baidijaną

baidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
baidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
baidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
baidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baidī (active imperative second-person singular)
baidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
baidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
baidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
baidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
baidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
baidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
baidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
baidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
baidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
baidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
baidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
baidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
baidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
baidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
baidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
baidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
baidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
baidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
baidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baididē (active indicative singular third-person)
baididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baidijandz (active participle present)
baididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baidijan
Old English: bǣdan
Old Saxon: bēdian
Old Dutch: beidan
Middle Dutch: beiden
Dutch: beiden
Old High German: beiten
Middle High German: beiten

Old Norse: beiða
Icelandic: beiða
Faroese: beiða
Old Swedish: bēþa
⇒ Old Swedish: bēþas (from passive)
Swedish: bedas

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (baidjan)

→ Proto-Finnic:

Finnish: paidata

Ingrian: paijata


gangiz

gangiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gangijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gangī (feminine nominative singular strong)
gangijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gangį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gangijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
gangijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
gangijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gangijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gangijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gangį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gangijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
gangijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
gangīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
gangijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
gangijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
gangijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
gangijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
gangīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
gangijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gangijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
gangijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
gangijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
gangijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gangijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
gangijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
gangijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
gangijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
gangijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
gangijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
gangijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
gangijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gangijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
gangijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gangijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gangijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gangijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gangijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
gangijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
gangijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gangijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gangijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gangijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gangijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
gangīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
gangijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gangijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gangijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
gangīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
gangijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gangīni (dative masculine singular weak)
gangijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gangijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gangijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gangīni (dative neuter singular weak)
gangijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gangīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gangijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gangijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gangijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gangīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gangijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *gangī
Old English: genġe
Middle English: genge (early)
Old Frisian: genze, ginse
Old Saxon: *gengi
Middle Low German: genge, ginge
Old Dutch: *gengi
Middle Dutch: genge
Old High German: gengi
Middle High German: genge
German: gänge, gäng

Old Norse: gengr

Icelandic: gengur

Faroese: gongdur (remodelled from neuter gongt)

Old Swedish: gænger

desc

Swedish: gäng (adjective, not the noun), gänge (the latter under influence from Middle Low German)

A verbal adjective derived from *ganganą (“to go”).


spihtaz

spihtaz (nominative singular)
spihtōz (nominative plural)
spihtōs (nominative plural)
spiht (singular vocative)
spihtōz (plural vocative)
spihtōs (plural vocative)
spihtą (accusative singular)
spihtanz (accusative plural)
spihtas (genitive singular)
spihtis (genitive singular)
spihtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spihtai (dative singular)
spihtamaz (dative plural)
spihtō (instrumental singular)
spihtamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spiht, *speht
Old English: *spiht, *speoht
Middle English: speght (late)
English: speight, specht, spekt, spight
Middle Scots: specht
Old Frisian: *spiāht
West Frisian: spjocht, spjucht
Saterland Frisian: Spächt
North Frisian: specht, spjucht
Old Saxon: speht
Middle Low German: specht
Dutch Low Saxon: specht, spechte
Plautdietsch: Specht
→ English: speight, specht, spekt, spight
Old Dutch: *speht
Middle Dutch: specht
Dutch: specht
Old High German: speht
Middle High German: spëht, specht, speiht
German: Specht
Luxembourgish: Spiecht
→ Old French: espec, espoit, espois
Middle French: espec, especq
French: épeiche
→ Middle English: spek, spec, speke
⇒ Middle English: wod spek

Old Norse: spettr, spætr

Norwegian: spetta

Swedish: spett

Danish: spætte

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)peyk- (“woodpecker; magpie”).


wōgiz

wōgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wōgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wōgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
wōgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wōgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wōgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wōgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wōgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wōgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wōgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wōgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wōgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wōgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
wōgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wōgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wōgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wōgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
wōgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wōgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wōgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wōgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wōgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wōgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wōgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wōgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wōgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wōgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wōgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wōgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wōgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wōgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wōgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wōgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wōgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wōgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wōgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wōgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wōgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wōgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wōgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wōgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wōgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wōgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wōgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wōgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wōgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wōgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wōgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wōgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wōgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wōgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wōgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wōgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wōgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wōgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wōgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wōgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wōgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wōgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wōgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Dutch: *wuog

Middle Dutch: woeg

Vṛddhi gerundive of *weganą (“to move”), or a related, unattested *waganą.


hwallaz

*hwallaz (a-stem)

hwallaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hwallai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hwallō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hwallôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hwallą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hwallō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hwallanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hwallanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hwallǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hwallōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hwallą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hwallō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hwallas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hwallaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hwallaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hwallaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hwallas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hwallaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hwallammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hwallaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hwallaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hwallaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hwallammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hwallaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hwallanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hwallaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hwallaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hwallaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hwallanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hwallaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hwallô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hwallaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hwallǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hwallōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hwallô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hwallōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hwallanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hwallanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hwallōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hwallōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hwallô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hwallōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hwalliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hwallanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hwallōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hwallōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hwalliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hwallanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hwallini (dative masculine singular weak)
hwallammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hwallōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hwallōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hwallini (dative neuter singular weak)
hwallammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hwallinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hwallammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hwallōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hwallōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hwallinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hwallammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: hweall

Uncertain. Possibly from Pre-Germanic *kʷolh₁nos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (“to turn, go round”).


baugaz

baugaz (nominative singular)
baugōz (nominative plural)
baugōs (nominative plural)
baug (singular vocative)
baugōz (plural vocative)
baugōs (plural vocative)
baugą (accusative singular)
bauganz (accusative plural)
baugas (genitive singular)
baugis (genitive singular)
baugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
baugai (dative singular)
baugamaz (dative plural)
baugō (instrumental singular)
baugamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *baug
Old English: bēag, bēah
Middle English: beh, beghe, bie, by
Scots: bee, bei, beye
English: bee
Old Frisian: bāg, bāch
Old Saxon: *bōg, *bāg, *bōh
Middle Low German: bōch, būch
→ Late Latin: baga
Old French: bage
→ Middle English: bage, bagge, badge, bagy; bageard
Scots: bagie, badgie, bawgy
English: badge; badger
→ Medieval Latin: bagea, bagia
Old Dutch: bōg
⇒ Middle Dutch: bogel, buegel
Dutch: beugel
→ Vulgar Latin: *baucus
Old Occitan: bauc
Old French: bo, bou
⇒ Norman: bouaille
→ Anglo-Norman: boie
Old High German: baug, boug, paug, pauc, pouc
Middle High German: bouc
German: Baug, Bauk
Yiddish: בייגל (beygl)
→ English: bagel
Lombardic: *baug m, *bauga f
→ Medieval Latin: bauca
Italian: boga, bova
→ French: bogue

Old Norse: baugr
Icelandic: baugur
Old Gutnish: baugr

→ Galician: boga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”).


maitaną

maitō (active first-person indicative singular)
maitaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maitai (first-person indicative passive singular)
maitizi (active indicative second-person singular)
maitaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mait (active imperative second-person singular)
maitazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
maitaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
maitidi (active indicative singular third-person)
maitai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
maitadau (active imperative singular third-person)
maitadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
maitaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
maitōz (active dual first-person indicative)
maitaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
maitadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
maitaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
maitadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
maitamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
maitaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
maitandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
maitaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
maitid (active indicative plural second-person)
maitaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
maitid (active imperative plural second-person)
maitandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
maitaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
maitandi (active indicative plural third-person)
maitain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maitandau (active imperative plural third-person)
maitandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
maitaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
memait (active first-person indicative singular)
memaitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
memaist (active indicative second-person singular)
memaitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
memait (active indicative singular third-person)
memaitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
memaitū (active dual first-person indicative)
memaitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
memaitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
memaitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
memaitum (active first-person indicative plural)
memaitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
memaitud (active indicative plural second-person)
memaitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
memaitun (active indicative plural third-person)
memaitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
maitandz (active participle present)
maitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maitan
(Old English: mǣded, mǣdd, ġemǣded, ġemǣdd (ppt; adj))
(Middle English: madd, medd, mad, med)
(Scots: madde, mad)
(English: mad)
Old High German: meizan
Middle High German: meizen

Old Norse: meita (wk vb) (through confluence with *maitijaną)

Icelandic: meita

Norwegian: meita

Swedish: meta

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (maitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small”) or *meh₂y- (“to cut”) (compare Proto-Celtic *mailos (“bald”)).
In view of the likely causative *maidijaną (“to hurt”), Kroonen assumes the original form of this verb was *maiþaną, from Pre-Germanic *moitH-, with contamination from the related *mittōną (“to cut”).


stōdą

stōdą (nominative singular)
stōdō (nominative plural)
stōdą (singular vocative)
stōdō (plural vocative)
stōdą (accusative singular)
stōdō (accusative plural)
stōdas (genitive singular)
stōdis (genitive singular)
stōdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stōdai (dative singular)
stōdamaz (dative plural)
stōdō (instrumental singular)
stōdamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: stōd
Middle English: stode, stod, stude, stud
English: stud
Scots: stod, stud, stude, stuid
Yola: sthit

Old Saxon: stōd

Middle Low German: stôt

Old High German: stuot

Middle High German: stuot

German: Stute

→ Old Dutch: *stuot

Middle Dutch: stoet

Dutch: stoet

Afrikaans: stoet

Old Norse: stóð

Icelandic: stóð

Old Swedish: stōþ

Swedish: sto

→ Proto-Finnic: *soota (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“stand, set”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *stado (“herd, flock”).


twigimaz

*twigimaz (a-stem)

twigimaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
twigimai (masculine nominative plural strong)
twigimō (feminine nominative singular strong)
twigimôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
twigimą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
twigimō (neuter nominative plural strong)
twigimanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
twigimanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
twigimǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
twigimōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
twigimą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
twigimō (accusative neuter plural strong)
twigimas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
twigimaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
twigimas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
twigimaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
twigimammai (dative masculine singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
twigimaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
twigimammai (dative neuter singular strong)
twigimaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
twigimanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
twigimaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
twigimaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
twigimaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
twigimanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
twigimaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
twigimô (masculine nominative singular weak)
twigimaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
twigimǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
twigimōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
twigimô (neuter nominative singular weak)
twigimōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
twigimanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
twigimanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
twigimōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
twigimōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
twigimô (accusative neuter singular weak)
twigimōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
twigiminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
twigimanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
twigimōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
twigimōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
twigiminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
twigimanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
twigimini (dative masculine singular weak)
twigimammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
twigimōni (dative feminine singular weak)
twigimōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
twigimini (dative neuter singular weak)
twigimammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
twigiminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
twigimammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
twigimōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
twigimōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
twigiminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
twigimammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Frankish: *twigim (Latinized as tuigimus)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwiǵʰimos (“two winters (old)”), from *dwi- (“two”) + a form of *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”). Cognate with Latin bīmus (“two years old”).


þrautōną

þrautō (active first-person indicative singular)
þrautǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
þrautōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
þrautōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrautō (active imperative second-person singular)
þrautōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þrautōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þrautō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrautōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þrautōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þrautōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þrautōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þrautōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrautōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrautōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrautōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þrautōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þrautōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrautōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þrautōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þrautōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þrautōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrautōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þrautōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þrautōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þrautōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þrautōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrautōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þrautōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þrautōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þrautōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þrautōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þrautōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þrautōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þrautōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þrautōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þrautōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þrautōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þrautōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þrautōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þrautōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þrautōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þrautōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þrautōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þrautōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þrautōndz (active participle present)
þrautōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: þrēatian

Middle English: threten, threaten

Scots: threte, thret, threit

English: threat

Old Saxon: *thrōtōn

desc

Middle Low German: droten, drōten, drôten

Old Dutch: *throuton, *thrōton

Middle Dutch: droten

Dutch: droten

/ˈθrɑu̯.tɔː.nɑ̃/

An o-grade iterative to *þreutaną (“to harass”).


barugaz

barugaz (nominative singular)
barugōz (nominative plural)
barugōs (nominative plural)
barug (singular vocative)
barugōz (plural vocative)
barugōs (plural vocative)
barugą (accusative singular)
baruganz (accusative plural)
barugas (genitive singular)
barugis (genitive singular)
barugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
barugai (dative singular)
barugamaz (dative plural)
barugō (instrumental singular)
barugamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *barug
Old English: bearg, bærh, bearh, bearug, bęrg, berg — Northumbrian
Middle English: barow, bareȝ, bareh, barew, barwe, borwȝ
English: barrow
Old Frisian: barch
Saterland Frisian: Baarch
West Frisian: baarch
Old Saxon: barug
Middle Low German: borch
German Low German: Barg
Old Dutch: barcho
Middle Dutch: barch, barech
Dutch: barg
Afrikaans: burg
Old High German: barug, barh
Middle High German: barc
German: Barg, Barch (dialectal)

Old Norse: bǫrgr

From Pre-Germanic *bʰoru-ḱos. For the root, compare Russian бо́ров (bórov, “hog, castrated boar”); for the suffix, compare *elhaz (“elk”), *selhaz (“seal”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”).


mankô

mankô (nominative singular)
mankaniz (nominative plural)
mankô (singular vocative)
mankaniz (plural vocative)
mankanų (accusative singular)
mankanunz (accusative plural)
mankiniz (genitive singular)
mankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mankini (dative singular)
mankammaz (dative plural)
mankinē (instrumental singular)
mankammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *manki, makki

Icelandic: makki

Norwegian Bokmål: manke

Norwegian Nynorsk: manke

Danish: manke

Swedish: manke

Derived from *manō (“mane, neck”) with *-kô, a suffix used for body parts; compare Proto-Germanic *kelkô (“jaw-bone”), *leuskô (“groin”).

(North Germanic) mane, upper part of the neck


wreskwaną

wreskwō (active first-person indicative singular)
wreskwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wreskwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wriskwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wreskwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wreskw (active imperative second-person singular)
wreskwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wreskwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wriskwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wreskwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wreskwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wreskwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wreskwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wreskwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wreskwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wreskwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wreskwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wreskwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wreskwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wreskwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wreskwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wreskwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wriskwid (active indicative plural second-person)
wreskwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wriskwid (active imperative plural second-person)
wreskwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wreskwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wreskwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wreskwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wreskwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wreskwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wreskwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wraskw (active first-person indicative singular)
wruskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrasht (active indicative second-person singular)
wruskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wraskw (active indicative singular third-person)
wruskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wruskū (active dual first-person indicative)
wruskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wruskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wruskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wruskum (active first-person indicative plural)
wruskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wruskud (active indicative plural second-person)
wruskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wruskun (active indicative plural third-person)
wruskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wreskwandz (active participle present)
wruskwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: roskinn, *vroskinn (attested only by the past participle)

Icelandic: roskinn

Gothic: *𐍅𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌵𐌰𐌽 (*wrisqan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌵𐌰𐌽 (gawrisqan))


kelþaz

kelþaz (nominative singular)
kilþizō (nominative plural)
kelþaz (singular vocative)
kilþizō (plural vocative)
kelþaz (accusative singular)
kilþizō (accusative plural)
kilþiziz (genitive singular)
kilþizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kilþizi (dative singular)
kilþizumaz (dative plural)
kilþizē (instrumental singular)
kilþizumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kelþ, *kilþ

desctree

Old English: ċild
Middle English: child
English: child
Scots: child

Gothic: *𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌸𐍃 (*kilþs)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌸𐍃 (inkilþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *gelt-, *ǵelt- (“womb”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to ball up, amass”). Cognate with Danish kuld (“brood, litter”), Swedish kull (“brood, litter”), Icelandic kelta, kjalta (“lap”), Gothic 𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹 (kilþei, “womb”), Sanskrit जर्त (jarta), जर्तु (jártu, “vulva”).


laupaz

laupaz (nominative singular)
laupōz (nominative plural)
laupōs (nominative plural)
laup (singular vocative)
laupōz (plural vocative)
laupōs (plural vocative)
laupą (accusative singular)
laupanz (accusative plural)
laupas (genitive singular)
laupis (genitive singular)
laupǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laupai (dative singular)
laupamaz (dative plural)
laupō (instrumental singular)
laupamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laup; *laupīn

Old English: lēap

Middle English: lep, lepe, leep

English: leap

⇒? English: lippy, lippie (perhaps borrowed from Scots)

Scots: leip

⇒ Scots: leipie, lepy, lippie

Old Frisian: lēpen

Old Saxon: *lōp; *lōpīn

Middle Low German: lôp; lö̂pen

Old Dutch: *loup, *lōp; loupin, *lōpin

Middle Dutch: loop, lōpe; lōpin, lōpen

Dutch: loop; lopen

→ Old French: lope, loupe; lopin

Middle French: lope, loupe; lopin

French: lope, loupe; lopin

Old Norse: laupr

Icelandic: laupur

Norwegian: løp

Old Swedish: lø̄per

Swedish: löp

Danish: løb

From Proto-Indo-European *lewb- (“to shed, peel, break off”).


kranô

kranô (nominative singular)
krananiz (nominative plural)
kranô (singular vocative)
krananiz (plural vocative)
krananų (accusative singular)
krananunz (accusative plural)
kraniniz (genitive singular)
krananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kranini (dative singular)
kranammaz (dative plural)
kraninē (instrumental singular)
kranammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kranō
Old Frisian: *krana
Saterland Frisian: Kroane
West Frisian: kraan
Old Saxon: krano
Middle Low German: krāne, krāen, krān
German Low German: Kraan
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Kraan
→ Danish: kran
→ Icelandic: kran
→ Estonian: kraan (or from German Kran)
→ Latvian: krāns
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kran
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kran
→ Swedish: kran
→ Finnish: kraana
Old Dutch: *crano
Middle Dutch: crāne, crāen
Dutch: kraan (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: kraan
West Flemish: kraan
→ Walloon: cråne
Old High German: krano
Middle High German: krane
German: Kran
Hunsrik: Kraan
Luxembourgish: Krunn
>? Yiddish: (or via Slavic) קראַן (kran)

⇒ Old Norse: trani m, trana f (perhaps from a related word)

Icelandic: trana

Faroese: trani

Norwegian Bokmål: trane

Norwegian Nynorsk: trane

Swedish: trana

Danish: trane

Gutnish: trane, trana, tranå

Old Norse: trönur (derived from the plural)

→ Anglo-Norman: trone

→ Medieval Latin: trona (Anglo-Latin)

→ Middle English: trone

English: trone, tron

Scots: trone, tron, troan

From Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”).


paddǭ

paddǭ (nominative singular)
paddōniz (nominative plural)
paddǭ (singular vocative)
paddōniz (plural vocative)
paddōnų (accusative singular)
paddōnunz (accusative plural)
paddōniz (genitive singular)
paddōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
paddōni (dative singular)
paddōmaz (dative plural)
paddōnē (instrumental singular)
paddōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *paddā
Old English: padde
Middle English: padde, pade
English: pad; poade, pode
Scots: pade, pad; podde, pode
Old Frisian: padde
Saterland Frisian: Pudde
West Frisian: padde, podde, podd, pod
Old Saxon: *padda
Middle Low German: padde, pedde
Low German: Padde, Pudde
→ German: Padde
Old Dutch: *padda
Middle Dutch: padde, pedde
Dutch: pad
Afrikaans: padda
→ Vulgar Latin: *padda, *podda, *potta
Old French: bot
⇒ Old French: boterel
Italian: botta

Old Norse: padda

Icelandic: padda

Faroese: padda

Norn: padd

Norwegian Bokmål: padde

Norwegian Nynorsk: padde

Old Swedish: padda

Swedish: padda

Danish: padde

Elfdalian: padda

Gutnish: padde, paddå

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bed- (“to swell”) (Pok. 96), from *bʰew- (“to swell”) (Pok. 98-102).
Also compare English puddle, Old English puduc (“swelling, lump, growth, wart”), Low German puddig (“swollen”).


wangô

wangô (nominative singular)
wangōnō (nominative plural)
wangô (singular vocative)
wangōnō (plural vocative)
wangô (accusative singular)
wangōnō (accusative plural)
wanginiz (genitive singular)
wanganǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wangini (dative singular)
wangammaz (dative plural)
wanginē (instrumental singular)
wangammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wangā

Old English: wange, wonge

Middle English: wange

English: wang

Scots: wang, wan

Old Frisian: *wange

West Frisian: wang

Old Saxon: wanga

Middle Low German: wange

Low German: Wang

Old Dutch: wanga

Middle Dutch: wange

Dutch: wang

Old High German: wanga

Middle High German: wange

German: Wange

⇒ Lombardic: *wangja, *wankja

→ Vulgar Latin: *guancia

Emilian: zgwanza

Italian: guancia, gargia

Lombard: zguandza, zguanza, zgwand

Neapolitan: gardza (Apulia)

Sicilian: gargia

Romagnol: guankia (Spoleto)

Venetian: zguandza, zguanza, zgwand

Old Norse: vangi

Icelandic: vangi

Faroese: vangi

Norwegian: vange

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍉 (*waggō) (in 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (waggāreis))

From Proto-Indo-European *wenk-, *wek- (“to be bent or bowed”).


slagiz

slagiz (nominative singular)
slagīz (nominative plural)
slagi (singular vocative)
slagīz (plural vocative)
slagį (accusative singular)
slaginz (accusative plural)
slagīz (genitive singular)
slagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slagī (dative singular)
slagimaz (dative plural)
slagī (instrumental singular)
slagimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slagi
Old English: sleġe
Middle English: slay, sleye, slaye
English: sley
Old Frisian: slei
Old Saxon: slegi, slag
Middle Low German: slach
German Low German: Slag
Old Dutch: slag
Middle Dutch: slach
Dutch: slag
Afrikaans: slag
Negerhollands: slaa
Old High German: slag
Middle High German: slac, slag
German: Schlag
Luxembourgish: Schlag
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Schlach

Old Norse: slag, slagr

Icelandic: slag

Faroese: slag

Norwegian: slag

Norwegian Bokmål: slag

Norwegian Nynorsk: slag

Swedish: slag

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌷𐍃 (slahs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lagas

Derived from *slahaną (“to hit, strike”).


þaisimô

þaisimô (nominative singular)
þaisimaniz (nominative plural)
þaisimô (singular vocative)
þaisimaniz (plural vocative)
þaisimanų (accusative singular)
þaisimanunz (accusative plural)
þaisiminiz (genitive singular)
þaisimanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þaisimini (dative singular)
þaisimammaz (dative plural)
þaisiminē (instrumental singular)
þaisimammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þaisimō, *þaismijō
Old English: þǣsma
Old Saxon: *thēsimo
Middle Low German: dêsem
Old Dutch: *thēsimo
Middle Dutch: dêsem
Dutch: desem
Old High German: deismo, deisemo
Middle High German: deisme
German: Deisam

From Proto-Indo-European *teh₂- (“to knead”).


slōgiz

slōgiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
slōgijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
slōgī (feminine nominative singular strong)
slōgijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
slōgį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
slōgijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
slōgijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
slōgijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
slōgijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
slōgijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
slōgį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
slōgijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
slōgijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
slōgīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
slōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
slōgijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
slōgijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
slōgijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
slōgīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
slōgijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
slōgijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
slōgijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
slōgijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
slōgijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
slōgijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
slōgijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
slōgijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
slōgijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
slōgijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
slōgijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
slōgijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
slōgijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
slōgijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
slōgijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
slōgijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
slōgijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
slōgijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
slōgijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
slōgijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
slōgijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
slōgijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
slōgijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
slōgijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
slōgijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
slōgīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
slōgijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
slōgijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
slōgijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
slōgīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
slōgijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
slōgīni (dative masculine singular weak)
slōgijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
slōgijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
slōgijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
slōgīni (dative neuter singular weak)
slōgijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
slōgīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
slōgijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
slōgijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
slōgijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
slōgīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
slōgijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: slœgr

Icelandic: slægur

Norwegian Nynorsk: sløg

Old Danish: sløw

Danish: sløv (obsolete)

Old Swedish: sløgher

Swedish: slög (obsolete)

→ Middle English: sley, sly

Scots: sley, sleye, sley

English: sly

Vṛddhi gerundive of *slahaną (“to hit, strike”).


habilaz

habilaz (nominative singular)
habilōz (nominative plural)
habilōs (nominative plural)
habil (singular vocative)
habilōz (plural vocative)
habilōs (plural vocative)
habilą (accusative singular)
habilanz (accusative plural)
habilas (genitive singular)
habilis (genitive singular)
habilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
habilai (dative singular)
habilamaz (dative plural)
habilō (instrumental singular)
habilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *habil

Old English: hebel, hefel (in hefelþrǣd); (hefeld?)

desc

Middle English: hefel, hevel, heveld, held

English: heavel, havel

Old Saxon: *hevil; (hebild)

Middle Low German: hevel (in hevelgarn); (hevelte?)

German Low German: Hevel

→ Saterland Frisian: Heeuwelte

Old Dutch: *hevilo

Middle Dutch: hevel (in heveldeech)

Dutch: hevel (possibly a reborrowing from German)

Old High German: *hebil, *hefil, *hevil; *hebila, *hevila

Middle High German: hebel, hevel, hefel

Cimbrian: höbel

German: Hebel

→ German Low German: Hebel

Old Norse: hefill

Icelandic: hefill

Norn: hevel

Norwegian: hevel

Swedish: hävel (dialectal, partly)

→ Scots: hevel

⇒ Scots: hivvle (verb)


tarbijaną

tarbijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tarbijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tarbijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tarbīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tarbijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tarbī (active imperative second-person singular)
tarbijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tarbijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tarbīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tarbijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tarbijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tarbijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tarbijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tarbijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tarbijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tarbijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tarbijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tarbijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tarbijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tarbijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tarbijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tarbijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tarbīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tarbijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tarbīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tarbijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tarbijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tarbijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tarbijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tarbijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tarbijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tarbijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tarbidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tarbidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tarbidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tarbidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tarbidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tarbidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tarbidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tarbidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tarbidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tarbidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tarbidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tarbidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tarbidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tarbidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tarbidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tarbidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tarbijandz (active participle present)
tarbidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tarbijan
Old English: *tierfan, *tyrfan, *tyrfian
Middle English: tirven, tyrven, terven
English: terve
⇒ English: tervy
⇒ English: topsy-turvy
Scots: tirvie
⇒ Middle English: overterven, overtarven
Scots: overtirve, ourtirve
⇒ Middle English: tyrf, tyrfe
English: tirfe
⇒ Old English: ġetyrfan, ġetyrfian
Old High German: zerben
Middle High German: zirben

From Proto-Indo-European *dorbʰéyeti, a causative formation of Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to plait, braid, twist, spin, weave, wind”). A direct cognate with दर्भयति (darbháyati).


krōkaz

krōkaz (nominative singular)
krōkōz (nominative plural)
krōkōs (nominative plural)
krōk (singular vocative)
krōkōz (plural vocative)
krōkōs (plural vocative)
krōką (accusative singular)
krōkanz (accusative plural)
krōkas (genitive singular)
krōkis (genitive singular)
krōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krōkai (dative singular)
krōkamaz (dative plural)
krōkō (instrumental singular)
krōkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krōk
Old English: *crōc
Middle English: crok, croke
Scots: cruke, creuk, crewk, cruik
English: crook
→ Irish: crúca
Old Dutch: *kruok
Middle Dutch: croec
→ Vulgar Latin: *crōcus, *crōca
Old French: croce, croc, croche
Middle French: croche
French: croche
→ Catalan: corxa
→ Occitan: cròcha
Norman: cro (Jèrriais)
Walloon: crotche
→ Middle English: croche
English: croche
⇒ Old French: crochet, crochette, croket (diminutive)
Middle French: crochet
French: crochet, crochée
→ Catalan: corxera, corxea
→ English: crochet
→ Spanish: croché, corchea
Portuguese: crochet, crochê, croché, colcheia
Walloon: crotchèt
⇒ Old French: acrocher, accrocher, encrocher
Middle French: accrocher, acrocher, acrochier, accrochier
Middle French: accrocher
Walloon: acrotchî, acrotchi, acrotcher, acrotchè
→ Middle English: acrochen
Piedmontese: cròc
Sicilian: croccu
Medieval Latin: croccus

Old Norse: krókr
Icelandic: krókur
Faroese: krókur
Norwegian Bokmål: krok
Norwegian Nynorsk: krok
Old Swedish: krōker
Swedish: krok
Danish: krog
→ French: croc, crochet
→ English: crochet, crotchet
→ Norman: cro (Jersey)
→? Russian: крюк (krjuk)

From Proto-Indo-European *greh₂ǵos (“a twist, rope, wicker, a tangle”), from *ger- (“to turn, to wind”). Cognate with Sanskrit ग्रन्थि (granthí, “a knot, tie”).


walô

walô (nominative singular)
walaniz (nominative plural)
walô (singular vocative)
walaniz (plural vocative)
walanų (accusative singular)
walanunz (accusative plural)
waliniz (genitive singular)
walanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walini (dative singular)
walammaz (dative plural)
walinē (instrumental singular)
walammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *welō, *walō
Old English: wela, weala — Northumbrian, weola — West Saxon, wala
Middle English: wele
English: weal
Scots: weal, weel
Old Saxon: welo
>? Middle Low German: wēle f, wēl m
Old Dutch: *welo
Middle Dutch: wele
Old High German: welo, wolo; wela f, wola f, wala f
Middle High German: wole
German: Wol, Wohl
Luxembourgish: Wuel

From *wala, *wela (“as wished, as desired, well”, adverb).


galaubijaną

galaubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
galaubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galaubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
galaubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
galaubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galaubī (active imperative second-person singular)
galaubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
galaubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
galaubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
galaubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galaubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
galaubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
galaubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
galaubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
galaubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galaubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galaubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galaubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
galaubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
galaubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galaubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
galaubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
galaubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
galaubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galaubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
galaubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
galaubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
galaubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
galaubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galaubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
galaubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
galaubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
galaubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
galaubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
galaubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
galaubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
galaubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
galaubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
galaubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
galaubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
galaubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
galaubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
galaubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
galaubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
galaubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
galaubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
galaubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
galaubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
galaubijandz (active participle present)
galaubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *galaubijan
Old English: ġelīefan, ġelȳfan — Late West Saxon, ġelēfan — Anglian
Middle English: ȝeleven, yleven, ileven
Old Frisian: lēva
Saterland Frisian: leeuwe
West Frisian: liuwa, lyowa
Old Saxon: gilōvian
Middle Low German: gelôven
German Low German: glöven, löven
Plautdietsch: jleewe
Old Dutch: gilōven
Middle Dutch: gelôven
Dutch: geloven
Afrikaans: glo
Berbice Creole Dutch: glofu
Javindo: gelofen
Jersey Dutch: xjelôve
Negerhollands: geloof, gloof
Limburgish: geluive
Old High German: gilouben
Middle High German: gelouben, gelöuben
Central Franconian: jläuve, jlööve, gleewe, glaawe
Luxembourgish: gleewen
Hunsrik: glaave
Cimbrian: klóoban
German: glauben, (obsolete) gläuben
Yiddish: גלייבן (gleybn)

Old Norse: *gleyfa, leyfa
Icelandic: leyfa
Faroese: loyva
Norwegian Nynorsk: løyva
→ Norwegian Bokmål: løyve

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽 (galaubjan)


sebô

sebô (nominative singular)
sebaniz (nominative plural)
sebô (singular vocative)
sebaniz (plural vocative)
sebanų (accusative singular)
sebanunz (accusative plural)
sibiniz (genitive singular)
sebanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sibini (dative singular)
sebammaz (dative plural)
sibinē (instrumental singular)
sebammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sebō

Old English: sefa, seofa

Old Saxon: sevo

Old Dutch: *sevo

Middle Dutch: seve

Dutch: seef, sèèf (dialectal)

West Flemish: seve, seef, zeve, zeef

>? Old High German: *sebo

⇒ Old High German: intsebida, insebida

Old Norse: sefi

Icelandic: sefi

From Proto-Indo-European *sep- (“to taste, test, try out”). Cognate with Latin sapiō (“to smack, taste, savour, have sense, discern”), Ancient Greek σοφός (sophós, “wise, clever”).


slaiwaz

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

*slaiwaz (a-stem)

slaiwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
slaiwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
slaiwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
slaiwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
slaiwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
slaiwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
slaiwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
slaiwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
slaiwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
slaiwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
slaiwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
slaiwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
slaiwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
slaiwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
slaiwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
slaiwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
slaiwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
slaiwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
slaiwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
slaiwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
slaiwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
slaiwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
slaiwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
slaiwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
slaiwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
slaiwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
slaiwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
slaiwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
slaiwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
slaiwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
slaiwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
slaiwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
slaiwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
slaiwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
slaiwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
slaiwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
slaiwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
slaiwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
slaiwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
slaiwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
slaiwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
slaiwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
slaiwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
slaiwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
slaiwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
slaiwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
slaiwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
slaiwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
slaiwini (dative masculine singular weak)
slaiwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
slaiwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
slaiwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
slaiwini (dative neuter singular weak)
slaiwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
slaiwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
slaiwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
slaiwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
slaiwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
slaiwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
slaiwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *slaiw

desctree

Old English: slāw, slǣw, slēaw
Middle English: slaw, slow
English: slow
Geordie English: slaw
Scots: slaw

Old Frisian: *slāw, *slāu

Saterland Frisian: släi

West Frisian: sleau

Old Saxon: *slēw, slēu

Middle Low German: sleu, slē

Dutch Low Saxon: slee

Westphalian:

Westmünsterländisch: schlee

Old Dutch: *slēw

Middle Dutch: sleew, sleeu, slee

Dutch: sleeuw, slee

Old High German: slēo

Middle High German: slē

German: schlehe, schleh; schlēch, schlö (“dull, blunt”) (dialectal)

Swabian: schlēw

Old Norse: sljór, sljár, slær
Icelandic: sljór, sljár, slær
Norwegian Nynorsk: sljo, slø
Old Swedish: sliōr
Swedish: slö
Old Danish: sliø̄
Danish: sløv (influenced by sløv, from Old Norse slǿgr)
Norwegian Bokmål: sløv

Uncertain. Expected to reflect either pre-Germanic *sloy(H)-wo-s or *slo/aH-i-wo-s. Kroonen prefers the former, tentatively comparing Sanskrit स्रीव्यति (srī́vyati, “to turn out badly, fail”) for Proto-Indo-European *sliH-u-. For the latter, compare Ancient Greek λαιός (laiós, “left (side); awkward”), Latin laevus, Proto-Slavic *lěvъ (“left”) (originally meaning *“askew”?), but the semantic connection is weak. Kroonen rejects this along with any relation to Ancient Greek λίαρος (líaros, “mild”).


hailisōną

hailisō (active first-person indicative singular)
hailisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hailisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hailisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailisō (active imperative second-person singular)
hailisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hailisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hailisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hailisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hailisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hailisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hailisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hailisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hailisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hailisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hailisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hailisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hailisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hailisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hailisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hailisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hailisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hailisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hailisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hailisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hailisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hailisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hailisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hailisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hailisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hailisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hailisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailisōndz (active participle present)
hailisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hailisōn

desc

Old English: hālsian, *hǣlsian, hēalsian

desctree

Middle English: halsen, hals, halse, halsi, halsiȝe, halsien, halsow
English: halse
Middle Scots: hals, halse
Yola: hawlse

Old High German: heilisōn

Middle High German: heilsen

Old Norse: heilsa
Icelandic: heilsa
Faroese: heilsa
Norwegian Nynorsk: helse, helsa, heilsa
Norwegian Bokmål: helse
Old Swedish: hēlsa, hælsa
Swedish: hälsa
Old Danish: helsæ
Danish: helsen
Scanian: hælsa
→ Middle English: hailsen, haylsen
English: hailse
Scots: hailse, helse


wlispaz

*wlispaz (a-stem)

wlispaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wlispai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wlispō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wlispôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wlispą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wlispō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wlispanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wlispanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wlispǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wlispōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wlispą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wlispō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wlispas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wlispaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wlispaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wlispaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wlispas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wlispaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wlispammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wlispaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wlispaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wlispaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wlispammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wlispaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wlispanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wlispaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wlispaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wlispaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wlispanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wlispaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wlispô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wlispaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wlispǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wlispōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wlispô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wlispōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wlispanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wlispanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wlispōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wlispōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wlispô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wlispōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wlispiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wlispanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wlispōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wlispōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wlispiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wlispanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wlispini (dative masculine singular weak)
wlispammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wlispōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wlispōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wlispini (dative neuter singular weak)
wlispammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wlispinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wlispammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wlispōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wlispōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wlispinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wlispammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wlisp

Old English: wlisp, wlips

Middle English: wlisp, wlipse, lipse

English: lisp

Old Saxon: *wlisp

Middle Low German: *wlisp, *lisp

desc

⇒ Middle Low German: wlispich, lispich (adj)

⇒ Old Saxon: wlisp (adj)

Old Dutch: *wlisp, *lisp

Middle Dutch: lisp

Old High German: lisp

Old Norse:

Old Swedish: læsper

Swedish: läsp

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: lesp

Norwegian Nynorsk: lesp

Old Danish:

Danish: læsp

From Proto-Indo-European *wlis-, *wleys- (“rod”), from *wel- (“to roll”).


klumpô

klumpô (nominative singular)
klumpaniz (nominative plural)
klumpô (singular vocative)
klumpaniz (plural vocative)
klumpanų (accusative singular)
klumpanunz (accusative plural)
klumpiniz (genitive singular)
klumpanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klumpini (dative singular)
klumpammaz (dative plural)
klumpinē (instrumental singular)
klumpammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *clympe; clympre, clymppe

Middle English: clompe, clymppan (pl.)

English: clump

Scots: clump

Old Frisian: klumpa

Saterland Frisian: Klump

West Frisian: klomp

Old Saxon: *klumpo

Middle Low German: klumpe

German Low German: Klumpe, Klump

Low German: Klump

→ Old Swedish: klumper

Swedish: klump

Old Dutch: *klumpo

Middle Dutch: clompe, klompe

desctree

Dutch: klomp
Afrikaans: klomp
Berbice Creole Dutch: klumpu
Negerhollands: klomp, klump
→ English: klomp, clomp
→ Papiamentu: klòmpi, klompi, klòmp
→ Sranan Tongo: klompu

Old High German: *klumpo (Central German)

Middle High German: *klumpe (attested 15th c.)

German: Klumpen (reinforced by Low German)

Hunsrik: Klumpe

From Proto-Indo-European *glembʰ- (“clasp; mass”), from *gel- (“form into a ball; ball”).


wargiþō

wargiþō (nominative singular)
wargiþôz (nominative plural)
wargiþō (singular vocative)
wargiþôz (plural vocative)
wargiþǭ (accusative singular)
wargiþōz (accusative plural)
wargiþōz (genitive singular)
wargiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wargiþōi (dative singular)
wargiþōmaz (dative plural)
wargiþō (instrumental singular)
wargiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wargiþu
Old English: wiergþu, wyrgþu

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌹𐌸𐌰 (wargiþa)


wargijaną

wargijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wargijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wargijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wargīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wargijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wargī (active imperative second-person singular)
wargijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wargijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wargīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wargijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wargijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wargijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wargijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wargijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wargijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wargijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wargijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wargijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wargijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wargijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wargijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wargijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wargīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wargijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wargīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wargijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wargijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wargijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wargijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wargijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wargijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wargijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wargidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wargidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wargidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wargidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wargidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wargidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wargidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wargidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wargidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wargidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wargidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wargidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wargidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wargidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wargidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wargidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wargijandz (active participle present)
wargidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wargijan
Old English: wierġan, werġian, wirġean
Middle English: werȝen, werien, warien, warrien
English: warry
Old Saxon: wargian
⇒ Old High German: furwergen

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wargjan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gawargjan))


leugō

leugō (nominative singular)
leugôz (nominative plural)
leugō (singular vocative)
leugôz (plural vocative)
leugǭ (accusative singular)
leugōz (accusative plural)
leugōz (genitive singular)
leugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
leugōi (dative singular)
leugōmaz (dative plural)
leugō (instrumental singular)
leugōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰 (liuga)

From Pre-Germanic *(h₂)lewgʰeh₂, from either Proto-Indo-European *lewgʰ- or *h₂lewgʰ- ("to bind by oath"). Related to Proto-Celtic *lugiyom, Old Irish luige (“oath”).

marriage, arrangement; a binding by oath


kampô

kampô (nominative singular)
kampaniz (nominative plural)
kampô (singular vocative)
kampaniz (plural vocative)
kampanų (accusative singular)
kampanunz (accusative plural)
kampiniz (genitive singular)
kampanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kampini (dative singular)
kampammaz (dative plural)
kampinē (instrumental singular)
kampammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kampa

Old Saxon: *kampo

Middle Low German: kampe

Old Dutch: *kampo

Middle Dutch: campe

Old Norse: kappi

Icelandic: kappi

Faroese: kappi

Swedish: kappe (reborrowed)

Danish: kappe (reborrowed)


kambijaną

kambijō (active first-person indicative singular)
kambijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kambijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kambīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kambijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kambī (active imperative second-person singular)
kambijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kambijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kambīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kambijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kambijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kambijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kambijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kambijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kambijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kambijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kambijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kambijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kambijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kambijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kambijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kambijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kambīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kambijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kambīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kambijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kambijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kambijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kambijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kambijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kambijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kambijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kambidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kambidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kambidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kambidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kambidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kambidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kambidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kambidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kambidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kambidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kambidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kambidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kambidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kambidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kambidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kambidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kambijandz (active participle present)
kambidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kambijan
Old English: cemban
Middle English: kemben
Scots: kem, keme
English: kemb; unkempt
Old Frisian: *kemba
Saterland Frisian: keeme
West Frisian: kjimme
Old Saxon: kembian
Middle Low German: kemben, kemmen
German Low German: kämmen
Low German: keimen
Plautdietsch: kjamen
Old Dutch: *kemben
Middle Dutch: kemmen, kemben
Dutch: kemmen
Limburgish: keimbe, keime
Old High German: kemben, chemben, chempen
Middle High German: kemben, kemmen
German: kämmen
Hunsrik: kemme
Luxembourgish: kämmen
Vilamovian: kemma

Old Norse: kemba
Icelandic: kemba
Faroese: kemba
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjemba, kjemma
Old Swedish: kæmba
Swedish: kämma (replaced by kamma)
Danish: kjæmme, kæmme
Norwegian Bokmål: kjemme


swait-

swaitaz (nominative singular)
swaitōz (nominative plural)
swaitōs (nominative plural)
swait (singular vocative)
swaitōz (plural vocative)
swaitōs (plural vocative)
swaitą (accusative singular)
swaitanz (accusative plural)
swaitas (genitive singular)
swaitis (genitive singular)
swaitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swaitai (dative singular)
swaitamaz (dative plural)
swaitō (instrumental singular)
swaitamiz (instrumental plural)
swaitą (nominative singular)
swaitō (nominative plural)
swaitą (singular vocative)
swaitō (plural vocative)
swaitą (accusative singular)
swaitō (accusative plural)
swaitas (genitive singular)
swaitis (genitive singular)
swaitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swaitai (dative singular)
swaitamaz (dative plural)
swaitō (instrumental singular)
swaitamiz (instrumental plural)
swaitô (nominative singular)
swaitaniz (nominative plural)
swaitô (singular vocative)
swaitaniz (plural vocative)
swaitanų (accusative singular)
swaitanunz (accusative plural)
swaitiniz (genitive singular)
swaitanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swaitini (dative singular)
swaitammaz (dative plural)
swaitinē (instrumental singular)
swaitammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swāt (< *swaitą)

desc

Middle English: swate, swote, swot, swete, swet (< under influence from the verb)

Scots: swate, swait, swete, sweit

English: sweat

→ Esperanto: ŝvito

English: swot

Old Frisian: swēt (< *swaitaz)

North Frisian: swiet

Saterland Frisian: Sweet n

West Frisian: swit

Old Saxon: swēt

Middle Low German: swēt

German Low German: Sweet

Old Dutch: *swēt

desctree

Middle Dutch: swêet
Dutch: zweet
Limburgish: zweit

Old High German: sweiz (< *swaitaz)

Middle High German: sweiz

German: Schweiß

Luxembourgish: Schweess

Vilamovian: śwaas

Old Norse: sveiti (< *swaitô)
Icelandic: sveiti, sviti
Faroese: sveiti, sveitti
Norwegian Nynorsk: sveite, sveitte
Norwegian Bokmål: svette
Old Swedish: svēter, svetter; svēte
Swedish: svett
Danish: sved

From Pre-Germanic *swoydo-, from Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“to sweat”).


salwaz

*salwaz (a-stem)

salwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
salwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
salwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
salwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
salwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
salwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
salwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
salwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
salwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
salwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
salwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
salwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
salwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
salwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
salwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
salwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
salwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
salwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
salwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
salwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
salwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
salwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
salwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
salwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
salwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
salwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
salwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
salwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
salwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
salwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
salwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
salwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
salwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
salwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
salwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
salwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
salwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
salwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
salwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
salwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
salwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
salwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
salwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
salwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
salwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
salwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
salwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
salwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
salwini (dative masculine singular weak)
salwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
salwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
salwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
salwini (dative neuter singular weak)
salwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
salwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
salwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
salwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
salwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
salwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
salwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *salu
Old English: salu, sealu
Middle English: salwe, salow
English: sallow
Scots: chauve
Old Saxon: *salo
⇒ Old Saxon: *salowig, *saluwig
Middle Low German: salich
Old Dutch: *salu
Middle Dutch: salu, saluwe
Dutch: zaluw
Old High German: salo
Middle High German: sale, sal
German: sal, sahl (dialectal)
→ Vulgar Latin: *salvus, *sala
Old French: sale
Middle French: sale
French: sale
Norman: sale (Guernésiais), sale (Jèrriais)
Italian: salvo

Old Norse: sǫlr

Icelandic: sölur

Norwegian: sal

→? Proto-Finnic: *halpa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *solwós (“grey, sallow”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *solvъ (“yellowish-gray”).


kumblą

kumblą (nominative singular)
kumblō (nominative plural)
kumblą (singular vocative)
kumblō (plural vocative)
kumblą (accusative singular)
kumblō (accusative plural)
kumblas (genitive singular)
kumblis (genitive singular)
kumblǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumblai (dative singular)
kumblamaz (dative plural)
kumblō (instrumental singular)
kumblamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kumbl

Old English: cumbl, cumbol, cumbor

Old Saxon: kumbl, kumbal

Old High German: *cumpal, *kumbal; kumbara, kumbarra f

desc

⇒ Old High German: cumpalporo, kumbalboro

desctree

Old Norse: kumbl, kuml, kubl, ᚴᚢᛘᛒᛚ (kumbl), ᚴᚢᛘᛚ (kuml), ᚴᚢᛒᛚ (kubl) — runic
Icelandic: kuml
Old Swedish: kumbel
Swedish: kummel
→ Finnish: kummeli


seudaz

seudaz (nominative singular)
seudōz (nominative plural)
seudōs (nominative plural)
seud (singular vocative)
seudōz (plural vocative)
seudōs (plural vocative)
seudą (accusative singular)
seudanz (accusative plural)
seudas (genitive singular)
siudis (genitive singular)
seudǫ̂ (genitive plural)
seudai (dative singular)
seudamaz (dative plural)
seudō (instrumental singular)
seudamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sēod; āsēodan

Middle English: seode

(Old High German: *siuwet)

(Middle High German: siuwet, siut m)

Old Norse: sjóðr

Icelandic: sjóður

Old Swedish: siūþer

From Proto-Indo-European *syuh₁- (“to sew”).


sadulaz

sadulaz (nominative singular)
sadulōz (nominative plural)
sadulōs (nominative plural)
sadul (singular vocative)
sadulōz (plural vocative)
sadulōs (plural vocative)
sadulą (accusative singular)
sadulanz (accusative plural)
sadulas (genitive singular)
sadulis (genitive singular)
sadulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sadulai (dative singular)
sadulamaz (dative plural)
sadulō (instrumental singular)
sadulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sadul
Old English: sadol, sadel, sadul
Middle English: sadel, sadul, sadyl, saddyll, sadyll, sadil, sadill, sadle
English: saddle
→ Chichewa: sadulo
Scots: saddle, saidle
Old Frisian: sadel, sāl
Saterland Frisian: Soadel
West Frisian: seal
Old Saxon: sadul (in compounds)
Middle Low German: sadel
German Low German: Sadel
Plautdietsch: Sodel
Old Dutch: *sadul, sadal (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: sādel
Dutch: zadel
Afrikaans: saal
Negerhollands: saddel, saël, sael, sal
→ Caribbean Javanese: sadhel
→ Indonesian: sadel
Old High German: satul, satil
Middle High German: satel
German: Sattel
Luxembourgish: Suedel

Old Norse: sǫðull

Icelandic: söðull

Faroese: saðil

Norn: sedel

Norwegian Nynorsk: sal

Norwegian Bokmål: sal, sadel

Old Swedish: saþul

Swedish: sadel

Old Danish: sathæl

Danish: sadel

Gutnish: sadel, sadl, sal, sadul

→ Proto-Finnic: *satula (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *sod-dʰlo-, from *sed- (“to sit”) + *-dʰlom (a variant of *-trom (suffix forming nouns denoting instruments or tools)). Cognate with Latin sella (“saddle”).


skrattuz

skrattuz (nominative singular)
skrattiwiz (nominative plural)
skrattu (singular vocative)
skrattiwiz (plural vocative)
skrattų (accusative singular)
skrattunz (accusative plural)
skrattauz (genitive singular)
skrattiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skrattiwi (dative singular)
skrattumaz (dative plural)
skrattū (instrumental singular)
skrattumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *scrætt, scrætte; scritta

Middle English: scrat, skratt, scratte

English: scrat

⇒ English: Old Scratch

Scots: scrat, skratt

Old Dutch: *scrat; *scrado

Middle Dutch: schrat, schrad

Old High German: scraz, scrāz, scraaz; scrato

→ Czech: skřet

desc

Middle High German: schraz, schrāz, schrez; schrazze; schrate, schrat

German: Schrätz; Schrat; scharren; kratzen

→ Polish: skrzat

→ Slovene: škrat

Old Norse: *skrettr; skratti

Icelandic: skratti

Swedish: skret; skratte, skrate, skrat

→ English: skratte

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to shrink, wither, dry out, crinkle, wrimple”).


klautaz

klautaz (nominative singular)
klautōz (nominative plural)
klautōs (nominative plural)
klaut (singular vocative)
klautōz (plural vocative)
klautōs (plural vocative)
klautą (accusative singular)
klautanz (accusative plural)
klautas (genitive singular)
klautis (genitive singular)
klautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
klautai (dative singular)
klautamaz (dative plural)
klautō (instrumental singular)
klautamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *clēat, clēot

Middle English: clete, clyte, clote

Scots: clat, clete, clett, claitt; cloot, clute, cluit, clitt

English: cleat; clate

Old Frisian: klāt

(Saterland Frisian: Klüüte?)

West Frisian: kleat

Old Saxon: *klōt

Middle Low German: klôt m

German Low German: Kloot

→ German: Klöten

→ Old Norse: klót n

Icelandic: klót n

Norwegian: klot n, klode m

Swedish: klot n

Danish: klode n

Old Dutch: *klout, *klōt

Middle Dutch: cloet, cloot

Dutch: kloot

→ West Frisian: kloat

Old High German: klōz, chlōz

Middle High German: klōz

German: Kloß

→ Polish: kluska

Hunsrik: Klos

From Proto-Indo-European *glowdos (“clump, clod”), from *gel- (“to ball up; amass”).


kumbaz

kumbaz (nominative singular)
kumbōz (nominative plural)
kumbōs (nominative plural)
kumb (singular vocative)
kumbōz (plural vocative)
kumbōs (plural vocative)
kumbą (accusative singular)
kumbanz (accusative plural)
kumbas (genitive singular)
kumbis (genitive singular)
kumbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumbai (dative singular)
kumbamaz (dative plural)
kumbō (instrumental singular)
kumbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: cumb, comb

Middle English: *cumb, *comb

Scots: cumb, cum, coom, kim

English: comb, coomb

Old Saxon: *kumb; *kumba

Middle Low German: kump; kumme

Low German: Kump, Kumpen

→ German: Kump, Kumpen

→ Hunsrik: Kump

Frankish: *kumb; *kump

Old Dutch: *kumb; *kumba

Middle Dutch: combe, comme, com

Dutch: kom; komp (dialectal)

desc

→ Medieval Latin: cumbus, cumpus, cimpus

Old High German: *kumph, *komph, chumph

Middle High German: kumpf, kompf

German: Kumpf; Kumme

Hunsrik: Kump

An ancient Wanderwort found throughout Eurasia. Likely related to Proto-Celtic *kumbā, Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰumbʰas, Proto-Albanian *tˢumba, Ancient Greek κύμβη (kúmbē).


maginą

maginą (nominative singular)
maginō (nominative plural)
maginą (singular vocative)
maginō (plural vocative)
maginą (accusative singular)
maginō (accusative plural)
maginas (genitive singular)
maginis (genitive singular)
maginǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maginai (dative singular)
maginamaz (dative plural)
maginō (instrumental singular)
maginamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: mæġen, mæġn
Middle English: mayn, mæȝan, mægen, mæine, mæȝen, mæin, mæigne, meȝen (Early Middle English), main, maine, mayne, mein, meyn, meyne
English: main
Scots: mayne, mayn, main, mane

Old Saxon: megin

Old Dutch: *megin (in meginkraft)

Old High German: megin, mekin

Old Norse: megin
Icelandic: megin n
Faroese: megin n
Old Swedish: mæghin
Swedish: mägen (obsolete)
Norwegian Nynorsk: megje (obsolete)

From Proto-Indo-European *megʰ- (“to be able”).


snidaz

snidaz (nominative singular)
snidōz (nominative plural)
snidōs (nominative plural)
snid (singular vocative)
snidōz (plural vocative)
snidōs (plural vocative)
snidą (accusative singular)
snidanz (accusative plural)
snidas (genitive singular)
snidis (genitive singular)
snidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snidai (dative singular)
snidamaz (dative plural)
snidō (instrumental singular)
snidamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *snid

Old English: snid n

Middle English: snid

⇒ Old English: ġesnid

Old Saxon: *snid

Old Saxon: insnid m

Middle Low German: insnede, insnēde

Old High German: *snit

⇒ Old High German: insnit m

Middle High German: *īnsnit

German: Einschnitt

Old Norse: snið n

Icelandic: snið

Faroese: snið

Norwegian: snid (dialectal)

Swedish: sned (dialectal)

Old Danish: snid, sned

→ Middle English: snith

From Proto-Indo-European *sneyt- (“to cut”).


wiþrą

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wiþr
Old English: wiþer
Middle English: wither
English: wither
Scots: wither, quither
Old Frisian: wither
Saterland Frisian: wieder, wier
West Frisian: wider, weer
Old Saxon: withar
Middle Low German: weder, wedder
Low German: wedder
Old Dutch: wither
Middle Dutch: wēder, wēer
Dutch: weder, weer
Afrikaans: weer
Old High German: widar
Middle High German: wider
German: wider, wieder
Hunsrik: witter

Old Norse: við, viðr
Icelandic: við, viður
Faroese: við
Norwegian: ved
Elfdalian: wið
Old Swedish: vīþ, viþer
Swedish: vid, veder-
Danish: ved
Old Gutnish: wiþr, wiþ
Icelandic: viður
Faroese: viður
Norwegian Nynorsk: ved, vid
Elfdalian: wið
Old Swedish: viþer, vedher
Swedish: ved
Old Danish: with
Danish: ved
Norwegian Bokmål: ved

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (wiþra)

From Proto-Indo-European *wíterom, adverbial accusative of *wíteros, from *wi (“apart”) + *-teros (comparative).


raipaz

raipaz (nominative singular)
raipōz (nominative plural)
raipōs (nominative plural)
raip (singular vocative)
raipōz (plural vocative)
raipōs (plural vocative)
raipą (accusative singular)
raipanz (accusative plural)
raipas (genitive singular)
raipis (genitive singular)
raipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raipai (dative singular)
raipamaz (dative plural)
raipō (instrumental singular)
raipamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raip
Old English: rāp
Middle English: rop, rap, rope, roop, roope
English: rope, roap, roape
→ Irish: rópa
Tok Pisin: rop
Scots: raip
→ Old French: rap
Old Frisian: rāp
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: riap
Halligen: reep
Mooring: ruup
Wiedingharde: ruup
Saterland Frisian: Roop
West Frisian: reap
Old Saxon: *rēp
Middle Low German: rêp, reep
Low German: Reep
German Low German: Reep
→ German: Reep (chiefly in Reeper and Fallreep)
Old Dutch: rēp
Middle Dutch: rêep
Dutch: reep
Old High German: reif
Middle High German: reif
German: Reif, Reifen
Luxembourgish: Reef

Old Norse: reip n

Icelandic: reip, reipi

Faroese: reip

Norwegian Nynorsk: reip

→ Norwegian Bokmål: reip

Old Swedish: rēp

Swedish: rep

Danish: reb

Norwegian Bokmål: rep

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 (*raips) (in 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 (skaudaraips), which may instead be a neuter a-stem: the form is ambiguous)

→ Proto-Finnic: *raippa (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁roypnós (“band, strip, strap”), from *h₁reyp- (“to peel off, rip, tear; strip, strap”).


hragilą

hragilą (nominative singular)
hragilō (nominative plural)
hragilą (singular vocative)
hragilō (plural vocative)
hragilą (accusative singular)
hragilō (accusative plural)
hragilas (genitive singular)
hragilis (genitive singular)
hragilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hragilai (dative singular)
hragilamaz (dative plural)
hragilō (instrumental singular)
hragilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hræġel, hræġl

desc

Middle English: reʒel, reil, rail, raile

Scots: rail; raillie, railly, raillach, raillich

English: rail

Old Frisian: hreil, reil

Old Saxon: hregil

Old High German: hregil

From Proto-Indo-European *krek- (“to beat, weave; web”).


sibjaz

*sibjaz (ja-stem)

sibjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sibjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sibjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sibjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sibją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sibjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sibjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sibjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sibjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sibjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sibją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sibjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sibjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sibjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sibjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sibjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sibjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sibjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sibjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sibjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sibjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sibjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sibjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sibjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sibjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sibjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sibjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sibjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sibjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sibjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sibjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sibjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sibjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sibjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sibjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sibjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sibjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sibjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sibjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sibjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sibjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sibjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sibiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sibjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sibjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sibjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sibiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sibjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sibini (dative masculine singular weak)
sibjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sibjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sibjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sibini (dative neuter singular weak)
sibjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sibinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sibjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sibjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sibjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sibinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sibjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: *sibb, feorsibb

Old High German: sibbi, sippi

Gothic: *𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*sibjis) (in 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌹𐍃 (unsibjis))

Derived from or related to *sibjō (“kinship, friendship”).


frakunnaną

frakann (active first-person indicative singular)
frakunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakannt (active indicative second-person singular)
frakunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakann (active indicative singular third-person)
frakunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
frakunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
frakunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
frakunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
frakunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakunþǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frakunþēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frakunþēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frakunþēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frakunþē (active indicative singular third-person)
frakunþēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frakunþēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frakunþēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frakunþēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frakunþēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frakunþēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frakunþēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frakunþēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frakunþēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frakunþēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frakunþēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frakunnandz (active participle present)
frakunþaz (active participle past subjunctive)

⇒ Old English: forcūþ (attested only in the past participle); fracoþ, fracod

Middle English: forcouth; fraked

English: fraked

Old High German: farkunnan, firkunnan

Old Norse: fyrirkunna

Icelandic: fyrirkunna

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (frakunnan)


sairagaz

*sairagaz (a-stem)

sairagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sairagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sairagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sairagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sairagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sairagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sairaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sairaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sairagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sairagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sairagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sairagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sairagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sairagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sairagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sairagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sairagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sairagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sairagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sairagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sairagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sairagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sairagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sairagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sairaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sairagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sairagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sairagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sairaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sairagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sairagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sairaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sairagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sairagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sairagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sairagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sairaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sairaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sairagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sairagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sairagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sairagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sairaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sairaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sairagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sairagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sairaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sairaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sairagini (dative masculine singular weak)
sairagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sairagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sairagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sairagini (dative neuter singular weak)
sairagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sairaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sairagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sairagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sairagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sairaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sairagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sairag
Old English: *sāreġ, sāriġ, soriġ
Middle English: sari, sory
Scots: sary, sairie
English: sorry
→ Dutch: sorry
→ German: sorry
Old Frisian: sērich, *sārich
Saterland Frisian: seerich
West Frisian: searich
Old Saxon: sērag
Middle Low German: sêrich
Low German: serig
Old Dutch: *sērag
Middle Dutch: sērich, seerigh
Dutch: zerig
Old High German: sērag
Middle High German: sērec, sērig
German: sehrig, sērich (dialectal)

Old Norse: *sáragr

Swedish: sårig

Gutnish: sarugur

From *sairą + *-gaz and/or *sairaz + *-gaz.


mōraz

mōraz (nominative singular)
mōrōz (nominative plural)
mōrōs (nominative plural)
mōr (singular vocative)
mōrōz (plural vocative)
mōrōs (plural vocative)
mōrą (accusative singular)
mōranz (accusative plural)
mōras (genitive singular)
mōris (genitive singular)
mōrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mōrai (dative singular)
mōramaz (dative plural)
mōrō (instrumental singular)
mōramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōr
Old English: mōr
Middle English: mor, more, moer
English: moor
Scots: muir
Yola: mor
Old Frisian: mōr
North Frisian: moar, moer
West Frisian: moer
Old Saxon: mōr
Middle Low German: môr, mûr
German Low German: Moor
→ German: Moor
Old Dutch: *mōr
Middle Dutch: moer
Dutch: moer
Afrikaans: moer
Old High German: muor
Middle High German: muor
Alemannic German: Nüere
Bavarian: Müer

Old Norse: mǫr, mǿrr, mœrr

Icelandic: mærr

Danish: mor, moor


furai-

Proto-West Germanic: *forē-
Old English: fore-
Middle English: fore-, for-
English: fore-
Old Frisian: fore-
Saterland Frisian: foar-
Old Saxon: fora-
German Low German: vör-
Old High German: fora-
German: vor-

Old Norse: fyrir-, fyr-, for-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰- (faura-)

From the preposition and adverb *furai (“before”).


furaiganganą

furaigangō (active first-person indicative singular)
furaigangaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furaigangai (first-person indicative passive singular)
furaigangizi (active indicative second-person singular)
furaigangaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furaigang (active imperative second-person singular)
furaigangazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
furaigangaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
furaigangidi (active indicative singular third-person)
furaigangai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furaigangadau (active imperative singular third-person)
furaigangadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
furaigangaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
furaigangōz (active dual first-person indicative)
furaigangaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furaigangadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furaigangaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furaigangadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
furaigangamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
furaigangaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furaigangandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
furaigangaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
furaigangid (active indicative plural second-person)
furaigangaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furaigangid (active imperative plural second-person)
furaigangandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
furaigangaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
furaigangandi (active indicative plural third-person)
furaigangain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furaigangandau (active imperative plural third-person)
furaigangandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
furaigangaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
furaigegang (active first-person indicative singular)
furaigegangį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
furaigeganht (active indicative second-person singular)
furaigegangīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
furaigegang (active indicative singular third-person)
furaigegangī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
furaigegangū (active dual first-person indicative)
furaigegangīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
furaigegangudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
furaigegangīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
furaigegangum (active first-person indicative plural)
furaigegangīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
furaigegangud (active indicative plural second-person)
furaigegangīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
furaigegangun (active indicative plural third-person)
furaigegangīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
furaigangandz (active participle present)
furaiganganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: foregangan

Old Saxon: foragangan

Middle Low German: vöregān, vörgangend

Old High German: foragangan

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (fauragaggan)

/ˌɸu.rɑi̯.ˈɣɑŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/