gōdaz

wela (adverb)
batizô (comparative)
batistaz (superlative)
gōdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gōdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gōdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gōdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gōdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gōdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gōdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gōdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gōdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gōdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gōdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gōdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gōdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
gōdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gōdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gōdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gōdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
gōdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gōdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gōdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gōdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gōdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gōdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gōdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gōdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gōdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gōdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gōdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gōdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gōdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gōdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gōdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gōdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gōdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gōdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gōdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gōdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gōdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gōdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gōdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gōdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gōdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gōdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gōdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gōdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gōdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gōdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gōdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gōdini (dative masculine singular weak)
gōdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gōdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gōdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gōdini (dative neuter singular weak)
gōdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gōdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gōdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gōdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gōdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gōdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gōdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*gōdaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *gōd
Old English: gōd
Middle English: good
English: good
Solombala English: гудъ (gud)
Scots: guid
Yola: gooude, gude, gayde
Old Frisian: gōd
North Frisian: gud, gödj, gur
Saterland Frisian: goud
West Frisian: goed
Old Saxon: gōd
Middle Low German: gôt, gût
German Low German: good
Dutch Low Saxon: good
Old Dutch: guot
Middle Dutch: goet
Dutch: goed
Afrikaans: goed
Javindo: goet
Jersey Dutch: xût
Negerhollands: goed, goei, goeie, got, gu, gue, guet
Skepi Creole Dutch: gut
Limburgish: good
Zealandic: goed
Old High German: guot
Middle High German: guot
Alemannic German: guet
Alsatian: güet (north), güat (south)
Swabian: guat
Bavarian: guad, guat
Cimbrian: guut, guat (Luserna)
Mòcheno: guat
Central Franconian: jot, got, gut
Hunsrik: gud
Kölsch: joot
Luxembourgish: gutt
Transylvanian Saxon: geat, gäd
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: gutt (inflected gud-)
⇒ Silesian East Central German: Gudes (as in nischt Gudes, viel Gudes)
Upper Saxon German: gudd
Vilamovian: güt
German: gut
Yiddish: גוט (gut)

Old Norse: góðr
Icelandic: góður
Faroese: góður
Norwegian: god
Elfdalian: guoð
Old Swedish: gōþer
Swedish: god, goder (dialectal, in set phrases)
Old Danish: gōth, (Old Scanian) gōþær
Danish: god
Scanian: góðer
Old Gutnish: gōþr
Gutnish: godar

Gothic: 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs)

Vandalic: *guths

Vṛddhi gerundive of otherwise unattested strong verb *gadaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to unite, be associated, suit”).


izweraz

izweraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
izwerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
izwerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
izwerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
izwerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
izwerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
izweranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
izweranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
izwerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
izwerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
izwerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
izwerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
izweras (genitive masculine singular strong)
izwiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
izweraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
izweraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
izweraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
izweras (genitive neuter singular strong)
izwiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
izweraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
izwerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
izweraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
izweraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
izweraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
izwerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
izweraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
izweranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
izweraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
izweraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
izweraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
izweranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
izweraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *iuwar
Old English: ēower, īower
Middle English: your, youre, yowr, yowre, ȝour, ȝoure, yowyr, yowur, yor, yur, yure, yeur, yhure, yhour, yhoure, ȝowyr, ȝowur, ȝor, ȝore, ȝur, ȝure, ȝiore, ȝhour, ȝhoure, ȝaure, ȝiure, ȝiwer, ȝeur, ȝeure, ȝeuer, ȝeuwer, ȝewer, ȝewere, gur, gure, giur, giure, giuor, giuer, giuwer, giwer, ihore, ihoire, iure, eour, eoure, eouer, eouwer, eouwere, eower, eowwer, eore, eur, eure, euwer, euwere, our, oure, or, ore, ouer, ouwer, ouwere, ower, owur, hour, æure
English: your (ya, yer, yo)
Scots: your (yer)
Yola: yer, ye
Old Frisian: jūwe
West Frisian: jim
Old Saxon: īuwar, gīuwar, euwar
Middle Low German: juwe
Old Dutch: iuwa, *juwa
Middle Dutch: uwe, juwe, jouwe
Dutch: uw, jouw
Afrikaans: jou
Old High German: iuwar
Middle High German: iuwer
Alemannic German: öie
Cimbrian: ôar
German: euer
Luxembourgish: är
Yiddish: אײַער (ayer)

Old Norse: yðvarr, yðarr
Icelandic: yðar, yðvar
Norwegian Bokmål: deres
Old Swedish: iþar, idhar
Swedish: edar, eder, er
Danish: jeres, eders

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍅𐌰𐍂 (izwar)


newun

Proto-West Germanic: *neun
Old English: nigon, nigen, nigan, niogen, nygon
Middle English: nyne, nine, nin, niȝen, neghen, neyen, nyen, niwon, niȝhenn
English: nine
Scots: nine, neen, nyn, nyne
Yola: neen
Old Frisian: niugun, nigun, niogen
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: njüügen
Helgoland: neägen
Mooring and Wiedingharde: nüügen
Sylt: niigen
Saterland Frisian: njuugen, njúgen
West Frisian: njoggen
Old Saxon: nigun
Middle Low German: negen
German Low German: negen
Plautdietsch: näajen
Old Dutch: nigun
Middle Dutch: nēgen
Dutch: negen
Afrikaans: nege
Berbice Creole Dutch: negn
Jersey Dutch: nêxe
Negerhollands: negen, neegen, negon
Skepi Creole Dutch: negen
→ Aukan: neigin
→ Sranan Tongo: neigi
→ Saramaccan: neígi, neni
Limburgish: nege
Zealandic: negen
Old High German: niun
Middle High German: niun
Alemannic German: nüün, nin, nine
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: nòine, noüne (Luserna)
Mòcheno: nai'n
German: neun
Luxembourgish: néng
Yiddish: נײַן (nayn)

Proto-Norse: ᚾᛁᚢ (niu)

Old Norse: níu, nío
Icelandic: níu
Faroese: níggju
Norn: ni
Norwegian Nynorsk: ni, nio, nie; (dialectal) niu
Elfdalian: niu
Old Swedish: nīo
Swedish: nio
Danish: ni
Norwegian Bokmål: ni
Gutnish: nei, neie, näiu, neiå

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽 (niun)

Crimean Gothic: nyne

From earlier *newunt, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥, with -t added through influence of *tehun (“ten”).


tehun

Proto-West Germanic: *tehun
Old English: tīen, tēn — Mercian, tȳn — West Saxon, tēne, tēa, tīn
Middle English: ten, tene, tenne, tien
English: ten
Scots: ten
Yola: dhen
Old Frisian: tiān, tēne, tīne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: tjiin
Helgoland: tain
Mooring: tin
Wiedingharde: tiin
Saterland Frisian: tjoon
West Frisian: tsien
Old Saxon: tehan
Middle Low German: tein, tēn, tīgen, tīn, tīen
Low German:
German Low German: teihn, tiehn
Hamburgisch: tein
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: tåijjen
Sauerländisch: tian, tain
Westmünsterländisch: tehn
Plautdietsch: tieen
Old Dutch: *tian, tēn
Middle Dutch: tien
Dutch: tien
Afrikaans: tien
Berbice Creole Dutch: tin
Jersey Dutch: tîn
Negerhollands: tien, tin
→ Aukan: tin
Limburgish: teen, tieën
Zealandic: tien
Old High German: zehan
Middle High German: zehen
Central Franconian: zehn
Cimbrian: sègane, zene (Luserna)
German: zehn
Luxembourgish: zéng
Yiddish: צען (tsen)

Old Norse: tíu
Icelandic: tíu
Faroese: tíggju
Norn: ti
Norwegian: ti
Old Swedish: tīo, tīu
Swedish: tio
Danish: ti
Gutnish: tei, teiå, teiu

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 (taihun)

From earlier *tehunt, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥t.


sebun

Proto-West Germanic: *sebun
Old English: seofon, siofun, seofun — Mercian
Middle English: seven, ceven, seofen, seoven, sevene, sevyn, sewyn, zeven, zeve (Kent)
English: seven
Middle Scots: sevin, sewin
Scots: seiven, seeven
Yola: zeven
Old Frisian: sigun, siugun, sogen, soven, saven, savn
North Frisian: soowen
Saterland Frisian: sogen
West Frisian: sân
Old Saxon: sivun
Middle Low German: sēven
Low German: sæwen, sæben, seben, seven
German Low German: sëwe, sëwen, sæwen, sæben, söven
Dutch Low Saxon: söben, söven, seben, seven
Plautdietsch: säwen
Old Dutch: sivon
Middle Dutch: seven
Dutch: zeven
Afrikaans: sewe
Limburgish: zeve
West Flemish: zēvne
Old High German: sibun
Middle High German: siben, siven, seben, suben, söben
Alemannic German: sibe, sibä, siebë, siibe
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: zibane, sibane (Luserna)
Mòcheno: sim
Central Franconian: sibbe, sivve (Moselle Franconian, westernmost and easternmost Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: sieve
Luxembourgish: siwen
East Central German:
Vilamovian: zejwa
East Franconian:
German: sieben
Rhine Franconian: siewe, siwwe
Pennsylvania German: siwwe
Yiddish: זיבן (zibn)

Old Norse: sjau (< *seaβu < *seaβun)

Icelandic: sjö

Faroese: sjey

Norn: sju

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: sju

Norwegian Nynorsk: sju

Old Swedish: siū, syū

Swedish: sju

Old Danish: siu

Danish: syv

→ Norwegian Bokmål: syv

Elfdalian: sju

Gutnish: sjau, sjavv

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌽 (sibun)

From earlier *sebunt, from Pre-Germanic *sepḿ̥t, a metathetic alteration of Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥, with -t positioned through influence of *newun (“nine”) and *tehun (“ten”).


ahtōu

Proto-West Germanic: *ahtō
Old English: eahta, æhta — Anglian, ehta — West Saxon, ahta
Middle English: eighte, eight, eiȝt, eiȝte, eyȝt, ahte, eahte, ehhte, ehte (Early Middle English), aghte, aucht, aughte (Northern)
English: eight
Sranan Tongo: aiti
Scots: echt, aucht
Yola: ayght, aught
Old Frisian: achta, echta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Sylt and Wiedingharde: aacht
Helgoland: ach
Mooring: oocht
Saterland Frisian: oachte, oacht, oage, oa (in expressions)
West Frisian: acht
Old Saxon: ahto
Middle Low German: achte, acht
German Low German: acht
Old Dutch: ahto
Middle Dutch: achte, acht
Dutch: acht
Afrikaans: agt, ag
Berbice Creole Dutch: akti
Jersey Dutch: āxt
Negerhollands: acht, agt, ak
Skepi Creole Dutch: akt
→ Sranan Tongo: acht
Limburgish: ach
Zealandic: acht
Old High German: ahto
Middle High German: ahte
Alemannic German: acht, ocht, àcht
Swabian: achd
Bavarian: achde
Cimbrian: achte
Mòcheno: òcht
Central Franconian: aach, aacht (Moselle Franconian), ach (Limburgan Ripuarian)
Hunsrik: acht
Luxembourgish: aacht
East Central German: achte
Vilamovian: aocht
East Franconian:
German: acht
Rhine Franconian: acht
Frankfurterisch: [ɑxt], [ɔxt], [axt]
Pennsylvania German: acht, achde
Yiddish: אַכט (akht)
Zipser German: åcht, acht

Old Norse: átta
Icelandic: átta
Faroese: átta
Norwegian: åtte
Old Swedish: ātta, ata, āta
Swedish: åtta
Danish: otte
Old Gutnish: ǣt

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿 (ahtau)

Crimean Gothic: athe


hundą

hundą (nominative singular)
hundō (nominative plural)
hundą (singular vocative)
hundō (plural vocative)
hundą (accusative singular)
hundō (accusative plural)
hundas (genitive singular)
hundis (genitive singular)
hundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hundai (dative singular)
hundamaz (dative plural)
hundō (instrumental singular)
hundamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hund

Middle English: hund

Old Frisian: hund (in compounds)

Old Saxon: hund

Middle Low German: hunt

Old Dutch: *hunt
Middle Dutch: hont
Dutch: hont, hond

Old High German: hund

Middle High German: hunt

German: hunt (obsolete)

Old Norse: hund-

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳 (hund)

→? Proto-Finno-Ugric: *kunta

Proto-Finnic: *kunta (see there for further descendants)

Old Hungarian: hodu

Hungarian: had

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm. Cognate with Latin centum, Old Irish cét, Lithuanian šimtas, Sanskrit शत (śatá).


teguz

teguz (nominative singular)
tigiwiz (nominative plural)
tegu (singular vocative)
tigiwiz (plural vocative)
tegų (accusative singular)
tegunz (accusative plural)
tegauz (genitive singular)
tigiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tigiwi (dative singular)
tegumaz (dative plural)
tegū (instrumental singular)
tegumiz (instrumental plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱ-, related to *tehun.

tjog

Old Swedish: tiugher, -tighi in numbers; Swedish


fedwōr tigiwiz

Old English: fēowertiġ

Middle English: forty

Scots: fowerty, foorty

English: forty

Yola: vorty

Old Frisian: fiūwertich

Saterland Frisian: fjautich

West Frisian: fjirtich

Old Saxon: fiuwartig

Middle Low German: viertich

Low German: veertig

Plautdietsch: vieetich

Old Dutch: *fiortig, *viurtig

desc

Middle Dutch: viertich, viertech, vēertich, vēertech

Dutch: veertig

Afrikaans: veertig

Limburgish: veertig

Old High German: fiorzug

Middle High German: vierzic

Cimbrian: viarskh, viartzekh (Luserna)

German: vierzig

Luxembourgish: véierzeg

Yiddish: פֿערציק (fertsik)

Old Norse: fjórir tigir, fjórutigi

Icelandic: fjörutíu

Faroese: fjøruti

Norwegian: førti

Old Swedish: fiūratighi, fȳretighi, fyrætio

Swedish: fyrtio

Danish: fyrretyve, fyrre

→ Norwegian Bokmål: førr

Elfdalian: fyrti

Gutnish: förti

𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 (fidwōr tigjus)


fimf tigiwiz

desctree

Old English: fīftiġ
Middle English: fifty, fifftiȝ, fifte, fifti, fyffty, fyfty
English: fifty
Scots: fifty, fyfty

Old Frisian: fīftich

Saterland Frisian: füüftich

West Frisian: fyftich

Old Saxon: fīftig

Middle Low German: viftig

Low German: föfftig

Old Dutch: *fīftig

Middle Dutch: vijftich, vijftech

Dutch: vijftig

Afrikaans: vyftig

Old High German: fimfzug

Middle High German: vünfzic

Cimbrian: vüuskh, büuskh, vüchtzekh

German: fünfzig

Luxembourgish: fofzeg

Yiddish: פֿופֿציק (fuftsik)

Old Norse: fimm tigir

Icelandic: fimmtíu

Faroese: fimmti

Norn: fjomtan

Norwegian: femti

Old Swedish: fæmtighi, fæmtio

Swedish: femtio

Gutnish: femti

Jamtish: femtig

desc

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 (fimf tigjus), 𐍆𐌹𐌼 𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌿𐍃 (fim tigjus)


sehs tigiwiz

Old English: sixtiġMiddle English: sixty

זעכציק

Middle High German: sehszec, sehzec; Yiddish

sextíu

Old Norse: sex tigir, sextigi; Icelandic

seksti

Old Norse: sex tigir, sextigi; Norwegian

sextio

Old Swedish: sæxtighi, siæxtighi; Swedish


þūsundī

þūsundī (nominative singular)
þūsundijôz (nominative plural)
þūsundī (singular vocative)
þūsundijôz (plural vocative)
þūsundijǭ (accusative singular)
þūsundijōz (accusative plural)
þūsundijōz (genitive singular)
þūsundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þūsundijōi (dative singular)
þūsundijōmaz (dative plural)
þūsundijō (instrumental singular)
þūsundijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Either from Proto-Indo-European *tuHsont-, *tuHsenti-, cf. also Proto-Slavic *tysǫti / *tysęti (“thousand”) and Lithuanian tūkstantis, or – as Kroonen suggests – from Proto-Indo-European *tuHsdḱmto-, compounded from a prefix *tuHs- (from *tewh₂-) and *ḱm̥tóm (“hundred”).

Proto-West Germanic: *þūsundiOld English: þūsendMiddle English: thusand

thousendEnglish: thousand→ Hawaiian: kaukani

thoosandOld Frisian: thūsendSaterland Frisian: duusendWest Frisian: tûzenOld Saxon: thūsundMiddle Low German: dûsentGerman Low German: dusendPlautdietsch: dusentOld Dutch: thūsuntMiddle Dutch: dusentDutch: duizendAfrikaans: duisendBerbice Creole Dutch: dwesuNegerhollands: dusend

dysent→ Sranan Tongo: dusun→ Dutch: doezoe→ Saramaccan: dúsu→ Trió: duizendLimburgish: doezjend

thūsuntMiddle High German: tūsentCimbrian: tauzing

duusendGerman: tausendLuxembourgish: dausendVilamovian: taojzyt

Norwegian Bokmål: tusende

Danish: tusinde→ Greenlandic: tuusinti→ Inuktun: tussinti


þrīz tigiwiz

thirty

Middle English: þrittiȝ, þritti, thirty; Scots

dhirtee

Middle English: þrittiȝ, þritti, thirty; Yola

tríatiNorwegian Nynorsk: trettiNorwegian Bokmål: trettiElfdalian: trettiOld Swedish: þrǣtighiSwedish: trettioOld Danish: thretiughæ

tredveNorwegian Bokmål: tredveGutnish: tretti


fimftehun

Old English: fīftīene

Middle English: fiftene

English: fifteen

Yola: vifteen

Old Frisian: fīftīne

Saterland Frisian: füüftien

West Frisian: fyftjin

Old Saxon: fīftein

Middle Low German: *viftien

Plautdietsch: feftieen

Old Dutch: *fīftian

Middle Dutch: vijftien

Dutch: vijftien

Afrikaans: vyftien

Old High German: fimfzehan

Middle High German: vünfzehn

Cimbrian: vüusane, büusane, vüchtzan

German: fünfzehn

Luxembourgish: fofzéng

Yiddish: פֿופֿצן (fuftsn)

Old Norse: fimmtán

Icelandic: fimmtán

Faroese: fimtan

Norn: fjomtan

Norwegian: femten

Old Swedish: fæmtan

Swedish: femton

Old Danish: fæmtan, fæmtæn

Danish: femten

Gutnish: femtn, femtan

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 (fimftaihun)


þritehun

Old English: þrēotīene, þrēotēne

Middle English: thrittene, thirttene

English: thirteen

Scots: thirteen, thritteen

Yola: dhurteen

Old Frisian: thretīne

Saterland Frisian: trättien

West Frisian: trettjin

Old Saxon: thriutein

Middle Low German: drettein

Plautdietsch: drettieen

Old Dutch: *thritian

Middle Dutch: dertene, dertiene

Dutch: dertien

Afrikaans: dertien

Old High German: drīzehan

Middle High German: dreizehen

Cimbrian: draitzane

German: dreizehn

Luxembourgish: dräizéng

Yiddish: דרײַצן (draytsn)

Old Norse: þrettán

Icelandic: þrettán

Faroese: trettan

Norn: trettin

Norwegian Nynorsk: tretten

Old Swedish: þrættan

Swedish: tretton

Danish: tretten

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tretten

Gutnish: trettn, trettan


fedurtehun

Old English: fēowertīene, fēowertēne, fēowertyne

Middle English: fourtene

English: fourteen

Scots: fowerteen

Yola: vourteen

Old Frisian: fiūwertīne

North Frisian: fjouertäin

Saterland Frisian: fjautien

West Frisian: fjirtjin

Old Saxon: fiuwartein

Middle Low German: vêrtein

Low German: veerteihn

Plautdietsch: vieetieen

Old Dutch: *fiortian

Middle Dutch: viertien, veertien

Dutch: veertien

Afrikaans: veertien

Old High German: fiorzehan

Middle High German: vierzehen

Cimbrian: viartzane

German: vierzehn

Luxembourgish: véierzéng

Yiddish: פֿערצן (fertsn)

Old Norse: fjórtán, fjugurtán, fjugrtán

Icelandic: fjórtán

Faroese: fjúrtan

Norwegian: fjorten

Old Swedish: fiughurtan, fiughertān

Swedish: fjorton

Danish: fjorten

Elfdalian: fiuortǫ

Gutnish: feurtan

𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 (fidwōrtaihun)


sebuntehun

Old English: seofontīene

Middle English: seventene

English: seventeen

Scots: seventeen

Old Frisian: *siguntīne

Saterland Frisian: soogentien

West Frisian: santjin

Old Saxon: *siƀuntein

Middle Low German: siventein

German Low German: söventeihn

Plautdietsch: säwentieen

Old Dutch: *sivontian

Middle Dutch: seventien

Dutch: zeventien

Afrikaans: sewentien

Limburgish: zeventien

Old High German: sibunzehan

Middle High German: sibenzehen

Cimbrian: zibantzane, sintzane (Luserna)

German: siebzehn

Luxembourgish: siwwenzéng

Yiddish: זיבעצן (zibetsn)

Old Norse: sjaután

Icelandic: sautján, seytján

Faroese: seytjan

Norwegian: sytten

Old Swedish: siutan, siuttān

Swedish: sjutton

Danish: sytten

Elfdalian: sjuttjǫ

Gutnish: sjuttn, syttn, sjuttan


newuntehun

Old English: nigontīene, nigontēne

Middle English: nynetene, ninetene

Scots: nineteen

English: nineteen

Yola: neenteen

Old Frisian: niguntīne

North Frisian: nüügentäin

Saterland Frisian: njuugentien

West Frisian: njoggentjin

Old Saxon: *niguntein

Middle Low German: nêgentein

Low German: negenteihn, nägenteihn

German Low German: negenteihn

Plautdietsch: näajentieen

Old Dutch: *niguntian

Middle Dutch: neghentien

Dutch: negentien

Afrikaans: negentien

Old High German: niunzehan

Middle High German: niunzëhen

German: neunzehn

Hunsrik: neinzen

Luxembourgish: nonzéng, nongzéng

Pennsylvania German: neinzeh

Yiddish: נײַנצן (nayntsn)

Old Norse: nítján

Icelandic: nítján

Faroese: nítjan

Norwegian: nitten

Old Swedish: nitan, nittān

Swedish: nitton

Danish: nitten

Elfdalian: nittjǫ, nittǫ

Gutnish: nittn, nittan, nyttan


þridjô

gem-decl-adj-table

*þridjô (an/īn-stem)

þridjô (masculine nominative singular)
þridjaniz (masculine nominative plural)
þridį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
þridīniz (feminine nominative plural)
þridjô (neuter nominative singular)
þridjōnō (neuter nominative plural)
þridjanų (accusative masculine singular)
þridjanunz (accusative masculine plural)
þridīnų (accusative feminine singular)
þridīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
þridjô (accusative neuter singular)
þridjōnō (accusative neuter plural)
þridiniz (genitive masculine singular)
þridjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
þridīniz (feminine genitive singular)
þridīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
þridiniz (genitive neuter singular)
þridjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
þridini (dative masculine singular)
þridjammaz (dative masculine plural)
þridīni (dative feminine singular)
þridīmaz (dative feminine plural)
þridini (dative neuter singular)
þridjammaz (dative neuter plural)
þridinē (instrumental masculine singular)
þridjammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
þridīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
þridīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
þridinē (instrumental neuter singular)
þridjammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

/ˈθrið.jɔːː/

From Pre-Germanic *tretyós, a remodeling of Proto-Indo-European *tr̥tyós, *tritós, ordinal form of *tréyes.

Proto-West Germanic: *þriddjōOld English: þridda

thridEnglish: thirdScots: thridOld Frisian: threddaSaterland Frisian: träädeWest Frisian: treddeOld Saxon: thriddioMiddle Low German: dridde

dardOld Dutch: *thriddoMiddle Dutch: dridde

derdeDutch: derdeAfrikaans: derdeOld High German: drittoMiddle High German: dritte

Old Norse: þriðiIcelandic: þriðjiFaroese: triðiNorwegian Nynorsk: tridje

tredjeOld Swedish: þriþiSwedish: tredjeDanish: tredjeNorwegian Bokmål: tredje Old Gutnish: þriþi


frumô

*frumô (an/īn-stem)

frumô (masculine nominative singular)
frumaniz (masculine nominative plural)
frumį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
frumīniz (feminine nominative plural)
frumô (neuter nominative singular)
frumōnō (neuter nominative plural)
frumanų (accusative masculine singular)
frumanunz (accusative masculine plural)
frumīnų (accusative feminine singular)
frumīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
frumô (accusative neuter singular)
frumōnō (accusative neuter plural)
fruminiz (genitive masculine singular)
frumanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
frumīniz (feminine genitive singular)
frumīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
fruminiz (genitive neuter singular)
frumanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
frumini (dative masculine singular)
frumammaz (dative masculine plural)
frumīni (dative feminine singular)
frumīmaz (dative feminine plural)
frumini (dative neuter singular)
frumammaz (dative neuter plural)
fruminē (instrumental masculine singular)
frumammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
frumīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
frumīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
fruminē (instrumental neuter singular)
frumammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

From *fr- (“for, forward”) + *-umô (“superlative”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr- (“before, formerly; through, throughout”) (see *per-) + Pre-Germanic *-m̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *-mHo-.

der

formar

⇒ Middle English: former (comparative); Scots

frume

Old English: fruma (“beginning; prince; originator”)

Old High German: frumaMiddle High German: vrome

vrumeGerman: Fromme⇒ Middle High German: vrumeGerman: frommYiddish: פֿרום→ English: frum

→ Norwegian: from

⇒ Middle Low German: vrōme (“righteous”)

from

→ Old Swedish: fromber (“pious”); Swedish

vroom

⇒ Middle Dutch: vrome (“firm, upright”, adjective)


ahtōutehun

desctree

Old English: eahtatīene, eahtatȳne, eahtatēne
Middle English: eightetene, auhtene, awghtene, ehtetene, eightene, eiȝtene, eiȝtetene, eyghtene, eyȝtene, eyȝteteene
English: eighteen
Scots: aughteen, auchteen, aichteen
Yola: ayghteen

Old Frisian: *achtatīne

North Frisian: oochttäin

Saterland Frisian: achttien

West Frisian: achttjin

Old Saxon: ahtotein

Middle Low German: achtein, achtetein

Plautdietsch: achtieen

Old Dutch: *ahtotian

Middle Dutch: achtetien, achttien

Dutch: achttien

Afrikaans: agtien, agttien

Limburgish: achtieën

Old High German: ahtozehan

Middle High German: ahzehen

Cimbrian: achtzane

German: achtzehn

Luxembourgish: uechtzéng

Yiddish: אַכצן (akhtsn)

Old Norse: átján, áttján — older form
Icelandic: átján
Faroese: átjan
Norwegian Nynorsk: atjan, attan
Old Swedish: atertān, adherton, attartān, atartān, attān, adhærton
Swedish: aderton, arton
Danish: atten
Norwegian Bokmål: atten
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: atten
→ Translingual: atto-
→ Catalan: atto-
→ Danish: atto-
→ Dutch: atto-
→ English: atto-
→ Finnish: atto-
→ French: atto-
→ Norwegian Bokmål: atto-
Elfdalian: aðertǫ, åttjǫ, artǫ
Gutnish: attn, adatn, atretten


anþeraz

anþeraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
anþerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
anþerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
anþerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
anþerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
anþerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
anþeranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
anþeranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
anþerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
anþerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
anþerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
anþerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
anþeras (genitive masculine singular strong)
anþiris (genitive masculine singular strong)
anþeraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
anþeraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
anþeraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
anþeras (genitive neuter singular strong)
anþiris (genitive neuter singular strong)
anþeraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
anþerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
anþeraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
anþeraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
anþeraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
anþerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
anþeraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
anþeranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
anþeraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
anþeraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
anþeraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
anþeranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
anþeraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)

Proto-West Germanic: *anþar
Old English: ōþer; ander- (prefix)
Middle English: other
Scots: uther, ither
English: other
Old Frisian: ōther
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: öler
Hallig: öör
Helgoland: uur
Mooring: ouder
Sylt: üđer
Saterland Frisian: uur, our
West Frisian: oar
Old Saxon: ōthar, āther, āthar, andar
Middle Low German: âr, ander, ender, enger
Low German: anner (most dialects), ander (many southern dialects, Plautdietsch), anger (some southern dialects, some Low Prussian and Pomoranian dialects), Plautdietsch spellings: aunda, aundra
Old Dutch: andar, ander, *athar
Middle Dutch: ander, aer
Dutch: ander, aâr
Afrikaans: ander
West Flemish: aajer (French Flanders)
Old High German: andar
Middle High German: ander
Cimbrian: andar
German: anderer, ander
Hunsrik: anere
Luxembourgish: aner
Mòcheno: ònder
Yiddish: אַנדער (ander)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*aþaraʀ), *ᚨᚾᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*anþaraʀ)

desctree

Old Norse: annarr
Icelandic: annar
Faroese: annar, aðrar
Norwegian Nynorsk: annan
Jamtish: æðnen, ænnen
Old Swedish: annar
Swedish: annan, andra; annor (obsolete, in compounds)
Danish: anden
Norwegian Bokmål: annen

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 (anþar)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énteros (“other”).


swerdą

swerdą (nominative singular)
swerdō (nominative plural)
swerdą (singular vocative)
swerdō (plural vocative)
swerdą (accusative singular)
swerdō (accusative plural)
swerdas (genitive singular)
swirdis (genitive singular)
swerdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swerdai (dative singular)
swerdamaz (dative plural)
swerdō (instrumental singular)
swerdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swerd
Old English: sweord, suord, swyrd, swurd
Middle English: swerd, sword
English: sword
Scots: swuird, swerd, sword
Old Frisian: swerd
North Frisian: swird, Swiirt
Sylt: Swērt
Saterland Frisian: Swäid, Swid
West Frisian: swurd
Old Saxon: swerd
Middle Low German: swert
German Low German: Sweerd, Schweerd, Schwert
Plautdietsch: Schwieet
Old Dutch: swert, suert
Middle Dutch: swert
Dutch: zwaard
Afrikaans: swaard
Negerhollands: sweerd
Limburgish: zwerd
West Flemish: zwoard
Zealandic: zwaerd
Old High German: swert
Middle High German: swert
German: Schwert
Hunsrik: Schweert
Luxembourgish: Schwäert
Vilamovian: świert
Yiddish: שווערד (shverd)

Old Norse: sverð
Icelandic: sverð
Faroese: svørð
Norwegian Nynorsk: sverd; (dialectal) svørd
Norwegian Bokmål: sverd
Old Swedish: sværþ
Swedish: svärd
Old Danish: swærth
Danish: sværd

Nikolaev (2015) suggests derivation from Proto-Indo-European *sw-er, locative of *seh₂w- (“sharp”) (with a loss of *h₂ between *s and *w) and cognate to Luwian [script needed] (šiḫual-, šiwal-, “sword”), [script needed] (šiwa-, “sharp”). Derivation from Proto-Indo-European *swer- has been proposed, but is uncertain since all other descendants, such as *sweraną, only suggest an original meaning 'to ache, hurt, fester'.


bīdaną

bīdō (active first-person indicative singular)
bīdaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bīdai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bīdizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bīdaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bīd (active imperative second-person singular)
bīdazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bīdaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bīdidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bīdai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bīdadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bīdadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bīdaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bīdōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bīdaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bīdadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bīdaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bīdadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bīdamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bīdaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bīdandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bīdaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bīdid (active indicative plural second-person)
bīdaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bīdid (active imperative plural second-person)
bīdandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bīdaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bīdandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bīdain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bīdandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bīdandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bīdaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baid (active first-person indicative singular)
bidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baist (active indicative second-person singular)
bidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baid (active indicative singular third-person)
bidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bidū (active dual first-person indicative)
bidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bidum (active first-person indicative plural)
bidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bidud (active indicative plural second-person)
bidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bidun (active indicative plural third-person)
bidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bīdandz (active participle present)
bidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bīdan
Old English: bīdan
Middle English: biden
English: bide
Scots: byde, bide
Old Frisian: *bīda
North Frisian: bida
Old Saxon: bīdan
Middle Low German: bîden
Low German: bieden
Old Dutch: bīdan
Middle Dutch: biden
Dutch: beiden (obsolete)
Old High German: bītan, pītan
Middle High German: bīten
Alemannic German: beite
Cimbrian: paiten
German: beiten (dialectal)

Old Norse: bíða
Icelandic: bíða
Faroese: bíða
Norwegian Bokmål: bie, bissens
Norwegian Nynorsk: bie bia, bide, bida
Elfdalian: baiða
Old Swedish: bīþa
Swedish: bida
Old Danish: bīthæ
Danish: bie
Scanian: bíða
Gutnish: bide

Gothic: 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌽 (beidan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéydʰeti, from *bʰeydʰ- (“to cajole, force, compel”).


salbōną

salbō (active first-person indicative singular)
salbǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
salbōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
salbōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
salbōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
salbō (active imperative second-person singular)
salbōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
salbōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
salbōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
salbō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
salbōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
salbōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
salbōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
salbōs (active dual first-person indicative)
salbōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
salbōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
salbōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
salbōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
salbōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
salbōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
salbōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
salbōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
salbōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
salbōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
salbōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
salbōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
salbōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
salbōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
salbōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
salbōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
salbōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
salbōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
salbōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
salbōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
salbōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
salbōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
salbōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
salbōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
salbōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
salbōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
salbōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
salbōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
salbōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
salbōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
salbōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
salbōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
salbōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
salbōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
salbōndz (active participle present)
salbōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *salbōn
Old English: sealfian
Middle English: salven
English: salve
Old Frisian: salwia
Old Saxon: salbon
Old Dutch: salvon
Middle Dutch: salven
Old High German: salbon
Middle High German: salben
German: salben
Luxembourgish: sallefen, salewen

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍉𐌽 (salbōn)

/ˈsɑl.βɔː.nɑ̃/

From *salbō (“salve, ointment”) + *-ōną.


līhwaną

līhwō (active first-person indicative singular)
līhwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
līhwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
līhwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
līhwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
līhw (active imperative second-person singular)
līhwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
līhwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
līhwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
līhwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
līhwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
līhwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
līhwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
līhwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
līhwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
līhwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
līhwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
līhwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
līhwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
līhwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
līhwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
līhwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
līhwid (active indicative plural second-person)
līhwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
līhwid (active imperative plural second-person)
līhwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
līhwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
līhwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
līhwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līhwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
līhwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
līhwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laihw (active first-person indicative singular)
liwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laiht (active indicative second-person singular)
liwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laihw (active indicative singular third-person)
liwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ligū (active dual first-person indicative)
liwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ligudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
liwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ligum (active first-person indicative plural)
liwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ligud (active indicative plural second-person)
liwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ligun (active indicative plural third-person)
liwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
līhwandz (active participle present)
liwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *līhwan
Old English: lēon
Old Frisian: līa
Old Saxon: līhan
Old Dutch: līan
Middle Dutch: liën
Old High German: līhan
Middle High German: līhen
German: leihen
Yiddish: לײַען (layen)

Old Norse: léa, ljá

Icelandic: ljá

Faroese: líggja

Old Swedish: lǣa

Gothic: 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 (leiƕan)
→ Proto-Slavic: *lixva (via a noun *𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍈𐌰 (*leiƕa))
Old Church Slavonic: лихва (lixva)

From Proto-Indo-European *léykʷt, from *leykʷ-.


swarjaną

swarjō (active first-person indicative singular)
swarjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swarjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swarisi (active indicative second-person singular)
swarjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swari (active imperative second-person singular)
swarjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swarjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
swarjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swarjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
swarjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swarjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swarjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
swarjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swarjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swarjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swarjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swarjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swarjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swarjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swarjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
swarjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
swarjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swarjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swarjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
swarjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swarjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
swarjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swarjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swōr (active first-person indicative singular)
swōrį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swōrt (active indicative second-person singular)
swōrīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swōr (active indicative singular third-person)
swōrī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swōrū (active dual first-person indicative)
swōrīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swōrudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swōrīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swōrum (active first-person indicative plural)
swōrīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swōrud (active indicative plural second-person)
swōrīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swōrun (active indicative plural third-person)
swōrīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swarjandz (active participle present)
swuranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swarjan
Old English: swerian, swarian
Middle English: swerien, sweren
English: swear
Scots: swer, swere, sweir
Old Frisian: swera, swara
Saterland Frisian: swere
West Frisian: swarre
Old Saxon: swerian
Middle Low German: sweren
Low German: swören, sweren
Old Dutch: sweren, *swerien
Middle Dutch: swēren, swerren
Dutch: zweren
Afrikaans: sweer
Negerhollands: sweer
Limburgish: zwaere
Old High German: sweren, swerien, swerren
Middle High German: swern
Alemannic German: schwere
German: schwören
Luxembourgish: schwieren

Old Norse: sverja
Icelandic: sverja
Faroese: svørja
Norwegian Nynorsk: sverja
Elfdalian: swera
Old Swedish: sværia
Swedish: svära
Scanian: sværa
Old Danish: swæriæ, swæræ
Danish: sværge
Norwegian Bokmål: sverge
Gutnish: sväre

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran)


dōmijaną

dōmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dōmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dōmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dōmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōmī (active imperative second-person singular)
dōmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dōmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dōmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dōmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dōmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dōmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dōmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dōmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dōmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dōmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dōmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dōmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dōmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dōmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dōmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dōmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dōmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dōmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dōmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dōmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dōmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dōmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dōmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dōmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dōmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dōmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dōmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dōmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dōmijandz (active participle present)
dōmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōmijan
Old English: dēman, dœ̄man — Anglian
Middle English: demen
English: deem
Scots: deme
Old Frisian: dēma
North Frisian: dema
Old Saxon: dōmian
Middle Low German: dōmen
Old Dutch: duomen
Middle Dutch: doemen
Dutch: doemen
Old High German: tuomjan, tuommen, tuomen
Middle High German: tüemen

Old Norse: dǿma, dœma, dæma
Icelandic: dæma
Faroese: døma
Norwegian Nynorsk: døma
Elfdalian: dyöma
Old Swedish: dø̄ma
Swedish: döma
Danish: dømme
Norwegian Bokmål: dømme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: dømma
Old Gutnish: dyma

Gothic: 𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (dōmjan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *toomit'ak (see there for further descendants)


werþaną

werþō (active first-person indicative singular)
werþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
werþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wirþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
werþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
werþ (active imperative second-person singular)
werþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
werþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wirþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
werþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
werþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
werþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
werþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
werþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
werþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
werþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
werþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
werþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
werþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
werþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
werþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
werþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wirþid (active indicative plural second-person)
werþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wirþid (active imperative plural second-person)
werþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
werþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
werþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
werþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
werþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
werþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warþ (active first-person indicative singular)
wurdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warst (active indicative second-person singular)
wurdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warþ (active indicative singular third-person)
wurdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wurdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wurdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wurdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wurdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wurdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wurdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wurdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wurdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wurdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wurdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
werþandz (active participle present)
wurdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *werþan
Old English: weorþan, wearþan — Anglian, weorðan — edh spelling, wurþan — Late West Saxon
Middle English: werthen
Scots: worth
English: worth, word (dialectal)
Old Frisian: wertha
North Frisian:
Mooring: wårde
Föhr-Amrum: wurd
Saterland Frisian: wäide
West Frisian: wurde
Old Saxon: werthan
Middle Low German: warden
Low German: warrn
German Low German: werden, worden
Old Dutch: werthan
Middle Dutch: werden
Dutch: worden
Afrikaans: word
Negerhollands: word
Petjo: worden
Limburgish: waere
Old High German: werdan, ƿerdan — Manuscript spelling
Middle High German: werden
Alemannic German: wërde
Swabian: werra
Central Franconian: wääde, wääre (Moselle Franconian, but in limited use)
German: werden
Luxembourgish: wäerten
Pennsylvania German: waerre
Yiddish: ווערן (vern)

Old Norse: verða
Icelandic: verða
Faroese: verða
Norwegian Bokmål: vart (past tense of bli, 1938-2005)
Norwegian Nynorsk: verta, verte
Elfdalian: werda
Old Swedish: værþa, varþa
Swedish: varda
Old Danish: warthæ
Danish: vorde (archaic)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: vorde (archaic)
Old Gutnish: warþa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 (wairþan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wértti, from *wert- (“to turn”).

(intransitive) to come to be, to come into existence

(auxiliary) used to form the passive voice, together with a past participle


duhtēr

duhtēr (nominative singular)
duhtriz (nominative plural)
duhter (singular vocative)
duhtriz (plural vocative)
duhterų (accusative singular)
duhtrunz (accusative plural)
duhturz (genitive singular)
duhtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duhtri (dative singular)
duhtrumaz (dative plural)
duhtrē (instrumental singular)
duhtrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dohter
Old English: dohtor, dohtur — Mercian, dohter — Northumbrian, dochtor, dæhter
Middle English: doughter
English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda
Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter
Yola: doughtere, daughtere
Old Frisian: dochter
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum, Mooring: doochter
Sylt: Daachter
Saterland Frisian: Dochter
West Frisian: dochter
Old Saxon: dohtar
Middle Low German: dochter
German Low German: Dochter
Old Dutch: dohter
Middle Dutch: dochter
Dutch: dochter
Afrikaans: dogter
Jersey Dutch: doxter
Negerhollands: dochter, dogter
Petjo: dohter
Limburgish: dóchter
Old High German: tohter
Middle High German: tohter
Alemannic German: Tochter
Italian Walser: techter, töchter, tachter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: tochtar, toustar, tochtar
Mòcheno: tochter
Udinese: tochter, touchter, toachtar
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Dochter
German: Tochter
Luxembourgish: Duechter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Dochder
Vilamovian: tohter
Yiddish: טאָכטער (tokhter)
→ Piedmontese: tota

Proto-Norse: ᛞᛟᚺᛏᚱᛁᛉ pl (dohtriʀ), *ᛞᛟᚺᛏᛖᚱ (*dohter)
Old Norse: dóttir f sg
Icelandic: dóttir
Faroese: dóttir
Norwegian Nynorsk: dotter
Elfdalian: duotter
Old Swedish: dōttir, (Dalian law) doctir
Swedish: dotter
Danish: datter
Norwegian Bokmål: datter

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 (dauhtar)

From Pre-Germanic *dʰuktḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr.


brōþēr

brōþēr (nominative singular)
brōþriz (nominative plural)
brōþer (singular vocative)
brōþriz (plural vocative)
brōþerų (accusative singular)
brōþrunz (accusative plural)
brōþurz (genitive singular)
brōþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brōþri (dative singular)
brōþrumaz (dative plural)
brōþrē (instrumental singular)
brōþrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *brōþer
Old English: brōþor, brōþer, brōþur, brōðer, brōður
Middle English: brother
English: brother (see there for further descendants)
Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder
Yola: brover, brower
Old Frisian: brōther
North Frisian:
Amrum: bruder
Föhr: bruler
Northern Goesharder: (Hoolmer) broor, (Hoorninger) brår
Southern Goesharder: brööðer
Hallig: bröör
Halunder: Bruur
Mooring: brouder
Sylt: Bröđer
Saterland Frisian: Brúur, Brour (Strukelje)
West Frisian: broer
Old Saxon: brōthar
Middle Low German: brôder, brûder
German Low German: Broder, Broor, Bröör
Plautdietsch: Brooda
Old Dutch: *bruothar
Middle Dutch: broeder
Dutch: broeder, broer
Afrikaans: broeder, broer
Limburgish: broor
Old High German: bruoder
Middle High German: bruoder
Alemannic German: Brüeder, Brueder
Italian Walser: briöder, bruder, brueder, bröder
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: pruudar, pruadar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
Mòcheno: pruader
Northern Bavarian: [ˈb̥rou̯d̥ɐ], [ˈb̥rei̯d̥ɐ]
Udinese: pruadar, prueder, pruider
Central Franconian: Broder, Bruder
Hunsrik: Bruder
Luxembourgish: Brudder
German: Bruder
Rhine Franconian: Bruder
Frankfurterisch: [pʀuːd̥æ̆], [prɔurə]
Pennsylvania German: Bruder
Vilamovian: brüder
Yiddish: ברודער (bruder)

Old Norse: bróðir
Icelandic: bróðir
Faroese: bróðir
Norn: brui
Norwegian Bokmål: bror
Elfdalian: bruoðer
Old Swedish: brōþir, ᛒᚱᚮᚦᛁᚱ
Swedish: broder, bror
Old Danish: brōthær
Danish: bror, broder
Norwegian Bokmål: broder
Gutnish: bródar, brór

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂 (brōþar)

Crimean Gothic: bruder

/ˈbrɔː.θɛːr/


mōdēr

mōdēr (nominative singular)
mōdriz (nominative plural)
mōder (singular vocative)
mōdriz (plural vocative)
mōderų (accusative singular)
mōdrunz (accusative plural)
mōdurz (genitive singular)
mōdrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōdri (dative singular)
mōdrumaz (dative plural)
mōdrē (instrumental singular)
mōdrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōder
Old English: mōdor
Middle English: moder
English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)
Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother
Yola: moodher, moother, moothar
Old Frisian: mōder
North Frisian: (Sytl) Mooter
Saterland Frisian: Múur, Mouer (Strukelje)
West Frisian: moer
Old Saxon: mōdar
Middle Low German: mōder
Low German: Moder, Mor
Old Dutch: muoder
Middle Dutch: moeder
Dutch: moeder
Afrikaans: moeder
Negerhollands: muder, moeder
Limburgish: moder
Zealandic: moeder
Old High German: muoter
Middle High German: muoter
Alemannic German: Mueter, Muetter, Mueder
Swabian: Muadr, Mudder, Muddr, Muadar, Muddar
Walser: muater, möter
Bavarian: muatar
Cimbrian: muatar, muutar (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian: Moder (obsolete)
Hunsrik: Mutter, muter (Portuguese-based orthography)
Kirchröadsj: Modder
Luxembourgish: Mudder
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Muddor
Vilamovian: mütter
East Franconian: Motter
German: Mutter, Mueter, Muetter, Muoter, Muotter, Muter
→ Central Franconian: Motter
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: muttern
Rhine Franconian: Modder, Mudder, Morrer, Murrer
Frankfurterisch: [mud̥æ̆]
Pennsylvania German: Mudder
Yiddish: מוטער (muter)

Old Norse: móðir
Icelandic: móðir
Faroese: móðir
Norwegian: mor, moder
Old Swedish: mōþir
Swedish: moder, mor
Scanian: moðer
Danish: mor, moder
Gutnish: mor, moder

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr, via the suffix-stressed variant *meh₂tḗr.


swestēr

swestēr (nominative singular)
swistriz (nominative plural)
swester (singular vocative)
swistriz (plural vocative)
swesterų (accusative singular)
swestrunz (accusative plural)
swesturz (genitive singular)
swestrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swistri (dative singular)
swestrumaz (dative plural)
swestrē (instrumental singular)
swestrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swester

Old English: sweostor, swustor — Mercian, swester, suoester, soester — Northumbrian, swuster — West Saxon, swæstar, swestar, swystor, swystar — Anglian, sweoster, swystar, swyster
Middle English: suster, cyster, cystyr, scyster, sister, sistir, soster, souster, sustir, syster, systir, systyr, swuster (Early Middle English), sussterr (Ormulum), zoster (Kent) (some forms influenced by Old Norse)
English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)
Scots: sister, syster
Yola: zister

Old Frisian: swester

North Frisian:

Söl'ring: Sester

Fering: saster

Öömrang: saster

Halunder: Söster

Bökingharde: süster

Saterland Frisian: Suster

West Frisian: suster

Old Saxon: swestar
Middle Low German: süster, syster, swester
Low German: swester, süster, syster
Plautdietsch: Sesta

Old Dutch: *swestar

Middle Dutch: suster
Dutch: zuster
Afrikaans: suster
Berbice Creole Dutch: sosro, sosoro
Skepi Creole Dutch: soster
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sester
→ Caribbean Javanese: soster, sester
→ Indonesian: suster
→ Saramaccan: soosútu
Limburgish: zöster

Old High German: swester
Middle High German: swëster, suster, süster
Alemannic German: Schwöschter
Italian Walser: schweschter
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: sbestar, sbéstar, sbeistar
Mòcheno: schbester
Udinese: schbeschter, schbeister, sghbeistar
Central Franconian: Sester, Söster (obsolete)
German: Schwester
→ Central Franconian: Schwester
→ Luxembourgish: Schwëster
Hunsrik: Schwesder
Luxembourgish: Sëschter (archaic)
Pennsylvania German: Schweschder
Vilamovian: syster
Yiddish: שוועסטער (shvester)

Proto-Norse: ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (swestar)

Old Norse: systir
Icelandic: systir
Faroese: systir
Norwegian Bokmål: søster
Norwegian Nynorsk: syster
Old Swedish: systir
Swedish: syster
Danish: søster
Old Gutnish: systir
Gutnish: systar

East Germanic

Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍂 (swistar)

Crimean Gothic: schwester

Remodeled based on analogy with *-tēr kinship words, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. This may well have been triggered by the insertion of *-t- in the cluster *-sr- that arose in several oblique case forms, a change which is also found in *þimstr (“dark, dusky”) and *Austrǭ (“springtime, Easter; a goddess of spring and fertility”) and is therefore likely a regular sound change in Proto-Germanic.


fadēr

fadēr (nominative singular)
fadriz (nominative plural)
fader (singular vocative)
fadriz (plural vocative)
faderų (accusative singular)
fadrunz (accusative plural)
fadurz (genitive singular)
fadrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fadri (dative singular)
fadrumaz (dative plural)
fadrē (instrumental singular)
fadrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fader
Old English: fæder
Middle English: fader, fæder, faderr, fadir, fadyr, fadur, feder, vader, veder, faðer, father, ffader
English: father
→ Marshallese: bata
Gullah: farruh
Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither
Yola: vather
→ English: faeder
Old Frisian: feder, fader
North Frisian:
Goesharde:
Hoolmer: fooje
Hoorninger: fååje
Heligoland: Foor
Sylt: Faađer
Saterland Frisian: Foar
West Frisian: fader, faar
Old Saxon: fadar, fader
Middle Low German: vāder
German Low German: Vader, Vaar
Plautdietsch: Voda
Old Dutch: fadar
Middle Dutch: vāder, vaer (loss of -d-)
Dutch: vader
Afrikaans: vader
Berbice Creole Dutch: fadir
Javindo: fader
Jersey Dutch: vâder
Negerhollands: vader
Skepi Creole Dutch: father
Limburgish: vajer, vader
Old High German: fater
Middle High German: vater
Alemannic German: Vatter, Vater, Fatter
Italian Walser: fater, vàtter
Swabian:
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vatar, vaatar, baatar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno:
Udinese: votar, voter
Central Franconian: Vader
Hunsrik: Fatter
Transylvanian Saxon: Foater
East Central German: Voater
Vilamovian: foter, fōter
East Franconian:
German: Vater, Vatter
→ Central Franconian: Vatter
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German:
Yiddish: פֿאָטער (foter)

Old Norse: faðir, ᚠᛅᚦᛁᛦ (faþiʀ)
Icelandic: faðir
Faroese: faðir
Norn:
Orkney: fa
Shetland: fy
Norwegian Nynorsk: far, fader; (dialectal) fade, fair, fai
→ Kven: faari
Elfdalian: faðer
Old Swedish: faþir, fadher, fadhir, ᚠᛆᚦᛁᚱ
Swedish: fader, far
Old Danish: faþir, fathær
Danish: fader, far
Norwegian Bokmål: far, fader
Scanian: faðer
Gutnish: far, fadar, fadur

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar)


newundô

gem-decl-adj-table

*newundô (an/īn-stem)

newundô (masculine nominative singular)
newundaniz (masculine nominative plural)
newundį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
newundīniz (feminine nominative plural)
newundô (neuter nominative singular)
newundōnō (neuter nominative plural)
newundanų (accusative masculine singular)
newundanunz (accusative masculine plural)
newundīnų (accusative feminine singular)
newundīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
newundô (accusative neuter singular)
newundōnō (accusative neuter plural)
newundiniz (genitive masculine singular)
newundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
newundīniz (feminine genitive singular)
newundīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
newundiniz (genitive neuter singular)
newundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
newundini (dative masculine singular)
newundammaz (dative masculine plural)
newundīni (dative feminine singular)
newundīmaz (dative feminine plural)
newundini (dative neuter singular)
newundammaz (dative neuter plural)
newundinē (instrumental masculine singular)
newundammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
newundīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
newundīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
newundinē (instrumental neuter singular)
newundammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *neundō
Old English: niġoþa
Middle English: nynthe, neȝende, nend, neyneþe, neynt, neynþe, niþe, nyneþe, nyend, nyghend, nynnte, nynte, nynþe, nyþe, nieðe, niȝeðe, niȝende, niȝoðe (Early Middle English)
English: ninth
Scots: nint, ninte, nyint, nynt, nynte
Old Frisian: nigunda
Saterland Frisian: njúgende
West Frisian: njoggende
Old Saxon: nigundo, nigutho
Old Dutch: *nigundo
Middle Dutch: nēgende
Dutch: negende
Afrikaans: negende
Negerhollands: negende, neegende
Limburgish: negendje
Old High German: niunto
Middle High German: niunte
Cimbrian: nòinte
German: neunte
Yiddish: נײַנט (naynt)

Old Norse: níundi
Icelandic: níundi
Faroese: níggjundi
Norwegian:
Bokmål: niende
Nynorsk: niande
Old Swedish: niundi
Swedish: nionde
Danish: niende

Gothic: 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (niunda)


fimftô

gem-decl-adj-table

*fimftô (an/īn-stem)

fimftô (masculine nominative singular)
fimftaniz (masculine nominative plural)
fimftį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
fimftīniz (feminine nominative plural)
fimftô (neuter nominative singular)
fimftōnō (neuter nominative plural)
fimftanų (accusative masculine singular)
fimftanunz (accusative masculine plural)
fimftīnų (accusative feminine singular)
fimftīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
fimftô (accusative neuter singular)
fimftōnō (accusative neuter plural)
fimftiniz (genitive masculine singular)
fimftanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
fimftīniz (feminine genitive singular)
fimftīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
fimftiniz (genitive neuter singular)
fimftanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
fimftini (dative masculine singular)
fimftammaz (dative masculine plural)
fimftīni (dative feminine singular)
fimftīmaz (dative feminine plural)
fimftini (dative neuter singular)
fimftammaz (dative neuter plural)
fimftinē (instrumental masculine singular)
fimftammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
fimftīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
fimftīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
fimftinē (instrumental neuter singular)
fimftammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fimftō
Old English: fīfta
Middle English: fifte
English: fifth
Scots: fift, fyft
Old Frisian: fīfta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: füft
Helgoland: füfs
Sylt: fifst
Saterland Frisian: fiefte, füüfte
West Frisian: fyfte
Old Saxon: fīfto
Old Dutch: *fīfto
Middle Dutch: vijfte, vichte (West Flemish)
Dutch: vijfde
Afrikaans: vyfde
Negerhollands: veifde
Limburgish: viefdje
Old High German: fimfto
Middle High German: fünfte
Cimbrian: vünvte, bümbte (Mezzaselva)
German: fünfte
Yiddish: פֿינפֿט (finft)

Old Norse: fimmti, fimti
Icelandic: fimmti
Faroese: fimti
Norwegian Nynorsk: femte
Norwegian Bokmål: femte
Old Swedish: fæmti
Swedish: femte
Danish: femte

Gothic: *𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰 (*fimfta) (in 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆𐍄𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (fimftataihunda, “fifteenth”))

/ˈɸimɸ.tɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *penkʷtós, from *pénkʷe. An ordinal to *fimf (“five”).


ahtudô

gem-decl-adj-table

*ahtudô (an/īn-stem)

ahtudô (masculine nominative singular)
ahtudaniz (masculine nominative plural)
ahtudį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
ahtudīniz (feminine nominative plural)
ahtudô (neuter nominative singular)
ahtudōnō (neuter nominative plural)
ahtudanų (accusative masculine singular)
ahtudanunz (accusative masculine plural)
ahtudīnų (accusative feminine singular)
ahtudīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
ahtudô (accusative neuter singular)
ahtudōnō (accusative neuter plural)
ahtudiniz (genitive masculine singular)
ahtudanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
ahtudīniz (feminine genitive singular)
ahtudīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
ahtudiniz (genitive neuter singular)
ahtudanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
ahtudini (dative masculine singular)
ahtudammaz (dative masculine plural)
ahtudīni (dative feminine singular)
ahtudīmaz (dative feminine plural)
ahtudini (dative neuter singular)
ahtudammaz (dative neuter plural)
ahtudinē (instrumental masculine singular)
ahtudammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
ahtudīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
ahtudīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
ahtudinē (instrumental neuter singular)
ahtudammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ahtudō
Old English: eahtoþa, eahteoþa, eahteþa, ehtoþa, ehteoþa, ehteþa, ehtuþa
Middle English: eiȝtthe, eahtuðe, ehtuðe, egteðe, eyghte, aght, eiȝteþe, eyteth, eghte, aiȝtede, eighthe, eghþe, eytþe, eȝte, eytiþ, eiȝtþe
English: eighth
Scots: echt
Old Frisian: achtunda, achtenda, achtanda
Saterland Frisian: oachte
West Frisian: achtste
Old Saxon: ahtodo
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: achde
Suerländer-Märkisch: achte
Westmünsterländisch: achte
Old Dutch: *ahtodo
Middle Dutch: achte
Old High German: ahtodo
Middle High German: ahtode, ahte, ahtede
Cimbrian: achtete
German: achte
Kölsch: aachde (Eischwiele Platt)
Luxembourgish: aacht
Yiddish: אַכט (akht)

Old Norse: átti, áttandi
Icelandic: átti
⇒ Old Norse: áttandi, áttundi
Icelandic: áttundi
Elfdalian: åttund
Faroese: áttandi
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: åttende
Norwegian Nynorsk: åttande
Old Swedish: āttunde, āttande
Swedish: åttonde
Danish: ottende

Gothic: 𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌿𐌳𐌰 (ahtuda)


sehtô

gem-decl-adj-table

*sehtô (an/īn-stem)

sehtô (masculine nominative singular)
sehtaniz (masculine nominative plural)
sihtį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
sihtīniz (feminine nominative plural)
sehtô (neuter nominative singular)
sehtōnō (neuter nominative plural)
sehtanų (accusative masculine singular)
sehtanunz (accusative masculine plural)
sihtīnų (accusative feminine singular)
sihtīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
sehtô (accusative neuter singular)
sehtōnō (accusative neuter plural)
sihtiniz (genitive masculine singular)
sehtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
sihtīniz (feminine genitive singular)
sihtīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
sihtiniz (genitive neuter singular)
sehtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
sihtini (dative masculine singular)
sehtammaz (dative masculine plural)
sihtīni (dative feminine singular)
sihtīmaz (dative feminine plural)
sihtini (dative neuter singular)
sehtammaz (dative neuter plural)
sihtinē (instrumental masculine singular)
sehtammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
sihtīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
sihtīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
sihtinē (instrumental neuter singular)
sehtammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sehtō
Old English: sixta, siexta, syxta, sihsta, sexta, sesta
Middle English: sixte
English: sixth
Scots: saxt, sext, sixt
Old Frisian: sexta
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: seekst
Helgoland: sös
Saterland Frisian: säkste
West Frisian: sechste
Old Saxon: sehsto
Middle Low German: seste, sēste, söste
German Low German: sessde, sessd
Old Dutch: *sesto
Middle Dutch: seste, sesde (Limburgish)
Dutch: zesde
Afrikaans: sesde
Negerhollands: sesde
→ Kwinti: zesde
Limburgish: zèsdje
Old High German: sehto, sehsto
Middle High German: sehte, sehste
Cimbrian: zèkste
German: sechste
Yiddish: זעקסט (zekst)

Old Norse: sétti
Icelandic: sétti, sjötti
Faroese: sætti
Norwegian: sjette
Old Swedish: sætti, siætti
Swedish: sjätte
Danish: sjette

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌰 (saihsta)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweḱ(s)-tHo-, from *swéḱs. An ordinal to *sehs (“six”).


sebundô

gem-decl-adj-table

*sebundô (an/īn-stem)

sebundô (masculine nominative singular)
sebundaniz (masculine nominative plural)
sebundį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
sebundīniz (feminine nominative plural)
sebundô (neuter nominative singular)
sebundōnō (neuter nominative plural)
sebundanų (accusative masculine singular)
sebundanunz (accusative masculine plural)
sebundīnų (accusative feminine singular)
sebundīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
sebundô (accusative neuter singular)
sebundōnō (accusative neuter plural)
sebundiniz (genitive masculine singular)
sebundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
sebundīniz (feminine genitive singular)
sebundīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
sebundiniz (genitive neuter singular)
sebundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
sebundini (dative masculine singular)
sebundammaz (dative masculine plural)
sebundīni (dative feminine singular)
sebundīmaz (dative feminine plural)
sebundini (dative neuter singular)
sebundammaz (dative neuter plural)
sebundinē (instrumental masculine singular)
sebundammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
sebundīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
sebundīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
sebundinē (instrumental neuter singular)
sebundammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sebundō
Old English: seofoþa
Middle English: seventhe, sefnthe, sefte, sefth, sevend, sevende, seventh, sevenþe, seveþe, sevynte, sevynth, zevende, sefennde, seofaþe, seofeðe, seofoðe, seoveðe (Early Middle English)
English: seventh
Scots: seevent
Old Frisian: sigunda
Saterland Frisian: sogende
West Frisian: sânde
Old Saxon: sivondo, sivotho
Old Dutch: *sivondo
Middle Dutch: sēvende
Dutch: zevende
Afrikaans: sewende
Negerhollands: sevende, seevende
Limburgish: zeuvendje
Old High German: sibunto
Middle High German: sibente, sibende
Cimbrian: zibante
German: siebente, siebte
Yiddish: זיבעט (zibet)

Old Norse: sjaundi
Icelandic: sjöundi
Faroese: sjeyndi
Norwegian:
Bokmål: sjuende
Nynorsk: sjuande
Old Swedish: siundi
Swedish: sjunde
Danish: syvende
→ Norwegian Bokmål: syvende


fedurþô

gem-decl-adj-table

*fedurþô (an/īn-stem)

fedurþô (masculine nominative singular)
fedurþaniz (masculine nominative plural)
fedurþį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
fedurþīniz (feminine nominative plural)
fedurþô (neuter nominative singular)
fedurþōnō (neuter nominative plural)
fedurþanų (accusative masculine singular)
fedurþanunz (accusative masculine plural)
fedurþīnų (accusative feminine singular)
fedurþīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
fedurþô (accusative neuter singular)
fedurþōnō (accusative neuter plural)
fedurþiniz (genitive masculine singular)
fedurþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
fedurþīniz (feminine genitive singular)
fedurþīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
fedurþiniz (genitive neuter singular)
fedurþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
fedurþini (dative masculine singular)
fedurþammaz (dative masculine plural)
fedurþīni (dative feminine singular)
fedurþīmaz (dative feminine plural)
fedurþini (dative neuter singular)
fedurþammaz (dative neuter plural)
fedurþinē (instrumental masculine singular)
fedurþammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
fedurþīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
fedurþīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
fedurþinē (instrumental neuter singular)
fedurþammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *feurþō
Old English: fēorþa, fēorða, fēowerþa
Middle English: feorþe, veorðe, feorðe, forðe, ferthe, fourthe, ferþe, fourþe, feurþe, fourte, ferth, fferth, fourth, fourt, verþe, firþe, firthe, fuyrthe, feorþe, veorðe, feorðe, forðe, IIIIᵗʰ
English: fourth
Scots: fourt
Yola: vourthe
Old Frisian: fiārda
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: fjuard
Helgoland: fear
Sylt: fjåårt
Saterland Frisian: fjädde, fjoode
West Frisian: fjirde
Old Saxon: fiortho
Middle Low German: vêrde
Dutch Low Saxon: veerte
German Low German: feerde, feerd
Old Dutch: *fiortho
Middle Dutch: vierde
Dutch: vierde
Afrikaans: vierde
Negerhollands: veerde, vierde, firrde
Limburgish: veerdje
Old High German: fiordo
Middle High German: vierde, vierte
Cimbrian: viarte
German: vierte
Luxembourgish: véiert
Yiddish: פֿערט (fert)

Old Norse: fjórði
Icelandic: fjórði
Faroese: fjórði
Norwegian: fjerde
Old Swedish: fiarþi, fiærþi
Swedish: fjärde
Danish: fjerde

/ˈɸe.ður.θɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwr̥tHo-, from *kʷetwóres. An ordinal to *fedwōr (“four”).


tehundô

gem-decl-adj-table

*tehundô (an/īn-stem)

tehundô (masculine nominative singular)
tehundaniz (masculine nominative plural)
tehundį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
tehundīniz (feminine nominative plural)
tehundô (neuter nominative singular)
tehundōnō (neuter nominative plural)
tehundanų (accusative masculine singular)
tehundanunz (accusative masculine plural)
tehundīnų (accusative feminine singular)
tehundīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
tehundô (accusative neuter singular)
tehundōnō (accusative neuter plural)
tehundiniz (genitive masculine singular)
tehundanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
tehundīniz (feminine genitive singular)
tehundīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
tehundiniz (genitive neuter singular)
tehundanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
tehundini (dative masculine singular)
tehundammaz (dative masculine plural)
tehundīni (dative feminine singular)
tehundīmaz (dative feminine plural)
tehundini (dative neuter singular)
tehundammaz (dative neuter plural)
tehundinē (instrumental masculine singular)
tehundammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
tehundīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
tehundīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
tehundinē (instrumental neuter singular)
tehundammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tehundō
Old English: tēoþa, tēogoþa
Middle English: tethe, tythe, tithe
English: tithe
Scots: teith (obsolete)
⇒ Middle English: tenthe, tende
English: tenth
Scots: teind, tent
Old Frisian: tegotha, tegatha
Saterland Frisian: Teeged
⇒ Old Frisian: tiānda, tēnda
Saterland Frisian: tjaande
West Frisian: tsiende
Old Saxon: tegotho
Middle Low German: tegede, tēgende, teyde
German Low German: Teegd
⇒ Old Saxon: tehando
Middle Low German: teinde
German Low German: tiehnde, tiehnd, tiehnte, tiehnt, teihnde, teihnd, teihnte, teihnt
⇒ German Low German: Teihnte m
Old Dutch: *tiando
Middle Dutch: tiende
Dutch: tiende
Afrikaans: tiende
Negerhollands: tiende
Limburgish: teendje, tieëndje
Old High German: zehanto
Middle High German: zëhente
Cimbrian: sègante
German: zehnte
Luxembourgish: zéngt
Yiddish: צענט (tsent)

Old Norse: tíundi
Icelandic: tíundi
Faroese: tíggjundi
Norwegian Nynorsk: tiande, tionde
Swedish: tionde
Danish: tiende
Norwegian Bokmål: tiende

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (taihunda)


stelaną

stelō (active first-person indicative singular)
stelaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stelai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stilizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stelaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stel (active imperative second-person singular)
stelazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stelaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stilidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stelai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
steladau (active imperative singular third-person)
steladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stelaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stelōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stelaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
steladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stelaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
steladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stelamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stelaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stelandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stelaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stilid (active indicative plural second-person)
stelaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stilid (active imperative plural second-person)
stelandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stelaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stelandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stelain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stelandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stelandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stelaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stal (active first-person indicative singular)
stēlį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stalt (active indicative second-person singular)
stēlīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stal (active indicative singular third-person)
stēlī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stēlū (active dual first-person indicative)
stēlīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stēludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stēlīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stēlum (active first-person indicative plural)
stēlīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stēlud (active indicative plural second-person)
stēlīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stēlun (active indicative plural third-person)
stēlīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stelandz (active participle present)
stulanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stelan
Old English: stelan
Middle English: stelen
English: steal
Old Frisian: stela
West Frisian: stelle
Old Saxon: stelan
Low German: stehlen
Old Dutch: *stelan
Middle Dutch: stēlen
Dutch: stelen
Afrikaans: steel
Limburgish: staele
Old High German: stelan
Middle High German: stelen, steln
Bavarian: stäihn, stöhln, stöhn
German: stehlen
→ Esperanto: ŝteli
Luxembourgish: stielen

Old Norse: stela, stjala
Icelandic: stela
Faroese: stjala
Norwegian Nynorsk: stela, stele
Jamtish: stjæła
Elfdalian: stjälå
Old Swedish: stiæla
Swedish: stjäla
Old Danish: stælæ, stialæ, stiælæ
Danish: stjæle
Norwegian Bokmål: stjele
Scanian: stjæla
Gutnish: stjäle

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (stilan)

Vandalic: *stel-

According to Kroonen & Lubotsky (2009), from Proto-Indo-European *tsel- (“to sneak”) (compare e.g. Sanskrit त्सर् (tsar), Shughni сӗрт (“to steal, sneak”), Old Armenian սողիմ (sołim, “to creep, to steal”)). The supposed metathesis *ts > *st has no exact parallels, but a similar development appears in *spenô (“nipple”), from Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn (“breast”). Numerous other etymologies with semantic or phonetic difficulties have been earlier proposed as well.


kuningaz

kuningaz (nominative singular)
kuningōz (nominative plural)
kuningōs (nominative plural)
kuning (singular vocative)
kuningōz (plural vocative)
kuningōs (plural vocative)
kuningą (accusative singular)
kuninganz (accusative plural)
kuningas (genitive singular)
kuningis (genitive singular)
kuningǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kuningai (dative singular)
kuningamaz (dative plural)
kuningō (instrumental singular)
kuningamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kuning
Old English: cyning, cyng, cyneg, cynig, cuning, kyning, kining, kuning, cyncg, cyngc, kyningc, kung — Northumbrian
Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic), gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)), knyng (transmission error), chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
English: king (see there for further descendants)
Scots: keeng, king
Yola: kinge, king
→ English: cyning (learned)
Old Frisian: kening, kining, kinig, keneng, koning
North Frisian: köning, könning, käning
Saterland Frisian: Kening
West Frisian: kening
Old Saxon: kuning
Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig
Low German:
Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning
German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig
Plautdietsch: Kjennich
→ Latgalian: kieneņš
→ Latvian: ķēniņš
→ Saterland Frisian: König, Köänig
→ West Frisian: keuning
Old Dutch: cuninc
Middle Dutch: cōninc
Dutch: koning
Afrikaans: koning
Negerhollands: koning, kiniṅ
→ Mohegan-Pequot: kunnung
→ Sranan Tongo: kownu
→ Lokono: kónoe
→ Aukan: konu
→ Kari'na: konu
Limburgish: keuning
Old High German: kuning, cuning, chuninc, chuning, khuninc
Middle High German: künic, künec
Alemannic German: Künig, Chüng, Keenig
Bavarian: Kine, Kini, Kenig, Kineng
Central Franconian: Kinnik, Künning, Künnik
Cimbrian: khuuneg
German: König
Luxembourgish: Kinnek
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Keenich
Vilamovian: kyng
Yiddish: קיניג (kinig), קעניג (kenig)

Old Norse: konungr, kongr — later form, ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛁ (kunuki) — dative singular, ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛋ (kunuks) — genitive singular, ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛅᛦ (kunukaʀ), ᚴᚢᚿᚢᚴᛆᛧ (kunukaʀ) — nominative plural
Icelandic: konungur, kóngur
Faroese: kongur, konungur
Norn: konung
Norwegian Nynorsk: konge, kong, konung; (dialectal) kung
Jamtish: kung
Elfdalian: kunungg
Old Swedish: konunger, kununger, kunger
Swedish: konung, kung, kong
Old Danish: kung, konung
Scanian: káng
Danish: konge
Norwegian Bokmål: konge
→ Greenlandic: kunngi
Old Gutnish: kunungr
Gutnish: kuningg, kungg

desc

→ Lithuanian: kunigas, kuningas, kunigaikštis

→ Latvian: kungs

→ Proto-Finnic: *kuningas (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *konëŋkēs (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *kъnędzь (see there for further descendants)

From *kunją + *-ingaz, semantic shift from "someone of the family" > "someone that inherits (from their family)" > "king".


augô

augô (nominative singular)
augōnō (nominative plural)
augô (singular vocative)
augōnō (plural vocative)
augô (accusative singular)
augōnō (accusative plural)
auginiz (genitive singular)
auganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
augini (dative singular)
augammaz (dative plural)
auginē (instrumental singular)
augammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *augā
Old English: ēaġe, ēge — Anglian
Middle English: eie, yȝe, ye, yë, yghe, eye, eȝhe, eȝe, eighe, eyghe, eyȝe, iȝe
English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai
Geordie English: ee, eye
Scots: ee
Yola: ieen, eein, eyen, eeen, een, ein (plural)
Old Frisian: āge, āg
North Frisian:
Most dialects: uug
Goesharde: uug, uuch
Halligen: uuch
Heligoland: Oog
Sylt: Oog
Saterland Frisian: Oge
West Frisian: each
Old Saxon: ōga
Middle Low German: ôge
Low German:
German Low German:
Hamburgisch: Oog
Westphalian:(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Äuge
Lippisch: Auge, Äoge
Ravensbergisch: äuge (scientific), Auge
Sauerländisch: Äoge, Auge, Eyege, Ouge, Oue
Westmünsterländisch: Ooge, Oog
Plautdietsch: Uag
Old Dutch: ōga
Middle Dutch: ôge
Dutch: oog
Limburgish: oug
Old High German: ouga
Middle High German: ouge
Alemannic German: Aug
Swabian: Aug
Bavarian: Aug
Cimbrian:
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: Ooch, Auch, Au
Hunsrik: Au
Kölsch: Ouch
Luxembourgish: A
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Ooche
Vilamovian: aojg
East Franconian:
German: Auge
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Aag
Pennsylvania German: Aag
Yiddish: אויג (oyg)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚢᚷᛟ (*augo)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᚢᚷᛁᛉ (augiʀ)

Old Norse: auga
Icelandic: auga
Faroese: eyga
Norwegian Nynorsk: auga n
Norwegian: (dialectal) auga, aua, aue f or n, auwe, ouwe, ouga
Jamtish: ouge
Elfdalian: oga
Old Swedish: ø̄gha
Swedish: öga
→ Finnish: ööga
Scanian: yva
Old Danish: ø̄ghæ
Danish: øje
Norwegian Bokmål: øye
Gutnish: auge

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 (augō)

Crimean Gothic: oeghene (plural)

→? Proto-Finnic: *aukko

Finnish: aukko

Estonian: auk

Votic: aukko

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”), with analogical introduction of the diphthong -au- from *auzô (“ear”).


tīmô

tīmô (nominative singular)
tīmaniz (nominative plural)
tīmô (singular vocative)
tīmaniz (plural vocative)
tīmanų (accusative singular)
tīmanunz (accusative plural)
tīminiz (genitive singular)
tīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tīmini (dative singular)
tīmammaz (dative plural)
tīminē (instrumental singular)
tīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tīmō

desctree

Old English: tīma
Middle English: tyme, teme, teyme, tim, time, tym, tima, timæ, tyma (Early Middle English)
English: time (see there for further descendants)
Scots: time, teime, tim
Yola: deemes (plural)

Old High German: *zīmo

Middle High German: *zīme

Alemannic German: Zimmän

Old Norse: tími
Icelandic: tími
Faroese: tími
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: time
Norwegian Nynorsk: time
Elfdalian: taime
Old Swedish: tīme
Swedish: timme, timma (from oblique)
Danish: time

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y-, specifically from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂imō. Exact cognate to Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn, “daemon”).


-hw

Gothic: -𐌿𐌷 (-uh)

From Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe. Cognate with Latin -que.

Forms distributives from interrogatives.


-į̄

-į̄ (nominative singular)
-īniz (nominative plural)
-į̄ (singular vocative)
-īniz (plural vocative)
-īnų (accusative singular)
-īnunz (accusative plural)
-īniz (genitive singular)
-īnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-īni (dative singular)
-īmaz (dative plural)
-īnē (instrumental singular)
-īmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ī
Old English: -u (even after long syllables, e.g. ieldu, brǣdu)
Middle English: -e
Old Frisian: -e
North Frisian: -e
Saterland Frisian: -e
Old Saxon: -i
Middle Low German: -e
Old Dutch: *-i
Middle Dutch: -e
Dutch: -e
Old High German: -ī
Middle High German: -e
German: -e

Old Norse: -i

Icelandic: -i

Faroese: -i

Norwegian: -e, -a

Gothic: -𐌴𐌹 (-ei)

-th. Forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent 'the state, quality or measure of' the adjective.


winiz

winiz (nominative singular)
winīz (nominative plural)
wini (singular vocative)
winīz (plural vocative)
winį (accusative singular)
wininz (accusative plural)
winīz (genitive singular)
winjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
winī (dative singular)
winimaz (dative plural)
winī (instrumental singular)
winimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wini
Old English: wine
Middle English: wine
⇒ English: (a component found in names – Baldwin, Godwin, Irwin, etc.)
Old Frisian: wine
North Frisian: wenn
Old Saxon: wini
Old High German: wini
Middle High German: wine, win

Proto-Norse: ᚹᛁᚾᛁᛉ (winiz), ᚢᛁᚾᛁᛉ (uiniʀ) — alternative spelling
Old Norse: vinr
Icelandic: vinur
Faroese: vinur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ven, vin
Russenorsk: væn, ven, venn
Old Swedish: vin
Swedish: vän
Old Danish: win
Danish: ven
Norwegian Bokmål: venn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: venn

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍃 (batwins)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish, seek, desire, love, win”). Cognate with Latin Venus (“love, beauty, grace, charm”).


þankōną

þankō (active first-person indicative singular)
þankǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þankōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þankōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þankōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þankō (active imperative second-person singular)
þankōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þankōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þankōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þankō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þankōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þankōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þankōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þankōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þankōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þankōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þankōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þankōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þankōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þankōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þankōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þankōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þankōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þankōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þankōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þankōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þankōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þankōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þankōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þankōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þankōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þankōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þankōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þankōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þankōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þankōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þankōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þankōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þankōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þankōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þankōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þankōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þankōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þankōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þankōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þankōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þankōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þankōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þankōndz (active participle present)
þankōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þankōn
Old English: þancian, þoncian
Middle English: thanken, thonken
English: thank
Scots: thank, thonk
Old Frisian: thankia, thonkia
Saterland Frisian: tonkje
West Frisian: taensjen, tankje, tanke
Old Saxon: thankōn, thancōn
Middle Low German: danken
Low German: danken
Old Dutch: thancon
Middle Dutch: danken
Dutch: danken
Afrikaans: dank
Limburgish: danke
Old High German: dankōn, thankon, danchōn, dancōn
Middle High German: danken
Cimbrian: dånkan
German: danken
Luxembourgish: danken
Yiddish: דאַנקען (danken)
→⇒ Czech: děkovat
→⇒ Polish: dziękować
→ Kashubian: dzãkòwac
→⇒ Russian: дя́ковать (djákovatʹ)
→⇒ Slovak: ďakovať
→⇒ Ukrainian: дя́кувати (djákuvaty)
→⇒ Lithuanian: dėkoti
→⇒ Belarusian: дзя́каваць (dzjákavacʹ)

Old Norse: þakka
Icelandic: þakka
Faroese: takka
Norwegian Nynorsk: takka
Norwegian Bokmål: takke
Old Swedish: þakka
Swedish: tacka
Danish: takke
→ Inari Sami: takkâ

/ˈθɑŋ.kɔː.nɑ̃/


meduz

meduz (nominative singular)
midiwiz (nominative plural)
medu (singular vocative)
midiwiz (plural vocative)
medų (accusative singular)
medunz (accusative plural)
medauz (genitive singular)
midiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midiwi (dative singular)
medumaz (dative plural)
medū (instrumental singular)
medumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *medu
Old English: medu, medo, meodo, meodu
Middle English: mede, methe (influenced by Old Norse mjǫðr)
English: mead
Scots: mede, meid
Old Frisian: mede
Saterland Frisian: Meede
West Frisian: mea
Old Saxon: medu
Middle Low German: mēde, medde
Low German: Mia (Westphalian dialects)
Old Dutch: *medu
Middle Dutch: mēde
Dutch: mede, mee
Old High German: metu
Middle High German: mete, met
German: Met

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛖᛞᚢᛉ (*meduʀ)

Old Norse: mjǫðr
Icelandic: mjöður
Faroese: mjøður
Norwegian Nynorsk: mjød; (dialectal) mjør, mjøyr’e
Old Swedish: miødher, mioþer
Swedish: mjöd
Old Danish: mioth, miøth, møth
Danish: mjød
Norwegian Bokmål: mjød

→? Proto-Finnic: *mëtu (see there for further descendants)

→? Ancient Greek: μέδος (médos)

desc

→? Hunnic: μέδος (médos, “beverage akin to mead”)

→ Latin: mēdus

From Proto-Indo-European *médʰu. Cognate with Sanskrit मधु (madhu), Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬜𐬎 (maδu), Ancient Greek μέθυ (méthu).


-ingaz

-ingaz (nominative singular)
-ingōz (nominative plural)
-ingōs (nominative plural)
-ing (singular vocative)
-ingōz (plural vocative)
-ingōs (plural vocative)
-ingą (accusative singular)
-inganz (accusative plural)
-ingas (genitive singular)
-ingis (genitive singular)
-ingǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-ingai (dative singular)
-ingamaz (dative plural)
-ingō (instrumental singular)
-ingamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *-ing

Old English: -ing

Middle English: -ing, -yng

English: -ing

Scots: -ing, -in, -een

Old Frisian: -ing

Saterland Frisian: -ing

West Frisian: -ing

Old Saxon: -ing

Middle Low German: -inc

German Low German: -ing

Old Dutch: -ing

Middle Dutch: -inc

Dutch: -ing (also -ink in names)

Old High German: -ing

Middle High German: -inc

German: -ing

desctree

Old Norse: -ingr
Icelandic: -ingur
Faroese: -ingur
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ing
Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
Old Swedish: -inger
Swedish: -ing, -ling
Danish: -ing

→ Vulgar Latin: *-ingus, *-engus

Spanish: -(l)engo

desc

French: -(l)ingien, -(l)ange, -(l)ans, -(l)ine, -(l)ingues

Italian: -ingo, -engo, -lengo

Galician: -(l)engo

Portuguese: -engo

Occitan: -enc

Catalan: -enc

Unknown. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷo-, or possibly from *-īnaz + *-gaz. Compare *-ungō (suffix forming gerunds).

Forms derivatives of nouns with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from'.


habukaz

habukaz (nominative singular)
habukōz (nominative plural)
habukōs (nominative plural)
habuk (singular vocative)
habukōz (plural vocative)
habukōs (plural vocative)
habuką (accusative singular)
habukanz (accusative plural)
habukas (genitive singular)
habukis (genitive singular)
habukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habukai (dative singular)
habukamaz (dative plural)
habukō (instrumental singular)
habukamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *habuk
Old English: hafuc, hafoc, heafoc, heafuc
Middle English: hauk, hafek, havek, havk, hawk, hawke, hafvek, hævek, heavek, hevek (Early Middle English)
English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka
Scots: hawk
→ Old Irish: sebac
Irish: seabhac
Manx: shawk
Scottish Gaelic: seabhag
Old Frisian: havek, hauk
North Frisian: hafk, häfk
Saterland Frisian: Hauk
West Frisian: hauk
Old Saxon: havuk, haƀuk
Middle Low German: hāvek, hāvik
German Low German: Haavke
Low German: Haavk, Havik, Haav, Hoovk
→ Polabian: ofkă
Old Dutch: *havuk, havek
Middle Dutch: hāvec, hāvic
Dutch: havik
Afrikaans: hawik
Old High German: habuch
Middle High German: habeh, habech
German: Habicht
Swabian: Hack

Old Norse: haukr
Icelandic: haukur
Faroese: heykur
Norwegian Nynorsk: hauk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: hauk
Elfdalian: ok
Old Swedish: hø̄ker
Swedish: hök
Old Danish: høk
Danish: høg
Norwegian Bokmål: høk

→ Proto-Finnic: *habukka, *habuk'as

Estonian: haugas

Finnish: haukka, (dialectal) havukka

Karelian: haukka

Veps: habuk

Possibly ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p- (“seize”), possibly through a root *kobuǵos (compare Russian ко́бец (kóbec, “falcon”), Polish kobuz, Latin capys, capus (“bird of prey”) (if not loaned from Etruscan), Albanian gabonjë). Kroonen (2013), however, considers the sound correspondences between the words in different Indo-European branches to be too irregular and thus views it as a Wanderwort rather than a common PIE inheritance.


stadiz

stadiz (nominative singular)
stadīz (nominative plural)
stadi (singular vocative)
stadīz (plural vocative)
stadį (accusative singular)
stadinz (accusative plural)
stadīz (genitive singular)
stadjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stadī (dative singular)
stadimaz (dative plural)
stadī (instrumental singular)
stadimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stadi
Old English: stede
Middle English: stede, stad, sted, stedd, stedde, steed, steede, steode, steyd, stid, stide, stode, stud, stude, styd, stydde, styde
English: stead
Scots: steid, sted
Old Frisian: stede
Saterland Frisian: Steede, Stääd
West Frisian: stêd
Old Saxon: stedi
Middle Low German: stēde
German Low German: Stee
Old Dutch: stat
Middle Dutch: stat, stede
Dutch: stad, stede, stee
Old High German: stat
Middle High German: stat
Central Franconian: Stadt
Hunsrik: xtat
Luxembourgish: Stad
German: Stadt, Statt, Stätte (doublets)
Rhine Franconian: Stadt
Pennsylvania German: Schtadt, Schtedt
Vilamovian: śtaod
Yiddish: שטאָט (shtot), שטעטל (shtetl)
→ English: shtetl

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᛏᚨᛞᛁᛉ (stadiʀ)

Old Norse: staðr
Icelandic: staður
Faroese: staður
Norn: sta
Norwegian Nynorsk: stad, (dialectal) stad’e
Elfdalian: stað
Old Swedish: staþer
Swedish: stad
→ Finnish: Stadi
Old Danish: stath n, stæth n
Danish: stad c (“city”), sted n (“place”)
Norwegian Bokmål: stad m, sted n
Scanian: stað
Old Gutnish: steþr
Gutnish: städ

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (staþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tis. Cognate with Ancient Greek στάσις (stásis). Equivalent to *stāną + *-þiz. Piecewise doublet of *stassiz.