian — edh spelling
Middle English: soþien, sothen
English: soothe
Scots: suith, sooth
⇒ Scots: soother (verb)

Old High German: sandōn

Old Norse: sanna
Icelandic: sanna
Faroese: sanna
Norwegian Nynorsk: sanna, sanne
Old Swedish: sanna
Swedish: sanna
Danish: sande

/ˈsɑn.θɔː.nɑ̃/


wiljô

gem-decl-noun-table

*wiljô (an-stem)

wiljô (nominative singular)
wiljaniz (nominative plural)
wiljô (singular vocative)
wiljaniz (plural vocative)
wiljanų (accusative singular)
wiljanunz (accusative plural)
wiliniz (genitive singular)
wiljanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wilini (dative singular)
wiljammaz (dative plural)
wilinē (instrumental singular)
wiljammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *willjō
Old English: willa
Middle English: wille
English: will
Scots: wil, will
Old Frisian: willa, wella
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: wel
Mooring: wale
Saterland Frisian: wolle
West Frisian: wolle
Old Saxon: willio
Middle Low German: wille
German Low German: Wille, Will
Old Dutch: willo
Middle Dutch: wille
Dutch: wil
Afrikaans: wil
Negerhollands: wil, wille
Limburgish: wil
Old High German: willo, willio
Middle Low German: wille
Cimbrian: bill
German: Wille
Luxembourgish: Wëllen

Old Norse: vili (stem vilj-)
Icelandic: vilji m
Faroese: vilji m
Norwegian Bokmål: vilje m
Norwegian Nynorsk: vilje m, vile m (nonstandard, dialectal)
Jamtish: vili m
Elfdalian: wile m
Old Swedish: vili m, vilie m, vilia f
Swedish: vilja f
→ Elfdalian: wila f
Old Danish: vilje, vilge, vilgie
Danish: vilje
Gutnish: vilä m

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 (wilja)

Vandalic: *wilja- (in personal names)


sadjaną

sadjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sadjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sadisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sadjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadi (active imperative second-person singular)
sadjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sadjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sadiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sadjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sadjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sadjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sadjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sadjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sadjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sadjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sadjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sadiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sadjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sadjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sadjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sadjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sadjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sadjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sadjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sadidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sadidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sadidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sadidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sadidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sadidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sadidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sadidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sadidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sadidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sadidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sadidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sadidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sadidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sadidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sadidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sadjandz (active participle present)
sadidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *saddjan
Old Saxon: *sedian
Middle Low German: sēden
Old Dutch: *seden
Middle Dutch: sēden
Old High German: *setten
Middle High German: seten, setten

Old Norse: seðja

Icelandic: seðja


wullīnaz

*wullīnaz (a-stem)

wullīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wullīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wullīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wullīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wullīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wullīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wullīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wullīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wullīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wullīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wullīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wullīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wullīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wullīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wullīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wullīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wullīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wullīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wullīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wullīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wullīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wullīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wullīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wullīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wullīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wullīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wullīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wullīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wullīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wullīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wullīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wullīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wullīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wullīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wullīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wullīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wullīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wullīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wullīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wullīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wullīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wullīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wullīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wullīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wullīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wullīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wullīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wullīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wullīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
wullīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wullīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wullīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wullīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
wullīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wullīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wullīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wullīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wullīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wullīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wullīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: wyllen, wullen

Middle English: wollen, wollene, wolleyn, wollyn, wollun, wolland, wolen, wolyn, woullen, wullen, wullun, willene, wolnen, wullin
English: woollen, woolen
Scots: wollin, wolne, wowne

Old Frisian: willen, wollen

Saterland Frisian: wullen

West Frisian: wollen

Old Saxon: *wullīn

Middle Low German: wullen

German Low German: wullen

Old Dutch: *wullīn

Middle Dutch: *wollen

Dutch: wollen

→ French: vouleneau (dialectal)

Old High German: wullīn

Middle High German: wullīn, wüllīn

Bavarian: woin, wolln, wuin

German: wollen

Yiddish: וואָלן (voln)

Old Norse: *ullinn

Old Danish: ullæn

Danish: ulden

Old Swedish: ullin, *yllin

Swedish: yllen (archaic), ylle


baltijaz

baltijaz (nominative singular)
baltijōz (nominative plural)
baltijōs (nominative plural)
baltī (singular vocative)
baltijōz (plural vocative)
baltijōs (plural vocative)
baltiją (accusative singular)
baltijanz (accusative plural)
baltijas (genitive singular)
baltīs (genitive singular)
baltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baltijai (dative singular)
baltijamaz (dative plural)
baltijō (instrumental singular)
baltijamiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *baltī, *balti, *balt

desctree

Old English: belt
Middle English: belt
English: belt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: belt

Old Saxon: *balti

Middle Low German: *belte

Plautdietsch: Belt

Frankish: *balti, *balt

⇒ Frankish: *baltiraidī, *baltgaraidī

→ Vulgar Latin: *balterād, *balterāt

Old French: baldrei, baldré, baudré

⇒ Middle French: baudrier

French: baudrier

→ Italian: budriere

desc

→ Middle English: baudry, bauderik, baudrik

English: baldric

→ Middle High German: balderich, belderich

Old Occitan: baldrat, baldrei

→ Spanish: baldrés

→ Portuguese: baldreu

desctree

Old High German: balz, palz
>? Middle High German: balz, balzer
German: Balz (etymology disputed)

Old Norse: belti
Icelandic: belti
Faroese: belti
Danish: bælte
Norwegian: belte
Old Swedish: bælte
Swedish: bälte

An early borrowing from Latin balteus (“girdle, sword belt”), of Etruscan origin.


strangijaną

strangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
strangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
strangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
strangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strangī (active imperative second-person singular)
strangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
strangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
strangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
strangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
strangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
strangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
strangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
strangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
strangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
strangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
strangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
strangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
strangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
strangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
strangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
strangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
strangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
strangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
strangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
strangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
strangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
strangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
strangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
strangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
strangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
strangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
strangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
strangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
strangijandz (active participle present)
strangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strangijan
Old English: strengan
Middle English: strengen
English: string
Old Frisian: strenza
West Frisian: stringe, stringje
Old Saxon: *strengian
Middle Low German: strengen
Old Dutch: *strengen
Middle Dutch: strengen
Dutch: strengen
Old High German: strengen
Middle High German: strengen
German: strängen

Old Norse: strengja

Icelandic: strengja

Old Swedish: strængia


straumijaz

*straumijaz (ja-stem)

straumijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
straumijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
straumijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
straumijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
straumiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
straumijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
straumijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
straumijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
straumijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
straumijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
straumiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
straumijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
straumijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
straumijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
straumijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
straumijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
straumijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
straumijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
straumijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
straumijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
straumijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
straumijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
straumijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
straumijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
straumijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
straumijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
straumijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
straumijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
straumijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
straumijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
straumijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
straumijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
straumijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
straumijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
straumijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
straumijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
straumijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
straumijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
straumijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
straumijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
straumijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
straumijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
straumīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
straumijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
straumijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
straumijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
straumīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
straumijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
straumīni (dative masculine singular weak)
straumijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
straumijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
straumijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
straumīni (dative neuter singular weak)
straumijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
straumīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
straumijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
straumijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
straumijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
straumīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
straumijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *strīeme, swīþstrīeme

Old Norse: streymr

Icelandic: streymur

Old Swedish: strø̄mber

Swedish: ström

Derived from either *straumijaną (“to stream, flow”) or *straumaz (“stream”).


straumijaną

straumijō (active first-person indicative singular)
straumijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straumijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
straumīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
straumijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straumī (active imperative second-person singular)
straumijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
straumijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
straumīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
straumijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
straumijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
straumijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
straumijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
straumijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
straumijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
straumijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
straumijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
straumijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
straumijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
straumijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
straumijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
straumijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
straumīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
straumijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
straumīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
straumijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
straumijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
straumijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
straumijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
straumijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
straumijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
straumijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straumidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
straumidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
straumidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
straumidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straumidē (active indicative singular third-person)
straumidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
straumidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
straumidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
straumidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
straumidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
straumidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
straumidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
straumidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
straumidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
straumidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
straumidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
straumijandz (active participle present)
straumidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *straumijan
Old English: *strīeman
Middle English: stremen
English: stream
Old Frisian: *strēma
West Frisian: streame
Old Dutch: *strōmen
Middle Dutch: strômen
Dutch: stromen
Old High German: *stroumen
Middle High German: strömen, strümen
German: strömen

Old Norse: streyma

Icelandic: streyma

Faroese: stroyma

Swedish: strömma

Danish: strømme

From *straumaz (“stream, current”) + *-janą.


kaisaraz

kaisaraz (nominative singular)
kaisarōz (nominative plural)
kaisarōs (nominative plural)
kaisar (singular vocative)
kaisarōz (plural vocative)
kaisarōs (plural vocative)
kaisarą (accusative singular)
kaisaranz (accusative plural)
kaisaras (genitive singular)
kaisaris (genitive singular)
kaisarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaisarai (dative singular)
kaisaramaz (dative plural)
kaisarō (instrumental singular)
kaisaramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaisar
Old English: cāsere, cāsaer, cāser
Middle English: casere, kasere, caser, casare, kasar (Northern)
Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard
Old Frisian: kaiser, keiser
Saterland Frisian: Kaiser
West Frisian: keizer
Old Saxon: kēsar, *keisari
Middle Low German: *keisere
Plautdietsch: Kjeisa
→ Old Norse: keisari
Icelandic: keisari
Faroese: keisari
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: keiser
Norwegian Nynorsk: keisar
Old Swedish: keysar, keysare
Swedish: kejsare
→ Finnish: keisari
Danish: kejser
Gutnish: kaisare
Old Dutch: keiser
Middle Dutch: keiser
Dutch: keizer
Old High German: keisar
Middle High German: keiser
German: Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser (obsolete)
→ Russian: ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)
→ Upper Sorbian: kejžor
Luxembourgish: Keeser
Yiddish: קייסער (keyser)
→ Middle English: kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser
⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser
→ Scots: Kaiser

Old Norse: kjárr

qualifier

→ Proto-Slavic: *cěsařь (from an uncertain Germanic language; not directly from Proto-Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed at a post-Proto-Germanic stage from Latin Caesar. According to Ringe, the Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar) is an independent borrowing.


-ōniz

-ōniz (nominative singular)
-ōnīz (nominative plural)
-ōni (singular vocative)
-ōnīz (plural vocative)
-ōnį (accusative singular)
-ōninz (accusative plural)
-ōnīz (genitive singular)
-ōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ōnī (dative singular)
-ōnimaz (dative plural)
-ōnī (instrumental singular)
-ōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old Frisian: -ene

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -an, -un

Faroese: -an

Icelandic: -an, -un

Swedish: -an

Gothic: -𐍉𐌽𐍃 (-ōns)

From *-ō- (weak class 2 thematic vowel) + *-niz (abstract deverbal ending).

Forms abstract nouns from weak class 2 verbs.


sunjōniz

sunjōniz (nominative singular)
sunjōnīz (nominative plural)
sunjōni (singular vocative)
sunjōnīz (plural vocative)
sunjōnį (accusative singular)
sunjōninz (accusative plural)
sunjōnīz (genitive singular)
sunjōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunjōnī (dative singular)
sunjōnimaz (dative plural)
sunjōnī (instrumental singular)
sunjōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: synjan

Icelandic: synjun, synjan

Faroese: synjan

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽𐍃 (sunjōns)

Derived from *sunjōną (“to put right, deny a charge”).

a defense, answer, setting oneself right


-īniz

-īniz (nominative singular)
-īnīz (nominative plural)
-īni (singular vocative)
-īnīz (plural vocative)
-īnį (accusative singular)
-īninz (accusative plural)
-īnīz (genitive singular)
-īnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-īnī (dative singular)
-īnimaz (dative plural)
-īnī (instrumental singular)
-īnimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: -en (fell together with *-injō)

Old Frisian: -ene

Old High German: -ī (fell together with *-į̄)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -n (only in relics)

Gothic: -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins)

From *-ij(i)- (interpreted as the weak class 1 thematic vowel) + *-niz (abstract deverbal ending).

Forms abstract nouns from weak class 1 verbs.


sunjaz

*sunjaz (ja-stem)

sunjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sunjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sunjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sunjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sunją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sunjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sunjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sunjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sunjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sunjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sunją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sunjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sunjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sunjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sunjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sunjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sunjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sunjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sunjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sunjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sunjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sunjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sunjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sunjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sunjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sunjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sunjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sunjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sunjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sunjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sunjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sunjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sunjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sunjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sunjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sunjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sunjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sunjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sunjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sunjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sunjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sunjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
suniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sunjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sunjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sunjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
suniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sunjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sunini (dative masculine singular weak)
sunjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sunjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sunjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sunini (dative neuter singular weak)
sunjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
suninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sunjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sunjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sunjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
suninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sunjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 (sunjis), 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 (sunjaba)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-n̥t-yós, from *h₁sónts, participial of *h₁es- (“to be”). Dentals between *-n- and *-y- regularly lost. Cognate with Sanskrit सत्य (satyá).


fillīnaz

*fillīnaz (a-stem)

fillīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fillīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fillīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fillīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fillīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fillīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fillīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fillīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fillīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fillīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fillīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fillīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fillīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fillīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fillīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fillīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fillīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fillīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fillīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fillīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fillīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fillīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fillīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fillīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fillīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fillīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fillīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fillīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fillīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fillīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fillīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fillīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fillīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fillīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fillīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fillīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fillīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fillīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fillīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fillīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fillīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fillīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fillīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fillīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fillīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fillīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fillīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fillīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fillīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
fillīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fillīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fillīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fillīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
fillīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fillīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fillīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fillīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fillīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fillīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fillīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fillīn
Old English: fellen
Old High German: fellīn
Middle High German: vellīn
German: fellen (archaic)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (filleins)


laþōniz

laþōniz (nominative singular)
laþōnīz (nominative plural)
laþōni (singular vocative)
laþōnīz (plural vocative)
laþōnį (accusative singular)
laþōninz (accusative plural)
laþōnīz (genitive singular)
laþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laþōnī (dative singular)
laþōnimaz (dative plural)
laþōnī (instrumental singular)
laþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: lathene, ladene

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (laþōns)

Old Norse: *laðan, lǫðun

Icelandic: laðan, löðun

Derived from *laþōną (“to call, invite”).


sunjō

sunjō (nominative singular)
sunjôz (nominative plural)
sunjō (singular vocative)
sunjôz (plural vocative)
sunjǭ (accusative singular)
sunjōz (accusative plural)
sunjōz (genitive singular)
sunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunjōi (dative singular)
sunjōmaz (dative plural)
sunjō (instrumental singular)
sunjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sunnju, *sunni
Old English: synn, sinn, senn
Middle English: synne, cynne, sin, sine, sinne, sunne, syn, synn, senne, zen, zenne (Kent), seonne (Early Middle English)
English: sin
Scots: sin
Old Saxon: sunnea
Old High German: sunna, sunne
→ Late Latin: sonium (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: syn

Icelandic: syn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 (sunja)

Derived from or related to *sunjaz (“true, real”).


sunjōną

sunjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sunjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sunjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sunjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sunjō (active imperative second-person singular)
sunjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sunjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sunjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sunjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sunjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sunjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sunjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sunjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sunjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sunjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sunjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sunjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sunjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sunjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sunjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sunjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sunjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sunjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sunjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sunjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sunjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sunjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sunjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sunjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sunjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sunjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sunjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sunjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sunjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sunjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sunjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sunjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sunjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sunjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sunjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sunjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sunjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sunjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sunjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sunjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sunjōndz (active participle present)
sunjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: synja

Icelandic: synja

Faroese: synja

Old Swedish: synia

Swedish: söna (archaic)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽 (sunjōn)

(with reflexive pronoun) to put oneself in the right, excuse oneself


-ōþuz

-ōþuz (nominative singular)
-ōþiwiz (nominative plural)
-ōþu (singular vocative)
-ōþiwiz (plural vocative)
-ōþų (accusative singular)
-ōþunz (accusative plural)
-ōþauz (genitive singular)
-ōþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ōþiwi (dative singular)
-ōþumaz (dative plural)
-ōþū (instrumental singular)
-ōþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: -aþ, -oþ

Old Norse: -aðr, -naðr, -uðr?

Gothic: -𐍉𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-ōþus), -𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (-ōdus) (but note the etymology at -𐌸𐌿𐍃 (-þus))

Presumably from *-ō- (weak class 2 thematic vowel) + *-þuz (deverbal suffix). But compare Latin -ātus in nouns such as senātus.

Forms nouns from weak class 2 verbs, possibly attached to other classes as well.


sōmiz

sōmiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sōmijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sōmī (feminine nominative singular strong)
sōmijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sōmį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sōmijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sōmijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sōmijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sōmijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sōmijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sōmį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sōmijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sōmijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sōmīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
sōmijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sōmijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sōmijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sōmijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sōmīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
sōmijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sōmijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sōmijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sōmijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sōmijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sōmijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sōmijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sōmijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sōmijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sōmijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sōmijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sōmijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sōmijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sōmijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sōmijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sōmijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sōmijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sōmijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sōmijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sōmijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sōmijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sōmijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sōmijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sōmijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sōmijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sōmīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sōmijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sōmijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sōmijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sōmīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sōmijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sōmīni (dative masculine singular weak)
sōmijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sōmijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sōmijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sōmīni (dative neuter singular weak)
sōmijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sōmīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sōmijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sōmijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sōmijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sōmīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sōmijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōmī
Old English: *sōme, *sōm
⇒ Old English: ġesōm
Old Frisian: sōm
Old Saxon: sōmi
Old High German: *suomi
Middle High German: süome

Old Norse: sǿmr
Icelandic: sæmur
Norwegian Nynorsk: søm
→ Middle English: seme

Unknown; possible vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested strong verb *samaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”).


werþōną

werþō (active first-person indicative singular)
werþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
werþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
werþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werþō (active imperative second-person singular)
werþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
werþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
werþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
werþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
werþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
werþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
werþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
werþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
werþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
werþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
werþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
werþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
werþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
werþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
werþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
werþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
werþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
werþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
werþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
werþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþōndz (active participle present)
werþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: weorþian

Middle English: wurthien, worthien

English: worthy

Old Frisian: werdia

Old Saxon: *werthon; giwerthon

Old High German: werdōn

Old Norse: verða

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍉𐌽 (wairþōn)

Derived from *werþaz (“worthy, valuable”) + *-ōną or *werþą (“worth, value”) + *-ōną.


burgīniz

burgīniz (nominative singular)
burgīnīz (nominative plural)
burgīni (singular vocative)
burgīnīz (plural vocative)
burgīnį (accusative singular)
burgīninz (accusative plural)
burgīnīz (genitive singular)
burgīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
burgīnī (dative singular)
burgīnimaz (dative plural)
burgīnī (instrumental singular)
burgīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: byrġen

desc

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*baurgeins), 𐌱𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (bibaurgeins)

From *burgijaną (“to keep safe”) + *-īniz.


wardīniz

wardīniz (nominative singular)
wardīnīz (nominative plural)
wardīni (singular vocative)
wardīnīz (plural vocative)
wardīnį (accusative singular)
wardīninz (accusative plural)
wardīnīz (genitive singular)
wardīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardīnī (dative singular)
wardīnimaz (dative plural)
wardīnī (instrumental singular)
wardīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: werdene, werden

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*wardeins)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (frawardeins)

From *wardijaną (“to corrupt”) + *-īniz.


ambô

ambô (nominative singular)
ambaniz (nominative plural)
ambô (singular vocative)
ambaniz (plural vocative)
ambanų (accusative singular)
ambanunz (accusative plural)
ambiniz (genitive singular)
ambanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ambini (dative singular)
ambammaz (dative plural)
ambinē (instrumental singular)
ambammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ambō
Old Saxon: *ambo (attested as ambon (plural))
Middle Low German: amme
Old High German: ambo, amban (< *ambanaz), ambana (< *ambanō) (secondary thematicization)
German: Amen (Hessian)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émbʰō ~ *h₃m̥bʰnés (< *h₃énbʰ-on-), variant of *h₃nobʰ-, whence also *nabō (“nave”) and *nabalô ~ *nabulô (“navel”). Compare Latin umbō (“boss (of a shield)”) (< *h₃nbʰ-n-).


ambahtijaną

ambahtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
ambahtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ambahtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ambahtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtī (active imperative second-person singular)
ambahtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ambahtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ambahtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ambahtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ambahtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ambahtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ambahtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ambahtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ambahtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ambahtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ambahtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ambahtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ambahtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ambahtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ambahtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ambahtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ambahtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ambahtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ambahtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ambahtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ambahtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ambahtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ambahtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ambahtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ambahtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ambahtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
ambahtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ambahtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ambahtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ambahtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ambahtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ambahtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ambahtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ambahtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ambahtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ambahtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ambahtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ambahtijandz (active participle present)
ambahtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ambahtijan
Old English: ambehtan
Old Saxon: *ambahtian
Middle Low German: ambachten
Old Dutch: ambahten
Middle Dutch: *ambachten
Dutch: ambachten (from an unattested Middle Dutch verb, or a more recently formed verb based on the related noun ambacht)
Old High German: ambahten
Middle High German: ambahten, ambehten, ambten
⇒ Middle High German: ambehtære

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: embætta

Icelandic: embætta

Faroese: ambæta

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (andbahtjan)


waigaz

waigaz (nominative singular)
waigōz (nominative plural)
waigōs (nominative plural)
waig (singular vocative)
waigōz (plural vocative)
waigōs (plural vocative)
waigą (accusative singular)
waiganz (accusative plural)
waigas (genitive singular)
waigis (genitive singular)
waigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waigai (dative singular)
waigamaz (dative plural)
waigō (instrumental singular)
waigamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wāg, wāh

desc

Middle English: waȝ, wah, woȝ, wawe, wowe, wouh, wough

Scots: wauch

English: waw

Old Frisian: wāch, wāg

qualifier

Saterland Frisian: Wooge (other Eastern Frisian varieties used wāge)

Old Saxon: wēg; wēglūs

Old Dutch: *weig, *wēg

Middle Dutch: weech, weegh; weechluus, weechluys

Dutch: weeg, and weech (dialectal); weeluis

From Proto-Indo-European *uh₁ikós, from *weh₁y- (“to twist, plait; to wrap, enclose”).


gaumijaną

gaumijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaumijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaumijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaumīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaumijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaumī (active imperative second-person singular)
gaumijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaumijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaumīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaumijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaumijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaumijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaumijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaumijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaumijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaumijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaumijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaumijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaumijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaumijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaumijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaumijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaumīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaumijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaumīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaumijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaumijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaumijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaumijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaumijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaumijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaumijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaumidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaumidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaumidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaumidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaumidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaumidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaumidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaumidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaumidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaumidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaumidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaumidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaumidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaumidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaumidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaumidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaumijandz (active participle present)
gaumidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaumijan
Old English: ġīeman, ġīman, ġȳman
Middle English: ȝemen, yemen
English: yeme (obsolete)
Old Saxon: gōmian
Middle Low German: gômen, gȫmen
Old Dutch: *gōmen
Middle Dutch: gômen
Dutch: gomen (obsolete)
Old High German: goumen
Middle High German: goumen
Alemannic German: gaume

Old Norse: geyma

Icelandic: geyma

Faroese: goyma

Norwegian Nynorsk: gøyma

Norwegian Bokmål: gjømme

Old Swedish: gø̄ma

Swedish: gömma

desc

Old Danish: gø̄mæ, gēmæ, gǣmæ, gømmæ, gimmæ, giø̄ma

Danish: gemme

Norwegian Bokmål: gjemme

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan)


gaumaz

gaumaz (nominative singular)
gaumōz (nominative plural)
gaumōs (nominative plural)
gaum (singular vocative)
gaumōz (plural vocative)
gaumōs (plural vocative)
gaumą (accusative singular)
gaumanz (accusative plural)
gaumas (genitive singular)
gaumis (genitive singular)
gaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaumai (dative singular)
gaumamaz (dative plural)
gaumō (instrumental singular)
gaumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaum

Old Saxon: *gōm

Middle Low German: gôm, goum

→? Old Frisian: gōm

Old Dutch: *gōm

Middle Dutch: gôom

Dutch: goom

Old High German: *goum m; goum f

Middle High German: goum, gām m; goume f

German: Gaum f

Old Norse: gaumr, gaum

Icelandic: gaumur, gaum

Faroese: geymur, geymi

Norwegian Nynorsk: gaum, åtgaum

→ Middle English: gome

English: gaum, gorm (dialectal)

Scots: goam

→ English: gumption

Kroonen reconstructs this word from earlier *gaugmaz (compare *draumaz), and connects it with Sanskrit गूहति (gūhati, “to hide”) (with analogical -ū-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰewǵʰ-, *gʷʰewǵʰ-, assuming the original meaning was "to heed, guard".
Alternatively, Mayrhofer connects this word with Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰáwšas (“noise, sound”) (whence Persian گوش (gôš, “ear”) and Sanskrit घुष् (ghuṣ, “sound”)), assuming an original form of Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew- (“to perceive”) from which both roots derive.


þurnaz

þurnaz (nominative singular)
þurnōz (nominative plural)
þurnōs (nominative plural)
þurn (singular vocative)
þurnōz (plural vocative)
þurnōs (plural vocative)
þurną (accusative singular)
þurnanz (accusative plural)
þurnas (genitive singular)
þurnis (genitive singular)
þurnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurnai (dative singular)
þurnamaz (dative plural)
þurnō (instrumental singular)
þurnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þorn
Old English: þorn
Middle English: thorn, thorne, thron, thurne, þorn, þorne, þron
English: thorn
Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)
Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns
Old Frisian: thorn
North Frisian: Tuurn (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: Touden, Tudden
West Frisian: toarne
Old Saxon: thorn
Middle Low German: dōrn
German Low German: Däörn, Doorn, Dorn, Durn
Old Dutch: thorn
Middle Dutch: dorn, dōorn, dōren
Dutch: doren, doorn
Afrikaans: doring
Negerhollands: dorn, doorn
Old High German: dorn
Middle High German: dorn
Alemannic German: Torn
Cimbrian: dòrn
German: Dorn
Hunsrik: Dorn
Luxembourgish: Dar
Yiddish: דאָרן (dorn)

Old Norse: þorn
Icelandic: þorn
Faroese: torn
Old Swedish: þorn
Swedish: torn
Norwegian: torn
Danish: torn

From Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós from *ter-. Related to Sanskrit तृण (tṛ́ṇa, “grass”), Proto-Slavic *tьrnъ (“thorn”).

Old Norse: þyrnirIcelandic: þyrnirFaroese: tyrni-Norwegian: tyrnerOld Swedish: thø̄rne


blōstrą

blōstrą (nominative singular)
blōstrō (nominative plural)
blōstrą (singular vocative)
blōstrō (plural vocative)
blōstrą (accusative singular)
blōstrō (accusative plural)
blōstras (genitive singular)
blōstris (genitive singular)
blōstrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōstrai (dative singular)
blōstramaz (dative plural)
blōstrō (instrumental singular)
blōstramiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: bluostar

desc

𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌱𐌻𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌱𐌻𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (gudblōstreis)

Derived from *blōt- (“to sacrifice”) + *-þrą.


rōdīniz

rōdīniz (nominative singular)
rōdīnīz (nominative plural)
rōdīni (singular vocative)
rōdīnīz (plural vocative)
rōdīnį (accusative singular)
rōdīninz (accusative plural)
rōdīnīz (genitive singular)
rōdīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rōdīnī (dative singular)
rōdīnimaz (dative plural)
rōdīnī (instrumental singular)
rōdīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: rēdene

Gothic: *𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (*rōdeins), 𐌱𐌹𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (birōdeins)

From *rōdijaną (“to speak, talk about”) + *-īniz.


-ilaz

-ilaz (nominative singular)
-ilōz (nominative plural)
-ilōs (nominative plural)
-il (singular vocative)
-ilōz (plural vocative)
-ilōs (plural vocative)
-ilą (accusative singular)
-ilanz (accusative plural)
-ilas (genitive singular)
-ilis (genitive singular)
-ilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ilai (dative singular)
-ilamaz (dative plural)
-ilō (instrumental singular)
-ilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-il, *-ul

Old English: -el, -ol, -ul

Middle English: -el

English: -el, -le

Old Frisian:

West Frisian: -el

Old Saxon: -al, -il

Middle Low German: -el

Low German: -el

Old Dutch:

Dutch: -el

Old High German: -il

Middle High German: -el

German: -el

Old Norse: -ill, -all, -ull m, -la f

Icelandic: -ill, -all, -ull m, -la f

Faroese: -il m

Formally appears to be a thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *-lós.
Kroonen (2017) instead derives this from the Proto-Indo-European *-trom family of instrumental nominal suffixes, specifically the lambdacized variants Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlom and Proto-Indo-European *-tlom. The former suffix and the voiced Verner's alternant of the latter would undergo an assimilation to *-lla-. The geminate consonant would have later shortened to make *-la- which was suffixed onto stems with *-yeti, forming the Germanic agent suffix. Compare Latin -ula.

-er: suffix forming agent nouns and instrument nouns such as tools


-ilaz

Proto-West Germanic: *-il

Old English: -el, -il

Middle English: -el

English: -el, -le

Scots: -el, -il

Old High German: -il

German: -el

Old Norse: -ill m, -la f

Icelandic: -ill m, -la f

Faroese: -il m

(possibly) Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐌰 (-ila)

From Proto-Indo-European *-elo-, thematized from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.


-ilaz

*-ilaz (a-stem)

-ilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-ilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-ilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-ilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-ilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-ilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-ilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-ilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-ilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-ilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-ilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-ilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-ilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-ilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-ilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-ilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-ilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-ilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-ilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-ilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-ilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-ilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-ilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-ilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-ilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-ilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-ilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-ilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-ilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-iliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-ilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-ilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-iliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-ilini (dative masculine singular weak)
-ilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-ilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-ilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-ilini (dative neuter singular weak)
-ilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-ilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-ilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-ilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-ilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-il

Old English: -il, -el

Middle English: -il, -el

English: -le

Scots: -il, -el

Old Frisian: -il

Saterland Frisian: -il

West Frisian: -il

Old Saxon: -il

Middle Low German: -il, -el

German Low German: -il

Old Dutch: -il

Middle Dutch: -il, -el

Dutch: -il

Old High German: -il

Middle High German: -il

German: -el

Old Norse: -ill

Icelandic: -ill

Gothic: -𐌹𐌻𐍃 (-ils)

Related to the above etymologies. Compare Latin -ilis.

forms adjectives from verbs, meaning “-ing” or “tending to …” (alternative form of *-ulaz)


kunþijaną

kunþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kunþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kunþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kunþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kunþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþī (active imperative second-person singular)
kunþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kunþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kunþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kunþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kunþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kunþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kunþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kunþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kunþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kunþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kunþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kunþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kunþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kunþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kunþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kunþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kunþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kunþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kunþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kunþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kunþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kunþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kunþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kunþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kunþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kunþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kunþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kunþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kunþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kunþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kunþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kunþijandz (active participle present)
kunþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kunþijan
Old English: cȳþan
Middle English: küthen, kiþen
English: kithe
Scots: kithe
Old Frisian: kētha
Old Saxon: kūthian
Middle Low German: künden
→ Saterland Frisian: kundje
Old Dutch: cunden
Middle Dutch: conden
Dutch: konden
Old High German: kunden
Middle High German: künden, kunden
German: künden

Old Norse: kynna

Icelandic: kynna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: kynne

Norwegian Nynorsk: kynna, kynne

Old Swedish: kynna

Swedish: kynna

Old Danish:

Danish: kynde

desc

𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic: *𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*kunþjan), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaswikunþjan), 𐌱𐌹𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bikunþjan)


hardijaną

hardijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hardijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hardijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hardīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hardijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hardī (active imperative second-person singular)
hardijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hardijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hardīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hardijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hardijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hardijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hardijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hardijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hardijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hardijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hardijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hardijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hardijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hardijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hardijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hardijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hardīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hardijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hardīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hardijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hardijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hardijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hardijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hardijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hardijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hardijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hardidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hardidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hardidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hardidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hardidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hardidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hardidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hardidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hardidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hardidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hardidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hardidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hardidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hardidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hardidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hardidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hardijandz (active participle present)
hardidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hardijan
Old English: hierdan, herdan, hyrdan, hirdan
Middle English: herden, harden (merged with descendant of Old English heardian)
English: hard (obsolete)
Old Frisian: herda
Old Dutch: *herden
Middle Dutch: herden, harden
Dutch: harden
Afrikaans: hard
Old High German: herten
Middle High German: herten
German: härten
→ Old French: hardir
French: hardi
→ English: hardy

Old Norse: herða

Icelandic: herða

Norwegian: herda, herde

Old Swedish: hærþa

Swedish: härda

Old Danish: hærthæ

Danish: hærde

desc

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*hardjan), 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gahardjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kärcidäk (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *kiertëtēk (see there for further descendants)


laugnijaną

laugnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laugnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laugnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laugnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laugnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laugnī (active imperative second-person singular)
laugnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laugnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laugnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laugnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laugnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laugnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laugnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laugnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laugnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laugnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laugnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laugnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laugnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laugnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laugnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laugnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laugnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laugnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laugnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laugnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laugnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laugnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laugnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laugnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laugnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laugnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laugnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laugnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laugnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laugnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laugnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laugnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laugnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laugnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laugnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laugnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laugnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laugnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laugnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laugnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laugnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laugnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laugnijandz (active participle present)
laugnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laugnijan
Old English: līeġnan, lȳġnian, līġnan, lēġnian
Middle English: leynen, leinen, laynen, lainen
Scots: lain
English: lain
Old Frisian: lēina, laina
Old Saxon: lōgnian; lāgnian, lagnian
Middle Low German: lôchenen
→ Saterland Frisian: löägenje (< lāgnian)
→ West Frisian: leagenje (< lāgnian)
Old Dutch: *lōganen, *lōgnen
Middle Dutch: logenen, loochenen, loochnen, loggenen
Dutch: loochenen
Old High German: louganen
Middle High German: löugenen, lougen
German: leugnen

Old Norse: leyna

Icelandic: leyna

Faroese: loyna

Old Swedish: lø̄na

→ Middle English: leynen, laynen

English: lain

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (laugnjan)


paþaz

paþaz (nominative singular)
paþōz (nominative plural)
paþōs (nominative plural)
paþ (singular vocative)
paþōz (plural vocative)
paþōs (plural vocative)
paþą (accusative singular)
paþanz (accusative plural)
paþas (genitive singular)
paþis (genitive singular)
paþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
paþai (dative singular)
paþamaz (dative plural)
paþō (instrumental singular)
paþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *paþ
Old English: pæþ m
Middle English: path, paath, paaþ, pathe, paththe, paþ, paþþe, pað, peþ (Early Middle English)
English: path
Scots: peth, paith
Old Frisian: path
Saterland Frisian: Paad, Pad (Skäddel)
West Frisian: paad
Old Saxon: path
Middle Low German: pat, pāt, paet
German Low German: Padd
Old Dutch: path
Middle Dutch: pat m or n
Dutch: pad n
Old High German: pfad, phad
Middle High German: pfat, pat, phat
German: Pfad m
Luxembourgish: Pad

→ Proto-Finnic: *padëh (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Iranian (compare Old Persian 𐎱𐎰 (p-θ /paθi/)) during the Alan invasion, from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs, from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s, from *pent- (“path”). Compare native Germanic *funsaz (“ready, willing”) and *finþaną (“to find, to discover, to come upon”). Cognate with Sanskrit पन्था (pánthā-).


friþōniz

friþōniz (nominative singular)
friþōnīz (nominative plural)
friþōni (singular vocative)
friþōnīz (plural vocative)
friþōnį (accusative singular)
friþōninz (accusative plural)
friþōnīz (genitive singular)
friþōnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
friþōnī (dative singular)
friþōnimaz (dative plural)
friþōnī (instrumental singular)
friþōnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: friþian

Middle English: frithen, ffryþe, frethen, frythen, fyrthe, vreþie, friðen, friþian, fruðien
Scots: freeth

Old Norse: friðan

Icelandic: friðan, friðun

desc

Gothic: *𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (*friþōns), 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽𐍃 (gafriþōns)

Derived from *friþōną (“to make peace”).


laugiz

laugiz (nominative singular)
laugīz (nominative plural)
laugi (singular vocative)
laugīz (plural vocative)
laugį (accusative singular)
lauginz (accusative plural)
laugīz (genitive singular)
laugijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laugī (dative singular)
laugimaz (dative plural)
laugī (instrumental singular)
laugimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laugi
Old English: līg, līeg, lēg
Middle English: lye, lei, lyȝ
Old Frisian: lōga (< *laugô)
Old Dutch:
Middle Dutch: laeye
Dutch: laai
Old High German: loug

Old Norse: leygr

Icelandic: leygur

Probably from Pre-Germanic *lowkís, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“to shine”). Compare Old Norse logi, from the zero-grade masculine n-stem noun *lugô. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *lučь.


klibāną

klibō (active first-person indicative singular)
klibaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
klibai (active imperative second-person singular)
klibāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klibaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klibāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klibāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klibōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klibāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klibāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klibāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klibānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klibaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klibaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klibānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klibānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klibānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klibānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klibadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klibadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klibadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klibadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klibadē (active indicative singular third-person)
klibadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klibadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klibadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klibadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klibadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klibadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klibadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klibadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klibadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klibadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klibadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klibāndz (active participle present)
klibadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klibēn
Old English: clifian, cleofian
Middle English: clivien, cleovien, clevien, cleven
English: cleave
Scots: cleve, cleif
Old Frisian: *klivia, *klevia
Saterland Frisian: klieuwje
West Frisian: kleevje, klibje
Old Saxon: klibōn, klivōn, *klevōn
Middle Low German: klēven
Low German: kliven
German Low German: kleven
Old Dutch: clivon
Middle Dutch: cleven
Dutch: kleven
Afrikaans: kleef, klewe
Old High German: klebēn, chlebēn; (Central German also) *klevōn (attested as clevōne, clivōda)
Middle High German: kleben
German: kleben
→ Danish: klæbe
→ Estonian: kleepima
→ Swedish: klibba
Luxembourgish: kliewen
Yiddish: קלעפּן (klepn), קלעבן (klebn)

Old Norse: klifa (possibly conflated with *klibōną?)

Icelandic: klifa

A stative derived from the root of *klībaną (“to stick”).


klībaną

klībō (active first-person indicative singular)
klībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
klībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
klībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klīb (active imperative second-person singular)
klībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
klībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
klībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
klībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klībid (active indicative plural second-person)
klībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klībid (active imperative plural second-person)
klībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
klībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
klībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klaib (active first-person indicative singular)
klibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klaift (active indicative second-person singular)
klibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaib (active indicative singular third-person)
klibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klibū (active dual first-person indicative)
klibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klibum (active first-person indicative plural)
klibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klibud (active indicative plural second-person)
klibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klibun (active indicative plural third-person)
klibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klībandz (active participle present)
klibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klīban
Old English: clīfan
Middle English: cleven (conflated with *klibēn)
English: cleave
Scots: cleve, cleif
Middle English: cliven, clyven (merged with Old Norse klífa)
English: clive
Old Frisian: klīva
⇒ West Frisian: kleve (weak verb)
Old Saxon: *klīban, *klīvan
Middle Low German: klîven
German Low German: klieven
Old Dutch: *clīvan
Middle Dutch: cliven
Dutch: klijven
Old High German: klīban
Middle High German: klīben
German: kleiben (archaic)

Old Norse: klífa

Icelandic: klífa

Faroese: kliva

Norwegian Nynorsk: kliva

Old Swedish: klīva

Swedish: kliva

Elfdalian: klaiva


krammaz

*krammaz (a-stem)

krammaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
krammai (masculine nominative plural strong)
krammō (feminine nominative singular strong)
krammôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
krammą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
krammō (neuter nominative plural strong)
krammanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
krammanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
krammǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
krammōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
krammą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
krammō (accusative neuter plural strong)
krammas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
krammaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
krammaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
krammaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
krammas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
krammaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
krammammai (dative masculine singular strong)
krammaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
krammaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
krammaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
krammammai (dative neuter singular strong)
krammaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
krammanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
krammaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
krammaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
krammaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
krammanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
krammaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
krammô (masculine nominative singular weak)
krammaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
krammǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
krammōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
krammô (neuter nominative singular weak)
krammōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
krammanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
krammanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
krammōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
krammōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
krammô (accusative neuter singular weak)
krammōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kramminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
krammanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
krammōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
krammōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kramminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
krammanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
krammini (dative masculine singular weak)
krammammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
krammōni (dative feminine singular weak)
krammōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
krammini (dative neuter singular weak)
krammammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kramminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
krammammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
krammōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
krammōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kramminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
krammammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: krammr

Icelandic: krammur, kramur

Norwegian: krammr

From Pre-Germanic *gʷromsós or, more likely, *gʷromsmós. Related to Lithuanian grimzti (“to drown, sink”), Serbo-Croatian greznuti (“to drown, sink”).


krammiþō

krammiþō (nominative singular)
krammiþôz (nominative plural)
krammiþō (singular vocative)
krammiþôz (plural vocative)
krammiþǭ (accusative singular)
krammiþōz (accusative plural)
krammiþōz (genitive singular)
krammiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krammiþōi (dative singular)
krammiþōmaz (dative plural)
krammiþō (instrumental singular)
krammiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌵𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (qrammiþa)


flawją

flawją (nominative singular)
flawjō (nominative plural)
flawją (singular vocative)
flawjō (plural vocative)
flawją (accusative singular)
flawjō (accusative plural)
flawjas (genitive singular)
flawis (genitive singular)
flawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flawjai (dative singular)
flawjamaz (dative plural)
flawjō (instrumental singular)
flawjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: fley

Icelandic: fley

Faroese: floy

→ Old English: flōeġe

→ Proto-Finnic: *laiva

From pre-Germanic *plowyom, from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to sail, flow”). Cognate to Ancient Greek πλοῖον (ploîon, “floating vessel”).


gruppōną

gruppō (active first-person indicative singular)
gruppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
gruppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gruppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gruppō (active imperative second-person singular)
gruppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gruppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gruppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gruppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gruppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gruppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gruppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gruppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gruppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gruppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gruppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gruppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gruppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gruppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gruppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gruppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gruppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gruppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gruppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gruppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gruppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gruppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gruppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gruppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gruppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gruppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gruppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gruppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gruppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
gruppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gruppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gruppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gruppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gruppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gruppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gruppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gruppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gruppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gruppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gruppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gruppōndz (active participle present)
gruppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle English: grubben, gropen

English: grub, groop

Middle Low German: gropen

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: grobben

⇒ Dutch: grobbelen (frequentative)

German: groppen (dialectal)

Norwegian: gropa

From Pre-Germanic *gʰr̥bʰnéh₂-, with remodeling based on its strong verb, an iterative formation to *grabaną (“to dig”). Related to Sanskrit गृभ्णाति (gṛbhṇāti, “to seize, lay hold of”).


flaumaz

flaumaz (nominative singular)
flaumōz (nominative plural)
flaumōs (nominative plural)
flaum (singular vocative)
flaumōz (plural vocative)
flaumōs (plural vocative)
flaumą (accusative singular)
flaumanz (accusative plural)
flaumas (genitive singular)
flaumis (genitive singular)
flaumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flaumai (dative singular)
flaumamaz (dative plural)
flaumō (instrumental singular)
flaumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flaum

desctree

Old English: flēam
Middle English: flem, fleem, fleme, flæm, fleam, vlem (Early Middle English)
English: fleam (dialectal)
Scots: fleem

Old Frisian: *flām; (*flēna, fleina)

⇒ Old Frisian: flāmisk, flāmsk

→ Old Dutch: *flāmisk

Middle Dutch: vlaemsch, vleemsch

Dutch: Vlaams

West Flemish: Vlemsch, Vloms (hypercorrection?)

→ Middle High German: vlæmisch

German: flämisch

→ Old English: flēmisċ

Middle English: flemmish

English: Flemish

Old High German: *floum

⇒ Old High German: weraltfloum

Old Norse: flaumr

Icelandic: flaumur

Faroese: floymur

Norwegian Bokmål: flom

Norwegian Nynorsk: flaum

From Pre-Germanic *plowmos, from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to sail”).


flakkōną

flakkō (active first-person indicative singular)
flakkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
flakkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
flakkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flakkō (active imperative second-person singular)
flakkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
flakkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
flakkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flakkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
flakkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
flakkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
flakkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
flakkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flakkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flakkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flakkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
flakkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
flakkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flakkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
flakkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
flakkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
flakkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flakkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
flakkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
flakkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
flakkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
flakkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flakkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
flakkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
flakkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flakkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
flakkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
flakkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flakkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
flakkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flakkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
flakkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flakkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flakkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flakkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
flakkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flakkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
flakkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flakkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
flakkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
flakkōndz (active participle present)
flakkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *flakkōn

Old English: *flaccian

Middle English: flakken, flacken

English: flack

Scots: flack (obsolete)

Old Dutch: *flakkon

desc

Middle Dutch: vlacken (“to shoot, blaze, flicker”)

Dutch: vlakken

From Pre-Germanic *plh₂knéh₂-, an iterative formation to *flōkaną (“to slap, mourn”).


flakkōną

Old English: *flaccian

Middle English: flakken, flacken, flaken, flaggen

Middle Dutch: vlacken, vlaken

(Dutch: vlakkeren, (more common) flakkeren)

(Old High German: flagarōn)

Norwegian: flaga

Considered by Kroonen to be a secondary o-grade iterative formation to zero-grade *flukkōną (“to fly”), from *fleuganą (“to fly”).


skertaną

skertō (active first-person indicative singular)
skertaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skertai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skirtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skertaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skert (active imperative second-person singular)
skertazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skertaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skirtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skertai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skertadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skertadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skertaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skertōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skertaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skertadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skertaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skertadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skertamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skertaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skertandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skertaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skirtid (active indicative plural second-person)
skertaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skirtid (active imperative plural second-person)
skertandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skertaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skertandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skertain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skertandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skertandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skertaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skart (active first-person indicative singular)
skurtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skarst (active indicative second-person singular)
skurtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skart (active indicative singular third-person)
skurtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skurtū (active dual first-person indicative)
skurtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skurtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skurtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skurtum (active first-person indicative plural)
skurtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skurtud (active indicative plural second-person)
skurtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skurtun (active indicative plural third-person)
skurtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skertandz (active participle present)
skurtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Dutch: scharten (dialectal)

Old High German: *skerzan

Middle High German: scherzen

Probably originally *skerdaną, from Pre-Germanic *skerdʰ-, with the final consonant influenced by the iterative. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut off”); see the derivative *skurtaz (“short”).


skertaną

Old English: *sċiertan, *sċyrtan

desc

Middle English: schurten, schurtten (“to amuse or enjoy oneself”)

desctree

Old High German: *skërzan
Middle High German: schërzen
Cimbrian: schèrtzan
German: scherzen
→ Italian: scherzare

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerd- (“to move, sway, swing”).


blautaz

*blautaz (a-stem)

blautaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blautai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blautō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blautôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blautą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blautō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blautanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blautanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blautǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blautōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blautą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blautō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blautas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blautaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blautaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blautaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blautas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blautaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blautammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blautaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blautaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blautaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blautammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blautaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blautanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blautaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blautaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blautaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blautanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blautaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blautô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blautaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blautǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blautōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blautô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blautōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blautanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blautanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blautōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blautōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blautô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blautōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blautiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blautanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blautōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blautōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blautiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blautanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blautini (dative masculine singular weak)
blautammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blautōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blautōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blautini (dative neuter singular weak)
blautammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blautinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blautammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blautōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blautōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blautinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blautammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blaut

desctree

Old English: blēat
Middle English: *blete, *bleet
Scots: bleat, blait, bleet

Old Frisian: blāt

Saterland Frisian: bloot

West Frisian: bleat

Old Saxon: *blōt

Middle Low German: blôt

desc

German Low German: bloot (adjective), blot (adverb)

Low German: blott, blutt

→ Swedish: blott

→ Danish: blot

Old Dutch: *blōt

Middle Dutch: blôot

Dutch: bloot

Afrikaans: bloot

→ Middle English: blōt

desctree

Old High German: blōz, *blōt — Lombardic
Middle High German: blōz
Alemannic German: bloos, blooss, blöiß (Einsiedeln)
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: blus
German: bloß
Luxembourgish: blouss
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: blooss
Yiddish: בלויז (bloyz)
→ Occitan: blos, blous (“pure, empty, bare”)
⇒ Occitan: lano blouso (“pure or short wool”)
→ French: blousse (“scraps of wool”)
⇒? French: blouse (“a workman's or peasant's smock”) (see there for further descendants)
→ Latin: *blotiāre (from Lombardic *blōt)
Medieval Latin: bluttāre

Old Norse: blautr
Icelandic: blautur
Faroese: bleytur
Norwegian Nynorsk: blaut
→ Norwegian Bokmål: blaut
Dalian: blot
Old Swedish: blø̄ter
Swedish: blöt
Old Danish: bløthær
Danish: blød
Norwegian Bokmål: bløt

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: lávtas

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰlowdh₂o-, from *bʰlow- (“emaciated, soft”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φλυδάω (phludáō, “to be soft, weak”).


murþrijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*murþrijô (an-stem)

murþrijô (nominative singular)
murþrijaniz (nominative plural)
murþrijô (singular vocative)
murþrijaniz (plural vocative)
murþrijanų (accusative singular)
murþrijanunz (accusative plural)
murþrīniz (genitive singular)
murþrijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murþrīni (dative singular)
murþrijammaz (dative plural)
murþrīnē (instrumental singular)
murþrijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *murþrijō

Old English: myrþra

Old High German: murdreo, murdiro (possibly attested once as myrdhra)

desc

𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰

Gothic: *𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰 (*maurþrja), 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰 (manamaurþrja)


farō

farō (nominative singular)
farôz (nominative plural)
farō (singular vocative)
farôz (plural vocative)
farǭ (accusative singular)
farōz (accusative plural)
farōz (genitive singular)
farǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farōi (dative singular)
farōmaz (dative plural)
farō (instrumental singular)
farōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faru
Old English: faru
Middle English: fare
English: fare
Old High German: fara
Middle High German: var
German: Fahr

Old Norse: fǫr

Icelandic: för

Old Swedish: far

→ Proto-Samic: *fārō (see there for further descendants)