prattugaz

*prattugaz (a-stem)

prattugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
prattugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
prattugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
prattugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
prattugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
prattugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
prattuganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
prattuganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
prattugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
prattugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
prattugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
prattugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
prattugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
prattugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
prattugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
prattugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
prattugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
prattugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
prattugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
prattugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
prattugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
prattugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
prattugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
prattugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
prattuganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
prattugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
prattugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
prattugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
prattuganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
prattugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
prattugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
prattuganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
prattugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
prattugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
prattugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
prattugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
prattuganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
prattuganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
prattugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
prattugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
prattugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
prattugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
prattuginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
prattuganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
prattugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
prattugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
prattuginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
prattuganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
prattugini (dative masculine singular weak)
prattugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
prattugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
prattugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
prattugini (dative neuter singular weak)
prattugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
prattuginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
prattugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
prattugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
prattugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
prattuginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
prattugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *prattug, *prattīg

desc

Old English: prættiġ, prætiġ, pætiġ, petiġ

Middle English: prati, prety

English: pretty, pratty

Scots: pratty, ill-pretty, prety

Old Frisian: *pratig, *pretig

Saterland Frisian: prettig

Old Saxon: *prattig

Middle Low German: prattich

Low German: pratzig

Old Dutch: *prattig

Middle Dutch: *prattich, *prettich, pertich

Dutch: prettig, pruttig, preutig, pertig

Old Norse: prettugr

Icelandic: prettugur

boastful, sly, slick, deceitful, tricky, cunning


gangaz

gangaz (nominative singular)
gangōz (nominative plural)
gangōs (nominative plural)
gang (singular vocative)
gangōz (plural vocative)
gangōs (plural vocative)
gangą (accusative singular)
ganganz (accusative plural)
gangas (genitive singular)
gangis (genitive singular)
gangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gangai (dative singular)
gangamaz (dative plural)
gangō (instrumental singular)
gangamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gang
Old English: gang, gancg, gong, ġeong, ġiong — with initial /j/ after palatalised past forms of gangan
Middle English: gong, gang, gonge, goonge
English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)
Scots: gang, gaung, ging
Northeastern: dyang, gyang
Old Frisian: gang, gong, gung
North Frisian: gong
Saterland Frisian: Goang
West Frisian: gong
Old Saxon: gang
Middle Low German: ganc, gank
German Low German: Gang
Old Dutch: gang (only attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: ganc
Dutch: gang
Old High German: gang
Middle High German: ganc
Bavarian: Gång
German: Gang
Polish: ganek
Yiddish: גאַניק (ganik) (probably borrowed from Polish)
Luxembourgish: Gang, Gank
→ Middle French: gangue
French: gangue
→ English: gangue

Old Norse: gangr

Icelandic: gangur

Faroese: gangur

Norwegian Bokmål: gang

Norwegian Nynorsk: gang, gong

Old Swedish: ganger

Swedish: gång

Danish: gang

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (gaggs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kangas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰongʰos, from *ǵʰengʰ- (“stride, step”).


skurtijǭ

skurtijǭ (nominative singular)
skurtijōniz (nominative plural)
skurtijǭ (singular vocative)
skurtijōniz (plural vocative)
skurtijōnų (accusative singular)
skurtijōnunz (accusative plural)
skurtijōniz (genitive singular)
skurtijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skurtijōni (dative singular)
skurtijōmaz (dative plural)
skurtijōnē (instrumental singular)
skurtijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skurtijā
Old English: sċyrte
Middle English: sherte, schuyrte, schert, shert, schurte, shurte, sserte, schirte, schyrt, scherte, shearte, shyrte, shirt, scurte (early southern west mid)
English: shirt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: schirt, shurt
Yola: shoorth, skoorth
Old Frisian: *skerte, *skorte; *skertel
North Frisian: Sjürt (Sylt)
West Frisian: skerte
Saterland Frisian: Schoarte
⇒ Old Frisian: skerteldōk
West Frisian: skerteldoek, skeldoek
Old Saxon: *skurtia
Middle Low German: schorte, schörte
Low German: Schörte
→ German: Schürze (or backformation from the plural of Schurz)
→ Old Danish:
Danish: skørt
Norwegian Bokmål: skjørt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjørt
→ Old Swedish: skørt, skyrt
Swedish: skört
Old Dutch: *skurta
Middle Dutch: schorte
Dutch: schort
Negerhollands: skorte
→ Papiamentu: skòrt, schortsje, skortje

Old Norse: skyrta
Icelandic: skyrta
Faroese: skjúrta
Norwegian Nynorsk: skyrta, skjorte (possibly from Swedish); (dialectal) skjørte, skjurte
Old Swedish: skiurta, skiorta
Swedish: skjorta
Danish: skjorte
Norwegian Bokmål: skjorte
→ Middle English: skyrte, skyrt, skirt, skirte, skyrtt, skyrthe, scyrt, scyrtte, skyrtte
English: skirt (see there for further descendants)
Scots: skirt
→ Welsh: sgert
→ Middle Irish: scirta
Irish: sciorta


harnaz

harnaz (nominative singular)
harnōz (nominative plural)
harnōs (nominative plural)
harn (singular vocative)
harnōz (plural vocative)
harnōs (plural vocative)
harną (accusative singular)
harnanz (accusative plural)
harnas (genitive singular)
harnis (genitive singular)
harnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harnai (dative singular)
harnamaz (dative plural)
harnō (instrumental singular)
harnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *harn

Old High German: harn, haran

Middle High German: harn, harm

German: Harn

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-mn-os (“caustic liquid, alkali, urine”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱer- (“manure, dung, filth”). Cognate with Lithuanian šarmas (“lye, alkali, leach”).


blētijaną

blētijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blētijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blētijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blētīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blētijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blētī (active imperative second-person singular)
blētijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blētijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blētīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blētijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blētijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blētijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blētijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blētijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blētijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blētijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blētijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blētijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blētijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blētijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blētijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blētijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blētīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blētijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blētīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blētijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blētijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blētijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blētijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blētijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blētijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blētijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blētidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blētidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blētidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blētidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blētidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blētidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blētidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blētidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blētidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blētidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blētidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blētidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blētidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blētidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blētidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blētidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blētijandz (active participle present)
blētidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blātijan
Old English: blǣtan
Middle English: bleten, blete, bleyte, blætenn
English: bleat
Scots: blete, bleit, blate, blait
⇒ Scots: blaitand (present participle)
→ English: blatant
Old Frisian: *blēta
Saterland Frisian: blēte, blētsje
West Frisian: bâlte, blêtsje, bletterje
Old Saxon: *blātian
Middle Low German: blêten
Low German: bleten
Old Dutch: *blāten
Middle Dutch: blâten, blêten
Dutch: blaten, bleiten
Old High German: blāzen, plāzen
Middle High German: blāzen
German: blaßen, blätzen, blässen

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to howl, cry, bleat”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to make a loud noise”). Cognate with Latvian blēšana (“to bleat”), Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, “to bleat”), Latin fleō (“cry, weep”).


mōdrijǭ

mōdrijǭ (nominative singular)
mōdrijōniz (nominative plural)
mōdrijǭ (singular vocative)
mōdrijōniz (plural vocative)
mōdrijōnų (accusative singular)
mōdrijōnunz (accusative plural)
mōdrijōniz (genitive singular)
mōdrijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōdrijōni (dative singular)
mōdrijōmaz (dative plural)
mōdrijōnē (instrumental singular)
mōdrijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōdrijā

Old English: mōdrie, mōdriġe

Middle English: moddrie

Old Frisian: mōdrie

North Frisian: medder

Old Saxon: *mōdria, *mōdira

desc

Middle Low German: möddere, meddere, mödder, medder

Old Dutch: *muodria, *muodira

Middle Dutch: moeddere, moddere, modder

Old High German: muotera

From *mōdrijaz (“of a mother, maternal”, adj), and/or *méh₂treh₂ (“mother's sister”), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr.
Cognate with Cornish modrep (“maternal aunt”), Welsh modryb (“maternal aunt”), Ancient Greek μήτριος (mḗtrios, “motherly, maternal”), Albanian motër (“sister”).


mōdaz

mōdaz (nominative singular)
mōdōz (nominative plural)
mōdōs (nominative plural)
mōd (singular vocative)
mōdōz (plural vocative)
mōdōs (plural vocative)
mōdą (accusative singular)
mōdanz (accusative plural)
mōdas (genitive singular)
mōdis (genitive singular)
mōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōdai (dative singular)
mōdamaz (dative plural)
mōdō (instrumental singular)
mōdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōd
Old English: mōd
Middle English: mod, mode, mood
English: mood
Scots: mude, muid
Old Frisian: mōd
Saterland Frisian: Moud
West Frisian: moed
Old Saxon: mōd
Middle Low German: môt, moit, mout, mût
Low German:
German Low German: Mood, Mōt, Mūt
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: te Moode
Westmünsterländisch: Mood
East Westphalian: Meot (Ravensbergisch-Lippisch)
Plautdietsch: Moot
Old Dutch: muot
Middle Dutch: moet
Dutch: moed
Afrikaans: moed
Old High German: muot
Middle High German: muot
German: Muth, Mut
Luxembourgish: Mutt
Yiddish: מוט (mut)

Old Norse: móðr
Icelandic: móður
Faroese: móður
Norn: mud, mød, mø
Norwegian Nynorsk: mot n
Old Swedish: mōþ n
Swedish: mod n
Danish: mod n
Norwegian Bokmål: mod n
Gutnish: mod n

East Germanic:

Gothic: 𐌼𐍉𐌸𐍃 (mōþs)

Vandalic: *muths

From Proto-Indo-European *moh₁-, *meh₁- (“endeavour, will, temper”). Cognate with Latin mōs (“will, humour, wont, inclination, mood”), Russian сметь (smetʹ, “to dare, venture, make bold”).


mōmǭ

mōmǭ (nominative singular)
mōmōniz (nominative plural)
mōmǭ (singular vocative)
mōmōniz (plural vocative)
mōmōnų (accusative singular)
mōmōnunz (accusative plural)
mōmōniz (genitive singular)
mōmōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōmōni (dative singular)
mōmōmaz (dative plural)
mōmōnē (instrumental singular)
mōmōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōmā
Old English: *mōme
Middle English: mome, mone
English: mama, mammy, mom, mommy, mum, mummy
Scots: mam, mamie
Old Frisian: *mōme
>? Saterland Frisian: Mäme
>? West Frisian: mem, mâm, memme, mâme
Old Saxon: *mōma, moma
Middle Low German: môme, mône, mȫme
German Low German: Mohm, Möhm (regional)
Old Dutch: *muoma
Middle Dutch: moeme, mone, moene, moyne; memme, mamme
Dutch: moene (dialectal); mem, mam
Limburgish: meun
Old High German: muoma
Middle High German: muome; mamme, memme
Alemannic German:
Mòcheno: moa'm
Central Franconian: Möhn, Mehn, Mihn, Mihm
Luxembourgish: Mimm
German: Muhme; Mamme
Yiddish: מומע (mume)

Old Norse: *móma, móna

Icelandic: móna (dialectal)

Elfdalian: muna

Swedish: muna (in liusmuna)

→ Scots: minnie

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₂-meh₂-, reduplication of a base *méh₂- (“mama, mother”). Cognate with Latin mamma (“mother, mama, nurse”), Lithuanian mãma, momà (“mother”), Latvian mãma (“mother”), Old Irish muimme (“foster mother”), Irish mam (“mother”).


langiþō

langiþō (nominative singular)
langiþôz (nominative plural)
langiþō (singular vocative)
langiþôz (plural vocative)
langiþǭ (accusative singular)
langiþōz (accusative plural)
langiþōz (genitive singular)
langiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
langiþōi (dative singular)
langiþōmaz (dative plural)
langiþō (instrumental singular)
langiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *langiþu
Old English: lengþu
Middle English: lengthe, leinþ, lencþe, length, lengþe, lenkthe, lenkþe, lenth, lenthe, lenþe, leynþe, lenght, lenghte, lenghthe, lenȝte, lenȝth (especially Northern), lencth, lenketh, lenkethe, lenkith (Late Middle English, Northern), lengðe (Early Middle English)
English: length
Scots: lenth, lainth
Old Frisian: lengithe, lengethe
Saterland Frisian: Loangte
West Frisian: lingte, langte
Old Saxon: *lengitha
Middle Low German: lengede, lengde
German Low German: Längde, Längd, Längte, Längt
Old Dutch: *lengitha
Middle Dutch: lengede, lingede, lencde
Dutch: lengte
Old High German: *lengida
Middle High German: lengede
German: Längde
Luxembourgish: Längt
⇒ Old High German: gilengida

Old Norse: lengd

Icelandic: lengd

Faroese: longd

Norwegian Nynorsk: lengd

Old Swedish: længd

Swedish: längd

Danish: længde
Norwegian Bokmål: lengde
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lengde

/ˈlɑŋ.ɡi.θɔː/


wrīhaną

wrīhō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrīhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrīhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrīhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrīhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīh (active imperative second-person singular)
wrīhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrīhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrīhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrīhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrīhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrīhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrīhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrīhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wrīhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrīhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrīhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrīhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrīhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrīhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrīhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrīhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrīhid (active indicative plural second-person)
wrīhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrīhid (active imperative plural second-person)
wrīhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrīhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrīhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrīhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrīhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrīhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrīhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wraih (active first-person indicative singular)
wrigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wraiht (active indicative second-person singular)
wrigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wraih (active indicative singular third-person)
wrigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrigū (active dual first-person indicative)
wrigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrigum (active first-person indicative plural)
wrigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrigud (active indicative plural second-person)
wrigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrigun (active indicative plural third-person)
wrigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrīhandz (active participle present)
wriganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrīhan
Old English: wrēon (“to cover (up)”)
Middle English: wrihen, wreon, wrien, wryen
English: wry
Old Frisian: *wrīgia
West Frisian: riuwe (“to bind with twine; to constrict”)
⇒ Old Frisian: wreigenge (“bedcover, duvet”)
⇒ Old Frisian: wrichte (“battle-garment”)
Old Saxon: *wrīgan, *wrīan
Middle Low German: rîgen, rîen
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: rîn
Low Prussian: rêgen
Westphalian:
Bentheimisch: rîgen
Dortmundisch, Sauerländisch: riggen
Sauerländisch: reyjen (Wenden)
East Westphalian: rüijen, rüigen, röjjen (Lippe), ruijjen (Ravensberg)
Westmünsterländisch: rijen
Old Dutch: *rīgan, *rīan
Middle Dutch: rîen (“to bind with twine”), rijenn, rîgen
Dutch: rijgen
Limburgish: riege
Old High German: rīhan, *rīgan
Middle High German: rîhen, rîgen, rîhhen (“to pleat; to impale”)
German: reihen
Luxembourgish: reien

From Proto-Indo-European *wreyḱ- (“to twist, weave, bind”). Cognate with Latin rīca (“veil, toile”).


dustą

dustą (nominative singular)
dustō (nominative plural)
dustą (singular vocative)
dustō (plural vocative)
dustą (accusative singular)
dustō (accusative plural)
dustas (genitive singular)
dustis (genitive singular)
dustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dustai (dative singular)
dustamaz (dative plural)
dustō (instrumental singular)
dustamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dust
Middle English: dust, doust
English: dust
Scots: dust, dist

Old Frisian: dust

Old Saxon: dust

Middle Low German: dust

→ German: Dust

Old Dutch: *dust

Middle Dutch: dust, dost

Old Norse: dust
Icelandic: dust
Faroese: dust
Norwegian: dust
Swedish: dust
Danish: dyst

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwes-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Latin fūmus (“smoke, steam”).


dunstą

dunstą (nominative singular)
dunstō (nominative plural)
dunstą (singular vocative)
dunstō (plural vocative)
dunstą (accusative singular)
dunstō (accusative plural)
dunstas (genitive singular)
dunstis (genitive singular)
dunstǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dunstai (dative singular)
dunstamaz (dative plural)
dunstō (instrumental singular)
dunstamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: dūst
Middle English: dust, doust
English: dust
Scots: dust, dist

Old Frisian: dūst

Saterland Frisian: Duist

Old Saxon: *dunst, *dūst

Middle Low German: donst, dûst

Low German:

German Low German: Dunst, Duust

Westphalian:

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dunst

Suerländer-Märkisch: Dûst

Westmünsterländisch: Donst, Doonst, Doost, Dunst

Plautdietsch: Donst

Old Dutch: *dunst, *dūst

Middle Dutch: dunst, donst, doest, (possibly borrowed) duust

Dutch: dons, duist

Old High German: tunist, dunist, dunst

Middle High German: tunst, dunst

German: Dunst

Hunsrik: Dunst

Luxembourgish: Donst

Rhine Franconian:

Frankfurterisch: IPA [d̥und̥st]

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Cognate with Latin fūmus (“smoke, steam”).


duntiz

duntiz (nominative singular)
duntīz (nominative plural)
dunti (singular vocative)
duntīz (plural vocative)
duntį (accusative singular)
duntinz (accusative plural)
duntīz (genitive singular)
duntijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duntī (dative singular)
duntimaz (dative plural)
duntī (instrumental singular)
duntimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dunti

Old English: dynt

Middle English: dünt, dent, dint

Scots: dunt, dont, dynt, dint, dent

English: dunt, dint, dent

desc

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *duntislagi (“a blow which leaves a bruise, punch”)

Old Saxon: *duntslag

Middle Low German: duntslach, dunslach

Old Dutch: *duntslag

Middle Dutch: dontslach, donsslach, dunslach

Old Norse: dyntr, dyttr

Icelandic: dyntur, dynta, dyttur

Swedish: dunt (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰen- (“to strike, hit”).


kweþuz

kweþuz (nominative singular)
kwiþiwiz (nominative plural)
kweþu (singular vocative)
kwiþiwiz (plural vocative)
kweþų (accusative singular)
kweþunz (accusative plural)
kweþauz (genitive singular)
kwiþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwiþiwi (dative singular)
kweþumaz (dative plural)
kweþū (instrumental singular)
kweþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cwiþ, cwiþa; (cwedele)

Middle English: *kid, *kit (in compound: kidenere, kidnere)

Scots: kyte

English: kite, kidney

Old Saxon: *kweth

Middle Low German: quede

Old High German: quiti (quoden?)

⇒ Old High German: chwadilla, kwedilla, quedilla

Middle High German: kutel

German: Kuttel, Quaddel

desctree

Old Norse: kviðr
Icelandic: kviður
Faroese: kviður, kvið
Old Swedish: qviþer
Swedish: kved
Old Danish: kwith

Gothic: 𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (qiþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷet-, *gūt- (“swelling, rounding; stomach, gut”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷu-, *gū- (“to bend, curve, bow, camber, vault, distend”).


wīhaz

*wīhaz (a-stem)

wīhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wīhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wīhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wīhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wīhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wīhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wīhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wīhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wīhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wīhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wīhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wīhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wīhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wīhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wīhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wīhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wīhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wīhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wīhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wīhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wīhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wīhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wīhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wīhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wīhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wīhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wīhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wīhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wīhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wīhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wīhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wīhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wīhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wīhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wīhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wīhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wīhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wīhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wīhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wīhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wīhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wīhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wīhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wīhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wīhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wīhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wīhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wīhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wīhini (dative masculine singular weak)
wīhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wīhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wīhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wīhini (dative neuter singular weak)
wīhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wīhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wīhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wīhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wīhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wīhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wīhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wīh
Old English: *wēoh (in compounds)
Middle English: weoh
Old Frisian: *wī (in compounds)
Old Saxon: *wīh (in compounds)
Old Dutch: *wī (in compounds)
Old High German: wīh
Middle High German: wīch
German: weih (in compounds)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to choose, separate out, set aside as holy, consecrate, sacrifice”). Cognate with Latin victima (“offering, sacrifice”).


denaraz

denaraz (nominative singular)
denarōz (nominative plural)
denarōs (nominative plural)
denar (singular vocative)
denarōz (plural vocative)
denarōs (plural vocative)
denarą (accusative singular)
denaranz (accusative plural)
denaras (genitive singular)
denaris (genitive singular)
denarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
denarai (dative singular)
denaramaz (dative plural)
denarō (instrumental singular)
denaramiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: tenar; tenra

Middle High German: tëner; tënre

Thematicized form of Proto-Indo-European *dʰénr̥ (“flat of the hand, palm”). Cognate with Ancient Greek θέναρ (thénar, “palm of the hand; sole of the foot”).


wammijaną

wammijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wammijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wammijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wammīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wammijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wammī (active imperative second-person singular)
wammijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wammijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wammīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wammijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wammijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wammijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wammijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wammijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wammijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wammijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wammijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wammijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wammijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wammijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wammijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wammijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wammīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wammijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wammīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wammijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wammijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wammijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wammijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wammijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wammijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wammijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wammidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wammidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wammidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wammidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wammidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wammidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wammidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wammidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wammidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wammidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wammidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wammidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wammidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wammidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wammidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wammidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wammijandz (active participle present)
wammidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wammijan
Old English: wemman
Middle English: wemmen
Scots: wem
English: wem
Old Frisian: wemma
Old Saxon: wemmian
>? Middle Low German: wemmen
Old High German: *wemmen
>? Middle High German: wimmen, wimen
⇒ Old High German: giwemmit (“stained, spotted, flecked”, ppt)
⇒ Old High German: wemmāri (“corruptor”)
⇒ Old High German: biwemmen
⇒ Old High German: giwemman)

Old Norse: *vemja

Danish: væmmes

Old Swedish: væmia

Swedish: vämjas

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wammjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (anawammjan)


wambō

wambō (nominative singular)
wambôz (nominative plural)
wambō (singular vocative)
wambôz (plural vocative)
wambǭ (accusative singular)
wambōz (accusative plural)
wambōz (genitive singular)
wambǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wambōi (dative singular)
wambōmaz (dative plural)
wambō (instrumental singular)
wambōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wambu
Old English: wamb, womb
Middle English: wombe, wambe, womb, wame, woombe, wome, uombe, wompe, wamb
English: womb
Geordie English: wyem
Scots: wame, wam
Old Frisian: wamme, womme
Old Saxon: wamba
Middle Low German: wamme
German Low German: Wamme
Frankish: *wamba
Old Dutch: *wamba, *wamma
Middle Dutch: wamme, wam
Dutch: wam
→ Medieval Latin: wambāsium, wambōsium
Old French: wambais, gambais; wambison, gambison, gambeison
→ Middle English: gambeson, gambison
English: gambeson, gambison
→ Middle Low German: wambois, wambōs, wambūs, wambes, wammes, wams
→ Middle Dutch: wambaes, wambeis, wambois, wambuus, wammes
Dutch: wambuis, wammes
→ Middle High German: wambeis
German: Wams
→ Saterland Frisian: Wams
→ Medieval Latin: gambesōnem
→ Occitan: gambais
→ Old Spanish: gambax
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: canbas
Old High German: wamba
Middle High German: wambe, wampe, wamme
German: Wamme, Wampe
→ Saterland Frisian: Wampe
Bavarian: Wampn

Old Norse: vǫmb
Icelandic: vömb
Faroese: vomb
Norwegian Bokmål: vom
Norwegian Nynorsk: vom
Jamtish: vamb
Elfdalian: uomb
Old Swedish: vāmb
Swedish: våm
Old Danish: wāmb
Scanian: vám
Danish: vom
Gutnish: vamb

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰 (wamba)

Disputed; two competing hypotheses are:
* From Proto-Indo-European *wamp- (“membrane (of bowels), intestines, womb”) and cognate with Old Welsh gumbelauc (“womb”), Breton gwamm (“woman, wife”), Sanskrit वपा (vapā́, “the skin or membrane lining the intestines or parts of the viscera, the caul or omentum”).
* From a root *gʷʰembʰ- (“womb”) whence also Sanskrit गभ (gabhá, “vagina”). (See also *wībą (“woman, wife”).)
The latter etymology assumes that Germanic *w is the expected outcome of PIE *gʷʰ, but this is debated; see *warmaz for discussion.


saumaz

saumaz (nominative singular)
saumōz (nominative plural)
saumōs (nominative plural)
saum (singular vocative)
saumōz (plural vocative)
saumōs (plural vocative)
saumą (accusative singular)
saumanz (accusative plural)
saumas (genitive singular)
saumis (genitive singular)
saumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saumai (dative singular)
saumamaz (dative plural)
saumō (instrumental singular)
saumamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saum
Old English: sēam
Middle English: seem, ceem, ceme, sem, seme, seyme
English: seam
Scots: seam
Old Frisian: sām
Saterland Frisian: Soom
West Frisian: seam
Old Saxon: sōm
Middle Low German: sôm
Low German: Soom
Plautdietsch: Soom
Old Dutch: *soum
Middle Dutch: sôom
Dutch: zoom
Afrikaans: soom
Old High German: soum
Middle High German: soum
German: Saum
Luxembourgish: Sam

Old Norse: saumr

Icelandic: saumur

Faroese: seymur

Norwegian Nynorsk: saum

Old Swedish: sø̄mber

Swedish: söm

Danish: søm

Norwegian Bokmål: søm

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: sávdnji

→? Finnish: sauma

From Proto-Indo-European *syuHmen- (“band”), from Proto-Indo-European *syewh₁- (“to sew”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्यूमन् (syū́man, “band, thong, bridle”).


swin-

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”). Cognate with Latin sonō (“sound, resound”), Latin sonus (“sound, noise”), Russian звон (zvon, “ringing, jingle”), Old Irish seinnid (“play (an instrument)”).

cog

swinsian

Proto-West Germanic: *swinisōn or *swinisēn


stertaz

stertaz (nominative singular)
stertōz (nominative plural)
stertōs (nominative plural)
stert (singular vocative)
stertōz (plural vocative)
stertōs (plural vocative)
stertą (accusative singular)
stertanz (accusative plural)
stertas (genitive singular)
stirtis (genitive singular)
stertǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stertai (dative singular)
stertamaz (dative plural)
stertō (instrumental singular)
stertamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stert

Old English: steort

desc

Middle English: steort, stert, stirt, stort, start

Scots: start, stairt

English: start

Old Frisian: stert, stirt

North Frisian: stert

Saterland Frisian: Stäit, Stit (Strukelje)

West Frisian: sturt

Old Saxon: *stert

Middle Low German: stert, start

Low German: Stert, Steert, Staart, Steerd

Old Dutch: stert (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: stert, staert, steert

Dutch: staart

Afrikaans: stert

desctree

Old High German: sterz
Middle High German: stërz
Central Franconian: Statz, Stätz, Stääz
Luxembourgish: Stäerz
German: Sterz
→ Italian: sterzo

Old Norse: stertr

Icelandic: stertur

Faroese: stertur

Norwegian Bokmål: stjert

Norwegian Nynorsk: stjert

Old Swedish: stiærter, stærter

Swedish: stjärt

Danish: stjært

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)terd-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter- (“to be stiff”).


hurnungaz

Proto-West Germanic: *hornung, *horning

Old English: hornung

⇒ Old English: hornungsunu

Old Frisian: horning

Old Saxon: hornung, horning

Middle Low German: hornink, hōrninc

Old Dutch: *hornung, *horning

Middle Dutch: horninc

→ Medieval Latin: ornungus, ornongus

Old High German: hornung

desc

>? Middle High German: hornunc (“February”)

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: hornung

Mòcheno: hourneng

German: Hornung

Pennsylvania German: Hanning

Old Norse: hornungr; (horna< *hurnō)

Icelandic: hornungur

From Proto-Indo-European *kurn- (“bastard”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κύρνος (kúrnos, “bastard”), Sanskrit कुण्ड (kuṇḍa, “adulterine, bastard”).


waþwô

waþwô (nominative singular)
waþwaniz (nominative plural)
waþwô (singular vocative)
waþwaniz (plural vocative)
waþwanų (accusative singular)
waþwanunz (accusative plural)
waþwiniz (genitive singular)
waþwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waþwini (dative singular)
waþwammaz (dative plural)
waþwinē (instrumental singular)
waþwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: watho

Middle Low German: wāde

German Low German: Waad

Old Dutch: *watho

Middle Dutch: wade, waede, waeye

Dutch: wade, waai

Afrikaans: waai

Old High German: wado

Middle High German: wade

German: Wade

Luxembourgish: Wued

desctree

Old Norse: vǫðvi
Icelandic: vöðvi
Faroese: vøddi
Norwegian Nynorsk: vodve; (dialectal) vovde, vodd, vørve, vauve, vodje, modve
Old Swedish: vaþve
Swedish: vad

Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *uH-two- from a root Proto-Indo-European *weH-, from which Sanskrit ऊरु (ūrú-, “calf”) could also be derived. Probably not related to Latin vatius (“bent outward”) and Latin vatāx (“having a deformity of the feet”), as the connection between “calf” and “bend” is weak.


swarō

swarō (nominative singular)
swarôz (nominative plural)
swarō (singular vocative)
swarôz (plural vocative)
swarǭ (accusative singular)
swarōz (accusative plural)
swarōz (genitive singular)
swarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swarōi (dative singular)
swarōmaz (dative plural)
swarō (instrumental singular)
swarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swaru

Middle English: sware

Scots: swere, swear

English: swear

Old Frisian: *swer, *ser (in derivatives)

(Old Saxon: swōr)

(Old High German: *swuor; swōrō (in derivatives))

(Middle High German: swuor m)

(German: Schwur)

From Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to say, speak, talk, swear, curse”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *svarъ (e.g. Old Church Slavonic сваръ (svarŭ, “quarrel”)), Russian ссо́ра (ssóra, “quarrel, dispute”).

cog

a solemn statement or affirmation; oath; vow


warkiz

warkiz (nominative singular)
warkīz (nominative plural)
warki (singular vocative)
warkīz (plural vocative)
warkį (accusative singular)
warkinz (accusative plural)
warkīz (genitive singular)
warkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warkī (dative singular)
warkimaz (dative plural)
warkī (instrumental singular)
warkimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *warki
Old English: wærc, werc, weorc, wræc, wærċ
Middle English: werk, warch
Scots: wark, wrak
English: wark
Old Saxon: werk n (“pain”) (conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *werk)

Old Norse: verkr

Icelandic: verkur

Faroese: verkur

Norwegian: verk

Old Swedish: værker

Swedish: värk

Danish: værk

From Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to suffer”).


andaswarō

andaswarō (nominative singular)
andaswarôz (nominative plural)
andaswarō (singular vocative)
andaswarôz (plural vocative)
andaswarǭ (accusative singular)
andaswarōz (accusative plural)
andaswarōz (genitive singular)
andaswarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andaswarōi (dative singular)
andaswarōmaz (dative plural)
andaswarō (instrumental singular)
andaswarōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *andaswaru
Old English: andswaru, andsware
Middle English: andsware, answere, answar, answer
Scots: answere, answer
English: answer
Old Frisian: ondswer, ondsere, ondser
Old Saxon: andswar, andswōr, antswōr

Old Norse: andsvar, annsvar

Icelandic: andsvar, ans

Faroese: andsvar

Norwegian: ansvar

Old Swedish: andsvar

Swedish: ansvar

Danish: ansvar


andawurdiją

andawurdiją (nominative singular)
andawurdijō (nominative plural)
andawurdiją (singular vocative)
andawurdijō (plural vocative)
andawurdiją (accusative singular)
andawurdijō (accusative plural)
andawurdijas (genitive singular)
andawurdīs (genitive singular)
andawurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andawurdijai (dative singular)
andawurdijamaz (dative plural)
andawurdijō (instrumental singular)
andawurdijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *andawurdī
Old English: andwyrde
Old Frisian: ondwarde, antwerde, ontwert, ondert, onder
Saterland Frisian: Oantwoud
West Frisian: andwird, antwurd, antwird, andert
Old Saxon: andwurdi, andwordi
Middle Low German: antworde, antwōrde, antword
German Low German: Antwoord
Plautdietsch: Auntwuat
Old Dutch: *antwurdi, andwarde
Middle Dutch: antworde, antwoorde, antwerde
Dutch: antwoord
Afrikaans: antwoord
Negerhollands: antwoord, anturt
→ Sranan Tongo: antwortu
→ Caribbean Javanese: antwor
Limburgish: antjwaord, antjwaordj
Old High German: antwurti, antwurtī
Middle High German: antwürte
German: Antwort
Luxembourgish: Äntwert
Yiddish: ענטפֿער (entfer)

Old Norse: andyrði

Icelandic: andyrði

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹 (andawaurdi)


smikraz

*smikraz (a-stem)

smikraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
smikrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
smikrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
smikrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
smikrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
smikrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
smikranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
smikranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
smikrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
smikrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
smikrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
smikrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
smikras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
smikraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
smikraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
smikraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
smikras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
smikraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
smikrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
smikraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
smikraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
smikraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
smikrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
smikraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
smikranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
smikraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
smikraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
smikraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
smikranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
smikraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
smikrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
smikraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
smikrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
smikrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
smikrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
smikrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
smikranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
smikranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
smikrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
smikrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
smikrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
smikrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
smikriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
smikranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
smikrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
smikrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
smikriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
smikranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
smikrini (dative masculine singular weak)
smikrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
smikrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
smikrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
smikrini (dative neuter singular weak)
smikrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
smikrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
smikrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
smikrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
smikrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
smikrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
smikrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *smikr
Old English: smicor, smicer
Middle English: smiker
English: smicker
Old High German: smehhar, smechar, *smekkar, *smeckar
Middle High German: smecker
→ Danish: smækker
→ Swedish: smäcker

Old Norse: *smikr

Norwegian: smikr (noun) (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *smēyg- (“small, delicate, thin; twig, pole; crumb”), from Proto-Indo-European *smē-, *smey- (“to smear, stroke, wipe, rub”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σμικρός (smikrós), μικρός (mikrós, “small, short”), Lithuanian smeigti (“to lunge, thrust, jab”), Latin mīca (“crumb, morsel, bit”).


smiþaz

smiþaz (nominative singular)
smiþōz (nominative plural)
smiþōs (nominative plural)
smiþ (singular vocative)
smiþōz (plural vocative)
smiþōs (plural vocative)
smiþą (accusative singular)
smiþanz (accusative plural)
smiþas (genitive singular)
smiþis (genitive singular)
smiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smiþai (dative singular)
smiþamaz (dative plural)
smiþō (instrumental singular)
smiþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smiþ
Old English: smiþ
Middle English: smyth
English: smith
Scots: smith, smyth
Old Frisian: smith, smeth, smid
Saterland Frisian: Smid
West Frisian: smid
Old Saxon: smith
Middle Low German: smit, smet, smede
German Low German: Smitt, Smidd, Smedd
Plautdietsch: Schmett
Old Dutch: *smith
Middle Dutch: smit
Dutch: smid
Afrikaans: smid
Negerhollands: smid
→ Munsee: shumát
→ Papiamentu: smet, smid
→ Sranan Tongo: smeti, smitti
→ Saramaccan: simítima
→ Unami: shëmìt, shmìt
Limburgish: smeid, smieëd
Old High German: smid
Middle High German: smit
Alemannic German: Schmid
Italian Walser: schméd, schmét, schmid, schmìd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: smit, smitt (Luserna)
Mòcheno: schmi'
Udinese: schmidt, schmit, sghmiid
German: Schmied
Hunsrik: Schmitt
Luxembourgish: Schmadd
Vilamovian: śmejt
Yiddish: שמיד (shmid)

Old Norse: smiðr
Icelandic: smiður
Faroese: smiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: smed
Norwegian Bokmål: smed
Elfdalian: smið
Old Swedish: smiþer
Swedish: smed
Old Danish:
Danish: smed

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐌰 (*smiþa) (< *smiþô)

Likely related to *smītaną, *smit(t)ōną (“to strike; to smudge”), but the origin is uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *smey- (“to smear, spread”) + *-t-, if the root is cognate with Ancient Greek σμάω (smáō, “to smear, wipe”), but this comes with formal difficulties and the similarity may well be coincidental. For the semantics, Orel compares Proto-Slavic *kaliti (“to temper (of metals)”) versus *kalъ (“dirt”)—though their connection is also disputed—and assumes an intermediate meaning “to dip [metal] into liquid”. Per Kroonen, the suffix may be an agentive tu-stem (see Proto-Indo-European *-tus and Proto-Germanic *-þuz), but no further etymology is given.


fastuz

fastuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fastijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fastī (feminine nominative singular strong)
fastijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fastų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fastijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fastijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fastijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fastijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fastijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fastų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fastijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fastijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
fastīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
fastijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fastijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fastijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fastijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
fastīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
fastijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fastijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fastijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fastijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fastijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fastijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fastijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fastijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fastijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fastijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fastijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fastijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fastijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fastijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fastijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fastijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fastijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fastijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fastijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fastijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fastijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fastijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fastijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fastijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fastijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fastīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fastijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fastijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fastijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fastīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fastijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fastīni (dative masculine singular weak)
fastijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fastijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fastijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fastīni (dative neuter singular weak)
fastijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fastīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fastijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fastijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fastijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fastīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fastijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fast
Old English: fæst
Middle English: fæst, fest, fast
Scots: fest, fast
English: fast
Old Frisian: fest
Saterland Frisian: fääst
West Frisian: fêst
Old Saxon: fast
Middle Low German: fast, vast
Low German: fast
Old Dutch: fast
Middle Dutch: vast
Dutch: vast
Afrikaans: vas
Old High German: fast
Middle High German: fast, vast
Central Franconian: fass, fast

Proto-West Germanic: *fastī
Old Saxon: festi
Middle Low German: feste, veste, vest
Low German: fest
Old High German: festi
Middle High German: feste, veste
German: fest

Old Norse: fastr
Icelandic: fastur
Faroese: fastur
Norwegian: fast
Old Swedish: faster
Swedish: fast
Danish: fast

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*fasts) (in derivatives)

Vandalic: *fast-

Connected with Old Armenian հաստ (hast, “firm, steady, standing still, tough; thick, dense, broad”), possibly also Sanskrit पस्त्य n (pastyá, “stall, stable ← stable habitation”), पस्त्या f (pastyā́, “homestead, dwelling, household”), and usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *pastV- (“solid, stable”). Kroonen separates the Sanskrit and reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European root for Armenian and Germanic as *pHst-, according to him from earlier *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-, a compound of *peh₂ǵ- (“to become firm”) (compare Ancient Greek πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “to fasten, fix, make solid”)) and *steh₂- (“to stand”).
However, according to Martirosyan “we are hardly dealing with a Proto-Indo-European word,” rather a substrate word shared by Armenian, Germanic, and possibly also Indo-Aryan. See հաստ (hast) for more on this.


sweltaną

sweltō (active first-person indicative singular)
sweltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sweltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swiltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sweltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swelt (active imperative second-person singular)
sweltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sweltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swiltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sweltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sweltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sweltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sweltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sweltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sweltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sweltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sweltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sweltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sweltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sweltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sweltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sweltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swiltid (active indicative plural second-person)
sweltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swiltid (active imperative plural second-person)
sweltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sweltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sweltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sweltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sweltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sweltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sweltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swalt (active first-person indicative singular)
swultį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swalst (active indicative second-person singular)
swultīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swalt (active indicative singular third-person)
swultī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swultū (active dual first-person indicative)
swultīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swultudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swultīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swultum (active first-person indicative plural)
swultīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swultud (active indicative plural second-person)
swultīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swultun (active indicative plural third-person)
swultīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sweltandz (active participle present)
swultanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sweltan

Old English: sweltan

Middle English: swelten

Scots: swelt, swalt

English: swelt

Old Saxon: sweltan

Old Dutch: *sweltan

Middle Dutch: swelten

Dutch: zwelten

West Flemish: zwelten

desc

⇒ West Flemish: zwelte (“lazy woman”, noun)

Old High German: swelzan

Middle High German: swëlzen

Old Norse: svelta

Icelandic: svelta

Faroese: svølta

Old Swedish: svælta

Swedish: svälta

Danish: svelte (archaic or dialectal), sulte (-u- under influence from adjective/participle sulten and noun sult)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌽 (swiltan)

Crimean Gothic: schwalth

From Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to smolder; burn; scorch”). Cognate with Old Armenian քաղց (kʻałcʻ).


sauzaz

*sauzaz (a-stem)

sauzaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sauzai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sauzō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sauzôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sauzą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sauzō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sauzanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sauzanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sauzǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sauzōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sauzą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sauzō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sauzas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sauzaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sauzaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sauzaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sauzas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sauzaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sauzammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sauzaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sauzaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sauzaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sauzammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sauzaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sauzanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sauzaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sauzaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sauzaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sauzanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sauzaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sauzô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sauzaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sauzǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sauzōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sauzô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sauzōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sauzanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sauzanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sauzōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sauzōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sauzô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sauzōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sauziniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sauzanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sauzōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sauzōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sauziniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sauzanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sauzini (dative masculine singular weak)
sauzammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sauzōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sauzōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sauzini (dative neuter singular weak)
sauzammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sauzinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sauzammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sauzōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sauzōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sauzinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sauzammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sauʀ(ī)
Old English: sēar, sīere
Middle English: sere
English: sear, sere, sare
Old Saxon: *sōr
Middle Low German: sôr
German Low German: soor
Low German: soor
Old Dutch: *sōr
Middle Dutch: sôor
Dutch: zoor
Old High German: *sōr
Middle High German: sōr
German: sohr
→ Medieval Latin: saurus, sōrius
Old French: sor; sorrel, surrel
Middle French: saur; sorel
French: saur
→ Middle English: sorel
English: sorrel
Occitan: sor, saur
Italian: sauro
→⇒? Old Galician-Portuguese: souriço (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *saurr

>? Swedish: skör (with unexplained -k-; possibly an unrelated borrowing from Low German)

⇒ Old Norse: *sauri m; seyra f

Icelandic: seyra f

Norwegian: søyr m

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂sows- (“dry”). Cognate with Lithuanian sausas (“dry”), Russian сухо́й (suxój, “dry”).


tuppaz

tuppaz (nominative singular)
tuppōz (nominative plural)
tuppōs (nominative plural)
tupp (singular vocative)
tuppōz (plural vocative)
tuppōs (plural vocative)
tuppą (accusative singular)
tuppanz (accusative plural)
tuppas (genitive singular)
tuppis (genitive singular)
tuppǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tuppai (dative singular)
tuppamaz (dative plural)
tuppō (instrumental singular)
tuppamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *topp
Old English: top, topp; toppa
Middle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop
English: top
→ French: top
→ German: Top
→ Vietnamese: tốp
Scots: tap
Old Frisian: topp, top
North Frisian: top, tap, tup
Saterland Frisian: Top
West Frisian: top; toppe
Old Saxon: *top
Middle Low German: top
Low German: Topp
→ German: Topp
Old Dutch: *topp, *top
Middle Dutch: top, topp
Dutch: top
Old High German: zoph
Middle Low German: zopf
Cimbrian: sòpf
German: Zopf
Hunsrik: Zopp
Luxembourgish: Zapp
Vilamovian: cöp
Yiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)
→ Italian: zuffa
→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: toppr

Icelandic: toppur

Faroese: toppur

Norwegian: topp

Old Swedish: topper, tupper

Swedish: topp
→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)

Old Danish:

Danish: top

Secondary formation from *tebō, *tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”), whence Old High German zepfo, zapfo (“plug, peg, broom”), Old English tæpan (“strip of cloth”), Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”), of unknown origin.
Sometimes reconstructed from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”), whence Old High German zumpfo (“penis”), Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”), Persian دم (dom, “tail”).


brigdilaz

brigdilaz (nominative singular)
brigdilōz (nominative plural)
brigdilōs (nominative plural)
brigdil (singular vocative)
brigdilōz (plural vocative)
brigdilōs (plural vocative)
brigdilą (accusative singular)
brigdilanz (accusative plural)
brigdilas (genitive singular)
brigdilis (genitive singular)
brigdilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brigdilai (dative singular)
brigdilamaz (dative plural)
brigdilō (instrumental singular)
brigdilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brigdil, *brīdil
Old English: brīdel, briġdel
Middle English: bridel, bridell, bridil, bridill, bridle, brydel, brydul, brydyl, brydyll, brydylle
English: bridle
Scots: bridle
Old Frisian: brīdel
Old Saxon: briddil, *brīdil, *brigdil
Middle Low German: breidel
Low German: Breidel
Old Dutch: *brīdil
Middle Dutch: breydel, breidel
Dutch: breidel
Afrikaans: breidel
Old High German: brittil, priddil, prittil, *brīdil
Middle High German: brîdel, brittel, britel
Cimbrian: brittel
German: Breidel; Britel, Brittel
→ Old French: bride; bretel
Middle French: bride; bretelle
French: bride; bretelle
→ Dutch: bretel
→ Occitan: brida
→ Portuguese: brida
→ Spanish: brida
→ Italian: predella
→ Italian: briglia
→ Old French: bridel

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌳𐌹𐌻 (brigdil)

From *bregdaną (“to tug, move, swing”) + *-ilaz.


hrappijaną

hrappijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrappijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrappijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrappīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrappijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrappī (active imperative second-person singular)
hrappijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrappijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrappīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrappijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrappijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrappijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrappijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrappijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrappijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrappijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrappijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrappijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrappijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrappijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrappijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrappijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrappīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrappijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrappīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrappijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrappijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrappijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrappijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrappijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrappijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrappijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrappidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrappidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrappidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrappidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrappidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrappidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrappidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrappidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrappidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrappidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrappidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrappidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrappidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrappidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrappidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrappidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrappijandz (active participle present)
hrappidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrappijan
Old English: hreppan, (hrepian)
Middle English: repen
English: repe; rap, rape (to scratch)
Old Frisian: hreppa, reppa
North Frisian: rippe
Saterland Frisian: räppe
West Frisian: reppe
⇒ Old Frisian: bihreppa
Old Saxon: *hreppian
Middle Low German: reppen
Low German: reppen
Old Dutch: *reppen
Middle Dutch: reppen
Dutch: reppen
Afrikaans: rep
Old High German: *hrapfen, *hraffen
Middle High German: raffen, reffen
German: raffen

Old Norse: hreppa

Icelandic: hreppa

Swedish: repa

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”). Cognate with Lithuanian krapštyti (“to pick, peck, scratch, claw”).


hrapōną

hrapō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrapǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrapōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrapōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrapō (active imperative second-person singular)
hrapōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrapōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrapō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrapōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrapōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrapōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrapōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrapōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrapōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrapōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrapōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrapōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrapōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrapōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrapōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrapōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrapōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrapōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrapōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrapōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrapōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrapōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrapōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrapōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrapōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrapōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrapōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrapōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrapōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrapōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrapōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrapōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrapōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrapōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrapōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrapōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrapōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrapōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrapōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrapōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrapōndz (active participle present)
hrapōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrapōn
Old English: *hrapian, hrepian
Middle English: rapen, rappen, repen
English: rape, rap, repe
Old Frisian: *hrapia
Saterland Frisian: rappe
West Frisian: raepje
Old Saxon: *hrapon, hrappōn
Middle Low German: rapen, *rappen
Low German: rapen, rappen
Old Dutch: *rapon
Middle Dutch: rāpen
Dutch: rapen
Old High German: *hraffōn, *raffōn
Middle High German: raffen
German: raffen
Luxembourgish: rafen
→ Vulgar Latin: *raffō
Galician: rafar
Italian: arraffare
→ Old French: raffer, rafer
Middle English: *raffen
→ English: raff
→ Vulgar Latin: *frappō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hrapa

Swedish: rappa

Danish: rappe

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌰𐍀𐍉𐌽 (*hrapōn)

→ Vulgar Latin: *rappō

Asturian: rapar

Old Galician-Portuguese: rapar

Galician: rapar

Portuguese: rapar

Spanish: rapar

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”). Cognate with Lithuanian krapštyti (“to pick, peck, scratch, claw”).


badwō

badwō (nominative singular)
badwôz (nominative plural)
badwō (singular vocative)
badwôz (plural vocative)
badwǭ (accusative singular)
badwōz (accusative plural)
badwōz (genitive singular)
badwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
badwōi (dative singular)
badwōmaz (dative plural)
badwō (instrumental singular)
badwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *badu
Old English: badu, beado, beadu
⇒ Old English: *beaduhōc
⇒ Middle English: *bedhok, bedocke
English: beadhook, beedhook, bidhook
Old Saxon: badu (in compounds and personal names)
Old High German: badu, batu, pato (in personal names)

Old Norse: bǫð

Icelandic: böð (poetic)

Norwegian Nynorsk: bad

Swedish: böd; bad; (dialectal) ba, badd

Old Danish: bad

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (*badus)
→ Latin: Badwila, Baduarius

gl

→⇒? Latin: battuō (alternatively, possibly from a Celtic source)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰodʰweh₂ (“battle”), from *bʰedʰh₂- (“to stab, dig”). Cognate with Old Irish Bodb (name of a battle goddess in the form of a crow).


taljaną

taljō (active first-person indicative singular)
taljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
talisi (active indicative second-person singular)
taljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tali (active imperative second-person singular)
taljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
talidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
talidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
talidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
talidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
talidē (active indicative singular third-person)
talidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
talidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
talidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
talidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
talidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
talidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
talidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
talidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
talidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
talidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
talidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taljandz (active participle present)
talidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *talljan
Old English: tellan
Middle English: tellen
English: tell
Scots: tell
Yola: tolth, told (preterite)
Old Frisian: tella
Saterland Frisian: tälle
West Frisian: telle
Old Saxon: tellian
Middle Low German: tellen
Low German: tellen
Old Dutch: tellen
Middle Dutch: tellen
Dutch: tellen
Limburgish: tèlle
Old High German: zellen, zellan
Middle High German: zellen, zeln
Bavarian: zäihn, zöhln, zöhn
Central Franconian: zälle, zähle, zeahle
Luxembourgish: zielen
Cimbrian: zelan
German: zählen
Yiddish: ציילן (tseyln)

Old Norse: telja
Icelandic: telja
Faroese: telja
Norwegian Nynorsk: telja
Old Swedish: tælia
Swedish: tälja
Danish: tælle
Norwegian Bokmål: telle

From Proto-Indo-European *del-, *dol- (“to aim, calculate, adjust”). Equivalent to *talō (“narration, calculation”) + *-janą. Cognate with Latin dolus (“guile, deception”).


furkaz

furkaz (nominative singular)
furkōz (nominative plural)
furkōs (nominative plural)
furk (singular vocative)
furkōz (plural vocative)
furkōs (plural vocative)
furką (accusative singular)
furkanz (accusative plural)
furkas (genitive singular)
furkis (genitive singular)
furkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furkai (dative singular)
furkamaz (dative plural)
furkō (instrumental singular)
furkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *furk, *fork

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *furkul, *forkul

Old English: forclas (plural)

Old Saxon: ferkal, fercal

Old Norse: forkr

Icelandic: forkur

Faroese: forkutur (with adjectival suffix)

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: fork; (dialectal) førk

Swedish: fork (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *perg- (“board, beam, post”). Cognate with Lithuanian pérgas (“boat made from a tree-hollow, dugout, canoe”), Russian поро́г (poróg, “threshold, doorstep, sill”), Latin pergula (“veranda, balcony, projection”).


flainaz

flainaz (nominative singular)
flainōz (nominative plural)
flainōs (nominative plural)
flain (singular vocative)
flainōz (plural vocative)
flainōs (plural vocative)
flainą (accusative singular)
flainanz (accusative plural)
flainas (genitive singular)
flainis (genitive singular)
flainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flainai (dative singular)
flainamaz (dative plural)
flainō (instrumental singular)
flainamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flain

Old English: flān; flā

Middle English: flan, flon, floon; fla, flo

English: flone; flo

Scots: flane, flain

Old Norse: fleinn

Icelandic: fleinn

Norwegian Bokmål: flein

From Proto-Indo-European *pleyn- (“metal arrow, spear-head, hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to split, divide”). Cognate with Lithuanian pliẽnas (“steel”).


fifaldǭ

fifaldǭ (nominative singular)
fifaldōniz (nominative plural)
fifaldǭ (singular vocative)
fifaldōniz (plural vocative)
fifaldōnų (accusative singular)
fifaldōnunz (accusative plural)
fifaldōniz (genitive singular)
fifaldōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fifaldōni (dative singular)
fifaldōmaz (dative plural)
fifaldōnē (instrumental singular)
fifaldōmiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *fifaldā, *fifaldrā

Old English: fifalde, fifealde

Old Saxon: fīfoldara, fivildra, vivildra

Old Dutch: *fifaltra, *fīfaltra

Middle Dutch: vivaltere, vivalter, viveltere, vyvalter

Dutch: vijfwouter, wiewouter

Old High German: fifaltra, pifoltra, fīfaltra; zwifaltra

Middle High German: vīvalter, vīveltre; *zwīvalter

German: Feifalter, Pfeiffalter; Zweifalter; Falter

⇒ Yiddish: פֿלאַטערל (flaterl)

Old Norse: fífrildi

Icelandic: fiðrildi

Faroese: fiðrildi, firvaldur

Norwegian Bokmål: fivreld, fryvil

Norwegian Nynorsk: fivreld, fivrelde, fevældre, fivel, fyrveld, fivrild, fibrelde, forelde

Old Swedish: fiädhal

Swedish: fjäril

Gutnish: fjädavall, fjädurhalldi, fjädaralld

Dalian: fjörald, fjäråld

Western: fjöril

Elfdalian: fyörolder

Eastern: fjärålder, fjäråll, fjöråll, fyrålld

Gutnish: fjödarvald, fjädarvall, fjedurhaldi

Helsingian: fel, fyller, fjöder, flöijel

/ˈɸi.ɸɑl.dɔ̃ː/

From Proto-Indo-European *pa(l)-pal- (“fluttering; butterfly”), a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *pal- (“to touch, tap, pat”). Cognate with Latin pāpiliō (“butterfly”), Lithuanian papelučkà (“moth, owlling”), Old Mazanderani پاپلی (pāp(e)lē, “butterfly”).


hildiz

hildiz (nominative singular)
hildīz (nominative plural)
hildi (singular vocative)
hildīz (plural vocative)
hildį (accusative singular)
hildinz (accusative plural)
hildīz (genitive singular)
hildijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hildī (dative singular)
hildimaz (dative plural)
hildī (instrumental singular)
hildimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hildi
Old English: hild
Old Saxon: hild, hildi
Old High German: hilt, hild, hilta, hiltia
→⇒ Latin: Baudihillia, Boudihillia (theonym) (a mix of Celtic and Germanic elements; this word compounded with Proto-Celtic *boudi (“victory”))

Old Norse: hildr, Hildr

Icelandic: hildur, Hildur

→ Norwegian: Hildur

→ Swedish: Hildur

Faroese: Hildur

desc

Gothic: *𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌳𐍃 (*hilds), *𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹- (*hildi-) (in personal names)

Vandalic: *hildi- (in personal names)

Likely from Pre-Germanic *kelh₂tís, from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to hit, strike”). Cognate with Latin clādēs (“destruction”), Ancient Greek κόλος (kólos, “hornless”), Lithuanian kálti (“to strike, forge”), Russian колоть (kolotʹ, “to prick”).


haltaz

*haltaz (a-stem)

haltaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haltai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haltō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haltôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haltą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haltō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haltanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haltanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haltǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haltōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haltą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haltō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haltas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haltaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haltaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haltaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haltas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haltaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haltammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haltaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haltaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haltaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haltammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haltaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haltanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haltaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haltaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haltaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haltanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haltaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haltô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haltaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haltǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haltōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haltô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haltōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haltanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haltanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haltōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haltōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haltô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haltōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haltiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haltanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haltōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haltōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haltiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haltanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haltini (dative masculine singular weak)
haltammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haltōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haltōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haltini (dative neuter singular weak)
haltammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haltinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haltammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haltōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haltōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haltinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haltammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *halt
Old English: halt, healt
Middle English: halt
Scots: halt
English: halt
Old Frisian: halt
North Frisian: halt
Old Saxon: halt
Middle Low German: halt
Low German: halt
Old Dutch: *halt
Middle Dutch: hout, halt
Old High German: halz
Middle High German: halz

Old Norse: haltr

Icelandic: haltur

Faroese: haltur

Norwegian: halt

Old Swedish: halter

Swedish: halt

Danish: halt

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍄𐍃 (halts)

→ Proto-Finnic: *haltta (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *koldos, from Proto-Indo-European *kold-, extension of *kelh₂-. Related to Old Irish coll (“destruction”).


lagą

lagą (nominative singular)
lagō (nominative plural)
lagą (singular vocative)
lagō (plural vocative)
lagą (accusative singular)
lagō (accusative plural)
lagas (genitive singular)
lagis (genitive singular)
lagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lagai (dative singular)
lagamaz (dative plural)
lagō (instrumental singular)
lagamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lag
Old English: *læġ
Middle English: lai, lay, lagh
English: lay
Scots: lay
⇒ Old English: ġelæġ
⇒ Old English: oferlæġ
⇒ Old Frisian: laga
North Frisian: lag, log
Old Saxon: *lag
Middle Low German: lag, lach, lōch, lov
Old Dutch: lag
Middle Dutch: lach
Dutch: lag

Old Norse: lag n; lǫg n pl
Icelandic: lag n; lög n pl
Faroese: lag
Norwegian Nynorsk: lag n; log f
Old Swedish: lagh
Swedish: lag n, lag c or f
→ Finnish: laki
Old Danish: lagh, logh
Danish: lag n, lav c, lov
Norwegian Bokmål: lag n, lov m
→ Faroese: lóg f
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lov f or m
→ Old English: lagu
→ Middle English: lawe, laȝe, lagh
English: law (“score, share of expense, legal charge”)
Scots: lauch, lawch
Old West Norse:
Icelandic: lög n pl
Faroese: løg-
Norwegian Nynorsk: log f; (dialectal) løg f
Old East Norse:
Old Swedish: lagh f
Swedish: lag c
→ Finnish: laki
Old Danish: lagh, logh, ᛚᚮᚼ n pl or f
Danish: lov c
Norwegian Bokmål: lov
→ Faroese: lóg f
→ Norwegian: lov f or m (partially through Bokmål)
→ Old English: lagu f
Middle English: lawe, laȝe, laugh, laue
English: law
Scots: law

→ Proto-Finnic: *lako (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”).

a settled amount (cost, price, payment, etc.)


frōdijaną

frōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
frōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
frōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
frōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frōdijandz (active participle present)
frōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frōdijan
Old English: frēdan
Middle English: freden
Old Dutch: *fruoden
Middle Dutch: vroeden; (bevroeden)
Dutch: vroeden; (bevroeden)
Old High German: fruotēn
Middle High German: vrüeten

Old Norse: frǿða

Icelandic: fræða


skirmiz

skirmiz (nominative singular)
skirmīz (nominative plural)
skirmi (singular vocative)
skirmīz (plural vocative)
skirmį (accusative singular)
skirminz (accusative plural)
skirmīz (genitive singular)
skirmijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skirmī (dative singular)
skirmimaz (dative plural)
skirmī (instrumental singular)
skirmimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skirmi
Old Saxon: *skirm, *skerm
Middle Low German: scherm, scharm
German Low German: Schirm
→ Danish: skærm
→ Icelandic: skermur
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skjerm
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skjerm
→ Swedish: skärm
Old Dutch: skirm
Middle Dutch: scherm
Dutch: scherm
Afrikaans: skerm
Old High German: scirm, skirm, scerm, skerm
Middle High German: schirm, scherm
German: Schirm
→? Finnish: sermi
→ Russian: ширма (širma)
Hunsrik: Scherrem
Yiddish: שירעם (shirem)
→ Old French: escran, escren, escrein (see there for further descendants)
→⇒ Italian: schermo

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut, divide”).


heruz

heruz (nominative singular)
hiriwiz (nominative plural)
heru (singular vocative)
hiriwiz (plural vocative)
herų (accusative singular)
herunz (accusative plural)
herauz (genitive singular)
hiriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hiriwi (dative singular)
herumaz (dative plural)
herū (instrumental singular)
herumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *heru
Old English: heoru
Old Saxon: *heru (in compounds)
⇒ Old Saxon: heruband
⇒ Old Saxon: herudrōrag (adjective)
⇒ Old Saxon: herugrimm, herugrim (adjective)
⇒ Old Saxon: herusēl
⇒ Old Saxon: heruthrumm, heruthrum

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛖᚱᚢᛉ (*heruʀ)

desc

ᚺᛋᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᛋᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ (hAeruwulafiz /Hearuwulᵃfīʀ/)

Old Norse: hjǫrr

Icelandic: hjör

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (hairus)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱérus or *ḱérh₂us (“pointed stick, arrow, spear, sword”) from the root *ḱerh₂- (“head; horn”), cognate with Sanskrit शरु (śáru, “missile, dart, arrow”), or from *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


nōtō

nōtō (nominative singular)
nōtôz (nominative plural)
nōtō (singular vocative)
nōtôz (plural vocative)
nōtǭ (accusative singular)
nōtōz (accusative plural)
nōtōz (genitive singular)
nōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nōtōi (dative singular)
nōtōmaz (dative plural)
nōtō (instrumental singular)
nōtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: nót
Icelandic: nót
Faroese: nót
Norwegian Nynorsk: nót
Norwegian Bokmål: not
Old Swedish: nōt
Swedish: not
Danish: not

→ Proto-Finnic: *nootta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *nōttē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *nōd- (“knot, net”). Cognate with Latin nōdus (“node, knot, tie, band”).


nōaz

nōaz (nominative singular)
nōōz (nominative plural)
nōōs (nominative plural)
nō (singular vocative)
nōōz (plural vocative)
nōōs (plural vocative)
nōą (accusative singular)
nōanz (accusative plural)
nōas (genitive singular)
nōis (genitive singular)
nōǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nōai (dative singular)
nōamaz (dative plural)
nōō (instrumental singular)
nōamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nō
Old English: *nō, *nōw
⇒ Old English: nōwend

Old Norse: nór, nói

Icelandic: nór

Norwegian: nu, no (dialectal)

Swedish: no (dialectal)

⇒ Old Norse: Nóatún

Icelandic: Nóatún

From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us (“sea-boat, ship”). Cognate with Latin nāvis (“ship”), Old Irish nau (“ship”).


ōsaz

ōsaz (nominative singular)
ōsōz (nominative plural)
ōsōs (nominative plural)
ōs (singular vocative)
ōsōz (plural vocative)
ōsōs (plural vocative)
ōsą (accusative singular)
ōsanz (accusative plural)
ōsas (genitive singular)
ōsis (genitive singular)
ōsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ōsai (dative singular)
ōsamaz (dative plural)
ōsō (instrumental singular)
ōsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: ōr, ōra
Middle English: or (early, hapax)

Old Norse: óss

Icelandic: ós

Faroese: ósi (changed to weak declension)

Norwegian: os

Old Swedish: ōs

Swedish: os

Danish: os

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”) (apparently reformed as a thematic noun *h₃eh₁ésos). Cognate with Latin ōs (“mouth”), Lithuanian úostas (“port, harbour, haven”), Russian уста́ (ustá, “mouth, lips”), Sanskrit आस् (ā́s, “mouth”).


naustą

naustą (nominative singular)
naustō (nominative plural)
naustą (singular vocative)
naustō (plural vocative)
naustą (accusative singular)
naustō (accusative plural)
naustas (genitive singular)
naustis (genitive singular)
naustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
naustai (dative singular)
naustamaz (dative plural)
naustō (instrumental singular)
naustamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *naust(r)
Old English: næster
Old Frisian: nōst
North Frisian: nost
Old Saxon: *nōst, *nōsto
Middle Low German: nôste
>? Old High German: nuosk
Middle High German: nuosch

Old Norse: naust
Icelandic: naust
Faroese: neyst
Norwegian: naust; (dialectal) naustr, nøst
→ Danish: naust, nøst
Norwegian Bokmål: naust, nøst
→ Scots: noust, nowst, newst, noost, noast

From Proto-Indo-European *neh₂u- (“sea-boat, ship”) + *sth₂om, from *steh₂- (“to stand”). More at *nōaz.


bargijaną

bargijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bargijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bargijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bargīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bargijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bargī (active imperative second-person singular)
bargijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bargijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bargīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bargijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bargijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bargijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bargijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bargijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bargijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bargijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bargijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bargijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bargijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bargijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bargijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bargijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bargīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bargijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bargīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bargijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bargijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bargijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bargijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bargijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bargijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bargijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bargidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bargidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bargidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bargidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bargidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bargidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bargidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bargidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bargidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bargidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bargidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bargidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bargidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bargidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bargidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bargidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bargijandz (active participle present)
bargidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bargijan
Old English: biergan, berġan — Anglian, birġan, byrġan — Late West Saxon, beorġan, berian, byriġan
Middle English: büriȝen
Old High German: *bergen
⇒ Old High German: bergita (“cake”)

Old Norse: bergja

Icelandic: bergja

Norwegian: bergja

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʷ-, *bʰergʷʰ- (“to feed”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φέρβω (phérbō, “to feed, nourish, graze”), Sanskrit भर्वति (bhárvati, “he chews, eats, devours”).


barwaz

barwaz (nominative singular)
barwōz (nominative plural)
barwōs (nominative plural)
barw (singular vocative)
barwōz (plural vocative)
barwōs (plural vocative)
barwą (accusative singular)
barwanz (accusative plural)
barwas (genitive singular)
barwis (genitive singular)
barwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barwai (dative singular)
barwamaz (dative plural)
barwō (instrumental singular)
barwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *baru

desctree

Old English: bearu
Middle English: berwe, barwe, berewe, barewe, barou
Middle English: ber, bere, beare, byar, biare, byare, bir (in placenames only) (merged with descendant of Old English bǣr (“pasture”))

Old Saxon: *baro; bere (< *baruz?)

Old High German: baro

Old Norse: bǫrr (“a kind of tree”)

Icelandic: bör

This word only has cognates in Slavic. Kroonen states that the reconstructed proto-form would reflect *bʰorwos, and states that it is a Germanic-Slavic isogloss. See Proto-Slavic *borъ (“pine tree”). Orr considers the possibility that it is a loan, in particular the ŭ-declension being copied. In this case the Germanic meaning would be more derived, with a shift from the Slavic sense “pine grove” to “forest (in general)" for which compare Proto-Slavic *dǫbrava (“oak grove; forest in general”).


biliz

biliz (masculine nominative singular strong)
biljai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bilī (feminine nominative singular strong)
biljôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bilį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
biljō (neuter nominative plural strong)
biljanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
biljanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
biljǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
biljōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bilį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
biljō (accusative neuter plural strong)
biljas (genitive masculine singular strong)
bilis (genitive masculine singular strong)
biljaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
biljaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
biljaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
biljas (genitive neuter singular strong)
bilis (genitive neuter singular strong)
biljaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
biljammai (dative masculine singular strong)
biljaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
biljaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
biljaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
biljammai (dative neuter singular strong)
biljaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
biljanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
biljaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
biljaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
biljaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
biljanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
biljaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
biljô (masculine nominative singular weak)
biljaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
biljǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
biljōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
biljô (neuter nominative singular weak)
biljōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
biljanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
biljanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
biljōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
biljōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
biljô (accusative neuter singular weak)
biljōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
biliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
biljanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
biljōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
biljōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
biliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
biljanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
bilini (dative masculine singular weak)
biljammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
biljōni (dative feminine singular weak)
biljōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
bilini (dative neuter singular weak)
biljammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
bilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
biljammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
biljōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
biljōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
bilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
biljammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: bile-, bele (in compounds: bilewit, belewit; bilehwīt)

Middle English: bilewit, bilewhit

Old Frisian: *billīk

desc

Saterland Frisian: billich (“fair, equitable, just”)

West Frisian: billik, binlik

Old Saxon: bili (in compound: biliwit; unbilithunga); *billīk

Middle Low German: billik, billich, bilk

German Low German: billig

→ Saterland Frisian: billich (“at fair/decent price, inexpensive, cheap”)

→ Danish: billig

→ Swedish: billig

Old Dutch: *biliwit; *bili; *billīk

Middle Dutch: beelwitte, belewitte, beluwitte; billic, bilc, billijc

Dutch: beeldwit; billijk, billig

Afrikaans: billik

Old High German: bili (in compounds: *biliwiz); billūh, billīh

Middle High German: bilewiz, bilwiz, bilwīz; billich

Bavarian: büllich, büllig

German: billig

Yiddish: ביליק (bilik)

German: Bilwiz, Bilwis, Bilwiß, Bilweis (“a kind of demon; also a family name”)

Luxembourgish: bëlleg

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰil-i-s, from *bʰil- (“good, decent”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved, lief”), Old Irish bil (“good, mild”).