knuttijaną

knuttijō (active first-person indicative singular)
knuttijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knuttijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
knuttīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
knuttijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knuttī (active imperative second-person singular)
knuttijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
knuttijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
knuttīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
knuttijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knuttijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
knuttijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
knuttijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
knuttijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
knuttijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knuttijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knuttijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knuttijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
knuttijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
knuttijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knuttijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
knuttijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
knuttīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
knuttijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knuttīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
knuttijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
knuttijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
knuttijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
knuttijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knuttijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
knuttijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
knuttijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
knuttidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
knuttidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
knuttidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
knuttidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
knuttidē (active indicative singular third-person)
knuttidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
knuttidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
knuttidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
knuttidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
knuttidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
knuttidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
knuttidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
knuttidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
knuttidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
knuttidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
knuttidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
knuttijandz (active participle present)
knuttidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *knuttijan
Old English: cnyttan, cnittan
Middle English: knytten, knutten, knetten, knitten
English: knit
Scots: knyt, knit
Old Saxon: *knuttian
Middle Low German: knütten
Low German: knütten
Old Dutch: *knutten
Middle Dutch: cnutten
Dutch: knutten (dialectal)

Old Norse: knytja, knyta

Icelandic: knýta, hnýta

Faroese: knýta

Norwegian Nynorsk: knyte, knyta

Norwegian Bokmål: knyte

Swedish: knyta

Danish: knytte

Norwegian Bokmål: knytte


skrītaną

skrītō (active first-person indicative singular)
skrītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skrītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skrītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
skrītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrīt (active imperative second-person singular)
skrītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skrītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skrītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
skrītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skrītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
skrītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skrītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skrītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
skrītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skrītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skrītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skrītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skrītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skrītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skrītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skrītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skrītid (active indicative plural second-person)
skrītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skrītid (active imperative plural second-person)
skrītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skrītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skrītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
skrītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
skrītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skrītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skrait (active first-person indicative singular)
skritį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skraist (active indicative second-person singular)
skritīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skrait (active indicative singular third-person)
skritī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skritū (active dual first-person indicative)
skritīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skritudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skritīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skritum (active first-person indicative plural)
skritīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skritud (active indicative plural second-person)
skritīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skritun (active indicative plural third-person)
skritīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skrītandz (active participle present)
skritanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skrītan

Old High German: *scrīzan

Middle High German: *schrīzen

Bavarian: schritzen

desc

Switzerland German: schreissen, schrissen

⇒ Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (disskreitan)

Most likely from the same source as *hrītaną, but with an s-mobile. Related to Middle Irish scrissid (“to cut”).


smeukaną

smeukō (active first-person indicative singular)
smeukaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smeukai (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiukizi (active indicative second-person singular)
smeukaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smeuk (active imperative second-person singular)
smeukazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smeukaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiukidi (active indicative singular third-person)
smeukai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smeukadau (active imperative singular third-person)
smeukadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smeukaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smeukōz (active dual first-person indicative)
smeukaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smeukadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smeukaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smeukadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smeukamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smeukaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smeukandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smeukaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiukid (active indicative plural second-person)
smeukaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiukid (active imperative plural second-person)
smeukandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smeukaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smeukandi (active indicative plural third-person)
smeukain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeukandau (active imperative plural third-person)
smeukandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smeukaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smauk (active first-person indicative singular)
smukį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smauht (active indicative second-person singular)
smukīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smauk (active indicative singular third-person)
smukī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smukū (active dual first-person indicative)
smukīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smukudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smukīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smukum (active first-person indicative plural)
smukīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smukud (active indicative plural second-person)
smukīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smukun (active indicative plural third-person)
smukīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smeukandz (active participle present)
smukanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *smeukan, *smūkan

desctree

Old English: smēocan
Middle English: smeken
Scots: smeke, smeek

Old Dutch: *smiekan, *smūkan

Middle Dutch: smieken, smuken

Dutch: smuiken

Old High German: *smiohhan, *smiochan

Middle High German: smiechen

German: smiehen (dialectal)

Bavarian: smiechen

From Proto-Indo-European *smewgʰ- cognate with Ancient Greek σμὐχω (smukhō, “to burn”) and Lithuanian smáugiu, smáugti (“to choke”). Kroonen assumes the verb was back-formed to the iterative *smukkōną - *smukōną which explains the 'k' instead of the expected 'g'.


kreustaną

kreustō (active first-person indicative singular)
kreustaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kreustai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kriustizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kreustaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kreust (active imperative second-person singular)
kreustazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kreustaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kriustidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kreustai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kreustadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kreustadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kreustaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kreustōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kreustaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kreustadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kreustaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kreustadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kreustamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kreustaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kreustandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kreustaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kriustid (active indicative plural second-person)
kreustaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kriustid (active imperative plural second-person)
kreustandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kreustaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kreustandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kreustain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreustandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kreustandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kreustaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraust (active first-person indicative singular)
krustį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kraust (active indicative second-person singular)
krustīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraust (active indicative singular third-person)
krustī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krustū (active dual first-person indicative)
krustīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krustudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krustīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krustum (active first-person indicative plural)
krustīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krustud (active indicative plural second-person)
krustīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krustun (active indicative plural third-person)
krustīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreustandz (active participle present)
krustanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *krustijan

→ Late Latin: *crusciō

Old French: croissir (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: *krjósta

Icelandic: kreista

Faroese: kroysta

Old Swedish: krýsta

Swedish: krysta

Gothic: 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan)

Possibly related to Latvian skraustêt (“to crackle”) and Proto-Slavic *xrustěti (“to crackle”).


hreudaną

hreudō (active first-person indicative singular)
hreudaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hreudai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hriudizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hreudaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hreud (active imperative second-person singular)
hreudazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hreudaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hriudidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hreudai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hreudadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hreudadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hreudaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hreudōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hreudaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hreudadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hreudaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hreudadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hreudamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hreudaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hreudandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hreudaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hriudid (active indicative plural second-person)
hreudaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hriudid (active imperative plural second-person)
hreudandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hreudaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hreudandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hreudain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hreudandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hreudandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hreudaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hraud (active first-person indicative singular)
hrudį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraust (active indicative second-person singular)
hrudīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraud (active indicative singular third-person)
hrudī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrudū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrudīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrududiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrudīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrudum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrudīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrudud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrudīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrudun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrudīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hreudandz (active participle present)
hrudanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hreudan

Old English: hrēodan

Old Norse: hrjóða (only attested in the past participle hroðinn)

According to Pokorny, from Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”) and cognate with Lithuanian kráuju, kráuti (“to put on top of each other”) and Proto-Slavic *krỳti (“to cover”).


greupaną

greupō (active first-person indicative singular)
greupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
greupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
griupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
greupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
greup (active imperative second-person singular)
greupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
greupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
griupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
greupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
greupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
greupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
greupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
greupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
greupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
greupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
greupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
greupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
greupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
greupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
greupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
greupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
griupid (active indicative plural second-person)
greupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
griupid (active imperative plural second-person)
greupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
greupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
greupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
greupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
greupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
greupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
graup (active first-person indicative singular)
grupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
grauft (active indicative second-person singular)
grupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
graup (active indicative singular third-person)
grupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
grupū (active dual first-person indicative)
grupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
grupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
grupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
grupum (active first-person indicative plural)
grupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
grupud (active indicative plural second-person)
grupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
grupun (active indicative plural third-person)
grupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
greupandz (active participle present)
grupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: *grjópa, *grúpa

Norwegian:

Nynorsk: grjupe, grupe

Elfdalian: griuopa

Swedish: grjopa

Gutnish: gröipa, grypa

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰreubʰ-, Kroonen assumes backformation from the iterative *gruppōną - *grubōną.


hreusaną

hreusō (active first-person indicative singular)
hreusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hreusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hriusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hreusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hreus (active imperative second-person singular)
hreusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hreusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hriusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hreusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hreusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hreusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hreusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hreusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hreusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hreusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hreusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hreusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hreusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hreusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hreusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hreusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hriusid (active indicative plural second-person)
hreusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hriusid (active imperative plural second-person)
hreusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hreusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hreusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hreusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hreusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hreusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hreusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hraus (active first-person indicative singular)
hruzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hraust (active indicative second-person singular)
hruzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hraus (active indicative singular third-person)
hruzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hruzū (active dual first-person indicative)
hruzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hruzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hruzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hruzum (active first-person indicative plural)
hruzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hruzud (active indicative plural second-person)
hruzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hruzun (active indicative plural third-person)
hruzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hreusandz (active participle present)
hruzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hreusan

Old English: hrēosan

Middle English: rēsen

Old High German: riosan

>? Old Norse: hrjósa

Icelandic: hrjósa

Norwegian:

Nynorsk: rjosa

Swedish: rysa

Likely related to *hreutaną, *hrūtaną (“to fall”).


fullnaną

fullnō (active first-person indicative singular)
fullnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fullnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullnō (active imperative second-person singular)
fullnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fullnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fullnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fullnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fullnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fullnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fullnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fullnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fullnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fullnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fullnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fullnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fullnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fullnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fullnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fullnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fullnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fullnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fullnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fullnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fullnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fullnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fullnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fullnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fullnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fullnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: fullna

Icelandic: fullna

Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌽𐌰𐌽 (fullnan)


lifnaną

lifnō (active first-person indicative singular)
lifnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lifnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
lifnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lifnō (active imperative second-person singular)
lifnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
lifnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lifnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
lifnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
lifnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lifnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lifnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lifnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lifnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lifnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lifnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
lifnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lifnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
lifnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
lifnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lifnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
lifnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
lifnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lifnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
lifnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lifnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
lifnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lifnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
lifnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lifnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lifnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lifnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
lifnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lifnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
lifnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lifnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
lifnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lifnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: lifna

Old Norse: lifna

Icelandic: lifna

Old Swedish: limna, lifna

Swedish: lemna (original spelling, now superseded), lämna

Old Danish: leffnæ

Danish: levne

→ Norwegian Bokmål: levne

Gothic: *𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*lifnan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aflifnan)


hailnaną

hailnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hailnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailnōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hailnais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailnō (active imperative second-person singular)
hailnōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hailnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailnōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hailnōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hailnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailnaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailnaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailnaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hailnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hailnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailnaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hailnaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailnaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hailnanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hailnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailnanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hailnōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hailnōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hailnōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hailnōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hailnōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hailnōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hailnōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hailnōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hailnōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hailnōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hailnōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hailnōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hailnōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hailnōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hailnōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hailnōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hailnandz (active participle present)

Old Norse: *hailna

Old Gutnish: hailna

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*hailnan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gahailnan)

From *hailaz (“whole, healthy”) + *-naną.


stuttijaną

stuttijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stuttijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stuttijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stuttīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stuttijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stuttī (active imperative second-person singular)
stuttijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stuttijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stuttīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stuttijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stuttijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stuttijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stuttijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stuttijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stuttijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stuttijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stuttijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stuttijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stuttijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stuttijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stuttijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stuttijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stuttīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stuttijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stuttīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stuttijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stuttijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stuttijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stuttijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stuttijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stuttijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stuttijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stuttidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stuttidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stuttidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stuttidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stuttidē (active indicative singular third-person)
stuttidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stuttidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stuttidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stuttidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stuttidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stuttidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stuttidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stuttidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stuttidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stuttidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stuttidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stuttijandz (active participle present)
stuttidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stuttijan
Old Saxon: *stuttian
Middle Low German: stütten
→ Norwegian: støtte
→ Swedish: stötta
→ Danish: støtte
Old Dutch: *stutten
Middle Dutch: stutten
Dutch: stutten
Afrikaans: stut
⇒ Old High German: untarstuzzen
Middle High German: understützen
Bavarian: stitzn, unterstitzn
German: stützen, unterstützen

From *stuþs (“support, prop, post”) + *-nō- (factitive) + *-janą.


freuþaną

freuþō (active first-person indicative singular)
freuþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
freuþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
friuþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
freuþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
freuþ (active imperative second-person singular)
freuþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
freuþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
friuþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
freuþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
freuþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
freuþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
freuþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
freuþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
freuþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
freuþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
freuþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
freuþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
freuþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
freuþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
freuþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
freuþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
friuþid (active indicative plural second-person)
freuþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
friuþid (active imperative plural second-person)
freuþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
freuþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
freuþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
freuþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freuþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
freuþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
freuþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frauþ (active first-person indicative singular)
fruþį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraust (active indicative second-person singular)
fruþīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frauþ (active indicative singular third-person)
fruþī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fruþū (active dual first-person indicative)
fruþīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fruþudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fruþīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fruþum (active first-person indicative plural)
fruþīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fruþud (active indicative plural second-person)
fruþīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fruþun (active indicative plural third-person)
fruþīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
freuþandz (active participle present)
fruþanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *freuþan

⇒ Old English: āfrēoþan

From Proto-Indo-European *prewtH- (“to splash”). Related to Sanskrit प्रोथति (próthati, “to snort”).


sneufaną

sneufō (active first-person indicative singular)
sneufaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sneufai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sniufizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sneufaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sneuf (active imperative second-person singular)
sneufazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sneufaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sniufidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sneufai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sneufadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sneufadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sneufaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sneufōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sneufaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sneufadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sneufaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sneufadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sneufamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sneufaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sneufandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sneufaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sniufid (active indicative plural second-person)
sneufaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sniufid (active imperative plural second-person)
sneufandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sneufaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sneufandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sneufain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sneufandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sneufandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sneufaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snauf (active first-person indicative singular)
snubį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snauft (active indicative second-person singular)
snubīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snauf (active indicative singular third-person)
snubī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snubū (active dual first-person indicative)
snubīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snubudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snubīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snubum (active first-person indicative plural)
snubīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snubud (active indicative plural second-person)
snubīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snubun (active indicative plural third-person)
snubīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sneufandz (active participle present)
snubanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sneufan, *snūfan

Old Saxon: *snūvan

Middle Low German: snūven

Low German: snuven

Old Dutch: *snūvan

Middle Dutch: snuven

Dutch: snuiven

Afrikaans: snuiwe

desc

Old High German: *snūfan, *sniofan, *snūban

Middle High German: snūfen, *sniefen, *snūben

German: schnaufen, schniefen, schnauben

Uncertain, possibly related to *snūtaz (“snout”) and *snūtijaną (“to blow one's nose”).


hrimpaną

hrimpō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrimpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrimpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrimpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrimpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrimp (active imperative second-person singular)
hrimpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrimpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrimpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrimpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrimpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrimpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrimpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrimpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrimpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrimpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrimpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrimpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrimpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrimpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrimpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrimpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrimpid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrimpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrimpid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrimpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrimpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrimpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrimpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrimpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrimpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrimpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hramp (active first-person indicative singular)
hrumpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hramft (active indicative second-person singular)
hrumpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hramp (active indicative singular third-person)
hrumpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrumpū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrumpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrumpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrumpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrumpum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrumpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrumpud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrumpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrumpun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrumpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrimpandz (active participle present)
hrumpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrimpan

Old English: hrimpan

Old Saxon: *hrimpan

Middle Low German: rimpen

Old Dutch: *rimpan

Middle Dutch: rimpen

⇒ Middle Dutch: rimpelen

Dutch: rimpelen

Afrikaans: rimpel

Old High German: rimpfan

Middle High German: rimpfen

Likely related to *krimpaną and *skrimpaną - *skrimbaną.


wurzô

Proto-West Germanic: *worʀō ~ *ūrzini

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *ūrʀahōn

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *worʀahanō

desctree

Old Norse: orri
Danish: urfugl
Faroese: orri
Icelandic: orri
Norwegian Bokmål: orre, orrfugl
Norwegian Nynorsk: orre, orrfugl
Swedish: orre
Elfdalian: uorre m, yrkne, ynn f

Uncertain; possibly from or related to Proto-Indo-European *wérsēn (“virile man; male animal”), or perhaps from a lost substrate.


wetmô

wetmô (nominative singular)
wetmaniz (nominative plural)
wetmô (singular vocative)
wetmaniz (plural vocative)
wetmanų (accusative singular)
wetmanunz (accusative plural)
witminiz (genitive singular)
wetmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
witmini (dative singular)
wetmammaz (dative plural)
witminē (instrumental singular)
wetmammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *weþmō
Old English: wituma, wetma, uuituma, weotoma, weotuma, weoþuma
Old Frisian: wetma, witma
Old Saxon: withumo
Middle Low German: wēdeme, widdem
Old Dutch: withemo
Middle Dutch: wedeme, wedem, weeme, weme
Dutch: weem
→ West Frisian: weme
Old High German: widamo, widomo, widemo
Middle High German: wideme, widem
German: Wittum

Burgundian: witimon

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wédh₂-mō ~ *h₁udh₂-m̥nés, from *h₁wed- (“dowry”) + *-mō.


fastijaną

fastijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fastijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fastijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fastīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fastijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fastī (active imperative second-person singular)
fastijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fastijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fastīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fastijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fastijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fastijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fastijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fastijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fastijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fastijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fastijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fastijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fastijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fastijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fastijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fastijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fastīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fastijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fastīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fastijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fastijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fastijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fastijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fastijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fastijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fastijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fastidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fastidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fastidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fastidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fastidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fastidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fastidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fastidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fastidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fastidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fastidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fastidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fastidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fastidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fastidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fastidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fastijandz (active participle present)
fastidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fastijan
Old English: fæstan
English: fast
Old Frisian: festa
Old Saxon: festian
Old Dutch: festen
Middle Dutch: vesten
Dutch: vesten
Old High German: festen

Old Norse: festa
Icelandic: festa
Faroese: festa
Norwegian Nynorsk: festa (“to fasten”)
Swedish: fästa
Danish: fæste
Norwegian Bokmål: feste (“to fasten, to copyhold”)
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: festa (“to copyhold”)


gawją

gawją (nominative singular)
gawjō (nominative plural)
gawją (singular vocative)
gawjō (plural vocative)
gawją (accusative singular)
gawjō (accusative plural)
gawjas (genitive singular)
gawis (genitive singular)
gawjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gawjai (dative singular)
gawjamaz (dative plural)
gawjō (instrumental singular)
gawjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gawi
Old English: -ġē
Old Frisian: gā
West Frisian: gea, goa
Old Saxon: gō, gā
Middle Low German: gō
German Low German: Gohe
Old Dutch: gō
Middle Dutch: gou, gau, gō (nom.sg.), gooy (gen.sg.)
Dutch: gouw
Old High German: gawi, gewi, gowi
Middle High German: göu, göuwe, gou, geu, gäw
German: Gau

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹 (gawi)

From earlier *gaawją (“riverlands, lakeside land”), from *ga- + *awjō (“land by a waterway”).


glitrōną

glitrō (active first-person indicative singular)
glitrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glitrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
glitrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
glitrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glitrō (active imperative second-person singular)
glitrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
glitrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
glitrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
glitrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
glitrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
glitrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
glitrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
glitrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
glitrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
glitrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
glitrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
glitrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
glitrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
glitrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
glitrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
glitrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
glitrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glitrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
glitrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
glitrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
glitrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
glitrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
glitrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
glitrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
glitrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
glitrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
glitrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
glitrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
glitrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
glitrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
glitrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
glitrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
glitrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
glitrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
glitrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
glitrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
glitrōndz (active participle present)
glitrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *glitrōn

Old High German: *glizarōn

Middle High German: glitzern

German: glitzern

Old Norse: glitra

Faroese: glitra

Icelandic: glitra

Norn: glitra

Norwegian: glitre

Swedish: glittra

→ Middle English: gliteren

English: glitter

Possibly from either unattested *glitiz + *-rōną, from *ǵʰlid-í-s, or *glitraz + *-ōną, from *ǵʰlid-ró-s, both from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleyd-, from *ǵʰley- (“to shine”).


sukkaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*sukkaz (a-stem)

sukkaz (nominative singular)
sukkōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
sukk (singular vocative)
sukkōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
sukką (accusative singular)
sukkanz (accusative plural)
sukkas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
sukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sukkai (dative singular)
sukkamaz (dative plural)
sukkō (instrumental singular)
sukkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sokk
Old English: socc, soc
Middle English: socke, sokke, sok
English: sock
Scots: sock
Old Frisian: sokka
Saterland Frisian: Sokke
West Frisian: sok
Old Saxon: sok
Plautdietsch: Sock
Old High German: soc, sok, soch
Middle High German: soc, socke
Alemannic German: Sock, Socke, Sockä, Socka
Central Franconian: Sock
German: Socke (see there for further descendants)
Vilamovian: zok

Old Norse: sokkr
Icelandic: sokkur
Faroese: sokkur
Norwegian Bokmål: sokk
Norwegian Nynorsk: sokk
Danish: sok
Swedish: socka

→ Proto-Finnic: *sukka (see there for further descendants)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

From Latin soccus, from Ancient Greek σύκχος (súkkhos, “a kind of shoe”), probably from Phrygian, Anatolian, or another substrate language from Asia Minor.


Ingumēraz

Ingumēraz (nominative singular)
Ingumērai (dative singular)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *Ingumār
Old High German: Ingomār
German: Ingemar
→ German: Ingomar (semi-learned)
→ Latin: Hincmārus, Inguiomērus
→ French: Hincmar, Incmar (semi-learned)
→? Galician: Angumil

Old Norse: Ingimarr
Icelandic: Ingmar, Ingimar
Faroese: Ingimar, Ingmar
Norwegian: Ingemar, Ingmar, Ingemor, Ingemår
Swedish: Ingemar
→ Estonian: Ingemar, Ingomar
→ Latin: Ingimarus, Ingemarus

Gothic: *Engumērs

→? Late Latin: Engomirus

Galician: Angumil

From *Inguz (“the Germanic god of fertility”) + *mēraz (“fame”).


kelkô

kelkô (nominative singular)
kelkaniz (nominative plural)
kelkô (singular vocative)
kelkaniz (plural vocative)
kelkanų (accusative singular)
kelkanunz (accusative plural)
kilkiniz (genitive singular)
kelkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kilkini (dative singular)
kelkammaz (dative plural)
kilkinē (instrumental singular)
kelkammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: kjalki

Faroese: kjálki

Icelandic: kjálki

Norwegian: kjelke

Elfdalian: tjåke

Old High German: kelah

Middle High German: kelch

Bavarian: Kelch, Kölch, Kööch

Derived from the same root as *kelaz (“throat”) and *kelǭ, with *-kô, a suffix used for body parts; compare Proto-Germanic *mankô (“mane”), *leuskô (“groin”).


ēbanþs

ēbanþs (nominative singular)
ēbanþiz (nominative plural)
ēbanþ (singular vocative)
ēbanþiz (plural vocative)
ēbanþų (accusative singular)
ēbanþunz (accusative plural)
ēbundiz (genitive singular)
ēbundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ēbundi (dative singular)
ēbundumaz (dative plural)
ēbundē (instrumental singular)
ēbundumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ābanþ
Old English: ǣfen, ēfen, ēfern
Middle English: even, evene, even, efen
English: even
Yola: e'en
Old Frisian: ēvend, āvend, āiond, iound, iond
North Frisian: In
Saterland Frisian: Äivend, Eeuwend, Eeuend (Skäddel)
West Frisian: jûn
Old Saxon: āvand
Middle Low German: âvent
German Low German: Avend
Paderbornisch: Owend
Old Dutch: avont
Middle Dutch: avont, avent
Dutch: avond
Afrikaans: aand
Berbice Creole Dutch: tafn
Jersey Dutch: âvond
Negerhollands: avond, navont
Limburgish: aovendj
Old High German: āband
Middle High German: ābent
Alemannic German: Obad, Obid
Swabian: Obad
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: aabend
Central Franconian: Oovend
Hunsrik: Ovend
Kölsch: Ovend
Luxembourgish: Owend
East Central German: Ohmd, Oomd
German: Abend
Rhine Franconian: Owed, Owend
Pennsylvania German: Owed
Vilamovian: ȫwyt
Yiddish: אָוונט (ovnt)
→ North Frisian: Oabend

Old Norse: aptann
Icelandic: aftann m
Faroese: aftan m
Norwegian Nynorsk: aftan m, eftan m; (dialectal) apta f, afta m, efta m
Old Swedish: afton, aftan, apton, aptan
Swedish: afton c
Old Danish: aftæn
Danish: aften c
Norwegian Bokmål: aften m

From Pre-Germanic *h₁ēpónts ~ *h₁pn̥tés, innovative nt-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.


nūaną

nūō (active first-person indicative singular)
nūaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nūai (first-person indicative passive singular)
nūizi (active indicative second-person singular)
nūaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nū (active imperative second-person singular)
nūazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
nūaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
nūidi (active indicative singular third-person)
nūai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nūadau (active imperative singular third-person)
nūadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
nūaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
nūōz (active dual first-person indicative)
nūaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nūadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nūaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nūadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
nūamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
nūaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nūandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
nūaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
nūid (active indicative plural second-person)
nūaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nūid (active imperative plural second-person)
nūandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
nūaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
nūandi (active indicative plural third-person)
nūain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nūandau (active imperative plural third-person)
nūandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
nūaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
nenū (active first-person indicative singular)
nenūį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
nenūt (active indicative second-person singular)
nenūīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
nenū (active indicative singular third-person)
nenūī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
nenūū (active dual first-person indicative)
nenūīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
nenūudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
nenūīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
nenūum (active first-person indicative plural)
nenūīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
nenūud (active indicative plural second-person)
nenūīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
nenūun (active indicative plural third-person)
nenūīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
nūandz (active participle present)
nūanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

>? Proto-West Germanic: *nūwan, *neuwan

>? Old High German: niuwan (possibly from *hnewwaną instead)

Old Norse: núa

Icelandic: núa

⇒ Old Norse: bnúa

⇒ Old Norse: gnúa

Gothic: *𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (*nauan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌰𐌽 (bnauan)

Possibly related to Latin nuō and Ancient Greek νεύω (neúō, “to nod, to wave”)


buranaz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *boran
Old English: boren
Old Saxon: boran
German Low German: boren

Old Norse: borinn
Icelandic: borinn
Faroese: borin
Norwegian Nynorsk: boren
Norwegian Bokmål: båren
Old Swedish: borin
Swedish: boren

desc

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 (baurans), 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌽𐍃 (gabaurans)

From the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-.


swammijaną

swammijō (active first-person indicative singular)
swammijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swammijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swammīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
swammijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swammī (active imperative second-person singular)
swammijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swammijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swammīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
swammijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swammijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
swammijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swammijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swammijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
swammijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swammijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swammijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swammijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swammijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swammijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swammijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swammijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swammīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
swammijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swammīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
swammijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swammijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swammijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
swammijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swammijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
swammijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swammijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swammidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
swammidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swammidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
swammidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swammidē (active indicative singular third-person)
swammidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swammidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
swammidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swammidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swammidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swammidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
swammidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swammidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
swammidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swammidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
swammidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swammijandz (active participle present)
swammidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *swammijan
Old English: *swemman
⇒ Old English: beswemman
Old Saxon: *swemmian
Middle Low German: swemmen
Old Dutch: *swemmen
Middle Dutch: swemmen
Dutch: zwemmen
Limburgish: zwömme
Old High German: *swemmen
Middle High German: swemmen
German: schwemmen


saikijaną

saikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
saikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
saikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
saikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saikī (active imperative second-person singular)
saikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
saikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
saikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
saikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
saikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
saikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
saikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
saikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
saikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
saikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
saikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
saikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
saikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
saikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
saikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
saikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
saikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
saikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
saikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
saikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
saikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
saikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
saikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
saikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
saikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
saikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
saikidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
saikidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
saikidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
saikidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
saikidē (active indicative singular third-person)
saikidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
saikidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
saikidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
saikidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
saikidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
saikidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
saikidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
saikidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
saikidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
saikidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
saikidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
saikijandz (active participle present)
saikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *saikijan
Old Saxon: *sēkian
Middle High German: sēken
Old Dutch: *seiken, *sēken
Middle Dutch: seiken, sêken
Dutch: zeiken
Old High German: seihhen
Middle High German: seichen
German: seichen

From *sīhwaną + *-janą, the root final -k- was adopted from the iterative verb *sikkōną.


hirmijaną

hirmijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hirmijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hirmijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hirmīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hirmijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hirmī (active imperative second-person singular)
hirmijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hirmijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hirmīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hirmijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hirmijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hirmijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hirmijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hirmijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hirmijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hirmijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hirmijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hirmijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hirmijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hirmijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hirmijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hirmijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hirmīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hirmijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hirmīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hirmijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hirmijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hirmijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hirmijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hirmijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hirmijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hirmijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hirmidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hirmidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hirmidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hirmidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hirmidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hirmidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hirmidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hirmidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hirmidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hirmidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hirmidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hirmidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hirmidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hirmidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hirmidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hirmidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hirmijandz (active participle present)
hirmidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hirmijan
Old Dutch: *hirmen
Middle Dutch: hermen
Old High German: hirmen
Middle High German: hirmen
Switzerland German: hirmen
⇒ Switzerland German: gehirmen

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱermH-ye, the ye-present of *ḱermH-. Cognate with Sanskrit श्राम्यति (śrāmyati, “to weary”).


tundijaną

tundijō (active first-person indicative singular)
tundijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tundijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tundīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tundijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tundī (active imperative second-person singular)
tundijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tundijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tundīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tundijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tundijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tundijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tundijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tundijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tundijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tundijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tundijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tundijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tundijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tundijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tundijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tundijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tundīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tundijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tundīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tundijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tundijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tundijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tundijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tundijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tundijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tundijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tundidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tundidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tundidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tundidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tundidē (active indicative singular third-person)
tundidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tundidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tundidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tundidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tundidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tundidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tundidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tundidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tundidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tundidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tundidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tundijandz (active participle present)
tundidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tundijan
Old High German: zunden
Middle High German: zünden
Bavarian: zindn
German: zünden

A zero-grade intensive verb related to *tinnaną (“to burn”) and *tandijaną (“to kindle”).


wrankijaną

wrankijō (active first-person indicative singular)
wrankijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrankijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wrankīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wrankijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrankī (active imperative second-person singular)
wrankijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wrankijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wrankīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wrankijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrankijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wrankijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wrankijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wrankijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wrankijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrankijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrankijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrankijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wrankijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wrankijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrankijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wrankijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wrankīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wrankijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrankīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wrankijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wrankijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wrankijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wrankijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrankijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wrankijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wrankijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wrankidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wrankidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wrankidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wrankidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wrankidē (active indicative singular third-person)
wrankidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wrankidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wrankidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wrankidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wrankidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wrankidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wrankidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wrankidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wrankidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wrankidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wrankidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wrankijandz (active participle present)
wrankidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *wrankijan
Old English: wrencan
Middle English: wrenchen, wrenche, wrynche, wrenk, wrenke (Northern)
English: wrench
Middle Scots: wrenk, wrink
>? Scots: renk
Old High German: *renken
Middle High German: renken
German: renken

Gothic: *𐍅𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wragkjan)

⇒ Catalan: ranquejar

⇒ Galician: ranquear

⇒ Spanish: renquear

Possibly the causative of *wrinkaną, or more likely *wringaną + *-janą, the root final -k- was adopted from the iterative verb *wrunkōną.


swaljaną

swaljō (active first-person indicative singular)
swaljaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaljai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swalisi (active indicative second-person singular)
swaljais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swali (active imperative second-person singular)
swaljasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swaljaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swaliþi (active indicative singular third-person)
swaljai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swaljaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
swaljaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swaljaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swaljōs (active dual first-person indicative)
swaljaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swaljaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swaljaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swaljaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swaljamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swaljaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swaljanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swaljainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swaliþ (active indicative plural second-person)
swaljaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swaliþ (active imperative plural second-person)
swaljanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swaljainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swaljanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
swaljain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swaljanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
swaljanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swaljainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swalidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
swalidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swalidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
swalidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swalidē (active indicative singular third-person)
swalidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swalidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
swalidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swalidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swalidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swalidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
swalidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swalidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
swalidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swalidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
swalidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swaljandz (active participle present)
swalidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swalljan
Old English: swellan
Old Saxon: *swellian
Middle Low German: swellen
Old High German: swellen


witandz

gem-decl-adj-table

*witandz (present participle)

witandz (masculine nominative singular)
witandiz (masculine nominative plural)
witandī (feminine nominative singular)
witandijôz (feminine nominative plural)
witand (neuter nominative singular)
witand (neuter nominative plural)
witandų (accusative masculine singular)
witandunz (accusative masculine plural)
witandijǭ (accusative feminine singular)
witandijōz (accusative feminine plural)
witand (accusative neuter singular)
witand (accusative neuter plural)
witandiz (genitive masculine singular)
witandǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
witandijōz (feminine genitive singular)
witandijǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
witandiz (genitive neuter singular)
witandǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
witandi (dative masculine singular)
witandumaz (dative masculine plural)
witandijōi (dative feminine singular)
witandijōmaz (dative feminine plural)
witandi (dative neuter singular)
witandumaz (dative neuter plural)
witandē (instrumental masculine singular)
witandumiz (instrumental masculine plural)
witandijō (feminine instrumental singular)
witandijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
witandē (instrumental neuter singular)
witandumiz (instrumental neuter plural)


stuntijaną

stuntijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stuntijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stuntijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stuntīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stuntijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stuntī (active imperative second-person singular)
stuntijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stuntijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stuntīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stuntijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stuntijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stuntijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stuntijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stuntijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stuntijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stuntijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stuntijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stuntijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stuntijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stuntijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stuntijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stuntijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stuntīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stuntijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stuntīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stuntijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stuntijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stuntijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stuntijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stuntijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stuntijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stuntijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stuntidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stuntidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stuntidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stuntidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stuntidē (active indicative singular third-person)
stuntidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stuntidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stuntidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stuntidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stuntidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stuntidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stuntidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stuntidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stuntidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stuntidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stuntidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stuntijandz (active participle present)
stuntidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *stuntijan
Old English: styntan
Middle English: stinten
English: stint, stent

Old Norse: stytta

Icelandic: stytta

From *stuntaz (“short, stunted”) + *-janą.


snarpijaną

snarpijō (active first-person indicative singular)
snarpijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarpijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snarpīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
snarpijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snarpī (active imperative second-person singular)
snarpijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snarpijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snarpīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
snarpijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snarpijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
snarpijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snarpijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snarpijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
snarpijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snarpijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snarpijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snarpijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snarpijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snarpijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snarpijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snarpijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snarpīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
snarpijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snarpīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
snarpijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snarpijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snarpijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
snarpijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snarpijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
snarpijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snarpijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snarpidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
snarpidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarpidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
snarpidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snarpidē (active indicative singular third-person)
snarpidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snarpidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
snarpidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snarpidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snarpidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snarpidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
snarpidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snarpidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
snarpidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snarpidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
snarpidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snarpijandz (active participle present)
snarpidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: snerpa

Icelandic: snerpa

Gothic: *𐍃𐌽𐌰𐍂𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*snarpjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐍃𐌽𐌰𐍂𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (atsnarpjan)

From *snarpaz (“rough, sharp”) + *-janą.


stalkungō

stalkungō (nominative singular)
stalkungôz (nominative plural)
stalkungō (singular vocative)
stalkungôz (plural vocative)
stalkungǭ (accusative singular)
stalkungōz (accusative plural)
stalkungōz (genitive singular)
stalkungǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stalkungōi (dative singular)
stalkungōmaz (dative plural)
stalkungō (instrumental singular)
stalkungōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stalkungu

Old English: stealcung, stalcung
Middle English: stalkyng, stalkynge
English: stalking
Scots: stalking


snōrijaną

snōrijō (active first-person indicative singular)
snōrijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snōrijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snōrīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
snōrijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snōrī (active imperative second-person singular)
snōrijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snōrijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snōrīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
snōrijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snōrijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
snōrijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snōrijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snōrijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
snōrijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snōrijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snōrijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snōrijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snōrijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snōrijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snōrijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snōrijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snōrīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
snōrijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snōrīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
snōrijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snōrijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snōrijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
snōrijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snōrijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
snōrijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snōrijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snōridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
snōridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snōridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
snōridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snōridē (active indicative singular third-person)
snōridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snōridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
snōridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snōridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snōridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snōridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
snōridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snōridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
snōridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snōridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
snōridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snōrijandz (active participle present)
snōridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *snōrijan
Old Saxon: *snōrian
Middle Low German: snȫren
Old Dutch: *snuoren
Middle Dutch: snoeren
Dutch: snoeren
Old High German: *snuoren
Middle High German: snüeren
German: schnüren

Old Norse: snǿra

Icelandic: snæra


bistalkōną

bistalkō (active first-person indicative singular)
bistalkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bistalkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
bistalkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bistalkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bistalkō (active imperative second-person singular)
bistalkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bistalkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bistalkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bistalkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bistalkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bistalkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bistalkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bistalkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bistalkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bistalkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bistalkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bistalkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bistalkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bistalkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bistalkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bistalkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bistalkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bistalkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bistalkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bistalkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bistalkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bistalkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bistalkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bistalkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bistalkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bistalkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bistalkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bistalkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bistalkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bistalkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bistalkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
bistalkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bistalkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bistalkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bistalkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bistalkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bistalkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bistalkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bistalkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bistalkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bistalkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bistalkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bistalkōndz (active participle present)
bistalkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *bestealcian

Middle English: bistalken?, bestalken?

English: bestalk?

Old Dutch: *bistalkon?

Middle Dutch: bestalken?

Dutch: bestalken


blautijaną

blautijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blautijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blautijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blautīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blautijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blautī (active imperative second-person singular)
blautijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blautijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blautīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blautijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blautijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blautijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blautijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blautijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blautijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blautijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blautijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blautijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blautijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blautijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blautijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blautijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blautīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blautijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blautīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blautijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blautijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blautijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blautijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blautijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blautijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blautijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blautidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blautidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blautidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blautidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blautidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blautidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blautidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blautidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blautidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blautidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blautidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blautidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blautidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blautidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blautidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blautidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blautijandz (active participle present)
blautidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *blautijan
Old Saxon: blōtian
Middle Low German: blȫten
Old Dutch: *blōten
Middle Dutch: blôten
Dutch: bloten
Old High German: blōzen
Middle High German: blözen
German: blößen

Old Norse: bleyta

Icelandic: bleyta

Swedish: blöta

From *blautaz (“naked, weak, soft”) + *-janą.


þwirilaz

gem-decl-noun-table

*þwirilaz (a-stem)

þwirilaz (nominative singular)
þwirilōz (nominative plural)
-ōs (nominative plural)
þwiril (singular vocative)
þwirilōz (plural vocative)
-ōs (plural vocative)
þwirilą (accusative singular)
þwirilanz (accusative plural)
þwirilas (genitive singular)
-is (genitive singular)
þwirilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þwirilai (dative singular)
þwirilamaz (dative plural)
þwirilō (instrumental singular)
þwirilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þwiril
Old English: þwirel
Old High German: thwiril, dwiril
Middle High German: twirel, twirl, quirel
German: Quirl
→ German Low German: Quirl

Old Norse: þyrill

Icelandic: þyrill

Faroese: tyril


skrakwą

skrakwą (nominative singular)
skrakwō (nominative plural)
skrakwą (singular vocative)
skrakwō (plural vocative)
skrakwą (accusative singular)
skrakwō (accusative plural)
skrakwas (genitive singular)
skrakwis (genitive singular)
skrakwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skrakwai (dative singular)
skrakwamaz (dative plural)
skrakwō (instrumental singular)
skrakwamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: skrǫk

Icelandic: skrök

Norwegian: skrok

Swedish: skrock

a lie, fabrication, boast, exaggeration.


spahōną

spahō (active first-person indicative singular)
spahǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spahōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
spahōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
spahōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spahō (active imperative second-person singular)
spahōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
spahōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
spahōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
spahō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spahōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
spahōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
spahōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
spahōs (active dual first-person indicative)
spahōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spahōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spahōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spahōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
spahōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
spahōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spahōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
spahōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
spahōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
spahōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spahōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
spahōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
spahōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
spahōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
spahōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spahōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
spahōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
spahōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
spahōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
spahōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
spahōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
spahōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
spahōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
spahōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
spahōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
spahōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
spahōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
spahōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
spahōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
spahōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
spahōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
spahōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
spahōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
spahōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
spahōndz (active participle present)
spahōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: spá
Icelandic: spá
Faroese: spáa
Norwegian Nynorsk: spå
Old Swedish: spā
Swedish: spå
Old Danish: spaa
Danish: spå
→ Northern Middle English: spā
Scots: spae, spay
→ English: spae

From Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to see, to look, to observe”). Equivalent to *spahō (“a looking, peering, prophesy”) + *-ōną.


snaisijaną

snaisijō (active first-person indicative singular)
snaisijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaisijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snaisīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
snaisijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaisī (active imperative second-person singular)
snaisijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snaisijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snaisīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
snaisijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snaisijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
snaisijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snaisijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snaisijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
snaisijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snaisijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snaisijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snaisijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snaisijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snaisijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snaisijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snaisijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snaisīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
snaisijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snaisīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
snaisijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snaisijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snaisijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
snaisijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snaisijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
snaisijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snaisijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snaisidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
snaisidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snaisidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
snaisidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snaisidē (active indicative singular third-person)
snaisidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snaisidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
snaisidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snaisidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snaisidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snaisidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
snaisidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snaisidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
snaisidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snaisidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
snaisidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snaisijandz (active participle present)
snaisidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *snaisijan
Old English: snǣsan
Old High German: *sneisen
Middle High German: sneisen

Old Norse: sneisa

Icelandic: sneisa


aldijǫ̂ barnō

Proto-West Germanic: *aldijō barnu

Old English: ielda bearn, yldo bearn

Old Saxon: eldibarn

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: alda bǫrn

From *aldijǫ̂ + *barnō, i.e. “children of men”. The phrase may well have originated in a later Germanic language and spread to the others through diffusion during late antiquity or the early Middle Ages, meaning the term need not necessarily have existed in Proto-Germanic.


plōgijaną

plōgijō (active first-person indicative singular)
plōgijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
plōgijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
plōgīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
plōgijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
plōgī (active imperative second-person singular)
plōgijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
plōgijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
plōgīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
plōgijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
plōgijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
plōgijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
plōgijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
plōgijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
plōgijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
plōgijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
plōgijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
plōgijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
plōgijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
plōgijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
plōgijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
plōgijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
plōgīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
plōgijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
plōgīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
plōgijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
plōgijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
plōgijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
plōgijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
plōgijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
plōgijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
plōgijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
plōgidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
plōgidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
plōgidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
plōgidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
plōgidē (active indicative singular third-person)
plōgidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
plōgidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
plōgidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
plōgidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
plōgidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
plōgidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
plōgidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
plōgidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
plōgidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
plōgidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
plōgidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
plōgijandz (active participle present)
plōgidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *plōgijan
Old Saxon: *plōgian
Middle Low German: plȫgen
Old Dutch: *pluogen
Middle Dutch: ploegen
Dutch: ploegen
Limburgish: plógke
Old High German: *pfluogen
Middle High German: pflügen
German: pflügen
Rhine Franconian: pluge, pluje

Old Norse: plǿgja, plœgja

Icelandic: plægja

Faroese: pløga

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: pløye

Norwegian Nynorsk: pløye

Swedish: plöja

Danish: pløje