mōsą

mōsą (nominative singular)
mōsō (nominative plural)
mōsą (singular vocative)
mōsō (plural vocative)
mōsą (accusative singular)
mōsō (accusative plural)
mōsas (genitive singular)
mōsis (genitive singular)
mōsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōsai (dative singular)
mōsamaz (dative plural)
mōsō (instrumental singular)
mōsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōs
Old English: mōs
Middle English: mos, mose
>? English: mush
>? Scots: moosh
Old Frisian: mōs
Saterland Frisian: Muus
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Muusmas
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Appelmuus, Apelmuus
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Gemöis (possibly from German)
West Frisian: moes
Old Saxon: *mōs
Middle Low German: môs
German Low German: Moos
Plautdietsch: Mooss
→ Estonian: moos
Old Dutch: muos
Middle Dutch: moes
Dutch: moes
Afrikaans: moes
→ English: moose
Old High German: muos
Middle High German: muos
Alemannic German: Mues
→ French: mouise
⇒ Alemannic German: Müesli (diminutive) (see there for further descendants)
German: Mus
Luxembourgish: Mous
⇒ Middle High German: gemüese
Bavarian: Gmias
German: Gemüse
Hunsrik: Gemies
Luxembourgish: Geméis
Pennsylvania German: Gemies

Old Norse: *mós

Norwegian Bokmål: mos

Norwegian Nynorsk: mos

Swedish: mos

→ Finnish: muusi

Danish: mos

An ablaut variant of the root *mat-, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“wet, liquid, fat, dripping”); compare *matjaną (“to lap up, eat”). Contrary to Pokorny and followers, Kroonen separates the Germanic food words from this root, instead linking Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”) for a root *med- (“to satiate”).


manō

manō (nominative singular)
manôz (nominative plural)
manō (singular vocative)
manôz (plural vocative)
manǭ (accusative singular)
manōz (accusative plural)
manōz (genitive singular)
manǫ̂ (genitive plural)
manōi (dative singular)
manōmaz (dative plural)
manō (instrumental singular)
manōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *manu
Old English: manu
Middle English: mane
Scots: mane
English: mane
Old Frisian: *mane; mana, mona
North Frisian: man
Saterland Frisian: Moone
West Frisian: moannen, moanjes
Old Saxon: *mana
Middle Low German: māne, man
German Low German: Mahn
Old Dutch: *mana
Middle Dutch: māne
Dutch: maan
⇒ Afrikaans: maanhaar
Limburgish: maan
Old High German: mana
Middle High German: man, mane
German: Mähne
Luxembourgish: Munn

Old Norse: mǫn

Icelandic: mön

Faroese: mon

Norwegian Bokmål: man

Norwegian Nynorsk: man

Old Swedish: man

Swedish: man

Danish: man

From Proto-Indo-European *mono- (“neck, nape; ornament”), from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to project, peak, tower over, protrude”). Compare with Latin monile (“necklace”) and Old Irish muin (“neck”).


tunglą

tunglą (nominative singular)
tunglō (nominative plural)
tunglą (singular vocative)
tunglō (plural vocative)
tunglą (accusative singular)
tunglō (accusative plural)
tunglas (genitive singular)
tunglis (genitive singular)
tunglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tunglai (dative singular)
tunglamaz (dative plural)
tunglō (instrumental singular)
tunglamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tungl
Old English: tungol
Middle English: tungol
Old Saxon: tungal
Old High German: *zungal

Old Norse: tungl
Icelandic: tungl
Faroese: tungl
Elfdalian: tunggel
Old Swedish: tungel
Swedish: (dated, dialectal) tungel

Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐌻 (tuggl)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰn̥ǵʰ- (“covering, overcast”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *dangāˀ.


himinaz

himinaz (nominative singular)
himinōz (nominative plural)
himinōs (nominative plural)
himin (singular vocative)
himinōz (plural vocative)
himinōs (plural vocative)
himiną (accusative singular)
himinanz (accusative plural)
himinas (genitive singular)
himinis (genitive singular)
himinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
himinai (dative singular)
himinamaz (dative plural)
himinō (instrumental singular)
himinamiz (instrumental plural)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *hebun (see there for further descendants)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *himil (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Norse: himinn
Icelandic: himinn, hifinn
Faroese: himin
Old Swedish: himin
Old Danish: himæn
Old Gutnish: himin

Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (himins)

Unclear, but possibly descending from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (“stone?”) with heavy remodelling, including apparent metathesis similar to Proto-Slavic *kamy. The difference in meaning seems to be bridged by Ancient Greek ἄκμων (ákmōn), meaning among other things 'meteorite'. Kroonen suggests 'heavenly vault' as the original meaning. Compare also Iranian cognates such as Persian آسمان (âsemân, âsmân, “sky, heaven”).
Kroonen proposes descent primarily from the genitive *h₂ḱm̥nós, yielding first in Germanic a paradigm with nominative *hemō, genitive *hemnaz, dative *hemeni, later levelled further to give two parallel stems *hemina- and *hemna-.


wunskijaną

wunskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wunskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wunskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wunskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wunskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wunskī (active imperative second-person singular)
wunskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wunskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wunskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wunskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wunskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wunskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wunskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wunskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wunskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wunskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wunskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wunskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wunskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wunskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wunskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wunskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wunskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wunskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wunskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wunskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wunskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wunskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wunskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wunskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wunskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wunskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wunskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wunskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wunskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wunskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wunskijandz (active participle present)
wunskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wunskijan
Old English: wȳsċan
Middle English: wüschen, wischen, wisshen
Scots: wis
English: wish
Yola: vish
Old Frisian: *wenskia, *wunskia (likely a borrowing?)
Saterland Frisian: wonskje
West Frisian: winskje
Old Saxon: *wunskian
Middle Low German: wunschen
German Low German: wönschen, wünsken (Westphalian)
Low German: wöösken
Plautdietsch: wenschen
Old Dutch: *wunsken
Middle Dutch: wonschen (eastern), wunschen (eastern), wenschen (western)
Dutch: wensen
Afrikaans: wens
Limburgish: wönsje
Old High German: wunsken, wunscen
Middle High German: wunschen
German: wünschen
→ Czech: vinšovat
→ Polish: winszować
→ Belarusian: віншава́ць (vinšavácʹ)
→ Ukrainian: віншува́ти (vinšuváty)
→ Carpathian Rusyn: вінчова́ти (vinčováty)
→ Slovak: vinšovať
Luxembourgish: wënschen
Yiddish: ווינטשן (vintshn)
→ Serbo-Croatian: приу̀штити, priùštiti
→ Slovene: voščiti, privoščiti

Old Norse: œskja, ǿskja, ýskja
Icelandic: æskja
Faroese: ynskja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ynskja, ønskja; (dialectal) yskje, yski
Jamtish: ønskje
Old Swedish: ȳskia, ø̄skia, ønskia
Swedish: önska
Old Danish: ȳskæ
Danish: ønske
Norwegian Bokmål: ønske
Elfdalian: yönstja
Gutnish: ynske

→? Proto-Finnic: *uskodak

From *wunskaz (“wish”) + *-janą or *wunskō (“wish”) + *-janą, from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish, love”).


balwaz

*balwaz (a-stem)

balwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
balwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
balwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
balwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
balwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
balwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
balwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
balwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
balwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
balwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
balwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
balwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
balwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
balwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
balwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
balwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
balwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
balwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
balwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
balwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
balwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
balwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
balwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
balwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
balwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
balwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
balwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
balwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
balwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
balwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
balwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
balwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
balwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
balwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
balwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
balwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
balwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
balwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
balwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
balwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
balwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
balwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
balwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
balwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
balwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
balwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
balwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
balwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
balwini (dative masculine singular weak)
balwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
balwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
balwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
balwini (dative neuter singular weak)
balwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
balwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
balwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
balwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
balwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
balwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
balwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balu
Old English: bealu
Old Frisian: *bale
West Frisian: bal
Old Saxon: *balu
Middle Low German: bal
Old Dutch: *balo
Middle Dutch: bal

Old Norse: *bǫlvíss

Icelandic: bölvís

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (*balus) (in 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹 (balwawēsei) (< *balwa-wēs-); 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balwjan))

Unknown. Possibly related to Old Church Slavonic болѣти (bolěti, “to be sick, be in pain”), Cornish bal (“disease”).


brestaną

brestō (active first-person indicative singular)
brestaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brestai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bristizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brestaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brest (active imperative second-person singular)
brestazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brestaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bristidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brestai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brestadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brestadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brestaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brestōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brestaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brestadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brestaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brestadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brestamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brestaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brestandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brestaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bristid (active indicative plural second-person)
brestaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bristid (active imperative plural second-person)
brestandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brestaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brestandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brestain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brestandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brestandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brestaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brast (active first-person indicative singular)
brustį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brast (active indicative second-person singular)
brustīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brast (active indicative singular third-person)
brustī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brustū (active dual first-person indicative)
brustīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brustudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brustīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brustum (active first-person indicative plural)
brustīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brustud (active indicative plural second-person)
brustīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brustun (active indicative plural third-person)
brustīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brestandz (active participle present)
brustanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brestan
Old English: berstan
Middle English: bresten, bersten
English: burst, bust
Scots: brist, bryst
Old Frisian: bersta
North Frisian: baast (Föhr-Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: bäärste
West Frisian: barste, boarste
Old Saxon: *brestan
Middle Low German: bersten, barsten, borsten
German Low German: barsten, basten
Old Dutch: brestan
Middle Dutch: bersten, barsten
Dutch: barsten, bersten
Afrikaans: bars
Old High German: *brestan, prestan, *bristan
Middle High German: brësten, bresten
German: bresten, bersten
Luxembourgish: baschten
→ Old French: brisier, briser; debrisier
Middle French: briser; debriser
French: briser; débris
→ English: debris
→ Middle Dutch: *brisen; briselen
Dutch: verbrijzelen

Old Norse: bresta

Icelandic: bresta

Faroese: bresta

Old Swedish: brista, bræsta

Swedish: brista

Norwegian Bokmål: briste

Norwegian Nynorsk: breste

Danish: briste

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰres- (“to burst, break, crack, split, separate”).


sūliz

sūliz (nominative singular)
sūlīz (nominative plural)
sūli (singular vocative)
sūlīz (plural vocative)
sūlį (accusative singular)
sūlinz (accusative plural)
sūlīz (genitive singular)
sūlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sūlī (dative singular)
sūlimaz (dative plural)
sūlī (instrumental singular)
sūlimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sūli
Old English: sȳl
Middle English: syle
English: sile
Scots: sile, syle, cyle
Old Frisian: sēle
Old Saxon: sūl
Middle Low German: sûl, sûle
German Low German: Süül
Old Dutch: sūl
Middle Dutch: suul
Dutch: zuil
→ West Frisian: suil
Limburgish: zuul
Old High German: sūl
Middle High German: sūl
German: Säule
Luxembourgish: Sail
Yiddish: זײַל (zayl)

Old Norse: súl, súla

Danish: sule

Faroese: súla

Icelandic: súla

Norwegian: sul

Swedish: sula; sul (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍃 (sauls)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱsewl-, *ḱswel- (“log”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱsew-, *ḱes- (“to scratch, comb”).


sulą

sulą (nominative singular)
sulō (nominative plural)
sulą (singular vocative)
sulō (plural vocative)
sulą (accusative singular)
sulō (accusative plural)
sulas (genitive singular)
sulis (genitive singular)
sulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sulai (dative singular)
sulamaz (dative plural)
sulō (instrumental singular)
sulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: sol- (prefix)

From Proto-Indo-European *sūl- (“thick liquid, muck”).


tiną

tiną (nominative singular)
tinō (nominative plural)
tiną (singular vocative)
tinō (plural vocative)
tiną (accusative singular)
tinō (accusative plural)
tinas (genitive singular)
tinis (genitive singular)
tinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tinai (dative singular)
tinamaz (dative plural)
tinō (instrumental singular)
tinamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tin
Old English: tin
Middle English: tyn, tin, tyne, tynne
English: tin
→ Atong (India): tin
→ Iban: tin
→ Indonesian: tin
→ Norman: tinne
Tok Pisin: tin
Scots: tin
Old Frisian: tinn
Saterland Frisian: Tin
West Frisian: tin
Old Saxon: tin
Middle Low German: tin, ten
German Low German: Tinn
Old Dutch: *tin
Middle Dutch: tin, ten
Dutch: tin
Afrikaans: tin
Old High German: zin
Middle High German: zin
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Zinn
German: Zinn
→ Czech: cín
→ Polish: cyna
→ Slovak: cín
Luxembourgish: Zënn

>? Old Norse: (probably a West Germanic loan) tin
Icelandic: tin
Faroese: tin
Norwegian Nynorsk: tinn
Norwegian Bokmål: tinn
Old Swedish: tin, tēn
Swedish: tenn
Danish: tin
Jamtish: tin

→ Proto-Samic: *tënē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tina

Of obscure origin, but would have likely evolved from Pre-Proto-Germanic *dinom, which Orel derives from Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂- (“to shine”); see Sanskrit दीप् (dīp, “to blaze, glow”) for more. Another theory takes the word as a borrowing from a pre-Indo-European substrate of western Europe, based on the tin bronze technology of the area in pre-Indo-European times.
Likely related to Old Irish tinne (“ingot”) (itself a hapax legomenon). The potential connection to Proto-Celtic *stagnos (“tin”) (whence Latin stannum (“id”)) suffers from many formal issues.

unk

obscure


bandijaną

bandijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bandijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bandijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bandīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bandijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bandī (active imperative second-person singular)
bandijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bandijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bandīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bandijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bandijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bandijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bandijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bandijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bandijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bandijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bandijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bandijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bandijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bandijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bandijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bandijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bandīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bandijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bandīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bandijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bandijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bandijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bandijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bandijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bandijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bandijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bandidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bandidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bandidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bandidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bandidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bandidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bandidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bandidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bandidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bandidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bandidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bandidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bandidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bandidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bandidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bandidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bandijandz (active participle present)
bandidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bandijan
Old English: bendan
Middle English: benden
English: bend
Scots: bend
Old Saxon: *bendian
Middle Low German: benden
Old High German: *benten
Middle High German: benden
→ Old French: bender, bander
Middle French: bander
French: bander
→ Occitan: bendar
→ Italian: bendare, bandare
→ Spanish: vendar, bandar
→ Portuguese: vendar, bandar

Old Norse: benda

Icelandic: benda

Faroese: benda

Norwegian: bende

Old Swedish: bænda
Swedish: bända

Danish: bænde

From *bindaną + *-janą. The sense to "bend, inflect" (Old Norse and Old English only) is probably derived from the act of bending a bow in order to bind it.

(transitive) To bind, fetter, restrain; stretch


etunaz

etunaz (nominative singular)
etunōz (nominative plural)
etunōs (nominative plural)
etun (singular vocative)
etunōz (plural vocative)
etunōs (plural vocative)
etuną (accusative singular)
etunanz (accusative plural)
etunas (genitive singular)
etunis (genitive singular)
etunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
etunai (dative singular)
etunamaz (dative plural)
etunō (instrumental singular)
etunamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *etun
Old English: eoten
Middle English: eten, eotend, eatant, yoten, geten
English: etten, ettin, eaton
Scots: etin, etyn, eattin, yetin
Old Saxon: *etun, *etinna
Middle Low German: eteninne

Old Norse: jǫtunn

Icelandic: jötunn

Faroese: jøtun

Norwegian Nynorsk: jøtul, jutul

Norwegian Bokmål: jutul

Old Swedish: iætun, iætte

Swedish: jätte

→ Finnish: jätti

→ Finnish: jatuli

Old Danish: iætæn

Danish: jætte

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jotun, jøtun (artificially revived)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jotun (artificially revived)

→ English: jotun

→ Finnish: jotuni

→? Proto-Finnic: *etana (see there for further descendants)

From *etaną (“to eat”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”).


hrussą

hrussą (nominative singular)
hrussō (nominative plural)
hrussą (singular vocative)
hrussō (plural vocative)
hrussą (accusative singular)
hrussō (accusative plural)
hrussas (genitive singular)
hrussis (genitive singular)
hrussǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrussai (dative singular)
hrussamaz (dative plural)
hrussō (instrumental singular)
hrussamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hross, *hors
Old English: hors
Middle English: hors, horse, horsse, horce, ors
English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)
Scots: horse, hors
Old Frisian: hors, hars, hers, ros
North Frisian: hors
⇒ Saterland Frisian: rosje, rösje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
West Frisian: hoars; rosje (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
Old Saxon: hros, hross, hors
Middle Low German: ros, ors
German Low German: Hüsi, Hiesi ?
Old Dutch: hors, ors, hers, ros
Middle Dutch: ors, hors, hers, ers, ros
Dutch: ros
Afrikaans: ros
⇒ Dutch: rossen (“to groom (a horse)”, verb)
→ West Frisian: rosse (verb)
Old High German: hros, ros
Middle High German: ros, ors
Alemannic German: Ross
Bavarian: Ross
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ross
Transylvanian Saxon: Räuss
German: Ross
→ Vulgar Latin: *rossa (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hross, hors
Icelandic: hross, hors
Faroese: ross, hors
Norn: russ
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: røss-
Norwegian Nynorsk: hors (“mare”)
Old Swedish: hors
Swedish: russ, hors (dialectal)
Danish: hors (dialectal)
Gutnish: russ

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: rossi

Uncertain. Theories include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós (“vehicle”, literally “runner”), derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”).
* Borrowed from an Iranian language, from Proto-Iranian *(w)ŕ̥šā (“male animal”). Compare Ossetian уырс (wyrs, “stallion”). (Favored by Orel.)
* Less likely, derived from *hreusaną; compare Old English hrēosan (“to fall”), Old High German riosan (“to fall, plunge, rush”) and Lithuanian krùšti (“to trample”).


sīlą

sīlą (nominative singular)
sīlō (nominative plural)
sīlą (singular vocative)
sīlō (plural vocative)
sīlą (accusative singular)
sīlō (accusative plural)
sīlas (genitive singular)
sīlis (genitive singular)
sīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīlai (dative singular)
sīlamaz (dative plural)
sīlō (instrumental singular)
sīlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: síl n, síld f

Icelandic: síld f

Faroese: síl n, sild f

Norn: sil; sild; sildin (Shetlandic)

Norwegian: sild f, sil (dialectal)

Old Swedish: sīldh f

Swedish: sill c, sil (dialectal)

Danish: sild c

Gutnish: sild, silld

→ Middle English: *sile, *silok

English: sile, sill, sillock

Scots: sile, sillock

→ Norn: silek; sillock

→ French: célerin (from síldhering)

→ Norman: célérin (Jèrriais) (from síldhering)

→ Latvian: siļķe f (from Norse or a daughter language, depending on the date of the borrowing)

→ Lithuanian: silkė f (from Norse or a daughter language, depending on the date of the borrowing)

desc

→ Old East Slavic: *сьлдь (*sĭldĭ), сельдь (selĭdĭ)

Old Ruthenian: сельдь (selʹdʹ)

desctree

⇒ Old Ruthenian: селе́децъ (selédecʹ)
Belarusian: селядзе́ц (sjeljadzjéc); оселенец (ósjeljenjec) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: оселе́дець (oselédecʹ); селе́дець (selédecʹ) (dialectal)

→ Czech: sleď

→ Serbo-Croatian: сле̏ђ / slȅđ

Russian: сельдь f (selʹdʹ)

→ Bulgarian: се́лда (sélda)

→ Polish: śledź m

desc

→ Carpathian Rusyn: следзь (sledzʹ), следж (sledž)

→ Slovak: sleď

→ Welsh: sil


strikiz

strikiz (nominative singular)
strikīz (nominative plural)
striki (singular vocative)
strikīz (plural vocative)
strikį (accusative singular)
strikinz (accusative plural)
strikīz (genitive singular)
strikjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strikī (dative singular)
strikimaz (dative plural)
strikī (instrumental singular)
strikimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *striki
Old English: strica
Middle English: streke
English: streak
Scots: strik, straik
Old Frisian: strike
North Frisian: strijck
Saterland Frisian: Striek
West Frisian: streek
Old Saxon: *striki
Middle Low German: streke
Low German: streek
→ Danish: streg
→ Swedish: streck
→ Icelandic: stryk, strykr
Old Dutch: *striki
Middle Dutch: strēke
Dutch: streek
Afrikaans: streek
Old High German: strih
Middle High German: strich
German: Strich
→ Russian: штрих (štrix)
Luxembourgish: Stréch, Strach

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌺𐍃 (striks)

From Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“line, stroke, dash”).


strangiz

strangiz (nominative singular)
strangīz (nominative plural)
strangi (singular vocative)
strangīz (plural vocative)
strangį (accusative singular)
stranginz (accusative plural)
strangīz (genitive singular)
strangijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
strangī (dative singular)
strangimaz (dative plural)
strangī (instrumental singular)
strangimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *strangi
Old English: streng
Middle English: streng, string
Scots: string
English: string
→ Dutch: string
→ German: String
Old Frisian: *strang, *streng
Saterland Frisian: Strange (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)
West Frisian: string
Old Saxon: *strang, *strengi
Middle Low German: strank, strange, strenc
German Low German: Strenge
Old Dutch: *streng (in placename Strink)
Middle Dutch: strenc, strenge
Dutch: streng
Afrikaans: streng
Old High German: stranc, strang
Middle High German: strank, stranc, strange
German: Strang

Old Norse: strengr

Icelandic: strengur

Faroese: strongur

Norwegian: streng

Old Swedish: strænger

Swedish: sträng

Old Danish: stræng

Danish: streng

Elfdalian: straingg

Gutnish: strängg

→ Irish: sreang

From Proto-Indo-European *strengʰ- (“rope, cord; to be tight”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στραγγός (strangós, “tied together, entangled, twisted”), Irish srincne (“umbilical cord”).


skuldiz

skuldiz (nominative singular)
skuldīz (nominative plural)
skuldi (singular vocative)
skuldīz (plural vocative)
skuldį (accusative singular)
skuldinz (accusative plural)
skuldīz (genitive singular)
skuldijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skuldī (dative singular)
skuldimaz (dative plural)
skuldī (instrumental singular)
skuldimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skuldi
Old English: sċyld, sċyldu
Middle English: schuld, shild
English: shild
Old Frisian: skeld
North Frisian: schild
Saterland Frisian: Skeeld
Old Saxon: *skuld, sculd
Middle Low German: schuld, schülde
German Low German: Schuld, Schüld
Old Dutch: skult
Middle Dutch: scult, scout
Dutch: schuld
Afrikaans: skuld
Old High German: *skuld, sculd, scult, sculda, sculta
Middle High German: schult, schulde
German: Schuld
→ Esperanto: ŝuldo
Luxembourgish: Schold
Yiddish: שולד (shuld)

Old Norse: skuld, Skuld, skyld

Icelandic: skuld

Faroese: skuld

Norwegian: skuld, skyld

Old Swedish: skuld, skyld

Swedish: skuld, skull

Danish: skyld

→ Scots: skuld, sculd, skyld

From Proto-Indo-European *skéltis, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obliged, be beholden to, owe, be guilty”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to be obligated, owe”) + *-þiz. Cognate with Lithuanian kaltė (“guilt”).


skuldiz

skuldiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skuldijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skuldī (feminine nominative singular strong)
skuldijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skuldį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skuldijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skuldijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skuldijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skuldijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skuldijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skuldį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skuldijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skuldijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skuldīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
skuldijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skuldijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skuldijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skuldijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skuldīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
skuldijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skuldijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skuldijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skuldijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skuldijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skuldijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skuldijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skuldijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skuldijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skuldijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skuldijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skuldijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skuldijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skuldijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skuldijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skuldijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skuldijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skuldijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skuldijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skuldijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skuldijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skuldijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skuldijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skuldijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skuldijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skuldīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skuldijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skuldijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skuldijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skuldīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skuldijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skuldīni (dative masculine singular weak)
skuldijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skuldijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skuldijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skuldīni (dative neuter singular weak)
skuldijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skuldīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skuldijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skuldijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skuldijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skuldīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skuldijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: skyldr

Icelandic: skyldur

Old Swedish: skylder


dwalaz

*dwalaz (a-stem)

dwalaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dwalai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dwalō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dwalôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dwalą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dwalō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dwalanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dwalanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dwalǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dwalōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dwalą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dwalō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dwalas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dwalaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dwalaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dwalaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dwalas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dwalaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dwalammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dwalaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dwalaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dwalaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dwalammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dwalaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dwalanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dwalaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dwalaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dwalaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dwalanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dwalaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dwalô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dwalaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dwalǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dwalōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dwalô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dwalōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dwalanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dwalanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dwalōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dwalōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dwalô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dwalōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dwaliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dwalanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dwalōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dwalōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dwaliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dwalanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dwalini (dative masculine singular weak)
dwalammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dwalōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dwalōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dwalini (dative neuter singular weak)
dwalammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dwalinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dwalammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dwalōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dwalōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dwalinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dwalammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwal

Old English: *dwal, *dwol; (dwala, dwela (noun))

Middle English: dwal

⇒ Old English: dwolma

Old Frisian: *dwal, *dwel

⇒ Saterland Frisian: Dwäl, Dweel

⇒ Saterland Frisian: dwälsk

Old Saxon: *dwal

Middle Low German: dwal, dwel

→ Danish: dval

⇒ German Low German: dweelsk

Gothic: 𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍃 (dwals)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwel-, *dʰewel- (“to dim, dull, cloud, make obscure, swirl, whirl”). Cognate with Latvian dulls (“crazy, mad”), Lithuanian dvylas (“dark, reddish brown”).


dwaiskijaną

dwaiskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dwaiskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dwaiskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dwaiskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskī (active imperative second-person singular)
dwaiskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dwaiskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dwaiskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dwaiskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dwaiskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dwaiskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwaiskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dwaiskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dwaiskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwaiskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dwaiskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dwaiskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dwaiskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dwaiskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dwaiskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dwaiskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dwaiskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dwaiskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dwaiskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dwaiskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dwaiskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dwaiskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dwaiskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dwaiskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dwaiskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dwaiskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dwaiskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dwaiskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dwaiskijandz (active participle present)
dwaiskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dwaiskijan

Old English: dwǣsċan

Middle English: duschen

English: dush

Scots: dusch

⇒ Old English: ādwǣsċan

Middle English: adweschen

⇒ Old English: tōdwǣsċan

Old Frisian: *dwēska

West Frisian: dwêste

⇒ West Frisian: dwêstgje, dwêstje

⇒ West Frisian: sândwêste

⇒ West Frisian: útdwêste

Old Dutch: *dwēsken

Middle Dutch: dwesscen, dwisscen

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwey- (“to slip away; dwindle; die”), from *dʰew- (“to dwindle, die”).

der

(West Germanic) (transitive) to suffocate, extinguish


dwēsaz

*dwēsaz (a-stem)

dwēsaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dwēsai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dwēsō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dwēsôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dwēsą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dwēsō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dwēsanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dwēsanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dwēsǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dwēsōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dwēsą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dwēsō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dwēsas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dwēsas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dwēsaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dwēsammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dwēsammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dwēsaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dwēsanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dwēsaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dwēsanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dwēsaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dwēsô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dwēsaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dwēsǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dwēsōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dwēsô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dwēsōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dwēsanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dwēsanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dwēsōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dwēsōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dwēsô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dwēsōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dwēsiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dwēsanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dwēsōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dwēsōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dwēsiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dwēsanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dwēsini (dative masculine singular weak)
dwēsammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dwēsōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dwēsōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dwēsini (dative neuter singular weak)
dwēsammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dwēsinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dwēsammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dwēsōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dwēsōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dwēsinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dwēsammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dwās
Old English: dwǣs
Middle English: dwæs
Old Frisian: dwēs
Old Saxon: *dwās
Middle Low German: dwâs
Low German: dwas
Old Dutch: *dwās
Middle Dutch: dwâes
Dutch: dwaas
Afrikaans: dwaas
→ West Frisian: dwaas (noun)
Limburgish: dwaos
Old High German: *dwās, *twās
Middle High German: twās, dwās

Compare *dusāną (“to slumber”); also Latvian dusēt (“to sleep, rest”).


dungō

dungō (nominative singular)
dungôz (nominative plural)
dungō (singular vocative)
dungôz (plural vocative)
dungǭ (accusative singular)
dungōz (accusative plural)
dungōz (genitive singular)
dungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dungōi (dative singular)
dungōmaz (dative plural)
dungō (instrumental singular)
dungōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dungu
Old English: dung, ding
Middle English: donge, dong, donke, doung, dounge, dung, dunge
English: dung
Scots: dung
Old Frisian: dung
North Frisian: dong
West Frisian: dong
Old Dutch: *dunga
Middle Dutch: donge
Dutch: dong
Old High German: tunga
Middle High German: tunge

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰḿ̥ǵʰ-, metathesized from *dʰǵʰḿ̥-, from *dʰéǵʰ-ōm ~ *dʰǵʰ-més (“earth”). Possibly cognate with Latvian dañga (“rut, corner, piece of land that is surrounded by water or marshlands on three sides, bay”). Often citied as being related to Proto-Germanic *dungz (“cellar”), from *dʰengʰ- (“to cover, hide, conceal”), however this seems semantically doubtful.


ginnaną

Brill Publishers
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

ginnō (active first-person indicative singular)
ginnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ginnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ginnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ginnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ginn (active imperative second-person singular)
ginnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ginnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ginnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ginnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ginnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ginnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ginnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ginnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ginnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ginnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ginnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ginnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ginnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ginnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ginnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ginnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ginnid (active indicative plural second-person)
ginnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ginnid (active imperative plural second-person)
ginnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ginnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ginnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ginnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ginnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ginnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ginnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gann (active first-person indicative singular)
gunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gannt (active indicative second-person singular)
gunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gann (active indicative singular third-person)
gunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
gunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
gunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
gunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
gunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ginnandz (active participle present)
gunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anaginnan

Old High German: *anaginnan

Middle High German: aneginnen

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *andaginnan (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *biginnan (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gaginnan

Old Saxon: *gaginnan

Middle Low German: geginnen

Old High German: giginnan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *inginnan

Old English: inginnan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *undarginnan

Old English: underginnan

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *uʀginnan

Old English: āginnan

>? Old Dutch: āginnan (attested as hagunnan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (duginnan)

Unclear, the root has often been traced to Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“to take”), e.g. by LIV. Kroonen and Scheungraber take it to be from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to arise, begin”), with the prefix inducing voicing by Verner's law. Cognates would then include Proto-Slavic *načęti (“to begin”) and Proto-Celtic *kentus (“first”). If the meaning 'to cut open' is original, the verb could be related to *gīnaną (“to gape, to yawn”) from Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-.


dulaz

*dulaz (a-stem)

dulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
duliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
duliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dulini (dative masculine singular weak)
dulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dulini (dative neuter singular weak)
dulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *dol

Old English: dol

Middle English: dul, dull, dulle

Scots: dull, dul, doll

English: dull

Old Frisian: dol, dul, doll, dull

North Frisian: dol, doll, dull

Saterland Frisian: dul

West Frisian: dol

Old Saxon: dol

Middle Low German: dol

Low German: dol, dul

→ German: doll

Old Dutch: *dol

Middle Dutch: dul, dol, dolle

desctree

Dutch: dol
Afrikaans: dol
Negerhollands: dol
Petjo: dol
→ Indonesian: dol (“out of control”)
→ Papiamentu: dol (dated)

Old High German: tol

Middle High German: tol

German: toll

Old Norse: dulr

Icelandic: dulur

Faroese: dulur

Old Swedish: dol, dul

From earlier *dwulaz, zero-grade form of *dwalaz. Related to Old Irish dall (“blind”), Latvian dulls (“crazy, furious”).


dungijǭ

dungijǭ (nominative singular)
dungijōniz (nominative plural)
dungijǭ (singular vocative)
dungijōniz (plural vocative)
dungijōnų (accusative singular)
dungijōnunz (accusative plural)
dungijōniz (genitive singular)
dungijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dungijōni (dative singular)
dungijōmaz (dative plural)
dungijōnē (instrumental singular)
dungijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dungijā
Old English: dynċġe, dinċġe, denġe
→ Latin: dingia (Anglo-Latin)
Old Dutch: *dunga
Middle Dutch: *donge, *donke
Dutch: donk (archaic)
⇒ Middle Dutch: santdonc
⇒ Old Dutch: Dungus
⇒ Old Dutch: Medmedug

Old Norse: dyngja
Icelandic: dyngja
Faroese: dyngja (“heap, pile, multitude, crowd”)
Norn: dongja (“heap, pile”)
Norwegian Bokmål: dynge
Norwegian Nynorsk: dyngje (“heap, pile”)
Old Swedish: dyngia
Swedish: dynga
Danish: dynge
Gutnish: dyngge, dynggå

⇒ Old Norse: *mykidyngja (“dung heap”)

desc

Old Danish: møghdyngh, møgdinge, møgding

Danish: mødding

→ Swedish: mödding

→ Norwegian Bokmål: mødding

→ Middle English: midding, miding

English: midding, midden

Scots: midin

→ Proto-Finnic: *tunkijo (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from *dungō (“earth, dung”) + *-jǭ. Kroonen, however, derives this via an intermediary verb *dungijaną (“to fertilise”). See Proto-West Germanic *dungijan.


dungijǭ

Old Norse: dyngja (“bower”)

Possibly from *dungz (“vault, cave, cellar”) + *-jǭ.


rekaz

rekaz (nominative singular)
rekōz (nominative plural)
rekōs (nominative plural)
rek (singular vocative)
rekōz (plural vocative)
rekōs (plural vocative)
reką (accusative singular)
rekanz (accusative plural)
rekas (genitive singular)
rikis (genitive singular)
rekǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rekai (dative singular)
rekamaz (dative plural)
rekō (instrumental singular)
rekamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *rekr (> folkrekr)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“chief, king”). Cognate with Latin rēx (“king”). Doublet of *rīks which is an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic.


rekô

rekô (nominative singular)
rekaniz (nominative plural)
rekô (singular vocative)
rekaniz (plural vocative)
rekanų (accusative singular)
rekanunz (accusative plural)
rikiniz (genitive singular)
rekanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rikini (dative singular)
rekammaz (dative plural)
rikinē (instrumental singular)
rekammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rekō

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *anadrekō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *reki

⇒ Old Norse: lestreki

⇒ Old Norse: nautreki

⇒ Old Norse: hjarðreki

⇒ Old Norse: sauðreki

⇒ Old Norse: eyrendreki

⇒ Old Norse: landreki

Icelandic: landreki

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“chief, king”). Cognate with Latin rēx (“king”).


rekô

Old English: raca; ræce (through interference with *rakō)

Middle English: rake

Scots: rak

English: rake

Old Saxon: *reko

Middle Low German: *rēke

Low German: reek

Old Dutch: *reko

Middle Dutch: rēke, riek

Dutch: reek, riek

Old High German: rehho, recho

Middle High German: rëche

Cimbrian: rècho

German: Rechen

Hunsrik: Rechel

Luxembourgish: Reech

(Old Norse: reka)

From *rekaną (“to rake”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“to straighten, direct”).

a straightener, especially a device used for straightening or detangling (e.g. threads, strings, ropes, etc.)


slidô

slidô (nominative singular)
slidaniz (nominative plural)
slidô (singular vocative)
slidaniz (plural vocative)
slidanų (accusative singular)
slidanunz (accusative plural)
slidiniz (genitive singular)
slidanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slidini (dative singular)
slidammaz (dative plural)
slidinē (instrumental singular)
slidammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *slida

Saterland Frisian: sliede

West Frisian: slide

Old Saxon: slido

Middle Low German: slede

Old Dutch: *slido

desctree

Middle Dutch: slēde
Dutch: slee
Afrikaans: slee
→ English: sleigh
→ Papiamentu: slede (dated, from slede)
→ Middle English: sledde
English: sled, sledge

Old High German: slito

Middle High German: slite

German: Schlitten

Luxembourgish: Schlitt

→ Italian: slitta

Old Norse: sleði

Icelandic: sleði

Norwegian: slede

Old Swedish: sliþi, slæþi

Swedish: släde

Danish: slæde

Zero-grade form of the root of *slīdaną + *-ô, literally “slider”.


swinganą

swingō (active first-person indicative singular)
swingaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swingai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swingizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swingaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swing (active imperative second-person singular)
swingazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swingaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swingidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swingai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swingadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swingadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swingaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swingōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swingaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swingadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swingaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swingadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swingamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swingaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swingandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swingaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swingid (active indicative plural second-person)
swingaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swingid (active imperative plural second-person)
swingandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swingaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swingandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swingain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swingandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swingandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swingaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swang (active first-person indicative singular)
sungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swanht (active indicative second-person singular)
sungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swang (active indicative singular third-person)
sungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sungū (active dual first-person indicative)
sungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sungum (active first-person indicative plural)
sungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sungud (active indicative plural second-person)
sungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sungun (active indicative plural third-person)
sungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swingandz (active participle present)
sunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swingan
Old English: swingan
Middle English: swyngen, swingen, swyng, swynge, swyngge, swyngyn, squynge, suing, swingan, swingæn, swingenn
English: swing
→ Dutch: swingen
→ Norman: souîndgi
Scots: swing, sweeng
Old Frisian: swinga
Old Saxon: swingan
Middle Low German: swingen
Low German: swingen
→ Danish: svinge
Old Dutch: *swingan
Middle Dutch: swingen
Limburgish: zwinge
Old High German: swingan
Middle High German: swingen
German: schwingen

Old Norse: sveggja

Icelandic: sveggja

Swedish: svinga

Unknown. If inherited, this could continue a Proto-Indo-European root *swengʷʰ- (*-gʷʰ- is suggested by Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afswaggwjan)).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


panningaz

panningaz (canonical)
pandingaz (canonical)
pantingaz (canonical masculine)
panningaz (nominative singular)
panningōz (nominative plural)
panningōs (nominative plural)
panning (singular vocative)
panningōz (plural vocative)
panningōs (plural vocative)
panningą (accusative singular)
panninganz (accusative plural)
panningas (genitive singular)
panningis (genitive singular)
panningǫ̂ (genitive plural)
panningai (dative singular)
panningamaz (dative plural)
panningō (instrumental singular)
panningamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *panning, *panding, *penning
Old English: penning, pending, pæning, pening, pæniġ, peniġ
Middle English: peny, pani, paniȝe, peni, penie, pening
English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)
Scots: penny
→ Old Irish: pinginn, penginn (possibly from Old Norse)
Irish: pingin
→ Old Spanish:
Spanish: penique
Old Frisian: panning, penning, pennig
Saterland Frisian: Pännich
West Frisian: pinning
Old Saxon: penning, pennig
Middle Low German: pennink
German Low German: Penning, Penn
Old Dutch: *penning
Middle Dutch: penninc, pennich, pennig
Dutch: penning
Limburgish: penning
Old High German: pfending, pfanting, pfenting, pfenning; (Central German) penning
Middle High German: pfennic, pfenninc; penninc
Central Franconian: Penning, Pennek
Luxembourgish: Pennek (obsolete)
German: Pfennig
→ English: pfennig
→ Luxembourgish: Fenneg

Old Norse: penningr; pengr (late)

Icelandic: peningur

Faroese: peningur, pengar, pengar

Norn: pengar

Norwegian Nynorsk: pengar, peng, penge

Norwegian Bokmål: penger, penge

Old Swedish: pænninger

Swedish: penning, pengar, peng

→ Finnish: penninki, penni

Old Danish: pæning

Danish: penning, penge

desc

Elfdalian: peningg, peningger, paingger, peng

Gutnish: penningg, peningg

→ Proto-Slavic: *pěnędzь (see there for further descendants)

Of unclear origin. Many regard the forms without the medial *-t- or *-d- as the older ones because the Slavic and Lithuanian loans (Proto-Slavic *pěnędzь) do not show the reflex of a medial obstruent, which makes it difficult to connect with *pandan- (“pledge”) (Old High German phant) or their possible etymon, Latin pondus (“weight”). The second part of the word is probably *-ingaz. The first part is possibly a borrowing of one of these Latin words:
* panna (“pan”), with a semantic shift explained as a penny being a "coin with a concave form" (per De Vries/De Tollenaere), or
* pannus (“piece of cloth”), because cloth was often used as means of payment.
Vennemann suggests another possibility, following from his (controversial) Punic superstrate theory: that *paning may derive from Carthaginian traders' jargon use of Punic 𐤐𐤍 (pn /pani/, “face”) to mean "coin", as almost all Carthaginian coins depicted the face of Tanit (a goddess who was herself known as the "face of Baal"), and even the second-most common motif was the face of Melqart; Vennemann further speculates that the variants *panning and *panding preserved the bimoric nature of the Punic word.


katilaz

katilaz (nominative singular)
katilōz (nominative plural)
katilōs (nominative plural)
katil (singular vocative)
katilōz (plural vocative)
katilōs (plural vocative)
katilą (accusative singular)
katilanz (accusative plural)
katilas (genitive singular)
katilis (genitive singular)
katilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
katilai (dative singular)
katilamaz (dative plural)
katilō (instrumental singular)
katilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *katil
Old English: ċietel, ċietil, ċytel, ċitel, ċetel
Middle English: ketel, chetel, chetill, chetyle, chitel, ketell, ketil, ketyl, ketylle (conflated with Old Norse ketill)
English: kettle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kettle, kittle
Old Frisian: tsietel, zetel, szetel, sthitil, ketel, tsetel
North Frisian:
Förh-Amrum: sedel
Sylt: Serel
Saterland Frisian: Seetel
West Frisian: tsjettel
Old Saxon: ketil
Middle Low German: kētel, kettel
Plautdietsch: Kjätel
Old Dutch: *ketil
Middle Dutch: ketel
Dutch: ketel
Afrikaans: ketel
Berbice Creole Dutch: ketle
Jersey Dutch: kêtel
Negerhollands: keetel, kitl
→ Caribbean Javanese: kètèl
→ Indonesian: ketel
→ Papiamentu: ketel
→ Sranan Tongo: ketre
→ Saramaccan: ketè
Old High German: kezzil, chezzil
Middle High German: kezzel
Cimbrian: khéssel
German: Kessel
Hunsrik: Kessel
Luxembourgish: Kessel
Pennsylvania German: Kessel
Vilamovian: kesuł
Yiddish: קעסל (kesl)

Old Norse: ketill
Icelandic: ketill
Faroese: ketil
Norwegian:
Bokmål: kjele, kjel
Nynorsk: kjele, kjel, kjêle, kjêl
Swedish: kætil
Swedish: kättil, kittel
Elfdalian: ketil
Old Danish: kiæthæl
Danish: kedel
Gutnish: kättl, kätel, kätil, kätul
→ Middle English: ketel (conflated with Old English cytel, cetel)
English: kettle (see there for further descendants)
Scots: kettle, kittle

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 (katils)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kotьlъ

→ Proto-Finnic: *kattila (see there for further descendants)

Of uncertain origin. Usually regarded as borrowed from Latin catīllus (“small bowl”), diminutive of catīnus (“bowl, basin”).


sagǭ

sagǭ (nominative singular)
sagōniz (nominative plural)
sagǭ (singular vocative)
sagōniz (plural vocative)
sagōnų (accusative singular)
sagōnunz (accusative plural)
sagōniz (genitive singular)
sagōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sagōni (dative singular)
sagōmaz (dative plural)
sagōnē (instrumental singular)
sagōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sagā
Old English: saga, sagu
Middle English: sawe
English: saw
Old Frisian: sege
Old Dutch: *saga
Middle Dutch: sāge
Dutch: sage (influenced by German)
Afrikaans: sage
Limburgish: zaag
Old High German: saga
Middle High German: sage
German: Sage
Luxembourgish: So

Old Norse: saga
Icelandic: saga f
Faroese: søga f
Norn: saga
Norwegian Nynorsk: soge, soga, sogu; (dialectal) søgu, søge, sugu, soggo, soka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: soge m or f
Jamtish: sugu
Old Swedish: sagha
Swedish: saga
→ Finnish: saaga
Old Danish: saghæ
Danish: sage c (archaic)
Norwegian Bokmål: sage m
Jutish: save c
Gutnish: sage, sagå
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: saga f
→ Norwegian Bokmål: saga m
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: saga m or f
→ English: saga
→ Afrikaans: saga
→ German: Saga
→ Kildin Sami: соа̄гк (såågk)

From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- ("to say").


haslaz

haslaz (nominative singular)
haslōz (nominative plural)
haslōs (nominative plural)
hasl (singular vocative)
haslōz (plural vocative)
haslōs (plural vocative)
haslą (accusative singular)
haslanz (accusative plural)
haslas (genitive singular)
haslis (genitive singular)
haslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haslai (dative singular)
haslamaz (dative plural)
haslō (instrumental singular)
haslamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hasl
Old English: hæsl, hæsel, hæsil
Middle English: hasel, hasell, hasil, hasill, hasul, hasyl, haysell, hesel, hesill, hesyll
English: hazel (dialectal halse)
Scots: hazel
Yola: hawlse
Old Saxon: *hasal
Middle Low German: hāsel
Plautdietsch: Hausel
Old Dutch: *hasal
Middle Dutch: hāsel
Dutch: hazel
Old High German: hasal
Middle High German: hasel
German: Hasel

Old Norse: hasl
Icelandic: hasl
Norwegian Nynorsk: hasl, hassel
Old Swedish: hasl
Swedish: hassel
Old Danish: hasle
Danish: hassel
Norwegian Bokmål: hassel

From areal Proto-Indo-European *kóslos, which may be of substrate or Wanderwort origin.

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


slangô

slangô (nominative singular)
slanganiz (nominative plural)
slangô (singular vocative)
slanganiz (plural vocative)
slanganų (accusative singular)
slanganunz (accusative plural)
slanginiz (genitive singular)
slanganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slangini (dative singular)
slangammaz (dative plural)
slanginē (instrumental singular)
slangammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *slangō

Old Frisian: *slanga m, *slange f

North Frisian: slaang, slang, slånge

Saterland Frisian: Sloange, Slange

West Frisian: slange, slang

Old Saxon: slango

Middle Low German: slange

Plautdietsch: Schlang

Old Dutch: slango
Middle Dutch: slange
Dutch: slang
Afrikaans: slang
Berbice Creole Dutch: slanggi
Negerhollands: slang, slaṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: slanka
→ Aukan: salan
→ Caribbean Javanese: selang
→ Indonesian: slang (“hose”)
→ Papiamentu: slan
Limburgish: slang

Old High German: slango
Middle High German: schlange
German: Schlange (see there for further descendants)
Hunsrik: Schlang
Luxembourgish: Schlaang
Yiddish: שלאַנג (shlang)
→ English: schlong

Old Norse: slangi m, slanga f

Icelandic: slanga

Faroese: slanga

Norwegian Nynorsk: slange

Danish: slange

Norwegian Bokmål: slange

Swedish: slang

Gutnish: slangr, slang

/ˈslɑŋ.ɡɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *slenk- (“to wind, twist, slink, creep”).


ūraz

ūraz (nominative singular)
ūrōz (nominative plural)
ūrōs (nominative plural)
ūr (singular vocative)
ūrōz (plural vocative)
ūrōs (plural vocative)
ūrą (accusative singular)
ūranz (accusative plural)
ūras (genitive singular)
ūris (genitive singular)
ūrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūrai (dative singular)
ūramaz (dative plural)
ūrō (instrumental singular)
ūramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ūr
Old English: ūr
Middle English: oure
Old Saxon: *ūr
Middle Low German: ûr
German Low German: Ur
⇒ Middle Low German: ūrosse
→ Swedish: uroxe
Old Dutch: *ūr, uor
Middle Dutch: *uur
⇒ Dutch: uuros (the historical form, attested once) (Should we delete⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Old High German: ūro
Middle High German: ūr
German: Ur
⇒ Old High German: ūrohso
Middle High German: ūrochse
German: Auerochse
→ English: aurochs
→ Middle Dutch: oeros
Dutch: oeros

Old Norse: úrr

Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍃 (urs)

→? Latin: urus
→ Ancient Greek: οὖρος (oûros)
Catalan: ur
→ English: ure, urus
French: ure
Italian: uro
Portuguese: uro
Spanish: uro

→? Proto-Finnic: *uros (see there for further descendants)

→? Proto-Samic: *orēs (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; hypotheses include:
* Cognate with Sanskrit उष्ट्र (úṣṭra, “buffalo”), Persian اشتر (oštor), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)us-r-(en-) (“(red) bull, aurochs”), from *h₂ews-r- (“dawn”) after its reddish color. (See *austraz.)
* From Proto-Indo-European *(u)rs-én- (“male animal”). Kroonen assumes that the an-stem form is original and was replaced dialectally by a u-stem, to which he finds a parallel development in *arô (“eagle”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *awǝ-, *ewǝ- (“flowing water”), analogous to the derivation of *uhsô. If so, then related to Old Norse úr (“dampness, fine rain, drizzle”), Old English ēar (“sea, ocean”). (See *auraz, *ūrą.)


sagō

sagō (nominative singular)
sagôz (nominative plural)
sagō (singular vocative)
sagôz (plural vocative)
sagǭ (accusative singular)
sagōz (accusative plural)
sagōz (genitive singular)
sagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sagōi (dative singular)
sagōmaz (dative plural)
sagō (instrumental singular)
sagōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sagu
Old English: sagu
Middle English: sawe
English: saw
Yola: zaawe
Old Frisian: sage
Saterland Frisian: Soage
West Frisian: seage
Old Saxon: saga
Middle Low German: sage
Low German: Saag
Plautdietsch: Soag
Old Dutch: *saga
Middle Dutch: sāge
Dutch: zaag
Afrikaans: saag
Old High German: saga
Middle High German: sage
German: Säge
Luxembourgish: See
Yiddish: זעג (zeg)
→ Serbo-Croatian: жага, žaga
→ Slovene: žaga

Old Norse: sǫg
Icelandic: sög
Faroese: sag
Norwegian Nynorsk: sag, sog; (dialectal) sau, sav, saj
Norwegian Bokmål: sag m or f
Jamtish: ság
Elfdalian: såg
Old Swedish: sagh, saagh
Swedish: såg
→ Finnish: saha
Danish: sav
Smalandian: sav
Scanian: saw
Gutnish: sag
→ Kildin Sami: са̄гк (sāgk)

From Proto-Indo-European *sok-éh₂, from *sek- (“to cut”) + *-éh₂.


badją

badją (nominative singular)
badjō (nominative plural)
badją (singular vocative)
badjō (plural vocative)
badją (accusative singular)
badjō (accusative plural)
badjas (genitive singular)
badis (genitive singular)
badjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
badjai (dative singular)
badjamaz (dative plural)
badjō (instrumental singular)
badjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *badi
Old English: bedd, bed, bædd
Middle English: bedde, bed
English: bed
Scots: bede, bed
Old Frisian: bedd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: baad
Helgoland: Baad
Mooring: beed
Saterland Frisian: Bääd
West Frisian: bêd
Old Saxon: bed, bedd, beddi
Middle Low German: bedde
Low German: Bett
Dutch Low Saxon: bedde
German Low German: Bedd
Plautdietsch: Bad, Bed
→ Icelandic: beddi
Old Dutch: beddi
Middle Dutch: bedde
Dutch: bed
Afrikaans: bed
Berbice Creole Dutch: bedi
Negerhollands: bet, bedi, bere, bedde
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bedi (archaic)
Skepi Creole Dutch: bede
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèt
→? Mohegan-Pequot: beed
→ Papiamentu: bèt, bèchi, bèrchi, bed
→ Saramaccan: bédi
→? Sranan Tongo: bedi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bedi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bèḍi
→ Kari'na: bedi
Limburgish: bèd
→ French: bedde (“matress”) (dialectal)
Old High German: betti, beti
Middle High German: bette, bete, bet
Alemannic German: Bett
Swabian: Bedd
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pett
German: Bett (“bed”), Beet (“flowerbed”)
→ Danish: bed
Norwegian Bokmål: bed
Luxembourgish: Bett
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Bett
Vilamovian: bet

Old Norse: beðr m (“bolster, bedding”)
Icelandic: beður m, beð n
Faroese: beður m, beð n
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: bedd
Old Swedish: *bädh, bädhil
Swedish: bädd c
→ Finnish: peti

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌹 (badi)

desc

→ Proto-Finnic: *patja (“pillow, mattress”) (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰh₂-yó-m (“ditch, grave”), from *bʰedʰh₂- (“to dig, burrow; to pierce, stab”) + *-yóm, or perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰh₁-tó-s (“warm”), from *bʰeh₁- (“to warm”) + *-tós, whence *baþą (“bath”), Dutch betten (“to warm up”).


furistaz

furist (adverb)
furistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
furistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
furistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
furistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
furistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
furistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
furistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
furistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
furistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
furistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
furistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
furistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
furistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
furistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
furistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
furistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
furistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
furistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
furistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
furistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
furistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
furistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
furistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
furistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
furistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
furistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
furistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
furistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
furistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
furistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
furistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
furistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
furistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
furistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
furistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
furistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
furistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
furistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
furistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
furistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
furistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
furistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
furistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
furistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
furistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
furistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
furistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
furistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
furistini (dative masculine singular weak)
furistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
furistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
furistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
furistini (dative neuter singular weak)
furistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
furistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
furistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
furistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
furistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
furistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
furistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*furistaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *furist

desctree

Old English: fyrest
Middle English: first, furst, ferst, fyrst
Scots: first
English: first

Old Frisian: *forsta

West Frisian: foarst (“ruler”)

Old Saxon: furisto (“leader”)

Old Dutch: *furista, *fursta

Middle Dutch: vorste (“ruler”)

Dutch: vorst

Old High German: furisto (“first, prince”)
Middle High German: vürste
German: Fürst
Luxembourgish: viischt (possibly)

Old Norse: fyrstr
Icelandic: fyrstur
Faroese: fyrstur
Norwegian Nynorsk: fyrst
Old Swedish: fyrster
Swedish: först
Danish: først
Norwegian Bokmål: først
Old Gutnish: fyrst

Superlative of *furai, *furi (“before”), from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-.


widuz

widuz (nominative singular)
widiwiz (nominative plural)
widu (singular vocative)
widiwiz (plural vocative)
widų (accusative singular)
widunz (accusative plural)
widauz (genitive singular)
widiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
widiwi (dative singular)
widumaz (dative plural)
widū (instrumental singular)
widumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *widu
Old English: widu, wudu, weadu
Middle English: wode
Scots: wod, wuid
English: wood
Old Saxon: widu, wido
Middle Low German: wēde
Old Dutch: *widu
Middle Dutch: wēde
Dutch: wede, (in placenames) -wedde (e.g. Onstwedde)
Old High German: witu
Middle High German: wite

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᛞᚢᛉ (*widuʀ)

Old Norse: viðr, vyðr
Icelandic: viður
Faroese: viður
Norwegian Nynorsk: ved, vid
Elfdalian: wið
Old Swedish: viþer, vedher
Swedish: ved
Old Danish: with
Danish: ved
Norwegian Bokmål: ved

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁- (“to separate, split, cleave, divide”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *widus.


fōdô

fōdô (nominative singular)
fōdaniz (nominative plural)
fōdô (singular vocative)
fōdaniz (plural vocative)
fōdanų (accusative singular)
fōdanunz (accusative plural)
fōdiniz (genitive singular)
fōdanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōdini (dative singular)
fōdammaz (dative plural)
fōdinē (instrumental singular)
fōdammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdō

Old English: fōda

Middle English: fode, foode

Scots: fuid, fude

English: food

Old Saxon: *fōdo

Middle Low German: vode m or f or n

(German Low German: föödsaam)

>? Low German: föde, vöde

Old High German: *fuota

Middle High German: fuote, vuote f

gl

Old Norse: fǿða, fœða (from *fōdijǭ, *fōdijô; or alternatively, derived from the verb *fōdijaną)

Icelandic: fæða, fæði

Faroese: føði

Old Swedish: føþa

Swedish: föda

Old Danish: føthæ

Danish: føde

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“protect, guard, graze, feed”).


drupô

drupô (nominative singular)
drupaniz (nominative plural)
drupô (singular vocative)
drupaniz (plural vocative)
drupanų (accusative singular)
drupanunz (accusative plural)
drupiniz (genitive singular)
drupanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drupini (dative singular)
drupammaz (dative plural)
drupinē (instrumental singular)
drupammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dropō
Old English: dropa
Middle English: drope
English: drop
Scots: drop, drope, drap, drape
Old Frisian: *dropa
Saterland Frisian: Droupe, Druppe
Old Saxon: dropo
Middle Low German: drope, drupe, drup
German Low German: Drüpp
Old Dutch: dropo
Middle Dutch: drope, drop
Dutch: drop
Old High German: tropfo, troffo, tropho
Middle High German: tropfe
German: Tropfe, Tropfen
Yiddish: טראָפּן (tropn), טראָפּ (trop)

Old Norse: dropi
Icelandic: dropi
Faroese: dropi
Norwegian: drope
Old Swedish: drupi, dropi
Swedish: droppe
Old Danish: dropæ
Danish: dråbe
⇒ Old Danish: drypæl
Danish: drøbel (“uvula”)

→ Galician: trofa

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewb- (“to crumble, grind”).


listiz

listiz (nominative singular)
listīz (nominative plural)
listi (singular vocative)
listīz (plural vocative)
listį (accusative singular)
listinz (accusative plural)
listīz (genitive singular)
listijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
listī (dative singular)
listimaz (dative plural)
listī (instrumental singular)
listimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *listi
Old English: list
Middle English: liste
English: list
Scots: list
Old Frisian: list, lest
Saterland Frisian: List
West Frisian: list
Old Saxon: list
Middle Low German: list
German Low German: List
Low German: list
Old Dutch: list
Middle Dutch: list
Dutch: list
Old High German: list
Middle High German: list
German: List

Old Norse: list

Icelandic: list

Faroese: list

Old Swedish: list

Swedish: list

Danish: list

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (lists)
→ Proto-Slavic: *lь̏stь (see there for further descendants)

→⇒? Vulgar Latin: *listus

Catalan: llest

Spanish: listo

Italian: lesto

→ Maltese: lest

Portuguese: lesto

Probably formed from the root of *lizaną (“to know, understand”), from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“track, furrow, trail, trace”), equivalent to *lizaną + *-þiz. Compare also Proto-West Germanic *liʀnōn (“to learn”).


miltiją

miltiją (nominative singular)
miltijō (nominative plural)
miltiją (singular vocative)
miltijō (plural vocative)
miltiją (accusative singular)
miltijō (accusative plural)
miltijas (genitive singular)
miltīs (genitive singular)
miltijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miltijai (dative singular)
miltijamaz (dative plural)
miltijō (instrumental singular)
miltijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *miltī

Old Dutch: *milti

Middle Dutch: milte

Dutch: milt

desctree

Old High German: milzi
Middle High German: milze
German: Milz
Hunsrik: Mils
Luxembourgish: Mëlz
Vilamovian: myłc

Lombardic: *milzi

→ Italian: milza

→ Maltese: milsa

→ Lombard: melsa, melza, meussa

desc

→ Piedmontese: mersa, meussa, mirsa, minsa

desctree

Old Norse: milti
Icelandic: milta
Faroese: milti, milt
Norwegian Bokmål: milt
Norwegian Nynorsk: milt
Danish: milt
Swedish: mjälte

Unsorted borrowings (via Gothic?):

→ Aragonese: mielsa, amielsa

→ Catalan: melsa

→ Sicilian: meusa

→ Occitan: mèusa, mèussa

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“to beat, grind, crush, weaken”).


fertaną

fertō (active first-person indicative singular)
fertaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fertai (first-person indicative passive singular)
firtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fertaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fert (active imperative second-person singular)
fertazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fertaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
firtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fertai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fertadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fertadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fertaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fertōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fertaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fertadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fertaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fertadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fertamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fertaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fertandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fertaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
firtid (active indicative plural second-person)
fertaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
firtid (active imperative plural second-person)
fertandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fertaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fertandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fertain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fertandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fertandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fertaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fart (active first-person indicative singular)
furtį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
farst (active indicative second-person singular)
furtīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fart (active indicative singular third-person)
furtī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furtū (active dual first-person indicative)
furtīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furtudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furtīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furtum (active first-person indicative plural)
furtīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furtud (active indicative plural second-person)
furtīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furtun (active indicative plural third-person)
furtīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fertandz (active participle present)
furtanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Old English: feortan
Middle English: verten, ferten, farten
English: fart
Scots: fart

Old Saxon: *fertan

Middle Low German: ferten, verten

Old Dutch: *fertan

Middle Dutch: verten

Old High German: ferzan

Middle High German: vërzen, varzen

German: farzen

Yiddish: פֿאַרצן (fartsn)

Old Norse: freta, frata, *fjarta

Icelandic: freta

Faroese: frata, freta

Norn: frada

Norwegian Nynorsk: frata, fjarta

Old Swedish: fiærta

Swedish: fjärta

Danish: fjerte, fjærte

Norwegian Bokmål: fjerte

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: fjerta

From Proto-Indo-European *perd- (“to fart”).


hultą

hultą (nominative singular)
hultō (nominative plural)
hultą (singular vocative)
hultō (plural vocative)
hultą (accusative singular)
hultō (accusative plural)
hultas (genitive singular)
hultis (genitive singular)
hultǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hultai (dative singular)
hultamaz (dative plural)
hultō (instrumental singular)
hultamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *holt
Old English: holt
Middle English: holt
English: holt, hoult (obsolete)
Scots: holt
Old Frisian: holt
North Frisian: holt
Saterland Frisian: Holt
West Frisian: hout
Old Saxon: holt
Middle Low German: holt
German Low German: Holt
Plautdietsch: Holt
Old Dutch: holt
Middle Dutch: hout
Dutch: hout
Afrikaans: hout
Limburgish: hówtj
Old High German: holz
Middle High German: holz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hòltz
Mòcheno: holz
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Hols
Luxembourgish: Holz
German: Holz
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: hold̥s
Pennsylvania German: Hols
Vilamovian: hułc
Yiddish: האָלץ (holts)

Old Norse: holt
Icelandic: holt
Faroese: holt
Norwegian: holt
Old Swedish: hult
Swedish: holt, hult
Danish: holt
Old Gutnish: hult

Possibly from a neuter root noun *kóld, *kld-és, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, break”). Compare Proto-Slavic *kòlda (“block, log”), Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos, “branch, shoot”).


friskaz

*friskaz (a-stem)

friskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
friskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
friskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
friskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
friską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
friskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
friskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
friskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
friskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
friskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
friską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
friskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
friskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
friskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
friskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
friskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
friskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
friskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
friskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
friskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
friskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
friskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
friskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
friskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
friskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
friskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
friskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
friskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
friskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
friskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
friskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
friskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
friskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
friskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
friskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
friskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
friskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
friskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
friskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
friskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
friskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
friskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
friskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
friskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
friskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
friskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
friskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
friskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
friskini (dative masculine singular weak)
friskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
friskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
friskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
friskini (dative neuter singular weak)
friskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
friskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
friskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
friskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
friskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
friskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
friskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frisk
Old English: fersċ
Middle English: fersh, fresch, fresk, freche, versh
Scots: fresch, frech, freish
English: fresh
→ Welsh: ffres
Old Frisian: fersk
North Frisian: fersck
Saterland Frisian: frisk
West Frisian: farsk
Old Saxon: *frisk, *fersk
Middle Low German: vrisch, versch
Low German: frisk
→ Icelandic: frískur
→ Faroese: frískur
→ Danish: frisk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: frisk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: frisk
→ Polabian: frišă
→ Swedish: frisk
→ Estonian: priske
Old Dutch: *frisc
Middle Dutch: versch, varsch
Dutch: vers
Afrikaans: vars
Limburgish: vèrsj
Old High German: frisc
Middle High German: vrisch
German: frisch
→ Hungarian: friss
Luxembourgish: frësch
Vilamovian: fryś
Yiddish: פֿריש (frish)
→ Middle Dutch: vrisch, frisch, frisc
Dutch: fris
Afrikaans: fris
→ West Frisian: fris
→ Middle French: frisque, fricque, frique, friche
French: frisque
→ Middle English: frisk
English: frisk
→ Walloon: frisse

Old Norse: ferskr
Icelandic: ferskur
Faroese: feskur
Norwegian Nynorsk: fersk
Norwegian Bokmål: fersk
Swedish: färsk
Danish: fersk

→ Vulgar Latin: *friscum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *preyskos (“fresh, unsalted”), and cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *prēˀskas (“unleavened, unfermented, unsalted”) (though there are phonetic difficulties).


bragną

bragną (nominative singular)
bragnō (nominative plural)
bragną (singular vocative)
bragnō (plural vocative)
bragną (accusative singular)
bragnō (accusative plural)
bragnas (genitive singular)
bragnis (genitive singular)
bragnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bragnai (dative singular)
bragnamaz (dative plural)
bragnō (instrumental singular)
bragnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bragn

desctree

Old English: bræġn, bræġen
Middle English: brayn, brayne, brain
Scots: brane, braine
English: brain

Old Frisian: *brein

North Frisian: brayen, brein

Sylt: Brain

Saterland Frisian: Bräienge, Brainge

West Frisian: brein

Old Saxon: *bragan, *bregin

Middle Low German: bregen

Low German: Brägen, Bregen

Plautdietsch: Bräajen

→ German: Brägen, Bregen

Old Dutch: *bragan, *bregin

Middle Dutch: bragen, bregen, breyn

Dutch: brein

From Proto-Indo-European *mrogʰnom, possibly a thematicized form of original *mrégʰmn̥ (whence Ancient Greek βρέχμα (brékhma, “brainpan”)), from the root *mregʰ- (“marrow, sinciput”).


maltą

maltą (nominative singular)
maltō (nominative plural)
maltą (singular vocative)
maltō (plural vocative)
maltą (accusative singular)
maltō (accusative plural)
maltas (genitive singular)
maltis (genitive singular)
maltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maltai (dative singular)
maltamaz (dative plural)
maltō (instrumental singular)
maltamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *malt
Old English: mealt, malt
Middle English: malt, malte, maltt, mault, maulte
English: malt
Scots: maut
Yola: mault
Old Frisian: malt
Saterland Frisian: Moalt
Old Saxon: malt
Middle Low German: malt, molt
German Low German: Molt
Old Dutch: malt
Middle Dutch: malt, mout
Dutch: mout
→ West Frisian: mout
Old High German: malz
Middle High German: malz
German: Malz
Luxembourgish: Malz
→ Proto-Slavic: *molto (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: malt

Icelandic: malt

Faroese: malt

Norwegian: malt

Old Swedish: malt

Swedish: malt

Old Danish: malt

Danish: malt

Gutnish: malt

→ Proto-Finnic: *maldas (see there for further descendants) (< *maltaz)

Uncertain, from *maltaz (“soft, gone bad”), or directly from *meltaną; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meld- (“to beat, crush, grind”), also the root of *mildijaz. Not few voices (Uhlenbeck, Bernecker, Brückner, Kiparsky, Skok and others) deem the word instead regularly formed in Proto-Slavic *molto, which you may see, from *melti (“to grind”).


fōdijaną

fōdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fōdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fōdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fōdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdī (active imperative second-person singular)
fōdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fōdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fōdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fōdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fōdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fōdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fōdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fōdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fōdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fōdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fōdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fōdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fōdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fōdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fōdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fōdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fōdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fōdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fōdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fōdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fōdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fōdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fōdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fōdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fōdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fōdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fōdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fōdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fōdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fōdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fōdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fōdijandz (active participle present)
fōdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdijan
Old English: fēdan
Middle English: feden
Scots: fede, feid
English: feed
Old Frisian: fēda
West Frisian: fiede
Old Saxon: fōdian
Middle Low German: vö̂den
German Low German: föden
Old Dutch: *fuoden
Middle Dutch: voeden
Dutch: voeden
Afrikaans: voed
Old High German: fuotan

Old Norse: fǿða, fœða — alternative spelling, fæða — Iceland only
Icelandic: fæða
Faroese: føða
Norwegian: føde
Old Swedish: fø̄þa
Swedish: föda
Old Danish: føthæ
Danish: føde

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fōdjan)

/ˈɸɔː.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Orel suggests it's derived from *fōdô (“food”) + *-janą. Kroonen assumes it is a causative verb derived from a lost strong verb *faþaną, from pre-Germanic *ph₂t- a zero-grade present form of Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“protect, guard, graze, feed”) extended with *-t-. Compare Ancient Greek πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”).


baþą

baþą (nominative singular)
baþō (nominative plural)
baþą (singular vocative)
baþō (plural vocative)
baþą (accusative singular)
baþō (accusative plural)
baþas (genitive singular)
baþis (genitive singular)
baþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baþai (dative singular)
baþamaz (dative plural)
baþō (instrumental singular)
baþamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baþ
Old English: bæþ
Middle English: bath, baþ
English: bath
Scots: bath
→ Welsh: bàth
Old Frisian: beth
West Frisian: bad
Old Saxon: bath
Middle Low German: bad, bat
German Low German: Baad
Plautdietsch: Bod
Old Dutch: *bath
Middle Dutch: bat
Dutch: bad
Afrikaans: bad
Old High German: bad
Middle High German: bat
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Baad
Bavarian: Båd, Båod, Boud
Luxembourgish: Bad
German: Bad
Rhine Franconian: Bad
Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt]
Vilamovian: bod

Old Norse: bað

Icelandic: bað

Faroese: bað

Norwegian: bad

Old Swedish: badh

Swedish: bad

Danish: bad

Gutnish: bad


ahslō

ahslō (nominative singular)
ahslôz (nominative plural)
ahslō (singular vocative)
ahslôz (plural vocative)
ahslǭ (accusative singular)
ahslōz (accusative plural)
ahslōz (genitive singular)
ahslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahslōi (dative singular)
ahslōmaz (dative plural)
ahslō (instrumental singular)
ahslōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ahslu
Old English: eaxl, eaxel, esl
Middle English: axel, axle, eaxle, æxle, exle
English: axle (obsolete)
Scots: aixle, exle
Old Frisian: axle, axele
Saterland Frisian: ascle
→? Middle Dutch: ocsele (see lemma)
Dutch: oksel
Afrikaans: oksel
Old Dutch: *assala
Middle Dutch: assele
Dutch: assel
Old High German: ahsala
Middle High German: ahsel
Cimbrian: aksela, aksala, aksl, aksel
German: Achsel
Vilamovian: aochsuł
Yiddish: אַקסל (aksl)

Old Norse: ǫxl

Icelandic: öxl

Faroese: øksl

Norn: akkel

Old Swedish: axl

Swedish: axel

→ Elfdalian: aksel

Old Danish: axæl

Danish: aksel

Norwegian: aksel

Elfdalian: aksul

Gutnish: axl

Scanian: áğsel

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs- (“axis”).


spellą

spellą (nominative singular)
spellō (nominative plural)
spellą (singular vocative)
spellō (plural vocative)
spellą (accusative singular)
spellō (accusative plural)
spellas (genitive singular)
spillis (genitive singular)
spellǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spellai (dative singular)
spellamaz (dative plural)
spellō (instrumental singular)
spellamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spell
Old English: spell, spel
Middle English: spell, spel
English: spell
Old Saxon: spel
Old Dutch: spel
Middle Dutch: spel
Old High German: spel

Old Norse: spjall
Icelandic: spjall n
Old Swedish: spiäl
Swedish: spjäll

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻 (spill)

From Proto-Indo-European *spelnom, ultimately from *(s)pel- (“to tell”). Common origin and cognate with Old Armenian առասպել (aṙaspel). Not related to *spil (“game, amusement”).