ermunaz

*ermunaz (a-stem)

ermunaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
ermunai (masculine nominative plural strong)
ermunō (feminine nominative singular strong)
ermunôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
ermuną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
ermunō (neuter nominative plural strong)
ermunanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
ermunanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
ermunǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
ermunōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
ermuną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
ermunō (accusative neuter plural strong)
ermunas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
ermunaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
ermunaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
ermunaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
ermunas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
ermunaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
ermunammai (dative masculine singular strong)
ermunaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
ermunaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
ermunaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
ermunammai (dative neuter singular strong)
ermunaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
ermunanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
ermunaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
ermunaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
ermunaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
ermunanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
ermunaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
ermunô (masculine nominative singular weak)
ermunaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
ermunǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
ermunōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
ermunô (neuter nominative singular weak)
ermunōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
ermunanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
ermunanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
ermunōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
ermunōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
ermunô (accusative neuter singular weak)
ermunōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ermuniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
ermunanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
ermunōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
ermunōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ermuniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
ermunanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
ermunini (dative masculine singular weak)
ermunammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
ermunōni (dative feminine singular weak)
ermunōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
ermunini (dative neuter singular weak)
ermunammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ermuninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
ermunammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
ermunōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
ermunōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ermuninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
ermunammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *ermun, *ermun-, *irmin-

Old English: eormen-, eorman-

Middle English: ȝeorma-leaf, yeormen-leaf

English: Ermintrude, Irma/Emma (only in some names)

Old Saxon: irmin-

Old High German: irmin-

>? East Central German: Emmis (Erzgebirgisch)

Old Norse: Jǫrmunr, jǫrmun-

Icelandic: jörmun-

→? Latin: Arminius (see there for descendants)

Unknown. Compare Ancient Greek ὄρμενος (órmenos, “rushing forward, shoot”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir, spring”).


raþą

raþą (nominative singular)
raþō (nominative plural)
raþą (singular vocative)
raþō (plural vocative)
raþą (accusative singular)
raþō (accusative plural)
raþas (genitive singular)
raþis (genitive singular)
raþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raþai (dative singular)
raþamaz (dative plural)
raþō (instrumental singular)
raþamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raþ

Old Frisian: reth

West Frisian: rêd

Old Saxon: rath

Middle Low German: rat

Plautdietsch: Raut

→ Swedish: ratt

→ Finnish: ratti

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ratt

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ratt

→ Danish: rat

→ Elfdalian: ratt

Old Dutch: *rath

Middle Dutch: rat, rad

Dutch: rad

Limburgish: raad

Old High German: rad

Middle High German: rat

German: Rad

→ Esperanto: rado

Hunsrik: Raat

Luxembourgish: Rad

Yiddish: ראָד (rod)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hreth₂- (“to roll”).


parrukaz

parrukaz (nominative singular)
parrukōz (nominative plural)
parrukōs (nominative plural)
parruk (singular vocative)
parrukōz (plural vocative)
parrukōs (plural vocative)
parruką (accusative singular)
parrukanz (accusative plural)
parrukas (genitive singular)
parrukis (genitive singular)
parrukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
parrukai (dative singular)
parrukamaz (dative plural)
parrukō (instrumental singular)
parrukamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *parruk, *parrik
Old English: pearroc, pearruc
Middle English: parrok, parrock
Scots: parrock, paddock
English: parrock, paddock
Old Saxon: *parrak, *perrik
Middle Low German: park, perk
German Low German: Park
→ Old Norse: *parrak (alternatively from Old English)
Icelandic: *parrak
⇒ Icelandic: parraka
⇒ Faroese: parrak (adj)
Old Dutch: *parrik, parc, (in placenames) park, perk
Middle Dutch: parric, perric, paerc, perc, parc (influenced by Old French parc)
Dutch: park
Afrikaans: park
→ German: Park (partially)
→ Lower Sorbian: park
→ West Frisian: park
Dutch: perk
Afrikaans: perk
Old High German: pfarrih, pferrih
Middle High German: pferrich, pherrich
Alemannic German: Färrich
German: Pferch
→? Medieval Latin: parricus (see there for further descendants)


bankô

bankô (nominative singular)
bankaniz (nominative plural)
bankô (singular vocative)
bankaniz (plural vocative)
bankanų (accusative singular)
bankanunz (accusative plural)
bankiniz (genitive singular)
bankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bankini (dative singular)
bankammaz (dative plural)
bankinē (instrumental singular)
bankammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: banca (as in hōbanca)

Middle English: banke

Scots: bank

English: bank

Old Norse: bakki, *banki — Old East Norse
Icelandic: bakki
Faroese: bakki
Norwegian Nynorsk: bakke; (dialectal) bakki, bakka, bakk
Old Swedish: bakke (banke in the toponym Bankekind)
Swedish: backe, bank
Old Danish: bakkæ
Danish: bakke, banke
Norwegian Bokmål: bakke, banke
→ Greenlandic: bakki
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: banke

Related to *bankiz (“slope, hill, shelf”).


raumaz

raumaz (nominative singular)
raumōz (nominative plural)
raumōs (nominative plural)
raum (singular vocative)
raumōz (plural vocative)
raumōs (plural vocative)
raumą (accusative singular)
raumanz (accusative plural)
raumas (genitive singular)
raumis (genitive singular)
raumǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raumai (dative singular)
raumamaz (dative plural)
raumō (instrumental singular)
raumamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raum

Old English: rēam

Middle English: reme, rem

Scots: reme, reim

English: ream

Yola: reem, rhyme

Old Frisian: *rām

Saterland Frisian: Room

West Frisian: rjemme

Old Saxon: rōm

Middle Low German: rôm, rôme, rame

German Low German: Rohm

Old Dutch: *rōm

Middle Dutch: room, rôme

Dutch: room

Afrikaans: room

Old High German: roum

Middle High German: roum

Alemannic German: Rum

German: Raum, Rahm

Hunsrik: Raam

Luxembourgish: Ram

Volga German: Raum

Old Norse: rjúmi

Faroese: rómi

Icelandic: rjómi

Norwegian Nynorsk: rjome

Swedish: råm, römme (dialectal)

Old Danish: rymæ

Danish: rømme

Norwegian Bokmål: rømme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rømme

From Proto-Indo-European *réwgʰmn̥ (“cream”), from Proto-Indo-European *rew-, *rewe-, *rū- (“to scratch, dig, scrape, take off, skim”). Possible cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwgʰnas, whence Proto-Iranian *ráwgnah.


laidō

laidō (nominative singular)
laidôz (nominative plural)
laidō (singular vocative)
laidôz (plural vocative)
laidǭ (accusative singular)
laidōz (accusative plural)
laidōz (genitive singular)
laidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
laidōi (dative singular)
laidōmaz (dative plural)
laidō (instrumental singular)
laidōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lād, ġelād

Middle English: lad, lode, loode

Scots: laid, lade

English: lode, load

Old Frisian: lāde, lēde

Old Saxon: lēda

Middle Low German: leide

→ Norwegian: leide

→ Old Swedish: leidh

Swedish: lejd

Old Dutch: *lēda, *leida

Middle Dutch: leide

Dutch: lei

Old High German: leida

Middle High German: leite, geleite

German: Leite, Geleite

Old Norse: leið
Icelandic: leið
Faroese: leið
Norwegian Nynorsk: leid, lei
Norwegian Bokmål: lei
Old Swedish: lēþ
Swedish: led
Danish: led
Norwegian Bokmål: led

→ Proto-Finnic: *laidun, *laita (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *lājδō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to go, go forth, die”), perhaps an extension of the root *ley- (“to be slippery, glide, streak”).


lauþrą

lauþrą (nominative singular)
lauþrō (nominative plural)
lauþrą (singular vocative)
lauþrō (plural vocative)
lauþrą (accusative singular)
lauþrō (accusative plural)
lauþras (genitive singular)
lauþris (genitive singular)
lauþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lauþrai (dative singular)
lauþramaz (dative plural)
lauþrō (instrumental singular)
lauþramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *lauþr

Old English: lēaþor

Middle English: lather

Scots: lather

English: lather

Old Saxon: lōthar

Old High German: *lōdar

⇒ Old High German: skiflōdar

Old Norse: lauðr

Icelandic: lauður, löður

Norwegian Nynorsk: laur

Swedish: lödder

Smalandian: lår

desc

Gutnish: ludur, luddur, luddar, lau, lavv

/ˈlɑu̯.θrɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *lówh₃trom (“that which is used for washing”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewh₃- (“to wash, bathe”). Equivalent to unattested *leuþaną + *-þrą. Cognate with Ancient Greek λουτρόν (loutrón, “a bath, wash-room”), Old Irish lóathar (“wash-basin”).


hlahtraz

hlahtraz (nominative singular)
hlahtrōz (nominative plural)
hlahtrōs (nominative plural)
hlahtr (singular vocative)
hlahtrōz (plural vocative)
hlahtrōs (plural vocative)
hlahtrą (accusative singular)
hlahtranz (accusative plural)
hlahtras (genitive singular)
hlahtris (genitive singular)
hlahtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hlahtrai (dative singular)
hlahtramaz (dative plural)
hlahtrō (instrumental singular)
hlahtramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlahtr
Old English: hleahtor
Middle English: laughter, laghter, laȝter
Scots: lachter, lauchter
English: laughter
Old Saxon: *hlahtar
Middle Low German: lachter
Old High German: lahtar, hlahtar
Middle High German: lahter, gelehter
German: Gelächter

Old Norse: hlátr
Icelandic: hlátur
Faroese: látur
Norwegian Nynorsk: lått
→ Norwegian Bokmål: lått
Old Swedish: lāter
Danish: latter
Norwegian Bokmål: latter
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: latter
Gutnish: latter
Scanian: latter


mīþaną

mīþō (active first-person indicative singular)
mīþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
mīþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
mīþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
mīþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
mīþ (active imperative second-person singular)
mīþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
mīþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
mīþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
mīþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
mīþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
mīþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
mīþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
mīþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
mīþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
mīþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
mīþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
mīþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
mīþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
mīþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
mīþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
mīþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
mīþid (active indicative plural second-person)
mīþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
mīþid (active imperative plural second-person)
mīþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
mīþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
mīþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
mīþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
mīþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
mīþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
maiþ (active first-person indicative singular)
midį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
maist (active indicative second-person singular)
midīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
maiþ (active indicative singular third-person)
midī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
midū (active dual first-person indicative)
midīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
midudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
midīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
midum (active first-person indicative plural)
midīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
midud (active indicative plural second-person)
midīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
midun (active indicative plural third-person)
midīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
mīþandz (active participle present)
midanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *mīþan
Old English: mīþan
Middle English: mithen
Old Frisian: mītha (in combination)
Saterland Frisian: miede
West Frisian: mije
Old Saxon: mīthan
Middle Low German: mīden
Old Dutch: mīthan
Middle Dutch: miden
Dutch: mijden
Limburgish: mieje
Old High German: mīdan
Middle High German: mīden
German: meiden
Luxembourgish: meiden

From Proto-Indo-European *meytH- (“to change, switch”).


skurtaz

*skurtaz (a-stem)

skurtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skurtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skurtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
skurtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skurtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skurtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skurtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skurtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skurtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skurtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skurtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skurtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skurtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
skurtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skurtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skurtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skurtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
skurtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skurtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skurtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skurtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skurtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skurtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skurtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skurtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skurtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skurtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skurtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skurtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skurtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skurtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skurtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skurtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skurtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skurtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skurtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skurtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skurtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skurtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skurtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skurtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skurtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skurtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skurtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skurtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skurtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skurtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skurtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skurtini (dative masculine singular weak)
skurtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skurtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skurtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skurtini (dative neuter singular weak)
skurtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skurtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skurtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skurtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skurtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skurtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skurtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skurt
Old English: sċort, sċeort
Middle English: schort
English: short
→ French: short
→ Vietnamese: soóc
Scots: schort, short
Old Frisian: *skort
Old High German: scurt, scurz
Middle High German: schurz
⇒ German: Schurz (nominalized)

⇒ Old Norse: skortr (nominalized)

Icelandic: skortur

Faroese: skortur

Norwegian Nynorsk: skort

Norwegian Bokmål: skort

→ Danish: skort (borrowed through Norwegian)

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerd-, *(s)kert- (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Cognate with Latin curtus (“shortened, incomplete”), Proto-Slavic *kortъkъ (“short”).


hrugjaz

hrugjaz (nominative singular)
hrugjōz (nominative plural)
hrugjōs (nominative plural)
hrugi (singular vocative)
hrugjōz (plural vocative)
hrugjōs (plural vocative)
hrugją (accusative singular)
hrugjanz (accusative plural)
hrugjas (genitive singular)
hrugis (genitive singular)
hrugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrugjai (dative singular)
hrugjamaz (dative plural)
hrugjō (instrumental singular)
hrugjamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrugi
Old English: hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg
Middle English: rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge
Scots: rig
English: ridge, rig (Northern)
Old Frisian: *hregg, hreg
North Frisian: reg
Saterland Frisian: Rääch
West Frisian: rêch
Old Saxon: hruggi
Middle Low German: rügge
German Low German: Rügge, Rügg
Plautdietsch: Rigjen
Old Dutch: ruggi
Middle Dutch: rugge
Dutch: rug
Afrikaans: rug
Jersey Dutch: rœx
Negerhollands: rugge, rigi, rege
Limburgish: rögk
West Flemish: rik, rugge
Old High German: rucki, ruggi, hruggi
Middle High German: rücke

Old Norse: hryggr
Icelandic: hryggur
Faroese: ryggur
Norn: rygg
Norwegian: rygg
Jamtish: rygg
Elfdalian: rygg
Old Swedish: rygger
Swedish: rygg
Old Danish: ryg
Danish: ryg
Gutnish: rygg

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewk- (“to turn, bend”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


lubō

lubō (nominative singular)
lubôz (nominative plural)
lubō (singular vocative)
lubôz (plural vocative)
lubǭ (accusative singular)
lubōz (accusative plural)
lubōz (genitive singular)
lubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lubōi (dative singular)
lubōmaz (dative plural)
lubō (instrumental singular)
lubōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lubu
Old English: lufu, lufe
Middle English: love
English: love
Scots: luve, lufe
Yola: loove
Old Frisian: luve
Old Saxon: luva
⇒ Old Saxon: luvig, lubig (“willing”)
Old High German: luba

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 (*lubō)

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐍂𐌿𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 (brōþrulubō, “brotherly love”)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love, care for, desire”).


lubją

lubją (nominative singular)
lubjō (nominative plural)
lubją (singular vocative)
lubjō (plural vocative)
lubją (accusative singular)
lubjō (accusative plural)
lubjas (genitive singular)
lubis (genitive singular)
lubjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lubjai (dative singular)
lubjamaz (dative plural)
lubjō (instrumental singular)
lubjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lubi
Old English: lybb, lyb
Middle English: libbe
Scots: lib
English: lib
Old Saxon: *lubbi
Middle Low German: lubbe
⇒ German Low German: Lübbstick
Old Dutch: *lubbi
Middle Dutch: libbe, lebbe
Old High German: lubbi, *lub, lupi, luppi
Middle High German: luppe, lüppe
German: Luppe, Lüppe

Old Norse: lyf

Icelandic: lyf

Norwegian: lyv (dialectal), lyv (> lyvja)

Swedish: luf (> lyva)

Old Danish: løv

Elfdalian: lyv, löve

Helsingian: levjer f pl

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌹 (*lubi) (> 𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (lubjaleis), 𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹 (lubjaleisei))

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ-, *lewb- (“to peel, break, damage”), from Proto-Indo-European *lew- (“to cut, remove, prune, separate”). Sense of love potion influenced by similar forms from unrelated *lubō (“love”). Cognate with Irish luibh (“herb”).


gellaną

gellō (active first-person indicative singular)
gellaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gellai (first-person indicative passive singular)
gillizi (active indicative second-person singular)
gellaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gell (active imperative second-person singular)
gellazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gellaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gillidi (active indicative singular third-person)
gellai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gelladau (active imperative singular third-person)
gelladai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gellaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gellōz (active dual first-person indicative)
gellaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gelladiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gellaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gelladiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gellamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gellaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gellandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gellaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gillid (active indicative plural second-person)
gellaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gillid (active imperative plural second-person)
gellandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gellaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gellandi (active indicative plural third-person)
gellain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gellandau (active imperative plural third-person)
gellandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gellaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gall (active first-person indicative singular)
gullį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gallt (active indicative second-person singular)
gullīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gall (active indicative singular third-person)
gullī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gullū (active dual first-person indicative)
gullīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gulludiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gullīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gullum (active first-person indicative plural)
gullīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gullud (active indicative plural second-person)
gullīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gullun (active indicative plural third-person)
gullīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gellandz (active participle present)
gullanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ġiellan

Middle English: yellen

English: yell

Old Saxon: *gellan

Middle Low German: gellen

German Low German: gielen

Old Dutch: *gellan

Middle Dutch: gellen

Dutch: gillen

Afrikaans: gil

Old High German: gellan

Middle High German: gellen

German: gellen

Old Norse: gella, gjalla

Old Danish: gællæ, *giallæ

Danish: gjalde

Faroese: gjalla

Icelandic: gella, gjalla

Norwegian Bokmål: gjalle

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjalla, gjella

Old Swedish: gælla

Swedish: gälla, (verbal noun) gäll

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to shout”), possibly with contamination from a marginally attested iterative *gullōną, although Kroonen suggests the strong verb was back-formed to the iterative.


haitaz

*haitaz (a-stem)

haitaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haitai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haitō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haitôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haitą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haitō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haitanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haitanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haitǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haitōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haitą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haitō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haitas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haitaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haitaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haitaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haitas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haitaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haitammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haitaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haitaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haitaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haitammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haitaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haitanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haitaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haitaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haitaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haitanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haitaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haitô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haitaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haitǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haitōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haitô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haitōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haitanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haitanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haitōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haitōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haitô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haitōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haitiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haitanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haitōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haitōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haitiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haitanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haitini (dative masculine singular weak)
haitammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haitōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haitōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haitini (dative neuter singular weak)
haitammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haitinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haitammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haitōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haitōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haitinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haitammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hait
Old English: hāt
Middle English: hot, hote, hoot, hoote, hoth, whote, hate, hatte (northern)
English: hot
Geordie English: het
Scots: hat, hait, hate
Yola: hoat, hote, hoate
Old Frisian: hēt
North Frisian: hiet
Saterland Frisian: heet
West Frisian: hjit, hyt
Old Saxon: hēt
Middle Low German: hêt
German Low German: heet
Low German: heet, hitt
Old Dutch: heit, *hēt
Middle Dutch: heet
Dutch: heet
Berbice Creole Dutch: hete
Jersey Dutch: heît
Negerhollands: heet
Old High German: heiz
Middle High German: heiz
Bavarian: hoaß
Central Franconian: heeß, hääß, heiß
East Central German: heeß
German: heiß, heiss
Hunsrik: heis
Yiddish: הייס (heys)

Old Norse: heitr
Icelandic: heitur
Faroese: heitur
Norwegian Nynorsk: heit
→ Norwegian Bokmål: heit
Old Swedish: hēter
Swedish: het
Danish: hed
Norwegian Bokmål: het

From Proto-Indo-European *keHid-o-s, from *keHy- (“to be hot”).


diupiþō

diupiþō (nominative singular)
diupiþôz (nominative plural)
diupiþō (singular vocative)
diupiþôz (plural vocative)
diupiþǭ (accusative singular)
diupiþōz (accusative plural)
diupiþōz (genitive singular)
diupiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
diupiþōi (dative singular)
diupiþōmaz (dative plural)
diupiþō (instrumental singular)
diupiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *diupiþu
Old English: *dīepþ, *dīepþu
Middle English: depthe
Scots: deepth
English: depth
Old Frisian: *diūpithe, *diūpthe, *diāpthe
Saterland Frisian: Djüpte, Jüpte, Joopte, Japte
West Frisian: djipte
Old Saxon: diupitha
Middle Low German: dêpede
Low German: Deepde, Düüpde, Deepd
Old Dutch: diopitha
Middle Dutch: dipde, diepte
Dutch: diepte
Afrikaans: diepte
Old High German: *tiufida
Middle High German: tiufede, *diufede (Central German, attested as tiefte, tūfede, dūfde)
Luxembourgish: Déift

Old Norse: dýpð, dýpt

Icelandic: dýpt

Faroese: dýpd

Norn: djup

Norwegian Nynorsk: dypt, djupt (influenced by djup)

Swedish: djupen

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌹𐌸𐌰 (diupiþa)


alþį̄

alþį̄ (nominative singular)
alþīniz (nominative plural)
alþį̄ (singular vocative)
alþīniz (plural vocative)
alþīnų (accusative singular)
alþīnunz (accusative plural)
alþīniz (genitive singular)
alþīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alþīni (dative singular)
alþīmaz (dative plural)
alþīnē (instrumental singular)
alþīmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *aldī
Old English: ieldu, yldo
Middle English: elde
Scots: eild, eeld
English: eld
Old Frisian: elde
North Frisian: jelde
West Frisian: jeld
Old Saxon: eldī
Middle Low German: olde
Old Dutch: aldi, eldi
Middle Dutch: oude, elde
Dutch: oude
West Flemish: elde
Old High German: altī, eltī
Middle High German: elte
German: Älte (dialectal)

Old Norse: elli

Icelandic: elli

Faroese: elli

Old Swedish: ælle

Danish: ælde

→ Norwegian: elde, elda


senawō

senawō (nominative singular)
senawôz (nominative plural)
senawō (singular vocative)
senawôz (plural vocative)
senawǭ (accusative singular)
senawōz (accusative plural)
senawōz (genitive singular)
senawǫ̂ (genitive plural)
senawōi (dative singular)
senawōmaz (dative plural)
senawō (instrumental singular)
senawōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sinu
Old English: sinu, seno, senu, seono, seonu, sionu, synu
Middle English: synwe, senow, senewe, senowe, senue, senwe, synewe, synoghe, synow, synue, synuwe, synueu, senuwe, seonuwe, seonuwwe (Early Middle English), cynew, cynwe, sinewe, sinnu, syneou, synneu, synnew, synnou, synnow, zenewe (Late Middle English), syn (from Old Norse sin)
English: sinew
Scots: sinnon, sinnen, sennin, shinnon
Old Frisian: sine, sini, sin
North Frisian: sine
Saterland Frisian: Siene
West Frisian: sine, senuw
Old Saxon: senewa, sinewa
Middle Low German: senuwe, sēne, senne
Low German:
German Low German: Sehne, Sehn
Westphalian:
Münsterländer: Senne (Westmünsterländisch)
East Westphalian: Siene (Ravensberger)
Plautdietsch: Sän
Old Dutch: *sena, *senewa
Middle Dutch: sēnewe, sēnuw, sēne
Dutch: zenuw, zeen
Afrikaans: senuwee
Old High German: senawa, sena
Middle High German: sënewe
German: Sehne
→ Luxembourgish: Seen

Old Norse: sin, sina

Icelandic: sin

Faroese: sin, sina

Norn: sin

Norwegian: sene

Old Swedish: sina

Swedish: sena

Danish: sene

Gutnish: sine

From Proto-Indo-European *snḗh₁wr̥ (“sinew, tendon”).


fulmō

fulmō (nominative singular)
fulmôz (nominative plural)
fulmō (singular vocative)
fulmôz (plural vocative)
fulmǭ (accusative singular)
fulmōz (accusative plural)
fulmōz (genitive singular)
fulmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fulmōi (dative singular)
fulmōmaz (dative plural)
fulmō (instrumental singular)
fulmōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *folmu
Old English: folm, folme
Old Saxon: folm m (only attested as plural)
Old High German: folma

From Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂ (“palm of the hand”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”). Cognate with Latin palma (“palm”), Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā (“hand”), Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē, “palm of the hand”).


faludaz

faludaz (nominative singular)
faludōz (nominative plural)
faludōs (nominative plural)
falud (singular vocative)
faludōz (plural vocative)
faludōs (plural vocative)
faludą (accusative singular)
faludanz (accusative plural)
faludas (genitive singular)
faludis (genitive singular)
faludǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faludai (dative singular)
faludamaz (dative plural)
faludō (instrumental singular)
faludamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *falud
Old English: fald, falod, falud
Middle English: fald, fold, folde
Scots: fald, fauld
English: fold
→ Welsh: ffald
Old Saxon: faled, fald
Middle Low German: vālet, vālt, vōlt
→ Old Danish: fald
Danish: fold
→ Swedish: fålla
Old Dutch: *falod, faldo
Middle Dutch: vaelde, vaelt
Dutch: vaalt
Afrikaans: vaalt
→ Old French: falde, faude
Old High German: falt

Origin unknown. Perhaps related to Old Swedish fala (“a plain, heath”). Compare also Latin Palātium (“one of the seven hills of Rome”), Latin palātum (“vault, roof of the mouth, palate”).


felþuz

felþuz (nominative singular)
filþiwiz (nominative plural)
felþu (singular vocative)
filþiwiz (plural vocative)
felþų (accusative singular)
felþunz (accusative plural)
felþauz (genitive singular)
filþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
filþiwi (dative singular)
felþumaz (dative plural)
felþū (instrumental singular)
felþumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *felþu
Old English: feld
Middle English: feld, feeld
English: field
Scots: feld, feild
Old Frisian: feld n
North Frisian: fjild
Saterland Frisian: Fäild
West Frisian: fjild
Old Saxon: feld n
Middle Low German: velt
German Low German: Feld
Low German: feld
Plautdietsch: Felt
→ Danish: felt
→ Icelandic: felt
→ Norwegian: felt
→ Swedish: fält
Old Dutch: felt
Middle Dutch: velt
Dutch: veld
Afrikaans: veld
→ English: veld
Negerhollands: veld
→ Caribbean Javanese: fèlt
Old High German: feld n
Middle High German: vëlt
Alemannic German: Fald
Swabian: Fäld
Bavarian: Fejd
Cimbrian:
Mòcheno: vèlt
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Feld
Luxembourgish: Feld
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: fald
East Franconian:
German: Feld
Rhine Franconian: Fald, Feld, Fell
Frankfurterisch: [fɛlt]
Yiddish: פֿעלד (feld)

Old Norse: *fjalðr

Old Swedish: fialder m

→ Proto-Finnic: *pëlto (see there for further descendants)

Kroonen suggests Proto-Indo-European *pelth₂- (“field, plain”), though the normal form of this root is *pleth₂- (“flat”). LIN prefers to derive this from *pelh₂-, the schwebeablaut form of *pleh₂- (“flat”).


triwwiþō

triwwiþō (nominative singular)
triwwiþôz (nominative plural)
triwwiþō (singular vocative)
triwwiþôz (plural vocative)
triwwiþǭ (accusative singular)
triwwiþōz (accusative plural)
triwwiþōz (genitive singular)
triwwiþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
triwwiþōi (dative singular)
triwwiþōmaz (dative plural)
triwwiþō (instrumental singular)
triwwiþōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *triuwiþu

Old English: trīewþ, trēowþ

desc

Middle English: trouthe, treowthe, treuwethe, treouthe, trewthe, treuthe, trothe

Scots: trowth, treuth

English: troth, truth

⇒ Old English: ġetrēowþ

⇒ Old English: unġetrēowþ

⇒ Old English: untrēowþ

Middle English: untreuth

English: untruth

Old High German: *triuwida, *trūida

⇒ Old High German: gatriuwida, gitriuwida

Middle High German: getriuwede

⇒ Old High German: ungitriuwida

⇒ Old High German: missitriuwida

Middle High German: missetriuwede

⇒ Old High German: urtriuwida, urtrūida

⇒ Old High German: zurtriuwida

Proto-Norse: *ᛏᚱᛁᚢᚷᚹᛁᚦᚢ (*triugwiþu /triuggwiþu/)

Old Norse: tryggð, trygð

Icelandic: tryggð

Faroese: trygd

Norwegian Nynorsk: trygd; (dialectal) trøgd

→ Norwegian Bokmål: trygd (“social security”)

Old Swedish: trygþ

Swedish: trygd

Old Danish: trygd

q

Danish: trygd (reborrowed in modern times from Old Danish or another Nordic language)

Norwegian Bokmål: trygd


wanduz

wanduz (nominative singular)
wandiwiz (nominative plural)
wandu (singular vocative)
wandiwiz (plural vocative)
wandų (accusative singular)
wandunz (accusative plural)
wandauz (genitive singular)
wandiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wandiwi (dative singular)
wandumaz (dative plural)
wandū (instrumental singular)
wandumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wand, wond

desctree

Middle English: wont, wonte, wontt, woont
English: want (dialectal)
Scots: want

⇒ Old English: wandeweorpe

Old Saxon: *wand, *wanda

Middle Low German: *want, *wande

→ Norwegian: vånd, vond, moldvond (alternatively from Old English)

→ Swedish: vand, vann, vanne (dialectal) (alternatively from Old English)

⇒ Swedish: mullvann (dialectal)

⇒ Old Saxon: wandawerpa, wandwerpa

Middle Low German: windeworp, winneworp

German Low German: Windworp, Winneworp; Windwurm

Low German: wond, wonne (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, wind, braid”).


wanduz

Old Dutch: want

Middle Dutch: want

desctree

Dutch: wand
Afrikaans: wand
Negerhollands: wand

Limburgish: wandj

Old High German: want
Middle High German: want
Central Franconian: Wand, Wank (Ripuarian, now chiefly western dialects)
Cimbrian: bant
German: Wand
Hunsrik: Wand
Luxembourgish: Wand
Pennsylvania German: Wand
Vilamovian: waond
Yiddish: וואַנט (vant)

Old Norse: vǫndr, vöndr
Icelandic: vöndur
Norwegian: vånd
Old Swedish: vander
Old Danish: wand
Danish: vånd, vond, vand, vænd
→ Middle English: wond, wand
English: wand
Scots: wand

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 (wandus)

→ Proto-Samic: *vuontëk (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vandëh (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (“to turn, twist, weave, braid”). (same as in sense #1).


faimijō

faimijō (nominative singular)
faimijôz (nominative plural)
faimijō (singular vocative)
faimijôz (plural vocative)
faimijǭ (accusative singular)
faimijōz (accusative plural)
faimijōz (genitive singular)
faimijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faimijōi (dative singular)
faimijōmaz (dative plural)
faimijō (instrumental singular)
faimijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: fēmia, fēmea, fēhmia

Old Norse: feima

Icelandic: feima

From *faimô ~ *faim(i)niz (“girl, young woman”) + *-jō (femininizing suffix), variant of *faimnijǭ.


faimnijǭ

faimnijǭ (nominative singular)
faimnijōniz (nominative plural)
faimnijǭ (singular vocative)
faimnijōniz (plural vocative)
faimnijōnų (accusative singular)
faimnijōnunz (accusative plural)
faimnijōniz (genitive singular)
faimnijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
faimnijōni (dative singular)
faimnijōmaz (dative plural)
faimnijōnē (instrumental singular)
faimnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *faimnijā
Old English: fǣmne
Old Frisian: fāmne, fēmne, fomne, fonna, fovne, fone
North Frisian: faamen, fomen, foomen, faamel, fømel
→ Middle Low German: fâmele
Saterland Frisian: Fauene, Fauende
West Frisian: feem, faam, faamne
→ Middle English: fonne (possibly)
English: fun, fond
→ Middle Low German: *fonne, *fone
German Low German: Foon

From *faimô ~ *faim(i)niz (“girl, young woman”) + *-jǭ (femininizing suffix), variant of *faimijō.


sakō

sakō (nominative singular)
sakôz (nominative plural)
sakō (singular vocative)
sakôz (plural vocative)
sakǭ (accusative singular)
sakōz (accusative plural)
sakōz (genitive singular)
sakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sakōi (dative singular)
sakōmaz (dative plural)
sakō (instrumental singular)
sakōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *saku
Old English: sacu
Middle English: sake, sak, sac
Scots: sak, saik
English: sake
Old Frisian: sake, seke, sek
Saterland Frisian: sec
Saterland Frisian: Seeke
West Frisian: saak
Old Saxon: saka
Middle Low German: sake
Low German: sake
German Low German:
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: Saak f, Såk
Westphalian:
Paderbornisch: Sake f
Old Dutch: saka
Middle Dutch: sāke
Dutch: zaak
Afrikaans: saak
Old High German: sahha, sacha
Middle High German: sache, sach
Bavarian: Såch
German: Sache
Luxembourgish: Saach
Yiddish: זאַך (zakh)

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᚲᚢ (*saku)

Old Norse: sǫk
Icelandic: sök
Faroese: sak, søk
Norwegian Nynorsk: sak; (dialectal) sok
Old Swedish: sak
Swedish: sak c or f
Old Danish: sak
Danish: sag c
Norwegian Bokmål: sak m or f

→ Proto-Finnic: *sakko (see there for further descendants)

From *sakaną (“to quarrel, to argue, to debate”) + *-ō.


hlainijaną

hlainijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlainijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlainijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hlainīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlainijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlainī (active imperative second-person singular)
hlainijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlainijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hlainīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlainijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlainijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlainijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlainijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hlainijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlainijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlainijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlainijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlainijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlainijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlainijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlainijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlainijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hlainīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlainijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlainīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlainijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlainijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hlainijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlainijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlainijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlainijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlainijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hlainidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlainidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlainidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlainidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlainidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlainidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlainidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlainidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlainidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlainidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlainidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlainidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlainidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlainidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlainidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlainidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlainijandz (active participle present)
hlainidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hlainijan
Old English: hlǣnan
Middle English: lenen
Scots: lene, leyn
English: lean
Old Saxon: *hlēnian
Middle Low German: lênen, lȫnen
German Low German: lehnen
Old Dutch: lēnen
Middle Dutch: lênen, leinen
Dutch: leunen
Old High German: hleinen
Middle High German: leinen
German: leinen, lehnen

Old Norse: *hleina

Danish: læne

Swedish: läna

Causative of *hlināną (“to lean”), which is a stative of an old nasal present from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”).


hlināną

hlinō (active first-person indicative singular)
hlinaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hlinai (active imperative second-person singular)
hlināsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hlinaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hlināþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hlināþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hlinōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hlināþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlināþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hlināmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hlinānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hlinaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hlinaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hlinānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hlinānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hlinānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hlinānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hlinadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hlinadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hlinadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hlinadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hlinadē (active indicative singular third-person)
hlinadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hlinadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hlinadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hlinadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hlinadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hlinadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hlinadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hlinadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hlinadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hlinadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hlinadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hlināndz (active participle present)
hlinadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hlinēn
Old English: hleonian, hlinian
Middle English: leonien, lenen
Scots: lene, leyn
English: lean
Old Frisian: *hlinia
Saterland Frisian: lienje
West Frisian: lynje
Old Saxon: hlinōn
Middle Low German: lēnen
German Low German: lehnen
Old Dutch: *linon
Middle Dutch: lēnen
Dutch: leunen
Afrikaans: leun
Negerhollands: lee
→ West Frisian: leune
→ Papiamentu: lèn, len, lènt, leun, leen
Old High German: hlinēn, linēn
Middle High German: lënen, linen
German: lehnen

Old Norse: *hlina

Norwegian: lina (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Latin clīnō (“slope, incline, bend”), Ancient Greek κλίνω (klínō, “bend, slant, lean”).


miss-

Probably via *missaz from Proto-Indo-European *mit(H)-tós, from the root *meytH- (“to change, swap, remove”).


lēziz

lēziz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lēzijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lēzī (feminine nominative singular strong)
lēzijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lēzį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lēzijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lēzijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lēzijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lēzijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lēzijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lēzį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lēzijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lēzijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
lēzīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
lēzijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lēzijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lēzijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lēzijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
lēzīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
lēzijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lēzijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lēzijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lēzijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lēzijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lēzijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lēzijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lēzijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lēzijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lēzijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lēzijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lēzijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lēzijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lēzijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lēzijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lēzijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lēzijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lēzijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lēzijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lēzijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lēzijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lēzijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lēzijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lēzijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lēzijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lēzīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lēzijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lēzijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lēzijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lēzīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lēzijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lēzīni (dative masculine singular weak)
lēzijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lēzijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lēzijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lēzīni (dative neuter singular weak)
lēzijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lēzīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lēzijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lēzijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lēzijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lēzīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lēzijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *lāʀi, *lāʀī

Old English: *lǣre, lǣr, ġelǣr

Middle English: ȝelar, ilær, iler, lere

English: leer, lear

Old Saxon: lāri

Middle Low German: lêre

Old Dutch: *lāri

Middle Dutch: laer

Dutch: laar

Old High German: lāri

Middle High German: lǣre, lēre, lēr

German: leer

Hunsrik: läer

Origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *les- (“to gather, lease”): compare *lesaną.


winkilaz

winkilaz (nominative singular)
winkilōz (nominative plural)
winkilōs (nominative plural)
winkil (singular vocative)
winkilōz (plural vocative)
winkilōs (plural vocative)
winkilą (accusative singular)
winkilanz (accusative plural)
winkilas (genitive singular)
winkilis (genitive singular)
winkilǫ̂ (genitive plural)
winkilai (dative singular)
winkilamaz (dative plural)
winkilō (instrumental singular)
winkilamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *winkil
Old English: wincel
Middle English: *winkel, *winkle
English: winkle
Scots: wingle
Old Frisian: winkel
Saterland Frisian: Winkel
West Frisian: winkel (“shop”)
Old Saxon: *winkil
Middle Low German: winkel
German Low German: Winkel
→ Icelandic: vinkill
→ Faroese: vinkul
→ Norwegian: vinkel
→ Old Swedish: vinkil
Swedish: vinkel
→ Danish: vinkel
Old Dutch: winkel
Middle Dutch: winkel
Dutch: winkel (“shop”)
Afrikaans: winkel (see there for further descendants)
Negerhollands: winkel
→ Aukan: wenkii
→ Malay: bengkel
Indonesian: bengkel
→ Saramaccan: wenkè
→ Sranan Tongo: winkri
→ Kari'na: wenkele
→ Trió: winkëri
Old High German: winkil
Middle High German: winkel
German: Winkel (see there for further descendants)
Luxembourgish: Wénkel
Yiddish: ווינקל (vinkl)

From Proto-Indo-European *weng- (“to bend, bow, arch, curve”).


hwīnaną

hwīnō (active first-person indicative singular)
hwīnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwīnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hwīnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hwīnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīn (active imperative second-person singular)
hwīnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hwīnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hwīnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hwīnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hwīnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hwīnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hwīnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hwīnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwīnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwīnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwīnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hwīnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hwīnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwīnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hwīnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hwīnid (active indicative plural second-person)
hwīnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīnid (active imperative plural second-person)
hwīnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hwīnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hwīnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hwīnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hwīnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hwīnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hwain (active first-person indicative singular)
hwinį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hwaint (active indicative second-person singular)
hwinīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hwain (active indicative singular third-person)
hwinī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hwinū (active dual first-person indicative)
hwinīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hwinudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hwinīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hwinum (active first-person indicative plural)
hwinīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hwinud (active indicative plural second-person)
hwinīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hwinun (active indicative plural third-person)
hwinīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hwīnandz (active participle present)
hwinanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hwīnan
Old English: hwīnan
Middle English: hwinen, whinen
Scots: quhine, quhyn
English: whine
Old Saxon: hwīnan

Old Norse: hvína
Icelandic: hvína
Faroese: hvína
Norwegian Nynorsk: kvine
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kvine
Old Swedish: hvīna
Swedish: vina, hvina (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: hvine
Norwegian Bokmål: hvine

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwey- (“to hiss, whistle, whisper”). Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *kviliti, *kvilěti (“to neigh, to squeak, to wail”).

der

to rush, make a rushing sound, whizz, hiss, squeal, whine


nutą

nutą (nominative singular)
nutō (nominative plural)
nutą (singular vocative)
nutō (plural vocative)
nutą (accusative singular)
nutō (accusative plural)
nutas (genitive singular)
nutis (genitive singular)
nutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nutai (dative singular)
nutamaz (dative plural)
nutō (instrumental singular)
nutamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: not

West Frisian: not

Old Dutch: *ginot

Middle Dutch: genot, ghenot

Dutch: genot

Old High German: *ginuz

Middle High German: genuz

German: Genuss

Luxembourgish: Genoss

Old Norse: *not

Icelandic: not

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to acquire, make use of”).


nutō

nutō (nominative singular)
nutôz (nominative plural)
nutō (singular vocative)
nutôz (plural vocative)
nutǭ (accusative singular)
nutōz (accusative plural)
nutōz (genitive singular)
nutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
nutōi (dative singular)
nutōmaz (dative plural)
nutō (instrumental singular)
nutōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *nutu, *notu

desctree

Old English: notu
Middle English: note, noote
Scots: note, not
English: note

Old Frisian: note

West Frisian: noat, nôt

Old Saxon: *nota

Middle Low German: nōte

Old Dutch: *nota

Middle Dutch: nōte, not

Old High German: nuzza

Middle High German: nutze

>? Old High German: nuz m

Middle High German: nuz, nutz

German: Nutz, Nutzen

→ Saterland Frisian: Nutsen

Yiddish: נוץ (nuts)

From *nutiz (“useful”), from *neutaną (“to enjoy, use, catch”), from Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to acquire, make use of”). Cognate with Lithuanian nauda (“benefit, foredeal”), Russian нужда́ (nuždá, “need, request”).


laubijaną

laubijō (active first-person indicative singular)
laubijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laubijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
laubīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
laubijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laubī (active imperative second-person singular)
laubijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
laubijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
laubīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
laubijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laubijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
laubijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
laubijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
laubijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
laubijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laubijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laubijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laubijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
laubijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
laubijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laubijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
laubijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
laubīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
laubijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laubīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
laubijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
laubijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
laubijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
laubijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laubijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
laubijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
laubijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laubidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
laubidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laubidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
laubidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laubidē (active indicative singular third-person)
laubidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
laubidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
laubidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
laubidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
laubidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
laubidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
laubidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
laubidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
laubidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
laubidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
laubidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
laubijandz (active participle present)
laubidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *laubijan
Old English: līefan, lȳfan
Middle English: leven
Scots: leve, lefe
English: leave
Old Frisian: lēva
North Frisian: leauwjen
Saterland Frisian: leeuwe; loowje, lööwje
West Frisian: leauwe (?)
Old Saxon: lōvian
Middle Low German: lôven, lö̂ven
German Low German: löven
Old Dutch: *lōven
Middle Dutch: lôven
Dutch: loven (to believe, dialectal)
Old High German: *louben
Middle High German: louben
German: lauben

Old Norse: leyfa
Icelandic: leyfa
Faroese: loyva
Norwegian Nynorsk: løyva
→ Norwegian Bokmål: løyve


launą

launą (nominative singular)
launō (nominative plural)
launą (singular vocative)
launō (plural vocative)
launą (accusative singular)
launō (accusative plural)
launas (genitive singular)
launis (genitive singular)
launǫ̂ (genitive plural)
launai (dative singular)
launamaz (dative plural)
launō (instrumental singular)
launamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *laun
Old English: lēan
Middle English: lean, læn, lan, lien
Old Frisian: lān
North Frisian: lean
Saterland Frisian: Loon
West Frisian: lean
Old Saxon: lōn
Middle Low German: lōn
German Low German: Lauhn (Westfälisch)
Old Dutch: *lōn
Middle Dutch: lôon
Dutch: loon
Afrikaans: loon
Limburgish: loean
Old High German: lōn
Middle High German: lōn
German: Lohn m
Luxembourgish: Loun
Pennsylvania German: Loh
Yiddish: לוין (loyn)
→⇒ Medieval Latin: *widerlonum, widerdonum
Old French: gueredun, guerdon, werdon
French: guerdon
→ English: guerdon
Occitan: guierdon
Italian: guidardone, guiderdone
Spanish: galardón
Old Galician-Portuguese: gualardon
Galician: galardón
Portuguese: galardão

Old Norse: laun

Icelandic: laun

Norwegian: læn, læ (dialectal)

Old Swedish: løn

Swedish: lön

Old Danish: løn

Danish: løn

Norwegian Bokmål: lønn

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: lønn

→ Faroese: løn

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: løn

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽 (laun)

From Pre-Germanic *lh₂ewnom or *lowh₂nom (with laryngeal metathesis), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to capture, enjoy”). Cognate with Latin lucrum (“profit, foredeal”), Ancient Greek λεία (leía, “booty, spoils”).


hunangą

hunangą (nominative singular)
hunangō (nominative plural)
hunangą (singular vocative)
hunangō (plural vocative)
hunangą (accusative singular)
hunangō (accusative plural)
hunangas (genitive singular)
hunangis (genitive singular)
hunangǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunangai (dative singular)
hunangamaz (dative plural)
hunangō (instrumental singular)
hunangamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *huning

North Frisian: hönning, honning

West Frisian: huning

Old Saxon: *huneg, *honeg

desc

Low German: hunnig, hunning, hünnig, hünning, hoanig, hoaning, höänig, höäning, huanig, huaning, hüänig, hüäning

Old Dutch: honog, *honang

Middle Dutch: honinc

Dutch: honing

Old High German: honang

Old Norse: hunang

Icelandic: hunang

Faroese: hunangur, hunang

Norwegian Nynorsk: huning, honing, honning

Swedish: honung

Danish: honning

Norwegian Bokmål: honning

Gutnish: hånnungg

From pre-Germanic *kn̥h₂onkós, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks (gen. *kn̥h₂n̥kós).


staggijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*staggijô (an-stem)

staggijô (nominative singular)
staggijaniz (nominative plural)
staggijô (singular vocative)
staggijaniz (plural vocative)
staggijanų (accusative singular)
staggijanunz (accusative plural)
staggīniz (genitive singular)
staggijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staggīni (dative singular)
staggijammaz (dative plural)
staggīnē (instrumental singular)
staggijammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: stagga, stacga

Middle English: stagge, steg

Scots: staig

English: stag

Old Norse: steggi

Icelandic: steggi

Faroese: steggi


taikijaną

taikijō (active first-person indicative singular)
taikijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taikijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
taikīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
taikijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taikī (active imperative second-person singular)
taikijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
taikijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
taikīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
taikijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taikijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
taikijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
taikijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
taikijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
taikijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taikijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taikijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taikijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
taikijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
taikijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taikijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
taikijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
taikīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
taikijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taikīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
taikijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
taikijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
taikijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
taikijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taikijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
taikijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
taikijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
taihtǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
taihtēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
taihtēz (active indicative second-person singular)
taihtēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
taihtē (active indicative singular third-person)
taihtēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
taihtēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
taihtēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
taihtēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
taihtēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
taihtēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
taihtēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
taihtēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
taihtēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
taihtēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
taihtēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
taikijandz (active participle present)
taikidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *taikijan

desctree

Old English: tǣċan
Middle English: techen
English: teach
Scots: teich
Yola: teach

Old Frisian: *tēka, *tētza

⇒? Saterland Frisian: tekend, teekend

Old Saxon: *tēkian

>? Middle Low German: têken

German Low German: teken

Old Dutch: *teiken

>? Middle Dutch: teken

Causative in *-janą to *taik(k)ōną (see Proto-West Germanic *taigōn), from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, instruct, tell, point out, explain”) + *-néh₂ti; the Germanic *k rather than expected *h or *g is thus due to Kluge's law. Cognate with Latin dīcō (“speak, say, tell”), Ancient Greek δείκνυμι (deíknumi, “show, point out, explain, teach”).

cog

(West Germanic) to show, point out, demonstrate; to teach


staggijaz

staggijaz (nominative singular)
staggijōz (nominative plural)
staggijōs (nominative plural)
staggī (singular vocative)
staggijōz (plural vocative)
staggijōs (plural vocative)
staggiją (accusative singular)
staggijanz (accusative plural)
staggijas (genitive singular)
staggīs (genitive singular)
staggijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staggijai (dative singular)
staggijamaz (dative plural)
staggijō (instrumental singular)
staggijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: steggr

Icelandic: steggur

→ Middle English: stegge

Scots: steg

English: steg (dialectal)


bellǭ

bellǭ (nominative singular)
bellōniz (nominative plural)
bellǭ (singular vocative)
bellōniz (plural vocative)
bellōnų (accusative singular)
bellōnunz (accusative plural)
bellōniz (genitive singular)
bellōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bellōni (dative singular)
bellōmaz (dative plural)
bellōnē (instrumental singular)
bellōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bellā

desctree

Old English: belle, bell
Middle English: belle
Scots: bell
English: bell
→ Fiji Hindi: belo
→ Japanese: ベル (beru)
→ Korean: 벨 (bel)

Old Frisian: *belle

West Frisian: belle, bel

Old Saxon: bella

Middle Low German: belle

German Low German: Belle, Bel

Old Dutch: *bella

Middle Dutch: belle

Dutch: bel

Afrikaans: bel

Limburgish: bèl

Old Norse: bjalla
Icelandic: bjalla
Faroese: bjølla
Norwegian Nynorsk: bjølle (through bjǫllu)
Old Swedish: biælla
Swedish: bjällra (with unexplained -r-)
Danish: bjælde
Norwegian Bokmål: bjelle
Gutnish: bjällå, bjälla

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to sound”).


buskaz

buskaz (nominative singular)
buskōz (nominative plural)
buskōs (nominative plural)
busk (singular vocative)
buskōz (plural vocative)
buskōs (plural vocative)
buską (accusative singular)
buskanz (accusative plural)
buskas (genitive singular)
buskis (genitive singular)
buskǫ̂ (genitive plural)
buskai (dative singular)
buskamaz (dative plural)
buskō (instrumental singular)
buskamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *busk
Old English: bysċ, busċ
Middle English: bush
English: bush
Scots: bus
Old Frisian: bosk
Saterland Frisian: Busk
West Frisian: bosk
Old Saxon: busk
Middle Low German: busk, busch
Low German: Busk, Busch
Old Dutch: *busc
Middle Dutch: bosch
Dutch: bos
Old High German: busk
Middle High German: busch, bosch
German: Busch
→ Latin: boscus (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: buskr

Icelandic: búskur, buski

Norwegian Bokmål: busk

Norwegian Nynorsk: busk

Swedish: buske

Danish: busk

→ Middle English: busk, bosk

Scots: busk

→ Finnish: puska

Probably derived from *būaną (“to dwell, reside”).


baką

baką (nominative singular)
bakō (nominative plural)
baką (singular vocative)
bakō (plural vocative)
baką (accusative singular)
bakō (accusative plural)
bakas (genitive singular)
bakis (genitive singular)
bakǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bakai (dative singular)
bakamaz (dative plural)
bakō (instrumental singular)
bakamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bak
Old English: bæc, bec — Mercian, Kentish
Middle English: bak, back
English: back
Scots: bak, back, bake
Old Frisian: bek
West Frisian: beck, bek
⇒ West Frisian: bekling
Old Saxon: bak
Middle Low German: bak
⇒ Middle Low German: *huckebak
Low German: Huckeback
→ German: huckepack
Old High German: bah
⇒ Old High German: bahho m
Middle High German: bache
German: Bache
⇒ Old High German: bahha f
Middle High German: bache
German: Bache

Old Norse: bak

Icelandic: bak

Faroese: bak

Norwegian: bak m or n

Old Swedish: baker m

Swedish: bak

Old Danish: bak

Danish: bag

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to vault; arch”) via an extension *bʰóg-o-m (see *-os).


blukką

blukką (nominative singular)
blukkō (nominative plural)
blukką (singular vocative)
blukkō (plural vocative)
blukką (accusative singular)
blukkō (accusative plural)
blukkas (genitive singular)
blukkis (genitive singular)
blukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
blukkai (dative singular)
blukkamaz (dative plural)
blukkō (instrumental singular)
blukkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blokk
Old Frisian: blok
Saterland Frisian: Blok
West Frisian: blok
Old Saxon: blok
Middle Low German: blok
German Low German: Block
→ Danish: blok
→ Faroese: blokkur
→ Norwegian: blokk
→ Swedish: block
Old Dutch: *bloc
Middle Dutch: bloc
Dutch: blok
Afrikaans: blok
Berbice Creole Dutch: bloko
→ Caribbean Javanese: blog
→ Indonesian: blok
→ Papiamentu: blòki, blokki (from the diminutive)
Limburgish: blok, blók
→ Old French: bloc
Middle French: bloc
French: bloc (see there for further descendants)
Walloon: blok
→ Middle English: blok
English: block (see there for further descendants)
Scots: block
Old High German: bloh, bloch (also piloch, biloh, from a merger with an unrelated word)
Middle High German: bloch
German: Block (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *blukną, presumably metathesized from *bulkną, from pre-Germanic *bʰl̥ǵʰ-no-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ-. Cognate with Old Irish blog, Latin fulcrum.


gallô

gallô (nominative singular)
gallaniz (nominative plural)
gallô (singular vocative)
gallaniz (plural vocative)
gallanų (accusative singular)
gallanunz (accusative plural)
galliniz (genitive singular)
gallanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gallini (dative singular)
gallammaz (dative plural)
gallinē (instrumental singular)
gallammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gallō

Old English: ġealla (“skin lesion”)

Middle English: galle

English: gall

Scots: gall, gaw

Old Saxon: *gallo, *galla f

gl

possibly via Latin <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">galla</i>, ultimately from Germanic

>? Middle Low German: galle f (“swelling, defect”) (possibly via Latin galla, ultimately from Germanic)

→ Norwegian: galder

Old High German: *gallo, *galla f

desc

>? Middle High German: galle f (“swelling”) (possibly via Latin galla, ultimately from Germanic)

German: Galle

Old Norse: galli

Icelandic: galli

Swedish: gall

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelH-(r)- (“damage, infirmity, error”).


daljō

daljō (nominative singular)
daljôz (nominative plural)
daljō (singular vocative)
daljôz (plural vocative)
daljǭ (accusative singular)
daljōz (accusative plural)
daljōz (genitive singular)
daljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
daljōi (dative singular)
daljōmaz (dative plural)
daljō (instrumental singular)
daljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: dell m or n

Middle English: delle

Scots: dell

English: dell

Old Frisian: *delle

West Frisian: delle, delling, delte (?)

Old Saxon: *dellia

Middle Low German: delle

German Low German: Delle, Dell

Old Dutch: *della

Middle Dutch: delle

Dutch: del

Old High German: *tella

Middle High German: telle

German: Delle (Central/Low German consonantism); Telle (obsolete, dialectal)

Gothic: *𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (*dalja) (unclear derivation and reconstruction; see etymology at inflected and prefixed form 𐌹𐌱𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐌽 (ibdaljin) ?)


hunagą

hunagą (nominative singular)
hunagō (nominative plural)
hunagą (singular vocative)
hunagō (plural vocative)
hunagą (accusative singular)
hunagō (accusative plural)
hunagas (genitive singular)
hunagis (genitive singular)
hunagǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hunagai (dative singular)
hunagamaz (dative plural)
hunagō (instrumental singular)
hunagamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hunag
Old English: huniġ
Middle English: hony
English: honey (see there for further descendants)
Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny
Yola: henee, honi
Old Frisian: hunig, hunich
Saterland Frisian: Huunich
West Frisian: hunich
Old Saxon: huneg, honeg, haneg
Middle Low German: hōnich, honnich, hönich, höneg
German Low German: Hönnig
Plautdietsch: Honnich
Old Dutch: honag, honog
Middle Dutch: honech, honich, heunic
Dutch: honig (archaic)
Old High German: honag, honeg
Middle High German: honec, honic
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Honich
Luxembourgish: Hunneg
Cimbrian: huunig, hone (Luserna)
German: Honig
Rhine Franconian: Honich, Hunich
Frankfurterisch: [hoːniʃ]
Yiddish: האָניק (honik)

Old Norse: *hunag

desc

Old Swedish: hunagh, honugh, hanigh, hānagh

Old Danish: hunagh, honugh, hunægh, honigh

Middle Danish: hunnig, honnig

Scanian: hanağ

→ Finnish: hunaja

From earlier *hunangą, from pre-Germanic *kn̥h₂onkós, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks (gen. *kn̥h₂n̥kós).


herutaz

herutaz (nominative singular)
herutōz (nominative plural)
herutōs (nominative plural)
herut (singular vocative)
herutōz (plural vocative)
herutōs (plural vocative)
herutą (accusative singular)
herutanz (accusative plural)
herutas (genitive singular)
herutis (genitive singular)
herutǫ̂ (genitive plural)
herutai (dative singular)
herutamaz (dative plural)
herutō (instrumental singular)
herutamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *herut
Old English: heorot, heorut, heort
Middle English: hert, harte, hartt, heert, heort
English: hart
Scots: hert
Old Frisian: hert
Saterland Frisian: Hart
West Frisian: hart
Old Saxon: hirut, hirot
Middle Low German: herte, harte
⇒ German Low German: Hartbuck
Old Dutch: hirut
Middle Dutch: hert, hēert
Dutch: hert
Afrikaans: hert
Limburgish: hèrtj
Old High German: hiruz, hirz
Middle High German: hirz
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: hirsch
Mòcheno: hirsch
German: Hirsch
→ Luxembourgish: Hirsch
→ North Frisian: hirsk
→ Plautdietsch: Hersch
→ Saterland Frisian: Hirsk
Luxembourgish: Hierz (archaic)
Yiddish: הירש (hirsh)

Old Norse: hjǫrtr
Icelandic: hjörtur
Faroese: hjørtur
Norwegian: hjort
Old Swedish: hiorter
Swedish: hjort
Danish: hjort
Gutnish: hjort

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“horn”) + *-utaz. Cognate with Lithuanian karvė (“cow”), Russian коро́ва (koróva, “cow, neat”), Latin cervus (“deer, stag”), Welsh carw (“hart, stag”). Alternatively, from a regular development of *ḱérh₂tos, with PIE *-H- > PGmc *-u- in non-initial syllables, cf. Old High German anut (“duck”) < PGmc *anud- < Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂t-. The latter may be likelier as *-utaz is unknown as an affix in PGmc.


askaz

askaz (nominative singular)
askōz (nominative plural)
askōs (nominative plural)
ask (singular vocative)
askōz (plural vocative)
askōs (plural vocative)
aską (accusative singular)
askanz (accusative plural)
askas (genitive singular)
askis (genitive singular)
askǫ̂ (genitive plural)
askai (dative singular)
askamaz (dative plural)
askō (instrumental singular)
askamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ask
Old English: æsċ
Middle English: asshe
English: ash
Scots: aish, esh
→ English: æsc (learned)
Old Frisian: ask
West Frisian: esk
Old Saxon: ask
Middle Low German: esk
Plautdietsch: Asch
Old Dutch: *ask
Middle Dutch: esk
Dutch: es
Old High German: asc
Middle High German: asche, esche
Cimbrian: ess
German: Esche
Luxembourgish: Esch
Yiddish: אַשבוים (ashboym)
⇒? German: Essen (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: askr
Icelandic: askur
Faroese: askur
Norwegian Nynorsk: ask
Old Swedish: asker, ᛆᛋᚴᚽᚱ (Runic)
Swedish: ask
→ Finnish: aski
Old Danish: ask
Danish: ask
Norwegian Bokmål: ask
Gutnish: ask, äsk
→ Old East Slavic: а́скъ (áskŭ), ꙗ́скъ (jáskŭ)
Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́щъ (jášč)
⇒ Old Ruthenian: ꙗ́щикъ (jáščik)
Belarusian: я́шчык (jáščyk) (dialectal)
Ukrainian: я́щик (jáščyk)
⇒ Middle Russian: ꙗ́щїк (jáščik)
Russian: я́щик (jáščik)


bijǭ

bijǭ (nominative singular)
bijōniz (nominative plural)
bijǭ (singular vocative)
bijōniz (plural vocative)
bijōnų (accusative singular)
binunz (accusative plural)
biniz (genitive singular)
binǫ̂ (genitive plural)
binini (dative singular)
bijummiz (dative plural)
binē (instrumental singular)
binōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bijā
Old English: bēo
Middle English: bee, be, beo, bey
English: bee
Scots: bee, be, beye, bie, bea
Yola: been (plural)
Old Frisian: *bē
West Frisian: bij
Old Saxon: *bīa
Middle Low German: bîe, bê, beie
Low German: Bee, bigge
Plautdietsch: Bie
Old Dutch: *bīa
Middle Dutch: bië
Dutch: bij
Afrikaans: by
West Flemish: bie
Zealandic: bie, bieë
Old High German: pīa, bīa
Middle High German: bīe
Alemannic German: Bii
Central Franconian: Bei
German: Beie (obsolete)
Luxembourgish: Bei

Old Norse: bý
Icelandic: bý
Norwegian Bokmål: bie
Norwegian Nynorsk: bie
Old Swedish: bī, bȳ
Swedish: bi
Old Danish: bī
Danish: bi
Gutnish: bei
⇒ Faroese: býfluga
⇒ Icelandic: býfluga

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰey- (“bee”). Cognate with Latin fūcus (“drone”), Old Irish bech (“bee”), Lithuanian bitė (“bee”).


knībaz

knībaz (nominative singular)
knībōz (nominative plural)
knībōs (nominative plural)
knīb (singular vocative)
knībōz (plural vocative)
knībōs (plural vocative)
knībą (accusative singular)
knībanz (accusative plural)
knības (genitive singular)
knībis (genitive singular)
knībǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knībai (dative singular)
knībamaz (dative plural)
knībō (instrumental singular)
knībamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *knīb
Old English: cnīf (possible reborrowing from Old Norse knífr or Middle Dutch cnīf, cnijf)
Middle English: knyf, knif
Scots: knyfe, knife
English: knife
Sranan Tongo: nefi
Yola: kunnife
→ French: canif
Old Frisian: *knīf
West Frisian: kniif, knyf, knyft
Old Saxon: *knīf
Middle Low German: knîf
German Low German: Knief
Low German: knief, kniiv, knif
Plautdietsch: Kjnief
Old Dutch: *cnīf
Middle Dutch: cnijf
Dutch: knijf (dialectal)
Old High German: *knīb (?)
Middle High German: knîp; knîf (latter West Central German)
German: Kneip (dialectal); Knifte
Luxembourgish: Knäip
→ Vulgar Latin: *cnīfus (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚾᛁᛒᚨᛉ (*knibaʀ)

Old Norse: knífr
Icelandic: knífur, hnífur
Faroese: knívur
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: kniv
Norwegian Nynorsk: kniv
Elfdalian: knaiv
Old Swedish: knīver
Swedish: kniv
Danish: kniv
Gutnish: kneiv
→ Old English: cnīf
Middle English: knyf, knif
Scots: knyfe, knife
English: knife
Sranan Tongo: nefi
Yola: kunnife
→ French: canif
→ North Frisian: Knif

→ Proto-Samic: *nijpē
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: nejpie (from *nëjpē)
Ume Sami: nijbbie
Pite Sami: nijjbe
Lule Sami: nijbbe
Northern Sami: niibi
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: nijbe
Skolt Sami: neiʹbb
Akkala Sami: ныййпь (nyjjp’)
Kildin Sami: ныййп (nyjjp)
Ter Sami: nijjbe

From Proto-Indo-European *gneybʰ- (“to pinch, nip”), from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to pinch, squeeze, bend, press, ball up”).


gaistaz

gaistaz (nominative singular)
gaistōz (nominative plural)
gaistōs (nominative plural)
gaist (singular vocative)
gaistōz (plural vocative)
gaistōs (plural vocative)
gaistą (accusative singular)
gaistanz (accusative plural)
gaistas (genitive singular)
gaistis (genitive singular)
gaistǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaistai (dative singular)
gaistamaz (dative plural)
gaistō (instrumental singular)
gaistamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaist
Old English: gāst, gǣst, gaast
Middle English: gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste
English: ghost
Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist
Yola: gaast
Old Frisian: gāst, gēst
Saterland Frisian: Gäist, Jeest
West Frisian: geast
Old Saxon: gēst, *gast
Middle Low German: gêst, geist
German Low German: Geest, Geist
Low German: geest
Plautdietsch: Jeist
→ Norwegian Bokmål: gast
→ Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)
Danish: gast
→ Swedish: gast
Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast
Middle Dutch: gêest
Dutch: geest
Afrikaans: gees
Negerhollands: geest
Old High German: geist, gheist, keist
Middle High German: geist
German: Geist
→ English: geist
→ Danish: gejst
→ Swedish: geist
→ Norwegian Bokmål: geist
Hunsrik: Geest, Geist
Luxembourgish: Geescht
Yiddish: גײַסט (gayst)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeysd- (“anger, agitation”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa).


dammaz

dammaz (nominative singular)
dammōz (nominative plural)
dammōs (nominative plural)
damm (singular vocative)
dammōz (plural vocative)
dammōs (plural vocative)
dammą (accusative singular)
dammanz (accusative plural)
dammas (genitive singular)
dammis (genitive singular)
dammǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dammai (dative singular)
dammamaz (dative plural)
dammō (instrumental singular)
dammamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *damm
Old English: *damm, *dam (in derivatives)
Middle English: damme, dam
Scots: dam
English: dam
Old Frisian: dam, dom
Saterland Frisian: Dom
West Frisian: dam
Old Saxon: *damm, *dam
Middle Low German: dam, damm
Low German: Damm
Plautdietsch: Daum
Old Dutch: *damm, dam (in placenames)
Middle Dutch: dam
Dutch: dam
Old High German: *tamm
Middle High German: tam, tamm
German: Damm, Tham
Hunsrik: Damm
Luxembourgish: Damm

Old Norse: dammr

Icelandic: dammur

Faroese: dammur

Old Danish: dam

Danish: dam

Old Swedish: damber

Swedish: damm

Gutnish: dam

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰm̥bʰ- (“to dig”), if the original meaning was "dyke created by excavating earth," see also Ancient Greek τάφος (táphos, “tomb”), ταφή (taphḗ), θάπτω (tháptō, “bury”).


diurijaz

*diurijaz (ja-stem)

diurijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
diurijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
diurijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
diurijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
diuriją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
diurijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
diurijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
diurijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
diurijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
diurijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
diuriją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
diurijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
diurijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
diurijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
diurijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
diurijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
diurijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
diurijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
diurijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
diurijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
diurijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
diurijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
diurijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
diurijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
diurijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
diurijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
diurijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
diurijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
diurijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
diurijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
diurijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
diurijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
diurijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
diurijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
diurijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
diurijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
diurijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
diurijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
diurijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
diurijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
diurijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
diurijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
diuriiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
diurijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
diurijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
diurijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
diuriiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
diurijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
diuriini (dative masculine singular weak)
diurijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
diurijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
diurijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
diuriini (dative neuter singular weak)
diurijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
diuriinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
diurijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
diurijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
diurijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
diuriinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
diurijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *diurī
Old English: dīere, dīore — Northumbrian, dȳre, dēore
Middle English: dere, deere, deore
English: dear
Scots: dere, deir
Yola: dear
Old Frisian: diore, diure
Saterland Frisian: djuur
West Frisian: djoer
Old Saxon: diuri
Middle Low German: dûre, dûr
German Low German: düür
Old Dutch: diuri
Middle Dutch: diere
Dutch: dier, duur
Limburgish: deer, duur
West Flemish: diere
Old High German: tiuri
Middle High German: tiure
Alemannic German: tüür
Bavarian: teier
German: teuer
Vilamovian: taojer
Yiddish: טײַער (tayer)

Old Norse: dýrr

Icelandic: dýr

Faroese: dýrur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: dyr

Norwegian Nynorsk: dyr

Old Swedish: dȳr

Swedish: dyr

Danish: dyr

→ Proto-Finnic: *tiüris (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *tiwrē

Northern Sami: divrras

Southern Sami: dovres

Unknown.
One suggested derivation is from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), which assumes a semantic shift of “to heat up” > “warming” > “dear, cherished”. However, the semantic variation among descendants (see more at *diuriþō) may point to the original meaning having been “rare, scarce”. Alternatively, Guus Kroonen notes that this adjective is similar to Proto–West Germanic *dūrēn (“to grieve, regret, suffer”) (whence German dauern, Middle English douren), ultimately a loan from Latin dūrus (“tough, hard”), and may be a vṛddhi-gerundive thereof.


ēnu

Old Frisian: ōne, ōni

desctree

Old Saxon: āno
Middle Low German: āne
Low German: ahn

Old Dutch: *āna

Middle Dutch: ane, an, on

⇒ Middle Dutch: ane dancs, ondancs

Dutch: ondanks

Limburgish: óndanks, óndanx

Old High German: āno, ānu, āna, āne
Middle High German: âne, ân
Alemannic German: ooni, ohni, ouni
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: ane
Central Franconian: ohne, ohni, ohnt
Luxembourgish: ouni
East Central German: ohne
Vilamovian: ona
German: ohne
Yiddish: אָן (on)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚾᚢ (*anu /ānu/)

Old Norse: án, ón
Icelandic: án
Faroese: ón
→ Middle English: *on, on-
English: on, ohn
Scots: on-, ohn-

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu), 𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷 (inuh)

Dunkel reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after”) for Gothic and lengthened grade *ḗnu for North and West Germanic. Kroonen derives Alemannic and Cimbrian from *ēneu and unites this with the forms *ēnu and *enu by positing a Proto-Indo-European u-stem noun *h₂ḗn-u, loc. *h₂n-éw, from *h₂en- (“to scoop”), which could also explain Ancient Greek ἄνευ (áneu).

inh

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme


hradaz

*hradaz (a-stem)

hradaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hradai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hradō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hradôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hradą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hradō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hradanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hradanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hradǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hradōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hradą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hradō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hradas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hradaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hradaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hradaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hradas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hradaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hradammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hradaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hradaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hradaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hradammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hradaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hradanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hradaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hradaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hradaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hradanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hradaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hradô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hradaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hradǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hradōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hradô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hradōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hradanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hradanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hradōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hradōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hradô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hradōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hradiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hradanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hradōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hradōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hradiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hradanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hradini (dative masculine singular weak)
hradammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hradōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hradōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hradini (dative neuter singular weak)
hradammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hradinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hradammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hradōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hradōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hradinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hradammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrad, *hraþ
Old English: hræd, hræþ
Middle English: rad, radde, rade, red, ræd (Early Middle English)
Scots: redd, red
Old Dutch: *rath, *rad
Middle Dutch: rat
Dutch: rad
⇒ Afrikaans: rats
Old High German: hrad

Old Norse: hraðr

Icelandic: hraður

Norwegian: rad

Old Swedish: radher

Swedish: rad

Uncertain. Per Kroonen, most likely from Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake, move suddenly”), whence also the verbs *hurtoną and *hrattōną (“to rush, tumble”); cognate with Old Irish crothaim (“I shake”), Latvian kratît (“to shake out”), Lithuanian kratýti (“id.”), Latvian krist (“to fall, drop, die”), Lithuanian krìsti (“id.”), and Lithuanian kretė́ti (“to tremble (with old age)”).
Formerly derived from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (compare Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “I swing, brandish”), Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, “(s/he) leaps”), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (“puts, lays; moves”)), but the root codas (PGmc *d ~ *þ versus PIE *d) do not match. Compare Proto-Germanic *herzô (“hinge”) and Old High German scerdo (“hinge”).


þekuz

þekuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þekwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þekwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
þekwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þekų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þekwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þekwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þekwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þekwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þekwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þekų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þekwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þekwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
þekwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
þekwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þekwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þekwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þekwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
þekwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
þekwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þekwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þekwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þekwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þekwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þekwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þekwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þekwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þekwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þekwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þekwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þekwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þekwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þekwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þekwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þekwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þekwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þekwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þekwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þekwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þekwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þekwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þekwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þekwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þekwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þekwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þekwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þekwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þekwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þekwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þekwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þekwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
þekwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þekwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þekwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þekwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
þekwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þekwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þekwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þekwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þekwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þekwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þekwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þikkwī
Old English: þicce
Middle English: thikke, thicke, thik, thyke, thykke, þikke
English: thick
Scots: thik, thicke, thick
Old Frisian: thikke, *thiukke, *thiuke
Saterland Frisian: tjuk
West Frisian: tsjok, tsjûk
Old Saxon: thikki
Middle Low German: dicke
Low German: dick
Plautdietsch: dikj
Old Dutch: *thicki
Middle Dutch: dicke
Dutch: dik
Afrikaans: dik
Berbice Creole Dutch: deki
Negerhollands: dik
→ Virgin Islands Creole: dik (archaic)
→ Aukan: deki
→ Papiamentu: diki, dek
→ Saramaccan: dégi (via Skepi Creole Dutch)
→ Sranan Tongo: deki
Limburgish: diek
Zealandic: dik
Old High German: dicchi, dichi, dicki, dikki, dihhi, thichi, thihhi, thiki, ticchi
Middle High German: dicke, dic
Central Franconian: deck
Cimbrian: dikh, dikhe (Luserna)
German: dick
Hunsrik: dick
Luxembourgish: déck
Pennsylvania German: dick
Yiddish: דיק (dik)

Old Norse: þykkr, þjokkr, þjukkr
Icelandic: þykkur
Faroese: tjúkkur, tjukkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjukk, tykk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tjukk
Old Swedish: thiokker, thiukker
Swedish: tjock
Old Danish: thyk, thiuk, thiok
Danish: tyk
Norwegian Bokmål: tykk
Elfdalian: tiokk
Jamtish: tjukk
Gutnish: tjåkkar
Scanian: tjykker
→ Finnish: tykky (“thick snow on trees”)
→ Karelian: tykky

→ Proto-Samic: *teakkē (“thick meat”) (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *tégus (“thick”).


haljō

haljō (nominative singular)
haljôz (nominative plural)
haljō (singular vocative)
haljôz (plural vocative)
haljǭ (accusative singular)
haljōz (accusative plural)
haljōz (genitive singular)
haljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haljōi (dative singular)
haljōmaz (dative plural)
haljō (instrumental singular)
haljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hallju
Old English: hell, hel
Middle English: helle, hel, hell, hælle
English: hell, Hell
Scots: hell, Hell
Old Frisian: helle, hille
North Frisian: helle, hille, hel
Saterland Frisian: Hälle
West Frisian: hel
Old Saxon: hel, hellja, hellia
Middle Low German: helle
German Low German: Helle, Hölle, Hell, Höll
Westphalian:
Sauerländisch: Helle
Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m
Plautdietsch: Hal
Old Dutch: hella
Middle Dutch: helle
Dutch: hel
Afrikaans: hel
Limburgish: hel
Old High German: hellia, hella
Middle High German: helle
Alemannic German: Hell
Cimbrian: hélla
German: Helle, Hölle
Luxembourgish: Häll
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Hell

Old Norse: hel

Icelandic: hel

Faroese: hel

Norwegian Nynorsk: hel

Old Swedish: hæl

⇒ Swedish: ihjäl, helsike

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (halja)

→ Proto-Finnic: *koljoi (see there for further descendants)

From *helaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).

der

helliwīti

*haljōwītiją (“hell-punishment, hell-torment”); Old Saxon

hellawīzi

*haljōwītiją (“hell-punishment, hell-torment”); Old High German


diuriþō

diuriþō (nominative singular)
diuriþôz (nominative plural)
diuriþō (singular vocative)
diuriþôz (plural vocative)
diuriþǭ (accusative singular)
diuriþōz (accusative plural)
diuriþōz (genitive singular)
diuriþǫ̂ (genitive plural)
diuriþōi (dative singular)
diuriþōmaz (dative plural)
diuriþō (instrumental singular)
diuriþōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *diuriþu
Old English: *dīerþu, *dīerþ
Middle English: derthe, derth, derþ, derþe, dierþe, dyrthe
English: dearth
Scots: dearth, darth, deart, daart
Old Frisian: *diōrithe, *diōrthe
Saterland Frisian: Djuurte
West Frisian: djoerte
Old Saxon: diuritha
Middle Low German: dǖrede, dûrete, dûrte
German Low German: Düürte
Old Dutch: *diuritha
Middle Dutch: dierte, duurte
Dutch: duurte
Afrikaans: duurte
Old High German: tiurida
Middle High German: tiurede, tiurde, tūrde

Old Norse: dýrð

Icelandic: dýrð

Faroese: dýrd

Swedish: dyrd

Old Gutnish: dyrþ

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: dyrdestein


taikną

taikną (nominative singular)
taiknō (nominative plural)
taikną (singular vocative)
taiknō (plural vocative)
taikną (accusative singular)
taiknō (accusative plural)
taiknas (genitive singular)
taiknis (genitive singular)
taiknǫ̂ (genitive plural)
taiknai (dative singular)
taiknamaz (dative plural)
taiknō (instrumental singular)
taiknamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *taikn
Old English: tācn, tācen, tācon
Middle English: token, tokene, tokin, tokine, tokon, tokne, tocne, toquen, taken, takein, takin, takine (Northern), taken, takein, takin, takine, tacn, tacne, tacnæ, tockne (Early Middle English)
English: token
Scots: taiken
→ Old Norse: tákn
Icelandic: tákn
Old Frisian: tēken
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: teeken
Saterland Frisian: Teeken
West Frisian: teken
Old Saxon: tēken
Middle Low German: têken
German Low German: Teken
Plautdietsch: Tieekjen
Old Dutch: teikan, teikin, teican
Middle Dutch: têken, teiken
Dutch: teken
Afrikaans: teken, teiken
Berbice Creole Dutch: tegn
Negerhollands: teken
→ Indonesian: teken
Limburgish: teike
Old High German: zeihhan
Middle High German: zeichen
Alemannic German: Zäiche, Zäie
German: Zeichen
Luxembourgish: Zeechen
Yiddish: צייכן (tseykhn)
→ Friulian: tacolâ, tacon, taconâ

Old Norse: teikn

Icelandic: teikn

Faroese: tekn

Norwegian Nynorsk: teikn, tekn

Elfdalian: tekken

Old Swedish: tēkn

Swedish: tecken

Old Danish: tēkn

Danish: tegn

Norwegian Bokmål: tegn

Gutnish: tekken

Scanian: teğn

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃 (taikns) ( < *taikniz, although an a-stem neuter may be attested; see entry) (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *taika (see there for further descendants)

From the root of *taikijaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, indicate, point out, declare”).


gīslaz

gīslaz (nominative singular)
gīslōz (nominative plural)
gīslōs (nominative plural)
gīsl (singular vocative)
gīslōz (plural vocative)
gīslōs (plural vocative)
gīslą (accusative singular)
gīslanz (accusative plural)
gīslas (genitive singular)
gīslis (genitive singular)
gīslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gīslai (dative singular)
gīslamaz (dative plural)
gīslō (instrumental singular)
gīslamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gīsl
Old English: ġīsel, ġīsl
Middle English: ȝisel, ȝisle
Old Saxon: gīsal
Middle Low German: gîsel
Low German: Giesel
Old Dutch: *gīsal
Middle Dutch: gisel
Dutch: gijzel
→ West Frisian: gizel
Middle Dutch: giselare
Dutch: gijzelaar
→ West Frisian: gizeler
Old High German: gīsal
Middle High German: gīsel
German: Geisel
→ German Low German: Geisel

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᛁᛊᛚᚨᛉ (*gislaʀ)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛊ (asugisalas /ą̄sugīsᵃlas/)

Old Norse: gísl

Icelandic: gísl

Faroese: gísli

Norwegian Nynorsk: gissel, gisl

Norwegian Bokmål: gissel

Old Swedish: gīsl

⇒ Old Swedish: gislan

Swedish: gisslan

Danish: gidsel

Vandalic: *gīsl-

→ Proto-Finnic: *kihla (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Celtic *geistlos (“hostage, pledge”) (compare Old Irish gíall, Welsh gwystl), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeydʰ- (“to desire, wait for”).