glōaną

glōō (active first-person indicative singular)
glōaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glōai (first-person indicative passive singular)
glōizi (active indicative second-person singular)
glōaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glō (active imperative second-person singular)
glōazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glōaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glōidi (active indicative singular third-person)
glōai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glōadau (active imperative singular third-person)
glōadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glōaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glōōz (active dual first-person indicative)
glōaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glōadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glōaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glōadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glōamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glōaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glōandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glōaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glōid (active indicative plural second-person)
glōaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glōid (active imperative plural second-person)
glōandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glōaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glōandi (active indicative plural third-person)
glōain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glōandau (active imperative plural third-person)
glōandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glōaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
geglō (active first-person indicative singular)
geglōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
geglōt (active indicative second-person singular)
geglōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
geglō (active indicative singular third-person)
geglōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
geglōū (active dual first-person indicative)
geglōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
geglōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
geglōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
geglōum (active first-person indicative plural)
geglōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
geglōud (active indicative plural second-person)
geglōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
geglōun (active indicative plural third-person)
geglōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glōandz (active participle present)
glōanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: glōwan

Middle English: glowen

Scots: glow

English: glow

Old Frisian: *glōa, *glōia; gliand, gland?

Saterland Frisian: gloie, glöie, gluuje

West Frisian: gloeie

Old Saxon: glōian

desc

Middle Low German: glöen, glöyen, glöjen, glôen, glôwen, glôgen

German Low German: glojen, gleuhen, gleihen

Old Dutch: *gluoien

Middle Dutch: gloeyen

Dutch: gloeien

Afrikaans: gloei

Old High German: gluoen

Middle High German: glüejen

Central Franconian: jlöhe, gliehe

Luxembourgish: glousen

German: glühen

Rhine Franconian: glihe

Frankfurterisch: [kliːi̯ə]

Old Norse: glóa

Icelandic: glóa

Faroese: glógva

Norwegian Bokmål: glo

Norwegian Nynorsk: glo

Old Swedish: glōa

Swedish: glo

Danish: glo

Scanian: glowa

→⇒ Proto-Finnic: *loistadak (see there for further descendants)

/ˈɣlɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/

From Pre-Germanic *gʰloh₁-, a metathesized derivative of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰel- (“to flourish; green, yellow”). Probably related to Welsh glo (“coal”) (< *gʰloh₁-wo).


mundiz

mundiz (nominative singular)
mundīz (nominative plural)
mundi (singular vocative)
mundīz (plural vocative)
mundį (accusative singular)
mundinz (accusative plural)
mundīz (genitive singular)
mundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mundī (dative singular)
mundimaz (dative plural)
mundī (instrumental singular)
mundimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mundi

Old English: mynd (in derivatives)

Middle English: mund, mynd, mend, mind

Scots: mynd, mind

desctree

English: mind
→ Japanese: マインド (maindo)
→ Malay: minda

Old High German: *munt

>? Middle High German: mun

⇒ Old High German: gimunt (see *gamundiz)

From Proto-Indo-European *mén-ti-s ~ *mn̥-téy-s (“thought”). Equivalent to *munaną + *-þiz.


hnuts

hnuts (nominative singular)
hnutiz (nominative plural)
hnut (singular vocative)
hnutiz (plural vocative)
hnutų (accusative singular)
hnutunz (accusative plural)
hnutiz (genitive singular)
hnutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hnuti (dative singular)
hnutumaz (dative plural)
hnutē (instrumental singular)
hnutumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hnut
Old English: hnutu
Middle English: nute, note
English: nut
→ Japanese: ナット (natto)
Scots: nute, nuit, nit
Old Frisian: *nutu
Saterland Frisian: Nuute
West Frisian: nút
Old Saxon: hnut, *hnutu
Middle Low German: nōte
German Low German: Nööt
Plautdietsch: Nät
Old Dutch: *nutu
Middle Dutch: nōte
Dutch: noot
Afrikaans: neut
Jersey Dutch: nœüt, nût
Negerhollands: neet, noot
Skepi Creole Dutch: noot
→ Papiamentu: nechi, neetsje, neetsjie (from the diminutive)
→ Saramaccan: notò
Limburgish: noeat (with unexpected oea)
Old High German: nuz
Middle High German: nuz
Alemannic German: Nuss
German: Nuss
Hunsrik: Nuss
Luxembourgish: Noss
Pennsylvania German: Nuss
Yiddish: נוס (nus)

Old Norse: hnot
Icelandic: hnot
Faroese: nøt, nøta, nytur
Norwegian Nynorsk: nòt
⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: nate-
Norwegian Bokmål: nøtt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: nøtt
Old Swedish: nut, not
Swedish: nöt
Danish: nød

From Pre-Proto-Germanic *knuds, from a root *knu- also seen in Proto-Celtic *knūs (source of Irish cnó) and Latin nux (“walnut”). Based on the form of the nouns and the restriction of the root to Germanic, Celtic and Italic, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European origin.


fullį̄

fullį̄ (nominative singular)
fullīniz (nominative plural)
fullį̄ (singular vocative)
fullīniz (plural vocative)
fullīnų (accusative singular)
fullīnunz (accusative plural)
fullīniz (genitive singular)
fullīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fullīni (dative singular)
fullīmaz (dative plural)
fullīnē (instrumental singular)
fullīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fullī
Old English: fyllu, fyll, fyllo
Middle English: fille, fell, felle, fil, fill, fyll, fylle; fulle, ffolle, folle, ful, volle, vulle
English: fill; full
Scots: full, fou
Yola: vill
Old Saxon: *fulli
Middle Low German: vulle, vülle
German Low German: Füll
Old High German: fullī, follī, vollī — by analogy with foll
Middle High German: vülle, völle
Alemannic German: Fülli, Völli
German: Fülle, Völle

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fylli

Icelandic: fylli

Faroese: fylli

Norwegian Nynorsk: fylle

Old Swedish: fylle

Swedish: fylle

Danish: fylde

→ Norwegian Bokmål: fylde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌴𐌹 (fullei)


gamundiz

gamundiz (nominative singular)
gamundīz (nominative plural)
gamundi (singular vocative)
gamundīz (plural vocative)
gamundį (accusative singular)
gamundinz (accusative plural)
gamundīz (genitive singular)
gamundijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gamundī (dative singular)
gamundimaz (dative plural)
gamundī (instrumental singular)
gamundimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gamundi
Old English: ġemynd
Middle English: ȝemünd, imunde, ymunde, mynde, minde
Scots: mind
English: mind
Old High German: gimunt
>? Middle High German: mun m (“thought, intent, attitude, memory”)
⇒ Old High German: gimunten (verb)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (gamunds)


ausaną

ausō (active first-person indicative singular)
ausaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ausai (first-person indicative passive singular)
ausizi (active indicative second-person singular)
ausaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
aus (active imperative second-person singular)
ausazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ausaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ausidi (active indicative singular third-person)
ausai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ausadau (active imperative singular third-person)
ausadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ausaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ausōz (active dual first-person indicative)
ausaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ausadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ausaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ausadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ausamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ausaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ausandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ausaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ausid (active indicative plural second-person)
ausaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ausid (active imperative plural second-person)
ausandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ausaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ausandi (active indicative plural third-person)
ausain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ausandau (active imperative plural third-person)
ausandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ausaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
eaus (active first-person indicative singular)
eauzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
eaust (active indicative second-person singular)
eauzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
eaus (active indicative singular third-person)
eauzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
eauzū (active dual first-person indicative)
eauzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
eauzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
eauzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
eauzum (active first-person indicative plural)
eauzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
eauzud (active indicative plural second-person)
eauzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
eauzun (active indicative plural third-person)
eauzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ausandz (active participle present)
auzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *ausan
Old Saxon: *ōsan
Middle Low German: ôsen
Old Dutch: *ōsan
Middle Dutch: ôsen
Dutch: hozen (with hypercorrect h-)
Old High German: *ōsan
Middle High German: ōsen

Old Norse: ausa
Icelandic: ausa
Faroese: eysa
Norwegian Nynorsk: ausa
→ Norwegian Bokmål: ause
Dalian: (*eysa)
Dalian: åisa
Elfdalian: äsa
Old Swedish: ø̄sa
Swedish: ösa
Danish: øse
Norwegian Bokmål: øse
→ Faroese: oysa

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“to scoop”). Probably related to Latin hauriō (“to draw, scoop up”) if the initial h- is indeed hypercorrect.


Austrǭ

Austrǭ (nominative singular)
Austrǭ (singular vocative)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Austrā
Old English: ēastre
Middle English: Eestour, Ester, Yestre
English: Easter
→ Chickasaw: Iista'
Scots: Easter
Old English: Ēastre, Ēostre (“goddess of spring and fertility”)
→ English: Eostre
Old Frisian: āsteron
Old Saxon: *ōstara, *ōstarūn
Middle Low German: ôsteren, ôstern
German Low German: Oostern
Plautdietsch: Oostren
Old High German: ōstra, ōstrūn, ōstarūn
Middle High German: ōstre, ōstere, ōster
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: Oastarn
Mòcheno: Oastern
German: Ostern
Hunsrik: Oostre
Luxembourgish: Ouschteren
East Central German: Ustern

→ Proto-Slavic:

Kashubian: Jastrë, Jastra

Polabian: jostråi

Lower Sorbian: jatšy

Upper Sorbian: jutry

Often cited as deriving from *h₂ews- (“dawn; to dawn”), whence Proto-Balto-Slavic *auštrā́ˀ (“dawn, morning”); however, a derivation from *austrą, *auzrą, a metathesized form of *wazrą (“spring (season)”), + *-ǭ, is more semantically plausible.

noncog

Easter, festival celebrated at the spring equinox


kumiz

kumiz (nominative singular)
kumīz (nominative plural)
kumi (singular vocative)
kumīz (plural vocative)
kumį (accusative singular)
kuminz (accusative plural)
kumīz (genitive singular)
kumjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumī (dative singular)
kumimaz (dative plural)
kumī (instrumental singular)
kumimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: cyme
Middle English: come, cume, coom, coome, kime, keome (Early Middle English)
English: come (obsolete)
Scots: come

Old Frisian: keme

Old Saxon: kumi

Old High German: kumi

Gothic: 𐌵𐌿𐌼𐍃 (qums)


mawī

mawī (nominative singular)
mawjôz (nominative plural)
mawī (singular vocative)
mawjôz (plural vocative)
mawjǭ (accusative singular)
mawjōz (accusative plural)
mawjōz (genitive singular)
mawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mawjōi (dative singular)
mawjōmaz (dative plural)
mawjō (instrumental singular)
mawjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: mær, mey, meyja (the latter two from the paradigm of the former)

Icelandic: mær, mey, meyja

Faroese: moy, moyggj (< mey)

Norwegian Bokmål: møy (< mey)

Norwegian Nynorsk: møy (< mey)

Old Swedish: mø̄ (< mey)

Swedish: mö

Old Danish: mø̄ (< mey)

Danish: mø

Gutnish: måi (< mey)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐍅𐌹 (mawi)

From earlier *magwī, from *maguz (“boy”), with feminine suffix; ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *megʰ- (“young”).


maguz

maguz (nominative singular)
magiwiz (nominative plural)
magu (singular vocative)
magiwiz (plural vocative)
magų (accusative singular)
magunz (accusative plural)
magauz (genitive singular)
magiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magiwi (dative singular)
magumaz (dative plural)
magū (instrumental singular)
magumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *magu
Old English: magu, mago
Old Frisian: *mago, mage
Old Saxon: magu
Old High German: *mago
⇒ Old High German: *magozogo, magazogo
Middle High German: magezoge

Proto-Norse: *ᛗᚨᚷᚢᛉ (*maguʀ) (attested in ᛗᚨᚷᚢ (magu, accusative singular), ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉ (magoʀ, genitive singular))

Old Norse: mǫgr

Icelandic: mögur

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌲𐌿𐍃 (magus)

From Proto-Indo-European *mogʰus (“boy”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *mogus (“boy, servant”), Old Irish mug, Cornish maw (“servant”). Unrelated to Proto-Celtic *makʷos (“son”).


haþuz

haþuz (nominative singular)
haþiwiz (nominative plural)
haþu (singular vocative)
haþiwiz (plural vocative)
haþų (accusative singular)
haþunz (accusative plural)
haþauz (genitive singular)
haþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haþiwi (dative singular)
haþumaz (dative plural)
haþū (instrumental singular)
haþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haþu

Old English: *heaþu (in compounds)

Old Saxon: *hathu

⇒ Middle Low German: hader, hadder

⇒ Middle Low German: hāderen

Old High German: *hadu

⇒ Middle High German: hader

German: Hader

desc

⇒ Middle High German: haderen, hadern, hadren

German: hadern

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚦᚢᛉ (*haþuʀ)

Old Norse: Hǫðr, hǫð-

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“fight”).


kuruz

kurizô (comparative)
kuristaz (superlative)
kuruz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kurjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kurī (feminine nominative singular strong)
kurjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kurų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kurjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kurjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kurjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kurjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kurjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kurų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kurjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kurjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kuris (genitive masculine singular strong)
kurjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kurjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kurjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kurjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kuris (genitive neuter singular strong)
kurjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kurjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kurjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kurjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kurjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kurjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kurjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kurjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kurjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kurjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kurjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kurjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kurjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kurjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kurjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kurjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kurjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kurjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kurjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kurjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kurjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kurjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kurjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kurjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kurjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kuriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kurjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kurjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kurjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kuriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kurjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kurini (dative masculine singular weak)
kurjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kurjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kurjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kurini (dative neuter singular weak)
kurjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kurinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kurjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kurjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kurjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kurinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kurjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 (kaurus)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us, specifically the hysterokinetic form *gʷr̥h₂ús.


gunþiz

gunþiz (nominative singular)
gunþīz (nominative plural)
gunþi (singular vocative)
gunþīz (plural vocative)
gunþį (accusative singular)
gunþinz (accusative plural)
gunþīz (genitive singular)
gunþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gunþī (dative singular)
gunþimaz (dative plural)
gunþī (instrumental singular)
gunþimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gunþi
Old English: gūþ
Middle English: gūth
Old Dutch: *gunth (in compounds)
Old Saxon: gūthia
Old High German: *gundia, *gunda (in compounds)

Old Norse: guðr, gunnr

⇒ Old Norse: Guðr, Gunnr (name of a Valkyrie)

Norwegian: Gunn

Icelandic: guður, gunnur

Norwegian: gunn (name element)

Vandalic: *gunþ/*gunðV-

From post-Proto-Indo-European / pre-Proto-Germanic *gʷʰn̥tis → *gʷʰuntis → *gʰuntis (with the u causing delabialization of the labial, and hence Germanic *g- rather than *b- as in the other descendants of *gʷʰen- and of *gʷʰ- more generally), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéntis (“act of killing, blow”), from *gʷʰen- (“to strike, kill”).


swefnaz

swefnaz (nominative singular)
swefnōz (nominative plural)
swefnōs (nominative plural)
swefn (singular vocative)
swefnōz (plural vocative)
swefnōs (plural vocative)
swefną (accusative singular)
swefnanz (accusative plural)
swefnas (genitive singular)
swifnis (genitive singular)
swefnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swefnai (dative singular)
swefnamaz (dative plural)
swefnō (instrumental singular)
swefnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swefn
Old English: swefn, swefen
Middle English: sweven, swevyn, swevon, swevene, swevne, swheven, squeven, sueven, seven, swene, swefen, suefen, sweoven
English: sweven
Scots: sweven, swevyn
Old Saxon: swevan

Old Norse: svefn, sömn
Icelandic: svefn, svöfn
Faroese: svøvnur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svebn, svemn, svevn, svøbn, svømn, sømn, søvn
Elfdalian: swemmen
Old Swedish: syfn, sømn
Swedish: sömn
Old Danish: syfn, søfn
Danish: søvn
Norwegian Bokmål: søvn
Gutnish: svivn, syvn, svämn, svömn

From Proto-Indo-European *swépnos. Related to *swefaną.


þarmaz

þarmaz (nominative singular)
þarmōz (nominative plural)
þarmōs (nominative plural)
þarm (singular vocative)
þarmōz (plural vocative)
þarmōs (plural vocative)
þarmą (accusative singular)
þarmanz (accusative plural)
þarmas (genitive singular)
þarmis (genitive singular)
þarmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þarmai (dative singular)
þarmamaz (dative plural)
þarmō (instrumental singular)
þarmamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þarm
Old English: þearm
Middle English: tharm, therm
English: tharm
Scots: thairm, tharm
Old Frisian: therm
North Frisian: teerm
Saterland Frisian: Tíerm
West Frisian: term
Old Saxon: tharm
Middle Low German: darm
German Low German:
Plautdietsch: Doarm
Old Dutch: *tharm
Middle Dutch: darm, dāerm, derm
Dutch: darm (dialectal derm)
Afrikaans: derm
→ English: derm
Limburgish: derm
West Flemish: derm
Old High German: darm
Middle High German: darm
German: Darm
Hunsrik: Daarem
Luxembourgish: Daarm
Vilamovian: diüem
Yiddish: דאַרם (darm)
→ English: derma

Old Norse: þarmr

Icelandic: þarmur

Faroese: tarmur

Norwegian: tarm

Old Swedish: tharmber

Swedish: tarm

Danish: tarm

From Proto-Indo-European *tórmos (“borehole”) from *terh₁-.


nefô

nefô (nominative singular)
nefaniz (nominative plural)
nefô (singular vocative)
nefaniz (plural vocative)
nefanų (accusative singular)
nefanunz (accusative plural)
nifiniz (genitive singular)
nefanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nifini (dative singular)
nefammaz (dative plural)
nifinē (instrumental singular)
nefammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nefō
Old English: nefa
Middle English: neve, neave, neva, nefa, newe, neafe, nefe
English: neve
Old Frisian: neva
Old Saxon: nevo
Middle Low German: nēve
German Low German: Neev
Old Dutch: nevo
Middle Dutch: nēve
Dutch: neef
Afrikaans: neef
→ Papiamentu: neefie (dated)
→ Sranan Tongo: nefo, neifo
→ Dutch: niffo
→ West Frisian: neef
Limburgish: naef
Old High German: nevo, nefo
Middle High German: nëfe, nëve, nëf, nebe
Cimbrian: néf
German: Neffe, Nefe (obsolete)
→? German Low German: Neffe

Old Norse: nefi
Icelandic: nefi

From earlier *nefōd, from Proto-Indo-European *népōts.


farhaz

farhaz (nominative singular)
farhōz (nominative plural)
farhōs (nominative plural)
farh (singular vocative)
farhōz (plural vocative)
farhōs (plural vocative)
farhą (accusative singular)
farhanz (accusative plural)
farhas (genitive singular)
farhis (genitive singular)
farhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
farhai (dative singular)
farhamaz (dative plural)
farhō (instrumental singular)
farhamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *farh
Old English: fearh
Middle English: *farow, *fargh (attested only in plural form faren)
English: farrow
Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry
Yola: farragh
Old Frisian: *farch
Saterland Frisian: Faarich
Old Saxon: for, *farh
Middle Low German: var, vare, vôr, ferch, verk
⇒ Old Saxon: *farkīn (diminutive)
Middle Low German: verken, varken
Low German: Farken
Old Dutch: *far, *fare
⇒ Old Dutch: farkīn, ferkīn (diminutive)
Middle Dutch: verkin, varekin, varkin
Dutch: varken
Afrikaans: vark
Jersey Dutch: vārk
Negerhollands: varki, fergi, farki, ferkikin, verken
Skepi Creole Dutch: fark
Old High German: farah
Middle High German: varch
⇒ Old High German: farhīli, farheli (diminutive)
Middle High German: verkel, verhel
Alemannic German: Färli
German: Ferkel
Luxembourgish: Fierkel

Old Norse: *farr

Old Swedish: *far

⇒ Old Swedish: fargalter

Swedish: fargalt


huzdą

huzdą (nominative singular)
huzdō (nominative plural)
huzdą (singular vocative)
huzdō (plural vocative)
huzdą (accusative singular)
huzdō (accusative plural)
huzdas (genitive singular)
huzdis (genitive singular)
huzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
huzdai (dative singular)
huzdamaz (dative plural)
huzdō (instrumental singular)
huzdamiz (instrumental plural)

Uncertain. Possibly from pre-Germanic *kudʰ-tó-m, with *-zd- perhaps arising from a special Germanic case of Bartholomae's law (but *-ss- is expected; cf. *(ga)wissiz < *wédʰtis), from Proto-Indo-European *kewdʰ- (“to cover, conceal, hide”) (compare Ancient Greek κεύθω (keúthō, “to cover, hide”), Proto-Brythonic *kʉðɨd (“to hide”) and Proto-Germanic *hūdijaną (“to hide”)) + *-tóm, thus the original meaning would be “that which is concealed or hidden”.

cog

Proto-West Germanic: *hoʀdOld English: hordMiddle English: hord

hurdeOld Frisian: *hordWest Frisian: hoerde

huordeOld Saxon: hordMiddle Low German: hōrtOld Dutch: *hordMiddle Dutch: hoordOld High German: hortMiddle High German: hortGerman: Hort


halsaz

halsaz (nominative singular)
halsōz (nominative plural)
halsōs (nominative plural)
hals (singular vocative)
halsōz (plural vocative)
halsōs (plural vocative)
halsą (accusative singular)
halsanz (accusative plural)
halsas (genitive singular)
halsis (genitive singular)
halsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
halsai (dative singular)
halsamaz (dative plural)
halsō (instrumental singular)
halsamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hals
Old English: heals
Middle English: hals
English: halse, hawse
Scots: hause
Old Frisian: hals
Saterland Frisian: Hoals
West Frisian: hals
Old Saxon: hals
Middle Low German: hals
German Low German: Hals
Plautdietsch: Hauls
Old Dutch: hals
Middle Dutch: hals
Dutch: hals
Old High German: hals
Middle High German: hals
Cimbrian: hals, haltz (Sette Comuni)
German: Hals
Luxembourgish: Hals
Yiddish: האַלדז (haldz)

Old Norse: hals
Icelandic: háls
Faroese: hálsur
Norn: hals, håls, hwåls
Norwegian Nynorsk: hals; (dialectal) håls’e, hås
Old Swedish: hals
Swedish: hals
Danish: hals
Norwegian Bokmål: hals
Gutnish: hals

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals)

From Proto-Indo-European *kólsos, from root *kʷel-. Cognate with Latin collum.


uzdaz

uzdaz (nominative singular)
uzdōz (nominative plural)
uzdōs (nominative plural)
uzd (singular vocative)
uzdōz (plural vocative)
uzdōs (plural vocative)
uzdą (accusative singular)
uzdanz (accusative plural)
uzdas (genitive singular)
uzdis (genitive singular)
uzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uzdai (dative singular)
uzdamaz (dative plural)
uzdō (instrumental singular)
uzdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *oʀd

Old English: ord
Middle English: ord
English: ord, orde
Scots: ord

Old Frisian: ord

North Frisian: od

Saterland Frisian: Oud

West Frisian: oerd, oarde

Old Saxon: ord

Middle Low German: ort

German Low German: Oort

→ Swedish: ort

Old Dutch: ort

Middle Dutch: ort, oort

Dutch: oord

Afrikaans: oord

→⇒ Old French: ordé, urdee

→ Middle English: urde, urdy

English: urdé, urdy

Old High German: ort
Middle High German: ort
Bavarian: Oat
German: Ort
Luxembourgish: Uert
Yiddish: אָרט (ort)

Old Norse: oddr
Icelandic: oddur
Faroese: oddur
Norwegian Bokmål: odd, odde
Norwegian Nynorsk: odd, odde
Old Swedish: udder, odder
Swedish: udd, udde
Danish: od, odde
→ Middle English: od, odde
Scots: odd, od, ode
English: odd

Akademie-Verlag
Berlin
Brill Publishers
Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ud-s (“up, off”) > *uz (“out of”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to set, put, place”). Alternatively connected to the root *wes- (“to prick”) (connected to Albanian usht (“thistle”)).


hertô

hertô (nominative singular)
hertōnō (nominative plural)
hertô (singular vocative)
hertōnō (plural vocative)
hertô (accusative singular)
hertōnō (accusative plural)
hirtiniz (genitive singular)
hertanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hirtini (dative singular)
hertammaz (dative plural)
hirtinē (instrumental singular)
hertammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hertā
Old English: heorte, herte — Northumbrian, hearte, hiorte
Middle English: herte, hart, harte, heorte, hert, hertt, hirte, huerte, heortæ, heorrte, herrte, hierte, horte, hurte (Early Middle English)
English: heart (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hert, hart, hairt
Yola: hearth, hart
Old Frisian: herte
Saterland Frisian: Haat
West Frisian: hert
Old Saxon: herta, herte
Middle Low German: herte, harte
Low German: Hart, Hiärt
German Low German: Hart
Plautdietsch: Hoat
Old Dutch: herta
Middle Dutch: herte, harte
Dutch: hart
Afrikaans: hart
Limburgish: hert
West Flemish: erte
Old High German: herza
Middle High German: hërze, hërz
Alemannic German: Härz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hèrtz, hèertze (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: hèrz
Central Franconian: Hätz, Hetz (variant spelling), Hatz (Ripuarian), Herz (Ripuarian variant), Hearz (Moselle Franconian variant), Häerz
Hunsrik: Herz
German: Herz
Luxembourgish: Häerz
Silesian East Central German: Herze / Härze (Breslauisch) / Harze n
⇒ Silesian East Central German: / harzlich
Vilamovian: haoc
Yiddish: האַרץ (harts)

Old Norse: hjarta
Icelandic: hjarta
Faroese: hjarta
Norn: hjarta
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjarta, hjarte, hjerta
Jamtish: hjarte
Elfdalian: järta
Old Swedish: hiærta
Swedish: hjärta
→ Finnish: hertta
Old Danish: hiartæ, hiærtæ
Scanian: hjarta
Danish: hjerte
Norwegian Bokmål: hjerte
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hjerte
Jutish: jaart
Gutnish: hjärte

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱérd (“heart”), reanalyzed as a neuter an-stem.


hwīlō

hwīlō (nominative singular)
hwīlôz (nominative plural)
hwīlō (singular vocative)
hwīlôz (plural vocative)
hwīlǭ (accusative singular)
hwīlōz (accusative plural)
hwīlōz (genitive singular)
hwīlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hwīlōi (dative singular)
hwīlōmaz (dative plural)
hwīlō (instrumental singular)
hwīlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwīlu
Old English: hwīl
Middle English: whyle, while, hwile, qhyle, wile
English: while
Scots: while
Yola: while
Old Frisian: hwīle
West Frisian: wile
Old Saxon: hwīla
German Low German: Wiel
Old Dutch: wīla
Middle Dutch: wile
Dutch: wijl
Afrikaans: wyl
Limburgish: wiel
Old High German: wīla
Middle High German: wīle
Bavarian: Wäu, Wei, Weil
Cimbrian: baille, baila (Luserna)
German: Weile, weil
→ Old Czech: chvíle, chvíľe (alternative writing)
Czech: chvíle
→ Old Polish: chwila (“moment”)
Polish: chwila
→ Belarusian: хві́ля (xvílja)
→ Kashubian: chwila
→ Ukrainian: хви́ля (xvýlja)
Silesian: chwila
Yiddish: ווײַלע (vayle)
→ Old Slovak: chvíľa, chvieľa
Pannonian Rusyn: хвиля (xvilja)
Slovak: chvíľa (“moment”)

Old Norse: hvíla

Icelandic: hvíla

Faroese: hvíla

Old Swedish: hvīla

Swedish: vila

→ Finnish: huilata

Danish: hvile

Norwegian Bokmål: hvile

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvila

→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvile

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 (ƕeila)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest”).


frōdį̄

frōdį̄ (nominative singular)
frōdīniz (nominative plural)
frōdį̄ (singular vocative)
frōdīniz (plural vocative)
frōdīnų (accusative singular)
frōdīnunz (accusative plural)
frōdīniz (genitive singular)
frōdīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frōdīni (dative singular)
frōdīmaz (dative plural)
frōdīnē (instrumental singular)
frōdīmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: fruoti

Middle High German: vruote

Old Norse: frœði, frǿði

Icelandic: fræði

Faroese: frøði

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌹 (frōdei)


flugiz

flugiz (nominative singular)
flugīz (nominative plural)
flugi (singular vocative)
flugīz (plural vocative)
flugį (accusative singular)
fluginz (accusative plural)
flugīz (genitive singular)
flugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flugī (dative singular)
flugimaz (dative plural)
flugī (instrumental singular)
flugimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: flyge

Middle English: flye

English: fly

Old Saxon: flugi

Old Dutch: *flugi, *fluge

Middle Dutch: vloghe, vleughe

Dutch: vleug

Old High German: flugi

German: Flug

→ Esperanto: flugo

Luxembourgish: Fluch

→ Walloon: flouxhe

Old Norse: flugr

Icelandic: flugur

Gothic: 𐌸𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃 (þlauhs)


hwīlāną

hwīlō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwīlaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwīlai (active imperative second-person singular)
hwīlāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwīlaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwīlāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwīlāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwīlōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hwīlāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwīlāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwīlāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwīlānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwīlaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hwīlaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hwīlānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwīlānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwīlānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwīlānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwīladǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hwīladēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwīladēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hwīladēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīladē (active indicative singular third-person)
hwīladēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīladēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwīladēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwīladēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwīladēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwīladēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwīladēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwīladēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwīladēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīladēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwīladēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīlāndz (active participle present)
hwīladaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: hvíla

Icelandic: hvíla

Faroese: hvíla

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: hvile

Norwegian Nynorsk: kvile, kvila

Old Swedish: hvīla

Swedish: vila

Old Danish: hwīla, hwilæ

Danish: hvile

→ Finnish: huilata

Gothic: 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (ƕeilān)

From *hwīlō (“while, period, pause”) + *-āną.


samaz

*samaz (a-stem)

samaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
samai (masculine nominative plural strong)
samō (feminine nominative singular strong)
samôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
samą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
samō (neuter nominative plural strong)
samanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
samanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
samǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
samōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
samą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
samō (accusative neuter plural strong)
samas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
samaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
samaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
samaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
samas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
samaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
samammai (dative masculine singular strong)
samaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
samaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
samaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
samammai (dative neuter singular strong)
samaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
samanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
samaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
samaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
samaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
samanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
samaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
samô (masculine nominative singular weak)
samaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
samǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
samōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
samô (neuter nominative singular weak)
samōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
samanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
samanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
samōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
samōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
samô (accusative neuter singular weak)
samōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
saminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
samanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
samōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
samōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
saminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
samanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
samini (dative masculine singular weak)
samammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
samōni (dative feminine singular weak)
samōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
samini (dative neuter singular weak)
samammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
saminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
samammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
samōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
samōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
saminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
samammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sam

desctree

Old Norse: samr
Icelandic: samur
Faroese: samur
Norwegian Nynorsk: same
Old Swedish: samber
Swedish: samma
Danish: samme
Norwegian Bokmål: samme
→ Middle English: same
English: same

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰 (sama)

→ Proto-Finnic: *sama (see there for further descendants)


habanō

habanō (nominative singular)
habanôz (nominative plural)
habanō (singular vocative)
habanôz (plural vocative)
habanǭ (accusative singular)
habanōz (accusative plural)
habanōz (genitive singular)
habanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habanōi (dative singular)
habanōmaz (dative plural)
habanō (instrumental singular)
habanōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *habanu
Old English: hæfen, hæfene (possibly a loanword from Old Norse)
Middle English: haven, havene
Scots: havin, hevin, heavin
English: haven
Old Frisian: *hafen, *haven
Saterland Frisian: Hauenge, Hoawen (possibly loaned from Low German)
West Frisian: haven
Old Saxon: *havana; *havan m
Middle Low German: hāvene, hāven f or m
German Low German: Haven
→ Middle High German: habene f (also m?)
German: Hafen m (under direct Middle Low German influence)
Luxembourgish: Hafen
Yiddish: האַוון m (havn)
Old Dutch: *havana
Middle Dutch: hāvene
Dutch: haven
Afrikaans: hawe
→ Old French: havene, havre, hafne
Middle French: havre
French: havre
→ Spanish: abra
→ English: abra
→ Galician: abra

Old Norse: hǫfn
Icelandic: höfn
Faroese: havn, høvn
Norwegian Nynorsk: hamn
Norwegian Bokmål: hamn
Old Swedish: hamn, hafn
Swedish: hamn
Danish: havn
Norwegian Bokmål: havn
→ Latin: Hafnia (“Copenhagen”) (learned)

/ˈxɑ.βɑ.nɔː/

From Proto-Indo-European *kh₂póneh₂ or *kh₂pnéh₂, from the root *keh₂p- (“to take, seize, grasp”).


wistiz

wistiz (nominative singular)
wistīz (nominative plural)
wisti (singular vocative)
wistīz (plural vocative)
wistį (accusative singular)
wistinz (accusative plural)
wistīz (genitive singular)
wistijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wistī (dative singular)
wistimaz (dative plural)
wistī (instrumental singular)
wistimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wisti
Old English: wist
Old Saxon: wist
Middle Low German: wist
Old High German: wist
Middle High German: wist

Old Norse: vist

Icelandic: vist

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (wists)


wistiz

Proto-West Germanic: *wisti
Old English: wist
Middle English: wist, wiste, wyste
Old Saxon: wist
Middle Low German: wist
Old High German: wist
Middle High German: wist

Old Norse: vist

Icelandic: vist

Faroese: vist

Old Swedish: vist

⇒ Swedish: hemvist

Suevic or Gothic:

→ Galician: gueste

From *wesaną (“to consume, feast”) + *-þiz.


wahstuz

wahstuz (nominative singular)
wahstiwiz (nominative plural)
wahstu (singular vocative)
wahstiwiz (plural vocative)
wahstų (accusative singular)
wahstunz (accusative plural)
wahstauz (genitive singular)
wahstiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wahstiwi (dative singular)
wahstumaz (dative plural)
wahstū (instrumental singular)
wahstumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wahstu

desc

Old English: *wæhst, *wæxt, *wæst, *weahst, *wǣst

m+

>? Middle English: wacste (“growth, increase, might, power”) (alternatively from Old Norse vǫxtr (“growth, increase, size, stature”))

desctree

Middle English: wast, waast, waist, waste, wacst (Early Middle English)
English: waist
→ Japanese: ウエスト (uesuto)
Scots: waist
Yola: wauscoat

Old Frisian: wehst

Old High German: wahst

Middle High German: wahst

Old Norse: vǫxtr

Icelandic: vöxtur

Faroese: vøkstur

Old Swedish: vaxter, væxter

Swedish: växt

Danish: vækst

Norwegian: vekst

Scanian: vǫğst

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌷𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃 (wahstus)


blīwiją

blīwiją (nominative singular)
blīwijō (nominative plural)
blīwiją (singular vocative)
blīwijō (plural vocative)
blīwiją (accusative singular)
blīwijō (accusative plural)
blīwijas (genitive singular)
blīwīs (genitive singular)
blīwijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blīwijai (dative singular)
blīwijamaz (dative plural)
blīwijō (instrumental singular)
blīwijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *blīwī
Old Frisian: blī
Saterland Frisian: Bläi
Old Saxon: blī, *blīg
Middle Low German: blî, blig, blige
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: Bli
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bluich
Lippisch: Blüch, Bluig
Sauerländisch: Bley, Blǖ, Blī
Westmünsterländisch: Blij
Plautdietsch: Blie
→ Middle English: *bli
⇒ Middle English: bligeter (“lead founder”)
Old Dutch: blī
Middle Dutch: bli
Dutch: blei, (archaic) blij
Limburgish: blie
Old High German: blīo, blīwo, blīoh (< *blīu or *blīwō)
Middle High German: blī
German: Blei
Luxembourgish: Bläi
Vilamovian: błaj
Yiddish: בלײַ (blay)

Old Norse: blý
Icelandic: blý
Faroese: blýggj, blý
Norwegian: bly
Old Swedish: blȳ
Swedish: bly
→ Finnish: lyijy
Old Danish: blȳ
Danish: bly
Scanian: blý
Elfdalian: bly
Gutnish: blöi

→ Estonian: plii

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mliH-wó-s, perhaps from *mleh₁y- (“to be weak, weary, tired”), related to *blīþiz (“soft, mild”), cognate with Sanskrit म्लायति (mlā́yati, “to be weary”), Proto-Celtic *mlīnos (“weary, tired”), or possibly of substrate origin, compare Ancient Greek μόλῠβδος (mólubdos, “lead”), Latin plumbum (“lead”).


hufą

hufą (nominative singular)
hufō (nominative plural)
hufą (singular vocative)
hufō (plural vocative)
hufą (accusative singular)
hufō (accusative plural)
hufas (genitive singular)
hufis (genitive singular)
hufǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hufai (dative singular)
hufamaz (dative plural)
hufō (instrumental singular)
hufamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hof

desctree

Old English: hof
Middle English: *hof, *hove
Scots: hoff, howf, hoif, hoiff
⇒ Middle English: hovel, hovil, hovylle (diminutive)
English: hovel

Old Frisian: hof

North Frisian: hof, höf, haaf

Saterland Frisian: Hoaf

West Frisian: hôf, hou

Old Saxon: hof
Middle Low German: hof
German Low German: Hoff
Plautdietsch: Hoff
→ Danish: hof
→ Estonian: hoov
→ Norwegian: hoff
→ Old Swedish: hof
Swedish: hov
→ Finnish: hovi
→ Finnish: huovi
→ Finnish: hovi

Frankish: *huf, *hof

Old Dutch: *hof
Middle Dutch: hof
Dutch: hof
Afrikaans: hof
Negerhollands: hofje, hofi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
→ Papiamentu: hòfi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haof, hoof
→ Scots: howff(Please either change this template to or insert a ====Descendants==== section in howff)

Old Dutch: *hof
Middle Dutch: hof
Dutch: hof
Afrikaans: hof
Negerhollands: hofje, hofi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
→ Papiamentu: hòfi, hoffie (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: haof, hoof
→ Scots: howff(Please either change this template to {{desc}} or insert a ====Descendants==== section in howff)

→⇒ Old French: huvelet

Old High German: hof

Middle High German: hof

Bavarian: Hof

Cimbrian: hof, hoff

Mòcheno: hof

Central Franconian: Hoff, Hof, Hoaf

Luxembourgish: Haff

German: Hof, Hoff (in family names, otherwise obsolete)
→ English: hof

Pennsylvania German: Hof

Yiddish: הויף (hoyf)

Old Norse: hof
Icelandic: hof
Faroese: hov
Norwegian Nynorsk: hov, hov
Swedish: hov
→ English: hof

From Proto-Indo-European *kewp- (“to bend, arch, vault”).


selbaz

*selbaz (a-stem)

selbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
selbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
selbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
selbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
selbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
selbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
selbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
selbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
selbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
selbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
selbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
selbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
selbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
selbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
selbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
selbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
selbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
selbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
selbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
selbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
selbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
selbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
selbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
selbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
selbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
selbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
selbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
selbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
selbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
selbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
selbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
selbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
selbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
selbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
selbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
selbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
selbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
selbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
selbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
selbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
selbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
selbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
selbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
selbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
selbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
selbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
selbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
selbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
selbini (dative masculine singular weak)
selbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
selbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
selbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
selbini (dative neuter singular weak)
selbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
selbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
selbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
selbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
selbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
selbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
selbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: self, seolf, sylf, selfa

Middle English: self, silf, sulf

Scots: sel

English: self

Old Frisian: self, selva

North Frisian: selv, siälv

desc

Saterland Frisian: säärm, sälven, sääuwen

West Frisian: sels

Old Saxon: self, selvo

Middle Low German: self, sulf

German Low German: sülvst

Low German: sulv

desctree

Old Dutch: selvo
Middle Dutch: selve
Dutch: zelf
Afrikaans: self
Limburgish: zèlf

Old High German: selb, selbo

Middle High German: sëlb, sëlp

Bavarian: söbe, söber

German: selbst, selb, selbe, selber

Luxembourgish: selwer

Yiddish: זעלב (zelb)

Old Norse: sjalfr, *sealfʀ — Old East Norse, sjálfr — younger western form
Icelandic: sjálfur
Faroese: sjálvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjølv; (dialectal) sjølv'u, sjålv, sjav'e, sjåv, sjelv
Norwegian Bokmål: sjøl
Elfdalian: siuov
Old Swedish: sialver, siælver, sialfr, siælfr
Swedish: själv, (dialectal, Finland) sjölv
Old Danish: sialfær, sialf, siælf, sælf
Scanian: sælver
Danish: selv
Norwegian Bokmål: selv
Jutish: sjæl

Gutnish: självar

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba)

From Proto-Indo-European *selbʰ- (“one's own”), from the reflexive pronoun *swé (“self”). Compared with Venetic sselb-.


sweblaz

sweblaz (nominative singular)
sweblōz (nominative plural)
sweblōs (nominative plural)
swebl (singular vocative)
sweblōz (plural vocative)
sweblōs (plural vocative)
sweblą (accusative singular)
sweblanz (accusative plural)
sweblas (genitive singular)
swiblis (genitive singular)
sweblǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sweblai (dative singular)
sweblamaz (dative plural)
sweblō (instrumental singular)
sweblamiz (instrumental plural)

Unknown. Compare Proto-Indo-European *swelplos (whence probably Latin sulfur), from the root *swel- (“to burn, smoulder”) (de Vaan); Kluge instead suggests that the Germanic and Latin, while from *swelplos, are borrowed from a pre-Indo-European substrate.

sweavel

Middle Low German: swevel, swavel; Low German

Middle Dutch: swēvelDutch: zwavelAfrikaans: swawelNegerhollands: swafel→ Sranan Tongo: swafru

swarfu→ Aukan: swalufu→ Kari'na: suwapulu→ Saramaccan: suwálufuLimburgish: zwaevel→ West Frisian: swevel

→ Russian: жу́пел

→ Old Church Slavonic: жоупелъ (župelŭ), зюпелъ (zjupelŭ)


frōdaz

frōdōzô (comparative)
frōdōstaz (superlative)
frōdaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frōdai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frōdō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frōdôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frōdą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frōdō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frōdanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frōdanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frōdǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frōdōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frōdą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frōdō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frōdas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frōdaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frōdaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frōdaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frōdas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frōdaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frōdammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frōdaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frōdaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frōdaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frōdammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frōdaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frōdanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frōdaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frōdaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frōdaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frōdanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frōdaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frōdô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frōdaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frōdǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frōdōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frōdô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frōdōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frōdanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frōdanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frōdōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frōdōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frōdô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frōdōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frōdiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frōdanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frōdōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frōdōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frōdiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frōdanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frōdini (dative masculine singular weak)
frōdammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frōdōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frōdōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frōdini (dative neuter singular weak)
frōdammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frōdinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frōdammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frōdōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frōdōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frōdinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frōdammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*frōdaz (a-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *frōd
Old English: frōd
Middle English: *frod, *frode, *frood
English: frood
Scots: frood
Old Frisian: frōd
North Frisian: frod
Saterland Frisian: frod
West Frisian: froed
Old Saxon: frōd
Middle Low German: vrôt
Old Dutch: *fruod, *fruot
Middle Dutch: vroet
Dutch: vroed
Afrikaans: vroed
Old High German: fruot, frōt
Middle High German: vruot
Alemannic German: fruetig

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚱᛟᛞᚨᛉ (*frodaʀ)

Old Norse: fróðr
Icelandic: fróður
Faroese: fróður
Norwegian Nynorsk: frod
Old Swedish: frodher
Swedish: frod
Danish: frod
Norwegian Bokmål: frod

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍃 (frōþs)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *fraþjaną (“to understand”).


silubrą

silubrą (nominative singular)
silubrō (nominative plural)
silubrą (singular vocative)
silubrō (plural vocative)
silubrą (accusative singular)
silubrō (accusative plural)
silubras (genitive singular)
silubris (genitive singular)
silubrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
silubrai (dative singular)
silubramaz (dative plural)
silubrō (instrumental singular)
silubramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *silubr
Old English: seolfor, seolfer, seolofor, siolfor, siolufr, silofr, sylfor, sylfur — Mercian
Middle English: silver, selver, seolver, sulver, sylver
English: silver, ☽, ☾ (alchemy)
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva
Scots: silver, siller
Old Frisian: selover, selver
North Frisian: Salwer (Amrum)
Saterland Frisian: Sälver
West Frisian: sulver
Old Saxon: siluvar
Middle Low German: selver, sulver
German Low German: Sülver, Silver
Plautdietsch: Selwa
Old Dutch: silver
Middle Dutch: silver
Dutch: zilver
Afrikaans: silwer
Negerhollands: silver, zelva, selvu
Skepi Creole Dutch: solfer
→ Caribbean Javanese: silfer
→ Loup A: sinibat, chinebat, chinibat
→ Mahican: sehnpatt, senpett
→ Munsee: shulpul
→ Sranan Tongo: sorfu, solfru, sorfru
→ Saramaccan: sólófu, sóófu
→ Unami: silpël
Limburgish: zèlver
Old High German: silbar, silabar
Middle High German: silber
Bavarian: Süber, Suiber
Cimbrian: silbar
Mòcheno: silber
German: Silber
Kölsch: Seleve
Luxembourgish: Sëlwer
Pennsylvania German: Silwer
Vilamovian: zyłwer
Yiddish: זילבער (zilber)

Old Norse: silfr, sylfr
Icelandic: silfur
Faroese: silvur
Norwegian: sylv; (dialectal) silv
Old Swedish: silver, sylver, sølver
Swedish: silver
Old Danish: silf, sylf, sølf
Danish: sølv
Norwegian Bokmål: sølv
→ Greenlandic: sølvi
Elfdalian: silver
Gutnish: sylvar
Scanian: sølver

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍂 (silubr)

Crimean Gothic: silvir

→ Proto-Samic: *silpë (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Likely a Wanderwort of non-Indo-European origin. Compare Proto-Slavic *sьrebro, Latvian sudrabs, Lithuanian sidabras, Latgalian sudobrys, Basque zilar, Proto-Berber *a-ẓrəf, Celtiberian silabur "money".
A Semitic origin has been suggested (Akkadian 𒀫𒁍𒌝 (ṣur-pu-um /ṣurpum/, “silver”), from 𒍝𒊏𒁍𒌝 (ṣa-ra-pu-um /ṣarāpum/, “to smelt or refine”)). However, at least one scholar has considered this phonologically and geographically improbable.
The replacement of hypothetical Pre-Germanic *urguntóm from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm in Proto-Germanic has been thought to be linked to increasing metallurgical sophistication.


landą

landą (nominative singular)
landō (nominative plural)
landą (singular vocative)
landō (plural vocative)
landą (accusative singular)
landō (accusative plural)
landas (genitive singular)
landis (genitive singular)
landǫ̂ (genitive plural)
landai (dative singular)
landamaz (dative plural)
landō (instrumental singular)
landamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *land
Old English: land, lond, lænd
Middle English: lond
English: land
Scots: laund, land
Yola: lhoan, lone
Old Frisian: land, lond
North Frisian:
Fohr: lun
Hallig: löön
Heligoland: Lun
Mooring: lönj
Saterland Frisian: Lound
West Frisian: lân
Old Saxon: land
Middle Low German: lant
Dutch Low Saxon: laand
German Low German: Land
Plautdietsch: Launt
Old Dutch: lant
Middle Dutch: lant
Dutch: land
Afrikaans: land
Berbice Creole Dutch: alanda, landi
Negerhollands: land, lant, lan
Skepi Creole Dutch: land, lantta
→ Sranan Tongo: lanti (see there for further descendants)
>? Javanese: ꦭꦤ꧀ (lan)
Limburgish: landj
Zealandic: land
Old High German: lant
Middle High German: lant
Alemannic German: Land, Lånd
Swabian: Lahnd
Bavarian: Lånd
Cimbrian: lant, lånt (Luserna)
Central Franconian: Land, Lannt
Hunsrik: Land
Luxembourgish: Land
German: Land (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Lond
Pennsylvania German: Land, Lond
Vilamovian: łaond
Yiddish: לאַנד (land)

desc

Proto-Norse: *ᛚᚨᛞᚨ (*lada), *ᛚᚨᚾᛞ (*land)

desctree

Old Norse: land
Icelandic: land
Faroese: land
Norn: land
Norwegian Nynorsk: land
Russenorsk: лань (lanʹ)
Old Swedish: land
Elfdalian: land
Swedish: land
Old Danish: land
Danish: land
Norwegian Bokmål: land
Scanian: lann
Old Gutnish: land
Gutnish: land, lande, landi

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 (land)

From Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”).


masōną

masō (active first-person indicative singular)
masǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
masōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
masōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
masōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
masō (active imperative second-person singular)
masōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
masōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
masōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
masō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
masōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
masōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
masōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
masōs (active dual first-person indicative)
masōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
masōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
masōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
masōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
masōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
masōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
masōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
masōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
masōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
masōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
masōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
masōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
masōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
masōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
masōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
masōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
masōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
masōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
masōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
masōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
masōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
masōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
masōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
masōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
masōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
masōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
masōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
masōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
masōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
masōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
masōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
masōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
masōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
masōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
masōndz (active participle present)
masōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *masōn

Old English: *masian

Middle English: masen

English: maze, amaze

⇒ English: bemaze

Scots: maze, amase

⇒ Old English: āmasian

Middle English: *amasen (found in past participle amased)

English: amaze

Scots: amase

Old Norse: masa

Icelandic: masa

Faroese: masa

Norwegian Nynorsk: masa

Swedish: masa

Danish: mase

Norwegian Bokmål: mase

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon, enchant”), related to Bulgarian мая (maja, “to hesitate, be amazed”).


teldą

teldą (nominative singular)
teldō (nominative plural)
teldą (singular vocative)
teldō (plural vocative)
teldą (accusative singular)
teldō (accusative plural)
teldas (genitive singular)
tildis (genitive singular)
teldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
teldai (dative singular)
teldamaz (dative plural)
teldō (instrumental singular)
teldamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *teld

Old English: teld

Middle English: teld, tield, telte

Scots: tild, tyld, teill

English: teld, tilt

⇒ Old English: ġeteld

→ English: geteld

Old Frisian: *teld, *telt

Saterland Frisian: Tält; Tälte f

Old Saxon: *teld

Middle Low German: telt

German Low German: Telt

→ Norwegian: telt

→ Swedish: tält

→ Finnish: teltta

→ Danish: telt

→ Middle English: telte (possibly)

English: tilt

Old Dutch: *telt

Middle Dutch: telt, telde

Old High German: zelt

Middle High German: zëlt

German: Zelt

Luxembourgish: Zelt

Old Norse: tjald

Icelandic: tjald

Faroese: tjald

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjeld

Old Swedish: tiæld

Swedish: tjäll

Danish: tjæld

Norwegian Bokmål: tjeld

Finland lects: tjäld (Northern Quark islands)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tëlta

Finnish: telta


unwedrą

unwedrą (nominative singular)
unwedrō (nominative plural)
unwedrą (singular vocative)
unwedrō (plural vocative)
unwedrą (accusative singular)
unwedrō (accusative plural)
unwedras (genitive singular)
unwidris (genitive singular)
unwedrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unwedrai (dative singular)
unwedramaz (dative plural)
unwedrō (instrumental singular)
unwedramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *unwedr
Old English: unweder
Middle English: unweder
English: unweather
Old Frisian: unweder
Saterland Frisian: Uunweeder
West Frisian: ûnwaar
Old Saxon: unwedar
Old Saxon: unweder
Low German: unweder
Old Dutch: *unwedar
Middle Dutch: onweder
Dutch: onweder, onweer
Old High German: unwetar
Middle High German: unweter, unwiter
German: Unwetter

Old Norse: úveðr, óveðr

Icelandic: óveður

Faroese: óveður

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: uvær

Norwegian Nynorsk: uvêr

Old Swedish: ovædher

Swedish: oväder

Danish: uvejr


siduz

siduz (nominative singular)
sidiwiz (nominative plural)
sidu (singular vocative)
sidiwiz (plural vocative)
sidų (accusative singular)
sidunz (accusative plural)
sidauz (genitive singular)
sidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sidiwi (dative singular)
sidumaz (dative plural)
sidū (instrumental singular)
sidumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sidu
Old English: sidu, seodu
Middle English: side
Old Frisian: side
North Frisian: side, sede
Saterland Frisian: Sidde
West Frisian: sede
Old Saxon: sidu
Middle Low German: side
Old Dutch: sido
Middle Dutch: sēde
Dutch: zede
Afrikaans: sede
Old High German: situ
Middle High German: site
German: Sitte
Luxembourgish: Sitt

Old Norse: siðr
Icelandic: siður
Faroese: siður
Norwegian: sed
Jamtish: sið
Old Swedish: siþer, sedher
Swedish: sed
Danish: sæd

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (sidus)

Uncertain. On the suggestion that the meaning "custom" developed from "band, bond", Kroonen tentatively reconstructs Pre-Germanic *sh₂itús (“bond, rule, tradition”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind”).
Another possibility, though implausible because it would require *swid-, lies in derivation from Proto-Indo-European *swedʰ- (“wont, habit, custom”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἦθος (êthos, “character; custom, habit”), Sanskrit स्वधा (svadhā, “wont, custom, pleasure”), Latin suēscō (“grow accustomed, habituate, acclimate, train”), Latin sodālis (“mate, companion, comrade”).


hangistaz

hangistaz (nominative singular)
hangistōz (nominative plural)
hangistōs (nominative plural)
hangist (singular vocative)
hangistōz (plural vocative)
hangistōs (plural vocative)
hangistą (accusative singular)
hangistanz (accusative plural)
hangistas (genitive singular)
hangistis (genitive singular)
hangistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hangistai (dative singular)
hangistamaz (dative plural)
hangistō (instrumental singular)
hangistamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hangist
Old English: hengest, hengst
⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman
English: henchman
→ Scots: hanchman
Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)
Old Frisian: hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst
North Frisian: hingst
Saterland Frisian: Houngst, Hoangst
West Frisian: hynst
⇒ West Frisian: hynder
Old Saxon: hengist
Middle Low German: hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst
German Low German: Hingst
→ Danish: hingst
→ Lower Sorbian: hengist
→ Norwegian: hingst
→ Old Swedish: hingist
Swedish: hingst
Old Dutch: hengist
Middle Dutch: hengest, hinxt, henxt
Dutch: hengst
Afrikaans: hings
Old High German: hengist
Middle High German: hengest, hengst
Alemannic German: Hengscht
German: Hengst
Luxembourgish: Hengscht
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Hengscht

desc

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ /hangistumʀ/) (dative plural)

desctree

Old Norse: hestr (< *hanhistaz)
Icelandic: hestur
Faroese: hestur
Norn: hest
Middle Norwegian: hester
Norwegian Nynorsk: hest; (dialectal) hest’e, heist
Elfdalian: est
Old Swedish: hæster
Swedish: häst
Old Danish: hæst
Danish: hest
Norwegian Bokmål: hest
→ Greenlandic: hiisti
Scanian: hæst
Gutnish: häst
→ Scots: hest, hesten

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱanḱest-, *kankest- (“horse”). Cognate with Welsh caseg (“mare”), and Persian خنگ (xeng, “gray horse”). Compare also *hanhaz.


spīwaną

spīwō (active first-person indicative singular)
spīwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spīwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
spīwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
spīwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spīw (active imperative second-person singular)
spīwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spīwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spīwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
spīwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spīwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
spīwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spīwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spīwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
spīwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spīwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spīwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spīwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spīwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spīwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spīwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spīwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spīwid (active indicative plural second-person)
spīwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spīwid (active imperative plural second-person)
spīwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spīwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spīwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
spīwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spīwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
spīwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spīwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spaiw (active first-person indicative singular)
spiwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spaiwt (active indicative second-person singular)
spiwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spaiw (active indicative singular third-person)
spiwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spiwū (active dual first-person indicative)
spiwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spiwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spiwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spiwum (active first-person indicative plural)
spiwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spiwud (active indicative plural second-person)
spiwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spiwun (active indicative plural third-person)
spiwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spīwandz (active participle present)
spiwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *spīwan
Old English: spīwan
Middle English: spewen, speouwen, spew, spewe, spiewen, spiwan, spue, spuen, spuwe
English: spew
Scots: spew
Old Frisian: spīa
Saterland Frisian: späie
West Frisian: spije
Old Saxon: spīwan
Middle Low German: spîgen, spîen, spiggen
Low German: spiien, speen
Plautdietsch: spieen
Old Dutch: *spīwan
Middle Dutch: spuwen
Dutch: spuwen, spouwen, spuien, spugen
Afrikaans: spu, spuug, spoeg
Limburgish: spieje
Old High German: spīwan
Middle High German: spīen
Alemannic German: spiiwe
German: speien
Yiddish: שפּײַען (shpayen)

Old Norse: spýja, *spía
Icelandic: spýja
Faroese: spýggja
Norwegian: spy
Old Swedish: spȳia
Swedish: spy
Old Danish: spȳ, spī
Danish: spy, spi
Elfdalian: spaja
Gutnish: spöi
Scanian: spý, spí

Gothic: 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (speiwan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ptēiw-, *(s)ptyēw- (“to spit, vomit”). Cognate with Latin spuō (“spit”, verb), Ancient Greek πτύω (ptúō, “spit, vomit”), Old Armenian թուք (tʻukʻ), Old Church Slavonic пльвати (plĭvati), Sanskrit ष्ठीवति (ṣṭhīvati).


lubōną

lubō (active first-person indicative singular)
lubǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lubōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
lubōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lubōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lubō (active imperative second-person singular)
lubōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lubōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lubōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lubō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lubōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lubōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lubōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lubōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lubōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lubōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lubōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lubōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lubōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lubōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lubōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lubōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lubōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lubōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lubōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lubōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lubōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lubōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lubōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lubōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lubōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lubōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lubōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lubōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lubōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lubōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lubōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
lubōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lubōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lubōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lubōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lubōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lubōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lubōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lubōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lubōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lubōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lubōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lubōndz (active participle present)
lubōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lobōn
Old English: lofian
Middle English: loven, love, lovon, lowe, lovien, luve, luvie, luvien (Early Middle English), lofenn (Ormulum)
English: lofe, loff, loave, love
Middle Scots: love
Scots: loave
Old Frisian: lovia
North Frisian: lowe
Saterland Frisian: loowje
West Frisian: lauwje, lauwgje; loovje (possibly from Dutch)
Old Saxon: lofōn, lovōn
Middle Low German: loven
German Low German: lowen (Westphalian), loäwen (Westphalian: Paderbornisch); loven
Old Dutch: lovon
Middle Dutch: lōven
Dutch: loven
Afrikaans: loof, lowe
Old High German: lobōn, lopōn
Middle High German: loben
German: loben
Hunsrik: love
Luxembourgish: luewen
Vilamovian: łöwa
Yiddish: לויבן (loybn)

Old Norse: lofa

Icelandic: lofa

Faroese: lova

Norwegian: love

Old Swedish: lova

Swedish: lova

Danish: love

Gutnish: lo, låv


lubą

lubą (nominative singular)
lubō (nominative plural)
lubą (singular vocative)
lubō (plural vocative)
lubą (accusative singular)
lubō (accusative plural)
lubas (genitive singular)
lubis (genitive singular)
lubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lubai (dative singular)
lubamaz (dative plural)
lubō (instrumental singular)
lubamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lob
Old English: lof
Middle English: lof, lofe
Scots: lofe
English: lofe, loff
Old Frisian: lof
North Frisian: lof
West Frisian: lof
Old Saxon: lof
Old Dutch: lof
Middle Dutch: lof
Dutch: lof
Old High German: lob
German: Lob
Luxembourgish: Luef

Old Norse: lof
Icelandic: lof
Faroese: lov
Norwegian Nynorsk: lov
Norwegian Bokmål: lov
Old Swedish: lof
Swedish: lov, lof (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: lov

→ Proto-Finnic: *lupa (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lopē (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *lewbʰ-.


wabją

wabją (nominative singular)
wabjō (nominative plural)
wabją (singular vocative)
wabjō (plural vocative)
wabją (accusative singular)
wabjō (accusative plural)
wabjas (genitive singular)
wabis (genitive singular)
wabjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wabjai (dative singular)
wabjamaz (dative plural)
wabjō (instrumental singular)
wabjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wabi
Old English: webb
Middle English: web, webb, webbe, webe, weob
English: web
Scots: wab, wob
Old Frisian: webb, wobb, web, wob
Saterland Frisian: Wäb
West Frisian: web
Old Saxon: webbi
Middle Low German: webbe, wobbe
⇒ Low German: Spinnenwebb, Spinnenwubb, Spinnenwübb
Old Dutch: *webbi
Middle Dutch: webbe
Dutch: web
Old High German: webbi, weppi
Middle High German: webbe, weppe
⇒ German: Spinnwebe

Old Norse: vefr m

Danish: væv

Faroese: vevur

Icelandic: vefur

Norwegian: vev

Old Swedish: væver

Swedish: väv


wargaz

wargaz (nominative singular)
wargōz (nominative plural)
wargōs (nominative plural)
warg (singular vocative)
wargōz (plural vocative)
wargōs (plural vocative)
wargą (accusative singular)
warganz (accusative plural)
wargas (genitive singular)
wargis (genitive singular)
wargǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wargai (dative singular)
wargamaz (dative plural)
wargō (instrumental singular)
wargamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *warg
Old English: wearg, warg, werg, wearh
Middle English: wari, weri
→ Medieval Latin: wargus, vargus
→ English: wargus
Old Saxon: warg, warag
Old Dutch: *warg
Middle Dutch: werch, warch
Dutch: warg
Old High German: warg
Middle High German: warc

Old Norse: vargr, *wargʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: vargur
Faroese: vargur
Norn: varg
Norwegian Nynorsk: varg
Elfdalian: warg
Old Swedish: vargher
Swedish: varg
Danish: varg
Norwegian Bokmål: varg
→ English: warg (learned)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*wargs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (launawargs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vargas (see there for further descendants)

An assumed inheritance supposes a Proto-Indo-European *werǵʰ- (“to turn, twist, press, constrict, strangle”), but it derives easily in Proto-Slavic *vorgъ, e.g. *izъvьrgnǫti (“to cast out”), regularly cognate to Latin urgēre and in Germanic *wrekaną (“to pursue, to persecute”). See also *argaz.


funkô

funkô (nominative singular)
funkaniz (nominative plural)
funkô (singular vocative)
funkaniz (plural vocative)
funkanų (accusative singular)
funkanunz (accusative plural)
funkiniz (genitive singular)
funkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
funkini (dative singular)
funkammaz (dative plural)
funkinē (instrumental singular)
funkammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *funkō
Old English: *funca
Middle English: funke, fonke
English: funk
Old Frisian: *funka
Saterland Frisian: Funke
West Frisian: fonk, fûnk
Old Saxon: *funko
Middle Low German: vunke
German Low German: Funk
Low German: Fonk
→ Danish: funke
→ Norwegian Bokmål: funke
Old Dutch: *funko
Middle Dutch: vonke
Dutch: vonk
Limburgish: vónk
Old High German: funko, funco
Middle High German: vunke
German: Funke
Luxembourgish: Fonk
Yiddish: פֿונק (funk)

Two possibilities have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *ph₂un-, oblique stem of *péh₂wr̥ (“fire”).
* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)peng- (“to shine”).


harpǭ

harpǭ (nominative singular)
harpōniz (nominative plural)
harpǭ (singular vocative)
harpōniz (plural vocative)
harpōnų (accusative singular)
harpōnunz (accusative plural)
harpōniz (genitive singular)
harpōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harpōni (dative singular)
harpōmaz (dative plural)
harpōnē (instrumental singular)
harpōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harpā
Old English: hearpe
Middle English: harpe
English: harp
Scots: harpe, herp, hairp
Old Frisian: *herpe
West Frisian: harpe, harp
Old Saxon: harpa
Middle Low German: harpe
Low German: Harp
Plautdietsch: Hoap
Old Dutch: *harpa
Middle Dutch: harpe, herpe
Dutch: harp
Afrikaans: harp
Old High German: harfa, *harpha
Middle High German: harfe, harpfe
Bavarian: Harpfn
German: Harfe, Harpfe
→ Saterland Frisian: Harfe
Luxembourgish: Harf
→ Kashubian: harfa
→ Old Polish: arfa (see there for further descendants)
Rhine Franconian: Haf, Harf
Pennsylvania German: Harf
→ Czech: harfa
→ Russian: а́рфа (árfa) (see there for further descendants)
→ Serbo-Croatian: hȃrfa, ха̑рфа
→ Slovak: harfa
→ Slovene: harfa
→ Ukrainian: а́рфа (árfa)
→ Late Latin: harpa (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: harpa

Icelandic: harpa

Faroese: harpa, hørpa

Norn: harpa

Norwegian: harpe

Elfdalian: arpa

Old Swedish: harpa

Swedish: harpa

Danish: harpe

Uncertain. Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”). Compare Proto-Germanic *hrapōną (“to touch; strum”).


flaskǭ

flaskǭ (nominative singular)
flaskōniz (nominative plural)
flaskǭ (singular vocative)
flaskōniz (plural vocative)
flaskōnų (accusative singular)
flaskōnunz (accusative plural)
flaskōniz (genitive singular)
flaskōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flaskōni (dative singular)
flaskōmaz (dative plural)
flaskōnē (instrumental singular)
flaskōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *flaskā, *flahskā
Old English: flasce, flaxe
Middle English: flask, flaske (partly)
English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg
Scots: flask, flas
Old Frisian: *fleske, *flesche
West Frisian: flesse
Old Saxon: *flaska
Middle Low German: vlasche
German Low German: Fless
Old Dutch: *flasca
Middle Dutch: flassce, flesce, vlessche, vlesch, vles
Dutch: fles
Afrikaans: fles
Old High German: flasca, flaska
Middle High German: vlasche, flesche
Alemannic German: Fläsche
Swabian: Flasch
Central Franconian:
Kölsch: Fläsch
German: Flasche
→ Macedonian: флаша (flaša)
→ Old Slovak: fľaša, fľäša
Pannonian Rusyn: фляша (fljaša)
Slovak: fľaša
→ Polish: flasza
⇒ Polish: flaszka
→ Belarusian: пля́шка (pljáška)
→ Ukrainian: пля́шка (pljáška), фля́жка (fljážka)
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: флаша
Latin script: flaša
Luxembourgish: Fläsch
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Flasch
Vilamovian: fłoś
Yiddish: פֿלאַש (flash)
→ Russian: фля́жка (fljážka)
→ Late Latin: flascō, flasca (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: flaska

Icelandic: flaska

Faroese: fløska

Norwegian Nynorsk: flaske, flaska

Swedish: flaska

Danish: flaske

Norwegian Bokmål: flaske

/ˈɸlɑs.kɔ̃ː/

Possibly from earlier *flahtskō, from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to weave”).


minnisōną

minnisō (active first-person indicative singular)
minnisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
minnisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
minnisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
minnisō (active imperative second-person singular)
minnisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
minnisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
minnisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
minnisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
minnisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
minnisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
minnisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
minnisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
minnisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
minnisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
minnisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
minnisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
minnisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
minnisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
minnisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
minnisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
minnisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
minnisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
minnisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
minnisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
minnisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
minnisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
minnisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
minnisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
minnisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
minnisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
minnisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
minnisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
minnisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
minnisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
minnisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
minnisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
minnisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
minnisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
minnisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
minnisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
minnisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
minnisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
minnisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
minnisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
minnisōndz (active participle present)
minnisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *minnisōn
Old English: minsian
Middle English: minsen, mincen
Scots: minch, minsch
English: minse, mince
Old Saxon: minsōn
→ Old French: mincer, mincier (probably)
Middle French: mincer
French: mincer

Old Norse: *minsa, *minska

Icelandic: minnka (?)

Swedish: minska

Norwegian: minske

Danish: mindske


stukkiją

stukkiją (nominative singular)
stukkijō (nominative plural)
stukkiją (singular vocative)
stukkijō (plural vocative)
stukkiją (accusative singular)
stukkijō (accusative plural)
stukkijas (genitive singular)
stukkīs (genitive singular)
stukkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stukkijai (dative singular)
stukkijamaz (dative plural)
stukkijō (instrumental singular)
stukkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stukkī
Old English: styċċe, stiċċe
Middle English: stucche, stecche, stech, steche, sticche, stitche, stuche
Old Frisian: stekk
Saterland Frisian: Stuk
West Frisian: stik
Old Saxon: stukki
Middle Low German: stücke
German Low German: Stück
Plautdietsch: Stekj
Old Dutch: *stukki, *stikki, -stic (in toponyms)
Middle Dutch: stucke, stuc, sticke, stic
Dutch: stuk, stik (in compounds)
Afrikaans: stuk
West Flemish: stik
→ Middle English: stic
English: stick, steck
Scots: stick, steck
Old High German: stucki, stukki, stucchi, stuhhi
Middle High German: stucke
Alemannic German: Stuck, Stucke, Stucki, Stück, Stücke, Stücki
Bavarian: Stuck, Stick (latter influenced by diminutive and/or Standard German)
Central Franconian: Stöck, Steck
Luxembourgish: Stéck
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Stigg, Stigge
German: Stück
Yiddish: שטיק (shtik)
→ English: shtick
→ Old Polish: sztuka
Polish: sztuka
→ Russian: шту́ка (štúka)
Silesian: sztuka
→ Italian: stucco
→ English: stucco
→ Spanish: estuco
→ French: stuc
→ Portuguese: estuque
→ German: Stuck

Old Norse: stykki

Icelandic: stykki

Faroese: stykki

Norwegian Bokmål: stykke

Norwegian Nynorsk: stykke

Old Swedish: stykke

Swedish: stycke

Danish: stykke

Scanian: stikke

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to shock, butt, impact”). The geminate -kk- is assumed based on *stukkaz (“stick”) (whence Old English stocc, Old Norse stokkr). However, if an etymological connection does not exist, then the form *stukją is also possible, in which case the geminate might have arisen in North and West Germanic due to the following -j- (see West Germanic gemination).


minnistaz

minnist (adverb)
minnistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
minnistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
minnistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
minnistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
minnistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
minnistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
minnistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
minnistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
minnistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
minnistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
minnistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
minnistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
minnistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
minnistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
minnistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
minnistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
minnistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
minnistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
minnistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
minnistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
minnistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
minnistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
minnistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
minnistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
minnistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
minnistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
minnistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
minnistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
minnistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
minnistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
minnistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
minnistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
minnistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
minnistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
minnistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
minnistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
minnistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
minnistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
minnistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
minnistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
minnistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
minnistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
minnistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
minnistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
minnistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
minnistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
minnistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
minnistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
minnistini (dative masculine singular weak)
minnistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
minnistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
minnistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
minnistini (dative neuter singular weak)
minnistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
minnistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
minnistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
minnistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
minnistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
minnistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
minnistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*minnistaz (a-stem)

Old Saxon: minnist

Old Dutch: minnist

Middle Dutch: minst

Dutch: minst

Afrikaans: minste

Old High German: minnist

Old Norse: minnstr

Danish: mindst

Faroese: minstur

Icelandic: minnstur

Norwegian: minst

Old Swedish: minster

Swedish: minst

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (minnists)

Superlative of Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small”). Cognate with Latin minor, minus.


-uh

Variant form of *-hw, used with words ending in obstruents (and possibly other consonants).


minniz

minnizô (adjective)
minnist (superlative)

Old English: min

Middle English: min

Scots: min, myn

English: min

Old Frisian: min

Saterland Frisian: min

West Frisian: min

Old Saxon: *min

Middle Low German: min

Low German: minn

Old Dutch: min

Middle Dutch: min

Dutch: min

Afrikaans: min

Old High German: min

Luxembourgish: mann

Old Norse: minnr

Old Swedish: min, minner

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (mins)

Comparative of Proto-Indo-European *minu-, *mey- (“small”). Cognate with Latin minor, minus.


minnizô

minniz (adverb)
minnizô (masculine nominative singular)
minnizaniz (masculine nominative plural)
minnizį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
minnizīniz (feminine nominative plural)
minnizô (neuter nominative singular)
minnizōnō (neuter nominative plural)
minnizanų (accusative masculine singular)
minnizanunz (accusative masculine plural)
minnizīnų (accusative feminine singular)
minnizīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
minnizô (accusative neuter singular)
minnizōnō (accusative neuter plural)
minniziniz (genitive masculine singular)
minnizanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
minnizīniz (feminine genitive singular)
minnizīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
minniziniz (genitive neuter singular)
minnizanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
minnizini (dative masculine singular)
minnizammaz (dative masculine plural)
minnizīni (dative feminine singular)
minnizīmaz (dative feminine plural)
minnizini (dative neuter singular)
minnizammaz (dative neuter plural)
minnizinē (instrumental masculine singular)
minnizammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
minnizīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
minnizīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
minnizinē (instrumental neuter singular)
minnizammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*minnizô (an/īn-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *minniʀō
Old Saxon: minniro
Old Dutch: minniro
Middle Dutch: minre
Dutch: minder
Afrikaans: minder
Old High German: minniro
Middle High German: minder, minner, minre
Cimbrian: mindor
German: minder
Luxembourgish: manner

Old Norse: minni
Icelandic: minni
Faroese: minni
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: mindre
Norwegian Bokmål: mindre
Old Swedish: minne, mindre
Swedish: mindre
Old Danish: minnæ, mindræ
Danish: mindre

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌹𐌶𐌰 (minniza)

From an adjectival stem *minn- (compare the adverb *minniz), from Proto-Indo-European *mey-n- (“small”), suffixed with *-izô. Cognate with Latin minor, minus.


-ê

Proto-West Germanic: *-ē

Old English: -e

Middle English: -e

Old Frisian: -e

desc

may have merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*-ô</i>

Old Norse: -a (may have merged with *-ô)

Icelandic: -a

Gothic: -𐌴 (-ē)

Unknown. Compare with Proto-Slavic *-ě and maybe Latin -ē (adverbial suffixes).

creates adverbs of manner from adjectives: -ly


jainar

Old English: ġeonre

Middle English: ȝendre, ȝondre

English: yonder

Scots: ȝondir

Old Frisian: *jenre, *jener

Saterland Frisian: junner

Old Saxon: ginuwar, genower; gendro

Middle Low German: ginder, gender

German Low German: günner, günners, günnert

Old Dutch: *gendro, *gindro

Middle Dutch: ginder

Dutch: ginder

Gothic: 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍂 (jainar)


albiz

albiz (nominative singular)
albīz (nominative plural)
albi (singular vocative)
albīz (plural vocative)
albį (accusative singular)
albinz (accusative plural)
albīz (genitive singular)
albijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
albī (dative singular)
albimaz (dative plural)
albī (instrumental singular)
albimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *albi
Old English: ielf, ælf, ylf
Middle English: elf, elfe, helfe
English: elf (see there for further descendants)
Scots: elf
Yola: elf
Old Frisian: *alf, *elf
West Frisian: alve
Old Saxon: alf
Middle Low German: alf
Old Dutch: *alf
Middle Dutch: alf
Dutch: alf
Old High German: alb, alp
German: Alb, Alp

Old Norse: alfr, álfr
Icelandic: álfur
Faroese: álvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: alv, elv; (dialectal) alg
Norwegian Bokmål: alv, elv
Old Swedish: ælf, ælva
Swedish: älva; alf, alv (reborrowed from Old Norse)
Danish: elv (now only poetic); → alf (learned)
→ Arabic: آلْف (ʔālf)
→ English: auf, oaf
→ Scottish Gaelic: ealbhar
→ Belarusian: альв (alʹv)
→ Russian: альв (alʹv)
→ Ukrainian: альв (alʹv)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”).


knēaną

knēō (active first-person indicative singular)
knēaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knēai (first-person indicative passive singular)
knēizi (active indicative second-person singular)
knēaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knē (active imperative second-person singular)
knēazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knēaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knēidi (active indicative singular third-person)
knēai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knēadau (active imperative singular third-person)
knēadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knēaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knēōz (active dual first-person indicative)
knēaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knēadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knēaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knēadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knēamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knēaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knēandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knēaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knēid (active indicative plural second-person)
knēaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knēid (active imperative plural second-person)
knēandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knēaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knēandi (active indicative plural third-person)
knēain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knēandau (active imperative plural third-person)
knēandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knēaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
keknō (active first-person indicative singular)
keknōį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
keknōt (active indicative second-person singular)
keknōīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
keknō (active indicative singular third-person)
keknōī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
keknōū (active dual first-person indicative)
keknōīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
keknōudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
keknōīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
keknōum (active first-person indicative plural)
keknōīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
keknōud (active indicative plural second-person)
keknōīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
keknōun (active indicative plural third-person)
keknōīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knēandz (active participle present)
knēanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *knāan
Old English: cnāwan
Middle English: knawen, knowen
Scots: knaw
English: know
Yola: knou, knouwe
Old Saxon: knāian
Old High German: knājan, knāen, knāan, chnāan, chnāhan

i

Old Norse: kná (present indicative form) (a defective verb; present infinitive *knega is unattested)

Icelandic: knega

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”), the same root as *kunnaną, but the exact mode of derivation is unclear. It may reflect a back-formation from an older *knō-, which could be an original perfective or stative formation.


albī

albī (nominative singular)
albijôz (nominative plural)
albī (singular vocative)
albijôz (plural vocative)
albijǭ (accusative singular)
albijōz (accusative plural)
albijōz (genitive singular)
albijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
albijōi (dative singular)
albijōmaz (dative plural)
albijō (instrumental singular)
albijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *albī

Old English: Ælf

Old High German: Elba

Middle High German: Elbe

German: Elbe

desctree

Old Norse: elfr
Icelandic: elfur, elfa
Faroese: elvur m, elv f
Norwegian Nynorsk: elv; (dialectal) alv, ålv, olv, ølv
Old Swedish: ælf
Swedish: älv, älf (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: elv
Norwegian Bokmål: elv

→ Latin: Albia, Albis

→ Ancient Greek: Ἄλβις (Álbis)

→ Proto-Slavic: *olba

Czech: Labe

Kashubian: Łaba

Polabian: Låbü

Polish: Łaba

Russian: Ла́ба (Lába)

Serbo-Croatian: Laba

Silesian: Łaba

Slovak: Labe

Slovene: Laba

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: Łobjo

Upper Sorbian: Łobjo

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *albʰih₂, derived from *albʰós (“white”).


twisilą

twisilą (nominative singular)
twisilō (nominative plural)
twisilą (singular vocative)
twisilō (plural vocative)
twisilą (accusative singular)
twisilō (accusative plural)
twisilas (genitive singular)
twisilis (genitive singular)
twisilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twisilai (dative singular)
twisilamaz (dative plural)
twisilō (instrumental singular)
twisilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: twisla, twisel

Middle English: twisel, twisil

English: twissel, twistle, twizzle

Old Saxon: *twisil

Middle Low German: twil (?)

German Low German: Twille, Twill

Old High German: *zwisila

Middle High German: zwisele, zwisel

German: Zwiesel

From Proto-Indo-European *dwis- (“twice, in two”).


þeudanaz

þeudanaz (nominative singular)
þeudanōz (nominative plural)
þeudanōs (nominative plural)
þeudan (singular vocative)
þeudanōz (plural vocative)
þeudanōs (plural vocative)
þeudaną (accusative singular)
þeudananz (accusative plural)
þeudanas (genitive singular)
þeudanis (genitive singular)
þeudanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeudanai (dative singular)
þeudanamaz (dative plural)
þeudanō (instrumental singular)
þeudanamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeudan
Old English: þēoden
Old Saxon: thiodan

Old Norse: þjóðann

Icelandic: þjóðann, Þjóðann

Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þiudans)


Agilaz

Agilaz (nominative singular)
Agilai (dative singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Agilō

Old High German: Agilo, Egilo

Old Norse: Egill
Icelandic: Egill
Faroese: Egil
Norwegian: Egel, Egil, Eigil
Old Swedish: Æghil
Swedish: Egil
Old Danish: Eghil
Danish: Eigil, Ejgil
→ Greenlandic: Eikili
→ Sami: Egel

From the element *agaz (“fear; dread”) or *agjō (“edge, point ( of a weapon)”) + *-ilaz.

Egil, a famous archer of Germanic legend


bataz

wela (adverb)
batizô (comparative)
batistaz (superlative)
bataz (masculine nominative singular strong)
batai (masculine nominative plural strong)
batō (feminine nominative singular strong)
batôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
batą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
batō (neuter nominative plural strong)
batanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
batanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
batǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
batōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
batą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
batō (accusative neuter plural strong)
batas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
bataizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bataizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bataizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
batas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
bataizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
batammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bataimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bataizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bataimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
batammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bataimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
batanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bataimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bataizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bataimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
batanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bataimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
batô (masculine nominative singular weak)
bataniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
batǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
batōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
batô (neuter nominative singular weak)
batōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
batanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
batanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
batōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
batōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
batô (accusative neuter singular weak)
batōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
batiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
batanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
batōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
batōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
batiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
batanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
batini (dative masculine singular weak)
batammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
batōni (dative feminine singular weak)
batōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
batini (dative neuter singular weak)
batammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
batinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
batammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
batōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
batōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
batinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
batammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*bataz (a-stem)

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰed- (“good”). Cognate with Sanskrit भद्र (bhadrá).


þwahtuz

þwahtuz (nominative singular)
þwahtiwiz (nominative plural)
þwahtu (singular vocative)
þwahtiwiz (plural vocative)
þwahtų (accusative singular)
þwahtunz (accusative plural)
þwahtauz (genitive singular)
þwahtiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwahtiwi (dative singular)
þwahtumaz (dative plural)
þwahtū (instrumental singular)
þwahtumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: þváttr
Icelandic: þvottur
Faroese: tváttur
Norwegian Bokmål: tvett
Old Swedish: þvǣtter
Swedish: tvätt
Danish: tvæt

→ Proto-Finnic: *vakto, *vakci

Estonian: vaht

Finnish: vaahto

Ingrian: vaahto

Livonian: vō’

Livvi: vuahti

Ludian: vuahte

Veps: vaht

Votic: vaahsi, vaassi