baþōną

baþō (active first-person indicative singular)
baþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
baþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
baþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baþō (active imperative second-person singular)
baþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
baþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
baþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
baþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
baþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
baþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
baþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
baþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
baþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
baþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
baþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
baþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
baþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
baþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
baþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
baþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
baþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
baþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
baþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
baþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
baþōndz (active participle present)
baþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *baþōn
Old English: baþian, baðian — edh spelling
Middle English: bathen, baathe, bathe, bathien, baþen, baþie, baþiȝe, baðien, beaðien (Early Middle English)
English: bathe
Scots: bathe, baith, bauthe
Old Frisian: *bathia
Saterland Frisian: boadje
West Frisian: baaie
Old Saxon: *bathōn
Middle Low German: bāden
German Low German: baden
Plautdietsch: boden
Old Dutch: bathon
Middle Dutch: bāden
Dutch: baden
Afrikaans: bad
Limburgish: bejje
Old High German: badōn
Middle High German: baden
Central Franconian: bade, boade
Hunsrik: baade
Luxembourgish: bueden
German: baden
Yiddish: באָדן (bodn)

Old Norse: baða; (baðask, baðast, mediopassive)

Icelandic: baða

Faroese: baða

Norwegian: bade

Old Swedish: badha, bada, baþa
Swedish: bada

Danish: bade

Gutnish: bade

→ English: bask

/ˈbɑ.θɔː.nɑ̃/


balþijaną

balþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
balþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
balþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
balþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balþī (active imperative second-person singular)
balþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
balþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
balþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
balþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
balþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
balþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
balþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
balþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
balþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
balþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
balþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
balþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
balþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
balþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
balþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
balþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
balþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
balþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
balþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
balþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
balþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
balþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
balþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
balþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
balþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
balþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
balþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
balþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
balþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
balþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
balþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
balþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
balþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
balþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
balþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
balþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
balþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
balþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
balþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
balþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
balþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
balþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
balþijandz (active participle present)
balþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balþijan
Old English: bieldan, byldan, bildan
Middle English: bēlden, beelden
Scots: belde, beild, bield
English: bield
Old Saxon: beldian
Old High German: belden
Middle High German: belden, balden

Old Norse: bella

Elfdalian: bella

Icelandic: bella

Norwegian Nynorsk: belle

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balþjan)


waldaną

waldō (active first-person indicative singular)
waldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
waldizi (active indicative second-person singular)
waldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wald (active imperative second-person singular)
waldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
waldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
waldidi (active indicative singular third-person)
waldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
waldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
waldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
waldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
waldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
waldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
waldid (active indicative plural second-person)
waldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waldid (active imperative plural second-person)
waldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
waldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
waldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
waldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
waldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
waldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wewald (active first-person indicative singular)
wewaldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wewalst (active indicative second-person singular)
wewaldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wewald (active indicative singular third-person)
wewaldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wewaldū (active dual first-person indicative)
wewaldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wewaldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wewaldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wewaldum (active first-person indicative plural)
wewaldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wewaldud (active indicative plural second-person)
wewaldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wewaldun (active indicative plural third-person)
wewaldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waldandz (active participle present)
waldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)
wulþǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wulþēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wulþēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wulþēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wulþē (active indicative singular third-person)
wulþēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wulþēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wulþēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wulþēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wulþēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wulþēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wulþēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wulþēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wulþēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wulþēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wulþēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wulþaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *waldan
Old English: wealdan
Middle English: welden, weld, welde, weldon, wielde, wild, wilde, wold, wolde, wolden, weld, welde, weild, weilde, veild (northwest Midlands), weild, weilde, veild, wald, walde (Northern), walden, wælden (early southwest Midlands), wald, walde, wealde, wealden, uelden (Early Middle English)
English: wield, English: wald
Scots: wield, Scots: wald
Old Frisian: walda (weak verb)
Old Saxon: waldan
Middle Low German: wolden
Low German: wolden
Old Dutch: waldan
⇒ Middle Dutch: gewouden (strong verb)
Old High German: waltan
Middle High German: walten, walden
German: walten (weak verb)
→ Danish: valte

Old Norse: valda
Icelandic: valda
Faroese: valda
Norwegian: valda
Elfdalian: uolda
Old Swedish: valda, valla, volda
Swedish: vålla
Old Danish: waldæ
Danish: volde
Old Gutnish: walda
Gutnish: valde

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (waldan)

→ Proto-Finnic: *valdit'ak (see there for further descendants)

Kroonen supposes a back-formation from the preterite *wulþǭ (compare Old Norse past olla), which continues an extended aorist root, Pre-Proto-Germanic *h₂wl̥h₁-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule, be strong”).
LIV² posits a *-dʰ-present *wélH-dʰe-ti to the root (there reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to be strong, hold sway”)), from which a Pre-Proto-Germanic iterative *we-wólH-dʰe-ti was derived, in which case it is close cognate to Lithuanian veldėti (“to inherit, possess, govern”) and Old Church Slavonic власти (vlasti, “to rule”).

cog

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


sundrōną

sundrō (active first-person indicative singular)
sundrǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sundrōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sundrōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sundrō (active imperative second-person singular)
sundrōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sundrōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sundrō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sundrōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sundrōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sundrōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sundrōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sundrōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sundrōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sundrōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sundrōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sundrōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sundrōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sundrōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sundrōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sundrōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sundrōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sundrōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sundrōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sundrōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sundrōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sundrōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sundrōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sundrōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sundrōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sundrōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sundrōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sundrōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sundrōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sundrōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sundrōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sundrōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sundrōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sundrōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sundrōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sundrōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sundrōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sundrōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sundrōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sundrōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sundrōndz (active participle present)
sundrōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sundrōn
Old English: sundrian
Middle English: sundren
English: sunder
Scots: sunder, sinder
Old Frisian: *sundria
Saterland Frisian: sunnerje
West Frisian: sûnderje
Old Saxon: *sundrōn
Middle Low German: sunderen, sönderen, sünderen (merged with descendant of Proto-Germanic *sundrijaną)
German Low German: sünnern
Plautdietsch: sondren
Old Dutch: *sundron
Middle Dutch: sonderen
Dutch: zonderen
Old High German: suntarōn
Middle High German: sundern
German: sondern

Old Norse: sundra

Icelandic: sundra

From *sundraz (“separate, isolated, alone”) + *-ōną.


wrēþuz

wrēþuz (nominative singular)
wrēþiwiz (nominative plural)
wrēþu (singular vocative)
wrēþiwiz (plural vocative)
wrēþų (accusative singular)
wrēþunz (accusative plural)
wrēþauz (genitive singular)
wrēþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wrēþiwi (dative singular)
wrēþumaz (dative plural)
wrēþū (instrumental singular)
wrēþumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wrǣþ, wrǣd

Old Norse: *vráðr; (>*vráði, ráði)

Old Danish: vrāth

Gothic: 𐍅𐍂𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (wriþus)

From Proto-Indo-European *wrēto- (“multitude, crowd, troop, company”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer-, *wrē- (“to string, put in a row”). Cognate with Sanskrit व्रात (vrā́ta, “crowd, troop, company”).


sundraz

*sundraz (a-stem)

sundraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sundrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sundrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sundrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sundrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sundrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sundranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sundranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sundrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sundrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sundrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sundrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sundras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
sundraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sundraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sundraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sundras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
sundraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sundrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sundraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sundraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sundraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sundrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sundraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sundranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sundraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sundraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sundraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sundranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sundraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sundrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sundraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sundrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sundrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sundrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sundrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sundranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sundranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sundrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sundrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sundrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sundrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sundriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sundranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sundrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sundrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sundriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sundranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sundrini (dative masculine singular weak)
sundrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sundrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sundrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sundrini (dative neuter singular weak)
sundrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sundrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sundrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sundrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sundrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sundrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sundrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sundr

desctree

Old English: sundor, sunder, synder
Middle English: sunder
English: sunder
Scots: sinder

Old Frisian: sunder

Saterland Frisian: sunder, sunner

West Frisian: sûnder

Old Saxon: sundar

Middle Low German: sunder, sonder

Old Dutch: sunder

Middle Dutch: sonder
Dutch: zonder
Afrikaans: sonder
Berbice Creole Dutch: sondro
Jersey Dutch: zonder
Negerhollands: sonder, sondu
→ Aukan: sondee
→ Caribbean Javanese: sonder
→ Malay: sonder
→ Indonesian: sonder, zonder
→ Saramaccan: sondò
→ Sranan Tongo: sondro
Limburgish: zónger

Old High German: suntar

Middle High German: sunder

⇒ German: sondern, sonder-

Old Norse: sundr
Icelandic: sundur
Faroese: sundur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sund, sunder
Old Swedish: sunder, synder
Swedish: sönder
Danish: sønder
Norwegian Bokmål: sund, sønder

Gothic: 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)

From Proto-Indo-European *sn̥Htros, from *senH- (“apart, without, for oneself”). Cognate with Sanskrit सनितुर् (sanitúr), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬭𐬆 (hanar^ə).


twīflaz

twīflaz (nominative singular)
twīflōz (nominative plural)
twīflōs (nominative plural)
twīfl (singular vocative)
twīflōz (plural vocative)
twīflōs (plural vocative)
twīflą (accusative singular)
twīflanz (accusative plural)
twīflas (genitive singular)
twīflis (genitive singular)
twīflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
twīflai (dative singular)
twīflamaz (dative plural)
twīflō (instrumental singular)
twīflamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *twīfl
Old Frisian: twīfil, twīvel
Saterland Frisian: Twieuwel
West Frisian: twivel
Old Saxon: *twīfal
Middle Low German: twīvel, twīfel
→ Danish: tvivl
→ Swedish: tvivel
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tvil
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tvil
Old Dutch: twīfal
Middle Dutch: twivel, twifel
Dutch: twijfel
Limburgish: twiefel
Old High German: zwīfal
Middle High German: zwīvel
German: Zweifel
Luxembourgish: Zweiwel

q

Gothic: 𐍄𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍆𐌻 ? (tweifl) (accusative singular, lemma form ambiguous: see entry)

From Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”). Identical with Ancient Greek διπλόος (diplóos, “double”) and Latin duplus.


bōtō

bōtō (nominative singular)
bōtôz (nominative plural)
bōtō (singular vocative)
bōtôz (plural vocative)
bōtǭ (accusative singular)
bōtōz (accusative plural)
bōtōz (genitive singular)
bōtǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bōtōi (dative singular)
bōtōmaz (dative plural)
bōtō (instrumental singular)
bōtōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bōtu
Old English: bōt
Middle English: bot, bote, boote
English: boot
→ English: bote
Scots: bute, buit
Old Frisian: bōte
Saterland Frisian: Boate
West Frisian: boete
Old Saxon: bōta
Middle Low German: bote, bôte, bute
Low German: Bote
Old Dutch: *buota
Middle Dutch: boete
Dutch: boete
Afrikaans: boete
Old High German: buoza, buoz
Middle High German: buoze
German: Buße
Luxembourgish: Bouss

Old Norse: bót

Icelandic: bót

Faroese: bót

Norwegian Nynorsk: bot

Old Swedish: bōt

Swedish: bot

Danish: bod

Norwegian Bokmål: bot

Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐍄𐌰 (bōta)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰed-, *bʰeHd- (“good”).


batāną

batō (active first-person indicative singular)
bataisi (active indicative second-person singular)
batai (active imperative second-person singular)
batāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bataiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
batāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
batāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
batōs (active dual first-person indicative)
batāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
batāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
batāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
batānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bataiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bataiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
batānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
batānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
batānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
batānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
batadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
batadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
batadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
batadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
batadē (active indicative singular third-person)
batadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
batadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
batadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
batadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
batadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
batadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
batadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
batadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
batadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
batadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
batadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
batāndz (active participle present)
batadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *batēn
Old English: batian
Middle English: *baten
Scots: bat
⇒ Middle English: batful, badful
English: batful
⇒ Old English: *batol
Middle English: *batel
English: batell, battle
Scots: baittle, bettle
Old Frisian: batia
Saterland Frisian: baatje
West Frisian: bate, baatsje
Old Saxon: *batōn
Middle Low German: baten
Low German: batten
→ Danish: batte, både
→ Swedish: båta
Old Dutch: *baton
Middle Dutch: bāten
Dutch: baten
Afrikaans: baat
Old High German: bazzēn


fatą

fatą (nominative singular)
fatō (nominative plural)
fatą (singular vocative)
fatō (plural vocative)
fatą (accusative singular)
fatō (accusative plural)
fatas (genitive singular)
fatis (genitive singular)
fatǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fatai (dative singular)
fatamaz (dative plural)
fatō (instrumental singular)
fatamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fat
Old English: fæt
Middle English: fat, fet, vat, vet
Scots: fat, vat, vautt
English: fat, vat
Old Frisian: fet
Saterland Frisian: Fät
West Frisian: fet
Old Saxon: fat
Middle Low German: vat
German Low German: Fatt
Low German: Vat
Old Dutch: fat, vat
Middle Dutch: vat
Dutch: vat, vaat
Old High German: faz
Middle High German: vaz, vas
Cimbrian: vass, bass (Mezzaselva)
German: Fass
Luxembourgish: Faass

Old Norse: fat

Icelandic: fat

Faroese: fat

Norwegian Bokmål: fat

Norwegian Nynorsk: fat

Old Swedish: fat

Swedish: fat

Danish: fad

From Proto-Indo-European *pod- (“vessel, container”). Cognate with Lithuanian púodas (“pot, saucepan”).


salą

salą (nominative singular)
salō (nominative plural)
salą (singular vocative)
salō (plural vocative)
salą (accusative singular)
salō (accusative plural)
salas (genitive singular)
salis (genitive singular)
salǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salai (dative singular)
salamaz (dative plural)
salō (instrumental singular)
salamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sæl

Middle English: sal, sale

English: sale

Old Frisian: *sal, *sel (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: Soal

West Frisian: seal

Old Saxon: *sal

Middle Low German: sel (n)

Old High German: sal (n)

Middle High German: sal (n)

→ Italian: sala (alternatively < *saliz)

→ Portuguese: sala (alternatively < *saliz)

→ Spanish: sala (alternatively < *saliz)

Suevic / Gothic: *sala

→ Portuguese: Sá

→ Galician: Sa, Saa (place names)

From Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic село (selo, “courtyard, village”), Lithuanian sala (“village”).


bukkô

bukkô (nominative singular)
bukkaniz (nominative plural)
bukkô (singular vocative)
bukkaniz (plural vocative)
bukkanų (accusative singular)
bukkanunz (accusative plural)
bukkiniz (genitive singular)
bukkanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bukkini (dative singular)
bukkammaz (dative plural)
bukkinē (instrumental singular)
bukkammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bukkō

desctree

Old English: bucca
Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch

Old Norse: bokki

Icelandic: bokki

Norwegian Nynorsk: bokke


hallō

hallō (nominative singular)
hallôz (nominative plural)
hallō (singular vocative)
hallôz (plural vocative)
hallǭ (accusative singular)
hallōz (accusative plural)
hallōz (genitive singular)
hallǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hallōi (dative singular)
hallōmaz (dative plural)
hallō (instrumental singular)
hallōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hallu
Old English: heall
Middle English: halle, hall, hal, hale, alle, hawle, haule
English: hall (see there for further descendants)
Scots: haw
Yola: haul
Old Frisian: *hall, *hell
Saterland Frisian: Halle
West Frisian: hille
Old Saxon: halla
Middle Low German: halle
German Low German: Hall
Low German: Hall
Old Dutch: *halla
Middle Dutch: halle
Dutch: hal
Old High German: halla
Middle High German: halle
German: Halle
Luxembourgish: Hal
→ Italian: alla
→ Medieval Latin: halla (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛚᚢ (*halu)

Old Norse: hǫll
Icelandic: höll
Faroese: høll
Norwegian Bokmål: hall
Norwegian Nynorsk: hall
Old Swedish: hal
Swedish: hall
Danish: hal

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱolnó-, *ḱelnó- (“room”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱol-, *ḱel- (“to hide, cover, conceal, protect”). Cognate with Latin cella (“room, cell”), Sanskrit शाला (śā́lā, “house, mansion, hall”).


walaz

walaz (nominative singular)
walōz (nominative plural)
walōs (nominative plural)
wal (singular vocative)
walōz (plural vocative)
walōs (plural vocative)
walą (accusative singular)
walanz (accusative plural)
walas (genitive singular)
walis (genitive singular)
walǫ̂ (genitive plural)
walai (dative singular)
walamaz (dative plural)
walō (instrumental singular)
walamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wal
Old English: wæl n
Middle English: wæl, wal, wel
⇒ Old Saxon: waldād
Old High German: wal m or n
Middle High German: wal m or n
German: Wal (primarily in compounds)

Old Norse: valr; valkyrja; Valhǫll

Icelandic: valur; Valhöll

→ English: Valkyrie; Valhalla, Walhalla

Norwegian: val (in compounds)

Swedish: val (archaic)

Danish: val (primarily in compounds)

From Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to wound; death (in battle); slain (in battle)”). Cognate with Lithuanian vėlė (“ghost”), Czech válka (“war”).


walaz

walaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
walai (masculine nominative plural strong)
walō (feminine nominative singular strong)
walôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
walą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
walō (neuter nominative plural strong)
walanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
walanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
walǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
walōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
walą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
walō (accusative neuter plural strong)
walas (genitive masculine singular strong)
walis (genitive masculine singular strong)
walaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
walaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
walaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
walas (genitive neuter singular strong)
walis (genitive neuter singular strong)
walaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
walammai (dative masculine singular strong)
walaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
walaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
walaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
walammai (dative neuter singular strong)
walaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
walanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
walaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
walaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
walaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
walanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
walaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
walô (masculine nominative singular weak)
walaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
walǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
walōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
walô (neuter nominative singular weak)
walōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
walanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
walanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
walōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
walōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
walô (accusative neuter singular weak)
walōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
waliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
walanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
walōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
walōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
waliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
walanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
walini (dative masculine singular weak)
walammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
walōni (dative feminine singular weak)
walōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
walini (dative neuter singular weak)
walammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
walinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
walammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
walōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
walōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
walinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
walammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: valr

From pre-Germanic *wolhH-os, "turned or turning", from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind”).


saliz

saliz (nominative singular)
salīz (nominative plural)
sali (singular vocative)
salīz (plural vocative)
salį (accusative singular)
salinz (accusative plural)
salīz (genitive singular)
saljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
salī (dative singular)
salimaz (dative plural)
salī (instrumental singular)
salimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sali, *salr (z-stem)
Old English: sele; salor (< *salr)
Middle English: sele; sal, sale, *saler
Scots: salur, saller, sellar
Old Frisian: *sele
Saterland Frisian: Selscop, Sälskup
West Frisian: seale
Old Saxon: seli, *sali
Middle Low German: sel, sal, sāl
German Low German: Saal
Old Dutch: *sali, *seli
Middle Dutch: sāle, sāel
Dutch: zaal
Afrikaans: saal
Old High German: sali
Middle High German: sal
German: Saal
→ Russian: зал (zal)
Hunsrik: Saal
Luxembourgish: Sall
→ Asturian: sala
→ Catalan: sala
→ Italian: sala, ⇒ salone
→ Middle French: salon
French: salon
→ English: salon, saloon
→ Dutch: saloon
→ Dutch: salon
→ Galician: saa, sáa
→ Occitan: sala
→ Portuguese: sala
→ Spanish: sala
→ Old French: sale
Middle French: salle
French: salle

Proto-Norse: *ᛊᚨᛚᛁᛉ (*saliʀ)

Old Norse: salr
Icelandic: salur
Faroese: salur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sal
Old Swedish: sal
Swedish: sal
Danish: sal
Norwegian Bokmål: sal

Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍃 (*sals) (in derivatives)

→ Finnish: sali

From Proto-Indo-European *sol-, *sel- (“human settlement, village, dwelling”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic село (selo, “courtyard, village”), Lithuanian sala (“village”).


hungruz

hungruz (nominative singular)
hungriwiz (nominative plural)
hungru (singular vocative)
hungriwiz (plural vocative)
hungrų (accusative singular)
hungrunz (accusative plural)
hungrauz (genitive singular)
hungriwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hungriwi (dative singular)
hungrumaz (dative plural)
hungrū (instrumental singular)
hungrumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hungr
Old English: hungor
Middle English: hunger, hunngerr, hungor, hungær, hunguer, honguer, honger, hungre, hongre, hungere, hongur, hounger, hounguer, hungir, hungyr, hungur
English: hunger
Scots: hounger, hunger
Old Frisian: hunger
West Frisian: honger, hûnger
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Geehunger
Old Saxon: hungar
Middle Low German: hunger
German Low German: Hunger
Old Dutch: hunger
Middle Dutch: honger
Dutch: honger
Afrikaans: honger
Berbice Creole Dutch: hungru
Skepi Creole Dutch: hunger
→? Sranan Tongo: angri, hangri
→ Saramaccan: hángi, ángi
Limburgish: hónger
Old High German: hungar
Middle High German: hunger
Cimbrian: hungar, hummar (Luserna)
German: Hunger
Luxembourgish: Honger
Yiddish: הונגער (hunger)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: hungr
Icelandic: hungur
Norwegian: hunger
Old Swedish: hunger
Swedish: hunger
Danish: hunger

Gothic: 𐌷𐌿𐌷𐍂𐌿𐍃 (hūhrus)

From earlier *hunhruz, from Proto-Indo-European *kank-, *kenk- (“to burn, dry, pain, desire, hunger, thirst”). Cognate with Lithuanian kenkti (“to damage, blight”), Sanskrit काङ्क्षति (kāṅkṣati, “he wishes, desires”).


hradjaną

hradjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hradjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hradjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hradisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hradjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hradi (active imperative second-person singular)
hradjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hradjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hradiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hradjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hradjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hradjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hradjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hradjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hradjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hradjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hradjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hradjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hradjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hradjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hradjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hradjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hradiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hradjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hradiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hradjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hradjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hradjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hradjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hradjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hradjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hradjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hradidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hradidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hradidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hradidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hradidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hradidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hradidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hradidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hradidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hradidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hradidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hradidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hradidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hradidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hradidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hradidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hradjandz (active participle present)
hradidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hraddjan
Old English: hreddan
Middle English: redden, redde, reddenn (Ormulum)
English: redd, red; rid
Scots: redd, red
Old Frisian: hredda, reda
Saterland Frisian: rädje
West Frisian: rêde
Old Saxon: *hreddian
Middle Low German: redden
Low German: redden
→ Danish: redde
→ Icelandic: redda
→ Swedish: rädda
→ Norwegian: redde
Old Dutch: *redden
Middle Dutch: redden
Dutch: redden
Afrikaans: red
Old High German: retten
Middle High German: retten
German: retten
Luxembourgish: retten

From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake, jostle”). Equivalent to *hradaz (“fast”) + *-janą.

der

(West Germanic) to loosen; set free; deliver; rescue; save


bukkaz

bukkaz (nominative singular)
bukkōz (nominative plural)
bukkōs (nominative plural)
bukk (singular vocative)
bukkōz (plural vocative)
bukkōs (plural vocative)
bukką (accusative singular)
bukkanz (accusative plural)
bukkas (genitive singular)
bukkis (genitive singular)
bukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bukkai (dative singular)
bukkamaz (dative plural)
bukkō (instrumental singular)
bukkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bukk
Old English: bucc, buc
Middle English: bukke, bucke, buk, bocke, bucce, boke, buc
English: buck
Scots: buk, buke, buik
Yola: buch
Old Frisian: *buk, *bok
Saterland Frisian: Buk
West Frisian: bok
Old Saxon: bukk, buk
Middle Low German: buk, buck, bok
Low German: Buck
Old Dutch: buc
Middle Dutch: boc
Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bók
West Flemish: buk
Old High German: buk, buc, bok, boch, poch
Middle High German: boc
German: Bock
Luxembourgish: Bock
⇒ Old High German: steinbok
Middle High German: steinboc
→ Italian: stambecco
→ Dutch: steenbok
Afrikaans: steenbok
→ English: steenbok
→ Old French: estainbouc, boc estaign
Middle French: boucquin, bukestein, boucastain, bouquestain
Middle French: bouquin, bouquetin
French: bouquin, bouquetin
→ English: bouquetin
→ Medieval Latin: buccus (confluence with Gaulish *bukkos) (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: bukkr, bokkr
Icelandic: bukkur, bokkur
Faroese: bukkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: bukk; (dialectal) bukk’e
Old Swedish: bukker, bokker
Swedish: bock
→ Finnish: pukki
Danish: buk
Norwegian Bokmål: bukk

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ-ko-s, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuǵ- (“goat, buck, ram”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *bukkos (“goat”), Old Armenian բուծ (buc, “lamb”), Persian بز (boz, “goat”), Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀 (būza, “ram”), Sanskrit बुख (bukha, “male goat”).


haswaz

*haswaz (a-stem)

haswaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haswai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haswō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haswôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haswą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haswō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haswanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haswanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haswǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haswōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haswą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haswō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haswas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haswaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haswaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haswaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haswas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haswaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haswammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haswaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haswaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haswaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haswammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haswaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haswanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haswaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haswaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haswaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haswanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haswaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haswô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haswaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haswǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haswōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haswô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haswōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haswanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haswanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haswōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haswōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haswô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haswōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haswiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haswanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haswōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haswōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haswiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haswanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haswini (dative masculine singular weak)
haswammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haswōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haswōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haswini (dative neuter singular weak)
haswammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haswinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haswammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haswōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haswōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haswinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haswammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hasu
Old English: hasu, heasu
⇒ Middle English: haswed
Old Saxon: hasu
Middle Low German: hāse (in placenames)
Old Dutch: *haso
Old High German: *haswi
Middle High German: heswe
→ Old French: *hasve, have
Middle French: have
French: hâve

Old Norse: hǫss

Icelandic: höss

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₂s- (“bright grey”). Cognate with Latin caesius (“blue-grey”), Latin cānus (“grey, silvery, hoary”), Latin cascus (“old, ancient”).

der

hasan

Proto-West Germanic: *hasn; Old High German


wiþjǭ

wiþjǭ (nominative singular)
wiþjōniz (nominative plural)
wiþjǭ (singular vocative)
wiþjōniz (plural vocative)
wiþjōnų (accusative singular)
wiþjōnunz (accusative plural)
wiþjōniz (genitive singular)
wiþjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþjōni (dative singular)
wiþjōmaz (dative plural)
wiþjōnē (instrumental singular)
wiþjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wiþþjā

Old English: wiþþe

Middle English: withthe, witthe, wythth

Scots: widdy, widdie, weddy, wethy

English: withy; (withe, with)

Old Frisian: withthe

West Frisian: witte

Old Saxon: *withthia

Middle Low German: wedde

Old Dutch: *withtha

Middle Dutch: wisse

Dutch: wisse

Old High German: witta

⇒ Middle High German: witten (verb)

Old Norse: viðja

Danish: vidje

Faroese: viðja

Icelandic: viðja

Norwegian: vidje

Old Swedish: viþia

Swedish: vidja

→ Finnish: vitja

→ Proto-Finnic: *vicca (see there for further descendants)


wiþiz

wiþiz (nominative singular)
wiþīz (nominative plural)
wiþi (singular vocative)
wiþīz (plural vocative)
wiþį (accusative singular)
wiþinz (accusative plural)
wiþīz (genitive singular)
wiþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wiþī (dative singular)
wiþimaz (dative plural)
wiþī (instrumental singular)
wiþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wiþe (in compounds)

Middle English: withe, wythe, with

English: with, withe

Old Saxon: *with, *witha

Middle Low German: wede

Old High German: wid

Middle High German: wid

German: Weid

Old Norse: við

Icelandic: við

From Pre-Germanic *witís, generalised from the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *wéh₁itis.


mailą

mailą (nominative singular)
mailō (nominative plural)
mailą (singular vocative)
mailō (plural vocative)
mailą (accusative singular)
mailō (accusative plural)
mailas (genitive singular)
mailis (genitive singular)
mailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mailai (dative singular)
mailamaz (dative plural)
mailō (instrumental singular)
mailamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mail

Old English: māl

Middle English: mal, mole, mool

English: mole

Scots: mail, mold

Old Frisian: *māl

Saterland Frisian: Moal

Old Saxon: *mēl

Middle Low German: *mêl, meil

Old High German: meil; meila

Middle High German: meil; meile

German: Meil

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌻 (mail)

From Proto-Indo-European *mel-, *melw- (“dark, dirty; to soil”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to soil”). Cognate with Lithuanian miẽles (“yeast, barm, leaven”).


stainagaz

*stainagaz (a-stem)

stainagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stainagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stainagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stainagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stainagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stainagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stainaganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stainaganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stainagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stainagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stainagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stainagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stainagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stainagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stainagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stainagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stainagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stainagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stainagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stainagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stainagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stainagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stainagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stainagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stainaganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stainagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stainagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stainagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stainaganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stainagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stainagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stainaganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stainagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stainagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stainagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stainagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stainaganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stainaganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stainagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stainagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stainagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stainagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stainaginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stainaganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stainagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stainagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stainaginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stainaganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stainagini (dative masculine singular weak)
stainagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stainagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stainagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stainagini (dative neuter singular weak)
stainagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stainaginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stainagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stainagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stainagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stainaginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stainagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *stainag; *stainīg

Old English: stāniġ, stǣniġ; stāniht, stǣniht

Middle English: stani, stoni, stony

English: stony

Scots: stany

Old Frisian: stēnich

Saterland Frisian: steenich

West Frisian: stienich

Old Saxon: *stēnag

Middle Low German: stênich

German Low German: stenig

→ Swedish: stenig

Old Dutch: *steinag, *steinig

Middle Dutch: stēnig

Dutch: stenig

Old High German: steinag, steinīg

Old High German: steinec

German: steinig

Luxembourgish: stengeg

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍃 (stainahs)


dīkaz

dīkaz (nominative singular)
dīkōz (nominative plural)
dīkōs (nominative plural)
dīk (singular vocative)
dīkōz (plural vocative)
dīkōs (plural vocative)
dīką (accusative singular)
dīkanz (accusative plural)
dīkas (genitive singular)
dīkis (genitive singular)
dīkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīkai (dative singular)
dīkamaz (dative plural)
dīkō (instrumental singular)
dīkamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dīk
Old English: dīċ
Middle English: dich
English: ditch (“trench, bank”)
>? Old English: dīc
Middle English: dic, dik (“trench, embankment”) (possibly influenced by or borrowed from Old Norse díki, Middle Dutch dijc)
Scots: dike, dyke
English: dike (“levee”)
Old Frisian: dīk
North Frisian: dijck
Saterland Frisian: Diek
West Frisian: dyk
Old Saxon: dīk (“levee, pond”)
Middle Low German: dîk
German Low German: Diek
→ German: Deich (“dam”)
→ Estonian: tiik (“pond”)
Old Dutch: dīc (“levee, wall”)
Middle Dutch: dijc
Dutch: dijk
Afrikaans: dyk
→ Old French: diic, dike
Middle French: digue
French: digue
→ Irish: díog (“trench”)
Old High German: tīh (“dam”)
Middle High German: tīch, dīch (“small dry valley, dam, pond”) (influenced by Low German)
German: Teich (“pond”)
German: Deich (“dam”)
Yiddish: טײַך (taykh, “river”)

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language

Uncertain. Two Indo-European etymologies are plausible:
* From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, stab, dig”). Cognate with Latin fīgō (“pierce, pin, fasten, fix”), Lithuanian díegti (“to plant, implant, ingraft, prickle, stab”).
* From pre-Germanic *dīkkô ~ *dīkkaz with regular reduction, via Kluge's law from a Proto-Indo-European n-stem *dʰeyǵʰ-n-, gen. *dʰeyǵʰ-nó-, from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to form”).
Importantly, the former assumes an original meaning *“something dug out; ditch”, while the latter assumes *“something constructed”.


wagjaz

wagjaz (nominative singular)
wagjōz (nominative plural)
wagjōs (nominative plural)
wagi (singular vocative)
wagjōz (plural vocative)
wagjōs (plural vocative)
wagją (accusative singular)
wagjanz (accusative plural)
wagjas (genitive singular)
wagis (genitive singular)
wagjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wagjai (dative singular)
wagjamaz (dative plural)
wagjō (instrumental singular)
wagjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wagi
Old English: weċġ
Middle English: wegge
English: wedge
Scots: weg, wegge, wadge, waige
Old Frisian: *wegge, *wigge
West Frisian: wigge
Old Saxon: weggi
Middle Low German: wegge
Old Dutch: *weggi
Middle Dutch: wegghe, wigghe
Dutch: weg, wegge, wig
Afrikaans: wig
Old High German: weggi, wekki, wecki
Middle High German: wegge, wecke
German: Wecke, Wecken, Weck
Hunsrik: Weck
Pennsylvania German: Weck

→? Proto-Finnic: *vakja (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to move”). Cognate with Lithuanian vãgis (“peg, hook”).


dīkiją

dīkiją (nominative singular)
dīkijō (nominative plural)
dīkiją (singular vocative)
dīkijō (plural vocative)
dīkiją (accusative singular)
dīkijō (accusative plural)
dīkijas (genitive singular)
dīkīs (genitive singular)
dīkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dīkijai (dative singular)
dīkijamaz (dative plural)
dīkijō (instrumental singular)
dīkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: díki; (dík?)

Icelandic: díki; (dík?)

Norwegian: dike

Old Swedish: dīke

Swedish: dike

Danish: dige

Elfdalian: daitje

→ Old French: dike

Norman: dic(k), dic(q) (in place-names)

Middle French: digue (also possibly from Middle Dutch)

French: digue

→ English: digue

→? Middle English: dik, dike


dōkaz

dōkaz (nominative singular)
dōkōz (nominative plural)
dōkōs (nominative plural)
dōk (singular vocative)
dōkōz (plural vocative)
dōkōs (plural vocative)
dōką (accusative singular)
dōkanz (accusative plural)
dōkas (genitive singular)
dōkis (genitive singular)
dōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dōkai (dative singular)
dōkamaz (dative plural)
dōkō (instrumental singular)
dōkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dōk
>? Old English: dōc (“bastard, mongrel”) (with change in meaning)
Old Frisian: dōk
Saterland Frisian: Douk
West Frisian: doek
Old Saxon: dōk
Middle Low German: dôk, dûk
German Low German: Dook
→ Old Norse: dúkr
Icelandic: dúkur
Faroese: dúkur
Norwegian Bokmål: duk
Norwegian Nynorsk: duk
Old Swedish: dūker
Swedish: duk, dok
Danish: dug
Old Dutch: *dōk, *duoc
Middle Dutch: doec
Dutch: doek
Afrikaans: doek
→ English: doek
→ Shona: dhuku
Berbice Creole Dutch: duku
Jersey Dutch: duk
Negerhollands: doek, doekoe
→ Akan: duku
→ Nkonya: duku
→ Wali (Ghana): ’duuku
→ Akebu: ɖuku-yǝ (via an intermediary language)
→ Lokono: doko
→ Aukan: duku
→ English: duck, dook
→ Fon: dukwí
→ Indonesian: duk
→ Japanese: ズック
→ Mbelime: dukìhṵ̀ (via an intermediary language)
→ Nawdm: dukŋa (via an intermediary language)
→ Scots: dook
→ Sranan Tongo: duku
→ Caribbean Javanese: duku
→ Dutch: doekoe
Limburgish: dook
Old High German: tuoh
Middle High German: tuoch
Alemannic German: Tuech
Swabian: Tuach
Central Franconian: Duch
Cimbrian: tuach
German: Tuch
→ Esperanto: tuko
Luxembourgish: Duch
Pennsylvania German: Duch
Yiddish: טוך (tukh)
Lombardic: *tuoh
→ Lombard: toh
→ Italian: tocca, toca, tòcche
→? Spanish: toca
→ Middle French: tocque
French: toque
English: toque
→ Old High German: toh

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwōg- (“cloth”). Cognate with Sanskrit ध्वज (dhvajá, “flag, banner”).


warōną

warō (active first-person indicative singular)
warǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
warōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
warōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warō (active imperative second-person singular)
warōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
warōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
warōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
warō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
warōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
warōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
warōs (active dual first-person indicative)
warōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
warōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
warōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
warōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
warōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
warōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
warōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
warōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
warōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
warōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
warōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
warōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
warōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
warōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
warōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
warōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
warōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
warōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
warōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
warōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
warōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
warōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
warōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
warōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
warōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
warōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
warōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
warōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
warōndz (active participle present)
warōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *warōn
Old English: warian
Middle English: warien, waren
Scots: war, ware
English: ware
Old Frisian: waria, weria
Saterland Frisian: woarje
West Frisian: warje
Old Saxon: warōn
Middle Low German: wāren
German Low German: wahren
Old Dutch: *waron
Middle Dutch: wāren
Old High German: warōn
Middle High German: waren, warn
German: wahren
→ Slovene: varati (dialectal)
→ Serbo-Croatian: varati
→ Vulgar Latin: *warāre
Old French: warer, garer
Middle French: guerrer, garrer
French: garer; garage
→ Dutch: garage
→ English: garage
→ Portuguese: garagem
Occitan: guarer, garar

Old Norse: vara

Icelandic: vara

Faroese: vara

Norwegian: vare

Old Swedish: vara

Swedish: vara

Danish: vare

From Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to become aware of, heed”). Equivalent to *waraz (“cautious”) + *-ōną.


dewaną

dewō (active first-person indicative singular)
dewaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dewai (first-person indicative passive singular)
diwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dewaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dew (active imperative second-person singular)
dewazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dewaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
diwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dewai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dewadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dewadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dewaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dewōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dewaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dewadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dewaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dewadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dewamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dewaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dewandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dewaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
diwid (active indicative plural second-person)
dewaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
diwid (active imperative plural second-person)
dewandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dewaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dewandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dewain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dewandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dewandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dewaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
daw (active first-person indicative singular)
dēwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dawt (active indicative second-person singular)
dēwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
daw (active indicative singular third-person)
dēwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dēwū (active dual first-person indicative)
dēwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dēwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dēwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dēwum (active first-person indicative plural)
dēwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dēwud (active indicative plural second-person)
dēwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dēwun (active indicative plural third-person)
dēwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dewandz (active participle present)
dewanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (diwan)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰew-, *dʰwey- (“to die”). Cognate with Latin fūnus (“funeral, burial, death, murder”).


dawjaną

dawjō (active first-person indicative singular)
dawjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dawjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dawisi (active indicative second-person singular)
dawjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dawi (active imperative second-person singular)
dawjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dawjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dawiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dawjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dawjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dawjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dawjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dawjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dawjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dawjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dawjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dawjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dawjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dawjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dawjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dawjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dawiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dawjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dawiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dawjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dawjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dawjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dawjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dawjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dawjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dawjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dōw (active first-person indicative singular)
dōwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dōwt (active indicative second-person singular)
dōwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dōw (active indicative singular third-person)
dōwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dōwū (active dual first-person indicative)
dōwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dōwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dōwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dōwum (active first-person indicative plural)
dōwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dōwud (active indicative plural second-person)
dōwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dōwun (active indicative plural third-person)
dōwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dawjandz (active participle present)
dawanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *dauwjan
Old English: *dīeġan
Middle English: deyen, deȝen, dien, deien, digen, degen, deghen, deȝen
English: die
→ Vietnamese: đai
Geordie English: dee
Scots: de, dee, dey
Yola: dee
Old Frisian: deia, deja
Old Saxon: dōian
Middle Low German: doeien
Low German: döen
Old Dutch: *douwen, *dōien
Middle Dutch: douwen, dôyen
Old High German: touwen, tewen
Middle High German: touwen, töuwen

Old Norse: deyja
Middle English: deyen
English: die
Icelandic: deyja
Faroese: doyggja
Norwegian Nynorsk: døy, døya
Dalecarlian:
Mora: däja
Elfdalian: däia, däa
Old Swedish: dø̄ia
Swedish: dö
Old Danish: dø̄
Scanian: dǿja
Danish: dø
Norwegian Bokmål: dø
Old Gutnish: doyia
Gutnish: dåie, dåi, doä

Compared with Proto-Indo-European *dʰew-, and *dʰweh₂-, but Kroonen prefers to connect it with Hittite [script needed] (tuḫḫušzi, “to end”), from *dʰuH-.


lūtaną

lūtō (active first-person indicative singular)
lūtaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lūtai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lūtizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lūtaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lūt (active imperative second-person singular)
lūtazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lūtaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lūtidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lūtai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lūtadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lūtadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lūtaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lūtōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lūtaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lūtadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lūtaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lūtadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lūtamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lūtaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lūtandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lūtaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lūtid (active indicative plural second-person)
lūtaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lūtid (active imperative plural second-person)
lūtandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lūtaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lūtandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lūtain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūtandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lūtandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lūtaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laut (active first-person indicative singular)
lutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
laust (active indicative second-person singular)
lutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laut (active indicative singular third-person)
lutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lutū (active dual first-person indicative)
lutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lutum (active first-person indicative plural)
lutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lutud (active indicative plural second-person)
lutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lutun (active indicative plural third-person)
lutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lūtandz (active participle present)
lutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lūtan
Old English: lūtan
Middle English: louten
Scots: loot, lout
English: lout

Old Norse: lúta

Icelandic: lúta

Faroese: lúta

Norwegian: lute

Old Swedish: lūta

Swedish: luta

Danish: lude

Elfdalian: lauta

From Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to duck, crouch, feign, cringe, become small”).


wītaną

wītō (active first-person indicative singular)
wītaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wītai (first-person indicative passive singular)
wītizi (active indicative second-person singular)
wītaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wīt (active imperative second-person singular)
wītazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wītaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wītidi (active indicative singular third-person)
wītai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wītadau (active imperative singular third-person)
wītadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wītaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wītōz (active dual first-person indicative)
wītaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wītadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wītaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wītadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wītamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wītaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wītandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wītaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wītid (active indicative plural second-person)
wītaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wītid (active imperative plural second-person)
wītandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wītaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wītandi (active indicative plural third-person)
wītain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wītandau (active imperative plural third-person)
wītandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wītaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wait (active first-person indicative singular)
witį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waist (active indicative second-person singular)
witīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wait (active indicative singular third-person)
witī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
witū (active dual first-person indicative)
witīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
witudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
witīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
witum (active first-person indicative plural)
witīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
witud (active indicative plural second-person)
witīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
witun (active indicative plural third-person)
witīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wītandz (active participle present)
witanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wītan
Old English: wītan
Middle English: wīten, wyten
Scots: wyte
English: wite
Old Frisian: wīta
Saterland Frisian: wiete
Old Saxon: wītan
Middle Low German: wīten
Old Dutch: wītan
Middle Dutch: witen
Dutch: wijten
Afrikaans: wyt
Limburgish: wiete
Old High German: wīzan, wīzzan
Middle High German: wīzen
German: weisen
→ German Low German: wiesen
→ Old French: *guider, guier (also possibly from Gothic)
Middle French: guider
French: guider
→ Middle English: guiden, giden, gyden; guien, gien, gyen
English: guide; guy
→ Occitan: guidar, guizar
→ Italian: guidare
→ Spanish: guiar
→ Portuguese: guiar

Old Norse: víta

Icelandic: víta

Old Swedish: vīta

Gothic: *𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (*weitan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (inweitan)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see; look; look for; find”).


kazą

kazą (nominative singular)
kazō (nominative plural)
kazą (singular vocative)
kazō (plural vocative)
kazą (accusative singular)
kazō (accusative plural)
kazas (genitive singular)
kazis (genitive singular)
kazǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kazai (dative singular)
kazamaz (dative plural)
kazō (instrumental singular)
kazamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kaʀ
Old English: *cær
⇒? Old English: *buncær (first element uncertain)
Early Scots: bonker, bunkur, bunker (possibly)
Scots: bunker
→ English: bunker
Old Saxon: *kar
Middle Low German: kar, kare
Old Dutch: *kar
Middle Dutch: car, care, caer
Dutch: kaar
Old High German: kar
Middle High German: kar
German: Kar (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: ker
Icelandic: ker
Faroese: ker
Norwegian Nynorsk: kjer
Norwegian Bokmål: kjer
Old Swedish: kar
Swedish: kar
Old Danish: kar
Danish: kar
Norwegian Bokmål: kar
→ Icelandic: kar
→ Faroese: kar
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kar

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐍃 (kas)

→ Proto-Samic: *kārē

Kildin Sami: ка̄ррь (kārr’)

Northern Sami: gárri

Southern Sami: gaerie

Of unknown origin.
Traditionally derived from a Proto-Germanic *kas- (“to throw, toss, raise, bring up”), itself of uncertain origin (see also *kastōną (“to throw”)), though Kroonen rejects this on phonetic grounds. Other theories connecting the word to Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“bowl, vessel”) (whence Proto-Germanic *hweraz (“kettle”) and Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos (“cauldron”)) are semantically attractive, but phonetically impossible via inherited sound laws (thus, if related, a borrowing must have taken place).
Orel prefers to take the root as a cultural loanword, ultimately from Proto-Semitic *kaʔs- (“beaker, goblet”).


kreupaną

kreupō (active first-person indicative singular)
kreupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kreupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kriupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kreupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kreup (active imperative second-person singular)
kreupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kreupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kriupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kreupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kreupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kreupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kreupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kreupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kreupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kreupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kreupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kreupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kreupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kreupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kreupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kreupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kriupid (active indicative plural second-person)
kreupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kriupid (active imperative plural second-person)
kreupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kreupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kreupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kreupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kreupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kreupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kraup (active first-person indicative singular)
krupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
krauft (active indicative second-person singular)
krupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kraup (active indicative singular third-person)
krupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
krupū (active dual first-person indicative)
krupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
krupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
krupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
krupum (active first-person indicative plural)
krupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
krupud (active indicative plural second-person)
krupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
krupun (active indicative plural third-person)
krupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kreupandz (active participle present)
krupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kreupan
Old English: crēopan
Middle English: crepen
English: creep
Scots: crepe, creip
Old Frisian: krūpa, kriāpa, kriēpa, krēpa
Saterland Frisian: krjope, kjoope
West Frisian: krippe, krûpe
Old Saxon: kriopan
Middle Low German: krêpen, krûpen
German Low German: krepen, krupen
Old Dutch: *crūpan
Middle Dutch: crupen
Dutch: kruipen
Afrikaans: kruip
Negerhollands: krup, kryb
Limburgish: kroepe
Old High German: kriofan, *krūfan
Middle High German: kriefen, krūfen
German: kraufen, krüpfen
Alemannic German: chrüpfen
Central Franconian: kruffe

Old Norse: krjúpa
Icelandic: krjúpa
Faroese: krúpa
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: krype
Norwegian Nynorsk: krype, krypa
Old Swedish: krȳpa
Swedish: krypa
Old Danish: krȳpæ
Danish: krybe
Elfdalian: kriuopa
Gutnish: kräupe
Scanian: krýba
→ Scottish Gaelic: crùb

According to Kroonen, the derivations containing -p(p)- and -b(b)- show that the root was originally Pre-Germanic *kreupp-, from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ-, rather than the traditionally given *grewb-.


draibō

draibō (nominative singular)
draibôz (nominative plural)
draibō (singular vocative)
draibôz (plural vocative)
draibǭ (accusative singular)
draibōz (accusative plural)
draibōz (genitive singular)
draibǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draibōi (dative singular)
draibōmaz (dative plural)
draibō (instrumental singular)
draibōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *draibu

Old English: drāf, drǣf

Middle English: draf, drof, drove

English: drove

Scots: draif, drave

Old Frisian: *drēf

West Frisian: dreef, dree

Old Saxon: *drēva

desc

Middle Low German: drêve, drêf (in compounds)

German Low German: Dreve, Dreev

Old Dutch: *drēva

Middle Dutch: dreve f or m

Dutch: dreef

→ French: drève (dialectal)

Old High German: *treiba

Middle High German: treibe f, treip m

Old Norse: dreif

Icelandic: dreif

Norwegian Bokmål: drev

Norwegian Nynorsk: drev

Swedish: drev

Danish: drev

/ˈdrɑi̯.βɔː/

Derived from *drībaną (“to push, move, drive”).


sandō

sandō (nominative singular)
sandôz (nominative plural)
sandō (singular vocative)
sandôz (plural vocative)
sandǭ (accusative singular)
sandōz (accusative plural)
sandōz (genitive singular)
sandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sandōi (dative singular)
sandōmaz (dative plural)
sandō (instrumental singular)
sandōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sand (f); >sand (m)

Middle English: sande, sond; sandesman; sanderman, sanderbode

Scots: saynd, saind; send

English: sand

Old High German: -santa, santi- (in compounds)


harjōną

harjō (active first-person indicative singular)
harjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
harjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
harjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harjō (active imperative second-person singular)
harjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
harjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
harjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
harjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
harjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
harjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
harjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
harjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
harjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
harjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
harjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
harjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
harjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
harjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
harjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
harjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
harjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
harjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
harjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
harjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
harjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
harjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
harjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
harjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
harjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
harjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
harjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
harjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
harjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
harjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
harjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
harjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
harjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
harjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
harjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
harjōndz (active participle present)
harjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harjōn
Old English: hergian, herian
Middle English: herien, harien, haryen, herȝien, herȝen, herwen, harwen
Scots: hery, herry, hary
English: harrow, harry
Old Frisian: *heria
Saterland Frisian: heerje
Old Saxon: heriōn
Middle Low German: hēren
German Low German: heren
Old Dutch: herron
Middle Dutch: hēren, hergen, hēregen, hērien
Old High German: harjōn, herjōn, herrōn
Middle High German: herjen, hergen, heren, hern
German: heeren
→ Old French: harier, hariien, harer; harigoter
Middle French: haricot
French: haricot
→ English: haricot

Old Norse: herja
Icelandic: herja
Faroese: herja
Norwegian Nynorsk: herja
Old Swedish: hæria
Swedish: härja
Old Danish: hæriæ
Danish: hærge
Early Norwegian Bokmål: hærje
Norwegian Bokmål: herje (also from Norwegian herja)

to overrun with an army; lay waste; ravage; devastate


flukkaz

flukkaz (nominative singular)
flukkōz (nominative plural)
flukkōs (nominative plural)
flukk (singular vocative)
flukkōz (plural vocative)
flukkōs (plural vocative)
flukką (accusative singular)
flukkanz (accusative plural)
flukkas (genitive singular)
flukkis (genitive singular)
flukkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
flukkai (dative singular)
flukkamaz (dative plural)
flukkō (instrumental singular)
flukkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *flokk

Old English: flocc

Middle English: flokk, flock, flok

Scots: flok, floke

English: flock

Old Saxon: *flokk

Middle Low German: vlocke

(German Low German: Flüggt?)

Frankish: *flokk

Old Dutch: *flokk, *flok

Middle Dutch: vloc

→ Old French: floc, fulc, flou

Old Norse: flokkr

Icelandic: flokkur

Faroese: flokkur

Norn: flokk

Norwegian: flokk

Old Swedish: flokker, flukker

Swedish: flock

Danish: flok

→ Norman: fliotchet (Jersey)

Probably originally used of birds, in which case a derivation from *flukkōną (“to fly, flutter”) is possible.


handijaną

handijō (active first-person indicative singular)
handijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
handīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
handijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handī (active imperative second-person singular)
handijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
handijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
handīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
handijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
handijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
handijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
handijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
handijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
handijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
handijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
handijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
handīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
handijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
handijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
handijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
handijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
handijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
handijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
handijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
handidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
handidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
handidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
handidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
handidē (active indicative singular third-person)
handidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
handidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
handidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
handidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
handidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
handidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
handidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
handidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
handidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
handidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
handidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
handijandz (active participle present)
handidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *handijan
Old English: *hendan
Middle English: henden
English: hend
⇒ Middle English: handen, honden (form influenced by hand, hond)
English: hand
Scots: hand
⇒ Old English: ġehendan
Old Frisian: henda, handa
⇒ Saterland Frisian: houndje
West Frisian: heine
Old Saxon: *hendian
Middle Low German: *henden, *handen (form influenced by hant)
⇒ Middle Low German: hendære, hender, handære
⇒ Middle Low German: afhenden
⇒ Middle Low German: vörhenden, vörhanden
⇒ Middle Low German: belîfhanden
⇒ Middle Low German: enthanden, enhanden
Old Dutch: *henden
Middle Dutch: henden, handen
Dutch: henden, handen, heinen (dialectal)
Old High German: hanten, *henten
Middle High German: henden, handen
⇒ Middle High German: behenden
⇒ Middle High German: enthenden
⇒ Old High German: gihantit (ppt)

Old Norse: henda
Icelandic: henda
Faroese: henda
Norwegian Bokmål: hende
Old Swedish: hænda
Swedish: hända
Danish: hænde

to take by the hand; seize; grip; capture


handugaz

*handugaz (a-stem)

handugaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
handugai (masculine nominative plural strong)
handugō (feminine nominative singular strong)
handugôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
handugą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
handugō (neuter nominative plural strong)
handuganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
handuganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
handugǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
handugōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
handugą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
handugō (accusative neuter plural strong)
handugas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
handugaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
handugaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
handugaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
handugas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
handugaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
handugammai (dative masculine singular strong)
handugaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
handugaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
handugaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
handugammai (dative neuter singular strong)
handugaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
handuganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
handugaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
handugaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
handugaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
handuganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
handugaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
handugô (masculine nominative singular weak)
handuganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
handugǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
handugōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
handugô (neuter nominative singular weak)
handugōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
handuganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
handuganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
handugōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
handugōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
handugô (accusative neuter singular weak)
handugōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
handuginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
handuganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
handugōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
handugōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
handuginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
handuganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
handugini (dative masculine singular weak)
handugammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
handugōni (dative feminine singular weak)
handugōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
handugini (dative neuter singular weak)
handugammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
handuginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
handugammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
handugōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
handugōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
handuginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
handugammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *handug, *handag, *handīg

Old English: *hendiġ

Middle English: hendi, handy

Scots: handy

English: handy

⇒ Old English: listhendiġ

Old Frisian: *handich, *hondich

Saterland Frisian: handich, houndich

West Frisian: handich

Old Saxon: *handig, *hendig

Middle Low German: handich, hendich

German Low German: handig

→ Saterland Frisian: jäntich

→ Norwegian Bokmål: hendig

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: hendig

→ Swedish: händig

→ Danish: hændig

→ Faroese: hendigur

Old Dutch: *handig

Middle Dutch: handich

Dutch: handig

Afrikaans: handig

Old High German: hantag, hantīg

Middle High German: handec, hendec, handic, hantic

German: handig, händig

Old Norse: hǫndugr

Icelandic: höndugur

Faroese: handigur

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌲𐍃 (handugs)

→ Proto-Slavic: *xǫdogъjь, *xǫdogъ

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: худогъ (xudogŭ), художьникъ (xudožĭnikŭ)

Russian: худо́жник (xudóžnik)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic: хѫдожьство (xǫdožĭstvo), Old Church Slavonic: хѫдожьствиѥ (xǫdožĭstvije)

→ Russian: художество (xudožestvo)

Bulgarian: художество (hudožestvo)

West Slavic:

Polish: chędogi

handy; skillful with the hands; dextrous


falisaz

falisaz (nominative singular)
falisōz (nominative plural)
falisōs (nominative plural)
falis (singular vocative)
falisōz (plural vocative)
falisōs (plural vocative)
falisą (accusative singular)
falisanz (accusative plural)
falisas (genitive singular)
falisis (genitive singular)
falisǫ̂ (genitive plural)
falisai (dative singular)
falisamaz (dative plural)
falisō (instrumental singular)
falisamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *falis
Old Saxon: felis
Middle Low German: vels
Old Dutch: *felis
Middle Dutch: vels
Dutch: vels
Old High German: felis, fels, feliso
Middle High German: vels, velse
German: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)
Hunsrik: Fels
Luxembourgish: Fiels
→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa
Old French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise
Middle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise
French: falaise (see there for further descendants)
→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia
Italian: falesa, falesia

Old Norse: fell, fjall (possibly < *felzaz)
Icelandic: fjall, fell
Faroese: fjall
Norwegian Nynorsk: fjell; (dialectal) fjall, fjadd, fjedl
Old Swedish: fiæl
Swedish: fjäll
Danish: fjeld
Norwegian Bokmål: fjell
→ Middle English: fell, fel
Scots: fell, fiold
English: fell

From Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), or perhaps an s-stem *pél-es-. Compare Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), Proto-Celtic *ɸallo- (“cliff”), Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone, rock”) and Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a). Kroonen suggests reconstructing an acrostatic *pól-s ~ *pél-s-s, with o-grade based especially on the Old French borrowing falise.
Alternatively from a substrate language; more at πέλλα (pélla).


kinkōną

kinkō (active first-person indicative singular)
kinkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
kinkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
kinkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kinkō (active imperative second-person singular)
kinkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kinkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
kinkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kinkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
kinkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kinkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kinkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
kinkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kinkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kinkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kinkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kinkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kinkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kinkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kinkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kinkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
kinkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kinkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
kinkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kinkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kinkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
kinkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kinkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
kinkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kinkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kinkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
kinkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
kinkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kinkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
kinkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kinkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
kinkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kinkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kinkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kinkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
kinkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kinkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
kinkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kinkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
kinkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kinkōndz (active participle present)
kinkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *cincian (attested in cincung); *cenċan

Middle English: kinken, kynken; kenchen; kinkehost

Scots: kink; kinkhoste

English: kink; chincough

Old Frisian: *kinkja

West Frisian: kinkhoast

Old Saxon: *kinkōn

Middle Low German: *kinken; kinkhōste

Low German: kinkhōst

(→ German: Keichhusten, Keuchhusten)

→ Danish: kighoste

→ Icelandic: kíghósti

→ Swedish: kikhosta

Old Dutch: *kinkon

Middle Dutch: kincken, kinken; kinkhōste

Dutch: kinken; kinkhoest

From Proto-Indo-European *gang-, *ganǵ- (“to mock, insult”). Cognate with Sanskrit गञ्ज (gañja, “disrespect”).


sulī

sulī (nominative singular)
suljôz (nominative plural)
sulī (singular vocative)
suljôz (plural vocative)
suljǭ (accusative singular)
suljōz (accusative plural)
suljōz (genitive singular)
suljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suljōi (dative singular)
suljōmaz (dative plural)
suljō (instrumental singular)
suljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sul(l)i

Old English: syl, syll

desc

Middle English: sylle, sülle, selle, sille

English: sill

Scots: sil, sill

→ Latin: silla

Old Frisian: *selle

West Frisian: sille

Old Saxon: *sul, *sulli

Middle Low German: sul, sülle, sille

Low German: Sull, Sülle

Old Dutch: *sulla

Middle Dutch: sulle, sille

Dutch: zulle

Old Norse: syll

Icelandic: syll, sylla

Faroese: syll

Norwegian: syll

Old Swedish: syl

Swedish: syll

Danish: syld

From Proto-Indo-European *swel-, *sel- (“piece of wood; beam, post, balk, board, threshold, sill”). Cognate with Lithuanian šelmuõ (“apex, roof, ridge”), Latin silva (“wood, forest”), Latin solum (“ground, floor, sole, bottom”).


furai

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-éy, an innovative dative formation from *preh₂-. Compare Latin prae, Ancient Greek παραί (paraí) and Sanskrit पुरे (pure). Alternatively from *pr̥h₃-éy or *pr̥h₃-óy, from *perh₃-. In any case, ultimately from the root *per-.


furai

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *forē
Old English: fore
Middle English: fore
Scots: fore
English: fore
Old Frisian: fora, fore
Old Saxon: fora, for, fore, fur, far
German Low German: för, vär, veer, ver (Low Prussian), vör, vœr
Old Dutch: fora, fore
Middle Dutch: vōre, vor, vōor
Dutch: voor
Afrikaans: voor
Berbice Creole Dutch: foro
Javindo: foor
Negerhollands: voor, fo, for
Jersey Dutch: för, f'r
→ Virgin Islands Creole: voor (dated)
Petjo: voor, foor
Skepi Creole Dutch: foo, fou
Limburgish: veur
Old High German: fora, for, fore
Middle Low German: vor, vore
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: vóar, bóar (Mezzaselva)
Mòcheno: vour
Central Franconian: vür
German: vor

Old Norse: fyrir (probably merged completely with *furi)

Norn: for

Old Swedish: fyri(r), for

Swedish: före, för

Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (faura)


hringijaną

hringijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hringijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hringijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hringīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hringijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hringī (active imperative second-person singular)
hringijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hringijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hringīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hringijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hringijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hringijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hringijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hringijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hringijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hringijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hringijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hringijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hringijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hringijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hringijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hringijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hringīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hringijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hringīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hringijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hringijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hringijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hringijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hringijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hringijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hringijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hringidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hringidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hringidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hringidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hringidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hringidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hringidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hringidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hringidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hringidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hringidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hringidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hringidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hringidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hringidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hringidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hringijandz (active participle present)
hringidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
Old English: hrinġan
Middle English: ringen, ryngen
Scots: ring
English: ring
Old Frisian: *ringa
North Frisian: ringe
Old Dutch: *ringen
Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
Dutch: ringen; rinkelen; rinkinken
Afrikaans: ring, rinkink
Old High German: hringan, ringan

Old Norse: hringja
Icelandic: hringja
Faroese: ringja
Norwegian Nynorsk: ringja
Old Swedish: ringia
Swedish: ringa
Danish: ringe
Norwegian Bokmål: ringe
Gutnish: ringge, ringg', ringga

From *hringaz (“a ring, sound”) + *-janą.


hringijaną

Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
Old English: *hrinġan
Middle English: ringen
English: ring
Old Saxon: *hringian
Middle Low German: ringen
Old Dutch: *ringen
Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
Dutch: ringen
Old High German: ringen
Middle High German: ringen

Old Norse: hringja

Icelandic: hringja

Faroese: ringja

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: ringe

Norwegian Nynorsk: ringe, ringa

Swedish: ringa

From *hringaz (“a ring, a circle”) + *-janą.


wīraz

wīraz (nominative singular)
wīrōz (nominative plural)
wīrōs (nominative plural)
wīr (singular vocative)
wīrōz (plural vocative)
wīrōs (plural vocative)
wīrą (accusative singular)
wīranz (accusative plural)
wīras (genitive singular)
wīris (genitive singular)
wīrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wīrai (dative singular)
wīramaz (dative plural)
wīrō (instrumental singular)
wīramiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wīr; *wēr

Middle English: wir, wyr; were

Scots: wire, weyr; weir, weer

English: wire

→ Swedish: vajer, wire

→ Danish: wire

Old Saxon: *wīra

Middle Low German: wîre

German Low German: Wier

Low German: Wir

→ Dutch: wier, (wierdraad)

Old High German: wiara

Middle High German: wiere

German: Wiere

Old Norse: vírr; víravirki

Icelandic: vír

Norwegian: vire

Swedish: vire

Danish: vire

From Proto-Indo-European *weh₁iros (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”).


hōkaz

hōkaz (nominative singular)
hōkōz (nominative plural)
hōkōs (nominative plural)
hōk (singular vocative)
hōkōz (plural vocative)
hōkōs (plural vocative)
hōką (accusative singular)
hōkanz (accusative plural)
hōkas (genitive singular)
hōkis (genitive singular)
hōkǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hōkai (dative singular)
hōkamaz (dative plural)
hōkō (instrumental singular)
hōkamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hōk

Old English: hōc

Middle English: hoc, hok, hoke, hooke

Scots: huke, huik, hewk

English: hook

Old Frisian: hōk

Saterland Frisian: Houk; (Hoake)

West Frisian: hoeke, hoek

Old Saxon: hōk

Middle Low German: hôk, hûk

German Low German: Hook

Low German: Huk

→ German: Hook

Frankish: *hōk

Old Dutch: *hōc, huc (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: hoec, houc

Dutch: hoek

→ Danish: huk

→ Swedish: huk

→ Old French: hoc (also possibly from Old Norse)

Middle French: hoquet

French: hoquet

→ English: hockey (possibly)

⇒ Old Norse: hœkja

Icelandic: hækja

Faroese: høkja

Norwegian Nynorsk: høkje

Norn: hek

→ Scots: heck; heckle

desctree

→ Proto-Finnic: *kookka
Estonian: kook
Finnish: kuokka
→ Northern Sami: guohkki
Ingrian: kookka
Karelian:
North Karelian: kuokka
South Karelian: kuokka
Livonian: kūok
Livvi: kuokku
Ludian: kuok
Veps: kok
Võro: kuuk
Votic: kookkõ

From Proto-Indo-European *kog-, *keg-, *keng- (“peg, hook, claw”).