spīrǭ

spīrǭ (nominative singular)
spīrōniz (nominative plural)
spīrǭ (singular vocative)
spīrōniz (plural vocative)
spīrōnų (accusative singular)
spīrōnunz (accusative plural)
spīrōniz (genitive singular)
spīrōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spīrōni (dative singular)
spīrōmaz (dative plural)
spīrōnē (instrumental singular)
spīrōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *spīrā; *spīri f; *spīru f; *spīr m or n

gl

Old English: spīr ? (Gender unknown. Perhaps from *spīr, *spīri, or *spīru)

desc

Middle English: spir, spyre, spier, spire

English: spire

Scots: spyre, spire

Old Frisian: *spīr

Saterland Frisian: Spier, Spíer n

West Frisian: spier c or n

Old Saxon: spīr f (i-stem)

Middle Low German: spîr m or n

German Low German: Spier m or n

→ German: Spier

Old Dutch: *spīr

Middle Dutch: spier n

Dutch: spier f

Old High German: spīr (in spīrboum)

Middle High German: spīre f; spir (in spirboum); spier n (in grasspier)

German: Speier m or f (dialectal)

Old Norse: spíra

Icelandic: spíra

Faroese: spíra

Norwegian Bokmål: spire, spir

Swedish: spira

Danish: spir

From Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“peak; summit; sharp point; stick”).


Bernuharduz

Bernuharduz (nominative singular)
Bernuhardu (singular vocative)
Bernuhardų (accusative singular)
Bernuhardauz (genitive singular)
Bernuhardū (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Bernuhardu

Old English: Beornheard (calqued/adapted from Old French or Old High German)

desc

Old Dutch: *Bernhard (attested in placenames)

Middle Dutch: Bernaerd

Dutch: Bernaart

→ English: Bernard

Old High German: Bernhart

Middle High German: Bernhart

German: Bernhard

→ Latin: Bernardus

Old French: Bernart

French: Bernard

→ English: Bernard

Old Norse: Bjarnharðr, Bjarnarður (calqued/adapted from Old English)

Icelandic: Bjarnharður; Bernharður (from German or Danish), Bernarður (perhaps from French, Dutch or Latin)

From *berô (“bear”) + *harduz (“hard, brave”).


wīhsilō

wīhsilō (nominative singular)
wīhsilôz (nominative plural)
wīhsilō (singular vocative)
wīhsilôz (plural vocative)
wīhsilǭ (accusative singular)
wīhsilōz (accusative plural)
wīhsilōz (genitive singular)
wīhsilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīhsilōi (dative singular)
wīhsilōmaz (dative plural)
wīhsilō (instrumental singular)
wīhsilōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *wihsila, *wisla; wehsal, wesl

Middle Low German: wissel, wessel

Old Dutch: *wissila, *wessila

⇒ Middle Dutch: wesselkerse

Old High German: wīhsila

Middle High German: wīhsel

German: Weichsel

i

through merger with Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">viscum</i>

→ Old French: guy (through merger with Latin viscum)

Middle French: guy

French: gui

From Proto-Indo-European *weyḱs- (“mistletoe”). Cognate with Russian ви́шня (víšnja, “sour cherry”), Ancient Greek ἰξός (ixós, “mistletoe; birdlime”), Latin viscum (“birdlime”).


twīhnaz

*twīhnaz (a-stem)

twīhnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
twīhnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
twīhnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
twīhnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
twīhną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
twīhnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
twīhnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
twīhnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
twīhnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
twīhnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
twīhną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
twīhnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
twīhnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
twīhnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
twīhnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
twīhnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
twīhnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
twīhnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
twīhnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
twīhnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
twīhnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
twīhnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
twīhnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
twīhnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
twīhnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
twīhnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
twīhnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
twīhnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
twīhnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
twīhnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
twīhnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
twīhnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
twīhnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
twīhnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
twīhnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
twīhnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
twīhnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
twīhnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
twīhnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
twīhnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
twīhnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
twīhnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
twīhniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
twīhnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
twīhnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
twīhnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
twīhniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
twīhnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
twīhnini (dative masculine singular weak)
twīhnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
twīhnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
twīhnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
twīhnini (dative neuter singular weak)
twīhnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
twīhninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
twīhnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
twīhnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
twīhnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
twīhninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
twīhnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: twinn, twin; betwēonum

Middle English: *twyn, *twin; betwene

English: twin; between

Old Frisian: twīne

Old Norse: tvinnr, tvennr

Icelandic: tvennur

Faroese: tvinnur

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹 (tweihnai)

From *twīhaz (“consisting of two”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).


wirtiz

wirtiz (nominative singular)
wirtīz (nominative plural)
wirti (singular vocative)
wirtīz (plural vocative)
wirtį (accusative singular)
wirtinz (accusative plural)
wirtīz (genitive singular)
wirtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wirtī (dative singular)
wirtimaz (dative plural)
wirtī (instrumental singular)
wirtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: wirt

Middle Low German: wert, werte

Old Dutch: *wirt

Middle Dutch: wert; werte

Old High German: wirz

Middle High German: wirz

desctree

Old Norse: virtr
Icelandic: virtur, virt
Faroese: virtur
Norwegian Nynorsk: vørter, vyrter; (dialectal) vyrt, vørt, vurt, vytter
Norwegian Bokmål: vørter
Swedish: vört
Scanian: vert

→ Proto-Finnic: *verdek (see there for further descendants)

Possibly related to *wurt-, the oblique stem of *wrōts (“root”), despite uncertain development of the root vowel. May reflect a back-formed full-grade *werd- from pre-Germanic *wr̥d-, or less likely may reflect an old PIE full-grade *wer(h₂)d- without parallels. Note a similar problem with the Ancient Greek cognate ῥίζα (rhíza).


spōk

Old Frisian: spōk

North Frisian: Spook

Old Saxon: *spōk

Middle Low German: spôk

German Low German: spok

→ German: Spuk, Spökes

→ Danish: spøge

Old Dutch: *spōk

Middle Dutch: spoke, spooce

Dutch: spook

→ English: spook

Norwegian: spjok (< Middle Low German?)

Swedish: spöke

Unknown. According to Klein, from a Proto-Indo-European source shared with Latvian spīgana (“dragon, witch”), Lithuanian spingėti (“to shine”), Old Prussian spanxti (“spark”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pāuǵ-, *(s)pāug- (“to shine, spark; brilliance, spectre”), though the vowels make this less plausible. It could otherwise have been borrowed from a substrate language in the area where Low German/Dutch was spoken. Compare *pūkô.


urtiz

urtiz (nominative singular)
urtīz (nominative plural)
urti (singular vocative)
urtīz (plural vocative)
urtį (accusative singular)
urtinz (accusative plural)
urtīz (genitive singular)
urtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
urtī (dative singular)
urtimaz (dative plural)
urtī (instrumental singular)
urtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *ort (in ortġeard (previously mis-associated with Latin hortus))

Middle English: orcherd, orchard

English: orchard

Old High German: *orz (in orzōn (“to tend or cultivate a field”) < *urtōną)

Old Norse: urt (alternatively from *wurt-)

Icelandic: urt, jurt

Faroese: urt

Norwegian: urt

Old Swedish: yrt

Swedish: ört

→ Finnish: yrtti

Danish: urt

Gothic: *𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (*aurts) (in 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (aurtigards))

desc

→? Old Church Slavonic: врътоградъ (vrŭtogradŭ)

A dissimilated form of *wurtiz, *wurt-, itself derived from *wrōts.


Balþawiniz

Balþawiniz (nominative singular)
Balþawini (singular vocative)
Balþawinį (accusative singular)
Balþawinīz (genitive singular)
Balþawinī (dative singular)
Balþawinī (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Balþawini

Old English: Bealdwine

Middle English: Balduin, Baldwin

English: Baldwin

Old Dutch: *Baldawin

Middle Dutch: Baltwin, Boudewijn

Dutch: Boudewijn

Old High German: Baltwin, Baldavin

Middle High German: Balduin

German: Balduin

→ Serbo-Croatian: Балдовин, Baldovin

→ Romanian: Baldovin

→ Latin: Balduīnus

Catalan: Balduí

Old French: Baudouin

French: Baudouin, Beaudoin

Italian: Baldovino

Portuguese: Balduíno

Spanish: Balduino

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: Baldvin

Icelandic: Baldvin

Faroese: Baldvin

Norwegian Bokmål: Baldvin

Norwegian Nynorsk: Baldvin

Old Swedish: *Baldvin

Swedish: Baldvin

Danish: Baldvin

From *balþaz (“bold”) + *winiz (“friend”).


duttaz

duttaz (nominative singular)
duttōz (nominative plural)
duttōs (nominative plural)
dutt (singular vocative)
duttōz (plural vocative)
duttōs (plural vocative)
duttą (accusative singular)
duttanz (accusative plural)
duttas (genitive singular)
duttis (genitive singular)
duttǫ̂ (genitive plural)
duttai (dative singular)
duttamaz (dative plural)
duttō (instrumental singular)
duttamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dott

Middle English: *dott, *dot

English: dot

West Frisian: dot

>? Middle Low German: dutt

German Low German: Dotte, Dott, Dutt

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: dodde, dot

Old High German: tutto; tutta

Middle High German: tutte, tute

→? Swedish: tutte

Old Norse: dottr

Faroese: doddur, dottur

Norwegian: dott, dodd

→ Scots: dodd, dode

Swedish: dott, dutt (both vernacular/dialectal ?)

Unknown. Perhaps of onomatopoeic origin, also compare Dutch doetje (“silly person, softie”).


mistilaz

mistilaz (nominative singular)
mistilōz (nominative plural)
mistilōs (nominative plural)
mistil (singular vocative)
mistilōz (plural vocative)
mistilōs (plural vocative)
mistilą (accusative singular)
mistilanz (accusative plural)
mistilas (genitive singular)
mistilis (genitive singular)
mistilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mistilai (dative singular)
mistilamaz (dative plural)
mistilō (instrumental singular)
mistilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mistil
Old English: mistel
Middle English: mistel, mistell, mystil, mystill, mystyl
English: mistle
Scots: misle
Old Frisian: *mistel
West Frisian: mistel
Old Saxon: mistil
Middle Low German: mistel
German Low German: Mistel
⇒ Plautdietsch: Mistelplaunt
Old Dutch: *mistil
Middle Dutch: mistel
Dutch: mistel
Old High German: mistil
Middle High German: mistel
German: Mistel

Old Norse: *mistil; mistilteinn
Danish: mistelten
Icelandic: mistilteinn
Faroese: mistilteinur
Norwegian Bokmål: misteltein
Norwegian Nynorsk: misteltein
Swedish: mistel
→? Old English: misteltān (calque)
Middle English: mistelto, mistilte, mistilto, mysleto, mystyldene
English: mistletoe

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *me (“with, mid”) and a zero-grade of *sed- (“to sit”) due to the fact that the plant parasitizes “sitting” on other plants, with the diminutive suffix + *-ilaz or + *-ilǭ known from Proto-Germanic *þistilaz (“thistle”) and Proto-West Germanic *natilā (“nettle”), compare for this derivation type Proto-Indo-European *nisdós (“nest”) and Proto-Indo-European *písdeh₂ (“pudendum”).


mōtōną

mōtō (active first-person indicative singular)
mōtǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōtōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
mōtōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
mōtōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtō (active imperative second-person singular)
mōtōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mōtōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
mōtō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
mōtōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mōtōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtōs (active dual first-person indicative)
mōtōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōtōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōtōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōtōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mōtōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mōtōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōtōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mōtōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mōtōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
mōtōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
mōtōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mōtōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
mōtōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
mōtōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mōtōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
mōtōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mōtōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
mōtōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mōtōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
mōtōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mōtōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
mōtōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mōtōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mōtōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mōtōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
mōtōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mōtōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
mōtōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mōtōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
mōtōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mōtōndz (active participle present)
mōtōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mōtōn
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: moezje
Old High German: muozōn
Middle High German: muozen
→ Vulgar Latin: *musō, *amusō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”). Equivalent to *mōtǭ (“leisure, idleness, opportunity”) + *-ōną, (compare German Muße (“leisure”)).


andawlitją

andawlitją (nominative singular)
andawlitjō (nominative plural)
andawlitją (singular vocative)
andawlitjō (plural vocative)
andawlitją (accusative singular)
andawlitjō (accusative plural)
andawlitjas (genitive singular)
andawlitis (genitive singular)
andawlitjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
andawlitjai (dative singular)
andawlitjamaz (dative plural)
andawlitjō (instrumental singular)
andawlitjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *andawliti
Old English: andwlita, andwlite (< *andawlitô)
Middle English: anlet, onlete
Old Saxon: *andwlitti, *andlitti
Middle Low German: antlitte (possibly borrowed from High German)
>? Low German: Antlaat
Old Dutch: antlito
Old High German: antlizzi
Middle High German: antlitze, antlütte, antlütze
German: Antlitz

Old Norse: andlit

Icelandic: andlit

Faroese: andlit

Norwegian Bokmål: andlet

Norwegian Nynorsk: andlit (obsolete), andlet

Swedish: anlete

Old Danish: andlæt

Danish: anled (obsolete)


frestą

frestą (nominative singular)
frestō (nominative plural)
frestą (singular vocative)
frestō (plural vocative)
frestą (accusative singular)
frestō (accusative plural)
frestas (genitive singular)
fristis (genitive singular)
frestǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frestai (dative singular)
frestamaz (dative plural)
frestō (instrumental singular)
frestamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: frist, first, fyrst n

Old Frisian: ferst, first n

North Frisian: frest, ferst

Old High German: *frist

Middle High German: vrist n

Old Norse: frest n

Icelandic: frestur m

Norwegian Nynorsk: frest m

Swedish: frist

Danish: frist

Norwegian Bokmål: frist

From *fres (“forward”), from Proto-Indo-European *pres-, *per- (“forward, forth, over, beyond”).


fristiz

fristiz (nominative singular)
fristīz (nominative plural)
fristi (singular vocative)
fristīz (plural vocative)
fristį (accusative singular)
fristinz (accusative plural)
fristīz (genitive singular)
fristijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fristī (dative singular)
fristimaz (dative plural)
fristī (instrumental singular)
fristimiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: frist, first, fierst, fyrst m; fierst f

Middle English: first, furst, feorst, forst, ferst, frest, vrist

English: frist, first

Scots: frist, frest, first, fyrst

Old Saxon: *frist

Middle Low German: frist, ferst, verst, vorst, vrüst f

Old High German: frist m; frist f

Middle High German: vrist m; vrist f

German: Frist f

Old Norse: *frestr; *fresta (likely a back-formation of the neuter plural of *frestą)

From *fres (“forward”), from Proto-Indo-European *pres-, *per- (“forward, forth, over, beyond”), equivalent to *fres + *-þiz.


kweduz

kweduz (nominative singular)
kwidiwiz (nominative plural)
kwedu (singular vocative)
kwidiwiz (plural vocative)
kwedų (accusative singular)
kwedunz (accusative plural)
kwedauz (genitive singular)
kwidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwidiwi (dative singular)
kwedumaz (dative plural)
kwedū (instrumental singular)
kwedumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kwidu
Old English: cwidu, cweodu, cudu
Middle English: code, quide, quede, coude, cudde
English: cud, quid
Scots: cude, cuid
Old High German: quiti, kuti
Middle High German: küte, küt
German: Kitt (“cement, putty”)


ulbanduz

ulbanduz (nominative singular)
ulbandiwiz (nominative plural)
ulbandu (singular vocative)
ulbandiwiz (plural vocative)
ulbandų (accusative singular)
ulbandunz (accusative plural)
ulbandauz (genitive singular)
ulbandiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ulbandiwi (dative singular)
ulbandumaz (dative plural)
ulbandū (instrumental singular)
ulbandumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *olbandu
Old English: olfend, olfenda
Middle English: olfent, olfend, olvont, olvende, olvente
Old Saxon: olbundeo
Old High German: olbenta
Middle High German: olbende

Old Norse: ulfaldi

Icelandic: úlfaldi

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Ulvalde

Gothic: 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (ulbandus)

→ Proto-Slavic: *velьb(l)ǫdъ (see there for further descendants)


leusaną

leusō (active first-person indicative singular)
leusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
leusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leus (active imperative second-person singular)
leusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
leusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
leusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
leusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liusid (active indicative plural second-person)
leusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liusid (active imperative plural second-person)
leusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
leusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
leusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laus (active first-person indicative singular)
luzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laust (active indicative second-person singular)
luzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laus (active indicative singular third-person)
luzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
luzū (active dual first-person indicative)
luzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
luzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
luzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
luzum (active first-person indicative plural)
luzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
luzud (active indicative plural second-person)
luzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
luzun (active indicative plural third-person)
luzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leusandz (active participle present)
luzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *leusan
Old English: *lēosan
Middle English: lesen
English: leese
Scots: lese, leis
Old Frisian: liāsa
Old Saxon: *liosan
Middle Low German: lêsen
Old High German: *liosan
Middle High German: liesen

Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*liusan) (in derivatives)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewHs-, from *lewH- (“to cut; sever; separate; loosen; lose”).


gudawabją

gudawabją (nominative singular)
gudawabjō (nominative plural)
gudawabją (singular vocative)
gudawabjō (plural vocative)
gudawabją (accusative singular)
gudawabjō (accusative plural)
gudawabjas (genitive singular)
gudawabis (genitive singular)
gudawabjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gudawabjai (dative singular)
gudawabjamaz (dative plural)
gudawabjō (instrumental singular)
gudawabjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *godawabi
Old English: godwebb, godeweb, godweb
Old Frisian: godwebb
Old Saxon: godowebbi, godoweb
Old High German: gotawebbi, cotiweppi

Old Norse: guðvefr m

Icelandic: guðvefur

/ˈɣu.ðɑˌwɑβ.jɑ̃/


lutōną

lutō (active first-person indicative singular)
lutǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lutōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
lutōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lutōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lutō (active imperative second-person singular)
lutōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lutōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lutōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lutō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lutōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lutōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lutōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lutōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lutōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lutōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lutōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lutōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lutōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lutōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lutōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lutōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lutōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lutōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lutōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lutōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lutōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lutōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lutōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lutōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lutōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lutōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lutōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lutōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lutōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lutōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lutōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
lutōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lutōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lutōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lutōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lutōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lutōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lutōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lutōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lutōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lutōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lutōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lutōndz (active participle present)
lutōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lutōn
Old English: lutian, *lotian
Middle English: lotien, loten
English: lote

Gothic: 𐌻𐌿𐍄𐍉𐌽 (lutōn)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to duck; feign; be low; be small”).


wīkō

wīkō (nominative singular)
wīkôz (nominative plural)
wīkō (singular vocative)
wīkôz (plural vocative)
wīkǭ (accusative singular)
wīkōz (accusative plural)
wīkōz (genitive singular)
wīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīkōi (dative singular)
wīkōmaz (dative plural)
wīkō (instrumental singular)
wīkōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīku
Old English: wīc
Old Frisian: wīk
Saterland Frisian: Wieke
West Frisian: wyk
Old Saxon: *wīka, *wīk
Middle Low German: wîk, wike
German Low German: Wieke, Wiek
Old Dutch: *wīk
Middle Dutch: wijc, wijk
Dutch: wijk

Old Norse: vík (“inlet, fjord”)

Icelandic: vík

Faroese: vík

Norn: vik

Norwegian Bokmål: vik

Norwegian Nynorsk: vik

Swedish: vik

Danish: vig

Gutnish: vike, vika

→ Middle English: *wik

Early Scots: weike

Scots: wick (“bay”)

English: wick (“bay”)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyg-, *weyk- (“to bend, curve”), perhaps from earlier *wīks.


wangaz

wangaz (nominative singular)
wangōz (nominative plural)
wangōs (nominative plural)
wang (singular vocative)
wangōz (plural vocative)
wangōs (plural vocative)
wangą (accusative singular)
wanganz (accusative plural)
wangas (genitive singular)
wangis (genitive singular)
wangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wangai (dative singular)
wangamaz (dative plural)
wangō (instrumental singular)
wangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wang, wong

Middle English: wong

English: wong (in placenames)

Old Saxon: wang

Old High German: wang

Old Norse: vangr

Icelandic: vangur

Norn: vång

Norwegian: vang

Old Swedish: vanger

Swedish: vång

Old Danish: vang

Danish: vang

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍃 (waggs, “paradise; *meadow”)
→? Albanian: fëng／fang (“infertile land”)

→ Proto-Samic: *vāŋkē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenk-, *wek- (“to be bent or bowed”), the same source as *wangô (“cheek”).


lētaz

lētaz (nominative singular)
lētōz (nominative plural)
lētōs (nominative plural)
lēt (singular vocative)
lētōz (plural vocative)
lētōs (plural vocative)
lētą (accusative singular)
lētanz (accusative plural)
lētas (genitive singular)
lētis (genitive singular)
lētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lētai (dative singular)
lētamaz (dative plural)
lētō (instrumental singular)
lētamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lǣt

Old Frisian: lēt

Old Saxon: lāt

Middle Low German: lât

Old Dutch: *lāt

Middle Dutch: lâet

Dutch: laat

Old High German: lāz; lāza f

Middle High German: lazze m

Old Norse: *látr

Gothic: *𐌻𐌴𐍄𐍃 (*lēts) (in derivatives: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌴𐍄𐍃 (fralēts))

→ Medieval Latin: laetus, litus

→ Old Saxon: lido, liddo

→ Old Dutch: lito

→ Old High German: litus

Middle High German: *lite

German: Lite


fruþǭ

fruþǭ (nominative singular)
fruþōniz (nominative plural)
fruþǭ (singular vocative)
fruþōniz (plural vocative)
fruþōnų (accusative singular)
fruþōnunz (accusative plural)
fruþōniz (genitive singular)
fruþōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fruþōni (dative singular)
fruþōmaz (dative plural)
fruþōnē (instrumental singular)
fruþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: froða

Icelandic: froða

Faroese: froða

Norn: frod

→ Middle English: froth

English: froth

From Proto-Indo-European *prutH-eh₂, from *prewtH- (“to splash”). Cognate with Sanskrit प्रोथति (próthati).


durą

durą (nominative singular)
durō (nominative plural)
durą (singular vocative)
durō (plural vocative)
durą (accusative singular)
durō (accusative plural)
duras (genitive singular)
duris (genitive singular)
durǫ̂ (genitive plural)
durai (dative singular)
duramaz (dative plural)
durō (instrumental singular)
duramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dor
Old English: dor
Middle English: dor
English: door
Old Saxon: dor
Old High German: tor
Middle High German: tor
Cimbrian: tor
German: Tor

Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂 (daur)

From Pre-Germanic *dʰur-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-.


dūnaz

dūnaz (nominative singular)
dūnōz (nominative plural)
dūnōs (nominative plural)
dūn (singular vocative)
dūnōz (plural vocative)
dūnōs (plural vocative)
dūną (accusative singular)
dūnanz (accusative plural)
dūnas (genitive singular)
dūnis (genitive singular)
dūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dūnai (dative singular)
dūnamaz (dative plural)
dūnō (instrumental singular)
dūnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dūnā
Old English: dūn f or m
Middle English: dune, doun
English: dune, down
Scots: doun, down
Old Saxon: *dūna f, *dūn m
Middle Low German: dûne, dunne f, don, done, donne m
German Low German: Düne, Düün
→ German: Düne
→ Swedish: dyn, dyne
→ Norwegian: dyne
→ Danish: dyne
Old Dutch: dūn, dūno ?
Middle Dutch: dûne f or n
Dutch: duin f
Afrikaans: duin
→ Old Frisian: dūne f, *dūn n (also possibly borrowed from Low German)
Saterland Frisian: Dúune, Duune f
West Frisian: dún n
→ Old French: dune
Middle French: dune
French: dune
Old High German: *tūna, dūna f

>? Old Norse: dúnn, dýnn, dunn, dynn

⇒ Old Norse: sauðadunn, sauðadynn

From *dū- (“to whisk, whip up, agitate, storm”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“smoke, dust, haze”).


dūnaz

Old Norse: dúnn

Icelandic: dúnn

Faroese: dún

Norwegian: dun

Old Swedish: dūn

Swedish: dun

Elfdalian: daungen

Danish: dun

Gutnish: däun

→ Middle English: doun, downe

English: down

→ Middle Low German: dûne

German Low German: Duun

→ Dutch: dons

→ German: Daune

→ Saterland Frisian: Duune

→ Old French: dum (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”).


durīz

Old Saxon: duri

Old Dutch: duri

Middle Dutch: dore, duere, dure

Dutch: deur

Old High German: turi

Middle High German: türe

German: Tür, Türe

Cimbrian: tüar

Luxembourgish: Dier

Mòcheno: tir

Pennsylvania German: Dier

Yiddish: טיר (tir)

Old Norse: dyrr f pl

Icelandic: dyr f pl

Faroese: dyr f pl

Norn: dør f pl

Norwegian: dør f sg, m sg

Old Swedish: dyr f pl or n pl, later f sg

Swedish: dörr c sg

Danish: dør c sg

Gutnish: dur, duri

Scanian: dør m sg

Elfdalian: dörer f pl (dat. dörum)

Reformed as a feminine i-stem from earlier *durī, from Pre-Germanic *dʰúrih₁ (“double doors”), dual of *dʰúrom (see *durą), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-. Compare Old Armenian դուրք (durkʻ).


pāwô

pāwô (nominative singular)
pāwaniz (nominative plural)
pāwô (singular vocative)
pāwaniz (plural vocative)
pāwanų (accusative singular)
pāwanunz (accusative plural)
pāwiniz (genitive singular)
pāwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pāwini (dative singular)
pāwammaz (dative plural)
pāwinē (instrumental singular)
pāwammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *pāwō m
Old English: pāwa, pēa m, pāwe f
Middle English: po, pa, paa, paue, pe, poo, poue
English: pea, po (archaic)
⇒ Middle English: pecok, pocok, pacok
English: peacock
→ Hawaiian: pīkake
→ English: pikake
→ Maori: pīkake
Scots: pacok, pecok
Old Frisian: *pāwa, *pāu
Saterland Frisian: Pau
West Frisian: pau
Old Saxon: pāo, *pāwo
Middle Low German: pâwe, pauwe, pâw
German Low German: Pau
Old Dutch: *pāwo, *pāo
Middle Dutch: pau, pawe, pauwe
Dutch: pauw
Afrikaans: pou
Negerhollands: powwis
→ Munsee: páaw
→ Papiamentu: pòwis
Old High German: pfāwo, pfāwa
Middle High German: pfāwe, pfā
German: Pfau m, (chiefly Austria) Pfaue f
⇒ German: Pfauhahn f
⇒ Middle High German: *pfāwelīn, *pfāuwelīn (diminutive)
German: Pfäulein (archaic)
→ Estonian: paabulind
→ Old East Slavic:
Belarusian: паўлі́н (paŭlín)
Russian: павли́н (pavlín)
Rhine Franconian: Fau, Pau
Frankfurterisch: IPA [fau]
Yiddish: פּאַווע (pave)

Old Norse: pái
⇒ Old Norse: páfugl
Icelandic: páfugl
Faroese: páfuglur
Norwegian: påfugl
Swedish: påfågel
Danish: påfugl
Gutnish: påfågel, pafäugl


frisaz

*frisaz (a-stem)

frisaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frisai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frisō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frisôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frisą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frisō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frisanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frisanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frisǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frisōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frisą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frisō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frisas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frisaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frisaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frisaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frisas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frisaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frisammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frisaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frisaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frisaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frisammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frisaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frisanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frisaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frisaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frisaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frisanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frisaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frisô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frisaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frisǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frisōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frisô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frisōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frisanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frisanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frisōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frisōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frisô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frisōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frisiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frisanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frisōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frisōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frisiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frisanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frisini (dative masculine singular weak)
frisammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frisōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frisōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frisini (dative neuter singular weak)
frisammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frisinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frisammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frisōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frisōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frisinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frisammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: frīs

Middle English: frise, frese (noun)

English: frizz (noun)

⇒ English: frizzy

⇒ Middle English: frisen (verb)

English: frizz (verb)

⇒ English: frizzle

Scots: frizz

Old Frisian: *frīs

⇒ Old Frisian: frīsle, frēsle f (noun)

→ Old French: frise (noun)

Middle French: frise

French: frise

⇒ Middle French: friser

French: friser

→ Dutch: friseren

⇒ French: frisure

→ English: frisure


rakkô

rakkô (nominative singular)
rakkaniz (nominative plural)
rakkô (singular vocative)
rakkaniz (plural vocative)
rakkanų (accusative singular)
rakkanunz (accusative plural)
rakkiniz (genitive singular)
rakkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rakkini (dative singular)
rakkammaz (dative plural)
rakkinē (instrumental singular)
rakkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rakkō (“parrel”); *rak(k)u (“hound”) (?)

Old English: racca; ræċċ (< *rakkuz ?)

desc

Middle English: rakke (“parrel; parrel-rope”); racche (“hunting dog”)

⇒ English: rackie (“parrel”); ratch, rach (“hunting dog”)

⇒ Scots: rakie, rackie, rakki (“parrel”)

>? Old Saxon: *rak(k), *rek(k)

Middle Low German: rēke (“large farm dog”)

⇒ Middle Low German: rēkel, reckel

German Low German: Rekel

→ Middle Dutch: rekel

Dutch: rekel (“watchdog, hunting dog, male dog”)

Old High German: *rahh, *rach

Middle High German: *rache

German: Rache (“scent-hound”) (attested once in early NHG)

Alemannic German: Rache

Old Norse: rakki

Icelandic: rakki

Faroese: rakki (“parrel", also "[young] dog”)

Norwegian: rakke (dialectal)

Elfdalian: rakke

(Gutnish: hundrakkrar)

→ Finnish: rakki

From Proto-Indo-European *reǵ- (“to tie, bind”). The "dog" sense may be a separate word, as the Old English shows a differing declension to the Old Norse, and appears to be derived from a u-stem. Compare also Old High German brakko (“beagle, hunting dog”), brekka (“bitch, setter”).


jedaną

jedō (active first-person indicative singular)
jedaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jedai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jidizi (active indicative second-person singular)
jedaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jed (active imperative second-person singular)
jedazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jedaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jididi (active indicative singular third-person)
jedai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jedadau (active imperative singular third-person)
jedadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jedaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jedōz (active dual first-person indicative)
jedaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jedadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jedaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jedadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jedamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jedaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jedandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jedaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jidid (active indicative plural second-person)
jedaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jidid (active imperative plural second-person)
jedandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jedaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jedandi (active indicative plural third-person)
jedain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jedandau (active imperative plural third-person)
jedandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jedaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jad (active first-person indicative singular)
jēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jast (active indicative second-person singular)
jēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jad (active indicative singular third-person)
jēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
jēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
jēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
jēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
jēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jedandz (active participle present)
jedanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Saxon: gedan

Middle Low German: jēden

desctree

Old Dutch: gedan
Middle Dutch: gēden
Limburgish: gaeje

Old High German: getan, jetan

Middle High German: geten, jëten

German: jäten


waiþijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*waiþijô (an-stem)

waiþijô (nominative singular)
waiþijaniz (nominative plural)
waiþijô (singular vocative)
waiþijaniz (plural vocative)
waiþijanų (accusative singular)
waiþijanunz (accusative plural)
waiþīniz (genitive singular)
waiþijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiþīni (dative singular)
waiþijammaz (dative plural)
waiþīnē (instrumental singular)
waiþijammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *waiþijō

Old English: *wǣþa

⇒ Old English: herewǣþa

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌰 (waiþja)


waiþō

waiþō (nominative singular)
waiþôz (nominative plural)
waiþō (singular vocative)
waiþôz (plural vocative)
waiþǭ (accusative singular)
waiþōz (accusative plural)
waiþōz (genitive singular)
waiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiþōi (dative singular)
waiþōmaz (dative plural)
waiþō (instrumental singular)
waiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *waiþu
Old English: wāþ
Middle English: wathe, waith, wayth
English: wathe
Scots: waith
Old Frisian: *wāth, *wēth
Saterland Frisian: Weede
West Frisian: weide
Old Saxon: *weitha
Middle Low German: weide
German Low German: Weide, Weid
Old Dutch: weitha
Middle Dutch: weide
Dutch: weide, wei
Afrikaans: weide, wei
West Flemish: wede, wee
Old High German: weida
Middle High German: weide
Alemannic German: weidu
German: Weide

From Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue, suppress”).


waiþijaną

waiþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
waiþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waiþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waiþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waiþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waiþī (active imperative second-person singular)
waiþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waiþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waiþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waiþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waiþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waiþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waiþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waiþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waiþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waiþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waiþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waiþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waiþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waiþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waiþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waiþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waiþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waiþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waiþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waiþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waiþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waiþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waiþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waiþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waiþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waiþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waiþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waiþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waiþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waiþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waiþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
waiþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waiþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waiþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waiþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waiþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waiþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waiþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waiþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waiþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waiþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waiþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waiþijandz (active participle present)
waiþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waiþijan

Old English: wǣþan

Old Norse: veiða

Icelandic: veiða

Faroese: veiða

Norwegian Nynorsk: veida

Old Swedish: vēþa, vedha

Swedish: (obsolete) veda

Old Danish: vede

From *waiþiz, *waiþō, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”).


wīwô

wīwô (nominative singular)
wīwaniz (nominative plural)
wīwô (singular vocative)
wīwaniz (plural vocative)
wīwanų (accusative singular)
wīwanunz (accusative plural)
wīwiniz (genitive singular)
wīwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīwini (dative singular)
wīwammaz (dative plural)
wīwinē (instrumental singular)
wīwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *wīwo

Middle Low German: wîe, wîhe

Low German: Wieh

Old Dutch: *wīwo, *wiuwo, weio

Middle Dutch: wouwe, wīwe, wīe, wūwe

Dutch: wouw

→ West Frisian: wou

Old High German: wīwo, wīgo, wīo

Middle High German: wīwe, wīe, wewe

German: Weihe, Weih

→? Pennsylvania German: Woi

→? Saterland Frisian: Wäie

Old Norse: *vé (possibly unrelated)

⇒ Old Norse: langvé

Icelandic: langvía

>? Icelandic: langvígi

>? Faroese: lomvigi

→ Danish: lomvi

→? Norwegian Nynorsk: lomvi

desc

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: langve, lomvie, langvie

→ Danish: lomvibe, lomvie

Swedish: lomvia

→ Irish: lamhaidh

→ English: lavy

From Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁-ow-, from *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”). Possibly cognate with Ancient Greek ἱέρᾱξ (hiérāx, “hawk, eagle”) and αἰετός (aietós, “eagle”).


wunāną

wunō (active first-person indicative singular)
wunaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
wunai (active imperative second-person singular)
wunāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wunaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wunāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wunāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wunōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wunāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wunāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wunānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wunaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wunaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wunānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wunānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wunānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wunānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wunadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wunadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wunadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wunadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wunadē (active indicative singular third-person)
wunadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wunadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wunadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wunadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wunadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wunāndz (active participle present)
wunadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wunēn
Old English: wunian
Middle English: wunien, wunen, wonen
English: won, wone
Scots: won, wone
Old Frisian: wunia, wonia, wenja
Saterland Frisian: woonje
West Frisian: wenje
Old Saxon: wunōn, wonōn, wonon
Middle Low German: wōnen
German Low German: wohnen
Low German: wanen
Old Dutch: wonon
Middle Dutch: wōnen
Dutch: wonen
Limburgish: woeane, wónne
Old High German: wonēn
Middle High German: wonen
German: wohnen
Hunsrik: wohne

Old Norse: una

Icelandic: una

Norwegian Nynorsk: una

Gothic: *𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*wunān)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (unwunānds)

From Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish; desire; love”).


kōlnaną

kōlnō (active first-person indicative singular)
kōlnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōlnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kōlnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōlnō (active imperative second-person singular)
kōlnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kōlnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōlnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kōlnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kōlnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōlnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōlnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōlnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kōlnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kōlnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōlnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kōlnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōlnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kōlnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kōlnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōlnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kōlnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kōlnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kōlnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kōlnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kōlnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kōlnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kōlnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kōlnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kōlnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kōlnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kōlnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kōlnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kōlnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kōlnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kōlnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kōlnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kōlnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: kólna

Icelandic: kólna

Faroese: kólna

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: kolne, kolna

Old Swedish: kōlna, kūlna

Old Danish: kōlnæ

Gutnish: kålne

Scanian: kulna


snutrį̄

snutrį̄ (nominative singular)
snutrīniz (nominative plural)
snutrį̄ (singular vocative)
snutrīniz (plural vocative)
snutrīnų (accusative singular)
snutrīnunz (accusative plural)
snutrīniz (genitive singular)
snutrīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
snutrīni (dative singular)
snutrīmaz (dative plural)
snutrīnē (instrumental singular)
snutrīmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snuttrī
Old English: snytro, snyttro, snytero, snyteru
Middle English: snytere

Gothic: 𐍃𐌽𐌿𐍄𐍂𐌴𐌹 (snutrei)


harmijaną

harmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
harmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
harmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
harmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harmī (active imperative second-person singular)
harmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
harmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
harmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
harmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
harmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
harmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
harmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
harmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
harmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
harmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
harmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
harmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
harmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
harmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
harmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
harmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
harmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
harmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
harmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
harmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
harmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
harmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
harmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
harmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
harmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
harmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
harmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harmijandz (active participle present)
harmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *harmijan
Old Saxon: hermian
Old Dutch: hermen
→ Old French: *harnir, *hernir, *hergner
Middle French: hergner
⇒ Old French: hergnos (“evil, harmful”)
Old High German: hermen
Middle High German: hermen
German: härmen

Old Norse: hermask

Icelandic: hermast

Swedish: härmas

From *harmaz (“to harm, pain”) + *-janą or *harmaz (“to harmful, painful”) + *-janą.


harmijaną

Old Norse: herma

Icelandic: herma

Norwegian Nynorsk: herma

Swedish: härma

Danish: herme

From Proto-Indo-European *kerh₂-, *kerh₃- (“to praise (loudly)”).


wulkną

wulkną (nominative singular)
wulknō (nominative plural)
wulkną (singular vocative)
wulknō (plural vocative)
wulkną (accusative singular)
wulknō (accusative plural)
wulknas (genitive singular)
wulknis (genitive singular)
wulknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulknai (dative singular)
wulknamaz (dative plural)
wulknō (instrumental singular)
wulknamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wolkn
Old English: wolcn, weolcen, wolc, wolcen
Middle English: welken (from plural wolcnu)
English: welkin
Scots: walk, wak (from wolc)
Old Frisian: wolken, wulken, ulken
North Frisian: wolk
West Frisian: wolken, wolke, wolk
Old Saxon: wolkan, wolcan
Middle Low German: wolken, wulken
Old Dutch: uulcun, wulkon
Middle Dutch: wolken
Old High German: wolkan, wolcan
Middle High German: wolken, wulken n or f or m
Bavarian: Woikn, Wolkn
Yiddish: וואָלקן (volkn)

Nominalized from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥g-nó-s, from *welg- (“wet, damp”) + *-nós.


waiwô

waiwô (nominative singular)
waiwaniz (nominative plural)
waiwô (singular vocative)
waiwaniz (plural vocative)
waiwanų (accusative singular)
waiwanunz (accusative plural)
waiwiniz (genitive singular)
waiwanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
waiwini (dative singular)
waiwammaz (dative plural)
waiwinē (instrumental singular)
waiwammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wēa, wāwa
Middle English: we, wee, wea, wæ; wowe

Old Saxon: *wēwo

Middle Low German: wēwe

Frankish: *waiwo

Old Dutch: *wēwo

Middle Dutch: weewe

Dutch: wee

Afrikaans: wee

→ Vulgar Latin: *waius, *guaius

Italian: guaio

Portuguese: guaya

Old Spanish: guaya

Spanish: guaya

Ladino: guaya

Old High German: wēwo
Middle High German: wēwe
German: Weh

Old Norse: vá, vó, vo (< *waiwō)

Icelandic: vá, vó

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaiva (see there for further descendants) (< *waiwō)


swarô

swarô (nominative singular)
swaraniz (nominative plural)
swarô (singular vocative)
swaraniz (plural vocative)
swaranų (accusative singular)
swaranunz (accusative plural)
swariniz (genitive singular)
swaranǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swarini (dative singular)
swarammaz (dative plural)
swarinē (instrumental singular)
swarammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *swara, mānswara

Old Norse: *svari, meinsvari, eiðsvari

Icelandic: svari

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 (*swara), 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰 (ufarswara)


skulô

skulô (nominative singular)
skulaniz (nominative plural)
skulô (singular vocative)
skulaniz (plural vocative)
skulanų (accusative singular)
skulanunz (accusative plural)
skuliniz (genitive singular)
skulanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skulini (dative singular)
skulammaz (dative plural)
skulinē (instrumental singular)
skulammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skolō

Old English: *sċola

⇒ Old English: mānsċola

Old Saxon: skolo

Old High German: skolo, scolo

Middle High German: schol

⇒ Middle High German: selpschol

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *gaskolō

Old English: ġesċola

Old High German: *giskolo

Middle High German: geschol

⇒ Middle High German: selpgeschol

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰 (skula)

Zero-grade agentive n-stem derived from *skulaną.


stuntaz

*stuntaz (a-stem)

stuntaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stuntai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stuntō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stuntôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stuntą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stuntō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stuntanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stuntanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stuntǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stuntōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stuntą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stuntō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stuntas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stuntaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stuntaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stuntaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stuntas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stuntaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stuntammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stuntaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stuntaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stuntaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stuntammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stuntaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stuntanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stuntaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stuntaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stuntaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stuntanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stuntaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stuntô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stuntaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stuntǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stuntōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stuntô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stuntōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stuntanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stuntanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stuntōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stuntōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stuntô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stuntōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stuntiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stuntanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stuntōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stuntōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stuntiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stuntanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stuntini (dative masculine singular weak)
stuntammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stuntōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stuntōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stuntini (dative neuter singular weak)
stuntammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stuntinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stuntammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stuntōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stuntōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stuntinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stuntammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: stunt

Middle English: stunt, stont

English: stunt

Old High German: *stunz

Middle High German: stunz

Old Norse: stuttr

Icelandic: stuttur

Faroese: stuttur

Norwegian: stutt

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to beat; push; pound”).


kanjaną

kanjō (active first-person indicative singular)
kanjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kanjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kanisi (active indicative second-person singular)
kanjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kani (active imperative second-person singular)
kanjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kanjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kaniþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kanjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kanjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kanjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kanjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kanjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kanjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kanjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kanjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kanjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kanjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kanjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kanjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kanjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kaniþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kanjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kaniþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kanjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kanjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kanjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kanjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kanjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kanjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kanjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kanidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kanidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kanidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kanidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kanidē (active indicative singular third-person)
kanidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kanidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kanidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kanidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kanidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kanidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kanidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kanidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kanidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kanidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kanidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kanjandz (active participle present)
kanidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kannjan
Old English: cænnan, cennan, cynnan
Middle English: kennen
⇒ Old English: oncennan
→ Old Norse: kenna
Old Saxon: kennian
Old Dutch: *kennen

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵonh₁éyeti, causative formation to the root *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, to beget, to give birth”). Cognate with Sanskrit जनयति (janayati, “to beget, produce”).


turdą

turdą (nominative singular)
turdō (nominative plural)
turdą (singular vocative)
turdō (plural vocative)
turdą (accusative singular)
turdō (accusative plural)
turdas (genitive singular)
turdis (genitive singular)
turdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turdai (dative singular)
turdamaz (dative plural)
turdō (instrumental singular)
turdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tord
Old English: tord
Middle English: tord, toord, torde
English: turd
Scots: tuird
Old Dutch: *tord, *tort
Middle Dutch: torde, torte, tort, toort
Dutch: tort
Old High German: zort
Middle High German: *zort, zurch, zürch
German: (dialectal) Zort, (archaic) Zürch

desc

Old Norse: torð- (“dung-”, in compounds)

From Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to split, flay”), related to *teraną.


natǭ

natǭ (nominative singular)
natōniz (nominative plural)
natǭ (singular vocative)
natōniz (plural vocative)
natōnų (accusative singular)
natōnunz (accusative plural)
natōniz (genitive singular)
natōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
natōni (dative singular)
natōmaz (dative plural)
natōnē (instrumental singular)
natōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *natā

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *natilā
Old English: netele, netle
Middle English: netele, netle, nettle
English: nettle
Scots: nettill
Old Frisian: *netele
Saterland Frisian: Neetele, Neetel
West Frisian: nettel
Old Saxon: netila
Middle Low German: nêtele, nettele, nettel
German Low German:
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Nettel, Nöttel
East Westphalian: Niedel (Ravensberg), Nettel (Lippe)
South Westphalian: Niëdel (Dortmund)
Sauerländisch: Nietel, Nettel (Wenden)
Dutch Low Saxon:
Twents: nettel
→ Danish: nelde, nælde
→ Norwegian: nesle, netla, nesla, natla
→ Old Swedish: nætla
Swedish: nässla, nättla, nälla
→ Scanian: nælla
Old Dutch: *netila
Middle Dutch: nētele, nettel
Dutch: netel
Old High German: nezzila
Middle High German: nezzel
Cimbrian: éssala (reanalyzed)
German: Nessel
→ Yiddish: ברעננעסל (brennesl)
Yiddish: ניסול (nisul) (Middle Yiddish, attested in Shemot Devarim)

Old Norse: nata
Faroese: nota
Gutnish: nata
Norwegian Nynorsk: brennuttu, nata, nesle, netle

Unknown; perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂d- (“to twist, knot, tie”). Possibly cognate with Old Irish nenaid (“nettle”).


raih-

From Proto-Indo-European *reyk- (“to tear, scratch; streak”).

raw

Middle English: raw, rawe, rewe, rowe; Scots

reoue

Middle English: raw, rawe, rewe, rowe; Yola


hwammai

desctree

Old English: hwām
Middle English: whom
English: whom
Scots: wham

Old High German:

Middle High German:

Cimbrian: béeme

German: wem

Old Norse: hveim

Danish: hvem

Norwegian: hvem

Swedish: vem

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 (ƕamma)


gazdaz

gazdaz (nominative singular)
gazdōz (nominative plural)
gazdōs (nominative plural)
gazd (singular vocative)
gazdōz (plural vocative)
gazdōs (plural vocative)
gazdą (accusative singular)
gazdanz (accusative plural)
gazdas (genitive singular)
gazdis (genitive singular)
gazdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gazdai (dative singular)
gazdamaz (dative plural)
gazdō (instrumental singular)
gazdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaʀd
Old English: ġeard f
Middle English: ȝearde, ȝard (merged with descendant of Old English ġierd)
English: yard
Scots: yaird
Old Saxon: gard m or f
Middle Low German: gart f
Old Dutch: *gard
Middle Dutch: gart, gāert m
Dutch: gard
Old High German: gart m
Middle High German: gart
German: Gart

Old Norse: gaddr

Icelandic: gaddur

Old Swedish: gadder

Swedish: gadd

→ Middle English: gadde, gad

English: gad

⇒ English: gadfly

Scots: gaud

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍃 (gazds)

Compare Latin hasta (“shaft; spear”). Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰast- (“rod, pole, bar, switch”), but, given the irregular phonetic variation and limited distribution, these are probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin.


samakunjaz

samakunjaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
samakunjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
samakunjō (feminine nominative singular strong)
samakunjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
samakunją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
samakunjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
samakunjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
samakunjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
samakunjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
samakunjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
samakunją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
samakunjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
samakunjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
samakunis (genitive masculine singular strong)
samakunjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
samakunjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
samakunjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
samakunjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
samakunis (genitive neuter singular strong)
samakunjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
samakunjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
samakunjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
samakunjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
samakunjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
samakunjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
samakunjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
samakunjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
samakunjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
samakunjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
samakunjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
samakunjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
samakunjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
samakunjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
samakunjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
samakunjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
samakunjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
samakunjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
samakunjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
samakunjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
samakunjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
samakunjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
samakunjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
samakunjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
samakunjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
samakuniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
samakunjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
samakunjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
samakunjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
samakuniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
samakunjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
samakunini (dative masculine singular weak)
samakunjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
samakunjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
samakunjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
samakunini (dative neuter singular weak)
samakunjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
samakuninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
samakunjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
samakunjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
samakunjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
samakuninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
samakunjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: samkynja

Icelandic: samkynja

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐍃 (samakuns)

From *sama- + *kunją. Parallel formation with Ancient Greek ὁμόγνιος (homógnios, “of the same origin”).


samamōdrijaz

samamōdrijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
samamōdrijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
samamōdrijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
samamōdrijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
samamōdriją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
samamōdrijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
samamōdrijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
samamōdrijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
samamōdrijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
samamōdrijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
samamōdriją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
samamōdrijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
samamōdrijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
samamōdrīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
samamōdrijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
samamōdrijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
samamōdrijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
samamōdrijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
samamōdrīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
samamōdrijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
samamōdrijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
samamōdrijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
samamōdrijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
samamōdrijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
samamōdrijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
samamōdrijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
samamōdrijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
samamōdrijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
samamōdrijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
samamōdrijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
samamōdrijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
samamōdrijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
samamōdrijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
samamōdrijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
samamōdrijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
samamōdrijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
samamōdrijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
samamōdrijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
samamōdrijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
samamōdrijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
samamōdrijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
samamōdrijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
samamōdrijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
samamōdrijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
samamōdrīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
samamōdrijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
samamōdrijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
samamōdrijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
samamōdrīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
samamōdrijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
samamōdrīni (dative masculine singular weak)
samamōdrijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
samamōdrijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
samamōdrijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
samamōdrīni (dative neuter singular weak)
samamōdrijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
samamōdrīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
samamōdrijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
samamōdrijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
samamōdrijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
samamōdrīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
samamōdrijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: sammœðri

Icelandic: sammæðra

From pre-Germanic *somo-meh₂tr-(i)yos; equivalent to *samaz + *mōdēr. Identical with Ancient Greek ὁμομήτριος (homomḗtrios, “of the same mother”).


samafadrijaz

samafadrijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
samafadrijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
samafadrijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
samafadrijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
samafadriją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
samafadrijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
samafadrijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
samafadrijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
samafadrijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
samafadrijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
samafadriją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
samafadrijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
samafadrijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
samafadrīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
samafadrijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
samafadrijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
samafadrijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
samafadrijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
samafadrīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
samafadrijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
samafadrijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
samafadrijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
samafadrijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
samafadrijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
samafadrijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
samafadrijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
samafadrijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
samafadrijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
samafadrijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
samafadrijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
samafadrijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
samafadrijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
samafadrijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
samafadrijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
samafadrijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
samafadrijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
samafadrijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
samafadrijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
samafadrijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
samafadrijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
samafadrijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
samafadrijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
samafadrijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
samafadrijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
samafadrīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
samafadrijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
samafadrijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
samafadrijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
samafadrīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
samafadrijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
samafadrīni (dative masculine singular weak)
samafadrijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
samafadrijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
samafadrijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
samafadrīni (dative neuter singular weak)
samafadrijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
samafadrīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
samafadrijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
samafadrijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
samafadrijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
samafadrīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
samafadrijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: samfeðri

Icelandic: samfeðra

From pre-Germanic *somo-ph₂tr-(i)yos; equivalent to *samaz + *fadēr. Identical with Ancient Greek ὁμοπάτριος (homopátrios, “of the same father”).


skipārijaz

skipārijaz (nominative singular)
skipārijōz (nominative plural)
skipārijōs (nominative plural)
skipārī (singular vocative)
skipārijōz (plural vocative)
skipārijōs (plural vocative)
skipāriją (accusative singular)
skipārijanz (accusative plural)
skipārijas (genitive singular)
skipārīs (genitive singular)
skipārijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skipārijai (dative singular)
skipārijamaz (dative plural)
skipārijō (instrumental singular)
skipārijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skipārī
Old English: sċipere
Old Frisian: *skipere
Saterland Frisian: Skipper
West Frisian: skipper
Old Saxon: *skipāri
Middle Low German: schippære, schippere, schēpere
German Low German: Schipper
→ German: Schipper
Old Dutch: *skipāri
Middle Dutch: schipper
Dutch: schipper
→ Middle English: skippere
English: skipper
→ German: Skipper
Old High German: *skiffāri
Middle High German: schiffære, schiffere
German: Schiffer
Yiddish: שיפֿער (shifer)
→ Vulgar Latin: *schipārī (or from Old Norse skipari)
Old French: eschipre, eskipre
Middle French: eschipre, esquipe, scippre

Old Norse: skipari

Icelandic: skipari

Faroese: skipari

Norwegian Nynorsk: skipar

Swedish: skeppare

Danish: skipper

Norwegian Bokmål: skipper

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: skipper

→ Vulgar Latin: *schipari (or from Frankish *skipārī)


krīskaną

krīskō (active first-person indicative singular)
krīskaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krīskai (first-person indicative passive singular)
krīskizi (active indicative second-person singular)
krīskaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
krīsk (active imperative second-person singular)
krīskazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
krīskaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
krīskidi (active indicative singular third-person)
krīskai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krīskadau (active imperative singular third-person)
krīskadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
krīskaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
krīskōz (active dual first-person indicative)
krīskaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krīskadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krīskaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krīskadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
krīskamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
krīskaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krīskandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
krīskaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
krīskid (active indicative plural second-person)
krīskaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krīskid (active imperative plural second-person)
krīskandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
krīskaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
krīskandi (active indicative plural third-person)
krīskain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krīskandau (active imperative plural third-person)
krīskandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
krīskaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraisk (active first-person indicative singular)
kriskį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraist (active indicative second-person singular)
kriskīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraisk (active indicative singular third-person)
kriskī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kriskū (active dual first-person indicative)
kriskīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kriskudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kriskīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kriskum (active first-person indicative plural)
kriskīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kriskud (active indicative plural second-person)
kriskīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kriskun (active indicative plural third-person)
kriskīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
krīskandz (active participle present)
kriskanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *krīskan
Old Saxon: *krīskan
Middle Low German: krîschen, krissen, krisken, kreisen, krêsen
Old Dutch: *crīscan
Middle Dutch: criscen, crischen
Dutch: krijsen
Afrikaans: krys
West Frisian: krieze
⇒ West Frisian: kryskje
Limburgish: kriesje, kriese
→ Old French: crincier
Middle French: crincier
French: crincer
⇒ Old French: recrincier
⇒ Old French: crinçon
Old High German: *krīskan
Middle High German: krīschen
German: kreischen (weak, probably through merger with the causative < MHG kreischen)
Central Franconian: kriesche, kreische
Luxembourgish: kräischen
Hunsrik: kreische

From Proto-Indo-European *grey- (“to shout”); see *krītaną.


dūbaną

dūbō (active first-person indicative singular)
dūbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dūbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dūbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dūbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dūb (active imperative second-person singular)
dūbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dūbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dūbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dūbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dūbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dūbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dūbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dūbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dūbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dūbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dūbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dūbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dūbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dūbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dūbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dūbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dūbid (active indicative plural second-person)
dūbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dūbid (active imperative plural second-person)
dūbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dūbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dūbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dūbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dūbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dūbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dūbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daub (active first-person indicative singular)
dubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dauft (active indicative second-person singular)
dubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daub (active indicative singular third-person)
dubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dubū (active dual first-person indicative)
dubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dubum (active first-person indicative plural)
dubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dubud (active indicative plural second-person)
dubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dubun (active indicative plural third-person)
dubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dūbandz (active participle present)
dubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dūban
Old English: dūfan
Middle English: duven, diven (merger with Old English dyfan and Proto-Germanic *dūbijaną)
English: dive
⇒ Old Dutch: *bidūvan
Middle Dutch: beduven
⇒ Dutch: bedoven

Old Norse: dúfa

Norwegian Bokmål: duve

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”).


steupabarną

steupabarną (nominative singular)
steupabarnō (nominative plural)
steupabarną (singular vocative)
steupabarnō (plural vocative)
steupabarną (accusative singular)
steupabarnō (accusative plural)
steupabarnas (genitive singular)
steupabarnis (genitive singular)
steupabarnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
steupabarnai (dative singular)
steupabarnamaz (dative plural)
steupabarnō (instrumental singular)
steupabarnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *steupabarn

Old English: stēopbearn
Middle English: stepbarn, steopbern, steopbearn (Early Middle English)
English: stepbarn
Scots: stepbairn
→ English: stepbairn

Old High German: stiofbarn

Old Norse: stjúpbarn

Icelandic: stjúpbarn

Faroese: stjúkbarn

Swedish: styvbarn


steupa-

Proto-West Germanic: *steupa-
Old English: stēop-, stēp-
Middle English: steop-, step-, stappe-, ste-
English: step-
Scots: step-
Old Frisian: stiāp-
Saterland Frisian: stäif- (possibly from Low German)
West Frisian: styp-, styf-
Old Saxon: *stiop-
Middle Low German: stiep-, stip-, stêf-, stîf-
German Low German: steev-, steef-
Old Dutch: *stiop-
Middle Dutch: stiep-, stippe-, stief-
Dutch: stief-
Afrikaans: stief-
Old High German: stiof-
Middle High German: stief-
German: stief-

Old Norse: stjúp-

Icelandic: stjúp-

Faroese: stjúk- (?)

Norwegian: styk- (< stjúk-, stýk-)

Swedish: styv- (possibly merged with Low German)

Danish: stiv-, stif-, sted- (through reinterpretation)

From *steupaz (“pushed away; cut off; abandoned; deserted; orphaned”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tew- (“to push”).


steubaną

steubō (active first-person indicative singular)
steubaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
steubai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stiubizi (active indicative second-person singular)
steubaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
steub (active imperative second-person singular)
steubazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
steubaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stiubidi (active indicative singular third-person)
steubai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
steubadau (active imperative singular third-person)
steubadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
steubaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
steubōz (active dual first-person indicative)
steubaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
steubadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
steubaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
steubadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
steubamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
steubaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
steubandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
steubaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stiubid (active indicative plural second-person)
steubaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stiubid (active imperative plural second-person)
steubandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
steubaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
steubandi (active indicative plural third-person)
steubain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
steubandau (active imperative plural third-person)
steubandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
steubaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
staub (active first-person indicative singular)
stubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stauft (active indicative second-person singular)
stubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staub (active indicative singular third-person)
stubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stubū (active dual first-person indicative)
stubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stubum (active first-person indicative plural)
stubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stubud (active indicative plural second-person)
stubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stubun (active indicative plural third-person)
stubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
steubandz (active participle present)
stubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *steuban
Old Frisian: *stūva
Saterland Frisian: stuuwe
West Frisian: stowe
Old Saxon: *stiovan, *stūvan
Middle Low German: stûven
German Low German: stuven
Old Dutch: *stūvan
Middle Dutch: stuven
Dutch: stuiven
Afrikaans: stuif, stuiwe
Old High German: stioban
Middle High German: stieben, stiuben
German: stieben

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, obscure”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to whirl, waft, stink, shake; steam, haze, smoke”).


alasnō

alasnō (nominative singular)
alasnôz (nominative plural)
alasnō (singular vocative)
alasnôz (plural vocative)
alasnǭ (accusative singular)
alasnōz (accusative plural)
alasnōz (genitive singular)
alasnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alasnōi (dative singular)
alasnōmaz (dative plural)
alasnō (instrumental singular)
alasnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *alasnu, *alisnu
Old Saxon: *alansa
Middle Low German: alse, elase, elasene
Old Dutch: *alsina
Middle Dutch: elsne, elsene, elsen, alsene
Dutch: els, (dialectal) elase
→ Middle English: elsen, elsyn, elson, alsene
English: elsin, elsen (dialectal, UK)
Scots: elsin, elsing, elson
Old High German: alansa, alesna
Middle High German: *alesne, *elnse
German: Alesne, Alse, Else (dialectal, Swiss German)
→ Vulgar Latin: *alisna, *lexina (see there for further descendants)

q

Gothic: *𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰 (*alisna) (unattested; possibly loaned into Romance)


alizō

alizō (nominative singular)
alizôz (nominative plural)
alizō (singular vocative)
alizôz (plural vocative)
alizǭ (accusative singular)
alizōz (accusative plural)
alizōz (genitive singular)
alizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alizōi (dative singular)
alizōmaz (dative plural)
alizō (instrumental singular)
alizōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *aliʀu, *alisu, *aluʀu
Old English: alor, aler
Middle English: aldre, alder, aldur, aldyr, aleyre, aller, alre, althir, olr
English: alder
Scots: aller
Old Dutch: *alisa
Middle Dutch: else
Dutch: els
Afrikaans: els
Old High German: alar, erila, elira, *alisa, *elisa
Middle High German: alze, els, eller, elre
German: Erle
→ Vulgar Latin: *alisa
Old French: alie, allie, alis
Middle French: alie, alise
French: alise

Old Norse: ǫlr, alr

Icelandic: elri

Norwegian: or, older

Danish: el

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂élis- (“alder”).


haspijǭ

haspijǭ (nominative singular)
haspijōniz (nominative plural)
haspijǭ (singular vocative)
haspijōniz (plural vocative)
haspijōnų (accusative singular)
haspijōnunz (accusative plural)
haspijōniz (genitive singular)
haspijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haspijōni (dative singular)
haspijōmaz (dative plural)
haspijōnē (instrumental singular)
haspijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haspijā

Old English: hæpse; hæsp

Middle English: haspe, hespe

English: hasp

→ Irish: haspa

Scots: hesp

Old Frisian: *hespe

Saterland Frisian: Häspe; Häsp

Old Saxon: *haspia, *hespia

Middle Low German: haspe, hespe

→ Danish: hasp, hæspe

→ Swedish: hasp

→ Norwegian: hespe

Old Dutch: *haspa

Middle Dutch: haspe

Dutch: hasp, haps (obsolete)

Old High German: *haspa

Middle High German: haspe, hespe

German: Haspe, Häspe

Old Norse: hespa

Icelandic: hespa

Faroese: hespa

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐍃𐍀𐌰 (*haspa)

→ Vulgar Latin: *haspa (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *hapsijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kamb- (“crooked; bent”).

der

haspel

Old Frisian: *haspel, *hespel; West Frisian


-snō

-snō (nominative singular)
-snôz (nominative plural)
-snō (singular vocative)
-snôz (plural vocative)
-snǭ (accusative singular)
-snōz (accusative plural)
-snōz (genitive singular)
-snǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-snōi (dative singular)
-snōmaz (dative plural)
-snō (instrumental singular)
-snōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-snu
Old English: -sn
Old Saxon: *-sna
Old Dutch: *-sna
Old High German: -sna, -nsa

Gothic: -𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰 (-asna), -𐍃𐌽𐌰 (-sna)

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


adisô

adisô (nominative singular)
adisaniz (nominative plural)
adisô (singular vocative)
adisaniz (plural vocative)
adisanų (accusative singular)
adisanunz (accusative plural)
adisiniz (genitive singular)
adisanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
adisini (dative singular)
adisammaz (dative plural)
adisinē (instrumental singular)
adisammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *adisō
Old English: adesa, eadesa
Middle English: adse
Scots: eetch
English: adze

/ˈɑ.ði.sɔːː/

From pre-Germanic *Hodʰ-és-on-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃edʰḗs (compare Hittite [script needed] (atešša, “adze, axe, hatchet”)).

cog

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


nanþijaną

nanþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
nanþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nanþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nanþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
nanþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nanþī (active imperative second-person singular)
nanþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nanþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nanþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
nanþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nanþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
nanþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nanþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nanþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
nanþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nanþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nanþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nanþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nanþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nanþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nanþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nanþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nanþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
nanþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nanþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
nanþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nanþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nanþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
nanþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nanþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
nanþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nanþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nanþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
nanþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nanþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
nanþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nanþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
nanþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nanþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
nanþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nanþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nanþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nanþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
nanþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nanþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
nanþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nanþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
nanþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nanþijandz (active participle present)
nanþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *nanþijan
Old English: nēþan
Old Frisian: nētha
Old Saxon: nāthian
Middle Low German: nêden
Old Dutch: nenden
Middle Dutch: nenden
Old High German: nenden
Middle High German: nenden

Old Norse: nenna

Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽

Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (anananþjan)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gananþjan)


slutilaz

slutilaz (nominative singular)
slutilōz (nominative plural)
slutilōs (nominative plural)
slutil (singular vocative)
slutilōz (plural vocative)
slutilōs (plural vocative)
slutilą (accusative singular)
slutilanz (accusative plural)
slutilas (genitive singular)
slutilis (genitive singular)
slutilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
slutilai (dative singular)
slutilamaz (dative plural)
slutilō (instrumental singular)
slutilamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *slutil
Old Frisian: sletel, slotel
West Frisian: slotel
Old Saxon: slutil
Middle Low German: slȫtel, slȫttel
German Low German: Slötel
Old Dutch: *slutil
Middle Dutch: slōtel, sluetel
Dutch: sleutel
Afrikaans: sleutel
Berbice Creole Dutch: slotro, slutro
Negerhollands: sleuter, sleetel
→ Lokono: shilotoro
→ Aukan: sooto
→ Saramaccan: sòotó
→ Sranan Tongo: sroto, slotto
→ Caribbean Javanese: sroto
→ Trió: soroto
→ Warao: sidyotóre, sidiotore
Limburgish: släötel
West Flemish: sloter
Old High German: sluzzil
Middle High German: slüzzel
Bavarian: Schlissl
Cimbrian: slüssel
German: Schlüssel
Hunsrik: Schlissel
Luxembourgish: Schlëssel
Vilamovian: śłysuł
Yiddish: שליסל (shlisl)


flugilaz

flugilaz (nominative singular)
flugilōz (nominative plural)
flugilōs (nominative plural)
flugil (singular vocative)
flugilōz (plural vocative)
flugilōs (plural vocative)
flugilą (accusative singular)
flugilanz (accusative plural)
flugilas (genitive singular)
flugilis (genitive singular)
flugilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flugilai (dative singular)
flugilamaz (dative plural)
flugilō (instrumental singular)
flugilamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *flugil

Middle Low German: vlȫgel

German Low German: Flögel

→ Saterland Frisian: Flöägel

→ Swedish: flöjel

Old Dutch: *flugil

Middle Dutch: vlōghel, vlegel, vleughel

Dutch: vleugel

Afrikaans: vleuel

→ West Frisian: fleugel

Limburgish: vläögel, vleugel

Old High German: *flugil

Middle High German: vlügel

German: Flügel

→ Danish: flygel

→ Norwegian Bokmål: flygel

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: flygel

→ Swedish: flygel

Luxembourgish: Fligel

Vilamovian: fłygel

Yiddish: פֿליגל (fligl)


radō

radō (nominative singular)
radôz (nominative plural)
radō (singular vocative)
radôz (plural vocative)
radǭ (accusative singular)
radōz (accusative plural)
radōz (genitive singular)
radǫ̂ (genitive plural)
radōi (dative singular)
radōmaz (dative plural)
radō (instrumental singular)
radōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *radu

Old Saxon: *rada

Middle Low German: rāde, rat

Old Norse: rǫð

Icelandic: röð

Faroese: rað

Norwegian: rad

Swedish: rad

Danish: rad

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥h₁dʰ-éh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂reh₁dʰ- (“to order; arrange”).


drōhs

drōhs (nominative singular)
drōhiz (nominative plural)
drōh (singular vocative)
drōhiz (plural vocative)
drōhų (accusative singular)
drōhunz (accusative plural)
drōhiz (genitive singular)
drōhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drōhi (dative singular)
drōhumaz (dative plural)
drōhē (instrumental singular)
drōhumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: drōs

Middle English: drosse, dros

English: dross

Scots: dros, drose, drosse

Old Dutch: *druos

Middle Dutch: droes

Dutch: droes

Old High German: truos, gitruos

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrā́ks, likely of non-Indo-European origin.


drōhsnō

drōhsnō (nominative singular)
drōhsnôz (nominative plural)
drōhsnō (singular vocative)
drōhsnôz (plural vocative)
drōhsnǭ (accusative singular)
drōhsnōz (accusative plural)
drōhsnōz (genitive singular)
drōhsnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drōhsnōi (dative singular)
drōhsnōmaz (dative plural)
drōhsnō (instrumental singular)
drōhsnōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drōsnu
Old English: drōsna, drōsne (< *drōhsnǭ)
Middle English: drosen, drowsyn
Old Dutch: *druosana
Middle Dutch: droesene
Dutch: droesem
Afrikaans: droesem
Old High German: truosana, trōsana
Middle High German: truosen
Alemannic German: Truese
German: (obsolete) Drusen, Trusen

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌽𐌰 (drauhsna) (< zero-grade *druhsnō)