Hrōþiberhtaz

Hrōþiberhtaz (nominative singular)
Hrōþiberht (singular vocative)
Hrōþiberhtą (accusative singular)
Hrōþiberhtai (dative singular)
Hrōþiberhtō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Hrōþiberht

Old English: Hrōþberht, Hrōdberht

Old High German: Hruodperht

Middle High German: Ruoperht, Ruopreht

German: Rupert, Ruprecht

→ Dutch: Robrecht

→ English: Rupert

→ Latin: Robertus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: Hróbjartr

Icelandic: Hróbjartur

Faroese: Róðbjartur

From *hrōþiz (“fame”) + *berhtaz (“bright, shining”).


drūgiz

drūgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
drūgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
drūgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
drūgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
drūgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
drūgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
drūgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
drūgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
drūgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
drūgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
drūgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
drūgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
drūgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
drūgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
drūgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
drūgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
drūgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
drūgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
drūgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
drūgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
drūgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
drūgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
drūgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
drūgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
drūgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
drūgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
drūgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
drūgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
drūgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
drūgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
drūgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
drūgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
drūgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
drūgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
drūgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
drūgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
drūgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
drūgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
drūgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
drūgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
drūgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
drūgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
drūgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
drūgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
drūgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
drūgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
drūgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
drūgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
drūgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
drūgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
drūgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
drūgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
drūgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
drūgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
drūgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
drūgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
drūgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
drūgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
drūgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
drūgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
drūgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
drūgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drūgī
Old English: drȳġe, drīġe (or < *draugī)
Middle English: drye, drie, dri, drige, dryge, drüȝe
English: dry
Scots: dry, drey
Old Frisian: *drūge, *drēge, *drūch;
North Frisian: drüg, driig
Saterland Frisian: druuch
Old Saxon: *drūgi
Middle Low German: drûge, drüge
Old Dutch: *drūgi
Middle Dutch: drughe, drueghe
Limburgish: druug
Old High German: *drūgi (northern, attested as drūgon (dat.pl.))
Middle High German: trǖge, drǖge
Central Franconian: drüch, dreich, drei
Luxembourgish: dréchen (merged with *drukn)
East Central German: treiche
German: treuge (obsolete)

Possible vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested *drugijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti, from *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


ūdarą

ūdarą (nominative singular)
ūdarō (nominative plural)
ūdarą (singular vocative)
ūdarō (plural vocative)
ūdarą (accusative singular)
ūdarō (accusative plural)
ūdaras (genitive singular)
ūdaris (genitive singular)
ūdarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ūdarai (dative singular)
ūdaramaz (dative plural)
ūdarō (instrumental singular)
ūdaramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ūder

Middle English: udder, uddyr, iddyr

English: udder

Scots: udder, uther, ether

Old Frisian: ūder, jāder

desc

Saterland Frisian: Jadder, Jader (Skäddel, Strukelje)

West Frisian: jaar

Old Saxon: ūder, ioder, ieder, geder

Middle Low German: ûder, jeder

German Low German: Jüdder, Jidder, Jadder

Dutch Low Saxon:

→ Dutch: jadder

Old Dutch: *ūdar

Middle Dutch: uder, uyder, uider

Dutch: uier

Afrikaans: uier

desctree

Old High German: ūter, ūtar, ūtaro, ūtiro
Middle High German: ūter, iuter
Cimbrian: autar
German: Euter
Luxembourgish: Auder

Old Norse: *júðr, júgr, júr (< *eudur)

Icelandic: júgur

Faroese: júgur

Norwegian: jur

Old Swedish: iūgher, iūver

Swedish: juver

Old Danish: *iūghær

Danish: yver

Elfdalian: juor

Gutnish: jaur

Scanian: ýr

→ Middle English: ȝowre

→ Scots: ure, ewer

→ English: ewer, yure (dialectal)

/ˈuː.ðɑ.rɑ̃/

Thematicized variant of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ówHdʰr̥ (“udder”). Cognate with Latin ūber.


hammō

hammō (nominative singular)
hammôz (nominative plural)
hammō (singular vocative)
hammôz (plural vocative)
hammǭ (accusative singular)
hammōz (accusative plural)
hammōz (genitive singular)
hammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hammōi (dative singular)
hammōmaz (dative plural)
hammō (instrumental singular)
hammōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hamm, ham, hom
Middle English: hamme
English: ham
Scots: hamb, ham

Old Saxon: *hama, *hamma

desc

Middle Low German: ham, hame, hamme, amme

Old Dutch: *hama, *hamma

Middle Dutch: hame, hamme

Dutch: ham

Old High German: hama, hamma

Middle High German: hamme

Alemannic German: Hamme

German: Hamme

Luxembourgish: Ham

desctree

Old Norse: hǫm
Icelandic: höm
Norwegian Bokmål: homme
Swedish: hamboge
Danish: hambugt

Uncertain. Perhaps from earlier *hanmō, from Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂méh₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *kónh₂m (“leg”), and thus cognate with Old Irish cnáim (“bone”) and Ancient Greek κνήμη (knḗmē, “tibia”).


glawwaz

*glawwaz (a-stem)

glawwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
glawwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
glawwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
glawwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
glawwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
glawwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
glawwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
glawwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
glawwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
glawwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
glawwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
glawwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
glawwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
glawwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
glawwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
glawwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
glawwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
glawwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
glawwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
glawwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
glawwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
glawwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
glawwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
glawwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
glawwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
glawwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
glawwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
glawwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
glawwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
glawwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
glawwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
glawwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
glawwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
glawwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
glawwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
glawwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
glawwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
glawwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
glawwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
glawwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
glawwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
glawwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
glawwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
glawwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
glawwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
glawwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
glawwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
glawwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
glawwini (dative masculine singular weak)
glawwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
glawwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
glawwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
glawwini (dative neuter singular weak)
glawwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
glawwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
glawwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
glawwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
glawwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
glawwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
glawwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *glauw
Old English: glēaw
Middle English: gleaw, glæu, gleu, glew
Old Saxon: glau
Old Dutch: *glao
Dutch: glouw, glooi (dialectal)
Old High German: glou, glau, klau
Middle High German: *glou (in glouheit)
German: glau (dialectal)

Old Norse: glǫggr, gløggr

Icelandic: glöggur

Faroese: gløggur

Norwegian Nynorsk: gløgg

Norwegian Bokmål: gløgg

→ Middle English: gleg

Scots: gleg

desc

Gothic: *𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (*glaggws), *𐌲𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌿𐍃 (*glaggus) (in derivatives)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰlewH- (“clear, sharp”); cognate with Old Irish gluair (“clear, clean”) and perhaps *glūnēn- (“to peer”), whence dialectal Swedish gluna (“to stare, peer”) and Latvian glũnêt (“to lour”).


maiską

maiską (nominative singular)
maiskō (nominative plural)
maiską (singular vocative)
maiskō (plural vocative)
maiską (accusative singular)
maiskō (accusative plural)
maiskas (genitive singular)
maiskis (genitive singular)
maiskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maiskai (dative singular)
maiskamaz (dative plural)
maiskō (instrumental singular)
maiskamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: māsc

English: mash

Old Saxon: mēsk

Middle Low German: mēsch

→ Swedish: mäsk

Old High German: meisk

Middle High German: meisch

German: Maisch

From earlier *maihską, from Proto-Indo-European *moiḱ-sḱ-o/eh₂-, from *meyḱ- (“mix”).


spadô

spadô (nominative singular)
spadaniz (nominative plural)
spadô (singular vocative)
spadaniz (plural vocative)
spadanų (accusative singular)
spadanunz (accusative plural)
spadiniz (genitive singular)
spadanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spadini (dative singular)
spadammaz (dative plural)
spadinē (instrumental singular)
spadammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: spada

Middle English: spade

Scots: spade, spaid

desctree

English: spade
→ Scottish Gaelic: spaid
→ Fiji Hindi: sipi

→ Irish: spád, spáid

Old Frisian: spada

North Frisian: spade

Saterland Frisian: Spoade

West Frisian: *spa, *spar (in stikelspa, stikelspar)

Old Saxon: spado

Middle Low German: spāde

German Low German: Spaa

Old Dutch: *spado

Middle Dutch: spade

Dutch: spade, spa

Old High German: *spato (possibly)

i

Middle High German: spade, spate (rare or northern word, possibly from Old Saxon)

German: Spaten

Luxembourgish: Spuet

Old Norse: spaði; járnspaði (possibly from Low German)

Icelandic: spaði

Faroese: spaði

Norwegian: spade

Old Swedish: spadhi

Swedish: spade

Danish: spade

From Proto-Indo-European *sph₂-dʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”), Hittite [script needed] (išpatar, “spear”).


spōlǭ

spōlǭ (nominative singular)
spōlōniz (nominative plural)
spōlǭ (singular vocative)
spōlōniz (plural vocative)
spōlōnų (accusative singular)
spōlōnunz (accusative plural)
spōlōniz (genitive singular)
spōlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spōlōni (dative singular)
spōlōmaz (dative plural)
spōlōnē (instrumental singular)
spōlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *spōle

Middle English: spole (also possibly from Dutch)

Scots: spule, spuil

English: spool

Old Frisian: *spōle

Saterland Frisian: Spoule

West Frisian: spoel

Old Saxon: spōla

Middle Low German: spōle

German Low German: Spool

Plautdietsch: Spool

Old Dutch: *spuola, *spōla

Middle Dutch: spoele

Dutch: spoel

→ Old French: spole, espole

French: espole, espoule; espolin

→ Italian: spola, spuola

→ Spanish: espolin

Old High German: spuola

Middle High German: spuole f

German: Spule

→ Polish: szpula

Luxembourgish: Spull

Yiddish: שפּול (shpul)

Old Norse: spóla

Icelandic: spóla

(Faroese: spóli m)

Norwegian: spole

Old Swedish: spōle m

Swedish: spole

Danish: spole

/ˈspɔː.lɔ̃ː/

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to split; cleave; rend; tear”).


Audawarduz

Audawarduz (nominative singular)
Audawardu (singular vocative)
Audawardų (accusative singular)
Audawardauz (genitive singular)
Audawardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Audawardu

Old English: Ēadweard

Middle English: Edward

English: Edward

→ Norwegian: Edvard

→ Swedish: Edvard

→ Danish: Edvard

→ Icelandic: Eðvarð

→ Faroese: Edvard (or possibly directly from English)

→ Old Norse: Játvarðr

Icelandic: Játvarður

Faroese: Jatvarður

Old Swedish: Jedvard

→ Old French: Edward

Middle French: Edward

French: Édouard

→ German: Eduard

→ Latin: Edwardus, Eduardus

Italian: Edoardo, Eduardo

Spanish: Eduardo

Portuguese: Eduardo

→ Irish: Éadbhard

Old Norse: Auðvarðr

Faroese: Eyðvarður

Norwegian: Audvard

From *audaz (“wealth, riches”) + *warduz (“guard”).


turbz

turbz (nominative singular)
turbiz (nominative plural)
turb (singular vocative)
turbiz (plural vocative)
turbų (accusative singular)
turbunz (accusative plural)
turbiz (genitive singular)
turbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turbi (dative singular)
turbumaz (dative plural)
turbē (instrumental singular)
turbumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *turb
Old English: turf f
Middle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe
English: turf
Scots: turr, truff
Yola: thrive
Old Frisian: turf
>? Saterland Frisian: Toarks
West Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *torf, turf m
Middle Low German: torf m
German Low German: Torf
→ German: Torf
Polish: torf
Portuguese: turfa
Russian: торф (torf)
→ Abkhaz: а-то́рф (a-tʼórf)
→ Armenian: տորֆ (torf)
→ Azerbaijani: torf
→ Georgian: ტორფი (ṭorpi)
→ Ossetian: торф (torf)
→ Old French: torbe
French: tourbe
→ Italian: torba
Old Dutch: *torf, *turf
Middle Dutch: turf, torf m
Dutch: turf m
Afrikaans: turf
>? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)

Old Norse: torf n, torfa f

Icelandic: torf n

Faroese: torv n

Norwegian:

Norwegian: torv n or m

Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f

Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f

Swedish: torv c, torva c

Danish: tørv c

→ Norman: torve f

→ Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”).
Don Ringe argues that the lack of a-mutation in Old High German shows that zurba must have originally been a consonant stem. In addition, Old English turf clearly shows a consonant-stem declension.
In many of the descendants, the noun was thematized early on enough to cause a-mutation in the descendant forms.


gaitīnaz

*gaitīnaz (a-stem)

gaitīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gaitīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gaitīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gaitīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gaitīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gaitīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gaitīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gaitīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gaitīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gaitīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gaitīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gaitīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gaitīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gaitīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gaitīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gaitīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gaitīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gaitīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gaitīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gaitīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gaitīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gaitīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gaitīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gaitīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gaitīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gaitīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gaitīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gaitīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gaitīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gaitīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gaitīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gaitīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gaitīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gaitīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gaitīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gaitīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gaitīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gaitīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gaitīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gaitīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gaitīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gaitīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gaitīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gaitīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gaitīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gaitīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gaitīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gaitīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gaitīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
gaitīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gaitīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gaitīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gaitīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
gaitīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gaitīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gaitīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gaitīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gaitīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gaitīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gaitīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaitīn
Old English: gǣten
Middle English: *geten, *gaiten, *goten
English: goaten (vowel restored by analogy)
Old High German: geizīn
Middle High German: geizīn
German: geißen

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽 (gaitein) (< *gaitīną)

From *gaits + *-īnaz. Cognate with Latin haedīnus.

Of or relating to goats; goatlike; caprine


sparōną

sparō (active first-person indicative singular)
sparǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sparōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sparōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparō (active imperative second-person singular)
sparōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sparōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sparōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sparō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sparōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sparōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sparōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sparōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sparōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sparōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sparōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sparōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sparōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sparōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sparōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sparōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sparōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sparōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sparōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sparōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sparōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sparōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sparōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sparōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sparōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sparōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sparōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sparōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sparōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sparōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sparōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sparōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sparōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sparōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sparōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sparōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sparōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sparōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sparōndz (active participle present)
sparōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)


funsijaną

funsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
funsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
funsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
funsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
funsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
funsī (active imperative second-person singular)
funsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
funsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
funsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
funsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
funsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
funsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
funsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
funsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
funsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
funsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
funsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
funsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
funsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
funsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
funsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
funsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
funsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
funsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
funsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
funsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
funsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
funsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
funsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
funsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
funsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
funsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
funsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
funsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
funsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
funsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
funsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
funsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
funsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
funsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
funsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
funsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
funsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
funsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
funsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
funsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
funsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
funsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
funsijandz (active participle present)
funsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *funsijan
Old English: fȳsan, fȳsian, fēsan, fēsian — Anglian
Middle English: füsen, fesen (with unexpected /ɛː/)
English: feeze, fease, faze
Scots: faize
Old Saxon: fūsian

Old Norse: fýsa

Icelandic: fýsa

Faroese: fýsa

Norwegian Nynorsk: fysa

Norwegian Bokmål: fyse

From *funsaz (“ready, willing”) + *-janą.

to predispose; make favourable; make ready


tibǭ

tibǭ (nominative singular)
tibōniz (nominative plural)
tibǭ (singular vocative)
tibōniz (plural vocative)
tibōnų (accusative singular)
tibōnunz (accusative plural)
tibōniz (genitive singular)
tibōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tibōni (dative singular)
tibōmaz (dative plural)
tibōnē (instrumental singular)
tibōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tibā
Old English: tife
Old Frisian: *tive, *teve
Saterland Frisian: Tieuwe
Old Saxon: *tiva
Middle Low German: teve, tiffe
German Low German: Teve, Teev, Tiff
→ Old Norse: tefja
Danish: tæve
Swedish: täva; (täfsa (dialectal))
Old Dutch: *tiva
Middle Dutch: tēve
Dutch: teef
Afrikaans: teef
→ West Frisian: teef
>? Old High German: *zibba
>? Middle High German: *zibbe, *zippe
>? German: Zibbe, Zippe (attetsted 19th c.)

Unknown. Perhaps related to the root of Old Norse tík (“bitch”). A geminate byform *tibbǭ gave German dialectal Zippe, Zibbe (“ewe; doe (hare, rabbit)”), Icelandic tebba (“vixen”), and possibly English tib (“working-class woman”).


tigulǭ

tigulǭ (nominative singular)
tigulōniz (nominative plural)
tigulǭ (singular vocative)
tigulōniz (plural vocative)
tigulōnų (accusative singular)
tigulōnunz (accusative plural)
tigulōniz (genitive singular)
tigulōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tigulōni (dative singular)
tigulōmaz (dative plural)
tigulōnē (instrumental singular)
tigulōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tigulā
Old English: tigele, tigule, tigle, tiegle, tighele, tygele
Middle English: tigel, tighele, teghell, teȝele, tiȝel, tyle, tile
English: tile (see there for further descendants)
Scots: tyl, tild
Old Frisian: *tigel, *tichel
Saterland Frisian: Tichel
West Frisian: tichel, tegel, teil (possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: tiegla
Middle Low German: tēgel, tichel
German Low German: Tichel
Plautdietsch: Tieejel
Old Dutch: tegela
Middle Dutch: tigele, tegel, tichel
Dutch: tegel, tichel
Afrikaans: teël
Old High German: ziagala, ziagal
Middle High German: ziegel
German: Ziegel
→ Serbo-Croatian: cígla
Hunsrik: Zieghel
Luxembourgish: Zill
→ Czech: cihla
→ Polish: cegła
→ Belarusian: цэ́гла (céhla)
→ Ukrainian: це́гла (céhla)

Old Norse: tigl

Icelandic: tigl

Faroese: tigul

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: tigl, tegl; (dialectal) tægl

Old Swedish: tighl

Swedish: tegel

→ Finnish: tiili

Danish: tegl

Norwegian Bokmål: tegl

Gutnish: tigel, tigul


sparāną

sparō (active first-person indicative singular)
sparaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sparai (active imperative second-person singular)
sparāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sparaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sparāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sparāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sparōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sparāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sparāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sparānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sparaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sparaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sparānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sparānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sparānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sparānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sparadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sparadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sparadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sparadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sparadē (active indicative singular third-person)
sparadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sparadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sparadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sparadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sparadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sparadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sparadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sparadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sparadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sparadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sparadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sparāndz (active participle present)
sparadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sparēn
Old English: sparian
Middle English: sparien, sparen
Scots: spar, spair
English: spare
Old Frisian: sparia, spara
Saterland Frisian: spoarje
West Frisian: sparje
Old Saxon: sparōn
Middle Low German: sparen
German Low German: sparen
Old Dutch: *sparon
Middle Dutch: spāren
Dutch: sparen
Afrikaans: spaar
Negerhollands: spaar, spaer
→ Caribbean Javanese: separ, nyepar
→ Papiamentu: spar, spaar
Old High German: sparēn, sparōn
Middle High German: sparn
German: sparen
Yiddish: שפּאָרן (shporn)
Esperanto: ŝpari
Luxembourgish: spueren
→ Vulgar Latin: sparāniō (attested in the Reichenau Glossary)
Italo-Romance:
Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià
Neapolitan: sparagnà
Sicilian: sparagnari
Padanian:
Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier
Lombard: spargnar, sparmir
Piedmontese: spargné
Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear
Northern Gallo-Romance:
Franc-Comtois: éparmaî
Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar
Valdôtain: éparmir
Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer
⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer
Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner
French: épargner
Walloon: spârgnî
Southern Gallo-Romance:
Occitan: esparnhar

Old Norse: spara

Icelandic: spara

Faroese: spara

Norwegian Nynorsk: spara

Old Swedish: spara

Swedish: spara

Danish: spare

Norwegian Bokmål: spare

From *sparaz (“sparing, frugal”) + *-āną

to be thrifty; be conservative; be sparing


sōkniz

sōkniz (nominative singular)
sōknīz (nominative plural)
sōkni (singular vocative)
sōknīz (plural vocative)
sōknį (accusative singular)
sōkninz (accusative plural)
sōknīz (genitive singular)
sōknijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sōknī (dative singular)
sōknimaz (dative plural)
sōknī (instrumental singular)
sōknimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sōkni

Old English: sōcn, sōcen
Middle English: soken
English: soken
→ Medieval Latin: sōca
Old French: soc
⇒ Old French: socage
→ Middle English: sokage
English: socage
→ Middle English: soke

gl

dissimilated from Old Saxon <i class="Latn mention" lang="osx">*sōkni</i> ?

>? Old Saxon: *sōki (dissimilated from Old Saxon *sōkni ?)

Middle Low German: souke, sö̂ke

German Low German: Söke, Söök

desc

Old High German: sōhnī, suohnī, suohhinī, suochinī

⇒ Old High German: ursōhnī, ursuohnī, ursuohhinī

⇒ Old High German: ursuohhinōn, ursuochinōn, ursuohhanōn, ursuochanōn

gl

dissimilated from Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">suohhnī</i> ?

>? Old High German: suohhī, suochī (dissimilated from Old High German suohhnī ?)

merged with descendant of Old High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="goh">suohha</i>

Middle High German: suoche (merged with descendant of Old High German suohha)

German: Suche

Old Norse: sókn

Icelandic: sókn

Faroese: sókn

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: sokn, sogn

Norwegian Nynorsk: sokn

Old Swedish: sōkn

Swedish: socken

Old Danish: sōkn

Danish: sogn

Elfdalian: sokken

Jamtish: sókn

Gutnish: sokken

Scanian: sóğn

Gothic: 𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌽𐍃 (sōkns)

From *sōkijaną (“to seek, look for; to dispute”) + *-niz.

af

investigation; probe; examination; inquiry

dispute; quarrel; contest; struggle; fight


hwatjaną

hwatjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwatjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwatjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwatisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwatjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwati (active imperative second-person singular)
hwatjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwatjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwatiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwatjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwatjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwatjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwatjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwatjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwatjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwatjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwatjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwatjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwatjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwatjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwatjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwatjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwatiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwatjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwatiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwatjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwatjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwatjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwatjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwatjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwatjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwatjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwatidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwatidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwatidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwatidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwatidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwatidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwatidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwatidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwatidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwatidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwatidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwatidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwatidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwatidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwatidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwatidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwatjandz (active participle present)
hwatidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwattjan
Old English: hwettan
Middle English: whetten, qwete, whett, whette, whettyn, whætte (Early Middle English)
English: whet
Scots: what
Yola: what
Old Frisian: *hwetta; *hwettia
Saterland Frisian: wätje
West Frisian: hwetsje, hotsje
Old Saxon: *hwettian
Middle Low German: wetten
German Low German: wetten
Old Dutch: *wetten
Middle Dutch: wetten
Dutch: wetten
Old High German: hwezzen, wezzen
Middle High German: wetzen
Cimbrian: bétzan
German: wetzen

Old Norse: hvetja

Icelandic: hvetja

Faroese: hvøtja

Norwegian: kvetja

Old Swedish: hvætia

Swedish: vättja, hvättja (dialectal)

Danish: hvæde, hvætte (dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍈𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaƕatjan)

From *hwataz (“quick, sharp, brave”) + *-janą.


habą

habą (nominative singular)
habō (nominative plural)
habą (singular vocative)
habō (plural vocative)
habą (accusative singular)
habō (accusative plural)
habas (genitive singular)
habis (genitive singular)
habǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habai (dative singular)
habamaz (dative plural)
habō (instrumental singular)
habamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hab

Old English: hæf, heaf

Old Frisian: *haf, hef

North Frisian: haf, haft, heef

Old Saxon: *haf

Middle Low German: haf

German Low German: Haff

desctree

→ German: Haff
→ Dutch: haf
→ Polish: haf

Old Dutch: haf

Old High German: *hab

Middle High German: hap (genitive: habes)

Old Norse: haf

Icelandic: haf

Faroese: hav

Norn: hav

Norwegian: hav

Old Swedish: haf

Swedish: hav

Danish: hav

Gutnish: hav, av

→ Scots: haaf

→ English: haaf

→ Proto-Samic: *āpē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“to seize; take up; lift”).


habą

Proto-West Germanic: *hab

Old English: *haf, *hæf

desc

⇒? Middle English: haftre (“support beam”)

Old High German: *hab

⇒ Old High German: urhab n or m

Middle High German: urhap

German: Urhab

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *habattjan

>? Old English: hafettan

⇒? Old English: hafetian

gl

⇒? Old English: *hafu (possibly a back-formation from the neuter plural)

⇒ Old English: *āhafu

⇒ Old English: ūpāhafu

Old Norse: *haf

desctree

⇒ Old Norse: upphaf
Icelandic: upphaf
Faroese: upphav
Norwegian Nynorsk: opphav, upphav (until 1938)
Old Danish: ophav
Danish: ophav
Norwegian Bokmål: opphav
Old Swedish: uphof
Swedish: upphov, upphof (until 1906)


telguz

telguz (nominative singular)
tilgiwiz (nominative plural)
telgu (singular vocative)
tilgiwiz (plural vocative)
telgų (accusative singular)
telgunz (accusative plural)
telgauz (genitive singular)
tilgiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tilgiwi (dative singular)
telgumaz (dative plural)
telgū (instrumental singular)
telgumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *telgu

Old English: telga; telġe

Middle English: *telȝe, *tilȝe, *telwe, *tilwe

English: tillow

Old Frisian: *telch; *telge

Saterland Frisian: Teelge, Tälge

West Frisian: telch

Old Saxon: *telgo

Middle Low German: telge, telch

German Low German: Telg

Old Dutch: telg (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: telch
Dutch: telg
Afrikaans: telg

Old High German: zelga

Middle High German: zëlge, zëlch

German: Zelge

Old Norse: tjalga; tollurr; tjalgr

Icelandic: tjálgur

From Proto-Indo-European *delh₁gʰ- (“to split; carve; hew”).


Þeudōbalþaz

Þeudōbalþaz (nominative singular)
Þeudōbalþ (singular vocative)
Þeudōbalþą (accusative singular)
Þeudōbalþas (genitive singular)
Þeudōbalþis (genitive singular)
Þeudōbalþai (dative singular)
Þeudōbalþō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeudubalþ

Old English: Þēodbald

English: Theobald

→ Latin: Theobaldus

Old French: Tibaut

French: Thibault

→ German: Thibaut

Italian: Teobaldo

Spanish: Teobaldo

Old High German: Theudobald, Dietbald

Old Norse:

Norwegian: Teovald

/ˈθeu̯.ðɔː.ˌbɑl.θɑz/

From *þeudō (“people, nation”) + *balþaz (“strong, bold”).


Þeudōberhtaz

Þeudōberhtaz (nominative singular)
Þeudōberht (singular vocative)
Þeudōberhtą (accusative singular)
Þeudōberhtas (genitive singular)
Þeudōbirhtis (genitive singular)
Þeudōberhtai (dative singular)
Þeudōberhtō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Þeuduberht

Old English: *Þeodberht

desc

Old High German: *Diotberaht, *Diotberht

Middle High German: *Dietberht

German: Dietbert

→ Old French:

Middle French: Thibert

French: Thibert

→ Medieval Latin: Theudebertus

→ English: Theudebert

→ German: Theudebert

Icelandic: Þjóðbjartur (recoined as a translation)

Visigothic/Suevic/Vandalic:

→ Late Latin: Theodibertus

Galician: Toiberde (place name)

From *þeudō (“people, nation”) + *berhtaz (“bright, shining”).


þiudijaz

*þiudijaz (ja-stem)

þiudijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þiudijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þiudijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þiudijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þiudiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þiudijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þiudijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þiudijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þiudijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þiudijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þiudiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þiudijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þiudijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
þiudijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þiudijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þiudijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þiudijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
þiudijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þiudijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þiudijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þiudijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þiudijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þiudijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þiudijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þiudijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þiudijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þiudijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þiudijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þiudijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þiudijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þiudijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þiudijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þiudijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þiudijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þiudijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þiudijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þiudijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þiudijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þiudijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þiudijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þiudijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þiudijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þiudīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þiudijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þiudijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þiudijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þiudīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þiudijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þiudīni (dative masculine singular weak)
þiudijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þiudijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þiudijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þiudīni (dative neuter singular weak)
þiudijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þiudīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þiudijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þiudijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þiudijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þiudīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þiudijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old Norse: þýðr
Icelandic: þýður
Faroese: týður
Norwegian Nynorsk: tyd
Norwegian Bokmål: ty

Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 (*þiuþs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þiuþjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌹𐌵𐌹𐍃𐍃 (þiuþiqiss)

From Proto-Indo-European *tewH-; related to Latin tueor, tūtus.
Alternatively, from *þeudō (“people, tribe”).


duniz

duniz (nominative singular)
dunīz (nominative plural)
duni (singular vocative)
dunīz (plural vocative)
dunį (accusative singular)
duninz (accusative plural)
dunīz (genitive singular)
dunjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dunī (dative singular)
dunimaz (dative plural)
dunī (instrumental singular)
dunimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *duni
Old English: dyne, dyn
Middle English: dune, dyne, dene, dine, dyn
Scots: dyn, din
English: dun, din
Old Saxon: *duni
Middle Low German: done, döne, don
Old Dutch: *duni
Middle Dutch: dōne, dōon, duene
Dutch: deun
⇒ Afrikaans: deuntjie
Old High German: tuni, (Central German) *duni
Middle High German: tōn, dōn, dōne, dœne (merged with a borrowing from Latin tonus)
German: Ton

Old Norse: dynr
Icelandic: dynur
Faroese: dynur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: dønn n
Norwegian Nynorsk: døn n, dønn n
Old Swedish: dyn
Swedish: dön n, dån n, don n
Danish: døn n

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰún-is, from *dʰwen- (“to roar; boom; resound”). Cognate with Sanskrit ध्वन् (dhvan, “sound”).


uzlaubijaną

uzlaubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzlaubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzlaubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzlaubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubī (active imperative second-person singular)
uzlaubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzlaubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzlaubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzlaubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzlaubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
uzlaubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzlaubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzlaubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzlaubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzlaubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzlaubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzlaubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzlaubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
uzlaubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
uzlaubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzlaubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzlaubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzlaubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzlaubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
uzlaubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
uzlaubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzlaubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
uzlaubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzlaubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzlaubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzlaubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzlaubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzlaubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzlaubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzlaubijandz (active participle present)
uzlaubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀlaubijan

desc

Old English: ālīefan, ālȳfan, ālēfan, ālīfan

(Middle English: leven)

Old Saxon: *irlōvian, *arlōvian, *alōvian

Middle Low German: erlȫven

Low German: erloven; erlauwen (Westphalian)

Old Dutch: *irlouven

Middle Dutch: *erloven; orloven (possibly a new creation)

Dutch: oorloven

⇒ Dutch: veroorloven

→ West Frisian: feroorloovje

Old High German: arlauben, erlaupen, arlouben, irlouben

Middle High German: erlouben

German: erlauben

→ Saterland Frisian: ärlaubje

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (uslaubjan)


mēdwō

mēdwō (nominative singular)
mēdwôz (nominative plural)
mēdwō (singular vocative)
mēdwôz (plural vocative)
mēdwǭ (accusative singular)
mēdwōz (accusative plural)
mēdwōz (genitive singular)
mēdwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēdwōi (dative singular)
mēdwōmaz (dative plural)
mēdwō (instrumental singular)
mēdwōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mādu, *madu
Old English: mǣd, mēd — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: mede, medwe
English: mead, meadow
Scots: meeda
Yola: mead
Old Frisian: mēde, mēd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: miad
Goesharde: mäid
Halligen: meed
Karrharde: meed
Wiedingharde: mäid- (in compounds such as mäidfjin)
East Frisian:
Harlingerland Frisian: meede, mehde
Saterland Frisian: Mäid
West Frisian: miede
→ Middle Low German: mede
German Low German: Meed, Mede
⇒ German Low German: Meedje
Old Dutch: *mada
Middle Dutch: mâde
Dutch: made
Old High German: *mata (< *madu)
Middle High German: matte, mate
Alemannic German: Matt
Alsatian: Matt, Matte
German: Matte

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂meh₁- (“to mow”) + *-dwō. Cognate with Latin metere (“to cut down; reap; mow”).


bērusjaz

bērusjaz (nominative singular)
bērusjōz (nominative plural)
bērusjōs (nominative plural)
bērusi (singular vocative)
bērusjōz (plural vocative)
bērusjōs (plural vocative)
bērusją (accusative singular)
bērusjanz (accusative plural)
bērusjas (genitive singular)
bērusis (genitive singular)
bērusjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bērusjai (dative singular)
bērusjamaz (dative plural)
bērusjō (instrumental singular)
bērusjamiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌱𐌴𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌾𐍉𐍃 (bērusjōs)

Derived from the feminine *bērusī or *bērusjō (“mother”), originally a perfect participle meaning "she who has borne".


skardą

skardą (nominative singular)
skardō (nominative plural)
skardą (singular vocative)
skardō (plural vocative)
skardą (accusative singular)
skardō (accusative plural)
skardas (genitive singular)
skardis (genitive singular)
skardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skardai (dative singular)
skardamaz (dative plural)
skardō (instrumental singular)
skardamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skard
Old English: sċeard
Middle English: scherd, scheard, scheord, scherde, schord, shard, sherd, sherde
English: shard, sherd
Scots: shaird
Yola: sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde
Old Frisian: skerd
Saterland Frisian: Skeed
West Frisian: schird, skurd
Old Saxon: *skard
Middle Low German: schart
German Low German: Schaarde
Old Dutch: *skard
Middle Dutch: scart, scaert, schaerde, scheerde
Dutch: schaarde
→ West Frisian: skaart
Old High German: scart; *skarti
Middle High German: scharte
German: Scharte
Luxembourgish: Schaart
→ Catalan: esquerda
→ Old French: escharde, escherde
Middle French: eschardre
French: écharde
→ Old Italian: scarda
⇒ Italian: scardare
→ Basque: eskarda

Old Norse: skarð

Icelandic: skarð

Faroese: skarð

Norwegian: skård

Old Swedish: skardh

Danish: skård, skår

→ Middle English: scarth


þiubiþō

þiubiþō (nominative singular)
þiubiþôz (nominative plural)
þiubiþō (singular vocative)
þiubiþôz (plural vocative)
þiubiþǭ (accusative singular)
þiubiþōz (accusative plural)
þiubiþōz (genitive singular)
þiubiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiubiþōi (dative singular)
þiubiþōmaz (dative plural)
þiubiþō (instrumental singular)
þiubiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þiubiþu
Old English: þīefþ
Middle English: thefte, theffte, theft, thifthe, þeefte, þeft, þeofþe, þeuft, þiefþe, þifte, þyefþe
English: theft
Scots: thift, theft
Old Frisian: thiuvethe, thiuvede, thiufthe, tiefte
Old Saxon: *thiuvitha
Middle Low German: dü̂vede, dêfte
Old Dutch: *thiuvitha
Middle Dutch: diefte
Dutch: diefte (dialectal)
Afrikaans: diefte
Old High German: *diubida
Middle High German: diubede
German: Diebde

Old Norse: þýfð, þýft

Icelandic: þýfð, þýft

Old Swedish: þyft, þiuft

Swedish: tjuft

/ˈθiu̯.βi.θɔː/

From *þeubaz (“thief”) + *-iþō, and/or *þiubijaną (“to thieve”) + *-iþō.

the state or condition of a thief; thiefdom


lunganjō

lunganjō (nominative singular)
lunganjôz (nominative plural)
lunganjō (singular vocative)
lunganjôz (plural vocative)
lunganjǭ (accusative singular)
lunganjōz (accusative plural)
lunganjōz (genitive singular)
lunganjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lunganjōi (dative singular)
lunganjōmaz (dative plural)
lunganjō (instrumental singular)
lunganjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lungen f

Middle English: lunge, longe

Scots: lung, long, loung

English: lung

Old Frisian: lungene, lungen f

Saterland Frisian: Lunge

West Frisian: longe, long

Old Saxon: lungannia

Middle Low German: lungene

Old Dutch: *lunganna

Middle Dutch: lungene, longene

desc

Old High German: lunganna, lungunna, lunginna, lungina, lungun


teugą

teugą (nominative singular)
teugō (nominative plural)
teugą (singular vocative)
teugō (plural vocative)
teugą (accusative singular)
teugō (accusative plural)
teugas (genitive singular)
tiugis (genitive singular)
teugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
teugai (dative singular)
teugamaz (dative plural)
teugō (instrumental singular)
teugamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *teug, *tiugi

Old English: *tēog, *tēoh; *tēoġe, *tīeġe

(Middle English: toye [also possibly from Dutch])

(English: toy)

⇒ Old English: ġetēog, ġetēoh

⇒ Old English: sulhġetēog, sulhġetēoh

Old Frisian: tiūch, tiōch

North Frisian: tjug

Saterland Frisian: Tjuuch

West Frisian: túch

Old Saxon: *tiug, *tiuh; gitiuh

Middle Low German: tü̂g, tü̂ch; getü̂ch

German Low German: Tüüg

desctree

→ Old Norse: tygi
Icelandic: tygi
Danish: tøj
→ Faroese: toy
Norwegian: tøy (Bokmål), tøy (Nynorsk) n
Swedish: tyg

Old Dutch: *tiug; *gitiug

Middle Dutch: tuych; ghetuych

Dutch: tuig; getuig

Afrikaans: tuig

→ Middle English: toye

English: toy

Old High German: ziug; giziug; giziugi

Middle High German: ziug, ziuc; giziuc

German: Zeug

Luxembourgish: Zäich

Yiddish: צײַג (tsayg); Yiddish: געצײַג (getsayg)

(collectively) tools; rigging; equipment; stuff


lungô

lungô (nominative singular)
lungōnō (nominative plural)
lungô (singular vocative)
lungōnō (plural vocative)
lungô (accusative singular)
lungōnō (accusative plural)
lunginiz (genitive singular)
lunganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lungini (dative singular)
lungammaz (dative plural)
lunginē (instrumental singular)
lungammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: lunga f;

Middle Low German: lunge

German Low German: Lunge, Lung

Plautdietsch: Lung

Old Dutch: *lunga

Middle Dutch: lunge

Dutch: long

Afrikaans: long

Old High German: lunga f;

Middle High German: lunge; lungel

Bavarian: Lung

German: Lunge; Lungel

Hunsrik: Lung

Luxembourgish: Long

Old Norse: lunga n

Icelandic: lunga n

Faroese: lunga n

Norn: lunga

Norwegian: lunge f or m

Old Swedish: lunga f

Swedish: lunga c

Danish: lunge c

Gutnish: lungge, lunggå

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁lengʷʰ- (“light in weight; nimble”).


hrīþō

hrīþō (nominative singular)
hrīþôz (nominative plural)
hrīþō (singular vocative)
hrīþôz (plural vocative)
hrīþǭ (accusative singular)
hrīþōz (accusative plural)
hrīþōz (genitive singular)
hrīþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīþōi (dative singular)
hrīþōmaz (dative plural)
hrīþō (instrumental singular)
hrīþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrīþ

Old Norse: hríð

Icelandic: hríð

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreyt- (“to wind; twist; bend”), from *(s)ker- (“to wind; twist; bend”).


ainagaz

*ainagaz (a-stem)

ainagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ainagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ainagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ainagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ainagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ainagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ainaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ainaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ainagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ainagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ainagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ainagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ainagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ainagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ainagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ainagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ainagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ainagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ainagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ainagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ainagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ainagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ainagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ainagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ainaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ainagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ainagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ainagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ainaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ainagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ainagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ainaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ainagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ainagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ainagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ainagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ainaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ainaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ainagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ainagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ainagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ainagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ainaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ainaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ainagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ainagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ainaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ainaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ainagini (dative masculine singular weak)
ainagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ainagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ainagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ainagini (dative neuter singular weak)
ainagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ainaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ainagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ainagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ainagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ainaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ainagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ainag
Old English: *āneġ, ǣneġ, āniġ, ǣniġ, āni (adj); ānga, ǣnga, ēnga, ǣnġe (adverb)
Middle English: aniȝ, eani, ony, eny, any
English: any
Scots: eny, ony, onie
Old Frisian: ēnig, ēnich, *ānig, ēng, āng
Saterland Frisian: enig
West Frisian: ienich
Old Saxon: ēnag, ēnig
Middle Low German: ênich
German Low German: enig
→ Danish: enig
→ Norwegian Bokmål: enig
Old Dutch: *einag, einigh
Middle Dutch: enech
Dutch: enig
Afrikaans: enig
Old High German: einag, einac; (einīg)
Middle High German: eineg, einec, einic
German: einig

Old Norse: einigr (adj); einga (adverb) (in compounds)

Icelandic: einigur

Faroese: einigur

Old Swedish: enigh

Swedish: enig

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍃 (ainahs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ainaga (see there for further descendants)

/ˈɑɪ̯.nɑ.ɣɑz/

From Proto-Indo-European *oynokós, equivalent to *ainaz + *-gaz. Cognate with Latin ūnicus.


hrunþaz

hrunþaz (nominative singular)
hrunþizō (nominative plural)
hrunþaz (singular vocative)
hrunþizō (plural vocative)
hrunþaz (accusative singular)
hrunþizō (accusative plural)
hrunþiziz (genitive singular)
hrunþizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrunþizi (dative singular)
hrunþizumaz (dative plural)
hrunþizē (instrumental singular)
hrunþizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrūþ; hrūþer, hrȳþer

Middle English: rither (coalesced with descendant of *hrinþaz); rether, reother, rother, ruther, rodder, rudder

English: rother

Old Frisian: hrēther, reder

North Frisian: redder

Saterland Frisian: Räier

Old Saxon: *hrunth, *hrund

Middle Low German: runt, ront

Old Dutch: *hrunth, *hrund, *rund

Middle Dutch: runt, ront

Dutch: rund

Afrikaans: rund

Zero-grade variant of *hrinþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“summit; peak; top; head; horn”).

der

A horned beast, as in a neat or ox (alternative form of *hrinþaz)


hrinþaz

hrinþaz (nominative singular)
hrinþizō (nominative plural)
hrinþaz (singular vocative)
hrinþizō (plural vocative)
hrinþaz (accusative singular)
hrinþizō (accusative plural)
hrinþiziz (genitive singular)
hrinþizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrinþizi (dative singular)
hrinþizumaz (dative plural)
hrinþizē (instrumental singular)
hrinþizumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrinþ
Old English: hrīþ (< nom.sg.), hrīþer (< nom.pl.)
Middle English: rother, reother, rither, rether
English: rother
Old Frisian: hrīther, hrēther, hrinder (< nom.pl.)
North Frisian: ridder, redder
Saterland Frisian: Räier
West Frisian: rier
Old Saxon: hrīth, *hrind
Middle Low German: rint
Low German: Rind
Old Dutch: hrind, rind
Middle Dutch: rint, rent
Dutch: rind, rend, rund (merged with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *hrunþ, from Proto-Germanic *hrunþaz)
West Flemish: rend
Old High German: rind, hrind
Middle High German: rint
Alemannic German: Rind
Central Franconian: Rend, Renk (native in most of Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects), Rond, Rönd (Eifel)
German: Rind
Hunsrik: Rind
Luxembourgish: Rand
Vilamovian: rynd

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥t-és-s, from the root *ḱer- (“head; horn”).


hnītaną

hnītō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hnītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnīt (active imperative second-person singular)
hnītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hnītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hnītid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnītid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnait (active first-person indicative singular)
hnitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaist (active indicative second-person singular)
hnitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnait (active indicative singular third-person)
hnitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnitū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnitum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnitud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnitun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnītandz (active participle present)
hnitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hnītan
Old English: hnītan
Middle English: *niten, *nyten
Scots: noit, knoit, note
→ English: note
Old Frisian: *hnīta
⇒ West Frisian: nytsje
Old Saxon: *hnītan
Middle Low German: nîten
German Low German: nieten
→ German: nieten
→ Danish: nitte
⇒ Old Saxon: ofhnītan
Old Dutch: *nītan
Middle Dutch: *niten
Dutch: nijten (dialectal)

Old Norse: hníta
Icelandic: hníta
Norwegian Nynorsk: nita, nite
Swedish: nita

From Proto-Indo-European *kneyd-, from *ken- (“to scratch; scrape; rub”).


furdiz

furdiz (nominative singular)
furdīz (nominative plural)
furdi (singular vocative)
furdīz (plural vocative)
furdį (accusative singular)
furdinz (accusative plural)
furdīz (genitive singular)
furdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furdī (dative singular)
furdimaz (dative plural)
furdī (instrumental singular)
furdimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (*faurds), 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gafaurds)

From pre-Germanic *pr̥tís, a ti-stem formation to a lost strong verb *feraną (“to cross, come to a place”), compare *fēriz.

a crossing, going across, coming to a place


plakjō

plakjō (nominative singular)
plakjôz (nominative plural)
plakjō (singular vocative)
plakjôz (plural vocative)
plakjǭ (accusative singular)
plakjōz (accusative plural)
plakjōz (genitive singular)
plakjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
plakjōi (dative singular)
plakjōmaz (dative plural)
plakjō (instrumental singular)
plakjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *plakkju
Old English: *plæċċ
Middle English: *placche, plecche
⇒? Middle English: pacche
English: patch
>? Middle English: placche (attested in plural as placchis (“splinters, fragments, pieces”))
Old Frisian: *plekk
Saterland Frisian: Pläk
West Frisian: plak, plek (also possibly a borrowing from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *plekkia
Middle Low German: plecke
Old Dutch: *plekka
Middle Dutch: plecke, pleecke, pleke
Dutch: plek
→ Middle English: plecke
English: pleck

Unknown. Perhaps of non-Indo-European substrate origin due to the rarity of Indo-European *b > Germanic *p.


sīką

sīką (nominative singular)
sīkō (nominative plural)
sīką (singular vocative)
sīkō (plural vocative)
sīką (accusative singular)
sīkō (accusative plural)
sīkas (genitive singular)
sīkis (genitive singular)
sīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīkai (dative singular)
sīkamaz (dative plural)
sīkō (instrumental singular)
sīkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīk
Old English: sīċ
Middle English: sych, syk, syke
English: sitch, sike
Scots: sike, syke
Old Saxon: *sīk
Middle Low German: sīk
German Low German: Sieker
⇒ Old High German: gisīch

Old Norse: sík

Icelandic: sík; síki

Norwegian: sik; sike

Swedish: sik

→ Middle English: sike, syke

Scots: syke

English: sike

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *seygʷ-, variant of *seykʷ- (“to pour out; gush; stream; flow; trickle”) (whence *sīhwaną (“to percolate, filter”) and *saiwiz (“sea”)), from *sey- (“to be wet; dribble; run”), but the delabialization would be unexpected.


unwerþaz

*unwerþaz (a-stem)

unwerþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unwerþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unwerþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unwerþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unwerþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unwerþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unwerþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unwerþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unwerþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unwerþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unwerþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unwerþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unwerþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unwerþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unwerþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unwerþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unwerþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unwerþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unwerþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unwerþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unwerþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unwerþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unwerþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unwerþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unwerþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unwerþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unwerþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unwerþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unwerþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unwerþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unwerþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unwerþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unwerþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unwerþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unwerþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unwerþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unwerþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unwerþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unwerþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unwerþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unwerþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unwerþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unwerþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unwerþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unwerþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unwerþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unwerþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unwerþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unwerþini (dative masculine singular weak)
unwerþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unwerþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unwerþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unwerþini (dative neuter singular weak)
unwerþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unwerþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unwerþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unwerþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unwerþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unwerþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unwerþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *unwerþ

Old English: unweorþ; unwierþe, unwyrþe

Middle English: unwurth, unworth; unwurthe

English: unworth; (unworthy)

Old Saxon: *unwerth

Middle Low German: unwert, unwērt

German Low German: unweert

Old Dutch: *unwerth

Middle Dutch: onwert, onweert, onwaert

Dutch: onwaard

Old High German: unwerd

Middle High German: unwërt

German: unwert

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (unwairþs)


hwōpaną

hwōpō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwōpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwōpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwōpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwōpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōp (active imperative second-person singular)
hwōpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwōpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwōpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwōpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwōpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwōpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwōpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwōpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwōpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwōpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwōpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwōpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwōpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwōpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwōpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwōpid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwōpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōpid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwōpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwōpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwōpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwōpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwōpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwōpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōp (active first-person indicative singular)
hwehwōpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōft (active indicative second-person singular)
hwehwōpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwehwōp (active indicative singular third-person)
hwehwōpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwehwōpū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwehwōpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwehwōpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwehwōpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōpum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwehwōpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwehwōpud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwehwōpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwehwōpun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwehwōpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwōpandz (active participle present)
hwōpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: hwōpan

Middle English: whopen

English: whoop

Gothic: 𐍈𐍉𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ƕōpan)

/ˈxʷɔː.pɑ.nɑ̃/


hnukāną

hnukō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnukaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnukai (active imperative second-person singular)
hnukāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnukaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnukāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnukāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnukōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hnukāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnukāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnukāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnukānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnukaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hnukaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hnukānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnukānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnukānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnukānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnukadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hnukadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnukadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hnukadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnukadē (active indicative singular third-person)
hnukadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnukadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnukadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnukadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnukadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnukadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnukadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnukadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnukadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnukadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnukadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnukāndz (active participle present)
hnukadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnukēn

Old English: ġehnycned; ġenycled (for *ġehnycled)

Old Frisian: *nukja, *nukkia

Saterland Frisian: Nukke

West Frisian: neuke

Old Saxon: *hnukian; *hnukōn

Middle Low German: *nuken, *noken

German Low German: nucken, nöken

Old Dutch: *nuken; *nukon

Middle Dutch: *noken, *neuken

Dutch: neuken
Afrikaans: neuk
→ English: nookie (possibly)

Old Norse: hnykkja

Icelandic: hnykkja

Faroese: nykkja

Old Swedish: nykkia

Swedish: nycka (dialectal)

Danish: nykke

From Proto-Indo-European *knewg- (“to press; push; bend”), from *ken- (“to press; pinch”).

der

to be bent, flex, curve, draw up, shrink, wrinkle, become pinched


dreuzagaz

*dreuzagaz (a-stem)

dreuzagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dreuzagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dreuzagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dreuzagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dreuzagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dreuzagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dreuzaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dreuzaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dreuzagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dreuzagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dreuzagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dreuzagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dreuzagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dreuzagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dreuzagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dreuzagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dreuzagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dreuzagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dreuzagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dreuzagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dreuzagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dreuzagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dreuzagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dreuzagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dreuzaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dreuzagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dreuzagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dreuzagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dreuzaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dreuzagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dreuzagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dreuzaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dreuzagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dreuzagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dreuzagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dreuzagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dreuzaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dreuzaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dreuzagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dreuzagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dreuzagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dreuzagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dreuzaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dreuzaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dreuzagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dreuzagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dreuzaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dreuzaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dreuzagini (dative masculine singular weak)
dreuzagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dreuzagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dreuzagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dreuzagini (dative neuter singular weak)
dreuzagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dreuzaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dreuzagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dreuzagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dreuzagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dreuzaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dreuzagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old English: drēoriġ, drēoreġ, drēorġ, drīoriġ
Middle English: dreorig, drerig, drerg, dreri, druri, drury
Scots: drear
English: dreary

>? Old Saxon: drōrag

Old High German: trūrag, trūreg; (*trourig?)

Middle High German: trūrec; (trōric?)

German: traurig

Yiddish: טרויעריק (troyerik)

→ Middle Dutch: truerich

Dutch: treurig

Afrikaans: treurig

→ Middle Low German: trūrich

German Low German: trürig

→ Saterland Frisian: truurich

Old Norse: dreyrigr, dreyrugr

Icelandic: dreyrugur

From *dreuzaz (“liquid; blood”) + *-gaz.


aikijaną

aikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
aikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
aikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
aikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aikī (active imperative second-person singular)
aikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
aikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
aikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
aikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
aikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
aikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
aikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
aikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
aikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
aikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
aikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
aikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
aikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
aikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
aikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
aikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
aikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
aikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
aikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
aikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
aikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
aikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
aikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
aikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
aikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
aikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
aikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
aikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
aikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
aikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
aikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
aikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
aikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
aikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
aikijandz (active participle present)
aikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Norwegian: eikja

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂oygéyeti, causative of *h₂eyg- (“to stir, set in motion”). Equivalent to *aikaną + *-janą.


dreuzaz

dreuzaz (nominative singular)
dreuzōz (nominative plural)
dreuzōs (nominative plural)
dreuz (singular vocative)
dreuzōz (plural vocative)
dreuzōs (plural vocative)
dreuzą (accusative singular)
dreuzanz (accusative plural)
dreuzas (genitive singular)
driuzis (genitive singular)
dreuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dreuzai (dative singular)
dreuzamaz (dative plural)
dreuzō (instrumental singular)
dreuzamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: drēor m

Old Saxon: drōr m (< *drauzaz)

Old High German: trōr m (< *drauzaz)

Middle High German: trōr m or n

Old Norse: dreyri (< *drauzijô m)

Icelandic: dreyri

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrews- (“to break apart”), from *dʰrew- (“to break off”).


raikijaną

raikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raikī (active imperative second-person singular)
raikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raikijandz (active participle present)
raikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raikijan
Old English: rǣċan
Middle English: rechen
Scots: reche, reich
English: reach
Old Frisian: rēka, rētza
North Frisian: reke
Saterland Frisian: räkke
West Frisian: reke, rikke
Old Saxon: *rēkian
Middle Low German: rêken, rêiken
German Low German: recken
Old Dutch: *reiken
Middle Dutch: reiken
Dutch: reiken
Afrikaans: reik
Old High German: reichen, reihhen
Middle High German: reichen
Bavarian: reicha, reichn
Cimbrian: rékhan
German: reichen
Yiddish: גרייכן (greykhn)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreyǵ- (“to stretch out, reach”). Cognate with Old Irish rigid (“to stretch”).


kuþō

kuþō (nominative singular)
kuþôz (nominative plural)
kuþō (singular vocative)
kuþôz (plural vocative)
kuþǭ (accusative singular)
kuþōz (accusative plural)
kuþōz (genitive singular)
kuþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuþōi (dative singular)
kuþōmaz (dative plural)
kuþō (instrumental singular)
kuþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: coþu, cōþu, coþe

Middle English: cothe

English: cothe, coath, coathe

Of obscure origin. Compare Low German koghe (“cow disease”), Middle Scots cowdothe (“kind of epidemic”), though this could have been borrowed.


ilhilaz

*ilhilaz (a-stem)

ilhilaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ilhilai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ilhilō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ilhilôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ilhilą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ilhilō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ilhilanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ilhilanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ilhilǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ilhilōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ilhilą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ilhilō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ilhilas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ilhilaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ilhilaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ilhilaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ilhilas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ilhilaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ilhilammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ilhilaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ilhilaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ilhilaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ilhilammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ilhilaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ilhilanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ilhilaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ilhilaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ilhilaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ilhilanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ilhilaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ilhilô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ilhilaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ilhilǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ilhilōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ilhilô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ilhilōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ilhilanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ilhilanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ilhilōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ilhilōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ilhilô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ilhilōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ilhiliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ilhilanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ilhilōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ilhilōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ilhiliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ilhilanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ilhilini (dative masculine singular weak)
ilhilammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ilhilōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ilhilōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ilhilini (dative neuter singular weak)
ilhilammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ilhilinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ilhilammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ilhilōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ilhilōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ilhilinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ilhilammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old Norse: illr
Icelandic: illur
Faroese: illur
Old Swedish: ilder, īller
Swedish: illa
Danish: ilde
Norwegian Bokmål: ille
Norwegian Nynorsk: ille
→ Middle English: ille, ill, il
English: ill
Scots: ill
Yola: ill

→ Proto-Finnic: *ilkëda
Estonian: ilge
Finnish: ilkeä
→ Votic: hilkiä
Ingrian: ilkiä
Karelian: (Northern) ilkie, (Southern) ilgie
Livvi: ilgei
Votic: ilka
→ Northern Sami: ilgat
→ Inari Sami: ilgâd

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-, compare Proto-Indo-European *h₁élḱos (“sore, ulcer”). Possibly cognate with Proto-Celtic *ulkos (“bad, evil”).


edaraz

edaraz (nominative singular)
edarōz (nominative plural)
edarōs (nominative plural)
edar (singular vocative)
edarōz (plural vocative)
edarōs (plural vocative)
edarą (accusative singular)
edaranz (accusative plural)
edaras (genitive singular)
edaris (genitive singular)
edarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
edarai (dative singular)
edaramaz (dative plural)
edarō (instrumental singular)
edaramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: edor, eodor

Middle English: *eder, ȝeddyr, yedder

English: edder

Scots: edder, yether

Old High German: etar

desctree

Old Norse: jaðarr
Icelandic: jaðar m
Faroese: jaðar m, jaðari m
Norwegian Nynorsk: jadar m, jar (jâr) m, jare m, Jæren m
Norwegian Bokmål: jare m
Old Swedish: iæþur, iadher
Swedish: jäder c (dialectal)
Old Danish: jæder
Danish: jæder

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *odrъ (“bed”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁odʰ-.


klukkwōną

klukkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
klukkwǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
klukkwōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
klukkwōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwō (active imperative second-person singular)
klukkwōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
klukkwōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
klukkwō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
klukkwōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
klukkwōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōs (active dual first-person indicative)
klukkwōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klukkwōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klukkwōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
klukkwōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
klukkwōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klukkwōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
klukkwōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
klukkwōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
klukkwōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
klukkwōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
klukkwōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
klukkwōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
klukkwōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
klukkwōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
klukkwōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
klukkwōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klukkwōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
klukkwōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
klukkwōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klukkwōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
klukkwōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
klukkwōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klukkwōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
klukkwōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
klukkwōndz (active participle present)
klukkwōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *klukkwōn
Old English: cloccian, cluccian
Middle English: clokken, cloken, clocken, clokkyn
English: cluck, clock
Scots: clok, clock, cleck
Old Saxon: *klukkōn
Middle Low German: klucken
Low German: klucken
Old Dutch: *klukkōn
Middle Dutch: clocken
Dutch: klokken
Old High German: klokkōn, klokkēn
Middle High German: klucken
Cimbrian: khlukhan
German: klucken
⇒ Middle High German: glucken (by dissimilation)
German: glucken

Old Norse: kløkkva, kløkka

Icelandic: klökkva

Swedish: klucka

Danish: klukke

onomatopoeic

imitative


snabulaz

snabulaz (nominative singular)
snabulōz (nominative plural)
snabulōs (nominative plural)
snabul (singular vocative)
snabulōz (plural vocative)
snabulōs (plural vocative)
snabulą (accusative singular)
snabulanz (accusative plural)
snabulas (genitive singular)
snabulis (genitive singular)
snabulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snabulai (dative singular)
snabulamaz (dative plural)
snabulō (instrumental singular)
snabulamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: snavel, snawel, snaul

Saterland Frisian: Snoabel

West Frisian: snabel, snaffel

Old Saxon: *snabul, *snavul

desc

Middle Low German: snābel, snāvel, snēvel

German Low German: Snabel

Plautdietsch: Schnowel

Old Dutch: *snavul

Middle Dutch: snavel

Dutch: snavel

Old High German: snabul

Middle High German: snabel

German: Schnabel

→ Norwegian: snabel

→ Swedish: snabel

→ Danish: snabel

Hunsrik: Schnawel, Schnauel

Luxembourgish: Schniewel

Yiddish: שנאָבל (shnobl)

From *snabjaz + *-ulaz (diminutive suffix). Probably from the same ultimate source as *snūtaz (“snout”).


hwaitijaz

hwaitijaz (nominative singular)
hwaitijōz (nominative plural)
hwaitijōs (nominative plural)
hwaitī (singular vocative)
hwaitijōz (plural vocative)
hwaitijōs (plural vocative)
hwaitiją (accusative singular)
hwaitijanz (accusative plural)
hwaitijas (genitive singular)
hwaitīs (genitive singular)
hwaitijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwaitijai (dative singular)
hwaitijamaz (dative plural)
hwaitijō (instrumental singular)
hwaitijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaitī
Old English: hwǣte
Middle English: whete, ȝwete, huete, weete, wete, wheete, whet, whette, wheyte, wheytt, whiett, whyte, quete, quheyt, qwet, qwhete (Northern), hwæte, hweate, hwete, whæte (Early Middle English)
English: wheat
Middle Scots: quhete
Scots: white, wheat, wheyt
Yola: whet
Old Frisian: hwēte, wēt
Saterland Frisian: Weete
West Frisian: weet
Old Saxon: hwēti
Middle Low German: wête, weite
German Low German: Weet, Weite, Weit, Weten
Old Dutch: *wēt, *weit
Middle Dutch: weet, weit
Dutch: weit
Limburgish: weit
Old High German: weizi, hwaizi
Middle High German: weize
Alemannic German: Weisse
Cimbrian: bòotze
German: Weizen
Hunsrik: Weize
Luxembourgish: Weess
Pennsylvania German: Weeze
Vilamovian: waas
Yiddish: ווייץ (veyts)

Old Norse: hveiti
Icelandic: hveiti
Faroese: hveiti
Norwegian Nynorsk: kveite; (dialectal) kveiti, gveite, veite
Old Swedish: hvēte
Swedish: vete, vät
Old Danish: hwetæ
Danish: hvede
Norwegian Bokmål: hvete

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌴𐌹𐍃 (ƕaiteis)

q

→ Lithuanian: kvietys, kvieši (“wheat”) (likely borrowed from Old Norse or Gothic)


mundraz

*mundraz (a-stem)

mundraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mundrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mundrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
mundrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mundrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mundrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mundranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mundranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mundrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mundrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mundrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mundrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mundras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
mundraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mundraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mundraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mundras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
mundraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mundrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mundraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mundraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mundraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mundrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mundraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mundranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mundraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mundraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mundraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mundranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mundraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mundrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mundraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mundrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mundrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mundrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mundrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mundranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mundranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mundrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mundrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mundrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mundrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mundriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mundranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mundrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mundrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mundriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mundranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mundrini (dative masculine singular weak)
mundrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mundrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mundrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mundrini (dative neuter singular weak)
mundrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mundrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mundrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mundrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mundrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mundrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mundrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *mundr

Old High German: muntar

Middle High German: munter, munder

German: munter

→ German Low German: munter

→ Dutch: monter

→ West Frisian: monter

→ Saterland Frisian: munter

→ Luxembourgish: monter

→ Danish: munter

→ Swedish: munter

→ Norwegian: munter

From Pre-Germanic *mn̥dʰrós, from Proto-Indo-European *meHndʰ- (“to see; strive; long for; be zealous for; be lively”), from *men- (“to think”).


alþizô

gem-decl-adj-table

*alþizô (n-stem)

alþizô (masculine nominative singular)
alþizaniz (masculine nominative plural)
alþizǭ (feminine nominative singular)
alþizōniz (feminine nominative plural)
alþizô (neuter nominative singular)
alþizōnō (neuter nominative plural)
alþizanų (accusative masculine singular)
alþizanunz (accusative masculine plural)
alþizōnų (accusative feminine singular)
alþizōnunz (accusative feminine plural)
alþizô (accusative neuter singular)
alþizōnō (accusative neuter plural)
alþiziniz (genitive masculine singular)
alþizanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
alþizōniz (feminine genitive singular)
alþizōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
alþiziniz (genitive neuter singular)
alþizanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
alþizini (dative masculine singular)
alþizammaz (dative masculine plural)
alþizōni (dative feminine singular)
alþizōmaz (dative feminine plural)
alþizini (dative neuter singular)
alþizammaz (dative neuter plural)
alþizinē (instrumental masculine singular)
alþizammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
alþizōnē (feminine instrumental singular)
alþizōmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
alþizinē (instrumental neuter singular)
alþizammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *alþiʀō
Old English: eldra, ieldra, yldra — West Saxon
Middle English: eldre
English: elder
Scots: elder
Old Frisian: aldera, eldera, alder, elder
North Frisian: ääler, ialer
West Frisian: âlder
Old Saxon: aldiro
Middle Low German: eldere, elder, alder, ȫldere
German Low German: öller
⇒ Middle Low German: ȫlderen, olderen, oldern, oldren, alderen
German Low German: Ollern
Old High German: altiro
Middle High German: elter
Central Franconian: ääler, älder
Cimbrian: éltor
German: älter
Luxembourgish: eeler
Pennsylvania German: elder
Yiddish: עלטער (elter)
⇒ Old High German: eltiron, altirōn pl
Middle High German: eltern, altern
German: Eltern

Old Norse: ellri
Icelandic: eldri
Faroese: eldri
Norwegian Nynorsk: eldre
Norwegian Bokmål: eldre
Old Swedish: ældre
Swedish: äldre
Danish: ældre

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌰 (alþiza)