skattōną

skattō (active first-person indicative singular)
skattǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skattōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skattōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skattōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skattō (active imperative second-person singular)
skattōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skattōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skattōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skattō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skattōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skattōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skattōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skattōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skattōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skattōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skattōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skattōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skattōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skattōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skattōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skattōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skattōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skattōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skattōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skattōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skattōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skattōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skattōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skattōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skattōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skattōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skattōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skattōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skattōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skattōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skattōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skattōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skattōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skattōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skattōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skattōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skattōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skattōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skattōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skattōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skattōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skattōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skattōndz (active participle present)
skattōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skattōn
Old Frisian: *skattia (attested in brandskattia); *sketta
West Frisian: skatte (with an unetymological class 1 inflection)
Saterland Frisian: skatsje (possibly a new formation derived from Skats); skätte
⇒ Old Frisian: skattinge, skettinge
Old Saxon: *skattōn; *skattian
Middle Low German: schatten; *schetten (in brandschetten, twēschetten, etc.)
German Low German: schatten
Old Dutch: *skatton; *skatten
Middle Dutch: scatten, schatten; scetten
Dutch: schatten
Old High German: skazzōn; skazzēn
Middle High German: schatzen; schetzen
German: (archaic) schatzen; schätzen
→ Middle Low German: schetzen

Old Norse: skatta

Icelandic: skatta

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skatte

Norwegian Nynorsk: skatte, skatta

Swedish: skatta

Danish: skatte

From *skattaz (“treasure, wealth”) + *-ōną.


haglōną

haglō (active first-person indicative singular)
haglǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haglōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
haglōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
haglōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haglō (active imperative second-person singular)
haglōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
haglōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
haglōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
haglō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haglōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
haglōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
haglōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
haglōs (active dual first-person indicative)
haglōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haglōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haglōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haglōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
haglōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
haglōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haglōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
haglōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
haglōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
haglōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haglōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
haglōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
haglōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
haglōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
haglōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haglōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
haglōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
haglōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
haglōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
haglōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
haglōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
haglōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
haglōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
haglōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
haglōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
haglōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
haglōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
haglōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
haglōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
haglōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
haglōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
haglōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
haglōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
haglōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
haglōndz (active participle present)
haglōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *haglōn
Old English: hagalian
Middle English: hailen
English: hail
Old Frisian: *heilia
Saterland Frisian: hailje
West Frisian: heilje
Old Saxon: *hagalōn
Middle Low German: hagelen
German Low German: hageln
Old Dutch: *hagalon
Middle Dutch: hagelen
Dutch: hagelen
→ West Frisian: hagelje
Old High German: *hagalōn
Middle High German: hagelen
German: hageln

Old Norse: *hagla, hegla

Icelandic: hagla

Faroese: hegla

Norwegian Bokmål: hagle

Norwegian Nynorsk: hagle, hagla

Swedish: hagla

Danish: hagle

/ˈxɑɣ.lɔː.nɑ̃/


sparkaz

sparkaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sparkai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sparkō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sparkôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sparką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sparkō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sparkanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sparkanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sparkǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sparkōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sparką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sparkō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sparkas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sparkis (genitive masculine singular strong)
sparkaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sparkaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sparkaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sparkas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sparkis (genitive neuter singular strong)
sparkaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sparkammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sparkaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sparkaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sparkaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sparkammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sparkaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sparkanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sparkaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sparkaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sparkaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sparkanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sparkaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sparkô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sparkaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sparkǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sparkōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sparkô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sparkōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sparkanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sparkanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sparkōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sparkōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sparkô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sparkōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sparkiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sparkanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sparkōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sparkōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sparkiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sparkanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sparkini (dative masculine singular weak)
sparkammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sparkōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sparkōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sparkini (dative neuter singular weak)
sparkammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sparkinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sparkammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sparkōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sparkōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sparkinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sparkammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

⇒? Proto-West Germanic: *sparkō
Old English: spearca
Middle English: sparke, sparc, sparck, spark, sperk, sperke
English: spark (see there for further descendants)
Scots: spark, sperk
Old Frisian: *sparka
Saterland Frisian: Spoorke f
West Frisian: spark
Old Saxon: *sparko
Middle Low German: sparke
Low German: Sparke
Old Dutch: *sparko
Middle Dutch: sparke
Dutch: spark
→ Middle French: esparque
Old High German: *sparcho, *sparko
Middle High German: sparke
German: Sparke

Old Norse: sparkr, sprekr

Icelandic: sparkur

→ Middle English: sprak, spracke, sprag

desc

English: (dialectal) sprak, sprag, sprack

Scots: sprack

From Proto-Indo-European *sp(h)erag-, from *sper- (“to jerk, push, fidget, spring”) or alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *sperg- (“to strew, scatter, sprinkle”).


gahnaistô

gem-decl-noun-table

*gahnaistô (an-stem)

gahnaistô (nominative singular)
gahnaistaniz (nominative plural)
gahnaistô (singular vocative)
gahnaistaniz (plural vocative)
gahnaistanų (accusative singular)
gahnaistanunz (accusative plural)
gahnaistiniz (genitive singular)
gahnaistanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gahnaistini (dative singular)
gahnaistammaz (dative plural)
gahnaistinē (instrumental singular)
gahnaistammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gahnaistō
Old English: *gnāst
Middle English: gnast, knast, gnaist, gnost
English: gnast
⇒ Old English: fȳrgnāst
⇒ Old Dutch: *ganēstra, *ganistra
Middle Dutch: ghenstere, genster, genstere, genstere, genster, geenster, geenstere, geinstere, genstre, geister
Dutch: genster, geinster
→ West Frisian: geinster
Old High German: *ganeisto, gneisto, kneisto, gnanisto m, gnaneista, ganeista, gneista f
Middle High German: geneiste, gneiste, ganeist m or f
German: Gneist
⇒ Old High German: gnaneistra, ganeistra f
Middle High German: ganeister, geneister
German: Gneister, Ganster
→ Middle Low German: genster

Old Norse: gneisti, neisti, hneisti

Icelandic: gneisti, neisti

Faroese: neisti

Norwegian Bokmål: gnist

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: gneiste, neiste, neistre

Swedish: gnist, gnista, gnistra

Danish: gnist

→ Scots: neist


hafnaną

hafnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hafnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hafnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hafnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hafnō (active imperative second-person singular)
hafnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hafnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hafnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hafnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hafnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hafnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hafnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hafnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hafnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hafnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hafnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hafnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hafnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hafnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hafnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hafnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hafnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hafnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hafnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hafnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hafnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hafnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hafnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hafnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hafnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hafnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hafnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hafnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hafnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hafnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hafnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hafnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hafnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: hafna

Icelandic: hafna

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*hafnan)

Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌷𐌰𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (ufarhafnan)

From *habjaną (“to lift”) + *-naną. Compare also Proto-West Germanic *habinōn (“to handle”).

(intransitive) (+ dative object) to consider oneself above, to reject, to abandon


wikkǭ

wikkǭ (nominative singular)
wikkōniz (nominative plural)
wikkǭ (singular vocative)
wikkōniz (plural vocative)
wikkōnų (accusative singular)
wikkōnunz (accusative plural)
wikkōniz (genitive singular)
wikkōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wikkōni (dative singular)
wikkōmaz (dative plural)
wikkōnē (instrumental singular)
wikkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiċċe

Middle English: wicche

English: witch

Scots: wich, wech, witch

From *wikkōną (“to practice sorcery”) + *-ǭ.


walaraubō

walaraubō (nominative singular)
walaraubôz (nominative plural)
walaraubō (singular vocative)
walaraubôz (plural vocative)
walaraubǭ (accusative singular)
walaraubōz (accusative plural)
walaraubōz (genitive singular)
walaraubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walaraubōi (dative singular)
walaraubōmaz (dative plural)
walaraubō (instrumental singular)
walaraubōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wælrēaf

Old Norse: valrauf

*walaz (“battlefield; corpse”) + *raubō (“booty, plunder”).


lundiją

lundiją (nominative singular)
lundijō (nominative plural)
lundiją (singular vocative)
lundijō (plural vocative)
lundiją (accusative singular)
lundijō (accusative plural)
lundijas (genitive singular)
lundīs (genitive singular)
lundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lundijai (dative singular)
lundijamaz (dative plural)
lundijō (instrumental singular)
lundijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lundī n

⇒ Old English: ġelynde n

desc

⇒ Old Norse: lyndi n (“mindset, character”)

Icelandic: lyndi n

Faroese: lyndi n (“mentality, temperment”)

From earlier *lundwiją, from Proto-Indo-European *ln̥dʰ-w-yom, from *lendʰ- (“kidney, loin”).


lund(ij)ō

lundō (canonical feminine)
lundō (nominative singular)
lundijō (nominative singular)
lundôz (nominative plural)
lundijôz (nominative plural)
lundō (singular vocative)
lundijō (singular vocative)
lundôz (plural vocative)
lundijôz (plural vocative)
lundǭ (accusative singular)
lundijǭ (accusative singular)
lundōz (accusative plural)
lundijōz (accusative plural)
lundōz (genitive singular)
lundijōz (genitive singular)
lundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lundōi (dative singular)
lundijōi (dative singular)
lundōmaz (dative plural)
lundijōmaz (dative plural)
lundō (instrumental singular)
lundijō (instrumental singular)
lundōmiz (instrumental plural)
lundijōmiz (instrumental plural)

gem-decl-noun-table

*lund(ij)ō (ō-stem)

*lundijō

Proto-West Germanic: *lundiju

Old English: lynd f

⇒ Old English: ġelynd f

⇒ Old Frisian: lenden f

*lundō

Proto-West Germanic: *lundu

Old High German: lunta, lunda

⇒ Old High German: luntussa

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *lundulagō m

desctree

Old English: lundlaga m
Middle English: lundlawe

Old Frisian: lundlaga, lunglaga m

Old Norse: lund f

Icelandic: lund f (“mood”)

desc

Faroese: lund f (“disposition, temper", in the plural, "loin”)

Norwegian Nynorsk: lund f (“hip”)

⇒ Old Norse: lundi m

⇒ Old Norse: lundr (“minded”, adjective)

⇒ Old Norse: lunderni n (“temperment”)

From Proto-Indo-European *ln̥dʰ-(y)eh₂-, from *lendʰ- (“kidney, loin”).


fuhsinī

fuhsinī (nominative singular)
fuhsinjôz (nominative plural)
fuhsinī (singular vocative)
fuhsinjôz (plural vocative)
fuhsinjǭ (accusative singular)
fuhsinjōz (accusative plural)
fuhsinjōz (genitive singular)
fuhsinjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuhsinjōi (dative singular)
fuhsinjōmaz (dative plural)
fuhsinjō (instrumental singular)
fuhsinjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fuhsini
Old English: fyxe
Middle English: fixen, ffixen
English: vixen
Old High German: *fuhsinna
Middle High German: vühsinne
German: Füchsin


huldą

huldą (nominative singular)
huldō (nominative plural)
huldą (singular vocative)
huldō (plural vocative)
huldą (accusative singular)
huldō (accusative plural)
huldas (genitive singular)
huldis (genitive singular)
huldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
huldai (dative singular)
huldamaz (dative plural)
huldō (instrumental singular)
huldamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hold

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᛟᛚᛞᚨ (*holda), *ᚺᚢᛚᛞᚨ (*hulda)

Old Norse: hold

Danish: huld

Icelandic: hold

Norwegian Nynorsk: hold, hoill (dialectal, "fat"), haall (dialectal, old spelling)

Old Swedish: huld

Swedish: hull

From Proto-Indo-European *kel(H)-, whence also Proto-Celtic *kolanis (whence Welsh celain, Irish colainn)


gaskapjaną

gaskapjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaskapjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaskapjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaskapisi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaskapjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaskapi (active imperative second-person singular)
gaskapjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaskapjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaskapiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaskapjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaskapjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaskapjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaskapjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaskapjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaskapjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaskapjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaskapjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaskapjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaskapjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaskapjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaskapjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaskapjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaskapiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaskapjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaskapiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaskapjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaskapjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaskapjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaskapjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaskapjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaskapjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaskapjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaskōp (active first-person indicative singular)
gaskōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaskōft (active indicative second-person singular)
gaskōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaskōp (active indicative singular third-person)
gaskōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaskōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaskōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaskōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaskōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaskōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaskōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaskōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaskōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaskōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaskōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaskapjandz (active participle present)
gaskapanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: gescieppan

Old Saxon: giskeppian

Old High German: giscaffan

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskapjan)


andastandandz

gem-decl-adj-table

*andastandandz (present participle)

andastandandz (masculine nominative singular)
andastandandiz (masculine nominative plural)
andastandandī (feminine nominative singular)
andastandandijôz (feminine nominative plural)
andastandand (neuter nominative singular)
andastandand (neuter nominative plural)
andastandandų (accusative masculine singular)
andastandandunz (accusative masculine plural)
andastandandijǭ (accusative feminine singular)
andastandandijōz (accusative feminine plural)
andastandand (accusative neuter singular)
andastandand (accusative neuter plural)
andastandandiz (genitive masculine singular)
andastandandǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
andastandandijōz (feminine genitive singular)
andastandandijǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
andastandandiz (genitive neuter singular)
andastandandǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
andastandandi (dative masculine singular)
andastandandumaz (dative masculine plural)
andastandandijōi (dative feminine singular)
andastandandijōmaz (dative feminine plural)
andastandandi (dative neuter singular)
andastandandumaz (dative neuter plural)
andastandandē (instrumental masculine singular)
andastandandumiz (instrumental masculine plural)
andastandandijō (feminine instrumental singular)
andastandandijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
andastandandē (instrumental neuter singular)
andastandandumiz (instrumental neuter plural)


andastandaną

andastandō (active first-person indicative singular)
andastandaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
andastandai (first-person indicative passive singular)
andastandizi (active indicative second-person singular)
andastandaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
andastand (active imperative second-person singular)
andastandazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
andastandaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
andastandidi (active indicative singular third-person)
andastandai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
andastandadau (active imperative singular third-person)
andastandadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
andastandaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
andastandōz (active dual first-person indicative)
andastandaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
andastandadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
andastandaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
andastandadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
andastandamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
andastandaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
andastandandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
andastandaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
andastandid (active indicative plural second-person)
andastandaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
andastandid (active imperative plural second-person)
andastandandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
andastandaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
andastandandi (active indicative plural third-person)
andastandain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
andastandandau (active imperative plural third-person)
andastandandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
andastandaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
andastōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
andastōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
andastōst (active indicative second-person singular)
andastōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
andastōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
andastōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
andastōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
andastōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
andastōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
andastōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
andastōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
andastōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
andastōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
andastōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
andastōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
andastōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
andastandandz (active participle present)
andastadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *andastandan
Old Frisian: undstanda, undstonda, andstanda, andstonda
Old Saxon: andstandan, antstandan
Old Dutch: *antstandan
Middle Dutch: ontstanden
Old High German: intstantan
⇒ Old High German: *intstantunga
Middle High German: entstandunge

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (andstandan)


idisiz

idisiz (nominative singular)
idisīz (nominative plural)
idisi (singular vocative)
idisīz (plural vocative)
idisį (accusative singular)
idisinz (accusative plural)
idisīz (genitive singular)
idisijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
idisī (dative singular)
idisimaz (dative plural)
idisī (instrumental singular)
idisimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *idisi

Old English: ides

Old Saxon: idis

Old High German: itis, idis

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂idʰ-és- (“fire, flame, burning”). Related to Proto-Germanic *dīsiz.


neþaną

neþō (active first-person indicative singular)
neþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
neþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
niþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
neþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
neþ (active imperative second-person singular)
neþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
neþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
niþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
neþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
neþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
neþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
neþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
neþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
neþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
neþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
neþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
neþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
neþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
neþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
neþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
neþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
niþid (active indicative plural second-person)
neþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
niþid (active imperative plural second-person)
neþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
neþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
neþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
neþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
neþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
neþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
neþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
naþ (active first-person indicative singular)
nēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nast (active indicative second-person singular)
nēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
naþ (active indicative singular third-person)
nēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
nēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
nēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
nēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
nēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
neþandz (active participle present)
nedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (niþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *net-. Related to Proto-Tocharian *nete (“might, strength”) and Sanskrit नाथ् (nāth, “to seek aid”).


skaldaną

skaldō (active first-person indicative singular)
skaldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skaldizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skaldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skald (active imperative second-person singular)
skaldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skaldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skaldidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skaldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skaldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skaldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skaldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skaldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skaldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skaldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skaldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skaldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skaldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skaldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skaldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skaldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skaldid (active indicative plural second-person)
skaldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skaldid (active imperative plural second-person)
skaldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skaldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skaldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skaldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skaldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skaldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skeskald (active first-person indicative singular)
skeskaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skeskalst (active indicative second-person singular)
skeskaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skeskald (active indicative singular third-person)
skeskaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skeskaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
skeskaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skeskaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skeskaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skeskaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
skeskaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skeskaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
skeskaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skeskaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
skeskaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skaldandz (active participle present)
skaldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaldan

Old Saxon: skaldan

Old High German: skaltan

Middle High German: schalten

German: schalten

Unclear, Seebold suggests it's possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”) with a s-mobile attached to the root.


brehaną

brehō (active first-person indicative singular)
brehaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brehai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brihizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brehaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breh (active imperative second-person singular)
brehazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brehaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brihidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brehai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brehadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brehadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brehaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brehōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brehaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brehadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brehaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brehadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brehamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brehaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brehandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brehaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brihid (active indicative plural second-person)
brehaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brihid (active imperative plural second-person)
brehandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brehaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brehandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brehain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brehandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brehandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brehaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brah (active first-person indicative singular)
brēgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braht (active indicative second-person singular)
brēgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brah (active indicative singular third-person)
brēgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brēgū (active dual first-person indicative)
brēgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brēgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brēgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brēgum (active first-person indicative plural)
brēgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brēgud (active indicative plural second-person)
brēgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brēgun (active indicative plural third-person)
brēgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brehandz (active participle present)
breganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brehan

Old High German: brehan

desc

Middle High German: brehen, brechen, prehen

Old Norse: brjá, brá

Icelandic: brjá, brá


skaibaz

skaibaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skaibai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skaibō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skaibôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skaibą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skaibō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skaibanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skaibanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skaibǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skaibōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skaibą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skaibō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skaibas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skaibis (genitive masculine singular strong)
skaibaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skaibaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skaibaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skaibas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skaibis (genitive neuter singular strong)
skaibaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skaibammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skaibaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skaibaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skaibaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skaibammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skaibaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skaibanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skaibaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skaibaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skaibaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skaibanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skaibaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skaibô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skaibaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skaibǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skaibōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skaibô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skaibōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skaibanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skaibanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skaibōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skaibōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skaibô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skaibōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skaibiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skaibanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skaibōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skaibōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skaibiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skaibanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skaibini (dative masculine singular weak)
skaibammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skaibōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skaibōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skaibini (dative neuter singular weak)
skaibammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skaibinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skaibammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skaibōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skaibōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skaibinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skaibammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaib, *skaif

Old English: *sċāb, *sċāf

⇒ Old English: sċābfōt, sċāffōt

Old Frisian: *skēf

North Frisian: skiaf

Saterland Frisian: skeeuw

West Frisian: skeef

Old Saxon: skēf

Middle Low German: schêf

German Low German: scheev

→ Middle High German: *schēf, schief, schīf

German: schief

Old Dutch: *skēf

Middle Dutch: scheef, scheiff, scheyff

Dutch: scheef

Afrikaans: skeef

>? Old High German: *skeib, *skeif

Middle High German: *scheip, *scheif

German: scheif, scheib (dialectal)

desctree

Old Norse: skeifr
Icelandic: skeifur
Faroese: skeivur
Norwegian Nynorsk: skeiv; (dialectal) skeiv'u, skeiv'e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: skeiv
Old Swedish: skēver
Swedish: skev
Gutnish: skaiv
Old Danish: skev
Danish: skæv, skjæv, skjev
Norwegian Bokmål: skjev


lausungō

gem-decl-noun-table

*lausungō (ō-stem)

lausungō (nominative singular)
lausungôz (nominative plural)
lausungō (singular vocative)
lausungôz (plural vocative)
lausungǭ (accusative singular)
lausungōz (accusative plural)
lausungōz (genitive singular)
lausungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lausungōi (dative singular)
lausungōmaz (dative plural)
lausungō (instrumental singular)
lausungōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lausungu

desctree

Old English: lēasung
Middle English: lesinge, lesing
English: leasing
Scots: lesing, leising

Old Saxon: *lōsunga

Middle Low German: lôsinge, lö̂singe

German Low German: Lösung

Old Dutch: *lōsunga

desc

Middle Dutch: losinge, leusinge, lossinge

>? Dutch: lozing

⇒ Dutch: oplossing

→ West Frisian: oplossing

Old High German: lōsunga

Middle High German: lōsunge, lœsunge

German: Lösung

Old Norse: lausung

Icelandic: lausung

Faroese: leysinga, leysingur m


krēaną

krēō (active first-person indicative singular)
krēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krē (active imperative second-person singular)
krēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krēid (active indicative plural second-person)
krēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krēid (active imperative plural second-person)
krēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kekrē (active first-person indicative singular)
kekrēį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kekrēt (active indicative second-person singular)
kekrēīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kekrē (active indicative singular third-person)
kekrēī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kekrēū (active dual first-person indicative)
kekrēīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kekrēudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kekrēīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kekrēum (active first-person indicative plural)
kekrēīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kekrēud (active indicative plural second-person)
kekrēīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kekrēun (active indicative plural third-person)
kekrēīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krēandz (active participle present)
krēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krāan
Old English: crāwan
Middle English: crawen, crowen
Scots: craw
English: crow
Old Saxon: krāian
Middle Low German: kreien
Old Dutch: crāien
Middle Dutch: crâyen
Dutch: kraaien
Old High German: krāen
Middle High German: kraen
German: krähen
Luxembourgish: kréien

From Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”).


wajamērijaz

wajamērijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wajamērijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wajamērijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wajamērijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wajamēriją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wajamērijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wajamērijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wajamērijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wajamērijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wajamērijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wajamēriją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wajamērijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wajamērijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
wajamērīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wajamērijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wajamērijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wajamērijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wajamērijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
wajamērīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wajamērijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wajamērijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wajamērijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wajamērijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wajamērijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wajamērijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wajamērijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wajamērijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wajamērijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wajamērijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wajamērijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wajamērijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wajamērijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wajamērijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wajamērijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wajamērijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wajamērijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wajamērijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wajamērijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wajamērijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wajamērijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wajamērijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wajamērijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wajamērijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wajamērijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wajamērīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wajamērijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wajamērijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wajamērijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wajamērīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wajamērijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wajamērīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wajamērijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wajamērijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wajamērijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wajamērīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wajamērijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wajamērīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wajamērijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wajamērijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wajamērijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wajamērīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wajamērijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

>? Proto-Norse: ᚹᚨᛃᛖᛗᚨᚱᛁᛉ (wajemariʀ /wajēmāriʀ/) (unexpected -ē-)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*wajamēreis)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌴𐌹 (wajamērei)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌴𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wajamērjan)

From *wai (“woe”) + *mērijaz (“renowned, famous”).


ūrigaz

*ūrigaz (a-stem)

ūrigaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ūrigai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ūrigō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ūrigôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ūrigą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ūrigō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ūriganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ūriganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ūrigǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ūrigōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ūrigą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ūrigō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ūrigas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ūrigaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ūrigaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ūrigaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ūrigas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ūrigaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ūrigammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ūrigaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ūrigaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ūrigaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ūrigammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ūrigaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ūriganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ūrigaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ūrigaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ūrigaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ūriganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ūrigaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ūrigô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ūriganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ūrigǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ūrigōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ūrigô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ūrigōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ūriganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ūriganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ūrigōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ūrigōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ūrigô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ūrigōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ūriginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ūriganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ūrigōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ūrigōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ūriginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ūriganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ūrigini (dative masculine singular weak)
ūrigammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ūrigōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ūrigōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ūrigini (dative neuter singular weak)
ūrigammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ūriginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ūrigammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ūrigōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ūrigōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ūriginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ūrigammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *ūrig

desctree

Old English: *ūriġ
>? Middle English: ouri (alternatively from Old Norse ūrigr)
>? Scots: ury (“clammy, covered with sweat, sweaty”)

⇒ Old English: ūrigfeþera

⇒ Old English: ūriglāst

Old Saxon: *ūrig

gl

fusion with Middle Low German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gml">urināl</i> from Latin

>? Middle Low German: urigināl (fusion with Middle Low German urināl from Latin)

Old High German: *ūrig

Middle High German: *ūrig

desc

>? Alemannic German: ûrig (“stormy (of weather), wild, angry”)

>? Bavarian: eurisch (“grumpy, pissy”) (with modification of suffix)

Old Norse: úrigr

Icelandic: úrigur, úrugur, úrgur

From *ūrą (“water, urine, rain”) + *-gaz.


ūrą

ūrą (nominative singular)
ūrō (nominative plural)
ūrą (singular vocative)
ūrō (plural vocative)
ūrą (accusative singular)
ūrō (accusative plural)
ūras (genitive singular)
ūris (genitive singular)
ūrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūrai (dative singular)
ūramaz (dative plural)
ūrō (instrumental singular)
ūramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: úr

Icelandic: úr

Faroese: úr

⇒ Swedish: urvæta

⇒ Swedish: urväder

→ Early Scots: *ur

Scots: ure, ur, oor (“drizzle”)

⇒ Scots: urey, oorie, ourie (“rainy, hazy, rainbowy”)

From Proto-Indo-European *uh₁r-, zero grade form of *weh₁r- (“water”).


wana-

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wana-
Old English: wan-
Middle English: wan-, won-
English: wan-
Scots: wan-
Old Frisian: wan-, won-
Saterland Frisian: won-
West Frisian: wan-
Old Saxon: wan-
Middle Low German: wan-, wān-
German Low German: wahn-
Old Dutch: *wan-
Middle Dutch: wan-, waen-
Dutch: wan-
Old High German: wana-, wan-
Middle High German: wane-, wan-, wān-
German: wahn-

Old Norse: van-
Icelandic: van-
Faroese: van-
Norwegian Nynorsk: van-
Norwegian Bokmål: van-
Swedish: van-
Danish: van-


wedrōną

wedrō (active first-person indicative singular)
wedrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wedrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wedrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wedrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wedrō (active imperative second-person singular)
wedrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wedrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wedrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wedrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wedrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wedrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wedrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wedrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wedrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wedrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wedrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wedrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wedrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wedrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wedrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wedrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wedrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wedrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wedrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wedrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wedrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wedrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wedrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wedrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wedrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wedrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wedrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wedrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wedrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wedrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wedrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wedrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wedrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wedrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wedrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wedrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wedrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wedrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wedrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wedrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wedrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wedrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wedrōndz (active participle present)
wedrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wedrōn
Old English: wederian, wedrian
Middle English: wederen
>? Middle English: wideren (to shrivel, dry up)
English: wither
Old Frisian: widria
Old Saxon: *wedarōn
Middle Low German: wēderen, wedderen
Old Dutch: *wedaron
Middle Dutch: wēderen
Dutch: wederen, weren
Old High German: *wetarōn
Middle High German: wēteren, wētern
German: wettern

Old Norse: viðra

Icelandic: viðra

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: være

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: vêre, vere, vêra, vera

Swedish: vädra

Danish: vejre

to be in a particular state (of the weather)


þiljōną

þiljō (active first-person indicative singular)
þiljǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þiljōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þiljōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þiljōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þiljō (active imperative second-person singular)
þiljōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þiljōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þiljōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þiljō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þiljōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þiljōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þiljōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þiljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þiljōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þiljōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þiljōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þiljōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þiljōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þiljōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þiljōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þiljōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þiljōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þiljōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þiljōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þiljōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þiljōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þiljōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þiljōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þiljōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þiljōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þiljōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þiljōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þiljōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þiljōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þiljōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þiljōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þiljōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þiljōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þiljōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þiljōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þiljōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þiljōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þiljōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þiljōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þiljōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þiljōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þiljōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þiljōndz (active participle present)
þiljōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þilljōn
Old English: þillian, þilian, þelian, þillan, þyllan
>? Middle English: thillen (to put (a horse) between the shafts of a cart)
→⇒? Medieval Latin: tilitāre
Old French: tilater (Anglo-Norman)
→⇒ Middle English: tilating
Old Saxon: *thilliōn
⇒ Middle Low German: bedēlen
Old Dutch: *thilon
Middle Dutch: dēlen
Old High German: *dillōn
Middle High German: dillen
German: dielen
⇒ Old High German: gidillōn

Old Norse: þilja

Icelandic: þilja


galdijaz

galdijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
galdijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
galdijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
galdijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
galdiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
galdijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
galdijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
galdijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
galdijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
galdijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
galdiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
galdijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
galdijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
galdīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
galdijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
galdijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
galdijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
galdijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
galdīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
galdijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
galdijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
galdijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
galdijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
galdijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
galdijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
galdijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
galdijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
galdijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
galdijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
galdijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
galdijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
galdijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
galdijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
galdijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
galdijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
galdijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
galdijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
galdijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
galdijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
galdijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
galdijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
galdijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
galdijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
galdijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
galdīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
galdijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
galdijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
galdijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
galdīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
galdijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
galdīni (dative masculine singular weak)
galdijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
galdijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
galdijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
galdīni (dative neuter singular weak)
galdijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
galdīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
galdijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
galdijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
galdijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
galdīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
galdijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *galdī

Old English: ġelde, ġielde

Middle English: yeld

Old Frisian: *jald, *jelde

West Frisian: gjald, gjeld, jolt, geld

Old Dutch: *geldi

Middle Dutch: gelde, gelt

Dutch: geld, gelt

Old High German: galt, *geltī

Middle High German: galt, gelte

German: galt, gelt

Old Norse: geldr, *galdr

Icelandic: geldur

Faroese: geldur

Old Swedish: galder

Swedish: gall

Norwegian Bokmål: gold

Norwegian Nynorsk: gold

Danish: gold

→ Middle English: gelde, gealde, geld

English: geld (now dialectal)

Scots: geld

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to cut”) or *gʰel- (“to shout, sing, charm”) via a sense of "bewitched/cursed (with infertility)".


stulukōną

stulukō (active first-person indicative singular)
stulukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stulukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
stulukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stulukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stulukō (active imperative second-person singular)
stulukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stulukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stulukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stulukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stulukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stulukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stulukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stulukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stulukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stulukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stulukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stulukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stulukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stulukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stulukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stulukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stulukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stulukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stulukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stulukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stulukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stulukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stulukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stulukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stulukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stulukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stulukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stulukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stulukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stulukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stulukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
stulukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stulukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stulukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stulukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stulukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stulukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stulukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stulukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stulukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stulukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stulukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stulukōndz (active participle present)
stulukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stolukōn

Old Saxon: *stolkōn

⇒? Middle Low German: stolkeren

Old Dutch: *stolkon

Middle Dutch: stolken

Dutch: stolken (obsolete)

⇒ Dutch: stolkeren

Old Norse: *stulka

Norwegian Nynorsk: stulka


stalukōną

stalukō (active first-person indicative singular)
stalukǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stalukōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
stalukōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stalukōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stalukō (active imperative second-person singular)
stalukōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stalukōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stalukōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stalukō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stalukōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stalukōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stalukōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stalukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stalukōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stalukōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stalukōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stalukōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stalukōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stalukōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stalukōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stalukōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stalukōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stalukōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stalukōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stalukōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stalukōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stalukōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stalukōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stalukōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stalukōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stalukōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stalukōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stalukōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stalukōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stalukōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stalukōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
stalukōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stalukōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stalukōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stalukōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stalukōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stalukōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stalukōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stalukōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stalukōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stalukōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stalukōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stalukōndz (active participle present)
stalukōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stalukōn
Old English: *stealcian
Middle English: stalken
English: stalk
Scots: stalk
⇒ Old English: bestealcian
⇒ Old English: stealcung, stalcung
Middle English: stalkyng, stalkynge
English: stalking
Scots: stalking

Old Norse: *stǫlka

Norwegian Nynorsk: stalka


stulpô

gem-decl-noun-table

*stulpô (an-stem)

stulpô (nominative singular)
stulpaniz (nominative plural)
stulpô (singular vocative)
stulpaniz (plural vocative)
stulpanų (accusative singular)
stulpanunz (accusative plural)
stulpiniz (genitive singular)
stulpanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stulpini (dative singular)
stulpammaz (dative plural)
stulpinē (instrumental singular)
stulpammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stolpō

Old Saxon: *stolpo

Middle Low German: stolpe

Old Dutch: *stolpo, *stolpa f

Middle Dutch: stolpe f

Old Norse: stolpi

Icelandic: stólpi

Faroese: stólpi

Norwegian Nynorsk: stolpe

Norwegian Bokmål: stolpe

Swedish: stolpe

Danish: stolpe

→ Middle English: stulpe

English: stulp

Scots: stulp, stilp

From Proto-Indo-European *stelb-, *stelp- (“post”), from *stel- (“to put; be stiff”).


audagōną

audagō (active first-person indicative singular)
audagǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
audagōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
audagōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
audagōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
audagō (active imperative second-person singular)
audagōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
audagōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
audagōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
audagō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
audagōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
audagōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
audagōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
audagōs (active dual first-person indicative)
audagōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
audagōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
audagōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
audagōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
audagōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
audagōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
audagōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
audagōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
audagōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
audagōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
audagōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
audagōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
audagōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
audagōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
audagōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
audagōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
audagōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
audagōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
audagōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
audagōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
audagōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
audagōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
audagōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
audagōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
audagōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
audagōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
audagōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
audagōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
audagōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
audagōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
audagōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
audagōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
audagōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
audagōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
audagōndz (active participle present)
audagōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *audagōn
Old English: ēadgian, ēadigian
Old High German: *ōtagōn
⇒ Old High German: giōtagōn

Old Norse: auðga

Icelandic: auðga

/ˈɑu̯.ðɑ.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/


spīkō

spīkō (nominative singular)
spīkôz (nominative plural)
spīkō (singular vocative)
spīkôz (plural vocative)
spīkǭ (accusative singular)
spīkōz (accusative plural)
spīkōz (genitive singular)
spīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spīkōi (dative singular)
spīkōmaz (dative plural)
spīkō (instrumental singular)
spīkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spīku

Old Dutch: *spīka

Middle Dutch: *spike, *spijk

Dutch: spijk (dialectal)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *spīking m

Old English: spīcing
Middle English: spikyng, spykyng
English: spiking (dialectal)
Scots: spyking, spikyn

Old Dutch: *spīking

Middle Dutch: spikinc

Dutch: spijking

Old Norse: spík

Icelandic: spík

gl

merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*spīkaz</i>

Old Swedish: spīk (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *spīkaz)

Swedish: spik

Danish: spig (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *spīkaz)

→ Middle English: spike, spyk

English: spike

Scots: spike

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“long, sharp”).


spīkraz

gem-decl-noun-table

*spīkraz (a-stem)

spīkraz (nominative singular)
spīkrōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
spīkr (singular vocative)
spīkrōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
spīkrą (accusative singular)
spīkranz (accusative plural)
spīkras (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
spīkrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spīkrai (dative singular)
spīkramaz (dative plural)
spīkrō (instrumental singular)
spīkramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spīkr, *spīkrī

Old Frisian: *spīker

Saterland Frisian: Spieker

West Frisian: spiker

Old Saxon: *spīkar, *spīkari

Middle Low German: spîkære, spîker

German Low German: Spieker

→ Danish: spiger

→ Norwegian: spiker

→ Faroese: spíkari

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: spîkærenāgel, spîkernāgel

German Low German: Spiekernagel

Old Dutch: *spīkari, spīkere

Middle Dutch: spiker

Dutch: spijker

Old High German: *spīhhar, *spīhhari

Middle High German: spīchære, spīcher, spicher

German: Speicher

⇒ Middle High German: spīchærenagel, spīchernagel

German: Speichernagel

Old Norse: spíkr (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *spīkaz)

Icelandic: spíkur

Old Swedish: spīker

Swedish: spik

Danish: spig


flunþrą

flunþrą (nominative singular)
flunþrō (nominative plural)
flunþrą (singular vocative)
flunþrō (plural vocative)
flunþrą (accusative singular)
flunþrō (accusative plural)
flunþras (genitive singular)
flunþris (genitive singular)
flunþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flunþrai (dative singular)
flunþramaz (dative plural)
flunþrō (instrumental singular)
flunþramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flonþr
Old Dutch: *flonder
Middle Dutch: vlonder
Dutch: vlonder
→ German: Funder (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *pl-n̥-h₂-tro-m, from nasal-infixed *pleh₂- (“flat”) + *-trom.


tīdijaną

tīdijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tīdijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tīdijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tīdīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tīdijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tīdī (active imperative second-person singular)
tīdijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tīdijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tīdīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tīdijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tīdijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tīdijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tīdijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tīdijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tīdijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tīdijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tīdijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tīdijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tīdijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tīdijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tīdijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tīdijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tīdīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tīdijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tīdīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tīdijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tīdijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tīdijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tīdijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tīdijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tīdijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tīdijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tīdidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tīdidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tīdidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tīdidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tīdidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tīdidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tīdidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tīdidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tīdidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tīdidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tīdidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tīdidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tīdidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tīdidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tīdidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tīdidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tīdijandz (active participle present)
tīdidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *tīdijan
Old English: tīdan
Middle English: tiden, tide
English: tide
Scots: tide
Old Frisian: tīdia (moved to the second weak class, possibly from a pre-form *tīdōn instead)
Old Saxon: *tīdian
Middle Low German: tīden
Old Dutch: *tīden
Middle Dutch: tiden
Dutch: tijen, tijden, tijgen (obsolete, possibly merged with the descendant of *teuhaną)
Old High German: *zīten
Middle High German: zīten
⇒ Old High German: gizīten

Old Norse: tíða
Icelandic: tíða


hnipnaną

hnipnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnipnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnipnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnipnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnipnō (active imperative second-person singular)
hnipnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnipnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnipnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnipnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnipnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnipnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnipnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnipnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnipnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnipnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnipnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnipnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnipnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnipnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnipnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnipnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnipnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnipnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnipnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnipnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnipnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnipnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnipnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnipnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnipnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnipnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnipnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnipnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnipnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnipnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnipnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnipnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnipnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: hnipna, hnípna

Icelandic: hnipna

Gothic: *𐌷𐌽𐌹𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*hnipnan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌹𐍀𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gahnipnan)


skuldōną

skuldō (active first-person indicative singular)
skuldǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuldōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skuldōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skuldōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuldō (active imperative second-person singular)
skuldōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skuldōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skuldōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skuldō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuldōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skuldōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skuldōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skuldōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skuldōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuldōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuldōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuldōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skuldōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skuldōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuldōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skuldōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skuldōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skuldōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuldōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skuldōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skuldōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skuldōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skuldōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuldōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skuldōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skuldōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skuldōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skuldōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuldōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skuldōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuldōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skuldōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuldōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skuldōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuldōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuldōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuldōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skuldōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuldōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skuldōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuldōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skuldōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuldōndz (active participle present)
skuldōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skuldōn
Old Saxon: *skuldōn
Middle Low German: schulden
→ Icelandic: skulda
→ Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skulde
Norwegian Nynorsk: skulde, skulda
Old High German: skuldōn
Middle High German: schulden
German: schulden

Old Norse: *skulda

Icelandic: skulda

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skulde

Norwegian Nynorsk: skulde, skulda

From *skuldiz (“obligation, debt”) + *-ōną.


skuldijōną

skuldijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skuldijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuldijōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
skuldijōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skuldijōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuldijō (active imperative second-person singular)
skuldijōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skuldijōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skuldijōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skuldijō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuldijōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skuldijōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skuldijōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skuldijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skuldijōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuldijōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuldijōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuldijōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skuldijōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skuldijōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuldijōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skuldijōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skuldijōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skuldijōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuldijōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skuldijōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skuldijōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skuldijōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skuldijōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuldijōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skuldijōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skuldijōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skuldijōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skuldijōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skuldijōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skuldijōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skuldijōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
skuldijōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skuldijōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skuldijōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skuldijōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skuldijōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skuldijōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skuldijōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skuldijōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skuldijōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skuldijōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skuldijōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skuldijōndz (active participle present)
skuldijōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skuldijōn

Old English: sċyldian

Old Norse: skylda

Icelandic: skylda

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: skylde

Norwegian Nynorsk: skylde, skylda

Old Swedish: skylda, skulda

Swedish: skylda, skylla

Danish: skylde

From *skuldijaz (“obligated, guilty”) + *-ōną. Compare also West Germanic *skuldijan.


hnipōną

hnipō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnipǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnipōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnipōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnipōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnipō (active imperative second-person singular)
hnipōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnipōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnipōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnipō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnipōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnipōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnipōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnipōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnipōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnipōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnipōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnipōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnipōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnipōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnipōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnipōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnipōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnipōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnipōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnipōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnipōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnipōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnipōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnipōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnipōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnipōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnipōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnipōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnipōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnipōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnipōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnipōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnipōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnipōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnipōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnipōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnipōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnipōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnipōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnipōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnipōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnipōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnipōndz (active participle present)
hnipōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnipōn
Old English: hnipian
Middle English: nipen

Old Norse: hnipa, hnípa

Icelandic: hnípa

Kroonen reconstructs this as an iterative verb from Proto-Indo-European *knibʰ-néh₂-ti. Related to Lithuanian knibti (“to sink, collapse”).


tīmōną

tīmō (active first-person indicative singular)
tīmǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tīmōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tīmōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tīmōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tīmō (active imperative second-person singular)
tīmōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tīmōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tīmōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tīmō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tīmōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tīmōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tīmōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tīmōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tīmōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tīmōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tīmōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tīmōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tīmōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tīmōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tīmōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tīmōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tīmōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tīmōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tīmōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tīmōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tīmōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tīmōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tīmōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tīmōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tīmōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tīmōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tīmōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tīmōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tīmōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tīmōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tīmōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tīmōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tīmōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tīmōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tīmōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tīmōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tīmōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tīmōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tīmōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tīmōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tīmōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tīmōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tīmōndz (active participle present)
tīmōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *tīmōn
Old English: *tīmian
Middle English: timen, tymen
English: time
⇒ Old English: getīmian
Middle English: itimien
⇒ Old English: mistīmian

Old Norse: tíma

Faroese: tíma

Old Swedish: tīma

Swedish: tima


finhlōną

finhlō (active first-person indicative singular)
finhlǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
finhlōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
finhlōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
finhlōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
finhlō (active imperative second-person singular)
finhlōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
finhlōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
finhlōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
finhlō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
finhlōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
finhlōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
finhlōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
finhlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
finhlōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
finhlōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
finhlōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
finhlōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
finhlōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
finhlōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
finhlōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
finhlōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
finhlōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
finhlōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
finhlōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
finhlōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
finhlōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
finhlōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
finhlōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
finhlōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
finhlōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
finhlōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
finhlōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
finhlōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
finhlōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
finhlōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
finhlōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
finhlōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
finhlōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
finhlōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
finhlōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
finhlōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
finhlōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
finhlōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
finhlōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
finhlōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
finhlōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
finhlōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
finhlōndz (active participle present)
finhlōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fį̄hlōn
Old English: fīlian
Middle English: filen
English: file
Old Frisian: *fīlia
West Frisian: fylje
Old Saxon: fīlon
Middle Low German: vīlen
Old Dutch: *fīlon
Middle Dutch: vilen
Dutch: vijlen
Afrikaans: vyl
Old High German: fīlōn, fīhalōn, fīgilōn
Middle High German: vīlen, vīhelen, fīlen
German: feilen

From unattested strong verb *finhaną + *-lōną, from Proto-Indo-European *pi-né-k-ti ~ *pi-n-k-énti, nasal-infix of *peyḱ- (“to engrave, adorn, shape”).


wēpnijaną

wēpnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wēpnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wēpnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wēpnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnī (active imperative second-person singular)
wēpnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wēpnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wēpnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēpnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wēpnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wēpnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wēpnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wēpnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēpnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēpnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēpnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wēpnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wēpnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēpnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wēpnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wēpnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wēpnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēpnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wēpnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wēpnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wēpnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wēpnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēpnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wēpnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wēpnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wēpnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wēpnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wēpnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wēpnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēpnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēpnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēpnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēpnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēpnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēpnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēpnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēpnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēpnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēpnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēpnijandz (active participle present)
wēpnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wāpnijan
Old Saxon: *wāpanian
Middle Low German: wēpenen
Old Dutch: *wāpanen (could be from *wēpnōną instead)
Middle Dutch: wāpenen
Dutch: wapenen
Old High German: wāfanen
Middle High German: wæfenen, weffenen

Old Norse: væpna

Icelandic: væpna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: væpne

Norwegian Nynorsk: væpne, væpna

Old Swedish: vǣpna

Swedish: väpna

Danish: væbne


wēpnōną

wēpnō (active first-person indicative singular)
wēpnǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wēpnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wēpnōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnō (active imperative second-person singular)
wēpnōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wēpnōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wēpnō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēpnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wēpnōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wēpnōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wēpnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wēpnōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēpnōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēpnōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēpnōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wēpnōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wēpnōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēpnōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wēpnōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wēpnōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wēpnōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēpnōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wēpnōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wēpnōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wēpnōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wēpnōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēpnōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wēpnōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wēpnōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wēpnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wēpnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wēpnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wēpnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wēpnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wēpnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wēpnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wēpnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wēpnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wēpnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wēpnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wēpnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wēpnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wēpnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wēpnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wēpnōndz (active participle present)
wēpnōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāpnōn
Old English: wǣpnian
Middle English: wepnen
English: weapon
Old Frisian: wēpenia
Old Saxon: *wāpanōn
Middle Low German: wāpenen
→ Middle High German: wâpenen, wōpenen
German: wappnen
Old Dutch: *wāpanon (could be from *wēpnijaną instead)
Middle Dutch: wâpenen
Dutch: wapenen
Old High German: wāfanōn
Middle High German: wāfenen
German: waffnen

Old Norse: vápna

Icelandic: vopna


haglą

haglą (nominative singular)
haglō (nominative plural)
haglą (singular vocative)
haglō (plural vocative)
haglą (accusative singular)
haglō (accusative plural)
haglas (genitive singular)
haglis (genitive singular)
haglǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haglai (dative singular)
haglamaz (dative plural)
haglō (instrumental singular)
haglamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: hagl

Icelandic: hagl

Faroese: hagl, høgl, heglingur

Norwegian: hagl

Old Swedish: haghl

Swedish: hagel

Old Danish: haghæl

Danish: hagl, hagel, havl

Gutnish: hagel

Unknown. Traditionally compared to Ancient Greek κόχλαξ (kókhlax), κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble(s), small stone(s), gravel (in a riverbed)”) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (“pebble”). Beekes instead asserts that the Greek is of substrate origin, on the basis of its irregular variation and the suffix -ακ- (-ak-). Alternatively, *haglaz may be:
* From pre-Germanic *ḱo-ḱl(h₁)-ó-m, similar to *hehlǭ (“hoarfrost”), from a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *ḱel(h₁)- (“cold”), thus similar in formation to Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold; hoarfrost”) (perhaps from *ḱí-ḱl̥h₁-o-).
* Derived from a verb *hag(g)ōną (“to torment, agonize”), in view of the Faroese meaning “pain, inconvenience”.
Attested as haal in the Codex Vindobonensis, despite all of the other names preserving -z, so in Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌻 was the name of 𐌷 (compare daaz for dags)

cog

(Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᚺ,ᚻ (h)


twiznaz

twiznaz (nominative singular)
twiznōz (nominative plural)
twiznōs (nominative plural)
twizn (singular vocative)
twiznōz (plural vocative)
twiznōs (plural vocative)
twizną (accusative singular)
twiznanz (accusative plural)
twiznas (genitive singular)
twiznis (genitive singular)
twiznǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twiznai (dative singular)
twiznamaz (dative plural)
twiznō (instrumental singular)
twiznamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *twiʀn
Old English: twīn, *twirn, *tweorn
Middle English: twine, twyne, twin, twern, *twire, *twir
Scots: twyn, twine
English: twine, twire
Old Frisian: *twīn
Saterland Frisian: Twien
West Frisian: twyn
Old Saxon: *twirn
Middle Low German: twern, twerne, twērne
German Low German: Tweern, Tweernt
Old Dutch: *twīn, *twirn
Middle Dutch: twern, tweren, twaern, twijn
Dutch: tweern, twijn
Old High German: *zwirn
Middle High German: zwirn
German: Zwirn
Hunsrik: Zwern
Luxembourgish: Zwir

Old Norse: tvinni (< *twiznô < *twiznāną)

Icelandic: tvinni

From Proto-Indo-European *dwis-nó-s (“double”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, in two”) + *-nós. Equivalent to *twiz- + *-anaz.