hwehwlą

hwehwlą (nominative singular)
hweulō (nominative plural)
hwehwlą (singular vocative)
hweulō (plural vocative)
hwehwlą (accusative singular)
hweulō (accusative plural)
hwehwlas (genitive singular)
hwihwlis (genitive singular)
hweulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwehwlai (dative singular)
hweulamaz (dative plural)
hwehwlō (instrumental singular)
hweulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwehwl

desc

Old English: hweogl, hweogol, hweohl, hweowl, hweowol (from singular), hwēol (from plural *hweulō)

Middle English: whel, whele, qweel

English: wheel

Scots: wheel

Old Frisian: hwēl (in compounds), fiāl, tziāl

North Frisian: weyel, weel

Saterland Frisian: Wäil, Jool

West Frisian: fjil, tsjil, tsjel

Old Saxon: hwiol

Middle Low German: wêl, wiel

German Low German: Weel

Old Dutch: *wiol

desctree

Middle Dutch: wiel, weel
Dutch: wiel
Afrikaans: wiel
Negerhollands: wiel, wil
→ Caribbean Javanese: wil
→ Papiamentu: wil
→ Sranan Tongo: wiri
Limburgish: weel
→ Old Frisian: wēl
West Frisian: wiele

Old High German: *wihil

>? Middle High German: *wihel (possibly extinct as simplex)

q

>? German: Wiel, Wiele (“whirl, vortex”, 15th c., may be from Low German, but uncertain)

desc

⇒ Old High German: wihilstein; *wihilasca

German: wihelstein; *wihelesche

German: Wielstein; Wielesche

Old Norse: hvél (from singular), hjól (from plural *hweulō)

Icelandic: hjól, hvel

Faroese: hjól, hvæl

Norwegian Bokmål: hjul

Norwegian Nynorsk: hjul, kvel

Norn: hurl

Old Swedish: hiūl, hiughl

Swedish: hjul

Danish: hjul

Elfdalian: juol

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlom (“wheel”). The plural *hweulō is from the Proto-Indo-European collective *kʷekʷléh₂ (“wheels”), and the neuter gender was likely back-formed from that.


krītaną

krītō (active first-person indicative singular)
krītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krīt (active imperative second-person singular)
krītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krītid (active indicative plural second-person)
krītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krītid (active imperative plural second-person)
krītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
krait (active first-person indicative singular)
kritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraist (active indicative second-person singular)
kritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krait (active indicative singular third-person)
kritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kritū (active dual first-person indicative)
kritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kritum (active first-person indicative plural)
kritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kritud (active indicative plural second-person)
kritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kritun (active indicative plural third-person)
kritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krītandz (active participle present)
kritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krītan
Old Frisian: *krīta
Saterland Frisian: kriete
West Frisian: krite
Old Saxon: *krītan
Middle Low German: krîten
Low German: krieten
Old Dutch: *crītan
Middle Dutch: criten
Dutch: krijten
Afrikaans: kryt
Old High German: *krīzan
Middle High German: krīzen
German: kreißen

>? Crimean Gothic: eriten

From Proto-Indo-European *greyd-, *grey- (“to shout”). Cognate with Middle Irish grith (“a cry”), Welsh gryd (“a scream”), Latin gingriō (“cackle; squawk; quack”, verb). The assignment of this reconstruction to the level of Proto-Germanic rests on the Crimean Gothic hapax eriten (taken to be a misspelling of *criten or the like).


glasą

glasą (nominative singular)
glazō (nominative plural)
glasą (singular vocative)
glazō (plural vocative)
glasą (accusative singular)
glazō (accusative plural)
glasas (genitive singular)
glasis (genitive singular)
glazǫ̂ (genitive plural)
glasai (dative singular)
glazamaz (dative plural)
glasō (instrumental singular)
glazamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *glas
Old English: glæs
Middle English: glas
English: glass (see there for further descendants)
Scots: gless, glass
Old Frisian: gles
Saterland Frisian: Glääs
West Frisian: glês
Old Saxon: glas
Middle Low German: glas, glār
German Low German: Glas
Plautdietsch: Glauss
→ Old Norse: *glas
Faroese: glas
Norwegian Bokmål: glass
Norwegian Nynorsk: glas
Old Swedish: glas
Swedish: glas
Old Danish: glas
Danish: glas
→ Icelandic: glas

→ Finnish: lasi (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Old Norse: glaskeri
Old Dutch: glas
Middle Dutch: glas
Dutch: glas
Afrikaans: glas
Berbice Creole Dutch: glasi
Negerhollands: glas
→ Caribbean Hindustani: gilás
→ Caribbean Javanese: gelas
→ Indonesian: gelas
→ Japanese: ガラス (garasu)
→ Papiamentu: glas
→ Sranan Tongo: grasi
→ Kari'na: kalasi (or directly)
Limburgish: glaas
Old High German: glas, clas; clases (“amber”)
Middle High German: glas
Alemannic German: Glas
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: glas
Mòcheno: glos
Central Franconian: Jlas
Hunsrik: Glaas
German: Glas
Luxembourgish: Glas
Pennsylvania German: Glaas
Vilamovian: głoos
Yiddish: גלאָז (gloz)

Old Norse: gler (< leveled *glazą)
Icelandic: gler, glær
Faroese: gler
Old Swedish: glar
Old Danish: gler, glar, glaar
Danish: glar

Traditionally derived by Pokorny from an s-extension of Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-, *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”). Kroonen prefers to derive the term from an s-stem of *glōaną (“to glow”), which is likely ultimately from the same root.


gulþą

gulþą (nominative singular)
guldō (nominative plural)
gulþą (singular vocative)
guldō (plural vocative)
gulþą (accusative singular)
guldō (accusative plural)
gulþas (genitive singular)
gulþis (genitive singular)
guldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gulþai (dative singular)
guldamaz (dative plural)
gulþō (instrumental singular)
guldamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *golþ
Old English: gold
Middle English: gold
English: gold
Scots: gowd, goold
Old Frisian: gold, goud
Saterland Frisian: Gould
West Frisian: goud
Old Saxon: gold
Middle Low German: golt
German Low German: Gold
Plautdietsch: Golt
Old Dutch: golt, gold
Middle Dutch: gout
Dutch: goud
Afrikaans: goud
Berbice Creole Dutch: gautu
Negerhollands: gaut, goud, gout
Skepi Creole Dutch: gaut
→ Sranan Tongo: gowtu
→ Caribbean Javanese: gautu
→ Saramaccan: góútu
→ Trió: koutu
Limburgish: góldj
Old High German: gold
Middle High German: golt
Alemannic German: Gold
Bavarian: Goid, Golt
Cimbrian: gold, golt (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: golt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Gold
Luxembourgish: Gold
East Central German:
Vilamovian: gułd
East Franconian:
German: Gold
Rhine Franconian: Gold
Frankfurterisch: [g̥olt]
Pennsylvania German: Gold
Yiddish: גאָלד (gold)

Old Norse: gull
Icelandic: gull n
Faroese: gull n
Norwegian Nynorsk: gull n
Old Swedish: gull n
Swedish: gull, guld n
Old Danish:
Danish: guld n
Norwegian Bokmål: gull n
→ Greenlandic: kuulti
Gutnish: gull n

Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸 (gulþ)

Crimean Gothic: goltz

→ Proto-Finnic: *kulta (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *kollē (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵʰĺ̥h₃tom (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow; gleam; to shine”). Compare Proto-Slavic *zolto, Proto-Baltic *želtas, whence Latvian zelts. Disputed relation to *geldaną (“to pay”).


bagmaz

bagmaz (nominative singular)
bagmōz (nominative plural)
bagmōs (nominative plural)
bagm (singular vocative)
bagmōz (plural vocative)
bagmōs (plural vocative)
bagmą (accusative singular)
bagmanz (accusative plural)
bagmas (genitive singular)
bagmis (genitive singular)
bagmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bagmai (dative singular)
bagmamaz (dative plural)
bagmō (instrumental singular)
bagmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baum
Old English: bēam, bēom
Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam
Old Frisian: bām, baem (Late Old Frisian)
North Frisian:
Most dialects: buum
Heligoland: Booam
Sylt: Boom
Saterland Frisian: Boom
West Frisian: beam
Old Saxon: bōm
Middle Low German: bôm
German Low German: Boom
Plautdietsch: Boom
→ Danish: bom
→ Finnish: puomi
→ Gutnish: bom
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bom
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bom
→ Swedish: bom
Old Dutch: bōm
Middle Dutch: bôom
Dutch: boom
Limburgish: boum
Old High German: boum, poum, paum
Middle High German: boum
Alemannic German: Baaum, Bum, Baim, Baum, Boum
Swabian: Boum, Boom
Walser: böim, baum, bem
Bavarian: Bam, paam, pame
Cimbrian: póom, puam, pome
Mòcheno: pa'm
Central Franconian: Boom, Baam, Baum, Boum
Hunsrik: Baam
Luxembourgish: Bam
Transylvanian Saxon: bum
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: Baam
Upper Saxon German: Boom, Baam
Vilamovian: baojm, boum
East Franconian: Baam, Bääm
German: Baum
Rhine Franconian: Baam
Pennsylvania German: Baam
Palatine German: Baam
Yiddish: בוים (boym)

Old Norse: baðmr
Icelandic: baðmur
Old Swedish: bagn

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 (bagms)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰew- (“to grow, swell”).


blōþą

blōþą (nominative singular)
blōdō (nominative plural)
blōþą (singular vocative)
blōdō (plural vocative)
blōþą (accusative singular)
blōdō (accusative plural)
blōþas (genitive singular)
blōþis (genitive singular)
blōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blōþai (dative singular)
blōdamaz (dative plural)
blōþō (instrumental singular)
blōdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blōd
Old English: blōd
Middle English: blood
Scots: bluid
English: blood
Old Frisian: blōd
North Frisian:
Sylt: Blör
Saterland Frisian: Bloud
West Frisian: bloed
Old Saxon: blōd
Middle Low German: blôt
German Low German: Blood, Bloot
Old Dutch: bluot
Middle Dutch: bloet
Dutch: bloed
Afrikaans: bloed
Berbice Creole Dutch: blutu
Javindo: bloet
Skepi Creole Dutch: blut
→? Sranan Tongo: brudu
→ Aukan: buulu
→ Saramaccan: buúu
Limburgish: blood
Old High German: bluot, blod, bluat, blud, bluet, bluod, bluoth, blut, bluth, pload, ploat, plot, plout, pluat, pluod, pluot, pluoth
Middle High German: bluot
Alemannic German: Bluet
Alsatian: Blüet
Swabian: Bluat
Bavarian: Bluad, Bluat
Cimbrian: pluat
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Blot, Blut
Hunsrik: Blud
Luxembourgish: Blutt
East Central German: Blutt (Oberlausitz; Silesian)
Vilamovian: błüt
East Franconian:
German: Blut
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Blut
Yiddish: בלוט (blut)

Old Norse: blóð
Icelandic: blóð
Faroese: blóð
Norwegian: blod
Old Swedish: blōþ, blodh
Swedish: blod
Old Danish: bloth
Danish: blod

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 (blōþ)

Crimean Gothic: plut

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃tóm, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to bloom”), morphing into the sense of bursting or swelling out; possibly a taboo-avoidance euphemism.


mahtiz

mahtiz (nominative singular)
mahtīz (nominative plural)
mahti (singular vocative)
mahtīz (plural vocative)
mahtį (accusative singular)
mahtinz (accusative plural)
mahtīz (genitive singular)
mahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mahtī (dative singular)
mahtimaz (dative plural)
mahtī (instrumental singular)
mahtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mahti
Old English: meaht, meht, mieht, miht
Middle English: miht, might
Scots: micht
English: might
Yola: mought
Old Frisian: mecht, macht
North Frisian: macht
Saterland Frisian: Macht
West Frisian: macht
Old Saxon: maht
Middle Low German: macht
German Low German: Macht
Dutch Low Saxon: macht
Plautdietsch: Macht
→ Norwegian: makt
→ Swedish: makt
→ Danish: magt
→ Gutnish: mäkt
Old Dutch: *maht
Middle Dutch: macht
Dutch: macht
Afrikaans: mag
Limburgish: mach
Old High German: maht
Middle High German: maht, macht
German: Macht
Luxembourgish: Muecht
Yiddish: מאַכט (makht)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: máttr

Icelandic: máttur

Faroese: máttur

Norwegian Nynorsk: mått

→ Scots: maucht

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (mahts)

→ Finnish: mahti

From *maganą + *-þiz, corresponding to Proto-Indo-European *mógʰtis < *megʰ-.


luftuz

luftuz (nominative singular)
luftiwiz (nominative plural)
luftu (singular vocative)
luftiwiz (plural vocative)
luftų (accusative singular)
luftunz (accusative plural)
luftauz (genitive singular)
luftiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luftiwi (dative singular)
luftumaz (dative plural)
luftū (instrumental singular)
luftumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *luftu
Old English: lyft (< *lufti)
Middle English: luft, lift
English: lift
Scots: luft, lift
Old Frisian: luft, lufte, *loft
Saterland Frisian: Luft
West Frisian: loft
Old Saxon: luft
Middle Low German: lucht
Low German: lucht, luft, Luft
East Frisian Low Saxon: Loft
Plautdietsch:
Volhynian: Lift
→ Saterland Frisian: Lucht
→ Faroese: luft, luktur (“smell”)
→ Norwegian: luft, lukt (“smell”)
→ Swedish: luft, lukt (“smell”)
→ Danish: luft, lugt (“smell”)
Old Dutch: *luft
Middle Dutch: lucht, locht
Dutch: lucht
→ West Frisian: lucht
Old High German: luft; luht (northern)
Middle High German: luft; lucht
German: Luft
→ English: luft
→ Czech: luft
→ Luxembourgish: Loft
→ Kashubian: lëft
→ Polish: luft
→ Silesian: luft
Central Franconian: Luft, Loft, Loff (originally south-eastern); Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht (northern and western, now only for “space”)
Hunsrik: Luft
Luxembourgish: Luucht, Lut
East Central German:
Lusatian: Luffd
Vilamovian: łöft
Pennsylvania German: Luft
Yiddish: לופֿט (luft)

Old Norse: lopt n, loft (< *luftą)
Icelandic: loft
Faroese: loft
Norwegian: loft
Swedish: loft
Danish: luft
→ Old English: loft
Middle English: lofte
Scots: loft, laft
English: loft
→ Irish: lochta

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (luftus)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *lewp-, *lewb-, *lewbʰ- (“to peel, break off, damage”), from Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“to cut away, remove, prune”).
According to Kroonen (2013, 342), from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-tu-. This may be linked to Russian луб (lub, “bast”), Old Prussian lubbo (“bast, plank”) and therefore have an original meaning of "roof".

der

roof of the earth, firmament; heavens, sky


þurpą

þurpą (nominative singular)
þurpō (nominative plural)
þurpą (singular vocative)
þurpō (plural vocative)
þurpą (accusative singular)
þurpō (accusative plural)
þurpas (genitive singular)
þurpis (genitive singular)
þurpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þurpai (dative singular)
þurpamaz (dative plural)
þurpō (instrumental singular)
þurpamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þorp
Old English: þorp, þrop
Middle English: thorp
English: thorp
Old Frisian: thorp, therp
North Frisian: torp, terp, Tarp
East Frisian: terp
Saterland Frisian: Täärp
West Frisian: terp
→ Dutch: terp
Old Saxon: thorp
Middle Low German: dorp
German Low German:
Low Prussian: Dörp, Dorp, Derp
Westphalian:
Münsterland: Duorp
Paderborn: Doärp
Sauerland: Duarp
Plautdietsch: Darp
→ German: -trop
→ West Frisian: doarp
Old Dutch: thorp
Middle Dutch: dorp
Dutch: dorp
Afrikaans: dorp
→ Fanagalo: dorop
→ Sotho: toropo
→ Tswana: toropo
→ Venda: ḓorobo
→ Xhosa: idolophu
→ Zulu: idolobha
Negerhollands: dorp
→ English: dorp
→ Papiamentu: dorp
→ Sranan Tongo: dorpu
Limburgish: dörp
→ Middle Scots: dorp, drop
Scots: dorp
Old High German: thorph, thorf, dorf; thorp (Central German)
Middle High German: dorf, dorp (northern Central German; receding)
Alemannic German: Dorf
Central Franconian: Dörp, Dorp, Dorf
German: Dorf
Luxembourgish: Duerf
Mòcheno: dorf
Vilamovian: diüf
Yiddish: דאָרף (dorf)
→ Vulgar Latin: *tropus, *troppus
Medieval Latin: troppus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: þorp
Icelandic: þorp
Faroese: torpur
Norwegian Bokmål: torp
Norwegian Nynorsk: torp
Old Swedish: þorp
Swedish: torp
Danish: torp
→ Old Northern French: torp

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍀 (þaurp)

From Proto-Indo-European *trab-, *treb- (“room, dwelling, settlement”). Cognate with Latin trabs (“beam, rafter, roof, vessel”), Lithuanian trōbà (“farmhouse”), Welsh tref (“town, home”), Albanian trevë (“country, region, village”).


bebruz

bebruz (nominative singular)
bibriwiz (nominative plural)
bebru (singular vocative)
bibriwiz (plural vocative)
bebrų (accusative singular)
bebrunz (accusative plural)
bebrauz (genitive singular)
bibriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bibriwi (dative singular)
bebrumaz (dative plural)
bebrū (instrumental singular)
bebrumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bebru
Old English: befer, beofor, byfor, bebr, bebir, beber, befor, beofer, beuer
Middle English: bever, beauver, beever, befer, beofer, beuver, bevere, bevre, bevyr, bevyre, bewer, byvre
English: beaver
Scots: bever, baiver
→ Irish: béabhar
Old Frisian: *bever
North Frisian: biiber (or from German?)
West Frisian: bever
Old Saxon: biƀar, biƀor
Middle Low German: bēver
Low German: Bever
Plautdietsch: Bieba (or from German?)
→ Faroese: bævur
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: bever
Norwegian Nynorsk: bever
→ Old Swedish: bæver
Swedish: bäver
→ Old Danish: biauær
Danish: bæver
→ Icelandic: bifur
→ Elfdalian: bäver
→ Gutnish: bävar
Old Dutch: *bevar
Middle Dutch: bēver
Dutch: bever
Afrikaans: bewer
Limburgish: baever
Old High German: bibar, bibur
Middle High German: biber
German: Biber
→ Luxembourgish: Biber
Hunsrik: Biver
Yiddish: ביבער (biber)
→ Old French: bievre (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bjórr
Icelandic: bjór
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjor
Elfdalian: biuor
Old Swedish: biūr
Swedish: bjur (obsolete)
Old Danish: biūr, bifær
Danish: byr (obsolete)


swīną

swīną (nominative singular)
swīnō (nominative plural)
swīną (singular vocative)
swīnō (plural vocative)
swīną (accusative singular)
swīnō (accusative plural)
swīnas (genitive singular)
swīnis (genitive singular)
swīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swīnai (dative singular)
swīnamaz (dative plural)
swīnō (instrumental singular)
swīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swīn
Old English: swīn, swȳn
Middle English: swyn, sqwyne, suin, swein, sweyne, swin, swine, swiyn, swyne, swynne, zuin
English: swine
Scots: swine
Old Frisian: swīn
North Frisian: swin
Saterland Frisian: Swien
West Frisian: swyn
Old Saxon: swīn
Middle Low German: swīn
German Low German: Swien, Schwiin
Plautdietsch: Schwien
Old Dutch: *swīn
Middle Dutch: swijn
Dutch: zwijn
Afrikaans: swyn
Limburgish: zwien
Old High German: swīn
Middle High German: swīn
Alemannic German:
Walser: Schwii
Central Franconian: Schwein
Hunsrik: Schwein
Luxembourgish: Schwäin
German: Schwein
Vilamovian: śwajn

Old Norse: svín
Icelandic: svín
Faroese: svín
Norn: svin
Norwegian Nynorsk: svin; (dialectal) svingn
Jamtish: svýn
Old Swedish: svīn
Swedish: svin
Danish: svin
Norwegian Bokmål: svin

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 (swein)

→ Proto-Samic: *svijnē (see there for further descendants)

From an adjectival neuter form *swiHnom of Proto-Indo-European *suH- (compare Latin suīnus, Proto-Slavic *svinьja, Latvian sivēns).


dūbǭ

dūbǭ (nominative singular)
dūbōniz (nominative plural)
dūbǭ (singular vocative)
dūbōniz (plural vocative)
dūbōnų (accusative singular)
dūbōnunz (accusative plural)
dūbōniz (genitive singular)
dūbōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dūbōni (dative singular)
dūbōmaz (dative plural)
dūbōnē (instrumental singular)
dūbōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dūbā
Old English: *dūfe
Middle English: douve, dove, duve, dowve, dowe, doufe, douf
English: dove
Scots: doo, dow
Old Frisian: *dūve, *dūe
Saterland Frisian: Dúve
West Frisian: do
Old Saxon: dūva
Middle Low German: dūve
Low German:
German Low German: Duuv
Dutch Low Saxon: duve, doeve
Plautdietsch: Duw, Düw, Duuv, Düüv, Duuw, Düüw, Duv, Düv
→ Estonian: tuvi
Old Dutch: dūva
Middle Dutch: duve
Dutch: duif
Afrikaans: duif
Negerhollands: dufje, difi, diffie
→ Sranan Tongo: doifi
Limburgish: doef
Old High German: tūba; (West Central German) dūva
Middle High German: tūbe, dūve
Bavarian: Taubm, Daum, Taubn
Alemannic German: Tuub, Duub, Duube, Düüwe, Daup, Taub, Tuube, Tube, Tubo
German: Taube
Central Franconian: Duuv, Dauv
Kirchröadsj: Doef
Luxembourgish: Dauf
Rhine Franconian: daup, dǫup
Pennsylvania German: Daub
Swabian: Taub, Daup
Vilamovian: tue, taoj
Yiddish: טויב (toyb)

Old Norse: dúfa

Icelandic: dúfa

Faroese: dúgva, dúva

Norwegian Bokmål: due

Norwegian Nynorsk: due

Old Swedish: dūva

Swedish: duva

Old Danish: dufæ

Danish: due

Scanian: dâwwa

Gothic: *𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍉 (*dubō)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk; smoke; make obscure”). According to Kroonen, derived from Proto-Germanic *dūbaną (“to dive; to sink”).


fulô

fulô (nominative singular)
fulaniz (nominative plural)
fulô (singular vocative)
fulaniz (plural vocative)
fulanų (accusative singular)
fulanunz (accusative plural)
fuliniz (genitive singular)
fulanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulini (dative singular)
fulammaz (dative plural)
fulinē (instrumental singular)
fulammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *folō
Old English: fola
Middle English: fole
English: foal
Scots: fole, foill
Old Frisian: fola, folla
West Frisian: fôle, foalle
Saterland Frisian: Foole
Old Saxon: folo
Middle Low German: vōle
German Low German: Fohl
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Fahle
Old Dutch: *folo
Middle Dutch: vōle
Dutch: vool
Old High German: folo
Middle High German: vole

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚨ (*fola)

Old Norse: foli

Icelandic: foli

Faroese: foli

Norwegian: fole

Old Swedish: foli

Swedish: fåle

Old Danish: folæ

Danish: fole

Elfdalian: fuoli

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌰 (fula)

From pre-Germanic *pl̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *pelH-.


ēlaz

ēlaz (nominative singular)
ēlōz (nominative plural)
ēlōs (nominative plural)
ēl (singular vocative)
ēlōz (plural vocative)
ēlōs (plural vocative)
ēlą (accusative singular)
ēlanz (accusative plural)
ēlas (genitive singular)
ēlis (genitive singular)
ēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēlai (dative singular)
ēlamaz (dative plural)
ēlō (instrumental singular)
ēlamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *āl
Old English: ǣl
Middle English: el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele
English: eel
Scots: eel
Yola: eale
Old Frisian: ēl
Saterland Frisian: Äil
West Frisian: iel
Old Saxon: āl
Middle Low German: âl, êl
German Low German: Aal
Old Dutch: āl, ael (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: ael
Dutch: aal
Afrikaans: aal
Old High German: āl
Middle High German: āl
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Ool
Luxembourgish: Éil
German: Aal
Rhine Franconian: Ool (West Palatine)

Old Norse: áll

Icelandic: áll

Faroese: állur

Norn: ål

Norwegian: ål

Old Swedish: āl

Swedish: ål

Old Danish: āl, aal

Danish: ål

Gutnish: al

Unknown; no known cognates outside Germanic, but an obfuscated substrate origin from a Neolithic language is possible.
Kroonen tentatively compares *ēlō and *alaz (“awl”).


lahsaz

lahsaz (nominative singular)
lahsōz (nominative plural)
lahsōs (nominative plural)
lahs (singular vocative)
lahsōz (plural vocative)
lahsōs (plural vocative)
lahsą (accusative singular)
lahsanz (accusative plural)
lahsas (genitive singular)
lahsis (genitive singular)
lahsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lahsai (dative singular)
lahsamaz (dative plural)
lahsō (instrumental singular)
lahsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lahs
Old English: leax
Middle English: lax
Scots: lax
English: lax
Old Saxon: lahs
Middle Low German: las
Old Dutch: *lahs
Middle Dutch: lachs, lasche, lacks, lack
Dutch: las
Old High German: lahs
Middle High German: lahs
German: Lachs
→ German Low German: Lachs
→ Saterland Frisian: Lachs
Yiddish: לאַקס (laks)
→ English: lox

Old Norse: lax
Icelandic: lax
Faroese: laksur
Norn: laks
Elfdalian: laks
Norwegian Nynorsk: laks
Norwegian Bokmål: laks
Old Swedish: lax
Swedish: lax
Old Danish: lax
Danish: laks
Gutnish: lax

From Pre-Germanic *laḱsos, from Proto-Indo-European *laḱs- (“salmon, trout”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *lososь, Ossetian лӕсӕг (læsæg, “salmon”), Tocharian B laks (“fish”). See lax and Latvian lasis for further non-Germanic cognates.


kalbaz

kalbaz (nominative singular)
kalbizō (nominative plural)
kalbaz (singular vocative)
kalbizō (plural vocative)
kalbaz (accusative singular)
kalbizō (accusative plural)
kalbiziz (genitive singular)
kalbizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kalbizi (dative singular)
kalbizumaz (dative plural)
kalbizē (instrumental singular)
kalbizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kalb
Old English: ċealf, cælf
Middle English: calf, chelve, chalf, kelf
Scots: calf, cawf, caff, cauf
English: calf
Yola: callef
Old Frisian: *kalf, *kālch, *kāl
North Frisian: kuulew, kualew
Saterland Frisian: Koolich
West Frisian: keal
Old Saxon: kalf
Middle Low German: kalf
Low German: Kalv, Kalf
Plautdietsch: Kaulf
Old Dutch: calf
Middle Dutch: calf
Dutch: kalf
Limburgish: kalf
Old High German: kalb, chalb, chalp
Middle High German: kalp
Alemannic German: Chalp
Central Franconian: Kallev
Cimbrian: khalp, khalbe (Luserna)
German: Kalb
Luxembourgish: Kallef
Vilamovian: kołp
Yiddish: קאַלב (kalb)

Old Norse: kalfr m
Icelandic: kálfur
Faroese: kálvur
Norn: kvålv
Norwegian Nynorsk: kalv; (dialectal) kæłv, kålv’e, kåv’e
Norwegian Bokmål: kalv
Elfdalian: kåv
Old Swedish: kalver
Swedish: kalv
Danish: kalv
Gutnish: kalv

→ Proto-Samic: *kālpē (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. The connection with Proto-Indo-European *gʷelbʰ- is problematic due to the missing labiovelar in Germanic. However, *gʷl̥bʰus- or the weak stem of *gʷélbʰ-us ~ *gʷl̥bʰ-éws would yield *kulbuz-, from which the variant *kelbuz-, also attested in Germanic, could have been derived analogically as a strong stem, whose influence might explain the missing labialization in *kalbiz-.
Pokorny connects it to Latin galba (“little worm, larva; small person or animal”), itself perhaps of Gaulish origin, and proposes Proto-Indo-European *gel(e)b⁽ʰ⁾- as a labial extension of *gel- (“form into a ball; ball”); compare Old English clyppan (“to hug, embrace; to clasp”) (modern English clasp), German Klafter (“armful, fathom”), Latvian glābt (“to save”), and Latin glaeba (“clod”), globus (“round object”). However, such irregular correspondences between *kalbaz and galba would more likely point to substrate origin.
Has been compared to Mingrelian ქაბლა (kabla), itself of uncertain origin.


wisulǭ

wisulǭ (nominative singular)
wisulōniz (nominative plural)
wisulǭ (singular vocative)
wisulōniz (plural vocative)
wisulōnų (accusative singular)
wisulōnunz (accusative plural)
wisulōniz (genitive singular)
wisulōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wisulōni (dative singular)
wisulōmaz (dative plural)
wisulōnē (instrumental singular)
wisulōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wisulā
Old English: weosule, wesle, uuesulae, uuesole — early
Middle English: wesele, wassele, wasyll, whesille, weesylle, wesel, wesil, wesile, wezele
English: weasal
Middle Scots: quhasill, wasyll, wasyll
Scots: whaisel, whaizle, wheesel, weasel (associated with whaisle "to wheeze")
Old Frisian: *wisele
Saterland Frisian: Wiezelke (possibly borrowed from German)
West Frisian: wezeling (possibly borrowed from Low German)
Old Saxon: *wisula
Middle Low German: wēsel, wesele
Low German: Wessel, Wissel
Plautdietsch: Wäsel
Old Dutch: *wisala
Middle Dutch: wēsel
Dutch: wezel
Afrikaans: wesel
Limburgish: wezel, wieëzel
Old High German: wisula, wisala
Middle High German: wisele
German: Wiesel
Luxembourgish: Wisel

Old Norse: visla; hreysivisla

Icelandic: hreysivisla

Faroese: vesla

Norwegian: vesel

Old Swedish: visla

Swedish: vessla

Old Danish: wæslæ

Danish: væsel

Gutnish: vissle, visslå

A diminutive of a word *wisō- (“European polecat, Mustela putorius”). From the root Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to ooze, stink”), compare *wisundz (“bison”).


sparwô

sparwô (nominative singular)
sparwaniz (nominative plural)
sparwô (singular vocative)
sparwaniz (plural vocative)
sparwanų (accusative singular)
sparwanunz (accusative plural)
sparwiniz (genitive singular)
sparwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sparwini (dative singular)
sparwammaz (dative plural)
sparwinē (instrumental singular)
sparwammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sparwō
Old English: spearwa
Middle English: sparwe, sparuwe, sparowe, sparewe, speruwe, sparu, sparow
Scots: sparrowe, sparow
English: sparrow
→ Manx: sparroo
Old Saxon: *sparo; *sperling
Middle Low German: sperlink
Old High German: sparo
Middle High German: sparwe, spare, spar
Alemannic German: Spar
⇒ Middle High German: spaz, spatze (diminutive)
Alemannic German: Spatz, Schpatz
Bavarian: Spåtz
German: Spatz
→ Luxembourgish: Spatz
⇒ Old High German: sperilig
Middle High German: sperlinc
German: Sperling
Yiddish: שפּערל (shperl)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 (sparwa)

Old English: spearhafocMiddle English: sparhauk

sparwarī

Proto-Germanic: *sparwarjaz; Proto-West Germanic


swanaz

swanaz (nominative singular)
swanōz (nominative plural)
swanōs (nominative plural)
swan (singular vocative)
swanōz (plural vocative)
swanōs (plural vocative)
swaną (accusative singular)
swananz (accusative plural)
swanas (genitive singular)
swanis (genitive singular)
swanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swanai (dative singular)
swanamaz (dative plural)
swanō (instrumental singular)
swanamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swan
Old English: swan, swon
Middle English: swan
Scots: swan
English: swan
Old Frisian: *swan
Saterland Frisian: Swoan, Swonne, Swoon
West Frisian: swan
Old Saxon: swan
Middle Low German: swan, swane
Low German: Swaan, Swoon, swan, swane
Plautdietsch: Schwon
→ Norwegian: svane
→ Danish: svane
Old Dutch: *swan
Middle Dutch: swan, swāne
Dutch: zwaan
Afrikaans: swaan
Limburgish: zwaan
Old High German: swan
Middle High German: swan
German: Schwan
→ Lower Sorbian: šwon
→ Luxembourgish: Schwan
Hunsrik: Schwaan
Luxembourgish: Schwunn (archaic)
Yiddish: שוואַן (shvan)

Old Norse: svanr

Icelandic: svanur

Faroese: svanur

Norwegian: svane

Old Swedish: svan

Swedish: svan

Danish: svane

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound, resound”). More at *swin-.


wirkijaną

wirkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wirkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wirkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wirkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wirkī (active imperative second-person singular)
wirkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wirkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wirkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wirkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wirkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wirkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wirkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wirkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wirkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wirkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wirkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wirkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wirkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wirkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wirkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wirkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wirkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wirkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wirkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wirkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wirkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wirkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wirkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wirkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wirkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wirkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wirkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wirkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wirkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wirkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wirkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wirkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wirkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wirkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wirkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wirkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wirkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wirkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wirkijandz (active participle present)
wirkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wirkijan
Old English: wyrċan, wyrċean, wirċean, wirċan
Middle English: werchen, wirchen, werken
English: work, wrought (from past participle worhte)
Scots: wark, wirk
Old Frisian: wirka, wirza, werka
West Frisian: wurkje
Old Saxon: wirkian
Middle Low German: werken
German Low German: warken
Old Dutch: wirken
Middle Dutch: werken
Dutch: werken
Afrikaans: werk
Limburgish: wèrke
Old High German: wirken
Middle High German: wirken
German: wirken
Luxembourgish: wierken

Old Norse: virkja

Icelandic: virkja

Faroese: virkja, virka

Norwegian: virke

Swedish: virka

Danish: virke

→ Icelandic: virka


werką

werką (nominative singular)
werkō (nominative plural)
werką (singular vocative)
werkō (plural vocative)
werką (accusative singular)
werkō (accusative plural)
werkas (genitive singular)
wirkis (genitive singular)
werkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
werkai (dative singular)
werkamaz (dative plural)
werkō (instrumental singular)
werkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *werk
Old English: weorc, worc
Middle English: werk, work
Scots: wark
English: work
Old Frisian: werk, wirk
Saterland Frisian: Wierk
West Frisian: wurk
Old Saxon: werk
Middle Low German: wark, werk
Low German: wark, werk
Old Dutch: werc
Middle Dutch: werk, wark
Dutch: werk
Afrikaans: werk
Old High German: werc, werh, werah
Middle High German: wërc
German: Werk
Luxembourgish: Wierk

Old Norse: verk
Icelandic: verk
Faroese: verk
Norwegian Bokmål: verk
Norwegian Nynorsk: verk
Old Swedish: værk
Swedish: verk
Old Danish: værk
Danish: værk
Old Gutnish: werk

From Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom, from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (whence *wurkijaną). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon).


werką

Proto-West Germanic: *werk

Old Frisian: *werk, *wirk

Saterland Frisian: Wäierk, Wíerk

West Frisian: wurk

Old Saxon: *werk

Middle Low German: werk, wark

→ Danish: værk

→ Norwegian: verk (archaic)

Old Dutch: *werk

Middle Dutch: werc

Dutch: werk

→ French: warq (dialectal)

desc

Old High German: werh, werah, werc, werk

Middle High German: werc, werch, werich

German: Werg

→ Proto-Finnic: *vërka (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ-nó-. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *werk-nó-, *werḱ-nó-.

rope or cord, especially one made of hemp


kalzōną

kalzō (active first-person indicative singular)
kalzǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kalzōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kalzōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kalzō (active imperative second-person singular)
kalzōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kalzōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kalzō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kalzōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kalzōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kalzōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kalzōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kalzōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kalzōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kalzōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kalzōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kalzōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kalzōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kalzōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kalzōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kalzōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kalzōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kalzōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kalzōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kalzōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kalzōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kalzōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalzōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kalzōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kalzōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kalzōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kalzōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kalzōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kalzōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kalzōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kalzōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kalzōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kalzōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kalzōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kalzōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kalzōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kalzōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kalzōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kalzōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kalzōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kalzōndz (active participle present)
kalzōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kalʀōn

Old English: ceallian

Middle English: callen, kallen

Scots: call, caw

English: call

⇒ Old Frisian: kaltia

>? Old Frisian: kella

Old Saxon: *kallōn

Middle Low German: kallen

Low German: kallen

Old Dutch: *kallon

Middle Dutch: callen

Dutch: kallen

Limburgish: kalle

Old High German: kallōn

Middle High German: kallen

Bavarian:

Cimbrian: khallan

Central Franconian: kalle

German: kallen (obsolete)

desctree

Old Norse: kalla
Icelandic: kalla
Faroese: kalla
Norwegian Nynorsk: kalla, kalle
Old Swedish: kalla
Swedish: kalla
Elfdalian: kolla
Danish: kalde

Possibly derived from unattested noun *kalzaz, cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *galsas (“voice”), from hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *golsos, from a root *gel(H)- (“to vocalize, call, shout”).


jehwlą

jehwlą (nominative singular)
jeulō (nominative plural)
jehwlą (singular vocative)
jeulō (plural vocative)
jehwlą (accusative singular)
jeulō (accusative plural)
jehwlas (genitive singular)
jihwlis (genitive singular)
jeulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
jehwlai (dative singular)
jeulamaz (dative plural)
jehwlō (instrumental singular)
jeulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ġēol, ġehhol, ġehhel, ġēohol, ġēohel, ġēohhel, iūl, ġiūl, iōl, ġeohhel, ġeochol, ġeohhol, ġeohol
Middle English: yol, yole, ȝeolue, yiol, ȝol, ȝole, Yoil, yolde, ȝoul, ȝowl, ȝoule, Yhole, youle
English: Yule
Scots: Yull

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛃᛖᚢᛚᚢ (*jeulu), *ᛖᚢᛚᚢ n pl (*eulu)

desctree

Old Norse: jól, *iūl — Old East Norse
Icelandic: jól
Faroese: jól
Norwegian Nynorsk: jol
Old Swedish: iūl
Swedish: jul
Old Danish: iūl
Danish: jul
Norwegian Bokmål: jul
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jul (partially from an earlier East Nordic borrowing)
→ German: Jul
→ Dutch: joel
⇒ German: Julfest
→ Dutch: joelfeest
→ Greenlandic: juulli
Old Gutnish: iaul
→? Old French: jolif (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *joulu (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *juhla

Estonian: juhlad

Finnish: juhla

Unknown; suggested to be connected to Latin iocus (“a joke, jest”), itself thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to speak”), yet this is semantically unconvincing.

(in the plural) Yule, literally, “the festivities”

jólmánuður

Old Norse: jólmánaðr, jólmánuðr; Icelandic


mariswīną

mariswīną (nominative singular)
mariswīnō (nominative plural)
mariswīną (singular vocative)
mariswīnō (plural vocative)
mariswīną (accusative singular)
mariswīnō (accusative plural)
mariswīnas (genitive singular)
mariswīnis (genitive singular)
mariswīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mariswīnai (dative singular)
mariswīnamaz (dative plural)
mariswīnō (instrumental singular)
mariswīnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mariswīn
Old English: mereswīn
Middle English: mereswyn, mereswyne, mersuine
English: mereswine
Scots: mereswine
Old Frisian: *mereswīn
Saterland Frisian: Meerswien
Old Saxon: meriswīn
Middle Low German: merswîn
German Low German: Meerswien; Meerswientje
Old Dutch: meriswīn
Middle Dutch: mēerswijn, maerswijn, merswijn
Dutch: meerzwijn
Old High German: meriswīn
Middle High German: merswīn
German: Meerschwein; Meerschweinchen
→ Old French: marsouin
Middle French: marsouin
French: marsouin

Old Norse: marsvín

Icelandic: marsvín

Faroese: marsvín

Norwegian: marsvin

Old Swedish: marsvīn, marrsvīn

Swedish: marsvin

Danish: marsvin


saiwiz

saiwiz (nominative singular)
saiwīz (nominative plural)
saiwi (singular vocative)
saiwīz (plural vocative)
saiwį (accusative singular)
saiwinz (accusative plural)
saiwīz (genitive singular)
saiwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saiwī (dative singular)
saiwimaz (dative plural)
saiwī (instrumental singular)
saiwimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *saiwi m
Old English: sǣ f or m
Middle English: see, ce, sæ, se, sea, sei, ze
English: sea
Scots: se, see, sey, seye, sie
Yola: zea, zee
Old Frisian: sē
North Frisian: see
Saterland Frisian: See, Säi
West Frisian: see
Old Saxon: sēo m, sēu
Middle Low German: sê
German Low German: See
Plautdietsch: See
Old Dutch: sēo m
Middle Dutch: sêe f or m
Dutch: zee f
Afrikaans: see
Berbice Creole Dutch: sei
Javindo: see
Negerhollands: see
→ Saramaccan: zé
→ Sranan Tongo: se
Limburgish: zieë f
West Flemish: zji m or f, zêe
Old High German: sēo m
Middle High German: sē m (rarely f)
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: sea
Mòcheno: sea
German: See m (“lake”), See f (“sea”) (latter in part from Low German)
Luxembourgish: Séi

Old Norse: sær, sjár, sjór m

Icelandic: sær, sjár, sjór m

Faroese: sjógvur

Norn: sju

Norwegian: sjø

Old Swedish: siār, siōr

Swedish: sjö

Old Danish: sǣ, siō

Danish: sø

Elfdalian: sju

Gutnish: sjo

Scanian: sjǿ

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 m (saiws)

→ Proto-Samic: *sāvjë

Northern Sami: sáiva

Southern Sami: saajve

Derived from *sīhwaną (“to percolate, filter”), from earlier *saigwiz, Pre-Germanic *soykʷís.
Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey-wo- (“to be fierce, afflict”) (compare Latin saevus (“wild, fierce”), Tocharian saiwe (“itch”), Latvian sievs, sīvs (“sharp, biting”)). Compare *sairaz (“sore, painful”).


tīwaz

tīwaz (nominative singular)
tīwōz (nominative plural)
tīwōs (nominative plural)
tīw (singular vocative)
tīwōz (plural vocative)
tīwōs (plural vocative)
tīwą (accusative singular)
tīwanz (accusative plural)
tīwas (genitive singular)
tīwis (genitive singular)
tīwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīwai (dative singular)
tīwamaz (dative plural)
tīwō (instrumental singular)
tīwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Tīw
Old English: Tīw, Tuu, Tig, Tiig — Mercian
→ English: Tiw
Old Frisian: Tii
Old High German: Ziu, *Zīw

Old Norse: týr, Týr

Icelandic: týr, Týr

→ Danish: Tyr

→ Swedish: Tyr

→ English: Tyr

Faroese: Týrur

Norwegian: Ty

Swedish: Ti

Danish: Ty, Ti (dialectal, place names)

Gothic: *𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍅𐍃 (*teiws) (uncertain)

From Proto-Indo-European *deywós (“god”). Possibly attested as 𐌕𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (teiva) on the Negau helmet.

(as a proper noun) Tyr, the Germanic god of war. Identified in later times with the Roman god Mars.


Frijjō

Frijjō (nominative singular)
Frijjō (singular vocative)
Frijjǭ (accusative singular)
Frijjōz (genitive singular)
Frijjōi (dative singular)
Frijjō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Frīju
Old English: Frīġ, Fricg, Frycg, *Frie, *Frigge (attested Friggan (gen.))
Middle English: Frie, Fri, Frye, Fre, Frea, Fræa, Frææ, Freon
Old High German: Friia
Lombardic: Frea

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚱᛁᚷᛃᚢ (*frigju /*Friggju/)

Old Norse: Frigg

Icelandic: Frigg

Faroese: Frigg

Norwegian: Frigg

Swedish: Frigg

Danish: Frigg

→ English: Frigg, Frigga

Frigg or Frigga, the Germanic goddess of love and home, wife of Odin. Identified in later times with the Roman goddess Venus.


sunnǭ

sunnǭ (nominative singular)
sunnōniz (nominative plural)
sunnǭ (singular vocative)
sunnōniz (plural vocative)
sunnōnų (accusative singular)
sunnōnunz (accusative plural)
sunnōniz (genitive singular)
sunnōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sunnōni (dative singular)
sunnōmaz (dative plural)
sunnōnē (instrumental singular)
sunnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sunnā
Old English: sunne f
Middle English: sonne, sunne, sone, son, sune, sun, sunna, sunnæ, synne, soen, zunne (Southern West Mid), zonne (Kent)
English: sun
Scots: sun
Yola: zin
Old Frisian: sunne f
North Frisian: san
Saterland Frisian: Sunne
West Frisian: sinne
Old Saxon: sunna f
Middle Low German: sunne, sonne f or m
Dutch Low Saxon: zunne
German Low German: Sünn, Sünne
Plautdietsch: Sonn
Old Dutch: sunna f
Middle Dutch: sonne f or m
Dutch: zon
Afrikaans: son
Berbice Creole Dutch: sono
Jersey Dutch: zon
Negerhollands: son, zon
→ Sranan Tongo: son (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: zón
West Flemish: zunne
Zealandic: zunne
Old High German: sunna f
Middle High German: sunne f or m
Alemannic German: Sunnä
Italian Walser: sunna, sunnu, sònnò, ŝchunna, ŝchunnà
Bavarian: Son
Cimbrian: sunn, sonde, zunna
Mòcheno: sunn
Udinese: suna, sune, sunne
Viennese: Sun
Central Franconian: Sonn
German: Sonne
Luxembourgish: Sonn
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Sunn
Pennsylvania German: Sunn
Vilamovian: zunn, zun
Yiddish: זון (zun)

Old Norse: sunna

Icelandic: sunna

Faroese: sunna

Norn: sjiner

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 (sunnō)

Crimean Gothic: sune

Possibly feminized from *sunnô (“sun”) in an opposing gender pair with masculine *mēnô (“moon”), akin to Latin cognate sōl m (“sun”) and lūna f (“moon”). See *sunnô.

Brill Publishers
Jörundur Garðar Hilmarsson


Wōdanaz

Wōdanaz (nominative singular)
Wōdanai (dative singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Wōdan, *Wōdin (Anglo-Frisian)
Old English: Wōden, *Wēden, *Wœden, Wodæn, Woddan
→ Latin: Wothen
Middle English: Woden
→ English: Woden (learned)
Old Frisian: *Wēden, *Wēda
North Frisian: Wedke
Old Saxon: Wōden
Middle Low German: Wode
Old Dutch: Wuodan, Wuadan, *Wuotan
Middle Dutch: *Woeden, *Woen
Dutch: Woen (likely back-formation from woensdag)
Old High German:
Latin script: Wōdan, Wuotan, Uuodan
Runic script: ᚹᛟᛞᚨᚾ (wodan)
→ Dutch: Wodan (learned)
→ German: Wotan, Wodan, Wuodan, Wuotan (learned)
→ English: Wotan
→ Latin: Vōdanus
Lombardic: Godan, *Wōdan
→ Latin: Godan

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛟᛞᛁᚾᚨᛉ (wodinaʀ /Wōdinaʀ/), ᚹᛟᛞᛁᚾᛦ (wodinʀ /Wōdinʀ/)
Old Norse: Óðinn, ᚢᚦᛁᚾ (uþin), ᚮᚦᛂᚾ (oþen)
Icelandic: Óðinn
Faroese: Óðin
Norwegian Nynorsk: Oden, ons- (< Óðins), Odin
Old Swedish: Ōþin, Ōdhen, Ōdhin
Swedish: Oden
Old Danish: Odhen
Scanian: Óðen, Nóðen
Danish: Oden
→ Danish: Odin
Norwegian Bokmål: Odin
→ Old English: Ōþen, Ōðon, Ōwðen
→ English: Odin
→ Japanese: オーディン (Ōdin)
→ Chinese: 奧丁／奥丁 (Àodīng)
→ Latin: Ōthinus, Ōdinus, Ōthin
Italian: Odino
→ Portuguese: Ódin
→ Spanish: Odín
→ German: Odin
→ French: Odin
→ Swedish: Odin
→ Finnish: Odin
→ Russian: О́дин (Ódin)

Related to *wōdaz (“rage, manic inspiration”), from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂t- (“to be excited”). Compare Old Norse óðr (“rage”), Dutch woede (“rage”) and woeden (“to rage”), Irish fáidh, Latin vātēs.
English Wednes (in Wednes-day) is not an exact cognate but rather continues Proto-Germanic *Wōdinaz, pre-Germanic *Wātenos. (Old Norse Óðinn, however, due to its lack of umlaut, appears to continue *Wōdanaz and the replacement of the suffix vowel appears to be secondary, (compare Proto-Norse ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉ (haitinaʀ) and ᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ (slaginaʀ), from *haitanaz and *slaganaz, respective past participles of *haitaną and *slahaną).)
This suggests a variation of the theonym in early Germanic, *Wōdanaz vs. *Wōdinaz. The form with -i- as attested in Old Frisian wednesdei appears to have been present in Frisia (cf. also similar Middle Dutch wenesdach). The situation in Old English is unclear. The attested Old English forms point to *Wōdanaz, but i-umlauted forms surface in records after the end of the Old English period. Thus, wōdnesdæġ is replaced by continuations of *wēdnesdæġ around AD 1200.
The same transition to the umlauted form of the theonym during the 12th or early 13th century (early Middle English) is also found in English placenames, such as Wensley (Wednesleg ca. 1212, earlier Wodnesleie), Wednesbury (Wednesbiri 1227, earlier Wadnesberie, Wodnesberia), Wednesfield (Wednesfeld 1251, earlier Wodnesfelde).
Based on an Old English form Ōdon, which appears to have been borrowed from Old Danish, Schaffner deduces that the original shape of the theonym was likely *Wōdunaz rather than *Wōdanaz.
The oldest attestation of the theonym, Proto-Norse ᚹᛟᛞᚾᚨᛊ (wodnas) from the Vindelev bracteate X13 (c. 5th century), suggests a fourth possibility, *Wōdnaz, although this would require independent i-insertion in both Proto-/Old Norse (after i-mutation had run its course) and proto-Anglo Frisian (before i-mutation had begun). It is conceivable that such a change could have originated in one of the two groups and spread through diffusion to the other (since these are the two northernmost branches of Proto-Germanic).

der

Woden or Odin, the Germanic supreme god. Identified in later times with the Roman god Mercury.


mēnô

mēnô (nominative singular)
mēnaniz (nominative plural)
mēnô (singular vocative)
mēnaniz (plural vocative)
mēnanų (accusative singular)
mēnanunz (accusative plural)
mēniniz (genitive singular)
mēnanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēnini (dative singular)
mēnammaz (dative plural)
mēninē (instrumental singular)
mēnammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mānō
Old English: mōna, mōne
Middle English: mone, moone, mon, moyn, monæ, mona
English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun
Scots: muin, mone, monne, moon, moune, mowne, moyn, moyne, mune, mwne
Yola: mond
Geordie English: muin, meun
Old Frisian: mōna
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: muun
Mooring: moune
Saterland Frisian: Moune
West Frisian: moanne
Old Saxon: māno
Middle Low German: mâne
Dutch Low Saxon: maone
German Low German: Maan
Hamburgisch: Maan, Maand
Westphalian:
Lippisch: Mon m
Ravensbergisch: Måne
Sauerländisch: Mōne f, Mond m, Mōn m, Mound m Mōend m
Westmünsterländisch: Maone, Maon f, Maond m
Plautdietsch: Mon
→ Polabian: mon
Old Dutch: māno
Middle Dutch: mâne
Dutch: maan
Afrikaans: maan
Berbice Creole Dutch: manti
Jersey Dutch: mân, môn
Negerhollands: maand, man, maen
→ Aukan: manti
Limburgish: maon
West Flemish: moane
Zealandic: maene, maone
Old High German: māno
Middle High German: māne, mān, mōne, mōn
Alemannic German: Maan, manä, meini, moanu, Mond, manòd, mànund
Swabian: Moo, Mao
Bavarian: Mou, mone
Cimbrian: maano, ma, må
Mòcheno: mu'
Central Franconian: Mond, Muund (rare variant in Moselle Franconian)
German: Mond
Luxembourgish: Mound
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Muhn
Vilamovian: mönd
Yiddish: מאָנט (mont)

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚾᛟ (*mano), *ᛗᚨᚾᚨ (*mana /mānā/)
Old Norse: máni
Icelandic: máni
Faroese: máni
Norn: måni
Norwegian: måne
Old Swedish: māne
Swedish: måne
Old Danish: mānæ
Danish: måne
Gutnish: mane
→ Proto-Samic: *mānō (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 (mēna)

Crimean Gothic: mine

From Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s (“moon, month”).


sōl

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sōl f (consonant stem)
Old English: sōl ?
⇒? Old English: siġel, sæġl, syġel, seġl n
⇒? Old English: sweġel, sweġl, swæġl n
Old Saxon: sōl f

Old Norse: sól f, ᛋᚢᛚ (sul), ᛌᚢᛚ (sul) — nominative singular, Runic form, ᛋᛟᛚᚢ (sᴏlu) — dative singular, 600s, Runic form (rebuilt strong ō-stem)
Icelandic: sól
Faroese: sól
Norn: sul
Norwegian Bokmål: sol
Norwegian Nynorsk: sol
Old Swedish: sōl
Swedish: sol
Danish: sol
Gutnish: sol, soli
→ Scots: sul, sool

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 n (sauil)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ ~ *sh₂wén-s (“sun”), though how and as what inflection type is uncertain. Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 (sauil) and Old Norse sól point to *s(ᵉ/ₒ)h₂wel- and *sᵉ/ₒh₂wul-, respectively, which perhaps suggests an inherited l/n-stem paradigm *sōl (< *sōwul) ~ *sawiniz (or consonant stem *sōl ~ *sawiliz), with the Gothic leveled from the weak case.
Alternatively reconstructed as *sōel (< *sōwel) ~ *suniz, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂wel ~ *sh₂un-és, and although this would account for the Gothic form, is problematic for the West Germanic and Old Norse forms, where one might expect the outcome in Old Saxon to be **sō(w)el, **sō(w)il, compare Old Saxon hnōil, from Proto-West Germanic *hnōil (“planer”).

ref

With the loss of *w between a stressed vowel and *u (*w > ∅ / V́_*u), followed by Mahlow's Law (*ōu > *ō / _C{#,V}).


þwahaną

þwahō (active first-person indicative singular)
þwahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þwahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þwahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwah (active imperative second-person singular)
þwahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þwahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þwahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þwahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þwahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þwahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þwahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þwahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þwahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þwahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þwahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þwahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þwahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þwahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þwahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þwahid (active indicative plural second-person)
þwahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwahid (active imperative plural second-person)
þwahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þwahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þwahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þwahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þwahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þwahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þwōh (active first-person indicative singular)
þwōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þwōht (active indicative second-person singular)
þwōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þwōh (active indicative singular third-person)
þwōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þwōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
þwōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þwōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þwōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þwōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
þwōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þwōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
þwōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þwōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
þwōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þwahandz (active participle present)
þwaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þwahan
Old English: þwēan
Middle English: thwēn; athwean
Old Frisian:
North Frisian: sau (Amrum)
Old Saxon: thwahan
Middle Low German: dwân
Old Dutch: thwān
Middle Dutch: dwâen
Old High German: dwahan

Old Norse: þvá
Icelandic: þvo
Faroese: tváa
Norwegian: två
Old Swedish: þvā
Swedish: två, tvaga (from past participle)
Old Danish: þwā, thwo, tho
Danish: to

Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þwahan)

Unknown; possibly related to Old Prussian twaxtan (“brushwood for bathing”), presuming Proto-Indo-European *twek-.


ahaz

ahaz (nominative singular)
ahizō (nominative plural)
ahaz (singular vocative)
ahizō (plural vocative)
ahaz (accusative singular)
ahizō (accusative plural)
ahiziz (genitive singular)
ahizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ahizi (dative singular)
ahizumaz (dative plural)
ahizē (instrumental singular)
ahizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ahaʀ, *ahiʀ
Old English: ēar, æhher — Northumbrian
Middle English: eere, ear, ere, er, ȝer, eyre
English: ear
Scots: aicher, icker, aiker (< æhher)
Old Frisian: *ēr
Saterland Frisian: Iere
West Frisian: ier
Old Saxon: ahar, ahir, ehir
Middle Low German: ār
Low German: Ohr
Plautdietsch: Oa
Old Dutch: *ār
Middle Dutch: aer
Dutch: aar
Afrikaans: aar
Old High German: ahir, ahar, ehir
Middle High German: eher, äher
Alemannic German: Äli
Central Franconian: Ohr, Öhr, Ähr, Ähjer, Iehr
Luxembourgish: Éi
German: Ähre
Vilamovian: yjer

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).


aihtiz

aihtiz (nominative singular)
aihtīz (nominative plural)
aihti (singular vocative)
aihtīz (plural vocative)
aihtį (accusative singular)
aihtinz (accusative plural)
aihtīz (genitive singular)
aihtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aihtī (dative singular)
aihtimaz (dative plural)
aihtī (instrumental singular)
aihtimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aihti
Old English: ǣht
Middle English: aught, ought
English: aught, ought
Scots: aucht
Old Saxon: ēht
⇒ Old Saxon: *frēht (prefixed with *fra-)
Middle Low German: vracht
German Low German: fracht
→ Middle Dutch: vracht
Dutch: vracht
Afrikaans: vrag
→ Danish: fragt
→ English: freight, fraught (possibly via Middle Dutch)
→ German: Fracht
→ Gutnish: frakt
→ Norwegian: frakt (possibly via Middle Dutch)
→ Swedish: frakt
Old Dutch: *ēht
⇒ Old Dutch: *frēht
Middle Dutch: vrecht
Old High German: ēht

Old Norse: átt, ætt

Icelandic: átt, ætt

Faroese: ætt

Norwegian Nynorsk: ætt

Old Swedish: æt

Swedish: ätt

Danish: æt

Old Gutnish: ǣt

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃 (aihts)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyḱ-tis. By surface analysis, *aiganą + *-þiz.


þrangwijaną

þrangwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrangwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrangwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrangwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwī (active imperative second-person singular)
þrangwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrangwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrangwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrangwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrangwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þrangwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrangwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrangwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrangwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrangwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrangwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrangwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrangwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrangwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þrangwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrangwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þrangwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrangwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrangwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrangwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrangwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrangwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrangwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þrangwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þrangwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrangwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þrangwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrangwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrangwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrangwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrangwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrangwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrangwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrangwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrangwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrangwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrangwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrangwijandz (active participle present)
þrangwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrangwijan
Old English: *þrengan
Middle English: threngen (possibly also via Old Norse)
Old Saxon: *threngian
Middle Low German: drengen
German Low German: drängen
Old Dutch: *threngen
Middle Dutch: drengen
Old High German: drengen
Middle High German: drengen
German: drängen
Luxembourgish: drängen

Old Norse: þrøngva

Icelandic: þröngva

Old Swedish: þrængia

Swedish: tränga

Norwegian: trenge

Danish: trænge

/ˈθrɑŋʷ.ɡʷi.jɑ.nɑ̃/


þrēaną

þrēō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrē (active imperative second-person singular)
þrēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þrēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrēid (active indicative plural second-person)
þrēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrēid (active imperative plural second-person)
þrēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þeþrō (active first-person indicative singular)
þeþrōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þeþrōt (active indicative second-person singular)
þeþrōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þeþrō (active indicative singular third-person)
þeþrōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þeþrōū (active dual first-person indicative)
þeþrōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þeþrōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þeþrōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þeþrōum (active first-person indicative plural)
þeþrōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þeþrōud (active indicative plural second-person)
þeþrōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þeþrōun (active indicative plural third-person)
þeþrōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrēandz (active participle present)
þrēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrāan
Old English: þrāwan
Middle English: throwen, thrawen, thorwen
English: throw
Northumbrian: thraa
Scots: thraw
Yola: drowe, draugh
Old Frisian: thrāia
North Frisian: treie
West Frisian: draaie, triuwe
Old Saxon: thrāian
Middle Low German: dreien, dreyen, drêgen, dreigen
German Low German: dreihen
Low German: draien, dreien
→ Norwegian Bokmål: dreie
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dreie
→ Swedish: dreja
→ Danish: dreje
Old Dutch: thrāien
Middle Dutch: drâyen
Dutch: draaien
Limburgish: drejje, dreie
Old High German: drāen
Middle High German: dræjen, dræn
Bavarian: drahn
Cimbrian: dréenan
Central Franconian: driehe, drähe, drähne
Hunsrik: drehe
Luxembourgish: dréien, dréinen
German: drehen
Yiddish: דרייען (dreyen)

/ˈθrɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *tréh₁-e-ti, from *treh₁-, *terh₁- (“to rub, turn, pierce”).


þrinhwaną

þrinhwō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrinhwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrinhwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrinhwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrinhwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrinhw (active imperative second-person singular)
þrinhwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrinhwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrinhwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrinhwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrinhwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrinhwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þrinhwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrinhwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrinhwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrinhwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrinhwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrinhwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrinhwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrinhwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrinhwid (active indicative plural second-person)
þrinhwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrinhwid (active imperative plural second-person)
þrinhwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrinhwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrinhwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrinhwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrinhwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrinhwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þranhw (active first-person indicative singular)
þrungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þranht (active indicative second-person singular)
þrungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þranhw (active indicative singular third-person)
þrungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrungū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrungum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrungud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrungun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrinhwandz (active participle present)
þrunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þringwan
Old English: þringan
Middle English: thringen
Scots: thring, dring
English: thring
Old Frisian: thringa
Saterland Frisian: tringe
(West Frisian: kringe ?)
Old Saxon: thringan
Middle Low German: dringen
German Low German: dringen
Low German: dringen
Old Dutch: *thringan
Middle Dutch: dringen
Dutch: dringen
Afrikaans: dring
Limburgish: dringe
Old High German: dringan
Middle High German: dringen
German: dringen
Luxembourgish: dréngen
Yiddish: דרינגען (dringen)

Old Norse: þryngva

Icelandic: þryngva

(Faroese: treingja)

Norwegian: trenge (press)

Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þreihan)

/ˈθrĩː.xʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *trenkʷ- (“to beat, hew, press”).


-gaz

*-gaz (a-stem)

-gaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-gai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-gō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-gôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-gą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-gō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-gǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-gōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-gą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-gō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-gas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
-gaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-gaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-gaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-gas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
-gaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-gammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-gaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-gaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-gaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-gammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-gaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-gaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-gaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-gaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-gaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-gô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-gǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-gōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-gô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-gōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-gōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-gōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-gô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-gōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-giniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-gōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-gōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-giniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-gini (dative masculine singular weak)
-gammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-gōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-gōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-gini (dative neuter singular weak)
-gammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-gammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-gōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-gōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-gammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-g, *-ag, *-ig, *-īg
Old English: -iġ, -iċ, -eġ
Middle English: -iȝ, -i, -y, -ich
English: -y, -ey, -ie
Scots: -ie
Old Frisian: -ich
Saterland Frisian: -ich
West Frisian: -ich
Old Saxon: -ag, -ig
Middle Low German: -ig, -ich
German Low German: -ig
Old Dutch: *-ag, -ig
Middle Dutch: -ich, -ech
Dutch: -ig
Old High German: -ag, -ig, -īg
Middle High German: -ig
German: -ig, -ich
Yiddish: ־יק (-ik), ־יג (-ig)
Luxembourgish: -eg

Old Norse: -agr, -igr, -ugr
Icelandic: -agur, -igur, -ugur
Faroese: -agur, -igur, -ugur
Norwegian: -ag, -ig, -ug
Swedish: -ig
Danish: -ig

Gothic: -𐌲𐍃 (-gs) (-𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (-eigs), -𐌰𐌲𐍃 (-ags), -𐌰𐌷𐍃 (-ahs), -𐌿𐌲𐍃 (-ugs))

From Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos. Cognates include Latin -cus, Ancient Greek -κός (-kós), Sanskrit -शस (-śasa), -कस (-kasa) and Old Church Slavonic -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ).

-y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of 'being, having, or doing'.


þaką

þaką (nominative singular)
þakō (nominative plural)
þaką (singular vocative)
þakō (plural vocative)
þaką (accusative singular)
þakō (accusative plural)
þakas (genitive singular)
þakis (genitive singular)
þakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þakai (dative singular)
þakamaz (dative plural)
þakō (instrumental singular)
þakamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þak
Old English: þæc
Middle English: thakke, thankk, thak
English: thack
Scots: thak, thek, thack
⇒ Middle English: thacche, thetche (influenced by þeċċan (“to cover”))
English: thatch
Old Frisian: thek, thak
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: taag
Mooring: tååge
Saterland Frisian: Täk
West Frisian: tek
Old Saxon: thak
Middle Low German: dak
German Low German: Dack
Old Dutch: *thak
Middle Dutch: dac, dak, dec
Dutch: dak
Afrikaans: dak
Negerhollands: dak
→ Caribbean Hindustani: dák
→ Caribbean Javanese: dag
→ Indonesian: dak
→ Papiamentu: dak
→ Sranan Tongo: daki
Limburgish: daak
Old High German: dah
Middle High German: dach
Central Franconian: Daach
Hunsrik: Dach
Cimbrian: dach, tach (Luserna)
German: Dach
→ Belarusian: дах (dax)
→ Polish: dach
→ Ukrainian: дах (dax)
Luxembourgish: Daach
Pennsylvania German: Dach
Yiddish: דאַך (dakh)

Old Norse: þak
Icelandic: þak
Faroese: tak
Norwegian: tak
Old Swedish: þak
Swedish: tak
Danish: tag

→ Northern Sami: dáhkki

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“cover”).


aiþaz

aiþaz (nominative singular)
aiþōz (nominative plural)
aiþōs (nominative plural)
aiþ (singular vocative)
aiþōz (plural vocative)
aiþōs (plural vocative)
aiþą (accusative singular)
aiþanz (accusative plural)
aiþas (genitive singular)
aiþis (genitive singular)
aiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aiþai (dative singular)
aiþamaz (dative plural)
aiþō (instrumental singular)
aiþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aiþ
Old English: āþ
Middle English: oth, ooth, ath
English: oath
Scots: aith
Yola: oathès (plural)
Old Frisian: ēth, āth
North Frisian: ith, iss
Saterland Frisian: Eed
West Frisian: eed
Old Saxon: ēth
Middle Low German: êt
German Low German: Eed
Plautdietsch: Eit
Old Dutch: *ēth
Middle Dutch: êet
Dutch: eed
Afrikaans: eed
Old High German: eid
Middle High German: eit
German: Eid
Luxembourgish: Eed
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: IPA [ait]
⇒ Lombardic: *aido (“oath-helper”) (attested as aidos pl (“oath-helpers”))

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛁᚦᚨᛉ (*aiþaʀ)
Old Norse: eiðr
Icelandic: eiður
Faroese: eiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: eid
Old Swedish: ēþer
Swedish: ed
Old Danish: ēþ, eth
Danish: ed
Norwegian Bokmål: ed
Old Gutnish: aiþr
Gutnish: aid

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (aiþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁óytos (“oath”). Cognate with Old Irish óeth (“oath”).


þrēduz

þrēduz (nominative singular)
þrēdiwiz (nominative plural)
þrēdu (singular vocative)
þrēdiwiz (plural vocative)
þrēdų (accusative singular)
þrēdunz (accusative plural)
þrēdauz (genitive singular)
þrēdiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrēdiwi (dative singular)
þrēdumaz (dative plural)
þrēdū (instrumental singular)
þrēdumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þrādu

Old English: þrǣd
Middle English: thred, threed, threde, þræd, þred, þrede
English: thread
Scots: threid
Yola: dreade

Old Frisian: thrēd

Saterland Frisian: Träid

West Frisian: tried, trie

Old Saxon: thrād

Middle Low German: drât

German Low German: Drahd

→ Estonian: traat (possibly from German)

Old Dutch: *thrāt

Middle Dutch: drâet
Dutch: draad
Afrikaans: draad
→ Aukan: dalati
→ Caribbean Javanese: drat
→ Indonesian: drat (“screw thread”)
→ Papiamentu: drat, drachi
Limburgish: draod

Old High German: drāt

Middle High German: drāt

Cimbrian: draat

German: Draht

→ Hungarian: drót (“wire”)

→ Polish: drut (“wire, knitting needle”)

Hunsrik: Droot

Luxembourgish: Drot

Vilamovian: dröt

Yiddish: דראָט (drot)

→ Polish: dratwa (“strong thread”)

→ Slovak: dratva (“strong thread”)

Old Norse: þráðr
Icelandic: þráður
Faroese: tráður
Norn: tråð
Norwegian Nynorsk: tråd
Norwegian Bokmål: tråd
Elfdalian: tråð
Old Swedish: þrāþer, thrādher
Swedish: tråd
Old Danish: thrāth
Danish: tråd
Scanian: tráð
Gutnish: trad

From *þrēaną + *-þuz. Also corresponds to a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *treh₁tus.


angustiz

angustiz (nominative singular)
angustīz (nominative plural)
angusti (singular vocative)
angustīz (plural vocative)
angustį (accusative singular)
angustinz (accusative plural)
angustīz (genitive singular)
angustijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angustī (dative singular)
angustimaz (dative plural)
angustī (instrumental singular)
angustimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: angst, ongost, ongest

Saterland Frisian: Oangst

West Frisian: eangst

Old Saxon: *angust

Middle Low German: angest

German Low German: Angst

→ Old Norse: angist

Icelandic: angist

Faroese: angist

Swedish: ångest

Norwegian Bokmål: angst

→ Danish: angst

→ English: angst

Old Dutch: *angust

Middle Dutch: ancst, anxt, angest

Dutch: angst

Afrikaans: angs

Old High German: angust

Middle High German: angest

Alemannic German: Angscht

Bavarian: Ångst, Ångscht

Central Franconian:

Kölsch: Angks

German: Angst

Luxembourgish: Angscht

From *anguz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ-. Compare Latin angustia, from the same PIE root.


akraz

akraz (nominative singular)
akrōz (nominative plural)
akrōs (nominative plural)
akr (singular vocative)
akrōz (plural vocative)
akrōs (plural vocative)
akrą (accusative singular)
akranz (accusative plural)
akras (genitive singular)
akris (genitive singular)
akrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
akrai (dative singular)
akramaz (dative plural)
akrō (instrumental singular)
akramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *akr
Old English: æcer
Middle English: aker, acre
English: acre
→ Irish: acra
→ Norwegian Bokmål: acre
→ Malay: ekar
→ Telugu: ఎకరా (ekarā), ఎకరము (ekaramu)
Scots: acre, acker, ackre, accre, aacre, awker
→? Scottish Gaelic: acaire
Yola: aager
→ Welsh: acer
Norman: acre
Old Frisian: ekker
Saterland Frisian: Äkker
West Frisian: eker, ikker
Old Saxon: akkar
Middle Low German: acker
Low German: Acker
Plautdietsch: Aka
Old Dutch: accar, ackar (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: acker
Dutch: akker
Afrikaans: akker
Negerhollands: akker
→ Min Nan: kah
Old High German: ackar
Middle High German: acker
Cimbrian: akhar
German: Acker
Luxembourgish: Aker
Yiddish: אַקער (aker)

Old Norse: akr, ákr
Icelandic: akur
Faroese: akur
Norwegian Nynorsk: åker; (dialectal) åkur, åkr
→ Norwegian Bokmål: åker
Old Swedish: aker
Swedish: åker
Old Danish: akær
Danish: ager
Norwegian Bokmål: aker (obsolete)
→ Norman: acre

Elfdalian: åker

Scanian: ager

Gothic: 𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃 (akrs)


blēaną

blēō (active first-person indicative singular)
blēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blē (active imperative second-person singular)
blēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blēid (active indicative plural second-person)
blēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blēid (active imperative plural second-person)
blēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beblō (active first-person indicative singular)
beblōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
beblōt (active indicative second-person singular)
beblōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beblō (active indicative singular third-person)
beblōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
beblōū (active dual first-person indicative)
beblōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
beblōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
beblōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
beblōum (active first-person indicative plural)
beblōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
beblōud (active indicative plural second-person)
beblōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
beblōun (active indicative plural third-person)
beblōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blēandz (active participle present)
blēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blāan
Old English: blāwan
Middle English: blowen, blouen, blow, blowe, blowyn, blawe (Northern or Kent), blawen, bloawen (Early Middle English)
English: blow
Geordie English: blaw
Scots: blaw
Yola: blay
Old Frisian: blā, blīa
North Frisian: bleie
Old Saxon: blāian
(Middle Low German: blêen)
Old Dutch: *blāien
Middle Dutch: blâyen
Dutch: blaaien (obsolete)
Old High German: blāhan, plāhan, blājan
Middle High German: blǣjen, blǣwen
German: blähen
⇒ Cimbrian: inpléenanzich

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”). Cognate with Latin flō (“to breathe, blow”).


bitraz

*bitraz (a-stem)

bitraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bitrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bitrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
bitrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bitrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
bitrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
bitranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
bitranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
bitrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bitrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bitrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
bitrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
bitras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
bitraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bitraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bitraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
bitras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
bitraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
bitrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bitraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bitraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bitraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
bitrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bitraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
bitranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bitraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bitraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bitraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
bitranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bitraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
bitrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
bitraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
bitrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
bitrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
bitrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
bitrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
bitranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
bitranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
bitrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
bitrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
bitrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
bitrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
bitriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
bitranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
bitrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
bitrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
bitriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
bitranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
bitrini (dative masculine singular weak)
bitrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
bitrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
bitrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
bitrini (dative neuter singular weak)
bitrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
bitrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
bitrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
bitrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
bitrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
bitrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
bitrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bitr
Old English: biter, bitter
Middle English: bitter
Scots: bittir
English: bitter
Old Frisian: *bitter
Saterland Frisian: bitter
West Frisian: bitter
Old Saxon: bittar
Middle Low German: bitter
Low German: bitter
→ Danish: bitter
→ Swedish: bitter (partly)
→ Norwegian: bitter
Old Dutch: bitter
Middle Dutch: bitter
Dutch: bitter
Old High German: bittar, pittar
Middle High German: bitter, pitter
German: bitter
Luxembourgish: batter
Vilamovian: bytter
Yiddish: ביטער (biter)

Old Norse: bitr

Icelandic: bitur

Faroese: bitur

Old Swedish: biter, bitter, beter

Swedish: bitter (under Low German influence)

Danish: biderhvas (compound with *hwassaz)

From pre-Germanic *bʰidrós (“biting, splitting”), equivalent to *bītaną + *-raz.


baraz

baraz (nominative singular)
barizō (nominative plural)
baraz (singular vocative)
barizō (plural vocative)
baraz (accusative singular)
barizō (accusative plural)
bariziz (genitive singular)
barizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barizi (dative singular)
barizumaz (dative plural)
barizē (instrumental singular)
barizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: barr (“barley; pine needles”)
Icelandic: barr
Faroese: barr
Norwegian Nynorsk: bar
Old Swedish: bar
Swedish: barr

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰors- or *bʰor-es- (more traditionally reconstructed as *bʰars-), the further origin of which is uncertain; possibly from or related to *bʰers- (“tip, bristle; pointy, prickly”) (compare *barsaz, *burstiz), the sense of which may be preserved in the North Germanic descendants. For the semantic development, compare Albanian halë (“pointed tip, splinter; awn; pine needle”).
Cognate with Latin far n (“emmer; grits”) and fārīna f (“flour”), Faliscan 𐌅𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”), Proto-Slavic *boršьno (“flour”), Old Irish bairgen f (“bread, loaf”), Welsh bara (“bread”), Breton bara (“bread”), Old Cornish bara, Albanian bar (“grass”), Proto-Slavic *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) and perhaps Latvian barĩba (“food”).

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃

+ -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins); or directly from *barizīnaz

*barizaz (“barley”) (thematicized from the oblique stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *barīOld English: bereMiddle English: bereEnglish: bereScots: bere

beir⇒ Old English: bærlīċMiddle English: barly

berleyEnglish: barleyScots: barlieYola: baarich


berganą

bergō (active first-person indicative singular)
bergaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bergai (first-person indicative passive singular)
birgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bergaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
berg (active imperative second-person singular)
bergazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bergaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
birgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bergai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bergadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bergadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bergaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bergōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bergaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bergadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bergaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bergadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bergamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bergaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bergandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bergaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
birgid (active indicative plural second-person)
bergaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
birgid (active imperative plural second-person)
bergandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bergaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bergandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bergain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bergandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bergandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bergaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
barg (active first-person indicative singular)
burgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
barht (active indicative second-person singular)
burgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
barg (active indicative singular third-person)
burgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burgū (active dual first-person indicative)
burgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burgum (active first-person indicative plural)
burgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burgud (active indicative plural second-person)
burgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
burgun (active indicative plural third-person)
burgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bergandz (active participle present)
burganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bergan
Old English: beorgan
Middle English: berwen, berȝen, bergen, berghen, beregen, berrȝhenn
Old Frisian: *berga; bergia
Saterland Frisian: bierge
West Frisian: bergje
Old Saxon: *bergan
Middle Low German: bergen, bargen
German Low German: bargen
→ Swedish: bärga (partly)
→? Finnish: pärjätä
Old Dutch: bergan
Middle Dutch: bergen
Dutch: bergen
Afrikaans: berg
Limburgish: bèrge
Old High German: bergan
Middle High German: bergen
German: bergen
Luxembourgish: biergen

Old Norse: bjarga
Icelandic: bjarga
Faroese: bjarga
Norwegian: berge
Old Swedish: biærgha
Swedish: bärga (partly)
Old Danish: biærghæ
Danish: bjærge

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌰𐌽 (bairgan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”). Cognate to Proto-Slavic *berťi.


berhtaz

*berhtaz (a-stem)

berhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
berhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
berhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
berhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
berhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
berhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
berhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
berhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
berhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
berhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
berhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
berhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
berhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
berhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
berhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
berhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
berhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
berhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
berhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
berhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
berhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
berhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
berhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
berhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
berhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
berhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
berhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
berhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
berhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
berhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
berhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
berhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
berhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
berhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
berhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
berhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
berhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
berhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
berhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
berhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
berhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
berhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
berhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
berhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
berhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
berhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
berhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
berhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
berhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
berhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
berhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
berhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
berhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
berhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
berhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
berhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
berhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
berhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
berhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
berhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *berht
Old English: beorht, berht — Mercian, bryht, byrht
Middle English: briht, briȝt, bright
English: bright
→ Icelandic: bræt
Geordie English: breet
Scots: bricht
Old Saxon: berht, beraht
⇒ Middle Low German: brecht m (“shine, brightness, glory”, noun)
Old Dutch: *berht
⇒ Old Dutch: filoberht (“very bright”)
⇒ Middle Dutch: onbrecht, ombrecht (“unclear”)
⇒ Middle Dutch: Brecht, Brechta, Bert, Berte (personal names)
Dutch: Brecht, Bert
Old High German: beraht, peraht
⇒ Old High German: giberaht
Middle High German: gebërht
Middle High German: bërht
⇒ German: Bert, Bert-, -bert, -brecht (in personal names)

Old Norse: bjartr
Icelandic: bjartur
Faroese: bjartur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjart
Old Swedish: biærter
Swedish: bjärt
Danish: bjært, bært

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 (bairhts)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰer(H)ǵtos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“to shine”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *berxtos.


þeubaz

þeubaz (nominative singular)
þeubōz (nominative plural)
þeubōs (nominative plural)
þeub (singular vocative)
þeubōz (plural vocative)
þeubōs (plural vocative)
þeubą (accusative singular)
þeubanz (accusative plural)
þeubas (genitive singular)
þiubis (genitive singular)
þeubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeubai (dative singular)
þeubamaz (dative plural)
þeubō (instrumental singular)
þeubamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeub
Old English: þēof
Middle English: thef, theef, theff, thyef, þef, þeef, þief, þyef, þeof, thefe
English: thief
Scots: thef, theif, thief
Old Frisian: thiāf, tiēf
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tiif
Saterland Frisian: Tjoof
West Frisian: tsjeaf
Old Saxon: thiof
Middle Low German: dêf, dief
German Low German: Deef, Deev, Deew, Deiw
Plautdietsch: Deef, Deiw
→ Saterland Frisian: Däif
Old Dutch: *thiof
Middle Dutch: dief
Dutch: dief
Afrikaans: dief
Limburgish: deef
Old High German: diob
Middle High German: diup, diep
Cimbrian: diip
German: Dieb
Luxembourgish: Déif
Pennsylvania German: Dieb
Vilamovian: dīb

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (*þeubaʀ) (in ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (mariþeubaʀ))
Old West Norse: þjófr
Icelandic: þjófur
Faroese: tjóvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjov, tjuv; (dialectal) tjóv’e, tju, tjyv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjuv
Old East Norse: *þiūβʀ
Elfdalian: tjuov
Old Swedish: þiūver, þiuuær, þiuvær
Swedish: tjuv, (archaic or obsolete) tjuf, tiuf
Old Danish: thiūf, (Scanian) þiufær
Scanian: tjúv
Danish: tyv
Norwegian Bokmål: tyv
Old Gutnish: þiaufr
Gutnish: töiv

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (þiufs)

From Pre-Proto-Germanic *tewpós, further origin is unknown. Probably related to Lithuanian tupėti (“to crouch, cower, squat”) (from Proto-Indo-European *tewp- (“to get down, conceal oneself”)). Alternatively, borrowed from a non-Indo-European substrate.


bainą

bainą (nominative singular)
bainō (nominative plural)
bainą (singular vocative)
bainō (plural vocative)
bainą (accusative singular)
bainō (accusative plural)
bainas (genitive singular)
bainis (genitive singular)
bainǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bainai (dative singular)
bainamaz (dative plural)
bainō (instrumental singular)
bainamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bain
Old English: bān
Middle English: bon, ban, bane, bone, boon
English: bone
Geordie English: byen
Scots: bane, bean, bain
Yola: bane
Old Frisian: bēn
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: bian
Goesharde: biin
Halligen: bian
Heligoland: Bean
Mooring: biinj
Sylt: Biin
Wiedingharde: biin
Saterland Frisian: Been
West Frisian: bien
Old Saxon: bēn
Middle Low German: bên
Low German: Been, Bein
Plautdietsch: Been
Old Dutch: bēn
Middle Dutch: bêen
Dutch: been
Afrikaans: been
Berbice Creole Dutch: been
Jersey Dutch: beîn
Negerhollands: been
→ Lokono: bèna
Limburgish: bein
Old High German: bein
Middle High German: bein
Alemannic German:
Swabian: Boi, Boa
Bavarian: Boan
Central Franconian: Been, Bein
Hunsrik: Been
Luxembourgish: Been
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Been
German: Bein
Vilamovian: baan
Yiddish: ביין (beyn)

Old Norse: bein
Icelandic: bein
Faroese: bein
Norn: ben
Norwegian Nynorsk: bein
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bein
Old Swedish: bēn
Swedish: ben
Danish: ben
Norwegian Bokmål: ben
Elfdalian: bein
Old Gutnish: bain
Gutnish: bain