slahaną

slahō (active first-person indicative singular)
slahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slah (active imperative second-person singular)
slahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slahid (active indicative plural second-person)
slahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slahid (active imperative plural second-person)
slahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slōh (active first-person indicative singular)
slōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slōht (active indicative second-person singular)
slōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slōh (active indicative singular third-person)
slōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
slōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
slōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
slōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
slōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slahandz (active participle present)
slaganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slahan
Old English: slēan, sla, slan, slæan — Mercian, sla, slæ — Northumbrian
Middle English: sleen, slayn
Scots: slay
English: slay
Old Frisian: slā
Saterland Frisian: slo
West Frisian: slaan
Old Saxon: slahan
Middle Low German: slān
Low German: slaan
German Low German: slaan
Old Dutch: slān
Middle Dutch: slâen
Dutch: slaan, slagen
Afrikaans: slaan, slaag
Limburgish: slaon
Old High German: slahan
Middle High German: slahen
Alemannic German: schlaa
Central Franconian: schlon
German: schlagen
Hunsrik: schlaan
Luxembourgish: schloen

Proto-Norse: ᛊᛚᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᛉ (slaginaʀ) (past participle)

Old Norse: slá
Icelandic: slá
Faroese: sláa, slá
Norwegian: slå
Old Swedish: slā
Swedish: slå
Danish: slå
Old Gutnish: sla

Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (slahan)

From a Proto-Indo-European root *slak- (“to hit, strike, throw”).


hlaupaną

hlaupō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlaupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlaupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlaupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlaupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaup (active imperative second-person singular)
hlaupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlaupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlaupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlaupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlaupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlaupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlaupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlaupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hlaupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlaupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlaupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlaupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlaupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlaupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlaupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlaupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlaupid (active indicative plural second-person)
hlaupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlaupid (active imperative plural second-person)
hlaupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlaupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlaupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlaupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlaupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlaupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hehlaup (active first-person indicative singular)
hehlaupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hehlauft (active indicative second-person singular)
hehlaupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hehlaup (active indicative singular third-person)
hehlaupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hehlaupū (active dual first-person indicative)
hehlaupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hehlaupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hehlaupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hehlaupum (active first-person indicative plural)
hehlaupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hehlaupud (active indicative plural second-person)
hehlaupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hehlaupun (active indicative plural third-person)
hehlaupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlaupandz (active participle present)
hlaupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaupan
Old English: hlēapan
Middle English: lepen, leapen, leopen, leppen, luppen
English: leap
Scots: lepe, leip, leap
Yola: laupe
Old Frisian: hlāpa
Saterland Frisian: loope
West Frisian: ljeppe
Old Saxon: hlōpan
Middle Low German: lôpen
Low German: lopen
Old Dutch: lōpan
Middle Dutch: lôpen
Dutch: lopen
Afrikaans: loop
Negerhollands: loop, loo, lo, lu
Skepi Creole Dutch: lop, louphe, luffi, loup
Limburgish: loupe
→ Central Franconian: loope
Old High German: hloufan, loufan
Middle High German: loufen
Alemannic German: laufe, lauffe, loufe
Swabian: laufe
Vorarlbergisch: loufa
Bavarian: laffa
Cimbrian: loavan, lóofan (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno:
Central Franconian: loofe, laafe
Hunsrik: laafe
Kölsch: laufe, loufe
Luxembourgish: lafen
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: laafn
Upper Saxon German: loofen
Vilamovian: łaojfa
East Franconian:
German: laufen
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: laafe
Yiddish: לויפֿן (loyfn)
→⇒ Old French: gualoper, galoper (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: hlaupa
Icelandic: hlaupa
Faroese: leypa
Norn: lopa
Norwegian Nynorsk: laupa
Elfdalian: lopa
Old Swedish: lø̄pa
Swedish: löpa
→ Elfdalian: löpa
Old Danish: løpæ
Danish: løbe
Norwegian Bokmål: løpe
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: løpa
Scanian: lǿba
Old Gutnish: laupa
Gutnish: laupe
→ Middle English: lopen
English: lope
Scots: loup, lowp

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ushlaupan)

From Proto-Indo-European *klewp- (“to spring, stumble”).


rinnaną

rinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
rinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rinn (active imperative second-person singular)
rinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
rinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
rinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rann (active first-person indicative singular)
runnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rannt (active indicative second-person singular)
runnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rann (active indicative singular third-person)
runnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
runnū (active dual first-person indicative)
runnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
runnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
runnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
runnum (active first-person indicative plural)
runnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
runnud (active indicative plural second-person)
runnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
runnun (active indicative plural third-person)
runnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rinnandz (active participle present)
runnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rinnan
Old English: rinnan, irnan, iernan, yrnan
Middle English: rennen
English: run, rin
Scots: rin
Yola: rhin, rin
Old Frisian: renna, rinna, runna
Saterland Frisian: rinne
West Frisian: rinne
Old Saxon: rinnan
Middle Low German: rinnen
Low German:
German Low German: rönnen
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: rinnen
Sauerländisch: rennen
Westmünsterländisch: rennen, rannen
Plautdietsch: ranen
Old Dutch: rinnan
Middle Dutch: rinnen
Dutch: rinnen (obsolete), rennen
Limburgish: rinne, rènne
Old High German: rinnan
Middle High German: rinnen
German: rinnen
Luxembourgish: rënnen

Old Norse: rinna, renna
Icelandic: renna
Faroese: renna
Norn: rinna
Norwegian: renne
Elfdalian: rinna
Old Swedish: rinna
Swedish: rinna
Danish: rinde
Gutnish: rinne, rinn', rinna

Gothic: 𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (rinnan)
→ Latin: haliurunna (uncertain etymology, but possibly from *𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰 (*haljōrunna, “witch, one who travels to the netherworld”))

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

Two main etymological pathways have been proposed.
* Most likely from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to undulate, churn”), either via either a nasal-infix present *h₃ri-né-H-ti or a *-néwti present *h₃riH-néw-ti.
** These forms are supported by cognates Sanskrit रिणाति (rinā́ti, “to make turbulent, cause to flow”), Ancient Greek ὀρί̄νω (orí̄nō, “to churn up”), and Russian ри́нуться (rínutʹsja, “to rush”).
** Under this etymology, further cognates outside Germanic include Middle Irish rian (“river, way”), Proto-Slavic *rěka (“river”), Latin rivus (“stream”), and Gaulish Rēnos (“that which flows”), which is the source of the name of the river Rhine.
* Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥-néw-ti (“to flow, move, run”)., whence also Sanskrit ऋति (ṛti, “course, way”).


rannijaną

rannijō (active first-person indicative singular)
rannijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rannijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rannīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
rannijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rannī (active imperative second-person singular)
rannijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rannijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rannīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
rannijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rannijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
rannijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rannijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rannijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
rannijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rannijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rannijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rannijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rannijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rannijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rannijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rannijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rannīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
rannijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rannīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
rannijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rannijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rannijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
rannijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rannijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
rannijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rannijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
rannidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
rannidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rannidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
rannidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rannidē (active indicative singular third-person)
rannidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rannidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
rannidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rannidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rannidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rannidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
rannidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rannidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
rannidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rannidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
rannidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rannijandz (active participle present)
rannidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *rannijan
Old English: *rennan, ærnan
Middle English: rennen
Old Frisian: renna
Old Saxon: rennian
Middle Low German: rennen
German Low German: rennen
Old Dutch: *rennan
Middle Dutch: rennen
Dutch: rennen
Afrikaans: ren
Old High German: rennan
Middle High German: rennen
German: rennen
→⇒ Old French: randir
Middle French: randir, raindir
Picard: randir
Norman: randir

Old Norse: renna
Icelandic: renna
Faroese: renna
Norwegian Nynorsk: renna, renne
Old Swedish: rænna
Swedish: ränna
Old Danish: rænnæ
Danish: rende

Gothic: *𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*rannjan)


skabaną

skabō (active first-person indicative singular)
skabaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skabai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skabizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skabaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skab (active imperative second-person singular)
skabazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skabaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skabidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skabai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skabadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skabadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skabaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skabōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skabaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skabadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skabaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skabadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skabamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skabaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skabandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skabaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skabid (active indicative plural second-person)
skabaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skabid (active imperative plural second-person)
skabandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skabaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skabandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skabain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skabandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skabandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skabaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skōb (active first-person indicative singular)
skōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skōft (active indicative second-person singular)
skōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skōb (active indicative singular third-person)
skōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
skōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
skōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
skōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
skōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skabandz (active participle present)
skabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaban
Old English: sċafan, sċeafan
Middle English: schaven, shaven
English: shave
→ Welsh: siafio
Scots: schave, schaif, schaiff; shaav (through confluence with Norwegian skave)
Old Frisian: *skava
Saterland Frisian: skoawje
West Frisian: skave
Old Saxon: skavan, skaƀan
Middle Low German: schāven
German Low German: schaven
Low German: schaven
Old Dutch: *scavan
Middle Dutch: schāven
Dutch: schaven
Limburgish: sjave
Old High German: skaban
Middle High German: schaben
German: schaben
Luxembourgish: schuewen (archaic)
Yiddish: שאָבן (shobn)

Old Norse: skafa, skava
Icelandic: skafa
Faroese: skava
Norwegian: skave
Elfdalian: skåwå
Old Swedish: skava
Swedish: skava
Old Danish: skauæ
Danish: skave
Scanian: skawa
Gutnish: skave
→ Scots: skave, skaave

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (skaban)

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaappidak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *skábʰ-e-, present tense of Proto-Indo-European *skabʰ- (“to scratch”).


apaliją

apaliją (nominative singular)
apalijō (nominative plural)
apaliją (singular vocative)
apalijō (plural vocative)
apaliją (accusative singular)
apalijō (accusative plural)
apalijas (genitive singular)
apalīs (genitive singular)
apalijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
apalijai (dative singular)
apalijamaz (dative plural)
apalijō (instrumental singular)
apalijamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: epli
Icelandic: epli
Faroese: epli (“apple, potato”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: eple
Elfdalian: eppel
Old Swedish: æple
Swedish: äpple
Old Danish: æplæ
Danish: æble
Norwegian Bokmål: eple
Scanian: æble
Gutnish: äpple
→ Greenlandic: iipili

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, *abel-, *h₂ébl̥ (“apple, apple-tree”).

fruit (having some qualities in common with apples)


sabjaną

sabjō (active first-person indicative singular)
sabjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sabjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sabisi (active indicative second-person singular)
sabjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sabi (active imperative second-person singular)
sabjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sabjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sabiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sabjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sabjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sabjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sabjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sabjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sabjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sabjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sabjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sabjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sabjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sabjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sabjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sabjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sabiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sabjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sabiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sabjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sabjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sabjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sabjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sabjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sabjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sabjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōf (active first-person indicative singular)
sōbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōft (active indicative second-person singular)
sōbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōf (active indicative singular third-person)
sōbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōbū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōbum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōbud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōbun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sabjandz (active participle present)
sabanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sabbjan
Old Frisian: *sebba, *seffa
⇒ Old Frisian: *biseffa
West Frisian: beseffe
Old Saxon: sebbian, seffian
⇒ Old Saxon: biseffian, afsebbian, afseffian, anseffian
Old Dutch: *seffen
⇒ Old Dutch: *biseffen
Middle Dutch: beseffen, beseven
Dutch: beseffen
Afrikaans: besef
Old High German: sebben, seffen
⇒ Old High German: *intsebben, *antsebben
Middle High German: seben; entseben
German: entseben

From Proto-Indo-European *sep- (“to taste, try out”).


aplaz

aplaz (nominative singular)
aplōz (nominative plural)
aplōs (nominative plural)
apl (singular vocative)
aplōz (plural vocative)
aplōs (plural vocative)
aplą (accusative singular)
aplanz (accusative plural)
aplas (genitive singular)
aplis (genitive singular)
aplǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aplai (dative singular)
aplamaz (dative plural)
aplō (instrumental singular)
aplamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *applu
Old English: æppel
Middle English: appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel, æppel, æpple, eappel (Early Middle English)
English: apple (see there for further descendants)
Scots: aipple
Old Frisian: appel
North Frisian:
Föhr, Hallig: aapel
Helgoland: Oapel
Mooring: ååpel
Saterland Frisian: Appel, Apel
West Frisian: apel
Old Saxon: appel, appul, apl
Middle Low German: appel
German Low German: Appel
→ German: Appel (colloquial, regional)
Plautdietsch: Aupel
Old Dutch: *appel, ephela (pl.), apheles (gen.sg.)
Middle Dutch: appel, āpel
Dutch: appel (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: appel
Old High German: apful, aphul, apfol, afful, *appul — central
Middle High German: apfel, epfel, öpfel, appel
Alemannic German: Öpfel, Apfel
Alsatian: Àpfel, Epfel
Italian Walser: effél, epfel, epfil, öpfil
Swabian: Ebfl
Bavarian: Åpfe
Cimbrian: oupfal, öpfel, öpfl
Mòcheno: epfl
Udinese: eipfele, epfl
Central Franconian: Appel
Hunsrik: Eppel
Luxembourgish: Apel
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German: Abbel, Appel
Vilamovian: epuł
East Franconian:
German: Apfel
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: Àbbel, Ebbel, Abbel
Pennsylvania German: Abbel, Appel
Yiddish: עפּל (epl)

Crimean Gothic: apel

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl (“apple, apple tree”).


diganą

digō (active first-person indicative singular)
digaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
digai (first-person indicative passive singular)
digizi (active indicative second-person singular)
digaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dig (active imperative second-person singular)
digazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
digaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
digidi (active indicative singular third-person)
digai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
digadau (active imperative singular third-person)
digadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
digaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
digōz (active dual first-person indicative)
digaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
digadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
digaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
digadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
digamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
digaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
digandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
digaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
digid (active indicative plural second-person)
digaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
digid (active imperative plural second-person)
digandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
digaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
digandi (active indicative plural third-person)
digain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
digandau (active imperative plural third-person)
digandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
digaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daig (active first-person indicative singular)
digį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
daiht (active indicative second-person singular)
digīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daig (active indicative singular third-person)
digī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
digū (active dual first-person indicative)
digīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
digudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
digīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
digum (active first-person indicative plural)
digīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
digud (active indicative plural second-person)
digīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
digun (active indicative plural third-person)
digīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
digandz (active participle present)
diganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (digan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead”).


wiganą

wigō (active first-person indicative singular)
wigaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wigai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wigizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wigaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wig (active imperative second-person singular)
wigazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wigaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wigidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wigai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wigadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wigadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wigaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wigōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wigaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wigadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wigaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wigadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wigamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wigaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wigandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wigaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wigid (active indicative plural second-person)
wigaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wigid (active imperative plural second-person)
wigandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wigaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wigandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wigain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wigandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wigandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wigaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
waih (active first-person indicative singular)
wigį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waiht (active indicative second-person singular)
wigīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waih (active indicative singular third-person)
wigī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wigū (active dual first-person indicative)
wigīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wigudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wigīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wigum (active first-person indicative plural)
wigīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wigud (active indicative plural second-person)
wigīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wigun (active indicative plural third-person)
wigīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wigandz (active participle present)
wiganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wīgan
Old English: wīgan
Old Dutch: *wigan
Middle Dutch: wigen
Dutch: wijgen
Old High German: wīgan

Old Norse: viga, vega

Icelandic: vega

Old Swedish: vægha

desc

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (weihan), 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍉 (andwaihandō) (< continuing the original present stem)

Originally a zero-grade present, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to fight”). Related to Latin vincō (“to conquer”), Old Irish fichid (“to fight”). Likely related to English weaken (“make yield”).


stikaną

stikō (active first-person indicative singular)
stikaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stikai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stikizi (active indicative second-person singular)
stikaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stik (active imperative second-person singular)
stikazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stikaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stikidi (active indicative singular third-person)
stikai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stikadau (active imperative singular third-person)
stikadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stikaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stikōz (active dual first-person indicative)
stikaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stikadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stikaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stikadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stikamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stikaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stikandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stikaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stikid (active indicative plural second-person)
stikaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stikid (active imperative plural second-person)
stikandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stikaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stikandi (active indicative plural third-person)
stikain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stikandau (active imperative plural third-person)
stikandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stikaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
staik (active first-person indicative singular)
stikį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
staiht (active indicative second-person singular)
stikīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
staik (active indicative singular third-person)
stikī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stikū (active dual first-person indicative)
stikīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stikudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stikīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stikum (active first-person indicative plural)
stikīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stikud (active indicative plural second-person)
stikīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stikun (active indicative plural third-person)
stikīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stikandz (active participle present)
stikanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stekan
Old Frisian: steka (class 5)
West Frisian: stekke
Old Saxon: stekan
Middle Low German: stēken
German Low German: steken
Old Dutch: *stecan
Middle Dutch: steken
Dutch: steken
Afrikaans: steek
Old High German: stehhan, stechan
Middle High German: stechen
German: stechen
Luxembourgish: stiechen
Yiddish: שטעכן (shtekhn)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp, to stab, to goad, to puncture”).


snīþaną

snīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
snīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
snīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
snīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
snīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snaiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
snidį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaist (active indicative second-person singular)
snidīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
snidī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snidū (active dual first-person indicative)
snidīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snidudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snidīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snidum (active first-person indicative plural)
snidīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snidud (active indicative plural second-person)
snidīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snidun (active indicative plural third-person)
snidīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snīþandz (active participle present)
snidanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snīþan
Old English: snīþan
Middle English: snithen
English: snithe
⇒ English: snide
Old Frisian: snītha
Saterland Frisian: sniede
West Frisian: snije
Old Saxon: snīthan
Middle Low German: snîden
German Low German: snieden
Low German: snieden
Old Dutch: snīthan
Middle Dutch: sniden
Dutch: snijden
Afrikaans: sny
Limburgish: snieje
Old High German: snīdan
Middle High German: snīden
German: schneiden
Luxembourgish: schneiden
Yiddish: שנײַדן (shnaydn)

Old Norse: sníða (*sniðka, snikka)

Icelandic: sníða (snikka)

Faroese: sníða

Swedish: snida

Danish: snide

Gothic: 𐍃𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (sneiþan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *niittädäk (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sneyt- (“to cut”).


skīnaną

skīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
skīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīn (active imperative second-person singular)
skīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
skīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
skīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skain (active first-person indicative singular)
skinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skaint (active indicative second-person singular)
skinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skain (active indicative singular third-person)
skinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skinū (active dual first-person indicative)
skinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skinum (active first-person indicative plural)
skinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skinud (active indicative plural second-person)
skinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skinun (active indicative plural third-person)
skinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīnandz (active participle present)
skinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skīnan
Old English: sċīnan
Middle English: shinen, schinen
English: shine
Old Frisian: skīna
Saterland Frisian: skiene
West Frisian: skine, skyne
Old Saxon: skīnan
Low German: schienen
Old Dutch: skīnan
Middle Dutch: schinen
Dutch: schijnen
Afrikaans: skyn
Limburgish: sjiene
Old High German: skīnan
Middle High German: schīnen
German: scheinen
→ Esperanto: ŝajni
Hunsrik: scheine
Luxembourgish: schéngen
Yiddish: שײַנען (shaynen)

Old Norse: skína
Icelandic: skína
Faroese: skína
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: skinne
Norwegian Nynorsk: skina, skine
Old Swedish: skīna
Swedish: skina
Danish: skinne

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 (skeinan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₁y- (“to shine, shimmer”).


blewwaną

blewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
blewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bliwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
blewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bleww (active imperative second-person singular)
blewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bliwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
blewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
blewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
blewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bliwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
blewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bliwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
blewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
blewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
blewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blau (active first-person indicative singular)
blauw (active first-person indicative singular)
bluwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blaut (active indicative second-person singular)
blauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
bluwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blau (active indicative singular third-person)
blauw (active indicative singular third-person)
bluwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bluwū (active dual first-person indicative)
bluwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bluwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bluwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bluwum (active first-person indicative plural)
bluwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bluwud (active indicative plural second-person)
bluwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bluwun (active indicative plural third-person)
bluwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blewwandz (active participle present)
bluwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bleuwan
Old Saxon: bliuwan
Middle Low German: blǖwen, bluwen
→ Middle English: blēwe, northern and East Midlands blowe, blaw
Scots: blaw
English: blow
Old Dutch: *bliuwan
Middle Dutch: blouwen
Dutch: blouwen
Old High German: bliuwan
Middle High German: bliuwen, blūwen, blouwen, bliugen, pliuwen, pliugen
German: bleuen, bläuen

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (bliggwan)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *mléw-e-, from Proto-Indo-European *mlew-. Related to Ancient Greek ἀμβλύς (amblús, “blunt; dim, faint”), Avestan 𐬨𐬭𐬎𐬙𐬀 (mruta, “crushed (?), weak”).


bītaną

bītō (active first-person indicative singular)
bītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bīt (active imperative second-person singular)
bītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bītid (active indicative plural second-person)
bītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bītid (active imperative plural second-person)
bītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bait (active first-person indicative singular)
bitį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baist (active indicative second-person singular)
bitīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bait (active indicative singular third-person)
bitī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bitū (active dual first-person indicative)
bitīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bitudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bitīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bitum (active first-person indicative plural)
bitīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bitud (active indicative plural second-person)
bitīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bitun (active indicative plural third-person)
bitīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bītandz (active participle present)
bitanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bītan
Old English: bītan
Middle English: biten
English: bite
Scots: bite
Old Frisian: bīta
Saterland Frisian: biete
West Frisian: bite
Old Saxon: bītan
Middle Low German: bîten
Low German: bieten
Old Dutch: *bītan
Middle Dutch: biten
Dutch: bijten
Afrikaans: byt
Berbice Creole Dutch: biti
Skepi Creole Dutch: bet, bit
→? Sranan Tongo: beti
Limburgish: biete
Old High German: bīzan
Middle High German: bīzen
German: beißen
Hunsrik: beise
Luxembourgish: bäissen
Rhine Franconian: beiße
Vilamovian: bȧjsa
Yiddish: בײַסן (baysn)

Old Norse: bíta
Icelandic: bíta
Faroese: bíta
Norwegian Nynorsk: bita
Norwegian Bokmål: bite
Elfdalian: baita
Old Swedish: bīta
Swedish: bita
Scanian: bída
Old Danish: bītæ
Danish: bide
Gutnish: bäite

Gothic: 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (beitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéydt, from *bʰeyd- (“to split”).

biti

*bitiz (“bite”, noun); Proto-West Germanic


hnewwaną

hnewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hnewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hniwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hnewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hneww (active imperative second-person singular)
hnewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hnewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hniwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hnewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hnewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hnewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hnewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hnewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hnewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hnewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hnewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hniwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hnewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hniwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hnewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hnewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hnewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hnewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hnewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hnewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hnau (active first-person indicative singular)
hnauw (active first-person indicative singular)
hnuwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hnaut (active indicative second-person singular)
hnauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hnuwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hnau (active indicative singular third-person)
hnauw (active indicative singular third-person)
hnuwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hnuwū (active dual first-person indicative)
hnuwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hnuwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hnuwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hnuwum (active first-person indicative plural)
hnuwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hnuwud (active indicative plural second-person)
hnuwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hnuwun (active indicative plural third-person)
hnuwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hnewwandz (active participle present)
hnuwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hneuwan
Old High German: hniuwan, niuwan
Middle High German: niuwen


kleubaną

kleubō (active first-person indicative singular)
kleubaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kleubai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kliubizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kleubaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kleub (active imperative second-person singular)
kleubazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kleubaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kliubidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kleubai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kleubadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kleubadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kleubaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kleubōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kleubaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kleubadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kleubaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kleubadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kleubamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kleubaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kleubandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kleubaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kliubid (active indicative plural second-person)
kleubaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kliubid (active imperative plural second-person)
kleubandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kleubaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kleubandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kleubain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kleubandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kleubandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kleubaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
klaub (active first-person indicative singular)
klubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
klauft (active indicative second-person singular)
klubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
klaub (active indicative singular third-person)
klubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klubū (active dual first-person indicative)
klubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
klubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
klubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
klubum (active first-person indicative plural)
klubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
klubud (active indicative plural second-person)
klubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
klubun (active indicative plural third-person)
klubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kleubandz (active participle present)
klubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kleuban
Old English: clēofan
Middle English: cleven
English: cleave
Scots: cleave
Old Saxon: kliovan
Middle Low German: klûven (with alternative present-tense vowel)
Low German: klöven
Old Dutch: *clievan
Middle Dutch: clieven
Dutch: klieven
Limburgish: kleive
Old High German: klioban
Middle High German: klieben
Cimbrian: khliipan
German: klieben

Old Norse: kljúfa
Icelandic: kljúfa
Faroese: klúgva
Norwegian Nynorsk: kljuva, kluva, kløyva; (dialectal) kljuga, kluba
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kløyve
Elfdalian: kliuova
Old Swedish: klȳva
Swedish: klyva
Old Danish: klȳuæ
Scanian: kløva
Danish: kløve
Norwegian Bokmål: kløve
Old Gutnish: kliaufa
Gutnish: klaue

From Proto-Indo-European *glewbʰ- (“to split”).


þersaną

þersō (active first-person indicative singular)
þersaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þersai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þirsizi (active indicative second-person singular)
þersaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þers (active imperative second-person singular)
þersazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þersaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þirsidi (active indicative singular third-person)
þersai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þersadau (active imperative singular third-person)
þersadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þersaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þersōz (active dual first-person indicative)
þersaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þersadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þersaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þersadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þersamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þersaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þersandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þersaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þirsid (active indicative plural second-person)
þersaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þirsid (active imperative plural second-person)
þersandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þersaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þersandi (active indicative plural third-person)
þersain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þersandau (active imperative plural third-person)
þersandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þersaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þars (active first-person indicative singular)
þurzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þarst (active indicative second-person singular)
þurzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þars (active indicative singular third-person)
þurzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þurzū (active dual first-person indicative)
þurzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þurzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þurzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þurzum (active first-person indicative plural)
þurzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þurzud (active indicative plural second-person)
þurzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þurzun (active indicative plural third-person)
þurzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þersandz (active participle present)
þurzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: *𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*þairsan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (gaþairsan)

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”).


brewwaną

brewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
brewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
briwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
breww (active imperative second-person singular)
brewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
briwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
briwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
brewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
briwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
brewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brau (active first-person indicative singular)
brauw (active first-person indicative singular)
bruwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
braut (active indicative second-person singular)
brauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
bruwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brau (active indicative singular third-person)
brauw (active indicative singular third-person)
bruwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bruwū (active dual first-person indicative)
bruwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bruwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bruwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bruwum (active first-person indicative plural)
bruwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bruwud (active indicative plural second-person)
bruwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bruwun (active indicative plural third-person)
bruwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brewwandz (active participle present)
bruwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *breuwan
Old English: brēowan
Middle English: brewen
Scots: brew
English: brew
Old Frisian: briūwa
North Frisian: bruwen
West Frisian: brouwe
Saterland Frisian: bjoue
Old Saxon: briuwan, breuwan
Middle Low German: bruwen, brouwen
Low German: bruen, bruggen, brauen, broen
Old Dutch: *breuwan, *briuwan
Middle Dutch: bruwen, brouwen
Dutch: brouwen
Afrikaans: brou
Old High German: briuwan
Middle High German: briuwen, brūwen
German: brauen
Luxembourgish: brauen

Old Norse: *bryggja (strong verb) (attested in brugginn (past participle)); brugga (weak verb)

Icelandic: brugga

Faroese: bryggja

Middle Norwegian: bryggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: bryggja

Old Swedish: bryggia

Swedish: brygga

Danish: brygge

Norwegian Bokmål: brygge

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-, related to Ancient Greek ἀπέφρυσεν (apéphrusen, “brewed”).


hrewwaną

hrewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hriwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hreww (active imperative second-person singular)
hrewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hriwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hriwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hriwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrau (active first-person indicative singular)
hrauw (active first-person indicative singular)
hruwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraut (active indicative second-person singular)
hrauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
hruwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrau (active indicative singular third-person)
hrauw (active indicative singular third-person)
hruwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hruwū (active dual first-person indicative)
hruwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hruwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hruwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hruwum (active first-person indicative plural)
hruwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hruwud (active indicative plural second-person)
hruwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hruwun (active indicative plural third-person)
hruwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrewwandz (active participle present)
hruwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hreuwan
Old English: hrēowan
Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
English: rue
Scots: rew
Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa
West Frisian: rouwe
Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen
Old Dutch: *riuwan
Middle Dutch: rouwen
Dutch: rouwen
Afrikaans: rou
Limburgish: roewe
Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan
Middle High German: riuwen
Alemannic German: rüüwe
German: reuen

Old Norse: hryggva, (younger hryggja)
Icelandic: hryggja
Faroese: ryggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ryggja

From Proto-Indo-European *krew-, *krow-, *krows- (“to fall, beat, break, bruise”). Cognate with Lithuanian krùšti (“to smash, crash, bruise”), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, “to destroy”).


felhaną

felhō (active first-person indicative singular)
felhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
felhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
filhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
felhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
felh (active imperative second-person singular)
felhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
felhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
filhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
felhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
felhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
felhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
felhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
felhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
felhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
felhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
felhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
felhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
felhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
felhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
felhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
felhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
filhid (active indicative plural second-person)
felhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
filhid (active imperative plural second-person)
felhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
felhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
felhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
felhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
felhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
felhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
felhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
falh (active first-person indicative singular)
fulgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
falht (active indicative second-person singular)
fulgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
falh (active indicative singular third-person)
fulgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fulgū (active dual first-person indicative)
fulgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fulgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fulgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fulgum (active first-person indicative plural)
fulgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fulgud (active indicative plural second-person)
fulgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fulgun (active indicative plural third-person)
fulgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
felhandz (active participle present)
fulganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *felhan
Old English: fēolan
Middle English: felen
English: feal (“to hide”)
Old Frisian: fela
Old Saxon: felhan
Middle Low German: vēlen
Old Dutch: *felan
Middle Dutch: vēlen
Dutch: velen
Old High German: felahan, felhan
Middle High German: felhen, velhen

q

Proto-Norse: ᚠᛖᛚᛡᚺ (felᴀh), ᚠᛡᛚᛡᚺ (fᴀlᴀh) (first-person singular present/past indicative)

desctree

Old Norse: fela, *fjala
Icelandic: fela
Faroese: fjala
Old Swedish: fiæla, fiala
Swedish: fjäla (dialectal)
Old Danish: fiælæ, fialæ
Danish: fjæle
→ English: feal

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌷𐌰𐌽 (filhan)

Unknown. Possibly:
* If the sense “to go, enter” is original, related to *fulgāną (“to follow”), for which Kroonen reconstructs a Germanic-only root *pelk- (cf. Kroonen (2013), p. 159, s.v. *fulgēn-).
* If “to conceal” is original, related to Old Prussian pelkis (“cloak”), from an extension *pel-k- of Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to cover, wrap; skin, cloth”).

m+

to put inside, to conceal, to hide, to bury


lūkaną

lūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
lūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lūk (active imperative second-person singular)
lūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
lūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
lūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lauk (active first-person indicative singular)
lukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lauht (active indicative second-person singular)
lukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lauk (active indicative singular third-person)
lukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lukū (active dual first-person indicative)
lukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lukum (active first-person indicative plural)
lukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lukud (active indicative plural second-person)
lukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lukun (active indicative plural third-person)
lukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūkandz (active participle present)
lukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lūkan
Old English: lūcan
Middle English: luken, louken
English: lock (merged with descendant of Middle English loken, lokken)
Scots: louk, lowk
Old Frisian: lūka
⇒ Saterland Frisian: touluuke, touluke
West Frisian: lûke
Old Saxon: lūkan
⇒ Middle Low German: belûken
⇒ Middle Low German: entlûken
Old Dutch: *lūcan
Middle Dutch: luken
Dutch: luiken
Old High German: *lūhhan, *liohhan
Middle High German: lūchen, liechen
German: lauchen, liechen
⇒ Old High German: innebilūhhan
⇒ Old High German: untarlūhhan
⇒ Old High German: ūzbilūhhan

Old Norse: lúka, ljúka

Icelandic: lúka, ljúka

Faroese: lúka

Norwegian Bokmål: lukke

Norwegian Nynorsk: lukka

Old Swedish: lūka

Swedish: lucka

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (*lukan) (in 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (galukan) and 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺𐌰𐌽 (uslukan))

From Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to turn, bend”).


brannijaną

brannijō (active first-person indicative singular)
brannijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brannijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brannīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
brannijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brannī (active imperative second-person singular)
brannijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brannijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brannīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
brannijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brannijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
brannijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brannijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brannijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
brannijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brannijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brannijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brannijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brannijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brannijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brannijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brannijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brannīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
brannijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brannīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
brannijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brannijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brannijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
brannijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brannijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
brannijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brannijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brannidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brannidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brannidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brannidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brannidē (active indicative singular third-person)
brannidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brannidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brannidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brannidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brannidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brannidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brannidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brannidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brannidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brannidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brannidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brannijandz (active participle present)
brannidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brannijan
Old English: bærnan, *brænnan
Middle English: brennen
English: bren
Scots: brenn, bren, brend
Old Frisian: berna, barna
⇒ Saterland Frisian: baanje, baddenje
West Frisian: baarne, barne, brâne
Old Saxon: brennian
Middle Low German: bernen
Low German: brennen, brannen
Old Dutch: brennen
Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
Dutch: barnen
Limburgish: borre
⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
Dutch: branden
Limburgish: branje, brenje
Old High German: brennen
Middle High German: brennen
Bavarian: brenna
German: brennen
Luxembourgish: brennen
Yiddish: ברענען (brenen)

Old Norse: brenna, brinna — Old East Norse
Icelandic: brenna
Faroese: brenna
Norwegian: brenna, brenne
Elfdalian: brinna
Old Swedish: brinna
Swedish: brinna
Old Danish: brinnæ, brænnæ
Danish: brænde
Scanian: brænða
Gutnish: brinne

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*brannjan)


stundō

stundō (nominative singular)
stundôz (nominative plural)
stundō (singular vocative)
stundôz (plural vocative)
stundǭ (accusative singular)
stundōz (accusative plural)
stundōz (genitive singular)
stundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stundōi (dative singular)
stundōmaz (dative plural)
stundō (instrumental singular)
stundōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stundu

Old English: stund

Middle English: stound, stounde, stond

English: stound

Scots: stound, stownd

Old Frisian: stunde

North Frisian: stuwn

Saterland Frisian: Stuunde, Stúunde (rare)

⇒ Saterland Frisian: stuuns (adverb)

West Frisian: stûne m or f

Old Saxon: stunda

Middle Low German: stunde

German Low German: Stunn, Stünne, Stünn

Low German: Stünn

Old Dutch: *stunda

Middle Dutch: stonde, stont

Dutch: stond

Afrikaans: stonde

Old High German: stunta, stunt
Middle High German: stunde, stunt
Alemannic German: Schtund, Stund (Alsatian)
Bavarian: Stund
Hunsrik: Stunn
German: Stunde
→ Kashubian: sztënia
→ Lower Sorbian: štunda
→ Yiddish: שטונדע (shtunde)
→ Latvian: stunda
→ Slovincian: sztënja
Yiddish: שטונד (shtund)

Old Norse: stund

Icelandic: stund

Faroese: stund

Norwegian Bokmål: stund

Norwegian Nynorsk: stund

Old Swedish: stund

Swedish: stund

→ Finnish: tunti

Danish: stund

Gothic: *𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 (*stunda)

→ Vulgar Latin: *stunda (alternatively from Old Low Frankish)

Old French: estondee, ètondée

Catalan: estona

Corsican: stonda

Italian: stonda

Sardinian: istunda

From Proto-Indo-European *stut- (“prop”), from *steh₂- (“to stand”).


brūkaną

brūkō (active first-person indicative singular)
brūkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brūkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brūkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brūkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brūk (active imperative second-person singular)
brūkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brūkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brūkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brūkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brūkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brūkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brūkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brūkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brūkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brūkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brūkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brūkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brūkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brūkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brūkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brūkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brūkid (active indicative plural second-person)
brūkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brūkid (active imperative plural second-person)
brūkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brūkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brūkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brūkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brūkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brūkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brūkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brūhtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
brūhtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brūhtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
brūhtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brūhtē (active indicative singular third-person)
brūhtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brūhtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
brūhtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brūhtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brūhtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brūhtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
brūhtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brūhtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
brūhtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brūhtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
brūhtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brūkandz (active participle present)
brūhtaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *brūkan
Old English: brūcan
Middle English: brouken
English: brook
Scots: brook, brouk
Old Frisian: brūka
North Frisian: bruwcken
Saterland Frisian: bruke
West Frisian: brûke
Old Saxon: brūkan
Middle Low German: brûken
Low German: bruken
→ Danish: bruge
→ Icelandic: brúka
→ Faroese: brúka
→ Norwegian Bokmål: bruke
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: bruke
→ Polabian: brükot
→ Swedish: bruka
→ Finnish: ruukata
Old Dutch: *brūkan
Middle Dutch: bruken
Dutch: bruiken (archaic)
Limburgish: broeke
Old High German: brūhhan
Middle High German: brūchen
Alemannic German: bruuche
Central Franconian: bruche, brauche
Luxembourgish: brauchen
German: brauchen
Mòcheno: prauchen

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (brūkjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to make use of”). Cognate with Latin fruor (“enjoy”).


swimmaną

swimmō (active first-person indicative singular)
swimmaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swimmai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swimmizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swimmaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swimm (active imperative second-person singular)
swimmazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swimmaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swimmidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swimmai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swimmadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swimmadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swimmaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swimmōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swimmaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swimmadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swimmaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swimmadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swimmamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swimmaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swimmandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swimmaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swimmid (active indicative plural second-person)
swimmaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swimmid (active imperative plural second-person)
swimmandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swimmaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swimmandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swimmain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swimmandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swimmandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swimmaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swamm (active first-person indicative singular)
summį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swammt (active indicative second-person singular)
summīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swamm (active indicative singular third-person)
summī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
summū (active dual first-person indicative)
summīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
summudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
summīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
summum (active first-person indicative plural)
summīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
summud (active indicative plural second-person)
summīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
summun (active indicative plural third-person)
summīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swimmandz (active participle present)
summanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swimman
Old English: swimman
Middle English: swymmen, suymmyne, sweme, swemmen, swimmen, swyme, swymme, squim (Northern)
English: swim
Scots: sweem, soom
Old Frisian: swimma
Saterland Frisian: swimme
West Frisian: swimme
Old Saxon: swimman
Middle Low German: swemmen
Low German: swimmen, swemmen
Plautdietsch: schwamen
Old Dutch: *swimman
Middle Dutch: swemmen
Dutch: zwemmen
Limburgish: zwömme
Old High German: swimman
Middle High German: swimmen
Bavarian: schwimma
German: schwimmen
Luxembourgish: schwammen
Vilamovian: śwyma
Yiddish: שווימען (shvimen)

Old Norse: svimma, svima
Faroese: svimja
Icelandic: svimma, svima, symja
Norn: suma
Norwegian Nynorsk: symja, svemja
Jamtish: symi
Elfdalian: simma
Old Swedish: symma
Swedish: simma
Scanian: sømma
Old Danish: swimmæ
Danish: svømme, svemme
Norwegian Bokmål: svømme
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: svømma
Gutnish: sime

From Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)- (“to be unsteady, move, swim”).


brinnaną

brinnō (active first-person indicative singular)
brinnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brinnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
brinnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
brinnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brinn (active imperative second-person singular)
brinnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
brinnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
brinnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
brinnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brinnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
brinnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
brinnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
brinnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
brinnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brinnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brinnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brinnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
brinnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
brinnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brinnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
brinnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
brinnid (active indicative plural second-person)
brinnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brinnid (active imperative plural second-person)
brinnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
brinnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
brinnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
brinnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brinnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
brinnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
brinnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
brann (active first-person indicative singular)
brunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
brannt (active indicative second-person singular)
brunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
brann (active indicative singular third-person)
brunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
brunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
brunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
brunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
brunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
brunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
brunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
brunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
brunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
brunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
brunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
brinnandz (active participle present)
brunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brinnan
Old English: biernan, byrnan, birnan, beornan
Middle English: bernen, bern, berne, birnen, brennen
English: burn
Scots: bern, brenn, bren, brend
Old Saxon: brinnan
Middle Low German: bernen, barnen, burnen
German Low German: brannen
Old Dutch: brinnan
Middle Dutch: bernen, barnen
Dutch: barnen
Limburgish: borre
⇒ Middle Dutch: branden (backformation)
Dutch: branden
Limburgish: branje, brenje
Old High German: brinnan
Middle High German: brinnen
Alemannic German: brünne (dated)
Bavarian: brinna
Cimbrian: prönnan
German: brinnen (obsolete)

Old Norse: brinna, brenna
Icelandic: brenna
Faroese: brenna
Norwegian: brenna, brenne
Elfdalian: brinna
Old Swedish: brinna
Swedish: brinna
Old Danish: brinnæ, brænnæ
Danish: brænde
Scanian: brænða
Gutnish: brinne

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (brinnan)

Kroonen reconstructs Pre-Germanic *bʰrénuh₁e-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-.


framaþiz

framaþiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
framaþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
framaþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
framaþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
framaþį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
framaþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
framaþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
framaþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
framaþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
framaþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
framaþį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
framaþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
framaþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
framaþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
framaþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
framaþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
framaþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
framaþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
framaþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
framaþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
framaþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
framaþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
framaþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
framaþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
framaþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
framaþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
framaþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
framaþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
framaþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
framaþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
framaþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
framaþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
framaþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
framaþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
framaþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
framaþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
framaþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
framaþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
framaþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
framaþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
framaþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
framaþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
framaþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
framaþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
framaþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
framaþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
framaþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
framaþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
framaþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
framaþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
framaþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
framaþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
framaþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
framaþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
framaþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
framaþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
framaþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
framaþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
framaþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
framaþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
framaþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
framaþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *framiþī
Old English: fremde, fremede, fremeþe
Middle English: fremde, fremede, fremed, fremmed, frempt, fremmid, fremmede, freomede, ffremyd, fremd
English: fremd (rare, chiefly dialectal)
Scots: fremmit, fremd, frempt, frem
Old Frisian: framede, framde, fromede, fromde
Saterland Frisian: froamd
West Frisian: frjemd, freamd
Old Saxon: fremithi, fremidi
Middle Low German: vremede, vremde, vrömede, vrömde
German Low German: frömd
Plautdietsch: framd
→ Old Norse: framandi
Icelandic: framandi
Faroese: fremmandur
>? Norn: fremd (perhaps from Old or Middle English)
Norwegian Nynorsk: framand; (dialectal) framund
Swedish: främmad (dated, poetic, dialectal), främmande
Danish: fremmed
Norwegian Bokmål: fremmed
Gutnish: främmande, främmandi
→ Middle English: fromond
Old Dutch: fremithi
Middle Dutch: vremt
Dutch: vreemd
Afrikaans: vreemd
Negerhollands: vreemd
Limburgish: vraemp
Old High German: fremidi
Middle High German: vremede, vremde
Central Franconian: fremb
Cimbrian: brömade
German: fremd
Luxembourgish: friem
Vilamovian: fremd
Yiddish: פֿרעמד (fremd)

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (framaþeis)


kewwaną

kewwō (active first-person indicative singular)
kewwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kewwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kiwwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kewwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
keww (active imperative second-person singular)
kewwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kewwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kiwwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kewwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kewwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kewwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kewwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kewwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kewwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kewwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kewwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kewwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kewwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kewwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kewwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kewwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kiwwid (active indicative plural second-person)
kewwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kiwwid (active imperative plural second-person)
kewwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kewwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kewwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kewwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kewwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kewwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kewwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kau (active first-person indicative singular)
kauw (active first-person indicative singular)
kuwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kaut (active indicative second-person singular)
kauwt (active indicative second-person singular)
kuwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kau (active indicative singular third-person)
kauw (active indicative singular third-person)
kuwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kuwū (active dual first-person indicative)
kuwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kuwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kuwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kuwum (active first-person indicative plural)
kuwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kuwud (active indicative plural second-person)
kuwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kuwun (active indicative plural third-person)
kuwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kewwandz (active participle present)
kuwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *keuwan
Old English: ċēowan
Middle English: chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn (Ormulum)
English: chew
→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae
Scots: chow, chaw
Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja
West Frisian: kôgje, kôchje, koaie
Saterland Frisian: kauje
Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan
Middle Low German: keuwen, kuwen
Low German: käwwen
Old Dutch: *kiuwan
Middle Dutch: kewen, ceuwen, cuwen
Old High German: kiuwan
Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen
Alemannic German: chüüwe
Bavarian: kuin
Cimbrian: khòjan
German: kauen
Hunsrik: kaue
Pennsylvania German: kaue

Old Norse: tyggja, tyggva (< *kjuwwa; t- maybe from synonym tǫgla or from dissimilation)

Icelandic: tyggja

Faroese: tyggja

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: tygge

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: tygga, tygge, tyggja, tyggje

Old Swedish: tiugga, tugga

Swedish: tugga

Danish: tygge

Dalian: tugga

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (compare Latin gingīva (“gums”), Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”), Polish żuć (“to chew”), Persian جویدن (javidan), Pashto [script needed] (žovạl, “to bite, gnaw”)).


fōr

fōr (nominative singular)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōr (accusative singular)
funiz (genitive singular)
funi (dative singular)
funē (instrumental singular)
fōr (nominative singular)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōr (accusative singular)
fuiniz (genitive singular)
fuini (dative singular)
fuinē (instrumental singular)
fōr (nominative singular)
fōr (singular vocative)
fōr (accusative singular)
funiniz (genitive singular)
funini (dative singular)
funinē (instrumental singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fuir
Old English: fȳr
Middle English: fyr, fier, vir, fer, fur
English: fire
→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)
Sranan Tongo: faya
Scots: fyre, feier
Yola: vire, vier
Old Frisian: fiūr, fiōr
Saterland Frisian: Fjúur
West Frisian: fjoer
Old Saxon: fiur
Middle Low German: vǖr
German Low German: Füür, Füer, Für
Plautdietsch: Fia
Old Dutch: fuïr
Middle Dutch: vuur
Dutch: vuur
Afrikaans: vuur
Javindo: vier
Jersey Dutch: vuer, vîr
Negerhollands: vuur, fi, vier
Skepi Creole Dutch: fir
Limburgish: vuur
West Flemish: vier
Zealandic: vier
Old High German: fuïr (early), fiur
Middle High German: viur, viwer, viuwer
Alemannic German: Füür
Alsatian: Fiir
Swabian: Feier, Fuiet, Fuur, Feiar
Walser: fir
Bavarian: Faia, Feia
Cimbrian: vôar, bôar, vaür
Mòcheno: vaier
Central Franconian: Füür, Feier, Fouer
Hunsrik: Feier, fayer
German: Feuer
East Central German:
Silesian East Central German: Feier
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: Faia
Pennsylvania German: Feier
Luxembourgish: Feier
Vilamovian: faojer
Yiddish: פֿײַער (fayer)

Old Norse: fúrr, fýr, fýrir, funi

Icelandic: fúrr, fúr, fýr, fýri, funi

Faroese: fýrur

Norn: foni

Norwegian Bokmål: fyr

Norwegian Nynorsk: fyr

Swedish: fyr

Old Danish: für

Danish: fyr

Gothic: 𐍆𐍉𐌽 (fōn)
→ Portuguese: fona

From Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥ ~ *ph₂wéns (“fire”).


bautaną

bautō (active first-person indicative singular)
bautaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bautai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bautizi (active indicative second-person singular)
bautaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baut (active imperative second-person singular)
bautazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bautaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bautidi (active indicative singular third-person)
bautai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bautadau (active imperative singular third-person)
bautadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bautaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bautōz (active dual first-person indicative)
bautaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bautadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bautaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bautadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bautamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bautaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bautandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bautaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bautid (active indicative plural second-person)
bautaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bautid (active imperative plural second-person)
bautandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bautaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bautandi (active indicative plural third-person)
bautain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bautandau (active imperative plural third-person)
bautandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bautaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bebaut (active first-person indicative singular)
bebautį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bebaust (active indicative second-person singular)
bebautīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bebaut (active indicative singular third-person)
bebautī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bebautū (active dual first-person indicative)
bebautīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bebautudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bebautīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bebautum (active first-person indicative plural)
bebautīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bebautud (active indicative plural second-person)
bebautīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bebautun (active indicative plural third-person)
bebautīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bautandz (active participle present)
bautanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *bautan
Old English: bēatan
Middle English: beten, beete, bet, bete, betyn, beytt, beaten (Early Middle English), byete (Kent)
English: beat
→ Pennsylvania German: biede
Scots: beat, beit
Old Frisian: *bāta (in derivatives)
Old Saxon: *bōtan
Middle Low German: bôten
German Low German: boten
⇒ Middle Low German: bȫtelen
Old Dutch: *bōtan
Middle Dutch: bôten
Dutch: boten, botten, butten
West Flemish: botn
Old High German: pōzan, bōzan, bōzzan
Middle High German: bōzen, butzen
German: boßen (dialectal); bossen, possen
⇒ German: bosseln
German: Butzen (noun) (dialectal)
⇒? German: butzen, putzen (verb)
⇒ Middle High German: bōzelen, bōzeln
German: boßeln
→ Middle Low German: bōsselen
German Low German: boßeln
⇒ Old High German: anabōz (“anvil”)
Middle High German: anebōz
Cimbrian: hanapus
German: Amboss
→? Vulgar Latin: *bottō (perhaps directly borrowed into Old French, and other Romance languages borrowed from it)
Old French: bouter
Anglo-Norman: boter, buter
→ Middle English: butten, bouten
English: butt
Middle French: bouter
French: bouter
Norman: bouter (Jèrriais), boutaïr (Guernésiais)
Sicilian: ammuttari (a + (i)n + *buttari)
Italian: bottare
Old Occitan: botar
Catalan: botar
Occitan: botar
West Iberian
Old Galician-Portuguese: botar
Galician: botar
Portuguese: botar
Spanish: botar
⇒? Late Latin: *botōnus, *bottonem (perhaps formed in Old French (bouter + -on), and other Romance languages borrowed from it)
Old French: boton
French: bouton
Norman: bouton
→ Middle English: botoun
English: button (see there for further descendants)
Scots: button
Yola: buththone, boththone
Italo-Dalmatian
Dalmatian: botaun
Italian: bottone
Sicilian: buttuni
Old Occitan: boton
Catalan: botó
Occitan: boton
Romansch: buttun, battung
Venetian: boton
West Iberian
Aragonese: botón
Asturian: botón
Old Galician-Portuguese:
Galician: botón
Portuguese: botão (see there for further descendants)
Spanish: botón (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bauta

Icelandic: bauta

Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*bautan)
→ Galician: botar
→ Portuguese: botar

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd- (“to beat, strike”). Cognate with Latin fūtō (“to argue”), Middle Irish búailid (“to beat, strike”), Albanian butë (“tender”).


sinnaz

sinnaz (nominative singular)
sinnōz (nominative plural)
sinnōs (nominative plural)
sinn (singular vocative)
sinnōz (plural vocative)
sinnōs (plural vocative)
sinną (accusative singular)
sinnanz (accusative plural)
sinnas (genitive singular)
sinnis (genitive singular)
sinnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sinnai (dative singular)
sinnamaz (dative plural)
sinnō (instrumental singular)
sinnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sinn
Old Frisian: sinn, sin
Saterland Frisian: Sin
West Frisian: sin
Old Saxon: *sinn
Middle Low German: sin
German Low German: Sinn
→ Danish: sind
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sinn
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: sinn
→ Old Swedish: sin
Swedish: sinne
Old Dutch: sin
Middle Dutch: sin
Dutch: zin
Afrikaans: sin
Negerhollands: sin
Limburgish: zin
Old High German: sin
Middle High German: sin
German: Sinn
Luxembourgish: Sënn
Yiddish: זין (zin)
→ Latin: *sennus, *sinnus (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sentnós, from *sent- (“to feel”).