sakkuz

sakkuz (nominative singular)
sakkiwiz (nominative plural)
sakku (singular vocative)
sakkiwiz (plural vocative)
sakkų (accusative singular)
sakkunz (accusative plural)
sakkauz (genitive singular)
sakkiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sakkiwi (dative singular)
sakkumaz (dative plural)
sakkū (instrumental singular)
sakkumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *sakku
Old English: sæcc, sacc
Middle English: sak, sek
English: sack (see there for further descendants)
Scots: seck
Old Frisian: sekk, sekke
Saterland Frisian: Säk
West Frisian: sek
Old Saxon: sak
Middle Low German: sak, sack
German Low German: Sack
Plautdietsch: Sak
Old Dutch: sac
Middle Dutch: sac
Dutch: zak
Afrikaans: sak
→ Fwe: mà-sákà (via Lozi)
→ Zulu: saka
Fanagalo: saka
Berbice Creole Dutch: saka
Negerhollands: sak, saku, sakko
Skepi Creole Dutch: sak
→ Lokono: sâka
→ Caribbean Javanese: sak
→ Kari'na: saki
→ Indonesian: sak, saku
→ Munsee: shàkiinótay
→ Saramaccan: sáku
→ Sranan Tongo: saka
→ Caribbean Hindustani: sáká
→ Caribbean Javanese: sakah
Limburgish: zak
Old High German: sakk, sack, sak, sac
Middle High German: sac
German: Sack
Luxembourgish: Sak
Yiddish: זאַק (zak)
→ Hungarian: zsák

Old Norse: sekkr
Icelandic: sekkur
Faroese: sekkur
Norn: sekk
Norwegian: sekk
Old Swedish: sækker
Swedish: säck
→ Finnish: säkki
→ Ingrian: säkki
→ Proto-Samic:
Kildin Sami: са̄һк (sāhk)
Danish: sæk
Gutnish: säkk

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌺𐌿𐍃 (sakkus)

From Latin saccus (“sack”), from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos, “sack, bag; sackcloth”), from Semitic.


furhō

furhō (nominative singular)
furhôz (nominative plural)
furhō (singular vocative)
furhôz (plural vocative)
furhǭ (accusative singular)
furhōz (accusative plural)
furhōz (genitive singular)
furhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
furhōi (dative singular)
furhōmaz (dative plural)
furhō (instrumental singular)
furhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *furhu
Old English: fyrh, furh
Middle English: firre (perhaps partially or wholly derived from Old Norse)
English: fir
Scots: fir
Old Frisian: *fēre, *fiūre
Saterland Frisian: Fjúre
Old Saxon: furia
Middle Low German: vūre
Low German: Fuhr
Old Dutch: *fura
⇒ Dutch: Forolta
⇒ Dutch: Fornhese
Old High German: furh, furuh
Middle High German: vorhe
German: Föhre

Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚢᚱᚺᛟ (*furho) (< *furhǭ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚠᚢᚱᚺᛁᛃᚨ (*furhija)

Old Norse: fýri

Old Norse: fura
Icelandic: fura f
Faroese: fura f
Norwegian Nynorsk: fura f, fure f, furu f
Norwegian: (dialectal) furu, furo, foro (East Norway); føru, fårå, fåra, faro (Trøndelag); før, får (Northern Norway)
Norwegian Bokmål: furu f or m
Old Swedish: fora
Swedish: fura c, furu c
Danish: fyr c
Norwegian Bokmål: fyrr m
>? Middle English: firre
English: fir

From Proto-Indo-European *pérk-u-s ~ *pr̥kʷ-éw-s (“oak”).


hagustaldaz

hagustaldaz (nominative singular)
hagustaldōz (nominative plural)
hagustaldōs (nominative plural)
hagustald (singular vocative)
hagustaldōz (plural vocative)
hagustaldōs (plural vocative)
hagustaldą (accusative singular)
hagustaldanz (accusative plural)
hagustaldas (genitive singular)
hagustaldis (genitive singular)
hagustaldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagustaldai (dative singular)
hagustaldamaz (dative plural)
hagustaldō (instrumental singular)
hagustaldamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hagustald
Old English: hagosteald, hagusteald, hæġsteald, hehsteald
Middle English: hassel, haselle
→? Old Norse: haukstaldar, haukstallar
Old Saxon: hagastald, hagustald
Middle Low German: hāgestolte, hāgestolt, hāgenstolt
Old High German: hagastalt, hagustalt
Middle High German: hagestalt, hagestolt
German: Hagestolz

Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᚢᛊᛏᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ (hagustaldaʀ)

>? Old Norse: haukstaldr, haukstallr

Icelandic: haukstaldur

desc

>? Old Norse: ᛅᛋ[ᚴᚢ]ᛚᛏᛦ (as[ku]ltʀ /*Hǫskuldr/)

Icelandic: Höskuldur

From *haguz (“fence, enclosure, hedge”) + *staldaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steld-.


hagatusjō

hagatusjō (nominative singular)
hagatusjôz (nominative plural)
hagatusjō (singular vocative)
hagatusjôz (plural vocative)
hagatusjǭ (accusative singular)
hagatusjōz (accusative plural)
hagatusjōz (genitive singular)
hagatusjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hagatusjōi (dative singular)
hagatusjōmaz (dative plural)
hagatusjō (instrumental singular)
hagatusjōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hagatussjā
Old English: hægtesse, hæġtes, hæġtess, heġtes, hǣts
Middle English: hagge, hegge
English: hag
Old Frisian: *hegtesse, *hexe
Saterland Frisian: Häkse
West Frisian: hekse
Old Saxon: *hagatusia
Middle Low German: hexe
German Low German: Häxe, Hexe
Plautdietsch: Hakjs
→ Danish: heks
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: heks
→ Swedish: häxa
Old Dutch: *hagatissa
Middle Dutch: hagetisse
Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)
Old High German: hagzissa
Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
German: Hexe
→ Dutch: heks
Afrikaans: heks
→ Papiamentu: hèks
→ Polish: heksa
Luxembourgish: Hex

Uncertain; possibly from *hagaz (“skilled, crafty”) + *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-yéh₂, from *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”) (whence *deuzą (“animal, beast”)). However, this devoicing is phonetically irregular. The second part is more likely from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad, evil”).

af

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


spiltaz

spiltaz (nominative singular)
spiltōz (nominative plural)
spiltōs (nominative plural)
spilt (singular vocative)
spiltōz (plural vocative)
spiltōs (plural vocative)
spiltą (accusative singular)
spiltanz (accusative plural)
spiltas (genitive singular)
spiltis (genitive singular)
spiltǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spiltai (dative singular)
spiltamaz (dative plural)
spiltō (instrumental singular)
spiltamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: spelta

Middle Low German: spelte

Low German: Spelt

→ Norwegian: spelt

→ Swedish: spelt

→ Danish: spelt

→? West Frisian: spjelt

→ Old English: spelt

Middle English: spelt

desctree

English: spelt
→ Irish: speilt
→ Welsh: sbelt

Frankish: *spelta

Old Dutch: *spelta

Middle Dutch: spelte

Dutch: spelt

→ Latin: spelta (see there for further descendants)

Old High German: spelz

Middle High German: spelz

German: Spelz

Luxembourgish: Spelz

Old Norse: spelti, speldi (< *spiltō)

Icelandic: speldi

Unknown. It may or may not be cognate with Russian по́лба (pólba, “spelt”) and Latin puls (“porridge (usually of spelt)”) and Ancient Greek πόλτος (póltos, “porridge (usually of spelt)”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pelH- (“to split off, separate”), or borrowed from an unknown substrate by Germanic and Latin.


amliz

amliz (nominative singular)
amlīz (nominative plural)
amli (singular vocative)
amlīz (plural vocative)
amlį (accusative singular)
amlinz (accusative plural)
amlīz (genitive singular)
amlijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
amlī (dative singular)
amlimaz (dative plural)
amlī (instrumental singular)
amlimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: amar, amarkorn, amer, amur

Old High German: *amal, amar, amari

desc

Middle High German: amel, amelkorn, amer, amerkorn, emer, emerkorn

German: Amelkorn, Amelmehl, Ammer, Emmer, Merkorn

→ English: emmer

Possibly from Ancient Greek—Latin amylum (“starch”) since the presumably more conservative -l- variant is found in South West Germanic (Alemannic) languages, which border Latin. Ultimately cognate with *melwą.
The stem-final r—l interchangeability as well as the similar word *amazǭ are also to be considered.


amliz

Old English: amor, omer

Middle English: emer, emere

English: ammer

Old Saxon: amar, amor, amur

Old High German: amar, amarling, amaring, amarzo, amerzo, amirzo

Middle High German: amer, amerlinc, amerinc, emer, emerlinc, emberiz

German: Ammer, Emmer, Emmerling, Emmering, Emmeritz, Emmeritze

→ Medieval Latin: amera, amarellus, ameringa, merlus, emberiza


hagaz

hagōzô (comparative)
hagōstaz (superlative)
hagaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hagai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hagō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hagôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hagą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hagō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hagǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hagōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hagą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hagō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hagas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hagaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hagaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hagaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hagas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hagaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hagammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hagaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hagaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hagaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hagammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hagaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hagaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hagaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hagaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hagaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hagô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hagǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hagōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hagô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hagōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hagōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hagōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hagô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hagōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hagōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hagōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hagini (dative masculine singular weak)
hagammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hagōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hagōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hagini (dative neuter singular weak)
hagammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hagammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hagōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hagōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hagammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*hagaz (a-stem)

Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᚷᚨᛉ (*hagaʀ)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᛁᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (hagiradaʀ)

Old Norse: hagr

Icelandic: hagur

Norwegian: hag

Old Swedish: hagher

Jutish: hav

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱok-ó-s, from *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”). Compare Sanskrit शक् (śak, “to be able”).


Wiljahelmaz

Wiljahelmaz (nominative singular)
Wiljahelm (singular vocative)
Wiljahelmą (accusative singular)
Wiljahelmai (dative singular)
Wiljahelmō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *Willjahelm, *Willahelm

desctree

Middle Dutch: willem
> Dutch: Willem (inherited)
> Afrikaans: Willem (inherited)
Japanese: ウィレム (Wiremu)
Korean: 빌럼 (Billeom)
Toba Batak: ᯅᯪᯞ᯲ᯞᯩᯔ᯲ (Billem)

Old High German: Willahelm, *Willihelm

> German: Wilhelm (inherited) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Latin: Guilhelmus, Guilielmus, Gulielmus, Guillermus, Vilhelmus, Wilhelmus, Wilielmus, Willelmus (see there for further descendants)

desctree

Old Norse: Vilhjálmr
Danish: Vilhjælm
> Faroese: Vilhjálmur, Viljormur (inherited)
> Icelandic: Vilhjálmur (inherited)
Norwegian: Vilhjelm, Vilhjalm
> Old Swedish: Vilhiælm (inherited)

From *wiljô (“will”) + *helmaz (“helmet”).


luftijaną

luftijō (active first-person indicative singular)
luftijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
luftijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
luftīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
luftijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
luftī (active imperative second-person singular)
luftijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
luftijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
luftīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
luftijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
luftijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
luftijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
luftijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
luftijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
luftijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
luftijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
luftijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
luftijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
luftijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
luftijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
luftijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
luftijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
luftīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
luftijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
luftīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
luftijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
luftijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
luftijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
luftijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
luftijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
luftijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
luftijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
luftidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
luftidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
luftidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
luftidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
luftidē (active indicative singular third-person)
luftidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
luftidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
luftidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
luftidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
luftidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
luftidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
luftidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
luftidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
luftidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
luftidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
luftidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
luftijandz (active participle present)
luftidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *luftijan
Old Saxon: *luftian
Middle Low German: lüchten
German Low German: luchten, lüchten, (lichten)
(→ German: lichten) (merger with a derivative of *linhtaz)
Old Dutch: *luften
Middle Dutch: luchten
Dutch: luchten
→ West Frisian: luchte, luchtsje
Old High German: *luften
Middle High German: lüften
German: lüften
→ Saterland Frisian: lüftje
Luxembourgish: lëften

Old Norse: lypta, lyfta
Icelandic: lyfta
Faroese: lyfta
Norwegian Nynorsk: lyfta, lyfte, løfta, løfte
Norwegian Bokmål: løfte
Old Swedish: lypta
Swedish: lyfta
Danish: løfte
→ Middle English: lyften, liften
English: lift
Scots: lyft, lift

→ Proto-Samic: *loptëjëtēk

From Proto-Indo-European *lewp- (“to flake off, peel, damage”). Equivalent to *luftuz (“air”) + *-janą.

der

to air; put or raise into the air; raise aloft; elevate; lift


blinkaną

Proto-West Germanic: *blinkan

Old English: *blincan

Middle English: blenken, blynken

English: blink

→ Norman: blyîntchi

Scots: blink, blenk

Old Frisian: *blinka

desc

⇒ Saterland Frisian: blinkje (weak verb) (possibly from Low German)

West Frisian: blinke (strong verb) (possibly from Dutch)

Old Saxon: *blinkan

Middle Low German: blinken (weak verb)

German Low German: blinken

→ German: blinken

→ Norwegian: blinke

→ Swedish: blinka; (possibly also blänka)

→ Danish: blinke

⇒ Middle Low German: blinkeren

German Low German: blinkern

Old Dutch: *blinkan

Middle Dutch: blinken (weak verb)

Dutch: blinken (strong verb)

Afrikaans: blink

From Pre-Germanic *bʰli-n-ǵ-, a nasal-infix present formed from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleyǵ- (“to shine”) (whence also Proto-Germanic *blīkaną (“to gleam, shine”)).


abjǭ

abjǭ (nominative singular)
abjōniz (nominative plural)
abjǭ (singular vocative)
abjōniz (plural vocative)
abjōnų (accusative singular)
abjōnunz (accusative plural)
abjōniz (genitive singular)
abjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abjōni (dative singular)
abjōmaz (dative plural)
abjōnē (instrumental singular)
abjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *abbjā

Old English: ebba m

Middle English: ebbe

English: ebb

Scots: ebb, eb

Old Frisian: *ebbe f; ebba m

North Frisian: ebe

Saterland Frisian: Äbbe f

West Frisian: ebbe

Old Saxon: *ebbia; (ebbiunga)

Middle Low German: ebbe f

German Low German: Ebbe

→ German: Ebbe

→ Danish: ebbe

→ Swedish: ebb

Old Dutch: *ebba

Middle Dutch: ebbe

Dutch: eb

Afrikaans: eb

Old High German: *ebba (suggested by derivatives: ebbunga; firebbēn)

desctree

Old Norse: efja f
Icelandic: efja
Faroese: evja
Norwegian Nynorsk: evje
Norwegian: ave m (dialectal)
Old Swedish: æfia
Swedish: ävja

→ Proto-Samic: *vuopējē (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Finnic: *apaja (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *abjō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂épyeh₂, from *h₂epó (“from, off, away”).


mēkijaz

mēkijaz (nominative singular)
mēkijōz (nominative plural)
mēkijōs (nominative plural)
mēkī (singular vocative)
mēkijōz (plural vocative)
mēkijōs (plural vocative)
mēkiją (accusative singular)
mēkijanz (accusative plural)
mēkijas (genitive singular)
mēkīs (genitive singular)
mēkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mēkijai (dative singular)
mēkijamaz (dative plural)
mēkijō (instrumental singular)
mēkijamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *mākī
Old English: mǣċe, mēċe
Middle English: meche, mache, mæche
Old Saxon: māki

desc

Proto-Norse: ᛗᚨᚲᛁᛃᚨ (makija /mākija/, accusative singular) [210–260 AD]

desctree

Old Norse: mækir
Icelandic: mækir
Faroese: mæki
Norwegian Nynorsk: mækje; (dialectal) mækjer
→ Middle English: meeke
English: meak

Gothic: 𐌼𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 (mēkeis)

Crimean Gothic: mycha

→ Proto-Finnic: *mëëkka (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Slavic: *mьčь, *mečь

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂giyos (“cutter”), from *(s)meh₂- (“to cut”). Cognates: Proto-Germanic *mītǭ (“biting insect”, literally “cutter”), *mittōną (“to cut”), *maitaną (“to cut”), Proto-Slavic *māxàti (“to wave”) etc.


knawaz

*knawaz (a-stem)

knawaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
knawai (masculine nominative plural strong)
knawō (feminine nominative singular strong)
knawôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
knawą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
knawō (neuter nominative plural strong)
knawanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
knawanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
knawǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
knawōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
knawą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
knawō (accusative neuter plural strong)
knawas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
knawaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
knawaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
knawaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
knawas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
knawaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
knawammai (dative masculine singular strong)
knawaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
knawaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
knawaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
knawammai (dative neuter singular strong)
knawaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
knawanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
knawaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
knawaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
knawaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
knawanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
knawaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
knawô (masculine nominative singular weak)
knawaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
knawǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
knawōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
knawô (neuter nominative singular weak)
knawōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
knawanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
knawanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
knawōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
knawōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
knawô (accusative neuter singular weak)
knawōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
knawiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
knawanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
knawōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
knawōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
knawiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
knawanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
knawini (dative masculine singular weak)
knawammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
knawōni (dative feminine singular weak)
knawōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
knawini (dative neuter singular weak)
knawammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
knawinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
knawammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
knawōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
knawōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
knawinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
knawammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: knár

Icelandic: knár

Faroese: knáur

Crimean Gothic: knauen

Unclear. May be related to *knēaną, which is problematic itself. Alternatively, it could be related to *knūjaną.

unk

Unclear


wadō

wadō (nominative singular)
wadôz (nominative plural)
wadō (singular vocative)
wadôz (plural vocative)
wadǭ (accusative singular)
wadōz (accusative plural)
wadōz (genitive singular)
wadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadōi (dative singular)
wadōmaz (dative plural)
wadō (instrumental singular)
wadōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wadu

Old High German: wata

Middle High German: wate

German: Wate

From Proto-Indo-European *awAdʰ-, *audʰ- (“band, weave, plait”). Cognate with Latvian vads (“dragnet”).


wadaz

wadaz (nominative singular)
wadōz (nominative plural)
wadōs (nominative plural)
wad (singular vocative)
wadōz (plural vocative)
wadōs (plural vocative)
wadą (accusative singular)
wadanz (accusative plural)
wadas (genitive singular)
wadis (genitive singular)
wadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadai (dative singular)
wadamaz (dative plural)
wadō (instrumental singular)
wadamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: vaðr

Icelandic: vaður

Norwegian: vad

Swedish: vad

Danish: vod

→ Proto-Finnic: *vata (see there for further descendants)


wadǭ

wadǭ (nominative singular)
wadōniz (nominative plural)
wadǭ (singular vocative)
wadōniz (plural vocative)
wadōnų (accusative singular)
wadōnunz (accusative plural)
wadōniz (genitive singular)
wadōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wadōni (dative singular)
wadōmaz (dative plural)
wadōnē (instrumental singular)
wadōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *wade

Saterland Frisian: Woade

Old Saxon: *wada

Middle Low German: wāde

Old Dutch: *wada

Middle Dutch: wāde

Dutch: wade

Old High German: wata

Middle High German: wate

German: Wate


mōhô

mōhô (nominative singular)
mōhaniz (nominative plural)
mōhô (singular vocative)
mōhaniz (plural vocative)
mōhanų (accusative singular)
mahanunz (accusative plural)
mahanaz (genitive singular)
mahanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
magini (dative singular)
magummaz (dative plural)
mahanē (instrumental singular)
magummiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mahō, *magō
Old Saxon: māho
Middle Low German: mân
German Low German: Mahn, Maon
Old Dutch: *māho
Middle Dutch: maen, mane
Old High German: maho, mago
Middle High German: mahe, mahen, mān, magen, mage
Cimbrian: mago
German: Mohn
→ Estonian: moon
Swabian: mage
→ Estonian: magun
→ Latvian: magone
→ Lithuanian: aguona

Old Norse: *mogi

⇒ Old Norse: *valmogi

>? Norwegian Nynorsk: valmoe

Old Swedish: valmoghe

Swedish: vallmo

Old Danish: valmughæ

Danish: valmue

Norwegian Bokmål: valmue

→ Icelandic: valmúi

→ Faroese: valmúi

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: valmue

→ Norman: vamoque

From Proto-Indo-European *méh₂k-ō ~ *m̥h₂k-né-s, from *meh₂k- + *-ō. Close cognate with Ancient Greek μήκων (mḗkōn, “poppy”). Also related to Proto-Slavic *makъ (“poppy”), Albanian mokth (“pheasant's eye”).


midlą

midlą (nominative singular)
midlō (nominative plural)
midlą (singular vocative)
midlō (plural vocative)
midlą (accusative singular)
midlō (accusative plural)
midlas (genitive singular)
midlis (genitive singular)
midlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
midlai (dative singular)
midlamaz (dative plural)
midlō (instrumental singular)
midlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: middel

Middle English: middel, medil

Scots: middil, midle

English: middle

Old Frisian: middel

Saterland Frisian: Middel

West Frisian: middel, mil, mul

Old Saxon: middil

Middle Low German: middel

Low German: Middel

qualifier

→ Old Swedish: midhel (Also under influence from its inherited form)

Swedish: medel

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: middel

Norwegian Nynorsk: middel

→ Old Danish: middel

Danish: middel

Old Dutch: middil

Middle Dutch: middel

Dutch: middel

Old High German: mittil; metal (in compounds)

Middle High German: mittel

German: Mittel

Luxembourgish: Mëttel

Vilamovian: mytuł

Yiddish: מיטל (mitl)

Old Norse: meðal

Icelandic: meðal

Norwegian: middel (possibly from Low German)

Old Swedish: medhel-, midhal-

Swedish: medel- (Also under influence from Middle Low German)

Danish: middel- (possibly from Low German)

From *midjō + *-ilą; see *midjaz (“middle”).


kelǭ

kelǭ (nominative singular)
kelōniz (nominative plural)
kelǭ (singular vocative)
kelōniz (plural vocative)
kelōnų (accusative singular)
kelōnunz (accusative plural)
kelōniz (genitive singular)
kelōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kelōni (dative singular)
kelōmaz (dative plural)
kelōnē (instrumental singular)
kelōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kelā
Old English: ċeole, ċiole
Middle English: chel, cholle, joll
English: jowl
Scots: chowl, choul
Old Frisian: *kele
Saterland Frisian: Kääle
West Frisian: kiel
⇒ Old Frisian: kolk
Saterland Frisian: Kolk
West Frisian: kolcke
Old Saxon: kela
Middle Low German: kēle, keele
German Low German: Kehl
Old Dutch: kela
Middle Dutch: kēle
Dutch: keel
Afrikaans: keel
Negerhollands: keel
Limburgish: kael
Old High German: kela, chela
Middle High German: kële, kël
Cimbrian: khéela
German: Kehle

Old Norse: *kjala

⇒ Elfdalian: grą̊-tjyölu

→ Southern Sami: gealoe

→ Proto-Finnic: *këlo (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gel-, *gʷel- (“to swallow; throat”).
Cognate with Latin gula (“throat”), Russian глота́ть (glotátʹ, “to swallow, gulp”), Old Armenian կլանեմ (klanem, “to swallow”), Persian گلو (galu, “throat”), Hindi गला (galā, “neck, throat”).


būlǭ

būlǭ (nominative singular)
būlōniz (nominative plural)
būlǭ (singular vocative)
būlōniz (plural vocative)
būlōnų (accusative singular)
būlōnunz (accusative plural)
būlōniz (genitive singular)
būlōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
būlōni (dative singular)
būlōmaz (dative plural)
būlōnē (instrumental singular)
būlōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *būle

Saterland Frisian: Buule

Old Dutch: būla

Middle Dutch: bule

Dutch: buil

From Proto-Indo-European *bū-, *bew- (“to blow; swell”).


rūhaz

*rūhaz (a-stem)

rūhaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rūhai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rūhō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rūhôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rūhą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rūhō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rūhanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rūhanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rūhǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rūhōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rūhą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rūhō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rūhas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rūhaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rūhaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rūhaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rūhas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rūhaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rūhammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rūhaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rūhaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rūhaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rūhammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rūhaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rūhanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rūhaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rūhaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rūhaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rūhanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rūhaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rūhô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rūhaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rūhǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rūhōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rūhô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rūhōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rūhanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rūhanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rūhōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rūhōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rūhô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rūhōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
rūhiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rūhanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rūhōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rūhōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
rūhiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rūhanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rūhini (dative masculine singular weak)
rūhammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rūhōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rūhōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rūhini (dative neuter singular weak)
rūhammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
rūhinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rūhammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rūhōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rūhōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
rūhinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rūhammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: rūh, rūg

desc

Middle English: ruh, ruȝ, roȝe, row, rogh, rough

Scots: roch, ruch, rouch, rooch

English: rough

Old Frisian: *rūch

Saterland Frisian: ruuch, rouch

West Frisian: rûch

Old Saxon: *rūh, *rūg, *rūw (found in derivatives)

Middle Low German: rûh, rû, rûw

German Low German: ruug

Low German: ruuch, rug

Plautdietsch: ruff, ruch

→ Danish: ru

Old Dutch: *rūh, *rū

Middle Dutch: ruuch, ru, rou

Dutch: ruig, ruw

Afrikaans: ruig, ru

Old High German: rūh

Middle High German: rūh, rūhe, rūch, rouch

rau; rauch (obsolete)

German: rau

→ German Low German: rau

Yiddish: רוי (roy)

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrewk- (“to pluck”).


krabitaz

krabitaz (nominative singular)
krabitōz (nominative plural)
krabitōs (nominative plural)
krabit (singular vocative)
krabitōz (plural vocative)
krabitōs (plural vocative)
krabitą (accusative singular)
krabitanz (accusative plural)
krabitas (genitive singular)
krabitis (genitive singular)
krabitǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krabitai (dative singular)
krabitamaz (dative plural)
krabitō (instrumental singular)
krabitamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *krabit
Old Saxon: krevit
Middle Low German: krēvet
German Low German: Kreeft, Krefft
Plautdietsch: Kjräft
→ Danish: kræft
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreft
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreft
→ Old Swedish: krævet, kræveta
Swedish: kräfta
Old Dutch: *crevet
Middle Dutch: creft, crēvet, crēeft
Dutch: kreeft
Afrikaans: kreef
Negerhollands: kreeft, greef
→ Papiamentu: kref, kreeft
Limburgish: kreef
→ Norman: crabette, cravette, crevette (possibly)
→ French: crevette
Old High German: krebiz, krebazzo
Old High German: crebiz, krëbez, krebz
Alemannic German: Chräps
German: Krebs
→ Danish: krebs
→ German Low German: Krebs
→ Norwegian Bokmål: kreps
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: kreps
→ Saterland Frisian: Krääps
→ Scanian: krævs
→ Yiddish: קרעבס (krebs)
Luxembourgish: Kriibs
→ Old French: crevice, crevez, crevis, crevesce, creveche, creveis, escrevise, escreveice, escreviche (either from a diminutive *krabitjō or from Old High German krebiz)
Middle French: escrevice, escrevisse, escrevisce, crevis, creviche, crevice
French: écrevisse
→ Middle Dutch: crevetse
→ Middle English: crevis, crevyse, creuez, crevez, crevise, creveys, crevesse, krevys
English: crevis; crayfish, crawfish (influenced by fish)

From Pre-Germanic *grobʰidos, from the zero-grade form of *gerbʰ- (“to carve, scratch”) + *-itaz, *-utaz (animal suffix) (compare *hurznutō (“hornet”), *herutaz (“deer”), *ganutô (“gander”)).

(West Germanic) A crustacean (crab, lobster, crayfish).


airuz

airuz (nominative singular)
airiwiz (nominative plural)
airu (singular vocative)
airiwiz (plural vocative)
airų (accusative singular)
airunz (accusative plural)
airauz (genitive singular)
airiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
airiwi (dative singular)
airumaz (dative plural)
airū (instrumental singular)
airumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *airu
Old English: ār
Middle English: ore, hore, oore, are, aurre (Northern)
English: oar
Scots: air

Old Norse: árr

Icelandic: ár

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *airu- (see there for further descendants)

Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ey- (“to go”).


hauzīniz

hauzīniz (nominative singular)
hauzīnīz (nominative plural)
hauzīni (singular vocative)
hauzīnīz (plural vocative)
hauzīnį (accusative singular)
hauzīninz (accusative plural)
hauzīnīz (genitive singular)
hauzīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hauzīnī (dative singular)
hauzīnimaz (dative plural)
hauzīnī (instrumental singular)
hauzīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: heyrn

Icelandic: heyrn

Faroese: hoyrn

Norwegian Nynorsk: høyrn (arcaic, Høgnorsk)

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (hauseins)


skīrīniz

skīrīniz (nominative singular)
skīrīnīz (nominative plural)
skīrīni (singular vocative)
skīrīnīz (plural vocative)
skīrīnį (accusative singular)
skīrīninz (accusative plural)
skīrīnīz (genitive singular)
skīrīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skīrīnī (dative singular)
skīrīnimaz (dative plural)
skīrīnī (instrumental singular)
skīrīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: skírn

Icelandic: skírn

Faroese: skírn

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (skeireins)

From *skīrijaną (“to make clear, make pure”) + *-īniz.

af

making clear, pure; clarification, purification


auþijaną

auþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
auþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
auþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
auþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
auþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
auþī (active imperative second-person singular)
auþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
auþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
auþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
auþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
auþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
auþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
auþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
auþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
auþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
auþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
auþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
auþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
auþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
auþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
auþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
auþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
auþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
auþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
auþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
auþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
auþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
auþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
auþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
auþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
auþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
auþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
auþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
auþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
auþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
auþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
auþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
auþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
auþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
auþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
auþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
auþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
auþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
auþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
auþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
auþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
auþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
auþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
auþijandz (active participle present)
auþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *auþijan
Old English: īeþan, ȳþan
Old High German: *ōden
Middle High German: öden
German: öden (chiefly in compounds)

Old Norse: eyða

Icelandic: eyða

Faroese: oyða

Norwegian Nynorsk: øyda

Old Swedish: ø̄þa

Swedish: öda


skīrijaną

skīrijō (active first-person indicative singular)
skīrijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skīrijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
skīrīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
skīrijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīrī (active imperative second-person singular)
skīrijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
skīrijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
skīrīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
skīrijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skīrijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
skīrijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
skīrijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
skīrijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
skīrijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skīrijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skīrijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skīrijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
skīrijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
skīrijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skīrijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
skīrijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
skīrīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
skīrijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skīrīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
skīrijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
skīrijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
skīrijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
skīrijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīrijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
skīrijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
skīrijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
skīridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
skīridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
skīridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
skīridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
skīridē (active indicative singular third-person)
skīridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
skīridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
skīridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
skīridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
skīridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
skīridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
skīridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
skīridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
skīridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
skīridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
skīridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
skīrijandz (active participle present)
skīridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *skīrijan
Old English: sċīran
Middle English: schiren
Old Frisian: *skīra, skīria (the latter from *skīrōn)
⇒ Old Frisian: biskīra
Old Saxon: *skīrian
Middle Low German: schīren
Old Dutch: *scīren
Middle Dutch: schiren
Dutch: schieren
Old High German: *skieren
Middle High German: schīren
⇒ Old High German: giskieren
⇒ Old High German: inskieren

Old Norse: skíra

Icelandic: skíra

Faroese: skíra

Old Swedish: skīra

Swedish: skira

desc

Gothic: *𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*skeirjan), 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaskeirjan)

From *skīriz (“pure, clear, sheer”) + *-janą.


warīniz

warīniz (nominative singular)
warīnīz (nominative plural)
warīni (singular vocative)
warīnīz (plural vocative)
warīnį (accusative singular)
warīninz (accusative plural)
warīnīz (genitive singular)
warīnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warīnī (dative singular)
warīnimaz (dative plural)
warīnī (instrumental singular)
warīnimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *werī

Middle Low German: wēre

Old Dutch: were, *werī

Middle Dutch: were

Dutch: weer

Old High German: werī

Middle High German: were

German: Wehr

Old Norse: vǫrn

Icelandic: vörn

Faroese: vørn

Norwegian Bokmål: vern

Norwegian Nynorsk: vern

Old Swedish: værn, varn

Swedish: värn

Danish: værn


luką

luką (nominative singular)
lukō (nominative plural)
luką (singular vocative)
lukō (plural vocative)
luką (accusative singular)
lukō (accusative plural)
lukas (genitive singular)
lukis (genitive singular)
lukǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lukai (dative singular)
lukamaz (dative plural)
lukō (instrumental singular)
lukamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lok
Old English: loc
Middle English: lok, loc, lock, loke
English: lock
Scots: lock
Yola: lauckès (plural)
→ Anglo-Norman: loc
⇒ Anglo-Norman: loquet
Middle French: loquet
French: loquet
→ English: locket
→ Italian: lucchetto
→ Lombard: lochet
→ Portuguese: aloquete
→ Middle English: locket
English: locket
Old Frisian: lok
Old Saxon: *lok
Middle Low German: lok
German Low German: Lock
Old Dutch: *lok
Middle Dutch: loc
Dutch: lok
Old High German: loh
Middle High German: loch
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: loch, lòch (Sette Comuni)
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Loch
Luxembourgish: Lach
East Central German:
Upper Saxon German:
Vilamovian: łöch
East Franconian:
German: Loch
→ Czech: loch
→ Dutch: loch
→ Polish: loch
Rhine Franconian:
Frankfurterisch: Loch
Pennsylvania German: Loch
Yiddish: לאָך (lokh)

Old Norse: lok

Icelandic: lok

Faroese: lok

Norwegian Nynorsk: lok, lokk

Norwegian Bokmål: lokk

Old Swedish: lok, luk

Swedish: lock

Danish: låg

Gothic: *𐌻𐌿𐌺 (*luk) (in 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌿𐌺 (usluk))

From Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend; turn”).


staupaz

*staupaz (a-stem)

staupaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
staupai (masculine nominative plural strong)
staupō (feminine nominative singular strong)
staupôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
staupą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
staupō (neuter nominative plural strong)
staupanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
staupanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
staupǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
staupōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
staupą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
staupō (accusative neuter plural strong)
staupas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
staupaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
staupaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
staupaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
staupas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
staupaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
staupammai (dative masculine singular strong)
staupaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
staupaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
staupaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
staupammai (dative neuter singular strong)
staupaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
staupanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
staupaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
staupaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
staupaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
staupanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
staupaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
staupô (masculine nominative singular weak)
staupaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
staupǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
staupōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
staupô (neuter nominative singular weak)
staupōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
staupanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
staupanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
staupōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
staupōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
staupô (accusative neuter singular weak)
staupōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
staupiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
staupanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
staupōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
staupōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
staupiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
staupanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
staupini (dative masculine singular weak)
staupammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
staupōni (dative feminine singular weak)
staupōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
staupini (dative neuter singular weak)
staupammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
staupinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
staupammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
staupōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
staupōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
staupinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
staupammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *staup

Old English: stēap

desc

Middle English: stæp, steap, stepe, steep

Scots: stepe, steip

English: steep

Old Frisian: stāp

Old Dutch: *stoup, *stōp

Middle Dutch: stoop

Old High German: *stouf; stoufi

Middle High German: stief

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewb- (“to thrust; to hit, butt; stump”), but see more at *stūpaną.


blīþijaną

blīþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blīþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blīþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blīþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blīþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blīþī (active imperative second-person singular)
blīþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blīþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blīþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blīþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blīþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blīþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blīþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blīþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blīþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blīþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blīþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blīþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blīþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blīþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blīþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blīþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blīþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blīþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blīþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blīþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blīþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blīþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blīþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blīþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blīþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blīþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blīþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blīþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blīþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blīþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blīþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blīþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blīþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blīþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blīþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blīþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blīþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blīþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blīþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blīþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blīþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blīþijandz (active participle present)
blīþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blīþijan
Old Frisian: *blīda
⇒ Old Frisian: forblīda
West Frisian: ferblide, ferblije
Old Dutch: blīthen
Middle Dutch: bliden
Dutch: blijden (obsolete)
⇒ Middle Dutch: verbliden
Dutch: verblijden
Old High German: blīden
Middle High German: blīden

Old Norse: blíða

Icelandic: blíða

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bleiþjan)


swambaz

swambaz (nominative singular)
swambōz (nominative plural)
swambōs (nominative plural)
swamb (singular vocative)
swambōz (plural vocative)
swambōs (plural vocative)
swambą (accusative singular)
swambanz (accusative plural)
swambas (genitive singular)
swambis (genitive singular)
swambǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swambai (dative singular)
swambamaz (dative plural)
swambō (instrumental singular)
swambamiz (instrumental plural)

Frequently compared to Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós), but this cannot be of inherited Indo-European origin given the lack of the expected shift *sw > *hw in Greek.


hriþiz

hriþiz (nominative singular)
hriþīz (nominative plural)
hriþi (singular vocative)
hriþīz (plural vocative)
hriþį (accusative singular)
hriþinz (accusative plural)
hriþīz (genitive singular)
hriþjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hriþī (dative singular)
hriþimaz (dative plural)
hriþī (instrumental singular)
hriþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hriþ; hriþing

Old Saxon: hrido

Middle Low German: rēde

Old Dutch: *rido

Middle Dutch: rēde

Dutch: rede

Old High German: rito, ritto

Middle High German: rite

German: Ritte (obsolete)

Old Norse: riða (< *hriþǭ)

Icelandic: riða

Old Swedish: rīdha

From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake; quiver; tremble”). Compare Welsh cryd (“fever”).


walgōną

walgō (active first-person indicative singular)
walgǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walgōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
walgōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
walgōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walgō (active imperative second-person singular)
walgōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
walgōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
walgōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
walgō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walgōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
walgōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
walgōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
walgōs (active dual first-person indicative)
walgōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walgōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walgōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walgōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
walgōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
walgōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walgōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
walgōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
walgōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
walgōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walgōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
walgōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
walgōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
walgōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
walgōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walgōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
walgōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
walgōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
walgōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
walgōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walgōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
walgōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walgōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
walgōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walgōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
walgōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walgōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walgōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walgōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
walgōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walgōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
walgōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walgōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
walgōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walgōndz (active participle present)
walgōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Frisian: *walgia

West Frisian: walgje

Old Saxon: *walgōn

Middle Low German: walgen

Low German: walgen

Old Dutch: *walgon

Middle Dutch: walgen, walghen

Dutch: walgen

Afrikaans: walg

Old High German: walgōn, walagōn

Middle High German: walgen

German: walgen

/ˈwɑl.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *wolk- (“to roll”), from *wel- (“to turn; wind; roll”).


burjaną

burjō (active first-person indicative singular)
burjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
burjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
burisi (active indicative second-person singular)
burjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buri (active imperative second-person singular)
burjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
burjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
buriþi (active indicative singular third-person)
burjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
burjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
burjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
burjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
burjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
burjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
burjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
burjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
burjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
burjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
burjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
burjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
burjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
buriþ (active indicative plural second-person)
burjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buriþ (active imperative plural second-person)
burjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
burjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
burjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
burjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
burjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
burjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
buridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
buridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
buridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
buridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buridē (active indicative singular third-person)
buridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
buridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
buridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
buridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
buridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
buridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
buridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
buridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
buridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
buridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
burjandz (active participle present)
buridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *burjan
Old English: byrian
Middle English: birren, biren
Old Frisian: bera
Old Saxon: burian
Middle Low German: boren, bören
Low German: böhren
Old Dutch: *burien
Middle Dutch: bueren
Dutch: beuren
Afrikaans: beur
Limburgish: beure, bäöre
Old High German: burien, burren
Middle High German: bürn

Old Norse: byrja
Icelandic: byrja
Faroese: byrja
Norwegian Nynorsk: byrja
Old Swedish: byria
Swedish: börja
Old Danish: byriæ
Danish: børje, burde
Scanian: børja
Gutnish: byre

Zero-grade ye-present, pre-Germanic *bʰr̥ye/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).


blauþijaną

blauþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
blauþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blauþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
blauþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
blauþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blauþī (active imperative second-person singular)
blauþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
blauþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
blauþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
blauþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blauþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
blauþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
blauþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
blauþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
blauþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blauþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blauþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blauþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
blauþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
blauþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blauþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
blauþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
blauþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
blauþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blauþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
blauþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
blauþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
blauþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
blauþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blauþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
blauþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
blauþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
blauþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
blauþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
blauþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
blauþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
blauþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
blauþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
blauþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
blauþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
blauþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
blauþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
blauþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
blauþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
blauþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
blauþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
blauþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
blauþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
blauþijandz (active participle present)
blauþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *blauþijan
Old Saxon: blōthian
Middle Low German: blôden, blöden
Old High German: blōden
Middle High German: blœ̄den
German: blöden (archaic)
→ Vulgar Latin: *blaudīre, *blōdīre; *exblaudīre, *exblōdīre
Old Occitan:
Old Catalan: esbalausir
Catalan: esbalair
Occitan: esblauzir
Old French: esbleuir
Middle French: esblouir
French: éblouir

Old Norse: bleyða

Icelandic: bleyðast

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (blauþjan)


limuz

limuz (nominative singular)
limiwiz (nominative plural)
limu (singular vocative)
limiwiz (plural vocative)
limų (accusative singular)
limunz (accusative plural)
limauz (genitive singular)
limiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
limiwi (dative singular)
limumaz (dative plural)
limū (instrumental singular)
limumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *limu
Old English: lim, lym n
Middle English: lyme, lim
Scots: lim, lym
English: limb
Old Saxon: *limu, *lim
Middle Low German: lem n (“limb”) (possibly borrowed from Scandinavian)
Old Dutch: *limu
Middle Dutch: lēme (“fishbone, stubble of flax”)
Dutch: leem (“pine needle”)
⇒ Old Dutch: druhtlimig

Old Norse: limr m; lim f; lim n

Icelandic: limur

Faroese: limur

Norwegian Bokmål: lem

Norwegian Nynorsk: lem

Old Swedish: limber

Swedish: lem

Danish: lem

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning “to bend, skew”, but which root in particular is uncertain: possibilities include *h₂el- (extended as *h₂l-ey-), *Heh₃l- (extended as *(H)h₃l-ey-), and *leyH-. Perhaps cognate with Latin līmus (“askew”), but with a slightly different derivation, and/or Lithuanian liemuo (“log, torso”). Also compare *liþuz (“joint, bend, limb”).


-umnijō

-umnijō (nominative singular)
-umnijôz (nominative plural)
-umnijō (singular vocative)
-umnijôz (plural vocative)
-umnijǭ (accusative singular)
-umnijōz (accusative plural)
-umnijōz (genitive singular)
-umnijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-umnijōi (dative singular)
-umnijōmaz (dative plural)
-umnijō (instrumental singular)
-umnijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *-unnia

Gothic: -𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌹 (-ubni)

Uncertain. Possibly representing a substantivization of the original middle participle *-m̥h₁nós > *-m̥h₁n-yo-, or an extension to what was originally an mn-stem formation.


angulaz

angulaz (nominative singular)
angulōz (nominative plural)
angulōs (nominative plural)
angul (singular vocative)
angulōz (plural vocative)
angulōs (plural vocative)
angulą (accusative singular)
angulanz (accusative plural)
angulas (genitive singular)
angulis (genitive singular)
angulǫ̂ (genitive plural)
angulai (dative singular)
angulamaz (dative plural)
angulō (instrumental singular)
angulamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *angul

desc

Old English: angol, angul, ongul, angel, ongel

Middle English: angel, angell

Scots: angell, angel

English: angle

desctree

Old Frisian: *angel
Saterland Frisian: Ongel
West Frisian: angel

Old Saxon: angul

Middle Low German: angel

German Low German: Angel

Old Dutch: *angul

Middle Dutch: angel

Dutch: angel

Old High German: angul
Middle High German: angel
German: Angel
Luxembourgish: Aangel

Old Norse: ǫngull
Icelandic: öngull
Faroese: ongul
Norwegian Bokmål: angel
Norwegian Nynorsk: angel, ongel
Swedish: angel
Gutnish: anggel, anggul

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to bend; crook”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *angô + *-ulaz (diminutive suffix).


tundrą

tundrą (nominative singular)
tundrō (nominative plural)
tundrą (singular vocative)
tundrō (plural vocative)
tundrą (accusative singular)
tundrō (accusative plural)
tundras (genitive singular)
tundris (genitive singular)
tundrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tundrai (dative singular)
tundramaz (dative plural)
tundrō (instrumental singular)
tundramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tundr m; *tundrijā f

Old English: tyndre f, tynder

Middle English: tunder, tinder

English: tinder

Scots: tunder, tundir

Old Frisian: *tunder

Saterland Frisian: Tunder m

West Frisian: tonder

Old Saxon: *tundar

Middle Low German: tunder

German Low German: Tunder

Old Dutch: *tundar

Middle Dutch: tunder

Dutch: tonder

Old High German: *zuntar

Middle High German: zunder n or m

German: Zunder m

Old Norse: tundr n

Icelandic: tundur

Faroese: tundur

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: tunder; (dialectal) tundr

Elfdalian: tunder

Old Swedish: tunder, tønder

Swedish: tunder

Old Danish: tunder

Danish: tønder

→ Norman: tondre


þrakjaz

þrakjaz (nominative singular)
þrakjōz (nominative plural)
þrakjōs (nominative plural)
þraki (singular vocative)
þrakjōz (plural vocative)
þrakjōs (plural vocative)
þrakją (accusative singular)
þrakjanz (accusative plural)
þrakjas (genitive singular)
þrakis (genitive singular)
þrakjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þrakjai (dative singular)
þrakjamaz (dative plural)
þrakjō (instrumental singular)
þrakjamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þraki
Old English: þreahs, þreax
Old Frisian: threkk
>? Saterland Frisian: Dräk (possibly borrowed from Low German)
(West Frisian: dridze ?)
Old Saxon: *threkk
Middle Low German: dreck
German Low German: Dreck
Old Dutch: *threc
Middle Dutch: drec
Dutch: drek
Afrikaans: drek
Old High German: threc (in compound mūsthrec)
Middle High German: drëc
Cimbrian: drèkh
German: Dreck, Drekk
→ Czech: drek
→ Kashubian: drëk
→ Serbo-Croatian: дре̏к (drȅk)
→ Slovene: drȅk
Luxembourgish: Dreck
Yiddish: דרעק (drek)
→ English: dreck, drek
→ Russian: дрек (drɛk)

Old Norse: þrekkr

Faroese: trekkur

Icelandic: þrekkur

Old Swedish: thrækker

Swedish: träck

Old Danish: træk

Danish: dræk

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)terǵ-, *(s)terḱ-, *(s)treḱ- (“manure, dung; to sully, soil, decay”). Cognate with Latin stercus (“dung, manure”).


skitiz

skitiz (nominative singular)
skitīz (nominative plural)
skiti (singular vocative)
skitīz (plural vocative)
skitį (accusative singular)
skitinz (accusative plural)
skitīz (genitive singular)
skitjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skitī (dative singular)
skitimaz (dative plural)
skitī (instrumental singular)
skitimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skiti, *skīt, *skīti
Old English: *sċite
Middle English: schite, Schit, schute, schyt
English: shite, shit
Scots: schit, shit
⇒ Old English: sċitel, sċytel
Old Frisian: *skite
North Frisian: skitj
Saterland Frisian: Skiete; Skiet m
West Frisian: skyt
Old Saxon: *skiti
Middle Low German: schite, schît, schîte, schete, schēte
German Low German: Schitte, Schiete, Schiet
→ German: Schitte; Schiet- (chiefly in Schietwetter)
→ Early Modern Danish: schijt
Danish: skidt
Norwegian Bokmål: skitt
Plautdietsch: Schiet
Old Dutch: *skiti, scite (attested in placenames)
Middle Dutch: scite, schite, schete
Dutch: schijt, schit (dialectal)
Old High German: *skizi, *skizzi, *skīz
Middle High German: schīze, schīz
Alemannic German: Schiss
Swabian: Scheiß
Bavarian: Scheissa, Scheißn, Schaisn, Schaisa
Central Franconian: Schiss, Schess, Schass, Scheß, Schet
Hunsrik: Scheis
German: Schiss, Scheiße, Scheiß
→ Danish: scheisse
→ English: scheisse, Scheiss, Scheisse, Scheiße, scheiss, scheiße, shize
Luxembourgish: Schäiss
Pennsylvania German: Schiss
Rhine Franconian: Schiss
Palatine German: Schiss, Schisse
Vilamovian: śajs

Old Norse: skítr (< *skītaz)

Icelandic: skítur

Faroese: skítur

Norwegian Nynorsk: skit

Swedish: skit

Danish: skid

→ Middle English: skyt, skytte, skytt

English: skite

Scots: skyte, skite

From Proto-Indo-European *skeyd- (“to part, divide”).


rammaz

*rammaz (a-stem)

rammaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
rammai (masculine nominative plural strong)
rammō (feminine nominative singular strong)
rammôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
rammą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
rammō (neuter nominative plural strong)
rammanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
rammanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
rammǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
rammōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
rammą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
rammō (accusative neuter plural strong)
rammas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
rammaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
rammaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
rammaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
rammas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
rammaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
rammammai (dative masculine singular strong)
rammaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
rammaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
rammaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
rammammai (dative neuter singular strong)
rammaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
rammanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
rammaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
rammaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
rammaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
rammanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
rammaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
rammô (masculine nominative singular weak)
rammaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
rammǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
rammōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
rammô (neuter nominative singular weak)
rammōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
rammanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
rammanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
rammōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
rammōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
rammô (accusative neuter singular weak)
rammōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
ramminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
rammanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
rammōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
rammōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
ramminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
rammanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
rammini (dative masculine singular weak)
rammammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
rammōni (dative feminine singular weak)
rammōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
rammini (dative neuter singular weak)
rammammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
ramminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
rammammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
rammōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
rammōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
ramminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
rammammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *ramm

desc

Old Norse: rammr, ramr (“strong; bitter”)

Icelandic: rammur

Faroese: ramur

Old Swedish: ramber

Swedish: ram

Danish: ram

Unknown; perhaps related to Old Church Slavonic рамѣнъ (raměnŭ, “severe”).


spiką

spiką (nominative singular)
spikō (nominative plural)
spiką (singular vocative)
spikō (plural vocative)
spiką (accusative singular)
spikō (accusative plural)
spikas (genitive singular)
spikis (genitive singular)
spikǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spikai (dative singular)
spikamaz (dative plural)
spikō (instrumental singular)
spikamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spik
Old English: spiċ
Middle English: spik, spyk, spike, spich
Scots: spick, spect
English: speck
Old Frisian: spek
Saterland Frisian: Späk
West Frisian: spek
Old Saxon: spek, spekk
Middle Low German: spek, speck
German Low German: Speck
→ Norwegian: spekk
→ Danish: spæk
→ Swedish: späck
Old Dutch: spek
Middle Dutch: spec
Dutch: spek
Old High German: spek, spec
Middle High German: spëc
German: Speck
Luxembourgish: Speck
Yiddish: שפּעק (shpek)

Old Norse: spik

Icelandic: spik

Faroese: spik

From Proto-Indo-European *spēy- (“to stretch; thrive; succeed”).


awô

awô (nominative singular)
awaniz (nominative plural)
awô (singular vocative)
awaniz (plural vocative)
awanų (accusative singular)
awanunz (accusative plural)
awiniz (genitive singular)
awanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
awini (dative singular)
awammaz (dative plural)
awinē (instrumental singular)
awammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: afi, ái (possibly; alternatively from Proto-Germanic *anô)

Icelandic: afi, ái

Faroese: avi

⇒ Faroese: abbi

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂ō, an on-stem variant of *h₂éwh₂os. Compare in particular Proto-Celtic *awon-tīr (“uncle”) and Latin avunculus (“~ maternal uncle”).


stauraz

stauraz (nominative singular)
staurōz (nominative plural)
staurōs (nominative plural)
staur (singular vocative)
staurōz (plural vocative)
staurōs (plural vocative)
staurą (accusative singular)
stauranz (accusative plural)
stauras (genitive singular)
stauris (genitive singular)
staurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staurai (dative singular)
stauramaz (dative plural)
staurō (instrumental singular)
stauramiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

Middle Low German: stūr

desctree

Old Norse: staurr
Danish: stør
Faroese: steyrur
Icelandic: staur
→ Middle English: stoure
English: stour (“stake”)
Norwegian Nynorsk: staur
Norwegian Bokmål: staur
Old Swedish: stūr
Swedish: stör

→ Proto-Finnic: *sapra (see there for further descendants)

From *stu-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).


stauraz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *staur
Old Dutch: *stōr
Middle Dutch: stoor

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)towr-o-s, from *(s)tewrH-, *(s)twerH- (“to stir up, agitate”).


pukô

pukô (nominative singular)
pukaniz (nominative plural)
pukô (singular vocative)
pukaniz (plural vocative)
pukanų (accusative singular)
pukanunz (accusative plural)
pukiniz (genitive singular)
pukanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
pukini (dative singular)
pukammaz (dative plural)
pukinē (instrumental singular)
pukammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *pokō
Old English: pohha, pocca
Middle English: pogh, pouge, poc, pok
English: poke (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)
Scots: poke, poik (merged with Anglo-Norman cognate)
Old Saxon: *poko, *puko; *pukil
Middle Low German: pok m; pocke, poche f; pukel, pockel
German Low German: Puckel
Old Dutch: *poko; *poka
Middle Dutch: poke
Dutch: pook (obsolete)
Old High German: *pfohho, *pfocho
Middle High German: pfoch
German: Pfoche (dialectal)
→ Vulgar Latin: *poca, *pocca
Old French: puche, poche, pouche; pochete (diminutive)
Middle French: poche; pochete, poucette, pochette
French: poche; pochette
Middle English: pouch
English: pouch
Old Northern French: poque, poke; poket, poquet, poquete (diminutive)
Picard: poque
Norman: pouque; pouquette
Middle English: poc, poke, pooke; pocket
English: poke (regional); pocket
Scots: pok, poke, polk, poik
Old Occitan: pocha; pocheta
Occitan: pòcha; pocheta

Old Norse: poki

Icelandic: poki

Faroese: poki

From Proto-Indo-European *bew-, *bʰew- (“to blow; inflate; swell”).


kōluz

kōluz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kōlijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kōlī (feminine nominative singular strong)
kōlijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kōlų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kōlijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kōlijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kōlijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kōlijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kōlijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kōlų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kōlijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kōlijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
kōlīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
kōlijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kōlijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kōlijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kōlijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
kōlīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
kōlijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kōlijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kōlijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kōlijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kōlijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kōlijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kōlijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kōlijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kōlijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kōlijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kōlijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kōlijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kōlijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kōlijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kōlijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kōlijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kōlijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kōlijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kōlijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kōlijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kōlijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kōlijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kōlijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kōlijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kōlijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kōlīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kōlijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kōlijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kōlijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kōlīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kōlijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kōlīni (dative masculine singular weak)
kōlijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kōlijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kōlijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kōlīni (dative neuter singular weak)
kōlijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kōlīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kōlijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kōlijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kōlijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kōlīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kōlijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kōl(ī)
Old English: cōl, *cœ̄l, *cēl
Middle English: col, coul, cool
English: cool (see there for further descendants)
⇒ English: coolth
Scots: cule, cuill, kuil, ceul, kül, queel
⇒ Scots: queelie, kjöl (“coolness”)
⇒ Old English: cōlnes, cœ̄lnes, cēlnes
Middle English: colnesse
English: coolness
Old Frisian: *kōl
Saterland Frisian: köil
West Frisian: koel (possibly borrowed from Dutch)
Old Saxon: *kōli, *kōl
Middle Low German: kôle, kôl, kȫl
German Low German: köhl
Low German: kool, kööl, köhl
Old Dutch: *kuol
Middle Dutch: coel
Dutch: koel
Afrikaans: koel
Limburgish: keul, kool
Old High German: kuoli, chuali, chuoli, kuali
Middle High German: küele, küel, kůl, kule
Alemannic German: chüel
Alsatian: kiahl
Swabian: kiahl
Bavarian:
Hianzisch: kiahl
Central Franconian: köhl, kehl, kiehl
Hunsrik: kiel
Luxembourgish: kill
German: kühl
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: kihl, koil
Palatine German: kihl
Pennsylvania German: kiehl
Vilamovian: kīł

Old Norse: *kól (in derivatives)

⇒ Old Norse: kœla (< *kōlijaną)

⇒ Old Norse: kólna (< *kōlnaną)

→? Proto-Finnic: *kolëda (see there for further descendants)

Vṛddhi gerundive of *kalaną (“to be cold”).


hakô

hakô (nominative singular)
hakaniz (nominative plural)
hakô (singular vocative)
hakaniz (plural vocative)
hakanų (accusative singular)
hakanunz (accusative plural)
hakiniz (genitive singular)
hakanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hakini (dative singular)
hakammaz (dative plural)
hakinē (instrumental singular)
hakammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hakō

Old English: haca, hæca

Middle English: *hake

English: hake

Scots: hake, haik

⇒ Old English: hæċċe f (< *hakjǭ)

Old Frisian: haka

Saterland Frisian: Hoake

West Frisian: heak

Old Saxon: haco, hako

Middle Low German: hāke

German Low German: Hake, Haak

Old Dutch: *hako

desctree

Middle Dutch: hake
Dutch: haak
Afrikaans: haak
Berbice Creole Dutch: haki
Negerhollands: huk
→ Indonesian: hak
→ Papiamentu: hak, haak
→ Sranan Tongo: aka
→ Caribbean Javanese: akah
Limburgish: haok

Old High German: haho, hako
Middle High German: hāken
German: Haken
→ Czech: hák
→ Polish: hak

Old Norse: haki

Icelandic: haki

Faroese: haki

Norwegian Bokmål: hake

Norwegian Nynorsk: hake

Elfdalian: atji

Old Swedish: haki

Swedish: hake

Danish: hage

From Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“peg; hook”).


hulþô

hulþô (nominative singular)
hulþaniz (nominative plural)
hulþô (singular vocative)
hulþaniz (plural vocative)
hulþanų (accusative singular)
hulþanunz (accusative plural)
hulþiniz (genitive singular)
hulþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hulþini (dative singular)
hulþammaz (dative plural)
hulþinē (instrumental singular)
hulþammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: holda

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: houde

Dutch: houd

Old High German: holdo

German: Holde


unhulþô

unhulþô (nominative singular)
unhulþaniz (nominative plural)
unhulþô (singular vocative)
unhulþaniz (plural vocative)
unhulþanų (accusative singular)
unhulþanunz (accusative plural)
unhulþiniz (genitive singular)
unhulþanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unhulþini (dative singular)
unhulþammaz (dative plural)
unhulþinē (instrumental singular)
unhulþammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *unholþō
Old English: unholda
Old Saxon: unholdo
Old Dutch: unholdo
Middle Dutch: onhoude
Dutch: onhoud
Old High German: unholdo
Middle High German: unholde
German: Unhold

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌰 (unhulþa)

Substantivised form of *unhulþaz. Compare *hulþô.


unhulþaz

*unhulþaz (a-stem)

unhulþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unhulþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unhulþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unhulþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unhulþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unhulþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unhulþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unhulþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unhulþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unhulþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unhulþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unhulþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unhulþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unhulþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unhulþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unhulþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unhulþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unhulþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unhulþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unhulþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unhulþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unhulþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unhulþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unhulþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unhulþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unhulþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unhulþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unhulþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unhulþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unhulþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unhulþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unhulþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unhulþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unhulþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unhulþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unhulþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unhulþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unhulþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unhulþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unhulþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unhulþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unhulþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unhulþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unhulþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unhulþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unhulþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unhulþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unhulþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unhulþini (dative masculine singular weak)
unhulþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unhulþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unhulþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unhulþini (dative neuter singular weak)
unhulþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unhulþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unhulþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unhulþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unhulþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unhulþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unhulþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: unhold

Old Saxon: unhold

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: onhout

Dutch: onhoud

Old High German: unhold

German: unhold

Old Norse: *úhollr, *óhollr

Icelandic: óhollur


efþau

Old English: oþþe, eþþa, ofþe, oððe, oþþon, oþþa — Mercian
Middle English: oththe, other, or
English: or
Scots: or

desc

Old Frisian: ieftha, ioftha, ofte, jova, jof, jef, of

Saterland Frisian: af, of

West Frisian: of

desctree

Old Saxon: eftha, eftho, efdo, ettho
Middle Low German: efte, afte, ufte, uft, uf
German Low German: of (Westmünsterlandisch)
Sauerland Low German: of, o'
Middle Low German: edder, odder

Old Dutch: *oftho, *ofto

Middle Dutch: ofte, ochte

Dutch: ofte, of

Afrikaans: ofte, of

Old High German: odo

Middle High German: od, ode

⇒ Old High German: odar, odor (in analogy with abur (“but”), wedar (“which”))
Middle High German: oder
Cimbrian: òdar, odar (Luserna)
German: oder
Luxembourgish: oder
Yiddish: אָדער (oder)

Old Norse: eða, eðr

Icelandic: eða, eður

Old Danish: æthæ, eth

Old Gutnish: eþa

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 (aiþþau)

Ultimately thought to be a Germanic suffixed dual form of the base of if. See also Proto-Germanic *ehþau for an alternative reconstruction.


hrespaną

hrespō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrespaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrespai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrispizi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrespaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hresp (active imperative second-person singular)
hrespazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrespaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrispidi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrespai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrespadau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrespadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrespaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrespōz (active dual first-person indicative)
hrespaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrespadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrespaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrespadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrespamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrespaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrespandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrespaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrispid (active indicative plural second-person)
hrespaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrispid (active imperative plural second-person)
hrespandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrespaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrespandi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrespain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrespandau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrespandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrespaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrasp (active first-person indicative singular)
hruspį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrasft (active indicative second-person singular)
hruspīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrasp (active indicative singular third-person)
hruspī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hruspū (active dual first-person indicative)
hruspīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hruspudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hruspīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hruspum (active first-person indicative plural)
hruspīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hruspud (active indicative plural second-person)
hruspīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hruspun (active indicative plural third-person)
hruspīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrespandz (active participle present)
hruspanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrespan
⇒ Old English: ġehrespan
Old Frisian: hrespa
Old High German: hrespan, respan
Middle High German: rëspen

From earlier *hrepspaną, *hrepsaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb-, *(s)krebʰ- (“to turn; bend; shrink”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”).


dukkǭ

dukkǭ (nominative singular)
dukkōniz (nominative plural)
dukkǭ (singular vocative)
dukkōniz (plural vocative)
dukkōnų (accusative singular)
dukkōnunz (accusative plural)
dukkōniz (genitive singular)
dukkōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dukkōni (dative singular)
dukkōmaz (dative plural)
dukkōnē (instrumental singular)
dukkōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dokkā
Old English: *docce
Middle English: *dokke, dok (merger with Old Norse *dokkr)
English: dock
Scots: dok
⇒? Old English: docga (“stocky breed of dog”) (see there for descendants)
⇒ Old English: fingerdocce
Old Frisian: *dokke
Saterland Frisian: Dokke
West Frisian: dok
Old Saxon: dokka
Middle Low German: docke
German Low German: Docke, Dock
Old Dutch: *dokka
Middle Dutch: docke
Dutch: dok
Old High German: tokka, tocka
Middle High German: tocke
German: Docke

Old Norse: dokka

Icelandic: dokka

Danish: dukke

→ Icelandic: dúkka

Norwegian: dukke

Swedish: docka

From pre-Germanic *dʰugʰ-néh₂-, from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce; to be strong”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dugь (“strength, power”), Old Armenian յանդուգն (yandugn, “headstrong”).


raihô

raihô (nominative singular)
raihaniz (nominative plural)
raihô (singular vocative)
raihaniz (plural vocative)
raihanų (accusative singular)
raihanunz (accusative plural)
raihiniz (genitive singular)
raihanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raihini (dative singular)
raihammaz (dative plural)
raihinē (instrumental singular)
raihammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raihō, *raih
Old English: rāha, rāa, rā m (rǣġe f)
Middle English: ro, roo, ra, raa, roa
English: roe
Scots: ra, rae
Old Frisian: *rāha, *rē, *rā
>? Saterland Frisian: Räi n (possibly via Middle Low German)
West Frisian: ree
Old Saxon: rēho m; *rēh n
Middle Low German: rē n
German Low German: Reh
Plautdietsch: Ree
Old Dutch: reio m
Middle Dutch: ree, re
Dutch: ree
Afrikaans: ree
Limburgish: rieë
Old High German: rēho m; rēh n (reiga, rēia f)
Middle High German: rēch n, rē n
German: Reh
Hunsrik: Reh
Luxembourgish: Réi
Mòcheno: reach

Proto-Norse: ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ (raïhan)
Old English: rāha, rāa, rā m (rǣġe f)
Middle English: ro, roo, ra, raa, roa
English: roe
Scots: ra, rae
Old Norse: rá f
Icelandic: rá
Faroese: rá
Norwegian: rå
Old Swedish: rā
Swedish: rå
Danish: rå

From Proto-Indo-European *róyko-, from Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“spotted, streaked”). Compare Irish riabh (“stripe; streak”), Latvian ràibs (“spotted”), Russian рябо́й (rjabój, “mottled fur”).


snarkijaną

snarkijō (active first-person indicative singular)
snarkijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarkijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snarkīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
snarkijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snarkī (active imperative second-person singular)
snarkijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snarkijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snarkīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
snarkijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snarkijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
snarkijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snarkijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snarkijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
snarkijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snarkijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snarkijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snarkijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snarkijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snarkijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snarkijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snarkijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snarkīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
snarkijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snarkīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
snarkijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snarkijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snarkijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
snarkijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snarkijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
snarkijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snarkijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snarkidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
snarkidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarkidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
snarkidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snarkidē (active indicative singular third-person)
snarkidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snarkidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
snarkidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snarkidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snarkidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snarkidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
snarkidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snarkidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
snarkidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snarkidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
snarkidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snarkijandz (active participle present)
snarkidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *snarkijan

Old English: *snerċan, *snierċan

Middle English: *snerchen, snarchen

Old Norse: snerkja

Icelandic: snerkja

Faroese: snerkja

(Norwegian: snyrkja)

Old Swedish: snærkia

→ Middle English: *snerken

Scots: snirk; snirkle

English: snirket (ppt) (dialectal)

to draw together; contract; shrink; constrict


snerkaną

snerkō (active first-person indicative singular)
snerkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snerkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
snirkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
snerkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snerk (active imperative second-person singular)
snerkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
snerkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
snirkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
snerkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snerkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
snerkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
snerkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
snerkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
snerkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snerkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snerkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snerkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
snerkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
snerkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snerkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
snerkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
snirkid (active indicative plural second-person)
snerkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snirkid (active imperative plural second-person)
snerkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
snerkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
snerkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
snerkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snerkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
snerkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
snerkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
snark (active first-person indicative singular)
snurkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
snarht (active indicative second-person singular)
snurkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
snark (active indicative singular third-person)
snurkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
snurkū (active dual first-person indicative)
snurkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
snurkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
snurkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
snurkum (active first-person indicative plural)
snurkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
snurkud (active indicative plural second-person)
snurkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
snurkun (active indicative plural third-person)
snurkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
snerkandz (active participle present)
snurkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *snerkan

Old English: *sneorcan

desctree

⇒ Old English: ġesneorcan
>? Middle English: *snerchen, snarchen (alternatively from Old English *snerċan, *snierċan, from Proto-West Germanic *snarkijan)

Old Norse: *snerka; *snorkinn; snorkil (noun)

Icelandic: snorkinn (ppt)

Norwegian: snerka, snerke (dialectal)

Old Swedish: snorkin

→ Middle English: *snirken; snorkil

Scots: snirk (intransitive senses)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)nerg-, *(s)nerk- (“to turn; wind; lace; shrink; shrivel”).


þerbaz

*þerbaz (a-stem)

þerbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
þerbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
þerbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
þerbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
þerbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
þerbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
þerbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
þerbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
þerbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
þerbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
þerbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
þerbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
þerbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
þerbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
þerbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
þerbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
þerbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
þerbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
þerbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
þerbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
þerbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
þerbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
þerbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
þerbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
þerbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
þerbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
þerbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
þerbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
þerbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
þerbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
þerbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
þerbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
þerbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
þerbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
þerbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
þerbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
þerbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
þerbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
þerbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
þerbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
þerbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
þerbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
þerbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
þerbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
þerbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
þerbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
þerbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
þerbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
þerbini (dative masculine singular weak)
þerbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
þerbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
þerbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
þerbini (dative neuter singular weak)
þerbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
þerbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
þerbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
þerbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
þerbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
þerbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
þerbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: þeorf, þorof
Middle English: therf, tharf, tharfe, therfe, þarf, þerf, þerfe, þeorrf (Ormulum)
English: tharf (obsolete)
Scots: tharf, therf

Old Frisian: therf, derf; therve, derve

North Frisian: terew, serew

Old Saxon: thervi, tharvi

Middle Low German: derve

Old Dutch: *therf

Middle Dutch: derf

Dutch: derf (obsolete)

Old High German: derb, derp
Middle High German: derp
German: derb

Old Norse: þjarfr
Icelandic: þjarfur
Norwegian Bokmål: tjerv
Norwegian Nynorsk: tjerv
Swedish: kärv

From Proto-Indo-European *terp- (“to be stiff”). Cognate with Lithuanian tir̃pti (“to stiffen”), Latin torpeō (“to be stiff”), Old Church Slavonic трупети (trupeti, “to suffer”).
Older theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terbʰ- (“rigid; stiff; restricted; tight”), from *(s)ter- (“stiff”).


Raginawaldaz

Raginawaldaz (nominative singular)
Raginawald (singular vocative)
Raginawaldą (accusative singular)
Raginawaldai (dative singular)
Raginawaldō (instrumental singular)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: Ræġnald

desc

Old High German: Raginoald, Raginald, Reginwald

German: Reinhold

→ Norwegian: Reinold

desctree

Old Norse: Rǫgnvaldr
Icelandic: Rögnvaldur
Faroese: Røgnvaldur
Norwegian: Ragnvald
Old Swedish: Ragnvalder
Swedish: Ragnvald
→ Old East Slavic: Рогъволодъ (Rogŭvolodŭ)
→ English: Ronald
→ Italian: Ronaldo
→ Spanish: Ronaldo
→ Portuguese: Ronaldo
→ Old Irish: Ragnall
Irish: Raghnall
Scottish Gaelic: Raghnall
→ Scots: Ranald
→ English: Ranald

→ Latin: Reginaldus

Catalan: Reginald

Anglo-Norman: Reinald, Reynaud, Reinold

→ English: Reynold

French: Renaud, Renault

→ French: Reginald

→ English: Renault

→ English: Reginald

Italian: Rinaldo, Reginaldo

Portuguese: Reinaldo

Spanish: Reinaldo

→ Dutch: Reinoud

→ Old High German: Regnald

From *raginą (“decision, advice, counsel”) + *waldaz (“ruler”).


tainijǭ

tainijǭ (nominative singular)
tainijōniz (nominative plural)
tainijǭ (singular vocative)
tainijōniz (plural vocative)
tainijōnų (accusative singular)
tainijōnunz (accusative plural)
tainijōniz (genitive singular)
tainijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tainijōni (dative singular)
tainijōmaz (dative plural)
tainijōnē (instrumental singular)
tainijōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *tainijā

Old Frisian: *tēne

Saterland Frisian: Täine

Old Saxon: *tēna

Middle Low German: têne

desctree

Old High German: zeina, zeinna
Middle High German: zeine
Alemannic German: Zeine
German: Zaine, Zeine
→ Italian: zaino
⇒ Lombardic: *zainjā
→ Italian: zana

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *tainīl

Old English: tǣnel, tēnil
Middle English: tenel, tenell
English: teanel (dialectal)

Old High German: *zeinīl

Middle High German: zeinel

desc

⇒ Middle High German: zeinelære, zeinler

German: Zainler (“basket-maker”)

Old Norse: teina

Icelandic: teinur

Faroese: teinur

Norwegian: teine

Gothic: 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐍉 (tainjō)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tainijo (see there for further descendants)