armijaną

armijō (active first-person indicative singular)
armijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
armijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
armīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
armijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
armī (active imperative second-person singular)
armijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
armijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
armīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
armijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
armijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
armijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
armijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
armijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
armijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
armijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
armijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
armijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
armijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
armijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
armijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
armijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
armīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
armijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
armīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
armijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
armijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
armijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
armijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
armijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
armijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
armijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
armidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
armidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
armidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
armidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
armidē (active indicative singular third-person)
armidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
armidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
armidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
armidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
armidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
armidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
armidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
armidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
armidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
armidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
armidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
armijandz (active participle present)
armidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *armijan
Old English: ierman, yrman
Middle English: ermen
Old High German: armen, ermen
Middle High German: armen, ermen
German: armen
Switzerland German: ärmen

Old Norse: erma

Icelandic: erma


armōdiją

armōdiją (nominative singular)
armōdijō (nominative plural)
armōdiją (singular vocative)
armōdijō (plural vocative)
armōdiją (accusative singular)
armōdijō (accusative plural)
armōdijas (genitive singular)
armōdīs (genitive singular)
armōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
armōdijai (dative singular)
armōdijamaz (dative plural)
armōdijō (instrumental singular)
armōdijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *armōdī
Old Frisian: *ermmōd
⇒ Old Frisian: ermmōdich
Old Saxon: armōdi
Middle Low German: armōde, armōde
→ Danish: armod
Old Dutch: *armodi
Middle Dutch: armode, armoede
Dutch: armoede
Afrikaans: armoede
Limburgish: ermood, ermeuj
Old High German: armuoti, armmuoti
Middle High German: armuote, ermuote, armet, ermet
German: Armut
Hunsrik: Aarmut

Old Norse: armœða

Icelandic: armæða

Faroese: armóð


armōstaz

armōstaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
armōstai (masculine nominative plural strong)
armōstō (feminine nominative singular strong)
armōstôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
armōstą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
armōstō (neuter nominative plural strong)
armōstanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
armōstanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
armōstǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
armōstōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
armōstą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
armōstō (accusative neuter plural strong)
armōstas (genitive masculine singular strong)
armōstis (genitive masculine singular strong)
armōstaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
armōstaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
armōstaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
armōstas (genitive neuter singular strong)
armōstis (genitive neuter singular strong)
armōstaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
armōstammai (dative masculine singular strong)
armōstaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
armōstaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
armōstaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
armōstammai (dative neuter singular strong)
armōstaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
armōstanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
armōstaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
armōstaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
armōstaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
armōstanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
armōstaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
armōstô (masculine nominative singular weak)
armōstaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
armōstǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
armōstōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
armōstô (neuter nominative singular weak)
armōstōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
armōstanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
armōstanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
armōstōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
armōstōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
armōstô (accusative neuter singular weak)
armōstōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
armōstiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
armōstanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
armōstōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
armōstōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
armōstiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
armōstanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
armōstini (dative masculine singular weak)
armōstammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
armōstōni (dative feminine singular weak)
armōstōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
armōstini (dative neuter singular weak)
armōstammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
armōstinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
armōstammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
armōstōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
armōstōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
armōstinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
armōstammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *armōst
Old English: earmost
Old Saxon: armost
Old Dutch: *armost
Middle Dutch: armst
Dutch: armst

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍉𐍃𐍄𐍃 (armōsts)


taiknōną

taiknō (active first-person indicative singular)
taiknǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taiknōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
taiknōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
taiknōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taiknō (active imperative second-person singular)
taiknōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taiknōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taiknōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taiknō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taiknōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taiknōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taiknōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taiknōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taiknōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taiknōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taiknōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taiknōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taiknōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taiknōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taiknōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taiknōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taiknōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taiknōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taiknōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taiknōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taiknōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taiknōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taiknōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taiknōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taiknōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taiknōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
taiknōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
taiknōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taiknōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
taiknōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taiknōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
taiknōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taiknōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
taiknōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taiknōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taiknōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taiknōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
taiknōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taiknōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
taiknōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taiknōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
taiknōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taiknōndz (active participle present)
taiknōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *taiknōn
Old English: tācnian
Middle English: toknen
English: token
Scots: taiken
→ Old Norse: tákna
Icelandic: tákna
Old Frisian: tēknia, tēkena, tēkna
Old High German: zeihhanōn, zeichanōn
Middle High German: zeichenen
German: zeichnen

Old Norse: teikna

Danish: tegne

Faroese: tekna

Icelandic: teikna

Norwegian Bokmål: tegne

Norwegian Nynorsk: teikne

Swedish: teckna

From *taikną (“sign, token, symbol”) + *-ōną.


taiknijaną

taiknijō (active first-person indicative singular)
taiknijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taiknijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
taiknīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
taiknijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taiknī (active imperative second-person singular)
taiknijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taiknijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taiknīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taiknijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taiknijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taiknijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taiknijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taiknijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taiknijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taiknijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taiknijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taiknijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taiknijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taiknijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taiknijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taiknijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taiknīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taiknijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taiknīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taiknijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taiknijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taiknijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taiknijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taiknijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taiknijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taiknijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
taiknidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
taiknidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taiknidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
taiknidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taiknidē (active indicative singular third-person)
taiknidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taiknidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
taiknidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taiknidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taiknidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taiknidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
taiknidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taiknidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
taiknidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taiknidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
taiknidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taiknijandz (active participle present)
taiknidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *taiknijan
Old English: tǣcnan
Old Saxon: tēknian
Middle Low German: tēkenen
Old Dutch: *tēknen
Middle Dutch: têkenen, teikenen
Dutch: tekenen
Afrikaans: teken
→ Caribbean Javanese: tèken
Limburgish: teikene
Old High German: zeihhanen, zeichanen, zeihnen
Middle High German: zeichenen
German: zeichnen

Old Norse: teikna

Icelandic: teikna

Faroese: tekna

Norwegian Nynorsk: teikna

Old Swedish: tekna

Swedish: teckna

Old Danish: tegnæ, tekna

Danish: tegne

Norwegian Bokmål: tegne

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (taiknjan)

From *taikną (“sign, token, symbol”) + *-janą.


swiknō

swiknō (nominative singular)
swiknôz (nominative plural)
swiknō (singular vocative)
swiknôz (plural vocative)
swiknǭ (accusative singular)
swiknōz (accusative plural)
swiknōz (genitive singular)
swiknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swiknōi (dative singular)
swiknōmaz (dative plural)
swiknō (instrumental singular)
swiknōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swiknu
Old English: swicn

Old Norse: sykn

Substantivisation of *swiknaz (“pure, innocent”).


swelaną

swelō (active first-person indicative singular)
swelaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swelai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swilizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swelaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swel (active imperative second-person singular)
swelazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swelaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swilidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swelai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sweladau (active imperative singular third-person)
sweladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swelaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swelōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swelaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sweladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swelaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sweladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swelamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swelaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swelandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swelaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swilid (active indicative plural second-person)
swelaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swilid (active imperative plural second-person)
swelandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swelaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swelandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swelain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swelandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swelandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swelaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swal (active first-person indicative singular)
swēlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swalt (active indicative second-person singular)
swēlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swal (active indicative singular third-person)
swēlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swēlū (active dual first-person indicative)
swēlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swēludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swēlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swēlum (active first-person indicative plural)
swēlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swēlud (active indicative plural second-person)
swēlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swēlun (active indicative plural third-person)
swēlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swelandz (active participle present)
sulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swelan
Old English: swelan
Middle English: swelen
English: sweal
Old Saxon: *swelan
Middle Low German: swelen, swēlen
German Low German: swelen
→ German: schwelen
Old Dutch: *swelan
Middle Dutch: swelen
Dutch: zwelen
Old High German: *swelan
⇒ Old High German: erswelan

From Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to burn”), cognate with Lithuanian svìlti (“to singe”) and Latvian svals (“vapor, smoke”).


swiknaz

swiknaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swiknai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swiknō (feminine nominative singular strong)
swiknôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swikną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swiknō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swiknanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swiknanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swiknǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swiknōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swikną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swiknō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swiknas (genitive masculine singular strong)
swiknis (genitive masculine singular strong)
swiknaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swiknaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swiknaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swiknas (genitive neuter singular strong)
swiknis (genitive neuter singular strong)
swiknaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swiknammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swiknaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swiknaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swiknaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swiknammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swiknaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swiknanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swiknaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swiknaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swiknaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swiknanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swiknaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swiknô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swiknaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swiknǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swiknōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swiknô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swiknōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swiknanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swiknanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swiknōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swiknōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swiknô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swiknōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swikniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swiknanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swiknōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swiknōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swikniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swiknanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swiknini (dative masculine singular weak)
swiknammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swiknōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swiknōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swiknini (dative neuter singular weak)
swiknammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swikninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swiknammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swiknōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swiknōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swikninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swiknammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: sykn

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 (swikns)

According to Ringe (2017: 97) “PIE *h₁su-Hiǵnós ‘good to venerate’ (cf. Skt su-, Homeric Gk ἐϋ- /eu-/ ‘good, well’; Skt yajñás ‘sacrifice’, Gk ἁγνός ‘pure’ with full-grade *Hyaǵ-) > *suignós > PGmc *swiknaz ‘pure’ (cf. Goth. swikns).”


kweraną

kwerō (active first-person indicative singular)
kweraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwerai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kweraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwer (active imperative second-person singular)
kwerazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kweraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwerai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kweradau (active imperative singular third-person)
kweradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kweraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwerōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kweraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kweradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kweraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kweradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kweramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kweraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwerandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kweraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwirid (active indicative plural second-person)
kweraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwirid (active imperative plural second-person)
kwerandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kweraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwerandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwerain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwerandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwerandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kweraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwar (active first-person indicative singular)
kwērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwart (active indicative second-person singular)
kwērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwar (active indicative singular third-person)
kwērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwērū (active dual first-person indicative)
kwērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwērum (active first-person indicative plural)
kwērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwērud (active indicative plural second-person)
kwērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwērun (active indicative plural third-person)
kwērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwerandz (active participle present)
kuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kweran
⇒ Old English: *cweart
⇒ Old English: cweartern
Middle English: quartern
Old Saxon: *kweran
Middle Low German: quēren, querren, quarren
German Low German: quarren
→ German: quarren
Old High German: kweran, queran
⇒ Old High German: irkweran, irqueran

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-, cognate with Lithuanian gùrti (“to scream”).


skrepaną

skrepō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrepaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrepai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skripizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrepaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrep (active imperative second-person singular)
skrepazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrepaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skripidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrepai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrepadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrepadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrepaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrepōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrepaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrepadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrepaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrepadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrepamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrepaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrepandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrepaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skripid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrepaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skripid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrepandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrepaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrepandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrepain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrepandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrepandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrepaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrap (active first-person indicative singular)
skrēpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skraft (active indicative second-person singular)
skrēpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrap (active indicative singular third-person)
skrēpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrēpū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrēpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrēpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrēpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrēpum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrēpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrēpud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrēpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrēpun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrēpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrepandz (active participle present)
skrepanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrepan
Old English: sċrepan
Middle English: screpen, schrepen
Old Saxon: *skrepan
Middle Low German: schrēpen
Old Dutch: *skrepan
Middle Dutch: schrēpen
Old High German: *skrepfan, *skreffan
Middle High German: schepfen, schreffen, schrefen, schreven
German: schröpfen (partially)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-b- (“to scratch, to engrave”). The current form with -p- was influenced by the iteratives, the presumed primary form *skrebaną (“to scratch”) is unattested.
Related to *skerpaną and *skerbaną (“to scratch”).


skrappōną

skrappō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrappǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrappōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrappōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrappōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrappō (active imperative second-person singular)
skrappōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrappōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrappōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrappō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrappōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrappōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrappōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrappōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skrappōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrappōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrappōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrappōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrappōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrappōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrappōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrappōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrappōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skrappōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrappōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skrappōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrappōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrappōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrappōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrappōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrappōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrappōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrappōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skrappōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrappōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skrappōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrappōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skrappōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrappōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrappōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrappōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrappōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrappōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrappōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrappōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrappōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrappōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrappōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrappōndz (active participle present)
skrappōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skrappōn
Old Dutch: *scrabon, *scrabbon, *scrappon
Middle Dutch: schrāven, schrabben, schrappen
Dutch: schrappen
Old High German: *skraffōn
Middle High German: schraffen

Old Norse: skraba

Danish: skrabe

An iterative formed from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-b- (“to scratch, to engrave”). and influenced by *skrepaną.


kwerkō

kwerkō (nominative singular)
kwerkôz (nominative plural)
kwerkō (singular vocative)
kwerkôz (plural vocative)
kwerkǭ (accusative singular)
kwerkōz (accusative plural)
kwerkōz (genitive singular)
kwerkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwerkōi (dative singular)
kwerkōmaz (dative plural)
kwerkō (instrumental singular)
kwerkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwerku
⇒ Old Frisian: querka, quertza (verb)
North Frisian: querke, quirke
Old Saxon: *querka
Middle Low German: querke, quarke
⇒ Middle Low German: querken (verb)
Old High German: querka, querkala, querkela

Old Norse: kverk

Icelandic: kverk

Norwegian Bokmål: kverk

Norwegian Nynorsk: kverk

Faroese: kvørkrar (plural)

→ Middle English: *querk

>? English: quirk

Scots: querk

→ Proto-Finnic: *kurkku (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour, eat”).


skrapōną

skrapō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrapǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrapōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrapōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrapōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrapō (active imperative second-person singular)
skrapōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrapōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrapōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrapō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrapōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrapōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrapōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrapōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skrapōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrapōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrapōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrapōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrapōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrapōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrapōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrapōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrapōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skrapōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrapōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skrapōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrapōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrapōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrapōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrapōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrapōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrapōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrapōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skrapōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrapōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skrapōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrapōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skrapōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrapōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skrapōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrapōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrapōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrapōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skrapōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrapōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skrapōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrapōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skrapōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrapōndz (active participle present)
skrapōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skrapōn
Old English: sċrapian
Middle English: schrapen, scrapen (influenced by Old Norse)
English: scrape
Scots: scrap, scraip
Old Frisian: *skrapia, *skrabia
Saterland Frisian: skraabje
West Frisian: skraabje
Old Saxon: *skrapōn
Middle Low German: schrāpen, schrappen
German Low German: schrabben
Old Dutch: *scrapon
Middle Dutch: schrāpen
Dutch: schrapen
Afrikaans: skraap
Old High German: *skrapōn
Middle High German: schrapen
German: schrappen
Walloon: screper, Walloon: crape

→ Walloon: crape, → Walloon: screper

Old Norse: skrapa

Danish: skrabe

Icelandic: skrapa

Norwegian Bokmål: skrape

Norwegian Nynorsk: skrape

Swedish: skrapa


staþô

staþô (nominative singular)
staþaniz (nominative plural)
staþô (singular vocative)
staþaniz (plural vocative)
staþanų (accusative singular)
staþanunz (accusative plural)
staþiniz (genitive singular)
staþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staþini (dative singular)
staþammaz (dative plural)
staþinē (instrumental singular)
staþammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *staþu
Old Saxon: *statha
Middle Low German: stade f

Old Norse: staði

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰 (*staþa)

desc

𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰

⇒ Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐌰 (lukarnastaþa)

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).


stubjuz

stubjuz (nominative singular)
stubjiwiz (nominative plural)
stubju (singular vocative)
stubjiwiz (plural vocative)
stubjų (accusative singular)
stubjunz (accusative plural)
stubjauz (genitive singular)
stubjiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stubjiwi (dative singular)
stubjumaz (dative plural)
stubjū (instrumental singular)
stubjumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stubbju
Old High German: stuppi
⇒ German: Gestüpp
Old Dutch: *stubbi
Middle Dutch: stubbe

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌿𐍃 (stubjus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeubʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, obscure”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to whirl, waft, stink, shake; steam, haze, smoke”).


hlūdą

hlūdą (nominative singular)
hlūdō (nominative plural)
hlūdą (singular vocative)
hlūdō (plural vocative)
hlūdą (accusative singular)
hlūdō (accusative plural)
hlūdas (genitive singular)
hlūdis (genitive singular)
hlūdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlūdai (dative singular)
hlūdamaz (dative plural)
hlūdō (instrumental singular)
hlūdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlūd
Old Frisian: hlūd

Old Norse: hljóð

Substantivization of *hlūdaz (“loud, famous”).


struttōną

struttō (active first-person indicative singular)
struttǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
struttōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
struttōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
struttōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
struttō (active imperative second-person singular)
struttōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
struttōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
struttōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
struttō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
struttōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
struttōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
struttōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
struttōs (active dual first-person indicative)
struttōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
struttōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
struttōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
struttōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
struttōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
struttōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
struttōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
struttōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
struttōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
struttōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
struttōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
struttōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
struttōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
struttōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
struttōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
struttōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
struttōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
struttōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
struttōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
struttōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
struttōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
struttōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
struttōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
struttōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
struttōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
struttōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
struttōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
struttōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
struttōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
struttōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
struttōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
struttōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
struttōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
struttōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
struttōndz (active participle present)
struttōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *strottōn

Old High German: *strotzōn

Middle High German: strotzen

From Proto-Indo-European *sret- (“to swirl, to flow”).


struttōną

Proto-West Germanic: *strottōn

Old High German: *strotzōn

Middle High German: strotzen

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter- (“strong, firm, stiff, rigid”)


streþaną

streþō (active first-person indicative singular)
streþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
streþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
striþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
streþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
streþ (active imperative second-person singular)
streþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
streþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
striþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
streþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
streþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
streþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
streþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
streþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
streþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
streþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
streþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
streþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
streþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
streþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
streþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
streþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
striþid (active indicative plural second-person)
streþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
striþid (active imperative plural second-person)
streþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
streþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
streþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
streþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
streþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
streþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
streþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straþ (active first-person indicative singular)
strēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strast (active indicative second-person singular)
strēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straþ (active indicative singular third-person)
strēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
strēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
strēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
strēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
strēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
streþandz (active participle present)
stredanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *streþan
Old High German: stredan
Middle High German: streden


finkaną

finkō (active first-person indicative singular)
finkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
finkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
finkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
finkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fink (active imperative second-person singular)
finkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
finkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
finkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
finkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
finkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
finkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
finkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
finkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
finkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
finkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
finkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
finkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
finkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
finkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
finkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
finkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
finkid (active indicative plural second-person)
finkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
finkid (active imperative plural second-person)
finkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
finkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
finkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
finkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
finkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
finkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
finkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fank (active first-person indicative singular)
funkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanht (active indicative second-person singular)
funkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fank (active indicative singular third-person)
funkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
funkū (active dual first-person indicative)
funkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
funkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
funkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
funkum (active first-person indicative plural)
funkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
funkud (active indicative plural second-person)
funkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
funkun (active indicative plural third-person)
funkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
finkandz (active participle present)
funkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *finkan
Old Dutch: *finkan
Middle Dutch: vinken
Old High German: *finkan
⇒ Old High German: *finklōn
Middle High German: finkeln
German: finkeln

From Proto-Indo-European *penk-. The current form with -k- was influenced by the iteratives, the presumed primary form *finhaną is unattested.


haisį̄

haisį̄ (nominative singular)
haisīniz (nominative plural)
haisį̄ (singular vocative)
haisīniz (plural vocative)
haisīnų (accusative singular)
haisīnunz (accusative plural)
haisīniz (genitive singular)
haisīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haisīni (dative singular)
haisīmaz (dative plural)
haisīnē (instrumental singular)
haisīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haisī, *haisrī
Old High German: heisī, heisarī

Old Norse: hæsi

Icelandic: hæsi


fangijaną

fangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fangī (active imperative second-person singular)
fangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fangijandz (active participle present)
fangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fangijan
Old Dutch: *fengen
Old High German: *fengen
Middle High German: vengen, venken

Causative from an unattested verb *finhaną, equivalent to *finhaną + *-janą.

(West Germanic) to cause to sparkle, ignite


fankijaną

fankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fankī (active imperative second-person singular)
fankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fankijandz (active participle present)
fankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fankijan
Old Dutch: *fenken
⇒ Middle Dutch: ontfenken
Old High German: *fenken
Middle High German: venken


haimijaz

haimijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haimijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haimijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haimijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haimiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haimijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haimijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haimijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haimijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haimijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haimiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haimijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haimijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
haimīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
haimijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haimijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haimijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haimijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
haimīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
haimijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haimijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haimijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haimijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haimijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haimijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haimijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haimijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haimijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haimijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haimijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haimijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haimijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haimijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haimijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haimijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haimijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haimijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haimijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haimijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haimijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haimijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haimijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haimijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haimijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haimīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haimijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haimijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haimijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haimīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haimijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haimīni (dative masculine singular weak)
haimijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haimijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haimijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haimīni (dative neuter singular weak)
haimijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haimīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haimijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haimijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haimijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haimīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haimijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *haimī
Old English: *hǣme
⇒ Old English: ġehǣme
⇒ Old English: *hǣming
Old High German: *heimi
⇒ Old High German: heimo
⇒ Old High German: heimilo
⇒ Old High German: heimilī

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*haimeis)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌴𐌹𐍃 (anahaimeis)


haitą

haitą (nominative singular)
haitō (nominative plural)
haitą (singular vocative)
haitō (plural vocative)
haitą (accusative singular)
haitō (accusative plural)
haitas (genitive singular)
haitis (genitive singular)
haitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haitai (dative singular)
haitamaz (dative plural)
haitō (instrumental singular)
haitamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hait

Old English: hāt
English: hote, hot, hate, hat

Old Norse: heit

Icelandic: heit

Faroese: heit

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 (*hait)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄 (andahait)

Substantivization of *haitaną (“to address, to call”).


furaigangijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*furaigangijô (an-stem)

furaigangijô (nominative singular)
furaigangijaniz (nominative plural)
furaigangijô (singular vocative)
furaigangijaniz (plural vocative)
furaigangijanų (accusative singular)
furaigangijanunz (accusative plural)
furaigangīniz (genitive singular)
furaigangijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furaigangīni (dative singular)
furaigangijammaz (dative plural)
furaigangīnē (instrumental singular)
furaigangijammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *forēgangijō
Old English: foregenga

Old Norse: foringi

Icelandic: foringi

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌾𐌰 (fauragaggja)

/ˌɸurɑi̯ˈɣɑŋ.ɡi.jɔːː/


mildiþō

mildiþō (nominative singular)
mildiþôz (nominative plural)
mildiþō (singular vocative)
mildiþôz (plural vocative)
mildiþǭ (accusative singular)
mildiþōz (accusative plural)
mildiþōz (genitive singular)
mildiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mildiþōi (dative singular)
mildiþōmaz (dative plural)
mildiþō (instrumental singular)
mildiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mildiþu
Old High German: miltida

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌹𐌸𐌰 (mildiþa)


uzganganą

uzgangō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzgangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzgangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzgangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzgangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzgang (active imperative second-person singular)
uzgangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzgangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzgangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzgangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzgangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzgangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzgangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzgangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzgangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzgangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzgangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzgangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzgangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzgangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzgangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzgangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzgangid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzgangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzgangid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzgangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzgangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzgangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzgangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzgangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzgangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzgangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzgegang (active first-person indicative singular)
uzgegangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzgeganht (active indicative second-person singular)
uzgegangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzgegang (active indicative singular third-person)
uzgegangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzgegangū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzgegangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzgegangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzgegangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzgegangum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzgegangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzgegangud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzgegangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzgegangun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzgegangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzgangandz (active participle present)
uzganganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀgangan
Old English: āgangan
Old Saxon: āgangan
Middle Low German: ergān (< with *ganganą replaced by *gāną)
Old High German: irgangan
Middle High German: ergān, ergēn (< with *ganganą replaced by *gāną)
German: ergehen

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (usgaggan)

/ˌuzˈɣɑŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/


gangiją

gangiją (nominative singular)
gangijō (nominative plural)
gangiją (singular vocative)
gangijō (plural vocative)
gangiją (accusative singular)
gangijō (accusative plural)
gangijas (genitive singular)
gangīs (genitive singular)
gangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gangijai (dative singular)
gangijamaz (dative plural)
gangijō (instrumental singular)
gangijamiz (instrumental plural)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gagangī

Old English: ġegenġe

Middle English: igeng

Old Saxon: gigengi

Old Norse: gengi
Icelandic: gengi
→? Old English: genge
Middle English: genge, geng, ging, gyng, gynge
English: ging (obsolete)
Middle Scots: ging

/ˈɣɑŋ.ɡi.jɑ̃/

from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰengʰ- (“stride, step”).


gangijaną

gangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
gangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gangī (active imperative second-person singular)
gangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
gangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gangijandz (active participle present)
gangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gangijan
Old English: gengan
Old High German: *gengen
⇒ Old High German: zigengen
Middle High German: zergengen

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaggjan)

/ˈɣɑŋ.ɡi.jɑ.nɑ̃/


gangulaz

gangulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gangulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gangulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gangulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gangulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gangulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gangulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gangulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gangulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gangulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gangulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gangulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gangulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gangulis (genitive masculine singular strong)
gangulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gangulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gangulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gangulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gangulis (genitive neuter singular strong)
gangulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gangulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gangulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gangulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gangulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gangulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gangulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gangulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gangulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gangulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gangulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gangulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gangulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gangulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gangulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gangulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gangulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gangulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gangulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gangulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gangulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gangulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gangulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gangulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gangulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ganguliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gangulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gangulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gangulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ganguliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gangulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gangulini (dative masculine singular weak)
gangulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gangulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gangulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gangulini (dative neuter singular weak)
gangulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gangulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gangulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gangulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gangulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gangulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gangulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gangul
Old English: *gangol
⇒ Old English: fæstgangel
⇒ Old English: wīdgangol

Old Norse: gǫngull


gangilaz

gangilaz (nominative singular)
gangilōz (nominative plural)
gangilōs (nominative plural)
gangil (singular vocative)
gangilōz (plural vocative)
gangilōs (plural vocative)
gangilą (accusative singular)
gangilanz (accusative plural)
gangilas (genitive singular)
gangilis (genitive singular)
gangilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gangilai (dative singular)
gangilamaz (dative plural)
gangilō (instrumental singular)
gangilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gangil
Old High German: *gengil
⇒ Old High German: gimeitgengil
⇒ Old High German: nāhgengil

Old Norse: *gengelr

⇒ Old Norse: gengelbeina


sprantijaną

sprantijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprantijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprantijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprantīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprantijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprantī (active imperative second-person singular)
sprantijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprantijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprantīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprantijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprantijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprantijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprantijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprantijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sprantijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprantijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprantijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprantijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprantijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprantijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprantijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprantijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprantīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sprantijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprantīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sprantijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprantijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprantijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprantijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprantijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprantijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprantijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprantidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sprantidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprantidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sprantidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprantidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sprantidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprantidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprantidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprantidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprantidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprantidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprantidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprantidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprantidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprantidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprantidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprantijandz (active participle present)
sprantidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sprantijan
Old English: sprentan
Old High German: sprenzan

Old Norse: spretta, *sprenta

Icelandic: spretta

Norwegian Bokmål: sprette

Swedish: sprätta

→ Northern Middle English: sprenten, sprent
English: sprint (see there for further descendants; dialectal sprent, sprunt)
Scots: sprent, sprint, spraint, sprind


sprintaną

sprintō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprintaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprintai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprintizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprintaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprint (active imperative second-person singular)
sprintazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprintaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprintidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprintai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprintadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprintadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprintaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprintōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sprintaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprintadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprintaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprintadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprintamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprintaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprintandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprintaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprintid (active indicative plural second-person)
sprintaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprintid (active imperative plural second-person)
sprintandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprintaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprintandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprintain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprintandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprintandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprintaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprant (active first-person indicative singular)
spruntį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spranst (active indicative second-person singular)
spruntīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprant (active indicative singular third-person)
spruntī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spruntū (active dual first-person indicative)
spruntīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spruntudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spruntīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spruntum (active first-person indicative plural)
spruntīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spruntud (active indicative plural second-person)
spruntīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spruntun (active indicative plural third-person)
spruntīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprintandz (active participle present)
spruntanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sprintan
Old English: sprintan
Old High German: *sprinzan
Middle High German: sprinzen

Old Norse: spretta

Icelandic: spretta

Norwegian Nynorsk: spretta

Swedish: sprätta

Danish: sprætte

Norwegian Bokmål: sprette

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)prend-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *prę̀dati (“to jump, leap”).


trekaną

trekō (active first-person indicative singular)
trekaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trekai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
trekaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trek (active imperative second-person singular)
trekazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
trekaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
trekai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trekadau (active imperative singular third-person)
trekadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
trekaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
trekōz (active dual first-person indicative)
trekaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trekadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trekaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trekadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
trekamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
trekaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trekandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
trekaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trikid (active indicative plural second-person)
trekaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trikid (active imperative plural second-person)
trekandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
trekaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
trekandi (active indicative plural third-person)
trekain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trekandau (active imperative plural third-person)
trekandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
trekaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trak (active first-person indicative singular)
trēkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
traht (active indicative second-person singular)
trēkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trak (active indicative singular third-person)
trēkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trēkū (active dual first-person indicative)
trēkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trēkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trēkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trēkum (active first-person indicative plural)
trēkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trēkud (active indicative plural second-person)
trēkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trēkun (active indicative plural third-person)
trēkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trekandz (active participle present)
trekanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *trekan
Old Frisian: trekka
North Frisian: trecke, tracke
Old Saxon: *trekkan
Middle Low German: trecken
Old High German: *trehhan
⇒ Old High German: bitrehhan
Middle High German: betrëchen

From Proto-Indo-European *dreg- (“to pull”).


trēgiz

trēgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
trēgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
trēgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
trēgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
trēgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
trēgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
trēgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
trēgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
trēgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
trēgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
trēgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
trēgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
trēgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
trēgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
trēgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
trēgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
trēgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
trēgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
trēgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
trēgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
trēgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
trēgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
trēgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
trēgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
trēgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
trēgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
trēgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
trēgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
trēgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
trēgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
trēgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
trēgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
trēgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
trēgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
trēgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
trēgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
trēgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
trēgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
trēgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
trēgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
trēgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
trēgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
trēgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
trēgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
trēgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
trēgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
trēgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
trēgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
trēgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
trēgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
trēgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
trēgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
trēgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
trēgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
trēgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
trēgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
trēgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
trēgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
trēgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
trēgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
trēgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
trēgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *trāgī
Old English: trāg
Old Saxon: trāg, trāgi
Old Dutch: *trāgi
Middle Dutch: trâge
Dutch: traag
Limburgish: traog
Old High German: trāgi
Middle High German: træge
German: träg, träge

Vṛddhi gerundive of *treganą (“to suffer”).


kwēlō

kwēlō (nominative singular)
kwēlôz (nominative plural)
kwēlō (singular vocative)
kwēlôz (plural vocative)
kwēlǭ (accusative singular)
kwēlōz (accusative plural)
kwēlōz (genitive singular)
kwēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwēlōi (dative singular)
kwēlōmaz (dative plural)
kwēlō (instrumental singular)
kwēlōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwālu
Old Saxon: quāla
Old Dutch: *kwāla
Middle Dutch: quâle
Dutch: kwaal
Afrikaans: kwaal
Old High German: quāla
Middle High German: quāle
German: Qual


krimmaną

krimmō (active first-person indicative singular)
krimmaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krimmai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krimmizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krimmaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krimm (active imperative second-person singular)
krimmazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krimmaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krimmidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krimmai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krimmadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krimmadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krimmaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krimmōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krimmaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krimmadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krimmaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krimmadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krimmamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krimmaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krimmandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krimmaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krimmid (active indicative plural second-person)
krimmaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krimmid (active imperative plural second-person)
krimmandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krimmaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krimmandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krimmain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krimmandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krimmandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krimmaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kramm (active first-person indicative singular)
krummį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krammt (active indicative second-person singular)
krummīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kramm (active indicative singular third-person)
krummī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krummū (active dual first-person indicative)
krummīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krummudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krummīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krummum (active first-person indicative plural)
krummīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krummud (active indicative plural second-person)
krummīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krummun (active indicative plural third-person)
krummīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krimmandz (active participle present)
krummanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *krimman
Old English: crimman
Old High German: krimman
Middle High German: krimmen
Alemannic German: krimmen

From Proto-Indo-European *gremH-. Cognate with Lithuanian grùmti (“to push, shove”).


kwalō

kwalō (nominative singular)
kwalôz (nominative plural)
kwalō (singular vocative)
kwalôz (plural vocative)
kwalǭ (accusative singular)
kwalōz (accusative plural)
kwalōz (genitive singular)
kwalǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwalōi (dative singular)
kwalōmaz (dative plural)
kwalō (instrumental singular)
kwalōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwalu
Old English: cwalu
Middle English: qual

Old Norse: kvǫl
Icelandic: kvöl
Faroese: kvøl
Norwegian Nynorsk: kval
Norwegian Bokmål: kval
Old Swedish: qval
Swedish: kval
Danish: kval

Gothic: *𐌵𐌰𐌻 (*qal)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌻 (anaqal)

→? Proto-Finnic: *valo (see there for further descendants)


kramjaną

kramjō (active first-person indicative singular)
kramjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kramjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kramisi (active indicative second-person singular)
kramjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krami (active imperative second-person singular)
kramjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kramjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kramiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kramjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kramjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kramjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kramjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kramjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kramjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kramjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kramjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kramjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kramjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kramjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kramjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kramjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kramiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kramjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kramiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kramjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kramjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kramjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kramjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kramjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kramjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kramjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kramidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kramidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kramidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kramidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kramidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kramidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kramidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kramidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kramidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kramidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kramidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kramidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kramidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kramidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kramidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kramidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kramjandz (active participle present)
kramidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: kremja


hinkaną

hinkō (active first-person indicative singular)
hinkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hinkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hinkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hinkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hink (active imperative second-person singular)
hinkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hinkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hinkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hinkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hinkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hinkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hinkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hinkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hinkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hinkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hinkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hinkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hinkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hinkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hinkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hinkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hinkid (active indicative plural second-person)
hinkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hinkid (active imperative plural second-person)
hinkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hinkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hinkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hinkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hinkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hinkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hinkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hank (active first-person indicative singular)
hunkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hanht (active indicative second-person singular)
hunkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hank (active indicative singular third-person)
hunkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hunkū (active dual first-person indicative)
hunkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hunkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hunkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hunkum (active first-person indicative plural)
hunkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hunkud (active indicative plural second-person)
hunkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hunkun (active indicative plural third-person)
hunkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hinkandz (active participle present)
hunkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hinkan
Old English: hincian
Old Dutch: *hinkan
Middle Dutch: hinken
Dutch: hinken
Afrikaans: hink
Old High German: hinkan
Middle High German: hinken
German: hinken
Yiddish: הינקען (hinken)

From Proto-Indo-European *keng-. Cognate with Old Irish cingid (“to tread, step”) (< Proto-Celtic *kengeti).


kwellaną

kwellō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwillizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwell (active imperative second-person singular)
kwellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwillidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwelladau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwelladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kwellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwelladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwelladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwillid (active indicative plural second-person)
kwellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwillid (active imperative plural second-person)
kwellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwall (active first-person indicative singular)
kullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwallt (active indicative second-person singular)
kullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwall (active indicative singular third-person)
kullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kullū (active dual first-person indicative)
kullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kullum (active first-person indicative plural)
kullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kullud (active indicative plural second-person)
kullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kullun (active indicative plural third-person)
kullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwellandz (active participle present)
kullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwellan
Old Saxon: quellan
Middle Low German: quellen, quillen
→ Swedish: kvälla
Old Dutch: *quellan
Middle Dutch: quellen
Dutch: quellen (archaic)
Old High German: kwellan, quellan
Middle High German: quëllen, quallen
German: quellen
⇒ Old High German: ubarkwellan, ubarquellan

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“to drip, stream”). Cognate with Sanskrit गलति (galati, “to drip, ooze”).


trinnaną

trinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
trinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
trinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
trinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trinn (active imperative second-person singular)
trinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
trinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
trinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
trinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
trinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
trinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
trinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
trinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
trinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
trinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
trinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
trinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
trinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
trinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
trinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
trinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
trinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
trinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
trinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
trann (active first-person indicative singular)
trunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
trannt (active indicative second-person singular)
trunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
trann (active indicative singular third-person)
trunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
trunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
trunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
trunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
trunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
trunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
trunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
trunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
trunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
trunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
trunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
trinnandz (active participle present)
trunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *trinnan
Old Saxon: *trinnan
⇒ Old Saxon: *andtrinnan
>? Middle Low German: entrinnen
Old High German: *trinnan
Middle High German: trinnen
⇒ Old High German: inttrinnan
Middle High German: intrinnen, entrinnen
German: entrinnen
⇒ Old High German: abinttrinnan
>? Middle High German: abeentrinnen

From Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to flay, divide, split”).


krankijaną

krankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
krankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
krankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krankī (active imperative second-person singular)
krankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
krankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
krankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
krankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
krankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
krankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
krankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
krankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
krankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
krankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
krankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
krankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
krankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
krankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
krankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
krankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krankijandz (active participle present)
krankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krankijan
Old Frisian: krenza, krinza
(Saterland Frisian: kroanke, kroankje)
West Frisian: kringe, (krinke)
Old Saxon: *krenkian
Middle Low German: krenken
German Low German: kränken
Old Dutch: *crenken
Middle Dutch: crenken
Dutch: krenken
Old High German: *kranken
Middle High German: krenken
German: kränken

i

Old Norse: krenkja (possible borrowing from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch)

Icelandic: krenkja

Norwegian Nynorsk: krenkja

Norwegian Bokmål: krenke

Swedish: kränka, kränga

Danish: krænge

From *krankaz (“bent, crooked, weak”) + *-janą.


kōnį̄

kōnį̄ (nominative singular)
kōnīniz (nominative plural)
kōnį̄ (singular vocative)
kōnīniz (plural vocative)
kōnīnų (accusative singular)
kōnīnunz (accusative plural)
kōnīniz (genitive singular)
kōnīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kōnīni (dative singular)
kōnīmaz (dative plural)
kōnīnē (instrumental singular)
kōnīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kōnī
Old High German: kuonī, chuonī
Middle High German: küene
German: Kühne

Old Norse: *kǿni

⇒ Old Norse: lǫgkǿni

Icelandic: lögkæni


lēþą

lēþą (nominative singular)
lēþō (nominative plural)
lēþą (singular vocative)
lēþō (plural vocative)
lēþą (accusative singular)
lēþō (accusative plural)
lēþas (genitive singular)
lēþis (genitive singular)
lēþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lēþai (dative singular)
lēþamaz (dative plural)
lēþō (instrumental singular)
lēþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lāþ
Old English: lǣþ
Middle English: leð, ledh, *lath, leth
English: lathe

Old Norse: láð

Icelandic: láð

Disputed. Suggested as cognate with Ancient Greek λάτρον (látron, “payment”) and Latin latrō (“mercenary”), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂t- (“to grant; to possess”), but the vowel correspondences are irregular. Perhaps alternatively from *leh₁-t-, extended from *leh₁- (“to let”) (whence also Proto-Germanic *lētaną, from a different extension *leh₁-d-).
Beekes rejects an Indo-European etymology entirely and considers the purported Greek cognate to be from Pre-Greek, whereas the Latin is borrowed from Greek.


medumōną

medumō (active first-person indicative singular)
medumǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
medumōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
medumōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
medumōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
medumō (active imperative second-person singular)
medumōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
medumōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
medumōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
medumō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
medumōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
medumōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
medumōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
medumōs (active dual first-person indicative)
medumōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
medumōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
medumōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
medumōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
medumōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
medumōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
medumōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
medumōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
medumōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
medumōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
medumōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
medumōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
medumōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
medumōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
medumōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
medumōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
medumōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
medumōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
medumōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
medumōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
medumōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
medumōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
medumōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
medumōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
medumōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
medumōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
medumōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
medumōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
medumōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
medumōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
medumōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
medumōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
medumōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
medumōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
medumōndz (active participle present)
medumōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *medumōn
Old English: medumian
Middle English: medemen
Old High German: metamēn (<with a shift from class II to class III)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌿𐌼𐍉𐌽 (midumōn)

From *medumô (“middle, midmost”) + *-ōną.


fijandiskapiz

fijandiskapiz (nominative singular)
fijandiskapīz (nominative plural)
fijandiskapi (singular vocative)
fijandiskapīz (plural vocative)
fijandiskapį (accusative singular)
fijandiskapinz (accusative plural)
fijandiskapīz (genitive singular)
fijandiskapjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fijandiskapī (dative singular)
fijandiskapimaz (dative plural)
fijandiskapī (instrumental singular)
fijandiskapimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fijandiskapi
Old English: fīondsċipe
>? English: fiendship
Old Frisian: *fīandskip
Saterland Frisian: Fäindskup
Old Saxon: fiundskepi
Middle Low German: viantschap, viantschop
Old High German: fījantskaf
Middle High German: vīentschaft
German: Feindschaft

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fjándskapr