bannaną

bannō (active first-person indicative singular)
bannaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bannai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bannizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bannaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bann (active imperative second-person singular)
bannazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bannaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bannidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bannai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bannadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bannadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bannaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bannōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bannaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bannadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bannaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bannadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bannamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bannaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bannandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bannaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bannid (active indicative plural second-person)
bannaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bannid (active imperative plural second-person)
bannandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bannaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bannandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bannain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bannandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bannandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bannaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
beban (active first-person indicative singular)
bebann (active first-person indicative singular)
bebannį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bebant (active indicative second-person singular)
bebannt (active indicative second-person singular)
bebannīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
beban (active indicative singular third-person)
bebann (active indicative singular third-person)
bebannī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bebannū (active dual first-person indicative)
bebannīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bebannudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bebannīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bebannum (active first-person indicative plural)
bebannīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bebannud (active indicative plural second-person)
bebannīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bebannun (active indicative plural third-person)
bebannīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bannandz (active participle present)
bannanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bannan
Old English: bannan
Middle English: bannen, bonnen
English: ban
Scots: ban
Old Frisian: banna
Saterland Frisian: banne
West Frisian: banne
Old Saxon: bannan
Middle Low German: bannan, *bannen
Low German: bannen
Old Dutch: *bannan
Middle Dutch: bannen
Dutch: bannen
Afrikaans: ban
Negerhollands: bannen
→ Papiamentu: ban, bant
Old High German: pannan, bannan
Middle High German: bannen
German: bannen
→ Luxembourgish: bannen
→ Late Latin: banniō (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: banna

Icelandic: banna

Faroese: banna

Norwegian Nynorsk: banna

Swedish: banna

Danish: bande

Norwegian Bokmål: banne

→ Middle English: banne(n)

Scots: ban (“to curse”)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰh₂-nw-, a zero grade nu-present form of Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”), similar in form to Vedic Sanskrit भनति (bhánati). The cluster -nw- seems to have caused gemination; see *kinnuz, *þunnuz for the same development.


bankiz

bankiz (nominative singular)
bankīz (nominative plural)
banki (singular vocative)
bankīz (plural vocative)
bankį (accusative singular)
bankinz (accusative plural)
bankīz (genitive singular)
bankijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bankī (dative singular)
bankimaz (dative plural)
bankī (instrumental singular)
bankimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *banki
Old English: benċ, bænc
Middle English: benk, bench, bynk, benche, banch, binch, binche
English: bench (see there for further descendants)
Scots: bink, benk
→ Middle Irish: beinnse
Irish: binse
Old Frisian: bank, benk
Saterland Frisian: Boank, Bank
West Frisian: bank
Old Saxon: bank
Middle Low German: bank
Old Dutch: *banc
Middle Dutch: banc
Dutch: bank (see there for further descendants)
Afrikaans: bank
Limburgish: bank
Old High German: bank
Middle High German: banc, bank
Bavarian: Bånk
German: Bank
→ Danish: bank
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bank
Luxembourgish: Bänk
Pennsylvania German: Bank
→ Old French: banc
French: banc (see there for further descendants)
Norman: banc
→ Middle English: bank, banke
English: bank (see there for further descendants)
→ Galician: banco
→ Spanish: banco (see there for further descendants)
→ Old Italian: banco, banca
Italian: banco, banca (see there for further descendants)
⇒ Italian: banchetto (see there for further descendants)
→ Byzantine Greek: πάγκος (pánkos)
Greek: πάγκος (págkos)
→ Middle French: banque (see there for further descendants)
→ German: Bank (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: bancus, banca
Lombardic: panch
→ Italian: panca

Proto-Norse:

Old West Norse: bekkr
Icelandic: bekkur
Faroese: bekkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bekk

Old East Norse: *bænkʀ

Norn: benk

Jamtish: benk

Old Swedish: bænker

Swedish: bänk

→ Finnish: penkki

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: benk

Old Danish: bænk

Danish: bænk

Norwegian Bokmål: benk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to bend, curve, arch”). Cognate with Lithuanian bangà (“wave, billow, swell”).


baunō

baunō (nominative singular)
baunôz (nominative plural)
baunō (singular vocative)
baunôz (plural vocative)
baunǭ (accusative singular)
baunōz (accusative plural)
baunōz (genitive singular)
baunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baunōi (dative singular)
baunōmaz (dative plural)
baunō (instrumental singular)
baunōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baunu
Old English: bēan, bīen
Middle English: bene, beane, beene, beyn, ben, bean
English: bean
Scots: bein, bene
Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)
Old Frisian: bāne
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: buan
Saterland Frisian: Boone
West Frisian: bean, beane, beanne
Old Saxon: bōna
Middle Low German: bône
German Low German: Bohn
Plautdietsch: Boon
Old Dutch: *bōna
Middle Dutch: bône
Dutch: boon
Afrikaans: boon
→ Xhosa: imbotyi (from the diminutive)
Berbice Creole Dutch: bono
Negerhollands: bontśi, boontje, boonschi (from the diminutive)
→ Virgin Islands Creole: bontsi (archaic)
→ Caribbean Javanese: bontyis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Indonesian: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Petjo: bontjies, boontjies
→ Javanese: buncis (from the diminutive plural)
→ Papiamentu: bonchi, boontsje (from the diminutive)
→ Sranan Tongo: bonki (from the diminutive)
→ Caribbean Hindustani: bongki
Limburgish: boean
Old High German: bōna
Middle High German: bōne
Alemannic German: Bone
Central Franconian: Bunn, Buhn, Bohn
Hunsrik: Bohn
Luxembourgish: Boun
German: Bohne
Rhine Franconian: Bohn
Frankfurterisch: [b̥õːn]
Pennsylvania German: Bohn, Buhn

Old Norse: baun
Icelandic: baun
Norwegian Nynorsk: bauna; (dialectal) bogna (aun > ogn)
Old Swedish: bø̄n, bø̄na
Swedish: böna (added -a under Middle Low German influence)
Danish: bønne (added -e under Middle Low German influence)
Norwegian Bokmål: bønne
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bønne
→ Faroese: bøn, bøna
→ Middle Irish: pónair (from the plural baunir)
Irish: pónaire
Manx: poanrey
Scottish Gaelic: pònair

Unknown; often cited as from earlier *babnō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰabʰ- (“bean”), however this is disputed.


askǭ

askǭ (nominative singular)
askōniz (nominative plural)
askǭ (singular vocative)
askōniz (plural vocative)
askōnų (accusative singular)
askōnunz (accusative plural)
askōniz (genitive singular)
askōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
askōni (dative singular)
askōmaz (dative plural)
askōnē (instrumental singular)
askōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *askā
Old English: æsce
Middle English: asshe, axe, aske, ash, assche, aysshe, asche, aisshe, asske, acxe, ass, esche, esk, eshe
English: ash
Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis
Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)
Old Frisian: *aske, *eske
Saterland Frisian: Ääske
West Frisian: jiske
Old Saxon: aska
Middle Low German: asche
German Low German: Asch
Plautdietsch: Ausch
Old Dutch: *aska
Middle Dutch: asche
Dutch: as
Afrikaans: as
Berbice Creole Dutch: asi
Negerhollands: haschěsis, hassesje, assche, ašiši, hašiši, haši, babaši, aschies, assisje, az
Old High German: asca, aska
Middle High German: asche
Alemannic German: Äsche
Cimbrian: èssa
German: Asche
Luxembourgish: Äsch
Vilamovian: oś
Yiddish: אַש (ash)

Old Norse: aska
Icelandic: aska
Faroese: øska
Norwegian:
Bokmål: aske
Nynorsk: oske, oska
Old Swedish: aska
Swedish: aska
Old Danish: askæ
Danish: aske

Gothic: 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō)

→ Proto-Finnic: *ahku, *aho (see there for further descendants)

Usually connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₂e(H)s- (“to dry, burn”), with an uncertain suffix; compare Old Armenian աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”). In view of the voiced cluster in Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō), Kroonen suggests a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ed- (“to dry”) + *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), the first element of which is based on Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒋾 (ḫa-a-ti /ḫāti/) and Ancient Greek ἄζω (ázō), both “to dry up”. Compare also Old Polish ozd, Czech ozditi (“to dry malt”), which could point to a root *h₂esd- or compound *h₂(H)s-d-.


īsarną

īsarną (nominative singular)
īsarnō (nominative plural)
īsarną (singular vocative)
īsarnō (plural vocative)
īsarną (accusative singular)
īsarnō (accusative plural)
īsarnas (genitive singular)
īsarnis (genitive singular)
īsarnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
īsarnai (dative singular)
īsarnamaz (dative plural)
īsarnō (instrumental singular)
īsarnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *īsarn
Old English: īsern, īren, īsen
Middle English: iren, eren, irne, iron, isen
English: iron
→ Marshallese: aen
Scots: airn, ern, irne
Yola: eeren
Old Frisian: īsern
North Frisian: jaarn
Saterland Frisian: Iersen
West Frisian: izer
Old Saxon: īsarn
Middle Low German: îsen, îsern, îseren
Low German: Isen
Plautdietsch: Iesa
Old Dutch: *īsarn
Middle Dutch: iser
Dutch: ijzer
Afrikaans: yster
Berbice Creole Dutch: isiri
Jersey Dutch: äize
Negerhollands: iser, izu
Skepi Creole Dutch: isir
→ Aukan: insii
→ Sranan Tongo: isri
→ Caribbean Hindustani: isri
→ Caribbean Javanese: isri
Limburgish: iezer
West Flemish: yzer
Old High German: īsarn
Middle High German: īsern
Alemannic German: Iise
Vorarlbergerisch: Iisa, Oasa
Bavarian: Eisn
Cimbrian: aizarn
Mòcheno: aisn
Central Franconian: Ieser, Iese, Eise
Hunsrik: Eise
Luxembourgish: Eisen
German: Eisen, Eiser
Vilamovian: ȧjza
Yiddish: אײַזן (ayzn)

Old Norse: járn, ísarn, jarn, éarn
Icelandic: járn
Faroese: jarn
Norwegian Nynorsk: jarn
Jamtish: járn
Elfdalian: ienn
Old Swedish: iærn, iarn
Swedish: järn
Old Danish: jarn, iærn, iarn
Danish: jern, jærn
Norwegian Bokmål: jern
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jern (partially from dialects with j-umlaut)
Scanian: jærn
Gutnish: jan

Gothic: 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn)

Borrowed from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”).


baumaz

baumaz (nominative singular)
baumōz (nominative plural)
baumōs (nominative plural)
baum (singular vocative)
baumōz (plural vocative)
baumōs (plural vocative)
baumą (accusative singular)
baumanz (accusative plural)
baumas (genitive singular)
baumis (genitive singular)
baumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baumai (dative singular)
baumamaz (dative plural)
baumō (instrumental singular)
baumamiz (instrumental plural)


unk

Old English: unc (possibly the dative)

Old Saxon: unk (possibly the dative)

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥h₃wé, alteration of Proto-Indo-European *n̥h₃mé (Ringe 2017: 86 ff.).


unkiz

Old English: unc (possibly the accusative)

Old Saxon: unk (possibly the accusative)

Old Norse: okkr

Icelandic: okkur

Faroese: okkum

Gothic: 𐌿𐌲𐌺𐌹𐍃 (ugkis)


inkwiz

Old English: inċ

Old Norse: ykkr

Icelandic: ykkur

Faroese: tykkum

Norwegian Nynorsk: dykk

Gothic: 𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌹𐍃 (igqis)


inkw

Old English: inc

desc

Middle English: inc, gunc, ȝinc, ȝing, ȝunk, ȝung, hinc, hunke, ink

Old Frisian:

North Frisian: jonk, junk

Old Dutch: *ink

Bergish: enk, ink, önk

Old High German: *ink

Middle High German: enk

Bavarian: enk

>? Mòcheno: enk

Yiddish: ענק (enk) (Poylish)


þiz

Old English: þē

Middle English: the, thee

English: thee

Scots: the, thee, thie

Old Frisian: thī

Saterland Frisian: die

West Frisian: dy

Old Saxon: thī

Middle Low German: dî

German Low German: di

desctree

Old Dutch: thī
Middle Dutch: di
Dutch: dij (dialectal)

Old High German: dir

Middle High German: dir

Cimbrian: diar

German: dir

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᛖᛉ (*þeʀ)

Old Norse: þér

Icelandic: þér

Faroese: tær

Gothic: 𐌸𐌿𐍃 (þus)


blaikijaną

blaikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blaikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blaikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blaikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blaikī (active imperative second-person singular)
blaikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blaikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blaikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blaikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blaikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blaikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blaikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blaikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blaikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blaikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blaikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blaikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blaikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blaikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blaikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blaikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blaikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blaikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blaikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blaikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blaikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blaikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blaikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blaikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blaikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blaikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blaikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blaikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blaikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blaikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blaikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blaikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blaikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blaikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blaikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blaikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blaikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blaikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blaikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blaikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blaikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blaikijandz (active participle present)
blaikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blaikijan
Old English: blǣċan
Middle English: blechen, bleken
English: bleach
Scots: bleche, bleitch
Yola: ee-blighte (ppl.)
Old Saxon: blēkian
Middle Low German: blēken, bleiken
Low German: bleken
Old Dutch: *blēken
Middle Dutch: bleken
Dutch: bleken, bleiken
Afrikaans: bleek, bleik
Old High German: bleihhen
Middle High German: bleichen
German: bleichen (merged with *blīkaną)
Luxembourgish: bleechen

Old Norse: bleikja
Icelandic: bleikja
Faroese: bleikja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bleikja
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bleike
Old Swedish: blēkia
Swedish: bleka
Danish: blege
Norwegian Bokmål: bleke

→? Proto-Finnic: *lëik'at'ak (see there for further descendants)

From *blīkaną (“to shine”) + *-janą or *blaikaz (“pale”) + *-janą.


bladą

bladą (nominative singular)
bladō (nominative plural)
bladą (singular vocative)
bladō (plural vocative)
bladą (accusative singular)
bladō (accusative plural)
bladas (genitive singular)
bladis (genitive singular)
bladǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bladai (dative singular)
bladamaz (dative plural)
bladō (instrumental singular)
bladamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blad
Old English: blæd
Middle English: blad, blade
Scots: blad, blaud, blaid
English: blade
Old Frisian: bled
North Frisian:
Föhr: bleed
Hallig: blää
Saterland Frisian: Blääd
West Frisian: bled
Old Saxon: blad
Middle Low German: blat
Low German: Blatt
Plautdietsch: Blaut
Old Dutch: *blat
Middle Dutch: blat
Dutch: blad
Afrikaans: blad (“page”), blaar (“leaf”)
Limburgish: blaad
Old High German: blat
Middle High German: blat
Alemannic German: Blatt
Swabian:
Central Franconian: Blatt, Blat
Hunsrik: Blaat
Luxembourgish: Blat
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: błot
East Franconian:
German: Blatt
Rhine Franconian: Blaat, Blatt
Pennsylvania German: Blatt
Yiddish: בלאַט (blat)

Old Norse: blað
Icelandic: blað
Faroese: blað
Norwegian: blad
Old Swedish: blaþ, ᛒᛚᛆᚦ (Runic)
Swedish: blad
Danish: blad

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-tó-m, from *bʰleh₃-. Compare Tocharian A pält.

blade (flat surface of a tool or weapon)


draumaz

draumaz (nominative singular)
draumōz (nominative plural)
draumōs (nominative plural)
draum (singular vocative)
draumōz (plural vocative)
draumōs (plural vocative)
draumą (accusative singular)
draumanz (accusative plural)
draumas (genitive singular)
draumis (genitive singular)
draumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draumai (dative singular)
draumamaz (dative plural)
draumō (instrumental singular)
draumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *draum
Old English: drēam, drīm, drēm, *drīem, drām
Middle English: drem, dreme, dreem, dreeme, dream, dræm (Early Middle English)
English: dream
Scots: dreme
Old Frisian: drām
North Frisian: drom
Saterland Frisian: Droom
West Frisian: dream
Old Saxon: drōm
Middle Low German: drōm
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Dräum(Can we clean up⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
Lippisch: Draum
Sauerländisch: Dräom, Draum, Dreyem, Droum, Drōem
Westmünsterländisch: Droom
Plautdietsch: Droom
Old Dutch: *drōm
Middle Dutch: drôom
Dutch: droom
Limburgish: droum
Old High German: troum
Middle High German: troum
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Draam
German: Traum
→ Hunsrik: Draum
Luxembourgish: Dram
Yiddish: טרוים (troym)

Old Norse: draumr
Icelandic: draumur
Faroese: dreymur
Norwegian Nynorsk: draum
Old Swedish: drømber
Swedish: dröm
Elfdalian: dröm
Old Danish: drøm
Danish: drøm
Norwegian Bokmål: drøm
Gutnish: dråim

From earlier *draugmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰmos, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, injure, damage”).


gardaz

gardaz (nominative singular)
gardōz (nominative plural)
gardōs (nominative plural)
gard (singular vocative)
gardōz (plural vocative)
gardōs (plural vocative)
gardą (accusative singular)
gardanz (accusative plural)
gardas (genitive singular)
gardis (genitive singular)
gardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gardai (dative singular)
gardamaz (dative plural)
gardō (instrumental singular)
gardamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gard
Old English: ġeard
Middle English: yerd, yerde, ȝerd, ȝeerd, yeerd, ȝeard, yard, yarde, yorde, ȝarde, yherde, ȝorde, ȝeorde
English: yard
Scots: yerd, yaird, yird
Old Saxon: gard
Middle Low German: gart
Old Dutch: gard
Middle Dutch: gāert
Dutch: gaard (merged with *gardô)
Old High German: gart
Middle High German: gart
→ Vulgar Latin: *gardus
Old French: jart, gart, wart
Middle French: gard, gart
⇒ Medieval Latin: hortus gardīnus (“enclosed garden”) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: garðr
Icelandic: garður
Faroese: garður
Norn: gart
Norwegian: gard; (dialectal) gard’e
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gard
Jamtish: gaoł
Old Swedish: garþer, ᚵᛆᚱᚦᚽᚱ
Swedish: gård, gål
Old Danish: garth
Danish: gård
Norwegian Bokmål: gård
→ Middle English: garth
English: garth
Scots: garthe (obsolete)
→ Middle Irish: garrda
Irish: garraí
Scottish Gaelic: gàrradh
→ Welsh: gardd

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (gards)

→ Proto-Samic: *kārtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos, from *gʰerdʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *gardas (“enclosure”).


walþuz

walþuz (nominative singular)
walþiwiz (nominative plural)
walþu (singular vocative)
walþiwiz (plural vocative)
walþų (accusative singular)
walþunz (accusative plural)
walþauz (genitive singular)
walþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walþiwi (dative singular)
walþumaz (dative plural)
walþū (instrumental singular)
walþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *walþu
Old English: weald, wald
Middle English: wold, wald, walde, weld, welde, wolde, woolde, wæld (Early Middle English)
English: wold, weald, wald
Scots: wald
Old Frisian: wald
Saterland Frisian: Woold
West Frisian: wâld
Old Saxon: wald
Middle Low German: wôlt, wôld
Dutch Low Saxon: woold, woud
German Low German: Woolt, Woold, Wold
Plautdietsch: Woolt
Old Dutch: walt
Middle Dutch: wout
Dutch: woud
Limburgish: waadj
Old High German: wald
Middle High German: walt
Alemannic German: Wald
Swabian: Wald
Bavarian: Woid, Woold
Cimbrian: balt
Mòcheno: bòlt
Central Franconian: Wald (widely obsolete)
Hunsrik: Wald
Luxembourgish: Wal
German: Wald
Rhine Franconian: Wald, Wall
Frankfurterisch: [valt]
Yiddish: וואַלד (vald)
→ Old French: gaut (“forest, woods”)
⇒ Old French: gaudine
→ Piedmontese: vaoda, vaode

Old Norse: vǫllr
Icelandic: völlur
Faroese: vøllur
Norn: vällj, vaddl
Norwegian Nynorsk: voll; (dialectal) vøll, vodd’e
Old Swedish: valder
Swedish: vall
Old Danish: wold, wall
Danish: vold, val
Norwegian Bokmål: voll

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wel-, in which case it would be cognate with Hittite 𒌑𒂊𒂖𒇻𒍑 (wellu-š, “pasture, meadow”). Another possibility is from Proto-Indo-European *wolHt- (compare Old Irish folt (“hair”), Old Prussian wolti (“ear (of corn)”), Lithuanian váltis (“oat awn”), Serbo-Croatian vlât (“ear (of wheat)”), and possibly Ancient Greek λᾰ́σῐος (lásios, “hairy”)), but the semantic gap is wide.


sūraz

*sūraz (a-stem)

sūraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sūrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sūrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sūrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sūrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sūrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sūranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sūranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sūrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sūrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sūrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sūrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sūras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sūraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sūraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sūraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sūras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sūraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sūrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sūraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sūraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sūraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sūrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sūraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sūranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sūraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sūraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sūraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sūranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sūraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sūrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sūraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sūrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sūrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sūrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sūrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sūranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sūranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sūrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sūrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sūrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sūrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sūriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sūranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sūrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sūrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sūriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sūranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sūrini (dative masculine singular weak)
sūrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sūrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sūrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sūrini (dative neuter singular weak)
sūrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sūrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sūrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sūrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sūrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sūrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sūrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sūr
Old English: sūr
Middle English: sur, sour
English: sour
Scots: sour, soor
Old Frisian: *sūr
Saterland Frisian: suur
West Frisian: soer
Old Saxon: sūr (in compounds)
Middle Low German: sūr
Low German: suur
Plautdietsch: sua
Old Dutch: *sūr
Middle Dutch: suur
Dutch: zuur
Afrikaans: suur
Limburgish: zoer
Old High German: sūr
Middle High German: sūr
Central Franconian: suur, souer (Moselle Franconian)
German: sauer
Luxembourgish: sauer
Vilamovian: zaojwer
Yiddish: זויער (zoyer)
→ Polish: żur
→ Old French: sur [1160 CE] (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: súrr
Icelandic: súr
Faroese: súrur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sur
Norwegian Bokmål: sur
Old Swedish: sūr
Swedish: sur
Danish: sur

From Proto-Indo-European *súHros (“sour, salty, bitter”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *sū́ˀras (“salty, bitter”), Old Prussian suris (“soured milk cheese”).


wīkwaną

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

wīkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
wīkwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wīkwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wīkwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wīkwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīkw (active imperative second-person singular)
wīkwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wīkwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wīkwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wīkwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wīkwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wīkwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wīkwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wīkwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wīkwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wīkwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wīkwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wīkwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wīkwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wīkwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wīkwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wīkwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wīkwid (active indicative plural second-person)
wīkwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wīkwid (active imperative plural second-person)
wīkwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wīkwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wīkwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wīkwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīkwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wīkwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wīkwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waikw (active first-person indicative singular)
wikwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waiht (active indicative second-person singular)
wikwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waikw (active indicative singular third-person)
wikwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wikwū (active dual first-person indicative)
wikwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wikwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wikwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wikwum (active first-person indicative plural)
wikwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wikwud (active indicative plural second-person)
wikwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wikwun (active indicative plural third-person)
wikwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wīkwandz (active participle present)
wikwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīkwan (“to yield”)
Old English: wīcan
Middle English: wiken
English: wick (“to strike aslant”)
Scots: wick
Old Frisian: wīka
Saterland Frisian: wieke
West Frisian: wike, wyke
Old Saxon: wīkan
Middle Low German: wîken
German Low German: wieken
Old Dutch: *wīcan
Middle Dutch: wiken
Dutch: wijken
Afrikaans: wyk
Limburgish: wieke
Old High German: wīhhan
Middle High German: wīchen
Cimbrian: baichan
German: weichen

desc

Old Norse: ýkva, víkva, víkja (“to turn, move”)

Icelandic: víkja (“to yield”)

Faroese: víkja

Norwegian Bokmål: vike

Norwegian Nynorsk: vike

Old Swedish: vīka

Swedish: vika, vik

Danish: vige

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *wéygeti. Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙 (vaējaṇt, “swinging”, present participle), Ancient Greek εἴκω (eíkō, “to give way”), Tocharian B viśäṃ (“should stay away”, subjunctive). From root *weyg- (“to start moving; to distance oneself”).

vik

Old Norse: *vik (“bend, angle”); Icelandic

vik

Old Norse: *vik (“bend, angle”); Norwegian Nynorsk

veck

Old Norse: *vik (“bend, angle”); Swedish


blaikaz

*blaikaz (a-stem)

blaikaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blaikai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blaikō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blaikôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blaiką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blaikō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blaikanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blaikanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blaikǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blaikōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blaiką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blaikō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blaikas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blaikaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blaikaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blaikaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blaikas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blaikaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blaikammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blaikaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blaikaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blaikaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blaikammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blaikaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blaikanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blaikaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blaikaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blaikaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blaikanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blaikaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blaikô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blaikaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blaikǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blaikōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blaikô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blaikōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blaikanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blaikanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blaikōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blaikōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blaikô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blaikōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blaikiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blaikanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blaikōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blaikōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blaikiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blaikanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blaikini (dative masculine singular weak)
blaikammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blaikōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blaikōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blaikini (dative neuter singular weak)
blaikammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blaikinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blaikammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blaikōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blaikōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blaikinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blaikammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blaik
Old English: blāc, blǣc, blǣċ
Middle English: blac, blak, bleke, bleche
English: blake, bleak, bleach
Old Saxon: blēk
Middle Low German: blek, bleik
Low German: bleek, blek, bleik
Old Dutch: *blēc
Middle Dutch: blêec
Dutch: bleek
Afrikaans: bleek
Limburgish: bleik
Old High German: bleih, blaih
Middle High German: bleich
German: bleich
Luxembourgish: bleech
Yiddish: בלייך (bleykh)
→ Italian: biacca (from Lombardic)

Old Norse: bleikr
Icelandic: bleikur
Faroese: bleikur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bleik
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bleik
Old Swedish: blēker
Swedish: blek
Old Danish: blēk
Danish: bleg
Norwegian Bokmål: blek
Elfdalian: bliek
Gutnish: blaikar
→ Middle English: bleik
Scots: bleg; blaiken
English: blake, bleak (partly)

→ Proto-Finnic: *laikka (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰloyǵ-os, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ-.


sēdiz

sēdiz (nominative singular)
sēdīz (nominative plural)
sēdi (singular vocative)
sēdīz (plural vocative)
sēdį (accusative singular)
sēdinz (accusative plural)
sēdīz (genitive singular)
sēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sēdī (dative singular)
sēdimaz (dative plural)
sēdī (instrumental singular)
sēdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sādi
Old High German: sāt
Middle High German: sāt
German: Saat

Proto-West Germanic: *sād
Old English: sǣd, sēd — Anglian
Middle English: seed, ceed, ceede, sed, sede, sedde, seede, seide, seod, seth, seyd, seyde, side, syd, zed, sad, sæd, sæt (Early Middle English)
English: seed
Scots: seed, seid, sid
Yola: zeade
Old Frisian: sēd
Saterland Frisian: Säid
West Frisian: sied
Old Saxon: sād
Middle Low German: sât
German Low German: Saad
Plautdietsch: Sot
Old Dutch: *sād
Middle Dutch: sâet
Dutch: zaad
Afrikaans: saad
Limburgish: zaod
⇒ Zealandic: zaedje

Old Norse: sáð; sæði
Icelandic: sáð
Faroese: sáð
Norwegian: sæd
Old Swedish: sǣþ
Swedish: säd
Old Danish:
Danish: sæd
Gutnish: sid

Gothic: *𐍃𐌴𐌸𐍃 (*sēþs) (in 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌴𐌸𐍃 (manasēþs))

→ Proto-Finnic: *hëëta (see there for further descendants)

From *sēaną + *-þiz, corresponding to a Proto-Indo-European *seh₁tis, from *seh₁- (“to sow”).


blankaz

*blankaz (a-stem)

blankaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blankai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blankō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blankôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blanką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blankō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blankanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blankanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blankǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blankōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blanką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blankō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blankas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blankaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blankaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blankaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blankas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blankaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blankammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blankaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blankaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blankaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blankammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blankaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blankanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blankaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blankaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blankaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blankanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blankaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blankô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blankaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blankǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blankōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blankô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blankōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blankanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blankanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blankōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blankōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blankô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blankōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blankiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blankanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blankōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blankōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blankiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blankanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blankini (dative masculine singular weak)
blankammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blankōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blankōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blankini (dative neuter singular weak)
blankammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blankinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blankammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blankōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blankōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blankinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blankammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blank
Old English: blanc
⇒ Old English: blanca, blonca (“white horse”)
Middle English: blanke, blonke
Scots: blonk (“steed”)
English: blank
Old Frisian: blank
Saterland Frisian: blonk
West Frisian: blank
Old Saxon: *blank
Middle Low German: blank
German Low German: blank
→ Old Norse: blankr
Icelandic: blankur
Faroese: blankur
Norwegian: blank
Old Swedish: blanker
Swedish: blank
Old Danish: blank
Danish: blank
Elfdalian: blaunk
Gutnish: blankar
Scanian: blánker
Old Dutch: *blanc
Middle Dutch: blanc
Dutch: blank
Limburgish: blank
Old High German: blanch, blank
Middle High German: blank
German: blank
Luxembourgish: blank
Vilamovian: błān
→ Medieval Latin: blancus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: blakkr

Icelandic: blakkur

Faroese: blakkur

Norwegian: blakk

Old Swedish: blakker

Swedish: black

Old Danish: blak

Danish: blak

Elfdalian: blokk

A late formation from *blinkaną (“to shine, blink”), with the *-i- interpreted as an e-grade vowel. Thus, its formation must have followed the raising of *e to *i before a nasal + consonant, which made this analysis possible.

bright, shining, white, gleaming, blinding


sairaz

*sairaz (a-stem)

sairaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sairai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sairō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sairôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sairą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sairō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sairanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sairanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sairǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sairōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sairą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sairō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sairas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sairaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sairaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sairaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sairas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sairaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sairammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sairaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sairaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sairaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sairammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sairaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sairanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sairaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sairaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sairaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sairanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sairaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sairô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sairaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sairǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sairōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sairô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sairōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sairanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sairanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sairōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sairōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sairô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sairōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sairiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sairanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sairōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sairōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sairiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sairanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sairini (dative masculine singular weak)
sairammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sairōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sairōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sairini (dative neuter singular weak)
sairammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sairinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sairammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sairōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sairōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sairinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sairammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sair
Old English: sār
Middle English: sore, sar, sor
Scots: sare, sair
English: sore
Old Frisian: *sēr, *sār
Saterland Frisian: seer
West Frisian: sear
Old Saxon: sēr
Middle Low German: sēr
German Low German: sehr
Old Dutch: *sēr
Middle Dutch: sêer
Dutch: zeer
Afrikaans: seer
Old High German: sēr
Middle High German: sēr
Alemannic German: seer
German: sehr
Luxembourgish: séier
Yiddish: זייער (zeyer)

Old Norse: sárr

Icelandic: sár

Faroese: sárur

Norn: sår

Norwegian: sår

Old Swedish: sār

Swedish: sår

Old Danish: sār, saar

Danish: sår

Old Gutnish: sar

Gutnish: sarur, sårur

→ Proto-Finnic: *sairas
Finnish: sairas
→ Karelian: šairas
→ Votic: sairõz

From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂yro-, enlargement of *seh₂y- (“to be fierce, afflict”) (compare Hittite [script needed] (sāwar, “anger”), Welsh hoed (“pain”), and Latin saevus. Solmsen also connects Ancient Greek αἱμωδία (haimōdía, “sensation of having teeth on edge”) to the Proto-Germanic word as well.


hōfaz

hōfaz (nominative singular)
hōfōz (nominative plural)
hōfōs (nominative plural)
hōf (singular vocative)
hōfōz (plural vocative)
hōfōs (plural vocative)
hōfą (accusative singular)
hōfanz (accusative plural)
hōfas (genitive singular)
hōfis (genitive singular)
hōfǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōfai (dative singular)
hōfamaz (dative plural)
hōfō (instrumental singular)
hōfamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hōf

Middle English: hof, hoof, hufe

Scots: hufe, huif

English: hoof

Old Frisian: hōf

Saterland Frisian: Houf, Houch

West Frisian: hoef

Old Saxon: hōf

Middle Low German: hōf, höf

Old Dutch: *huof

Middle Dutch: hoef

Dutch: hoef

Afrikaans: hoef

Old High German: huof

Middle High German: huof

German: Huf

Luxembourgish: Houf

Vilamovian: hüf

desctree

Old Norse: hófr
Icelandic: hófur
Faroese: hógvur, hóvur
Norwegian: hov m or f
Old Swedish: hōv, hōf, hōver
Swedish: hov c (formerly m)
Danish: hov c
Scanian: how m

From Pre-Germanic *kōpós, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱoph₂ós. Cognate with Sanskrit शफ (śaphá), Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬟𐬀 (safa).


Masō

Masō (nominative singular)
Masō (singular vocative)
Masō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Masu
Old Dutch: *masa
Middle Dutch: māse
Dutch: Maas
→ West Frisian: Maas
→ Norwegian: Maas
→ Swedish: Maas
→ Danish: Maas
→ Hungarian: Maas
→ Bulgarian: Маас (Maas)
→ Russian: Маас (Maas)
Limburgish: Maas, Maos
Old High German: Masa
Middle High German: *Mase
German: Maas
→ Czech: Máza

From a Celtic language, presumably Proto-Celtic *Mosā. Despite the obvious similarities, the name is not derived from Latin Mosa. It shows evidence of the change from of o to a; this is known to have occurred before the first contact of Germanic people with the Romans, but probably after first contact with the Celts. Most likely, Latin and Germanic both borrowed the name from Celtic independently.
Albrecht Greule writes that its ultimate origin is unclear, but could perhaps be Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d-, whence Latin madeō (“I am wet”) and Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”). Or, from Proto-Indo-European *mā- (“to stupefy”) in the sense of the river's tortuousness, cognate with Proto-Germanic *masōną (“to confound, be weary, dream”) (modern English maze), Welsh mydu (“to vault, arch”), Old Norse meis (“curvatura”).


grautaz

*grautaz (a-stem)

grautaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grautai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grautō (feminine nominative singular strong)
grautôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grautą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grautō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grautanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grautanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grautǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grautōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grautą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grautō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grautas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
grautaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grautaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grautaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grautas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
grautaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grautammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grautaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grautaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grautaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grautammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grautaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grautanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grautaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grautaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grautaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grautanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grautaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grautô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grautaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grautǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grautōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grautô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grautōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grautanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grautanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grautōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grautōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grautô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grautōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grautiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grautanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grautōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grautōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grautiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grautanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grautini (dative masculine singular weak)
grautammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grautōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grautōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grautini (dative neuter singular weak)
grautammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grautinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grautammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grautōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grautōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grautinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grautammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *graut

desctree

Old English: grēat
Middle English: grete, greet, girt, gert (dialectal)
English: great, (dialectal) gert
→ Welsh: grêt
Scots: great, greet, grete, greit
Yola: graat

Old Frisian: grāt

North Frisian: grott

Saterland Frisian: groot

West Frisian: grut

Old Saxon: grōt
Middle Low German: grôt
Low German: groot
German Low German: groot; graut (Münsterländisch)
Plautdietsch: groot

Old Dutch: grōt
Middle Dutch: grôot
Dutch: groot
Afrikaans: groot
Berbice Creole Dutch: groto
Jersey Dutch: x'rôt
Negerhollands: groot, grooto, guṅgu, gro
→ Virgin Islands Creole: gungu (dated)
Petjo: groot
Skepi Creole Dutch: groat
Limburgish: groeat
Zealandic: groôt

→ Bourbonnais-Berrichon: groût (Berry)

→ Bourguignon: grô

Old High German: grōz
Middle High German: grōz
Alemannic German: groß, gruuss
Swabian: groß
Bavarian: groas, grous
Cimbrian: groaz, gròas (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: groas
Central Franconian: jruß, gruß
Hunsrik: gros
Luxembourgish: grouss
German: groß
Rhine Franconian: gruß
Frankfurterisch: [kʀoːs]
Pennsylvania German: gross
Vilamovian: gros
Yiddish: גרויס (groys)

→? Medieval Latin: grossus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-, *gʰer- (“to rub, grind, remove”). Akin to Proto-Slavic *gruda (“pile”), Proto-Slavic *grudьnъ (“crude, lousy”).


grēwaz

*grēwaz (a-stem)

grēwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
grēwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
grēwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
grēwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
grēwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
grēwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
grēwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
grēwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
grēwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
grēwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
grēwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
grēwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
grēwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
grēwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
grēwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
grēwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
grēwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
grēwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
grēwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
grēwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
grēwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
grēwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
grēwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
grēwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
grēwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
grēwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
grēwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
grēwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
grēwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
grēwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
grēwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
grēwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
grēwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
grēwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
grēwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
grēwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
grēwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
grēwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
grēwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
grēwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
grēwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
grēwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
grēwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
grēwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
grēwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
grēwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
grēwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
grēwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
grēwini (dative masculine singular weak)
grēwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
grēwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
grēwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
grēwini (dative neuter singular weak)
grēwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
grēwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
grēwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
grēwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
grēwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
grēwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
grēwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *grāu
Old English: grǣġ, grēġ — Anglian
Middle English: grey
English: gray, grey
Scots: gray
Yola: gry
Old Frisian: grē
North Frisian:
Föhr, Wiedingharde: grä
Hallig: grai
Mooring: gra
Old Saxon: grāo
Middle Low German: grāu
Low German:
German Low German: grag, grau
Plautdietsch: greiw
→ West Frisian: grauw
Old Dutch: *grāo
Middle Dutch: grau
Dutch: grauw
Afrikaans: grou
Jersey Dutch: xrāuje, grô
Negerhollands: grou
Old High German: grāo
Middle High German: grā
Alemannic German: graaw
Bavarian: grau
Gottscheerish: grūb
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: grau
Luxembourgish: gro
East Central German:
Vilamovian: graoj
East Franconian:
German: grau
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀoː], (newer, from about 1925) [kʀau]
Pennsylvania German: gro
Yiddish: גראָ (gro), גרוי (groy)

Old Norse: grár
Icelandic: grár
Faroese: gráur
Norn: grå, grågi
Norwegian Nynorsk: grå; (dialectal) grår, grår’e, grå’u
Old Swedish: grār
Swedish: grå
Danish: grå
Norwegian Bokmål: grå
Gutnish: graar, grar, gra, graur

→? Proto-Finnic: *raavas (see there for further descendants)

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁- (“to glow, be visible”), and cognate with Proto-Slavic *zьrěti (“to observe, look at”), Lithuanian žėrė́ti (“to shine, sparkle”), and Proto-Germanic *greujaną (“to dawn”) (whence Swedish gry (“to dawn”)).


grasą

grasą (nominative singular)
grasō (nominative plural)
grasą (singular vocative)
grasō (plural vocative)
grasą (accusative singular)
grasō (accusative plural)
grasas (genitive singular)
grasis (genitive singular)
grasǫ̂ (genitive plural)
grasai (dative singular)
grasamaz (dative plural)
grasō (instrumental singular)
grasamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gras
Old English: græs, gærs
Middle English: gras, grasse, gresse, gres, gers, grece, græs, grace, gars, grys, grisse, grese
English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas
Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs
Old Frisian: gers, gres
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: gäärs
Sylt: Gērs
Saterland Frisian: Gäärs
West Frisian: gers, gjers (Wood), jers
Old Saxon: gras
Middle Low German: gras
Dutch Low Saxon: gras
German Low German: Gras
Plautdietsch: Grauss
Old Dutch: *gras
Middle Dutch: gras, gars, gers
Dutch: gras
Afrikaans: gras
Berbice Creole Dutch: grasa
Jersey Dutch: x'rās, grās
Negerhollands: graas, gras
→ Sranan Tongo: grasi
→ Saramaccan: gaási
Limburgish: graas
West Flemish: ges, gas
Zealandic: gos
Old High German: gras
Middle High German: gras
Alemannic German: Gras
Italian Walser: gras, gros
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: gras, grass
Mòcheno: gros
Udinese: gròs, gros, groos
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Graas
Luxembourgish: Gras
East Central German:
Vilamovian: gros
East Franconian:
German: Gras
Rhine Franconian: Gras
Frankfurterisch: [kʀɑːs], (older) [kʀɔːs]
Pennsylvania German: Graas
Yiddish: גראָז (groz)

Old Norse: gras
Icelandic: gras
Faroese: gras
Norwegian:
Bokmål: gress, gras (< *grasja-)
Norwegian Nynorsk: gras
Old Swedish: græs, gras (hapax legomena)
Swedish: gräs (< *grasja-)
Danish: græs (< *grasja-)
Elfdalian: gras
Gutnish: gras

Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐍃 (gras)

→ Proto-Samic: *(k)rāsē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *rasi (see there for further descendants)

A secondary zero-grade s-stem from the root of *grōaną and *grōniz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁- (“to grow, become green”). It cannot be directly from *gʰr̥h₁-s-, where the syllabic sonorant would result in *gurs-.


mēlą

mēlą (nominative singular)
mēlō (nominative plural)
mēlą (singular vocative)
mēlō (plural vocative)
mēlą (accusative singular)
mēlō (accusative plural)
mēlas (genitive singular)
mēlis (genitive singular)
mēlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēlai (dative singular)
mēlamaz (dative plural)
mēlō (instrumental singular)
mēlamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *māl
Old English: mǣl, mēl — Anglian, Kentish
Middle English: mel, mele, melle, mal, male, meyle (chiefly Northern), mæl, mæle, meal (Early Middle English)
English: meal
Scots: meal
Yola: meale, mele
→ Irish: béile
Old Frisian: mēl
Saterland Frisian: Moal, Mäil
West Frisian: miel
Old Saxon: māl
Middle Low German: mâl
Low German: maal
German Low German: Mahl
Old Dutch: *māl
Middle Dutch: mâel
Dutch: maal
Afrikaans: maal
Berbice Creole Dutch: mali
Negerhollands: mal
Limburgish: maol
Old High German: māl
Middle High German: māl
Bavarian: Moi
Cimbrian: mal
Mòcheno: mol
German: Mahl, Mal, mal
Hunsrik: Mol
Luxembourgish: Mol
Yiddish: מאָל (mol)

Old Norse: mál

Danish: mål

Faroese: mál

Icelandic: mál

Norwegian Bokmål: mål

Norwegian Nynorsk: mål

Swedish: mål

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌻 (mēl)

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₁lom, from the root *meh₁- (“to measure”). Compare Latin semel.


maþô

maþô (nominative singular)
maþaniz (nominative plural)
maþô (singular vocative)
maþaniz (plural vocative)
maþanų (accusative singular)
muttunz (accusative plural)
muttaz (genitive singular)
muttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
madini (dative singular)
madummaz (dative plural)
muttē (instrumental singular)
madummiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *maþō (“worm”)
Old English: maþa
Middle English: mathe
Scots: mathe, maith, maithe, meath, meith
English: mad, made
Old Saxon: matho
Middle Low German: made
Old Dutch: *matho
Middle Dutch: māde
Dutch: made
Old High German: mado
Middle High German: made
German: Made
Luxembourgish: Mued

Proto-West Germanic: *moþþā (“moth”)
Old English: moþþe
Middle English: mothe
English: moth
Scots: moch
Old Saxon: *motta
Middle Low German: motte
Low German: Mutten, Motten
→ German: Motte
Old Dutch: *motta
Middle Dutch: motte
Dutch: mot

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌰 (maþa, “maggot”)

From Proto-Indo-European *mat-ḗn ~ *mat-nés, from *mat- (“insect, worm, maggot”), possibly borrowed from a substrate language. Compare Proto-Slavic *motyľь (“butterfly”), Sanskrit मत्कुण (matkuṇa, “bug”). Possibly also related to Proto-Finnic *mato (“worm”) (akin to Proto-Samic *muocē), in which case it would be a borrowing in either direction (although seeing as the Finnic term has a convincing Indo-Iranian etymology, a borrowing from Finnic into Germanic appears more likely).


missa-

Proto-West Germanic: *missa-
Old English: mis-
Middle English: mys-, mes-, mis-
English: mis-
Scots: mis-
Old Frisian: mis-
Saterland Frisian: mis-
West Frisian: mis-
Old Saxon: mis-
Middle Low German: mis-, misse-
German Low German: miss-
Old Dutch: mis-
Middle Dutch: mis-
Dutch: mis-
Afrikaans: mis-
Old High German: missa-, missi-
Middle High German: misse-
German: miss-, mis-
→ Vulgar Latin: *messa-
Old French: mes-
Middle French: mes-
French: més-, mé-
Occitan: mes-

Old Norse: mis-
Icelandic: mis-
Faroese: mis-
Norwegian Bokmål: mis-
Swedish: miss-
Danish: mis-

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰- (missa-)


missadēdiz

missadēdiz (nominative singular)
missadēdīz (nominative plural)
missadēdi (singular vocative)
missadēdīz (plural vocative)
missadēdį (accusative singular)
missadēdinz (accusative plural)
missadēdīz (genitive singular)
missadēdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
missadēdī (dative singular)
missadēdimaz (dative plural)
missadēdī (instrumental singular)
missadēdimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *missadādi

Old English: misdǣd

Middle English: misdede

Scots: misdede, misdeid

English: misdeed

Old Frisian: misdēd, misdēde

Saterland Frisian: Misdoat

West Frisian: misdied

Old Saxon: misdād

Middle Low German: misdât

German Low German: Missdaad

Old Dutch: misdād, *misdāt

Middle Dutch: misdaet

Dutch: misdaad

Afrikaans: misdaad

Old High German: missitāt, mistāt

Middle High German: missetāt

German: Missetat

Old Norse: *misdáð

Danish: misdåd

Swedish: missdåd

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌴𐌸𐍃 (missadēþs)


magô

magô (nominative singular)
maganiz (nominative plural)
magô (singular vocative)
maganiz (plural vocative)
maganų (accusative singular)
maganunz (accusative plural)
maginiz (genitive singular)
maganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magini (dative singular)
magammaz (dative plural)
maginē (instrumental singular)
magammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *magō
Old English: maga
Middle English: maȝe, maghe, mawe
English: maw
Scots: mawe, maw
Old Frisian: maga
Saterland Frisian: Moage
West Frisian: mage
Old Saxon: mago
Middle Low German: māge
Low German:
German Low German: Mage, Maag
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Māge
Sauerländisch: Māge
Westmünsterländian: Maagen, Maage
Plautdietsch: Moag
Old Dutch: *mago
Middle Dutch: māge
Dutch: maag
Afrikaans: maag
Negerhollands: maag
→ Indonesian: mag
Limburgish: maag
Old High German: mago
Middle High German: mage
Bavarian: Mågn
German: Magen
Hunsrik: Maaghe, Maan
Luxembourgish: Mo
Vilamovian: maoga
Yiddish: מאָגן (mogn)
→ Italian: magone
→ Venetian: magon

Old Norse: magi
Icelandic: magi
Faroese: magi
Norwegian Nynorsk: mage; (dialectal) magi, maga, mågå
→ Norwegian Bokmål: mage
Jamtish: maga
Elfdalian: magi
Old Swedish: maghi
Swedish: mage
Old Danish: maghæ
Danish: mave
Norwegian Bokmål: mave
Gutnish: mage
Scanian: mawe

East Germanic:

→ Galician: maga

→ Proto-Finnic: *mako
Estonian: magu
Finnish: mako (dialectal)
Ingrian: mako
Livonian: ma'g, mag
Võro: mago
Votic: mako

→ Proto-Finnic: *maha
Finnish: maha
→ Votic: maha
Karelian:
North Karelian: maha
South Karelian: maha
Livvi: maha
Ludian: maha
⇒ Veps: mahud

From Proto-Indo-European *mak-, *maks- (“bag, bellows, belly”).


leuhtą

leuhtą (nominative singular)
leuhtō (nominative plural)
leuhtą (singular vocative)
leuhtō (plural vocative)
leuhtą (accusative singular)
leuhtō (accusative plural)
leuhtas (genitive singular)
liuhtis (genitive singular)
leuhtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leuhtai (dative singular)
leuhtamaz (dative plural)
leuhtō (instrumental singular)
leuhtamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *leuht
Old English: lēoht, lēht — Anglian, līht
Middle English: leoht, liht, light
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Frisian: liācht
Saterland Frisian: Ljoacht, Lucht
West Frisian: ljocht
Old Saxon: lioht
Middle Low German: licht, lucht
Low German:
German Low German: Licht
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch: Lecht
Lippisch: Lecht, Lucht
Sauerländisch: Lecht, Licht
Westmünsterländisch: Lecht, Lech
Plautdietsch: Licht
Old Dutch: lieht
Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lèch
Old High German: lioht
Middle High German: liecht, licht
Alemannic German: Liecht (north Alsatian), Liacht (south Alsatian)
Bavarian: Liacht
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Licht
Kölsch: Leesch
Luxembourgish: Liicht
East Central German:
Vilamovian: łicht
East Franconian: Lieacht
German: Licht
Rhine Franconian: Licht, Liecht, Lischt
Frankfurterisch: [liʃt]
Pennsylvania German: Licht
Yiddish: ליכט (likht)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, ultimately from the root *lewk- and the suffix *-tós.


nēþlō

Proto-West Germanic: *nāþlu
Old English: nǣdl
Middle English: nedle
English: needle
Scots: nedil, neidil
Old Frisian: nēdle, nēlde
Saterland Frisian: Näddele
West Frisian: niddel, nuddel, nille, nulle
Old Saxon: nāthla
Middle Low German: nâdel, nâtele, nâtel, nâtle, nâlde (not found in most areas, rare elsewhere)
Low German: Nodel, Nadel (likely to be loaned from or influenced by German)
Plautdietsch: Notel
Old Dutch: nālda
Middle Dutch: naelde
Dutch: naald
Afrikaans: naald
Old High German: nādala, nālda
Middle High German: nādele, nālde
German: Nadel
Luxembourgish: Nol (< nālde)
Yiddish: נאָדל (nodl); נודיל (nudil) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

Old Norse: nál

Icelandic: nál

Faroese: nál

Norwegian: nål

Elfdalian: ną̊l

Old Swedish: nāl

Swedish: nål

Old Danish: naal

Danish: nål

Samic:

→ Northern Sami: nállu

→ Southern Sami: naaloe

Gothic: 𐌽𐌴𐌸𐌻𐌰 (nēþla)

→ Proto-Finnic: *nëkla (see there for further descendants)

From *nēþlą + *-ō, Proto-Indo-European *(s)néh₁-tlo-m, from *(s)neh₁- (“to sew”) + *-tlom. Equivalent to *nēaną (“to sew”) + *-þrą + *-ō.


leuhtaz

*leuhtaz (a-stem)

leuhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
leuhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
leuhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
leuhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
leuhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
leuhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
leuhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
leuhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
leuhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
leuhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
leuhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
leuhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
leuhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
leuhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
leuhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
leuhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
leuhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
leuhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
leuhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
leuhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
leuhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
leuhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
leuhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
leuhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
leuhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
leuhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
leuhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
leuhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
leuhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
leuhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
leuhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
leuhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
leuhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
leuhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
leuhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
leuhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
leuhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
leuhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
leuhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
leuhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
leuhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
leuhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
leuhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
leuhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
leuhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
leuhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
leuhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
leuhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
leuhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
leuhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
leuhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
leuhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
leuhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
leuhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
leuhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
leuhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
leuhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
leuhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
leuhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
leuhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *leuht
Old English: lēoht, lēht — Anglian, līht
Middle English: leoht, liht, light
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Frisian: liācht
Saterland Frisian: ljoacht
West Frisian: ljocht
Old Saxon: lioht
Middle Low German: licht
Low German:
German Low German: licht
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: lecht, lech (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: lecht (Ravensberger)
Plautdietsch: leicht
Old Dutch: lieht
Middle Dutch: licht
Dutch: licht
Afrikaans: lig
Limburgish: lich, leech
Old High German: lioht
Middle High German: liecht, licht
German: licht
Bavarian: liacht

Old Norse: Ljótr

Icelandic: Ljótur

Faroese: -ljótur


faitijaną

faitijō (active first-person indicative singular)
faitijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faitijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
faitīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
faitijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faitī (active imperative second-person singular)
faitijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
faitijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
faitīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
faitijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faitijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
faitijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
faitijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
faitijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
faitijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faitijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faitijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faitijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
faitijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
faitijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faitijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
faitijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
faitīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
faitijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faitīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
faitijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
faitijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
faitijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
faitijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faitijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
faitijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
faitijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
faitidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
faitidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
faitidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
faitidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
faitidē (active indicative singular third-person)
faitidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
faitidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
faitidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
faitidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
faitidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
faitidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
faitidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
faitidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
faitidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
faitidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
faitidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
faitijandz (active participle present)
faitidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *faitijan
Old English: fǣtan
Old High German: *feizen
Middle High German: veizen

Old Norse: feita

Icelandic: feita


faitaz

*faitaz (a-stem)

faitaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
faitai (masculine nominative plural strong)
faitō (feminine nominative singular strong)
faitôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
faitą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
faitō (neuter nominative plural strong)
faitanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
faitanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
faitǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
faitōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
faitą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
faitō (accusative neuter plural strong)
faitas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
faitaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
faitaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
faitaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
faitas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
faitaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
faitammai (dative masculine singular strong)
faitaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
faitaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
faitaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
faitammai (dative neuter singular strong)
faitaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
faitanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
faitaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
faitaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
faitaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
faitanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
faitaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
faitô (masculine nominative singular weak)
faitaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
faitǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
faitōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
faitô (neuter nominative singular weak)
faitōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
faitanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
faitanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
faitōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
faitōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
faitô (accusative neuter singular weak)
faitōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faitiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
faitanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
faitōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
faitōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faitiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
faitanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
faitini (dative masculine singular weak)
faitammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
faitōni (dative feminine singular weak)
faitōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
faitini (dative neuter singular weak)
faitammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
faitinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
faitammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
faitōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
faitōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
faitinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
faitammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *fait
Old Frisian: fat, fet
Saterland Frisian: fat
West Frisian: fet
Old Saxon: *fēt
Middle Low German: vēt, veet
Old Dutch: feit, *fēt
Old High German: *feiz
Middle High German: veiz
Cimbrian: bòas
German: feiß (obsolete)

Old Norse: feitr
Icelandic: feitur
Faroese: feitur
Norwegian Nynorsk: feit
→ Norwegian Bokmål: feit
Old Swedish: fēter
Swedish: fet
Danish: fed
Norwegian Bokmål: fet

→ Proto-Finnic: *paita (“caul fat”) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *puojtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *poyh₂d-o-s, from *péyh₂-de-ti, de-present of *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be swollen, fat”).


siuniz

siuniz (nominative singular)
siunīz (nominative plural)
siuni (singular vocative)
siunīz (plural vocative)
siunį (accusative singular)
siuninz (accusative plural)
siunīz (genitive singular)
siunijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
siunī (dative singular)
siunimaz (dative plural)
siunī (instrumental singular)
siunimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *siuni
Old English: sīen
Old Frisian: siōne, siūne
Old Saxon: siun
Old High German: siun

Old Norse: sjón, sýn

Icelandic: sjón, sýn

Faroese: sjón, sýn

Norwegian: syn, sjon

Old Swedish: sȳn

Swedish: syn

Danish: syn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌽𐍃 (siuns)

From earlier *segw-niz, the former part from *sehwaną.


fōdrą

fōdrą (nominative singular)
fōdrō (nominative plural)
fōdrą (singular vocative)
fōdrō (plural vocative)
fōdrą (accusative singular)
fōdrō (accusative plural)
fōdras (genitive singular)
fōdris (genitive singular)
fōdrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fōdrai (dative singular)
fōdramaz (dative plural)
fōdrō (instrumental singular)
fōdramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdr
Old English: fōdor
Middle English: fodder, foddre, fodre, foder, fodyr, foddur, voddur
English: fodder
Scots: foder, fodder, fother, fothir
Old Frisian: fōder
North Frisian: Fođer, fooder
Saterland Frisian: Fodder
West Frisian: foer
Old Saxon: *fōdar
Middle Low German: vōder
Old Dutch: *fuodar
Dutch: voeder, voer
Afrikaans: voer
Limburgish: voder, voor
Old High German: fuotar
Middle High German: vuoter
Cimbrian: fuutar
German: Futter
Luxembourgish: Fudder
→ Old French: fuerre (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: fóðr
Icelandic: fóður
Faroese: fóður
Norwegian Nynorsk: fôr, foder
Norwegian Bokmål: fôr
Old Swedish: fōþer, ᚠᚮᚦᚽᚱ
Swedish: foder
Danish: foder
→ Middle English: fother, foður, fothir, fothyr, futher, fodyr, fooder, foþer, foþere, foðer, voðer, ffoder
English: fother
Scots: fother

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect, guard; to graze, feed”) + *-dʰrom or *-tróm, the suffix equivalent to *-drą; or directly from the root of *fōdijaną (“to feed”) and *fōdô (“food”) (including the *d), from an extended form *peh₂-dʰ(h₁)- or *peh₂-t- of the same PIE root, + *-r-om. Cognate with Latin pābulum (“food, fodder”) and possibly pānis (“bread, food”).


fōdrą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fōdr
Old English: fōdor
Old Dutch: *fuodar
Middle Dutch: voeder
Dutch: voer
Old High German: fuotar
Middle High German: vuoter
German: Futter
→ Polish: futro
Luxembourgish: Fudder
→ Venetian: fódro
→? Cimbrian: fòdara
→ Italian: fodero

Old Norse: fóðr

Faroese: fóður (“lining”)

Icelandic: fóður

Danish: for

Norwegian Nynorsk: foder

Swedish: foder

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂 (fōdr)

→ Proto-Finnic: *hootra

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect, guard, graze, feed”).


fūlaz

*fūlaz (a-stem)

fūlaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
fūlai (masculine nominative plural strong)
fūlō (feminine nominative singular strong)
fūlôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
fūlą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
fūlō (neuter nominative plural strong)
fūlanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
fūlanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
fūlǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
fūlōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
fūlą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
fūlō (accusative neuter plural strong)
fūlas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
fūlaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
fūlaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
fūlaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
fūlas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
fūlaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
fūlammai (dative masculine singular strong)
fūlaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
fūlaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
fūlaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
fūlammai (dative neuter singular strong)
fūlaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
fūlanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
fūlaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
fūlaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
fūlaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
fūlanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
fūlaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
fūlô (masculine nominative singular weak)
fūlaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
fūlǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
fūlōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
fūlô (neuter nominative singular weak)
fūlōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
fūlanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
fūlanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
fūlōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
fūlōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
fūlô (accusative neuter singular weak)
fūlōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
fūliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
fūlanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
fūlōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
fūlōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
fūliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
fūlanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
fūlini (dative masculine singular weak)
fūlammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
fūlōni (dative feminine singular weak)
fūlōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
fūlini (dative neuter singular weak)
fūlammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
fūlinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
fūlammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
fūlōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
fūlōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
fūlinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
fūlammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fūl
Old English: fūl
Middle English: foul
English: foul
Scots: foul
Old Frisian: fūl
Saterland Frisian: fuul
West Frisian: fûl
Old Saxon: *fūl (in derivatives)
Middle Low German: vûl
German Low German: fuul
Old Dutch: *fūl (in derivatives)
Middle Dutch: vuul
Dutch: vuil
Afrikaans: vuil
Old High German: fūl
Middle High German: vūl, voul
Cimbrian: baul
German: faul
Yiddish: פֿױל (foyl)

Old Norse: fúll

Icelandic: fúll

Faroese: fúlur

Norwegian Bokmål: ful

Norwegian Nynorsk: ful

Old Swedish: fūl

Swedish: ful

Danish: ful

Gutnish: fäul

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fūls)

From Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to be rotten; putrid”). Cognate with Lithuanian pū́ti (“to rot”), Latin pūs (“foul, corrupt matter; pus”), Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “rots, smells”), Persian پوسیدن (pusidan, “to rot”).


sankwijaną

sankwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
sankwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sankwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sankwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sankwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sankwī (active imperative second-person singular)
sankwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sankwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sankwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sankwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sankwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sankwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sankwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sankwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sankwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sankwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sankwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sankwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sankwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sankwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sankwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sankwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sankwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sankwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sankwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sankwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sankwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sankwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sankwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sankwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sankwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sankwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sankwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sankwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sankwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sankwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sankwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
sankwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sankwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sankwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sankwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sankwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sankwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sankwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sankwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sankwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sankwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sankwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sankwijandz (active participle present)
sankwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sankwijan
Old English: sencan
Old Frisian: senka, senza
Old Saxon: senkian
Middle Low German: senken
Old Dutch: senken
Middle Dutch: senken
Dutch: *zenken (obsolete, only attested as sencken)
Old High German: senken
Middle High German: senken
German: senken
Luxembourgish: senken

Old West Norse: søkkva

Icelandic: sökkva

Faroese: søkkja

Norwegian Nynorsk: søkkja

Old East Norse: *sænkja

Old Swedish: sænkia

Swedish: sänka

Danish: sænke

Norwegian Bokmål: senke

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: senka

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌵𐌾𐌰𐌽 (saggqjan)


sīdǭ

sīdǭ (nominative singular)
sīdōniz (nominative plural)
sīdǭ (singular vocative)
sīdōniz (plural vocative)
sīdōnų (accusative singular)
sīdōnunz (accusative plural)
sīdōniz (genitive singular)
sīdōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sīdōni (dative singular)
sīdōmaz (dative plural)
sīdōnē (instrumental singular)
sīdōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sīdā

Old English: sīde

Middle English: side, zide (Kent)
English: side
Scots: side, syde
Yola: zeide

Old Frisian: sīde

Saterland Frisian: Siede

West Frisian: side

Old Saxon: sīda

Middle Low German: sîde

German Low German: Sied

Old Dutch: *sīda

Middle Dutch: side

Dutch: zijde, zij

Afrikaans: sy

Old High German: sīta
Middle High German: sīte
Alemannic German: Siite
Central Franconian: Seck
Cimbrian: sait
German: Seite
Luxembourgish: Säit
Yiddish: זײַט (zayt)

Old Norse: síða
Icelandic: síða
Faroese: síða
Norwegian Bokmål: side
Norwegian Nynorsk: side
Old Swedish: sīþa
Swedish: sida
Danish: side


saltaz

*saltaz (a-stem)

saltaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
saltai (masculine nominative plural strong)
saltō (feminine nominative singular strong)
saltôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
saltą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
saltō (neuter nominative plural strong)
saltanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
saltanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
saltǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
saltōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
saltą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
saltō (accusative neuter plural strong)
saltas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
saltaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
saltaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
saltaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
saltas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
saltaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
saltammai (dative masculine singular strong)
saltaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
saltaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
saltaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
saltammai (dative neuter singular strong)
saltaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
saltanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
saltaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
saltaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
saltaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
saltanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
saltaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
saltô (masculine nominative singular weak)
saltaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
saltǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
saltōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
saltô (neuter nominative singular weak)
saltōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
saltanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
saltanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
saltōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
saltōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
saltô (accusative neuter singular weak)
saltōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
saltiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
saltanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
saltōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
saltōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
saltiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
saltanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
saltini (dative masculine singular weak)
saltammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
saltōni (dative feminine singular weak)
saltōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
saltini (dative neuter singular weak)
saltammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
saltinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
saltammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
saltōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
saltōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
saltinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
saltammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *salt
Old English: sealt
Middle English: salt
English: salt
Scots: salt
Old Frisian: salt
West Frisian: sâlt
Old Saxon: salt
Middle Low German: salt, solt
German Low German: solt
Old Dutch: *salt
Middle Dutch: sout
Dutch: zout
Afrikaans: sout
Old High German: *salz
Middle High German: salz

Old Norse: saltr

Icelandic: saltur

Faroese: saltur

Norwegian: salt

Old Swedish: salter

Swedish: salt

Danish: salt

Gutnish: saltar, salt


sinkwaną

sinkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
sinkwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sinkwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sinkwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sinkwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sinkw (active imperative second-person singular)
sinkwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sinkwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sinkwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sinkwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sinkwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sinkwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sinkwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sinkwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sinkwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sinkwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sinkwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sinkwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sinkwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sinkwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sinkwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sinkwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sinkwid (active indicative plural second-person)
sinkwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sinkwid (active imperative plural second-person)
sinkwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sinkwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sinkwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sinkwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinkwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sinkwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sinkwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sankw (active first-person indicative singular)
sunkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sanht (active indicative second-person singular)
sunkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sankw (active indicative singular third-person)
sunkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sunkū (active dual first-person indicative)
sunkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sunkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sunkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sunkum (active first-person indicative plural)
sunkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sunkud (active indicative plural second-person)
sunkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sunkun (active indicative plural third-person)
sunkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinkwandz (active participle present)
sunkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sinkwan
Old English: sincan
Middle English: synken
English: sink
Scots: sink
Old Frisian: sinka
West Frisian: sinke
Old Saxon: sinkan
Low German: sinken
Old Dutch: *sincan
Middle Dutch: sinken
Dutch: zinken
Limburgish: zinke
Old High German: sinkan
Middle High German: sinken
German: sinken
Luxembourgish: sénken
Yiddish: זינקען (zinken)

Old West Norse: søkkva, sænkva

Icelandic: sökkva

Faroese: søkka

Norwegian Nynorsk: søkka

→ Norwegian Bokmål: søkke

Old East Norse: *sinkva
Old Swedish: siunka
Swedish: sjunka
Old Danish: siunkæ
Danish: synke
Norwegian Bokmål: synke
Scanian: sjønka, sjonka, sækka, sjokka
Gutnish: sjunke, sinke

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌵𐌰𐌽 (sigqan)

From Proto-Indo-European *sengʷ- (“to sink, to drop”). Cognate with Old Armenian անկանիմ (ankanim) and ընկենում (ənkenum).


saltaną

saltō (active first-person indicative singular)
saltaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saltai (first-person indicative passive singular)
saltizi (active indicative second-person singular)
saltaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
salt (active imperative second-person singular)
saltazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
saltaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
saltidi (active indicative singular third-person)
saltai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
saltadau (active imperative singular third-person)
saltadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
saltaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
saltōz (active dual first-person indicative)
saltaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
saltadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
saltaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
saltadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
saltamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
saltaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
saltandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
saltaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
saltid (active indicative plural second-person)
saltaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
saltid (active imperative plural second-person)
saltandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
saltaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
saltandi (active indicative plural third-person)
saltain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
saltandau (active imperative plural third-person)
saltandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
saltaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sezalt (active first-person indicative singular)
sezaltį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sezalst (active indicative second-person singular)
sezaltīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sezalt (active indicative singular third-person)
sezaltī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sezaltū (active dual first-person indicative)
sezaltīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sezaltudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sezaltīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sezaltum (active first-person indicative plural)
sezaltīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sezaltud (active indicative plural second-person)
sezaltīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sezaltun (active indicative plural third-person)
sezaltīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
saltandz (active participle present)
saltanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *saltan

Old English: sealtan; sealten (ppl)

Middle English: salten; salten

English: salt; salten

Scots: saut

Old Frisian: *salta; *salten (ppl)

Saterland Frisian: soalten (adj)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: soaltje

⇒ West Frisian: sâltsje

Old Saxon: *saltan; *gisaltan

Middle Low German: solten; solten (ppl)

German Low German: solten; solten (ppl)

Plautdietsch: solten

Old Dutch: *saltan

Middle Dutch: souten

Dutch: zouten (weak, but with a strong participle)

Afrikaans: sout

Old High German: salzan

Middle High German: salzen

German: salzen (weak, but with a strong participle)

Luxembourgish: salzen

Old Norse: salta

Icelandic: salta

Faroese: salta

Old Swedish: salta

Swedish: salta

Old Danish: saltæ

Danish: salte

Gutnish: salte, salt'

Smalandian: salta

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄𐌰𐌽 (saltan)

From Pre-Germanic *sh₂ld-, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l- with *-d- extension. Cognate with Latin sallō (“to salt”), Old Irish saillid.


singwaną

singwō (active first-person indicative singular)
singwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
singwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
singwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
singwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
singw (active imperative second-person singular)
singwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
singwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
singwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
singwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
singwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
singwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
singwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
singwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
singwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
singwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
singwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
singwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
singwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
singwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
singwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
singwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
singwid (active indicative plural second-person)
singwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
singwid (active imperative plural second-person)
singwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
singwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
singwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
singwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
singwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
singwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
singwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sangw (active first-person indicative singular)
sungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sanht (active indicative second-person singular)
sungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sangw (active indicative singular third-person)
sungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sungū (active dual first-person indicative)
sungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sungum (active first-person indicative plural)
sungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sungud (active indicative plural second-person)
sungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sungun (active indicative plural third-person)
sungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
singwandz (active participle present)
sunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *singwan
Old English: singan
Middle English: singen, cingen, cinggen, singgen, singe, synge, syngen, cyngyn, cynggyn, zinge (Kent)
English: sing
Scots: sing
Yola: zing
Old Frisian: singa, siunga, sionga
North Frisian: schong
Saterland Frisian: sjunge
West Frisian: sjonge
Old Saxon: singan
Middle Low German: singen
Low German: singen
Plautdietsch: sinjen
Old Dutch: singan
Middle Dutch: singen
Dutch: zingen
Afrikaans: sing
Berbice Creole Dutch: singgi
Jersey Dutch: sänge
Negerhollands: sing, siṅ
→ Sranan Tongo: singi
→ Caribbean Javanese: singi
Limburgish: zinge
Old High German: singan
Middle High German: singen
Alemannic German:
Swabian:
Sathmar Swabian: singe
Bavarian: singa
Cimbrian: singen
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: singe
German: singen
Luxembourgish: sangen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: singe
Yiddish: זינגען (zingen)

Old Norse: syngva, syngja
Icelandic: syngja
Faroese: syngja
Norwegian Nynorsk: syngja, syngje, synga, synge
Jamtish: syngje, sjunge
Dalian: singa, siunga
Elfdalian: singga
Old Swedish: siunga
Swedish: sjunga
Old Danish: siungæ
Danish: synge
Norwegian Bokmål: synge
Scanian: sjonga, sjønga
Old Gutnish: singva
Gutnish: singge, singg', singga

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (siggwan)

Crimean Gothic: singhen

/ˈsiŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *séngʷʰ-e-ti, from *sengʷʰ- (“to recite, sing”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀμφή (omphḗ).


sangwaz

sangwaz (nominative singular)
sangwōz (nominative plural)
sangwōs (nominative plural)
sangw (singular vocative)
sangwōz (plural vocative)
sangwōs (plural vocative)
sangwą (accusative singular)
sangwanz (accusative plural)
sangwas (genitive singular)
sangwis (genitive singular)
sangwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sangwai (dative singular)
sangwamaz (dative plural)
sangwō (instrumental singular)
sangwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sangu

Old English: sang, song

Middle English: sang, song

Scots: sang, song

English: song

→ Dutch: song

→ German: Song

Yola: zong

Old Frisian: sang, song

Saterland Frisian: Soang

West Frisian: sang

Old Saxon: sang

Middle Low German: sank

Low German: Sang, Gesang

Plautdietsch: Jesank

Old Dutch: *sang

Middle Dutch: sanc

Dutch: zang

Afrikaans: sang

Limburgish: zank, zaank

Old High German: sang; *gisang, kisanch

Middle High German: sanc; gesanc

German: Sang; Gesang

Yiddish: זאַנג (zang)

Old Norse: sǫngr
Icelandic: söngur
Faroese: songur, sangur
Norn: sang
Norwegian Nynorsk: song
Elfdalian: saungg
Old Swedish: sanger
Swedish: sång
Danish: sang (dial.: sång)
Norwegian Bokmål: sang
Gutnish: sangg, sångg

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃 (saggws) (i-stem)

/ˈsɑŋʷ.ɡʷɑz/

From Proto-Indo-European *songʷʰos, derived from *singwaną.


rūmą

rūmą (nominative singular)
rūmō (nominative plural)
rūmą (singular vocative)
rūmō (plural vocative)
rūmą (accusative singular)
rūmō (accusative plural)
rūmas (genitive singular)
rūmis (genitive singular)
rūmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūmai (dative singular)
rūmamaz (dative plural)
rūmō (instrumental singular)
rūmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rūm n
Old English: rūm m or n
Middle English: roum
English: room
→ Fiji Hindi: rum
→ Scottish Gaelic: rùm m
→ Tok Pisin: rum
Scots: rowm, roum
Old Frisian: *rūm
Saterland Frisian: Ruum m
Old Saxon: rūm
Middle Low German: rûm
Low German: Ruum m
German Low German: Ruum m
→ Lower Sorbian: rum m inan
Plautdietsch: Rum
Old Dutch: *rūm
Middle Dutch: ruum
Dutch: ruim n
Afrikaans: ruim
Old High German: rūm
Middle High German: rūm
German: Raum m
Hunsrik: Raum m
Luxembourgish: Raum m
Volga German: Raum m

Old Norse: rúm n

Icelandic: rúm n

Faroese: rúm n

Norn: rum

Old Swedish: rūm

Swedish: rum n

Danish: rum n

Elfdalian: ruom

Gutnish: räum, rum, rom

Norwegian: rom

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌼 n (rūm)

From Proto-Indo-European *rewh₁- (“open space, land”). See *rūmaz for more.