þinhslō

þinhslō (nominative singular)
þinhslôz (nominative plural)
þinhslō (singular vocative)
þinhslôz (plural vocative)
þinhslǭ (accusative singular)
þinhslōz (accusative plural)
þinhslōz (genitive singular)
þinhslǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þinhslōi (dative singular)
þinhslōmaz (dative plural)
þinhslō (instrumental singular)
þinhslōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þį̄hslu
Old English: þīxl, þīsl
Old Frisian: *thīxl, *thixl
West Frisian: tiksel
Old Saxon: thīsla, thīhsla, thīhsala, thessalia, thesla
Middle Low German: dîhsele, dîsle, dîsel, dîstel, dîssel
German Low German: Dießel
→ Saterland Frisian: Diesel
Old Dutch: *thīhsala
Middle Dutch: diesele, dissel
Dutch: dissel
West Flemish: dijsel
Old High German: dīhsala, dīhsila
Middle High German: dīhsele, dīhsel, dīsle
German: Deichsel

Old Norse: þísl

Icelandic: þísl

Old Swedish: þistl

Swedish: tistel

/ˈθĩːx.slɔː/

Uncertain. Seemingly from Proto-Indo-European *tengʰs(e)leh₂, derived from the root *tengʰ- (“to pull, stretch, tensen”); Kroonen however is skeptical. In any case, compare Latin tēmō (“pole, yoke-beam”) and Old Prussian teansis (“drawbar”).


-atją

-atją (nominative singular)
-atjō (nominative plural)
-atją (singular vocative)
-atjō (plural vocative)
-atją (accusative singular)
-atjō (accusative plural)
-atjas (genitive singular)
-atis (genitive singular)
-atjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-atjai (dative singular)
-atjamaz (dative plural)
-atjō (instrumental singular)
-atjamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: -ett, -et (genitive -ettes)

Old High German: -az, -ez

Suffix denoting the action of verbs ending in *-atjaną, used similarly as Modern English -age, -ation, -isation, -ism.


hleumundaz

hleumundaz (nominative singular)
hleumundōz (nominative plural)
hleumundōs (nominative plural)
hleumund (singular vocative)
hleumundōz (plural vocative)
hleumundōs (plural vocative)
hleumundą (accusative singular)
hleumundanz (accusative plural)
hleumundas (genitive singular)
hleumundis (genitive singular)
hleumundǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hleumundai (dative singular)
hleumundamaz (dative plural)
hleumundō (instrumental singular)
hleumundamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hleumund
Old Saxon: *hliumand
Middle Low German: lǖmunt, lîmunt
⇒ Old Saxon: *hliumandig
⇒ Old Saxon: mishliumandig
Old Dutch: *liumund
Middle Dutch: lumont
Old High German: hliumunt, liumunt
Middle High German: liumunt
German: Leumund

Likely originally neuter, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwmn̥tom, extension and thematicization of *ḱléwmn̥, from *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Cognate to Sanskrit श्रोमत (śromata, “fame”).


aihtēr

aihtēr (nominative singular)
aihtriz (nominative plural)
aihter (singular vocative)
aihtriz (plural vocative)
aihterų (accusative singular)
aihtrunz (accusative plural)
aihturz (genitive singular)
aihtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aihtri (dative singular)
aihtrumaz (dative plural)
aihtrē (instrumental singular)
aihtrumiz (instrumental plural)

→ Proto-Samic: *ājttërë

Southern Sami: aajtere

Ume Sami: ájttare

Lule Sami: ájtar

Northern Sami: áittar

From *aiganą + reflex of Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr. Compare Sanskrit ईशितृ (īśitṛ, “owner, proprietor”).


fraisōną

fraisō (active first-person indicative singular)
fraisǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraisōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
fraisōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fraisōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraisō (active imperative second-person singular)
fraisōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fraisōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fraisōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fraisō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fraisōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fraisōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fraisōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraisōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraisōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraisōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fraisōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fraisōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraisōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fraisōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fraisōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fraisōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fraisōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fraisōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fraisōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fraisōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fraisōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fraisōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fraisōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fraisōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fraisōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
fraisōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fraisōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fraisōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fraisōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fraisōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fraisōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fraisōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fraisōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fraisōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fraisōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fraisōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fraisōndz (active participle present)
fraisōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *fraisōn

Old English: frāsian

Middle English: fraisen

Scots: fraise, fraize, phrase

English: fraise

Old Frisian: *frāsia, *frēsia

Saterland Frisian: freezje

West Frisian: freezje, freze

Old Saxon: frēsōn

Middle Low German: vrêsen

Old Dutch: *frēson

Middle Dutch: vrêsen

Dutch: vrezen

Old High German: freisōn

Middle High German: vreisen

German: freisen

Old Norse: *freisa (possibly giving rise to the Middle English word)

/ˈɸrɑi̯.sɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go forth, risk, try”). Equivalent to *fraisō (“fear”) + *-ōną.


flaizô

gem-decl-adj-table

*flaizô (n-stem)

flaizô (masculine nominative singular)
flaizaniz (masculine nominative plural)
flaizǭ (feminine nominative singular)
flaizōniz (feminine nominative plural)
flaizô (neuter nominative singular)
flaizōnō (neuter nominative plural)
flaizanų (accusative masculine singular)
flaizanunz (accusative masculine plural)
flaizōnų (accusative feminine singular)
flaizōnunz (accusative feminine plural)
flaizô (accusative neuter singular)
flaizōnō (accusative neuter plural)
flaiziniz (genitive masculine singular)
flaizanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
flaizōniz (feminine genitive singular)
flaizōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
flaiziniz (genitive neuter singular)
flaizanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
flaizini (dative masculine singular)
flaizammaz (dative masculine plural)
flaizōni (dative feminine singular)
flaizōmaz (dative feminine plural)
flaizini (dative neuter singular)
flaizammaz (dative neuter plural)
flaizinē (instrumental masculine singular)
flaizammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
flaizōnē (feminine instrumental singular)
flaizōmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
flaizinē (instrumental neuter singular)
flaizammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

Old Norse: fleiri

Icelandic: fleiri

Faroese: fleiri

Norwegian: flere, fleire

Old Swedish: flēre

Swedish: flera, fler

/ˈɸlɑi̯.zɔːː/

From Pre-Germanic *plóh₁-ison-, comparative of *feluz, *felu. Related to Ancient Greek πλείων (pleíōn, “more”), Latin plūs (“more”).


flaistaz

*flaistaz (a-stem)

flaistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
flaistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
flaistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
flaistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
flaistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
flaistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
flaistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
flaistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
flaistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
flaistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
flaistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
flaistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
flaistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
flaistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
flaistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
flaistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
flaistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
flaistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
flaistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
flaistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
flaistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
flaistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
flaistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
flaistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
flaistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
flaistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
flaistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
flaistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
flaistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
flaistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
flaistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
flaistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
flaistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
flaistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
flaistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
flaistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
flaistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
flaistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
flaistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
flaistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
flaistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
flaistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
flaistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
flaistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
flaistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
flaistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
flaistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
flaistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
flaistini (dative masculine singular weak)
flaistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
flaistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
flaistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
flaistini (dative neuter singular weak)
flaistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
flaistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
flaistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
flaistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
flaistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
flaistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
flaistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Old Norse: flestr
Icelandic: flestur
Faroese: flestur
Norwegian Nynorsk: flest
Norwegian Bokmål: flest
Old Swedish: flæster
Swedish: flest
Danish: flest


felufaihaz

*felufaihaz (a-stem)

felufaihaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
felufaihai (masculine nominative plural strong)
felufaihō (feminine nominative singular strong)
felufaihôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
felufaihą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
felufaihō (neuter nominative plural strong)
felufaihanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
felufaihanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
felufaihǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
felufaihōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
felufaihą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
felufaihō (accusative neuter plural strong)
felufaihas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
felufaihaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
felufaihaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
felufaihaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
felufaihas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
felufaihaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
felufaihammai (dative masculine singular strong)
felufaihaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
felufaihaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
felufaihaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
felufaihammai (dative neuter singular strong)
felufaihaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
felufaihanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
felufaihaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
felufaihaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
felufaihaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
felufaihanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
felufaihaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
felufaihô (masculine nominative singular weak)
felufaihaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
felufaihǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
felufaihōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
felufaihô (neuter nominative singular weak)
felufaihōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
felufaihanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
felufaihanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
felufaihōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
felufaihōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
felufaihô (accusative neuter singular weak)
felufaihōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
felufaihiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
felufaihanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
felufaihōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
felufaihōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
felufaihiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
felufaihanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
felufaihini (dative masculine singular weak)
felufaihammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
felufaihōni (dative feminine singular weak)
felufaihōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
felufaihini (dative neuter singular weak)
felufaihammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
felufaihinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
felufaihammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
felufaihōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
felufaihōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
felufaihinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
felufaihammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (filufaihs)

Compound of *felu + *faihaz. Compare Ancient Greek πολυποίκιλος (polupoíkilos, “much variegated, manifold”), Sanskrit पुरुपेश (purupeśa, “multiform”).

cog

πολυποίκιλος


murhǭ

murhǭ (nominative singular)
murhōniz (nominative plural)
murhǭ (singular vocative)
murhōniz (plural vocative)
murhōnų (accusative singular)
murhōnunz (accusative plural)
murhōniz (genitive singular)
murhōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
murhōni (dative singular)
murhōmaz (dative plural)
murhōnē (instrumental singular)
murhōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *morhā
Old English: more
Middle English: more, moore, morre
English: more (dialectal)
→ Welsh: moron
Old Saxon: morha
Middle Low German: more, mȫre
⇒ German Low German: Mohrenkopp
→⇒ Swedish: morot
Old Dutch: *mora
Middle Dutch: mōre
Limburgish: moer
Old High German: morha, moraha
Middle High German: morhe, morche
German: Möhre
⇒ German: Mohrrübe
Luxembourgish: Muert
Yiddish: מייער (meyer)

Old Norse: mura

Icelandic: mura

Faroese: mura

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: mure

Norwegian Nynorsk: mure

Swedish: morot

Uncertain; presumably cognate with Proto-Slavic *mъrky (“carrot”), suggesting Proto-Indo-European *mérkuh₂ ~ *mr̥kwéh₂, however perhaps instead a Wanderwort, compare Proto-North Caucasian *mɨ̆rꝗwă (“root, carrot”). Disputedly related to Ancient Greek βράκανα (brákana, “wild vegetables”), βάκανον (bákanon, “cabbage(-seed)”), otherwise thought to be of Pre-Greek origin.


fanþijaną

fanþijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fanþijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanþijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fanþīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
fanþijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fanþī (active imperative second-person singular)
fanþijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fanþijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fanþīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fanþijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fanþijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fanþijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fanþijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fanþijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fanþijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fanþijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fanþijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fanþijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fanþijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fanþijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fanþijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fanþijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fanþīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fanþijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fanþīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fanþijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fanþijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fanþijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fanþijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanþijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fanþijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fanþijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
fanþidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fanþidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fanþidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fanþidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fanþidē (active indicative singular third-person)
fanþidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fanþidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fanþidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fanþidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fanþidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fanþidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fanþidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fanþidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fanþidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fanþidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fanþidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fanþijandz (active participle present)
fanþidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old English: fēþan

Likely derived from a lost substantive *fanþ-, from Proto-Indo-European *pónth₁s, *pónteh₁s. For the noun, compare Ancient Greek πόντος (póntos, “sea”), Sanskrit पन्था (panthā), पथ (patha, “road, way”), Latin pōns (“bridge”). For the derived verb, compare Ancient Greek πατέω (patéō, “to tread, walk”), Sanskrit पन्थति (panthati) or पन्थयति (panthayati, “to go, move”).


stadaz

*stadaz (a-stem)

stadaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stadai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stadō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stadôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stadą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stadō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stadanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stadanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stadǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stadōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stadą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stadō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stadas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stadaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stadaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stadaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stadas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stadaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stadammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stadaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stadaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stadaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stadammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stadaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stadanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stadaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stadaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stadaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stadanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stadaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stadô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stadaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stadǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stadōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stadô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stadōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stadanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stadanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stadōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stadōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stadô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stadōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stadiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stadanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stadōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stadōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stadiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stadanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stadini (dative masculine singular weak)
stadammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stadōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stadōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stadini (dative neuter singular weak)
stadammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stadinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stadammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stadōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stadōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stadinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stadammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: staðr

Icelandic: staður

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂tós, verbal adjective formation from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στατός (statós, “placed, standing”), Sanskrit स्थित (sthita, “standing”), Latin status (“fixed, set”).


swōnō

swōnō (nominative singular)
swōnôz (nominative plural)
swōnō (singular vocative)
swōnôz (plural vocative)
swōnǭ (accusative singular)
swōnōz (accusative plural)
swōnōz (genitive singular)
swōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swōnōi (dative singular)
swōnōmaz (dative plural)
swōnō (instrumental singular)
swōnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swōnu

Old Frisian: sōne

North Frisian: sone

Saterland Frisian: Soune, Soon

West Frisian: soen

Old Saxon: *swōna, sōna

Middle Low German: swône, sône; swö̂ne, sö̂n

Old Dutch: *suona

Middle Dutch: soene

Dutch: zoen

Afrikaans: soen

Old High German: suona

Middle High German: suone; süene

German: Sühne

Old Norse: són; sonar-

Icelandic: són

Uncertain; one theory derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *swā-n- (“healthy; whole; active; vigorous”), and compares it with Latin sānus (“healthy”).


hleuzą

hleuzą (nominative singular)
hleuzō (nominative plural)
hleuzą (singular vocative)
hleuzō (plural vocative)
hleuzą (accusative singular)
hleuzō (accusative plural)
hleuzas (genitive singular)
hliuzis (genitive singular)
hleuzǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hleuzai (dative singular)
hleuzamaz (dative plural)
hleuzō (instrumental singular)
hleuzamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hleuʀ

Old English: hlēor

Middle English: leor, ler, lere

Scots: lere

English: leer

Old Saxon: hlior, hleor

Middle Low German: lêr

Old Dutch: *hleura (attested in thunnichleura), *hlior, *lior

Middle Dutch: liere, lier

Dutch: lier

Old Norse: hlýr

Icelandic: hlýr

Swedish: lyra

→ Middle English: lire, lyre

Scots: lire, lyre

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlews- (“side of the head, temple, ear”), from *ḱlew- (“to hear; fame, renown, glory”).

side of the head or face; profile; cheek


walwijaną

walwijō (active first-person indicative singular)
walwijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walwijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
walwīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
walwijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walwī (active imperative second-person singular)
walwijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
walwijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
walwīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
walwijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walwijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
walwijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
walwijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
walwijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
walwijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walwijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walwijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walwijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
walwijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
walwijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walwijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
walwijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
walwīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
walwijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walwīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
walwijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
walwijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
walwijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
walwijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walwijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
walwijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
walwijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
walwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
walwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
walwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
walwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
walwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
walwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
walwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
walwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
walwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
walwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
walwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
walwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
walwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
walwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
walwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
walwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
walwijandz (active participle present)
walwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *walwijan

desctree

Old English: wielwan, wylwan, wilwan, welwan, wilwian, wilian, wiliġan, wylian, welian
Middle English: welwen (“to roll”)

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *walwōn

Old English: wealwian, wealowian, wealuwian, wealowiġan
Middle English: walwen
English: wallow
Scots: wallow

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*walwjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (atwalwjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (afwalwjan)

⇒ Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍅𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurwalwjan)

→? Proto-Finnic: *valvadak (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *welw- (“to turn, wind, roll”), from *welH- (“to turn, wind, roll”). Cognate with Latin volvō (“roll”).


barjaną

barjō (active first-person indicative singular)
barjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
barjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
barisi (active indicative second-person singular)
barjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bari (active imperative second-person singular)
barjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
barjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bariþi (active indicative singular third-person)
barjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
barjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
barjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
barjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
barjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
barjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
barjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
barjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
barjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
barjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
barjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
barjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
barjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bariþ (active indicative plural second-person)
barjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bariþ (active imperative plural second-person)
barjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
barjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
barjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
barjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
barjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
barjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
barjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
baridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
baridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
baridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
baridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
baridē (active indicative singular third-person)
baridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
baridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
baridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
baridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
baridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
baridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
baridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
baridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
baridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
baridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
baridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
barjandz (active participle present)
baridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *barjan
Old English: berian (attested as ġebered (ppt))
Middle English: berien, beryen
Scots: berrie, berry, barrie
English: berry (verb)
(Old Frisian: ber)
Old High German: berjan, perjan, berien, *berren
Middle High German: berjen, berren, beren, bern
German: beren

Old Norse: berja

Icelandic: berja

Faroese: berja

Norwegian: berja, berje

Old Swedish: bæria

Swedish: bärja

Old Danish: bærie

Danish: bærje

Elfdalian: berras

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce, strike”). Cognate with Latin ferīre (“to beat, strike”), Proto-Slavic *borniti (“to defend”).


harduhertaz

*harduhertaz (a-stem)

harduhertaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
harduhertai (masculine nominative plural strong)
harduhertō (feminine nominative singular strong)
harduhertôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
harduhertą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
harduhertō (neuter nominative plural strong)
harduhertanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
harduhertanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
harduhertǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
harduhertōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
harduhertą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
harduhertō (accusative neuter plural strong)
harduhertas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
harduhertaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
harduhertaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
harduhertaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
harduhertas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
harduhertaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
harduhertammai (dative masculine singular strong)
harduhertaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
harduhertaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
harduhertaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
harduhertammai (dative neuter singular strong)
harduhertaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
harduhertanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
harduhertaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
harduhertaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
harduhertaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
harduhertanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
harduhertaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
harduhertô (masculine nominative singular weak)
harduhertaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
harduhertǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
harduhertōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
harduhertô (neuter nominative singular weak)
harduhertōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
harduhertanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
harduhertanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
harduhertōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
harduhertōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
harduhertô (accusative neuter singular weak)
harduhertōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
harduhertiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
harduhertanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
harduhertōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
harduhertōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
harduhertiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
harduhertanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
harduhertini (dative masculine singular weak)
harduhertammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
harduhertōni (dative feminine singular weak)
harduhertōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
harduhertini (dative neuter singular weak)
harduhertammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
harduhertinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
harduhertammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
harduhertōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
harduhertōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
harduhertinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
harduhertammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: heardheort

Middle English: hardhert

desc

*𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍃

𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐌴𐌹

Gothic: *𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍃 (*harduhairts), 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐌴𐌹 (harduhairtei)


garaidijaną

garaidijō (active first-person indicative singular)
garaidijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garaidijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
garaidīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
garaidijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
garaidī (active imperative second-person singular)
garaidijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
garaidijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
garaidīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
garaidijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
garaidijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
garaidijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
garaidijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
garaidijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
garaidijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
garaidijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
garaidijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
garaidijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
garaidijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
garaidijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
garaidijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
garaidijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
garaidīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
garaidijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
garaidīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
garaidijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
garaidijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
garaidijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
garaidijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
garaidijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
garaidijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
garaidijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
garaididǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
garaididēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
garaididēz (active indicative second-person singular)
garaididēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
garaididē (active indicative singular third-person)
garaididēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
garaididēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
garaididēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
garaididēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
garaididēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
garaididēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
garaididēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
garaididēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
garaididēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
garaididēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
garaididēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
garaidijandz (active participle present)
garaididaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *garaidijan
Old English: ġerǣdan
Middle English: geræden, gereden, ȝeræden, ireden
English: ready (partly backformed from the adjective)
Old Saxon: *girēdian
Middle Low German: gerêden
Old Dutch: *gireiden, *girēden
Middle Dutch: gereiden, gerêden
Dutch: gereden, gereiden (obsolete or dialectal)
Old High German: *gireiten (suggested by derivatives: gireitungī, gireitnissī, etc.)
Middle High German: gereiten

Old Norse: greiða
Icelandic: greiða
Faroese: greiða
Norwegian: (dialectal) greia, greide
Norwegian Nynorsk: greia, greida
Norwegian Bokmål: greie
→ Danish: greje
→ Swedish: greja
Swedish: gre, greda
Danish: grede
Norwegian Bokmål: gre
→ Middle English: graithen, greithen
English: graith
Scots: graith
→ Old French: greer, greier
French: gréer

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (garaidjan)

From *garaidaz (“ready, prepared”) + *-janą.


kwerþrą

kwerþrą (nominative singular)
kwerþrō (nominative plural)
kwerþrą (singular vocative)
kwerþrō (plural vocative)
kwerþrą (accusative singular)
kwerþrō (accusative plural)
kwerþras (genitive singular)
kwirþris (genitive singular)
kwerþrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kwerþrai (dative singular)
kwerþramaz (dative plural)
kwerþrō (instrumental singular)
kwerþramiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: querdar

Middle High German: querder

German: Köder

From Pre-Germanic *gʷérh₃trom, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”).


kwerþrą

desc

Middle Low German: querder, querdel, korder

Old High German: querdar

From Pre-Germanic *gʷértrom, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷer- (“to cut up, off”). Compare Hittite 𒆪𒅕 (ku-er, “to cut up”), although Kloekhorst reconstructs a different root.


kwerraną

kwerrō (active first-person indicative singular)
kwerraų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwerrai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kwirrizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kwerraiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwerr (active imperative second-person singular)
kwerrazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kwerraizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kwirridi (active indicative singular third-person)
kwerrai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kwerradau (active imperative singular third-person)
kwerradai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kwerraidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kwerrōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kwerraiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kwerradiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kwerraidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kwerradiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kwerramaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kwerraim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kwerrandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kwerraindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kwirrid (active indicative plural second-person)
kwerraid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kwirrid (active imperative plural second-person)
kwerrandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kwerraindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kwerrandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kwerrain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwerrandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kwerrandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kwerraindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
kwar (active first-person indicative singular)
kwarr (active first-person indicative singular)
kurrį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kwart (active indicative second-person singular)
kwarrt (active indicative second-person singular)
kurrīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kwar (active indicative singular third-person)
kwarr (active indicative singular third-person)
kurrī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kurrū (active dual first-person indicative)
kurrīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kurrudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kurrīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kurrum (active first-person indicative plural)
kurrīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kurrud (active indicative plural second-person)
kurrīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kurrun (active indicative plural third-person)
kurrīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kwerrandz (active participle present)
kurranaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *kwerran

Old English: ācweorran, acworren

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to devour”).


lōmaz

lōmaz (nominative singular)
lōmōz (nominative plural)
lōmōs (nominative plural)
lōm (singular vocative)
lōmōz (plural vocative)
lōmōs (plural vocative)
lōmą (accusative singular)
lōmanz (accusative plural)
lōmas (genitive singular)
lōmis (genitive singular)
lōmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lōmai (dative singular)
lōmamaz (dative plural)
lōmō (instrumental singular)
lōmamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: *lómr, in compound lómbragð

Icelandic: lómur

Norwegian: lom

From Pre-Germanic *loh₁umos, related to *lēwą.


terwaz

terwaz (nominative singular)
terwōz (nominative plural)
terwōs (nominative plural)
terw (singular vocative)
terwōz (plural vocative)
terwōs (plural vocative)
terwą (accusative singular)
terwanz (accusative plural)
terwas (genitive singular)
tirwis (genitive singular)
terwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
terwai (dative singular)
terwamaz (dative plural)
terwō (instrumental singular)
terwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: tjǫrr

Swedish: tjor, tjur (dialectal)

From Pre-Germanic *derwos, derived from or related to *terwą (“tar”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deru- (“wood”).

(North Germanic) handle of resinous wood


terwą

terwą (nominative singular)
terwō (nominative plural)
terwą (singular vocative)
terwō (plural vocative)
terwą (accusative singular)
terwō (accusative plural)
terwas (genitive singular)
tirwis (genitive singular)
terwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
terwai (dative singular)
terwamaz (dative plural)
terwō (instrumental singular)
terwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *teru
Old English: teoru
Middle English: ter, terr, tarr
English: tar
Scots: terr, ter, tar
Old Frisian: tere
North Frisian: tjär
Saterland Frisian: Taar
West Frisian: tarre, tar
Old Saxon: *tero
Middle Low German: tēre, tēr
→ German: Teer
→ Rhine Franconian: Zeer (northern Hessian; likely borrowed and adapted)
Old Dutch: *tero
Middle Dutch: terre, teer, tar
Dutch: teer
Afrikaans: teer

Old Norse: tjara (replacing *tjǫrva < *terwǭ)

Danish: tjære

Faroese: tjøra

Icelandic: tjara

Norwegian Bokmål: tjære

Norwegian Nynorsk: tjære

Old Swedish: tiæra

Swedish: tjära

→ Proto-Finnic: *tërva

→ Proto-Samic: *tërvē

From Pre-Germanic *derwom, derived from Proto-Indo-European *dóru. Related to Lithuanian derva (“resin, tar”).


hurskaz

*hurskaz (a-stem)

hurskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hurskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hurskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hurskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hurską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hurskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hurskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hurskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hurskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hurskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hurską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hurskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hurskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hurskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hurskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hurskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hurskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hurskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hurskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hurskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hurskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hurskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hurskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hurskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hurskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hurskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hurskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hurskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hurskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hurskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hurskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hurskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hurskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hurskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hurskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hurskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hurskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hurskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hurskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hurskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hurskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hurskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hurskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hurskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hurskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hurskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hurskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hurskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hurskini (dative masculine singular weak)
hurskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hurskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hurskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hurskini (dative neuter singular weak)
hurskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hurskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hurskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hurskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hurskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hurskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hurskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *horsk

Old English: horsċ

Old Frisian: rosk, rosch

Old Saxon: horsk

Old Dutch: horsk, horsc

Old High German: horsc, *horsk

Old Norse: horskr

Icelandic: horskur

→ Proto-Finnic: *hurskas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run, race, speed, hurry”). Cognate with Latin currō (“run”).
Alternative etymology derives from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“wise, clever, skillful”).


hurskijaną

hurskijō (active first-person indicative singular)
hurskijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hurskijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hurskīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hurskijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hurskī (active imperative second-person singular)
hurskijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hurskijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hurskīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hurskijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hurskijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hurskijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hurskijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hurskijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hurskijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hurskijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hurskijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hurskijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hurskijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hurskijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hurskijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hurskijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hurskīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hurskijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hurskīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hurskijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hurskijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hurskijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hurskijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hurskijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hurskijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hurskijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hurskidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hurskidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hurskidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hurskidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hurskidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hurskidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hurskidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hurskidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hurskidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hurskidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hurskidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hurskidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hurskidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hurskidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hurskidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hurskidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hurskijandz (active participle present)
hurskidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hurskijan

Old English: *hyrsċan, hrysċan

desc

Middle English: hourshen, ruschen, russhen

Scots: rusch

English: rush

⇒ Middle English: horsinge

Old High German: hurscen, hursken, hursgen

(Middle High German: hurren)

⇒ Old High German: gihursken

⇒ Old High German: irhursken

Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽 (*hruskan) (< *hurskāną?)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌷𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌽 (andhruskan)


teldaną

teldō (active first-person indicative singular)
teldaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
teldai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tildizi (active indicative second-person singular)
teldaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
teld (active imperative second-person singular)
teldazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
teldaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tildidi (active indicative singular third-person)
teldai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
teldadau (active imperative singular third-person)
teldadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
teldaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
teldōz (active dual first-person indicative)
teldaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
teldadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
teldaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
teldadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
teldamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
teldaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
teldandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
teldaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tildid (active indicative plural second-person)
teldaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tildid (active imperative plural second-person)
teldandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
teldaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
teldandi (active indicative plural third-person)
teldain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
teldandau (active imperative plural third-person)
teldandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
teldaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tald (active first-person indicative singular)
tuldį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
talst (active indicative second-person singular)
tuldīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tald (active indicative singular third-person)
tuldī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tuldū (active dual first-person indicative)
tuldīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tuldudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tuldīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tuldum (active first-person indicative plural)
tuldīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tuldud (active indicative plural second-person)
tuldīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tuldun (active indicative plural third-person)
tuldīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
teldandz (active participle present)
tuldanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *teldan

Old English: *teldan

⇒ Old English: beteldan

q

Norwegian: tjalða (a weak verb, possibly from *teldōną instead)

Uncertain. Possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *delH- (“to flatten, spread out”), with an extension -dʰ-, maybe *dʰeh₁- (“to put”), giving *delHdʰh₁- (“to put flat”).


sprutô

sprutô (nominative singular)
sprutaniz (nominative plural)
sprutô (singular vocative)
sprutaniz (plural vocative)
sprutanų (accusative singular)
sprutanunz (accusative plural)
sprutiniz (genitive singular)
sprutanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sprutini (dative singular)
sprutammaz (dative plural)
sprutinē (instrumental singular)
sprutammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sprota

Middle English: sprote

English: sprot

Middle Dutch: sprote, sproot

Old High German: sprozzo

Middle High German: sprozze

German: Sprosse

Luxembourgish: Sprass

Old Norse: sproti

Icelandic: sproti

Faroese: sproti

Old Swedish: spruti, sproti


sprittōną

sprittō (active first-person indicative singular)
sprittǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprittōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sprittōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sprittōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprittō (active imperative second-person singular)
sprittōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sprittōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sprittōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sprittō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprittōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sprittōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sprittōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sprittōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sprittōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprittōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprittōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprittōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sprittōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sprittōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprittōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sprittōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sprittōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sprittōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprittōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sprittōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sprittōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sprittōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sprittōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprittōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sprittōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sprittōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sprittōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sprittōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sprittōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sprittōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sprittōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sprittōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sprittōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sprittōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sprittōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sprittōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sprittōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sprittōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sprittōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sprittōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sprittōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sprittōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sprittōndz (active participle present)
sprittōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle High German: sprützen

German: spritzen

Yiddish: שפּריצן (shpritsn)

→ English: spritz

desc

הִשְׁפְּרִיץ

→ Hebrew: הִשְׁפְּרִיץ (hishpríts)

Norwegian: sprita

From Pre-Germanic *spritnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *sprīþaną (“to break up”).


waraz

*waraz (a-stem)

waraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
warai (masculine nominative plural strong)
warō (feminine nominative singular strong)
warôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
warą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
warō (neuter nominative plural strong)
waranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
waranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
warǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
warōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
warą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
warō (accusative neuter plural strong)
waras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
waraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
waraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
waraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
waras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
waraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
warammai (dative masculine singular strong)
waraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
waraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
waraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
warammai (dative neuter singular strong)
waraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
waranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
waraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
waraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
waraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
waranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
waraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
warô (masculine nominative singular weak)
waraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
warǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
warōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
warô (neuter nominative singular weak)
warōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
waranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
waranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
warōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
warōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
warô (accusative neuter singular weak)
warōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wariniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
waranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
warōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
warōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wariniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
waranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
warini (dative masculine singular weak)
warammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
warōni (dative feminine singular weak)
warōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
warini (dative neuter singular weak)
warammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
warinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
warammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
warōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
warōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
warinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
warammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *war
Old English: wær
Middle English: war, ware
English: ware
Old Frisian: war, ware
⇒ West Frisian: warskôgje
Old Saxon: war
Old Dutch: *war
Middle Dutch: waer (in compounds: waerschuwen, ontware, ontwaer, etc.)
Old High German: war

Old Norse: varr

Icelandic: var

Faroese: varur

Norwegian: var

Old Swedish: var

Swedish: var; varsam

Danish: var

Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃 (wars)

→ Proto-Finnic: *vara (< *warō)

Estonian: vara

Finnish: vara

Ingrian: vara

Karelian: vara

Veps: vara

From Proto-Indo-European *worós (“attentive”), from *wer- (“to heed; be watchful”).


skuflō

skuflō (nominative singular)
skuflôz (nominative plural)
skuflō (singular vocative)
skuflôz (plural vocative)
skuflǭ (accusative singular)
skuflōz (accusative plural)
skuflōz (genitive singular)
skuflǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skuflōi (dative singular)
skuflōmaz (dative plural)
skuflō (instrumental singular)
skuflōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċobl, sċofl

desc

Middle English: schovele, schovel, schowell, schoule, shole

Scots: shuffle, schule, shule, shuil

English: shovel, shoul, shool (dialectal)

→ Fiji Hindi: sabbal

→ Marshallese: jabōļ

Old Frisian: *skofl, *skūfl

Saterland Frisian: Sköifel

West Frisian: skoffel, schoffel

Old Saxon: skūfla

Middle Low German: schûfele, schûfle, schuffele, schüffel

Low German: Schüffel, Schüfel, Schuffel

→ Swedish: skyffel

Old Dutch: *skufla, *skofla

Middle Dutch: schuffel, schofel, schoefel

Dutch: schoffel

Old High German: scūbla, scūfla, scūvala

Middle High German: schūfele, schūfel

German: Schaufel

→ Polish: szufla

Old Norse: *skofl (possibly from Low German)

Icelandic: skófla

Faroese: skupla

Norwegian: skuffel, skuffe

Old Swedish: skofl

Swedish: skovel

Danish: skovl

From earlier *skublō, *skūblō. Of uncertain formation. Apparently related to *skeubaną (“to push, shove”).


budô

budô (nominative singular)
budaniz (nominative plural)
budô (singular vocative)
budaniz (plural vocative)
budanų (accusative singular)
budanunz (accusative plural)
budiniz (genitive singular)
budanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
budini (dative singular)
budammaz (dative plural)
budinē (instrumental singular)
budammiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: boda

Middle English: bode

English: bode

Old Frisian: boda

Old Saxon: bodo

German Low German: Baad

desctree

Old Dutch: bodo
Middle Dutch: bōde
Dutch: bode
Afrikaans: bode

Old High German: boto

Middle High German: bote

German: Bote

Luxembourgish: Buet

Old Norse: boði

Icelandic: boði

Old Swedish: buþi (in compounds)

Derived from the zero-grade of *beudaną (“to command; to offer”) + *-ô.


buttōną

buttō (active first-person indicative singular)
buttǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
buttōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
buttōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
buttōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buttō (active imperative second-person singular)
buttōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
buttōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
buttōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
buttō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
buttōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
buttōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
buttōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
buttōs (active dual first-person indicative)
buttōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
buttōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
buttōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
buttōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
buttōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
buttōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
buttōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
buttōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
buttōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
buttōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buttōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
buttōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
buttōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
buttōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
buttōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
buttōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
buttōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
buttōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
buttōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
buttōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
buttōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
buttōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
buttōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
buttōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
buttōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
buttōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
buttōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
buttōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
buttōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
buttōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
buttōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
buttōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
buttōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
buttōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
buttōndz (active participle present)
buttōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Middle Dutch: botten

Alsatian: butzen

Bavarian: herbutzen (beat up)

Norwegian: butta

From earlier paradigm *buttōþi ~ *butunanþi, from pre-Proto-Germanic *bʰud-nā́-ti ~ *bʰud-un-ánti, iterative to *bautaną (“to beat”).


bullô

bullô (nominative singular)
bullaniz (nominative plural)
bullô (singular vocative)
bullaniz (plural vocative)
bullanų (accusative singular)
bullanunz (accusative plural)
bulliniz (genitive singular)
bullanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bullini (dative singular)
bullammaz (dative plural)
bullinē (instrumental singular)
bullammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: bolla
Middle English: bolle
English: bowl
Scots: boll, bow, (?) bowie
→ Proto-Brythonic:
Breton: bolenn
Welsh: powlen
→ Middle French: bolle
French: bol
→ Catalan: bol
→ Greek: μπολ (bol)

Old Frisian: bolla

West Frisian: bôle

Old Saxon: bollo

Middle Low German: bolle

German Low German: Boll, Bolle

Frankish: *bollo

Middle Dutch: bolle

Dutch: bol

Old Norse: bolli

Icelandic: bolli

Faroese: bolli

Old Swedish: bulle, bolle

Swedish: bulle

→ Finnish: pullo

An ablaut variant of *ballô (“ball”), whence also *balluz.


budą

budą (nominative singular)
budō (nominative plural)
budą (singular vocative)
budō (plural vocative)
budą (accusative singular)
budō (accusative plural)
budas (genitive singular)
budis (genitive singular)
budǫ̂ (genitive plural)
budai (dative singular)
budamaz (dative plural)
budō (instrumental singular)
budamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *bod
Old English: bod
Middle English: bod
English: bode
Old Frisian: bod
Old Saxon: *bod
Middle Low German: *bot
Plautdietsch: Boot
Old Dutch: *bot
Middle Dutch: bot
Dutch: bod
Afrikaans: bod

Proto-Norse: *ᛒᛟᛞᚨ (*boda)

Old West Norse: boð

Icelandic: boð

Faroese: boð

Norn: bod

Norwegian Nynorsk: bod

Elfdalian: buoð

Old East Norse: buð

Old Swedish: buþ, boþ

Swedish: bud

Old Danish: buth, both

Danish: bud

Norwegian Bokmål: bud

Derived from *beudaną (“to command; to offer”).


streuną

streuną (nominative singular)
streunō (nominative plural)
streuną (singular vocative)
streunō (plural vocative)
streuną (accusative singular)
streunō (accusative plural)
streunas (genitive singular)
striunis (genitive singular)
streunǫ̂ (genitive plural)
streunai (dative singular)
streunamaz (dative plural)
streunō (instrumental singular)
streunamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: strēon, strīon; ġestrēon

Middle English: streon, strene, streen; istreon

Scots: strin, stryne

English: strain

Old Saxon: gistriuni

Old High German: gistriuni, kistriuni

From Proto-Indo-European *strew- (“to spread around, strew”). Cognate with Latin struēs (“heap, pile”).


anô

anô (nominative singular)
ananiz (nominative plural)
anô (singular vocative)
ananiz (plural vocative)
ananų (accusative singular)
ananunz (accusative plural)
aniniz (genitive singular)
ananǫ̂ (genitive plural)
anini (dative singular)
anammaz (dative plural)
aninē (instrumental singular)
anammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *anō

Old Saxon: *ano

Middle Low German: āne

German Low German: Ahn

Old High German: ano

Middle High German: ane, an; (ene (< *anuz))

Alemannic German: Äni

German: Ahn, Ahne

→ Danish: ane

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚾᚢ (*anu)

i

alternatively from Proto-Germanic <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*awô</i>

>? Old Norse: ái (alternatively from Proto-Germanic *awô)

Icelandic: ái

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- (“ancestor”). Cognate with Latin anus (“old woman”).


tinhaną

tinhō (active first-person indicative singular)
tinhaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tinhai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tinhizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tinhaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tinh (active imperative second-person singular)
tinhazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tinhaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tinhidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tinhai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tinhadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tinhadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tinhaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tinhōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tinhaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tinhadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tinhaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tinhadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tinhamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tinhaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tinhandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tinhaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tinhid (active indicative plural second-person)
tinhaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tinhid (active imperative plural second-person)
tinhandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tinhaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tinhandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tinhain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinhandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tinhandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tinhaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tanh (active first-person indicative singular)
tungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tanht (active indicative second-person singular)
tungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tanh (active indicative singular third-person)
tungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tungū (active dual first-person indicative)
tungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tungum (active first-person indicative plural)
tungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tungud (active indicative plural second-person)
tungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tungun (active indicative plural third-person)
tungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tinhandz (active participle present)
tunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *tingan, ġetingan

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite, sting”).


dōg-

Proto-West Germanic: *dōgiʀ, *dōgaʀ

Old English: dōgor n, (Anglian) dœ̄g m

Old Dutch: *dōg

Middle Dutch: *doeg, *doech

>? Dutch: doeg, doei

desctree

Old Norse: dǿgr n (“twelve-hour period; half-day”), dœgr
Icelandic: dægur
Faroese: -døgur
Norwegian Nynorsk: døger
Old Swedish: dø̄gher
Old Danish: dø̄ghær
⇒ Old Norse: dǿgn n
Old Swedish: dø̄ghn
Swedish: dygn
Old Danish: dø̄ghær, dø̄gn
Danish: døgn
Norwegian Bokmål: døgn
→? Norwegian Nynorsk: døgn

Nominalization of *dōgaz (“daily, diurnal”).


tūmōną

tūmō (active first-person indicative singular)
tūmǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
tūmōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
tūmōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tūmō (active imperative second-person singular)
tūmōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tūmōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
tūmō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tūmōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
tūmōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tūmōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tūmōs (active dual first-person indicative)
tūmōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tūmōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tūmōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tūmōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tūmōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tūmōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tūmōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tūmōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tūmōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
tūmōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tūmōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
tūmōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tūmōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tūmōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
tūmōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tūmōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
tūmōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tūmōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tūmōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
tūmōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
tūmōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tūmōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
tūmōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tūmōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
tūmōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tūmōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tūmōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tūmōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
tūmōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tūmōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
tūmōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tūmōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
tūmōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tūmōndz (active participle present)
tūmōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: tumbian
Middle English: tumben, tomben, toumbe (conflated with Old French tumber)
English: tumb
⇒ Middle English: tumblen
English: tumble
Scots: tummyll, tumbill, tummle

Old Frisian: *tumbia

⇒ Old Frisian: *tūmlia

Saterland Frisian: tuumelje

Old Saxon: *tūmōn

⇒ Old Saxon: *tūmilōn

Middle Low German: tumelen, tummelen

German Low German: dummeln

Old Dutch: *tūmon
Middle Dutch: tumen
⇒ Middle Dutch: tumelen
Dutch: tuimelen
Afrikaans: tuimel

desc

→? Vulgar Latin: *tumbāre (possibly also from Old Norse, or a native onomatopoeia)

Eastern Romance:

Aromanian: tumbã

Romanian: tumbă

Italian: tomare, *tombare

desctree

Old French: tumber, tumer, tomber
Middle French: tomber, tumber
French: tomber, tumer (dialectal)

Old Occitan:

Catalan: tombar

Occitan: tumber, tomber

West Iberian:

Portuguese: tombar

Spanish: tumbar

>? Old High German: tūmōn

Middle High German: tumen

desc

⇒ Old High German: tūmalōn, tūmilōn, tumelen

Middle High German: tūmeln, tumeln

German: taumeln, tummeln

Luxembourgish: tommelen

Old Norse: tumba

Icelandic: tumba

Unknown. Possibly related to Sanskrit धावति (dhāvati, “to flee, run”), Ancient Greek θύω (thúō, “I rage, storm, rush in”), Latin furō (“I rage”), suggesting a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *dʰewH- (“shake, roar”).

der

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


ruppōną

ruppō (active first-person indicative singular)
ruppǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
ruppōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
ruppōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ruppō (active imperative second-person singular)
ruppōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
ruppōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
ruppō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ruppōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
ruppōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
ruppōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ruppōs (active dual first-person indicative)
ruppōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ruppōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ruppōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ruppōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
ruppōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
ruppōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ruppōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
ruppōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
ruppōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
ruppōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ruppōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
ruppōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
ruppōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ruppōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
ruppōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ruppōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
ruppōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
ruppōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ruppōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
ruppōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
ruppōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ruppōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
ruppōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ruppōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
ruppōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ruppōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ruppōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ruppōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
ruppōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ruppōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
ruppōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ruppōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
ruppōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
ruppōndz (active participle present)
ruppōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ruppōn
>? Old English: *rubbian
Middle English: rubben (possibly borrowed)
English: rub
Old Frisian: *robbia
Saterland Frisian: robje
Old Saxon: *roppōn
Middle Low German: roppen
Low German: rubben
Old Dutch: *roppon
Middle Dutch: roppen
Dutch: roppen, robben, rubben
Old High German: ropfōn, *ruphōn
Middle High German: ropfen, rupfen
German: rupfen
Luxembourgish: rappen

Old Norse: ruppa, *rubba

Icelandic: rubba

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: rubbe

Norwegian Nynorsk: rubbe, rubba

Swedish: rubba

Danish: rubbe

From Pre-Germanic *Hrupnéh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to *reufaną (“to break off, open”).


ruppōną

Proto-West Germanic: *roppōn
Old Dutch: *roppon
Middle Dutch: roppen, ruppen
Dutch: roppen
Old High German: *ropfōn
Middle High German: ropfen

Old Norse: ropa

Icelandic: ropa

Faroese: ropa

An iterative verb likely of sound-symbolic origin.


sinþōną

sinþō (active first-person indicative singular)
sinþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
sinþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
sinþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sinþō (active imperative second-person singular)
sinþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sinþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
sinþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sinþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
sinþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sinþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sinþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
sinþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sinþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sinþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sinþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sinþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sinþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sinþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sinþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sinþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
sinþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sinþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
sinþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sinþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sinþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
sinþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
sinþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sinþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sinþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
sinþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
sinþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sinþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
sinþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sinþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
sinþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sinþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sinþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sinþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
sinþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sinþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
sinþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sinþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
sinþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sinþōndz (active participle present)
sinþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sinþōn
Old English: sīþian
Middle English: sithen
Old Saxon: sīthon
Old High German: sindōn
Middle High German: sinden, sinnen

Old Norse: sinna

Icelandic: sinna

Derived from *sinþaz (“journey”) + *-ōną.


rīfaną

rīfō (active first-person indicative singular)
rīfaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
rīfai (first-person indicative passive singular)
rīfizi (active indicative second-person singular)
rīfaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
rīf (active imperative second-person singular)
rīfazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
rīfaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
rīfidi (active indicative singular third-person)
rīfai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rīfadau (active imperative singular third-person)
rīfadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
rīfaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
rīfōz (active dual first-person indicative)
rīfaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rīfadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rīfaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rīfadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
rīfamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
rīfaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rīfandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
rīfaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
rīfid (active indicative plural second-person)
rīfaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rīfid (active imperative plural second-person)
rīfandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
rīfaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
rīfandi (active indicative plural third-person)
rīfain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīfandau (active imperative plural third-person)
rīfandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
rīfaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raif (active first-person indicative singular)
ribį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raift (active indicative second-person singular)
ribīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raif (active indicative singular third-person)
ribī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
ribū (active dual first-person indicative)
ribīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
ribudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
ribīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
ribum (active first-person indicative plural)
ribīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
ribud (active indicative plural second-person)
ribīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
ribun (active indicative plural third-person)
ribīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
rīfandz (active participle present)
ribanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *rīfan
Old English: *rīfan
Middle English: riven
English: rive
Old Frisian: rīva

Old Norse: rífa

Icelandic: rífa

Norwegian Bokmål: rive

Old Danish: riuæ

Danish: rive

Old Swedish: rīva

Swedish: riva

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp- (“to tear”).


brumþiz

brumþiz (nominative singular)
brumþīz (nominative plural)
brumþi (singular vocative)
brumþīz (plural vocative)
brumþį (accusative singular)
brumþinz (accusative plural)
brumþīz (genitive singular)
brumþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brumþī (dative singular)
brumþimaz (dative plural)
brumþī (instrumental singular)
brumþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *brumft

Middle High German: brunft

German: Brunft

Old Norse: *brund, brundtíð

Icelandic: brund, brundtíð


uzberaną

uzberō (active first-person indicative singular)
uzberaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzberai (first-person indicative passive singular)
uzbirizi (active indicative second-person singular)
uzberaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzber (active imperative second-person singular)
uzberazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
uzberaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbiridi (active indicative singular third-person)
uzberai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzberadau (active imperative singular third-person)
uzberadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
uzberaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
uzberōz (active dual first-person indicative)
uzberaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzberadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzberaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzberadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
uzberamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
uzberaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzberandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
uzberaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
uzbirid (active indicative plural second-person)
uzberaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbirid (active imperative plural second-person)
uzberandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
uzberaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
uzberandi (active indicative plural third-person)
uzberain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzberandau (active imperative plural third-person)
uzberandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
uzberaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
uzbar (active first-person indicative singular)
uzbērį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
uzbart (active indicative second-person singular)
uzbērīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
uzbar (active indicative singular third-person)
uzbērī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
uzbērū (active dual first-person indicative)
uzbērīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
uzbērudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
uzbērīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
uzbērum (active first-person indicative plural)
uzbērīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
uzbērud (active indicative plural second-person)
uzbērīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
uzbērun (active indicative plural third-person)
uzbērīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
uzberandz (active participle present)
uzburanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *uʀberan
Old English: āberan
Middle English: aberen
English: abear
Old High German: irberan
Middle High German: erbërn
German: erbären

(Old Norse: bera (“to bear off, away”))

Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (usbairan)


inliuhtijaną

inliuhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
inliuhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
inliuhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
inliuhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
inliuhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
inliuhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
inliuhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
inliuhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
inliuhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
inliuhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
inliuhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
inliuhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
inliuhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
inliuhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
inliuhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
inliuhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
inliuhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
inliuhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
inliuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
inliuhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
inliuhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
inliuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
inliuhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
inliuhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
inliuhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
inliuhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
inliuhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
inliuhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
inliuhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
inliuhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
inliuhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
inliuhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
inliuhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
inliuhtijandz (active participle present)
inliuhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desc

Old English: inlīhtan, onlīhtan, enlīhtan

Middle English: inlightnen, enlightenen inlighten

English: enlight, inlight; inlighten (archaic)

Old Frisian: *inliuchta

West Frisian: inljochtsje

Old Saxon: *inliuhtian

Middle Low German: inlüchten

Low German: inlüchten

Old Dutch: *inliuhten

Middle Dutch: inluchten, inlichten

Dutch: inlichten

Afrikaans: inlig

Old High German: inliuhten

Middle High German: īnliuhten

German: einleuchten

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (inliuhtjan)


liuhtijaną

liuhtijō (active first-person indicative singular)
liuhtijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liuhtīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
liuhtijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtī (active imperative second-person singular)
liuhtijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
liuhtijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
liuhtijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
liuhtijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
liuhtijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
liuhtijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
liuhtijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
liuhtijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
liuhtijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
liuhtijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
liuhtijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
liuhtijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
liuhtijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liuhtīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
liuhtijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liuhtīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
liuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
liuhtijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
liuhtijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
liuhtijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
liuhtijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
liuhtijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
liuhtidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
liuhtidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
liuhtidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
liuhtidē (active indicative singular third-person)
liuhtidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
liuhtidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
liuhtidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
liuhtidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
liuhtidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
liuhtidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
liuhtidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
liuhtidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
liuhtidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liuhtidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
liuhtidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
liuhtijandz (active participle present)
liuhtidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *liuhtijan
Old English: līehtan
Middle English: lihten, lighten
English: light
Scots: licht
Old Saxon: liuhtian
Middle Low German: luchten
German Low German: lüchten
→ Polabian: löxtår (“lantern”)
Old Dutch: liuhten
Middle Dutch: luchten
Dutch: luchten (obsolete)
Old High German: liuhten
Middle High German: liuhten
German: leuchten
Yiddish: לײַכטן (laykhtn), Yiddish: לויכטן (loykhtn)
Bavarian: laichdn

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (liuhtjan)

From *leuhtą (“light”) + *-janą (“denominative suffix”) or *leuhtaz (“light, bright”) + *-janą (“factitive suffix”).


gaburjōną

gaburjō (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburjǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
gaburjōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburjōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjō (active imperative second-person singular)
gaburjōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
gaburjōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburjō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
gaburjōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
gaburjōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburjōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburjōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburjōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
gaburjōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburjōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburjōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
gaburjōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
gaburjōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburjōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
gaburjōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
gaburjōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburjōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
gaburjōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
gaburjōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
gaburjōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
gaburjōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
gaburjōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
gaburjōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
gaburjōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
gaburjōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
gaburjōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
gaburjōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
gaburjōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
gaburjōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
gaburjōndz (active participle present)
gaburjōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ġebyrian

(Old Norse: byrja)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (gabaur, “revelry”)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌱𐌰 (gabaurjaba)

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐍉𐌸𐌿𐍃 (gabaurjōþus)

Derived from *gaburiz (“favorable time, condition”), from *buriz (“favorable condition, wind”), + *-ōną.


brunstiz

brunstiz (nominative singular)
brunstīz (nominative plural)
brunsti (singular vocative)
brunstīz (plural vocative)
brunstį (accusative singular)
brunstinz (accusative plural)
brunstīz (genitive singular)
brunstijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
brunstī (dative singular)
brunstimaz (dative plural)
brunstī (instrumental singular)
brunstimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *brunsti
Old Saxon: *brunst
Middle Low German: brunst
Old Dutch: *brunst
Middle Dutch: brunst, bronst
Dutch: bronst
Old High German: brunst
Middle High German: brunst
Alemannic German: Brunscht
German: Brunst
→? Medieval Latin: bronzium
Italian: bronzo (see there for further descendants)
Venetian: bronza

desc

Gothic: *𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*brunsts), 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (alabrunsts)

From *brinnaną + *-þiz, with intrusive *-s- after nasals.


gaburþiz

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *gaburþi
Old English: ġebyrd
Old Saxon: giburd
Middle Low German: gebōrt, geburt
Low German: Geboort
→ Saterland Frisian: Gebuurt
Old Dutch: *geburd
Middle Dutch: geborde, gebort, gheborte
Dutch: geboorte
Afrikaans: geboorte
Negerhollands: geboort, geboorte
→ West Frisian: geboarte
Old High German: giburt
Middle High German: geburt
Cimbrian: gabüart
German: Geburt
Luxembourgish: Gebuert
Yiddish: געבורט (geburt)

Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃 (gabaurþs)

Derived from *gaberaną (“to bear (children), give birth to”). Equivalent to *ga- + *burþiz.


atstandaną

atstandō (active first-person indicative singular)
atstandaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atstandai (first-person indicative passive singular)
atstandizi (active indicative second-person singular)
atstandaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atstand (active imperative second-person singular)
atstandazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
atstandaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
atstandidi (active indicative singular third-person)
atstandai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atstandadau (active imperative singular third-person)
atstandadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
atstandaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
atstandōz (active dual first-person indicative)
atstandaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atstandadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atstandaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atstandadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
atstandamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
atstandaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atstandandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
atstandaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
atstandid (active indicative plural second-person)
atstandaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atstandid (active imperative plural second-person)
atstandandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
atstandaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
atstandandi (active indicative plural third-person)
atstandain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atstandandau (active imperative plural third-person)
atstandandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
atstandaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
atstōþ (active first-person indicative singular)
atstōdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
atstōst (active indicative second-person singular)
atstōdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
atstōþ (active indicative singular third-person)
atstōdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
atstōdū (active dual first-person indicative)
atstōdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
atstōdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
atstōdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
atstōdum (active first-person indicative plural)
atstōdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
atstōdud (active indicative plural second-person)
atstōdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
atstōdun (active indicative plural third-person)
atstōdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
atstandandz (active participle present)
atstadanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: ætstandan

Middle English: atstonden

Old High German: azstantan

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (atstandan)