wilþijaz

*wilþijaz (ja-stem)

wilþijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wilþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wilþijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wilþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wilþiją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wilþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wilþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wilþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wilþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wilþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wilþiją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wilþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wilþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
wilþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wilþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wilþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wilþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
wilþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wilþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wilþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wilþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wilþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wilþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wilþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wilþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wilþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wilþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wilþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wilþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wilþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wilþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wilþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wilþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wilþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wilþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wilþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wilþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wilþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wilþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wilþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wilþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wilþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wilþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wilþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wilþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wilþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wilþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wilþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wilþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
wilþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wilþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wilþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wilþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
wilþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wilþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wilþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wilþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wilþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wilþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wilþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *wilþī
Old English: wilde
Middle English: wild, wilde, wielde, wille, will
English: wild
Scots: wylde, wild, wile
Old Frisian: wilde
Saterland Frisian: wíeld, wüüld
West Frisian: wyld
Old Saxon: wildi
Middle Low German: wilde, wilt
Low German: wild
Plautdietsch: wilt
→ Danish: vild
→ Swedish: vild
Old Dutch: wildi
Middle Dutch: wilde, wilt
Dutch: wild
Afrikaans: wild
Berbice Creole Dutch: weldri
Jersey Dutch: wäld
Negerhollands: wild, weeld, welt, willit, wil
Limburgish: wildj
Old High German: wildi
Middle High German: wilde
Central Franconian: weld, well (chiefly Moselle Franconian)
Hunsrik: wild
Luxembourgish: wëll
Bavarian: wüd, wuid, wüld
Cimbrian: bill
German: wild
Vilamovian: wyłd
Yiddish: ווילד (vild)

Old Norse: villr
Icelandic: villur
Faroese: villur
Norn: vill
Norwegian: vill
Old Swedish: viller
Swedish: vill
→ Finnish: villi
Gutnish: vildar, villar
Scanian: vilðer
⇒ Danish: vild (influenced by Old Saxon wildi)
⇒ Old Swedish: vilder (influenced by Old Saxon wildi)
Swedish: vild

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌸𐌴𐌹𐍃 (wilþeis)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wel-, *welw- (“hair, wool, grass, ear (of corn), forest”). Alternatively from *gʷʰel-t-, whence also Proto-Celtic *gʷeltis (“wild”) (Welsh gwyllt (“wild”), Irish gealt (“lunatic”)).


seukaz

*seukaz (a-stem)

seukaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
seukai (masculine nominative plural strong)
seukō (feminine nominative singular strong)
seukôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
seuką (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
seukō (neuter nominative plural strong)
seukanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
seukanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
seukǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
seukōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
seuką (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
seukō (accusative neuter plural strong)
seukas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
seukaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
seukaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
seukaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
seukas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
seukaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
seukammai (dative masculine singular strong)
seukaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
seukaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
seukaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
seukammai (dative neuter singular strong)
seukaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
seukanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
seukaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
seukaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
seukaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
seukanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
seukaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
seukô (masculine nominative singular weak)
seukaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
seukǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
seukōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
seukô (neuter nominative singular weak)
seukōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
seukanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
seukanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
seukōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
seukōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
seukô (accusative neuter singular weak)
seukōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
seukiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
seukanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
seukōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
seukōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
seukiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
seukanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
seukini (dative masculine singular weak)
seukammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
seukōni (dative feminine singular weak)
seukōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
seukini (dative neuter singular weak)
seukammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
seukinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
seukammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
seukōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
seukōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
seukinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
seukammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *seuk
Old English: sēoc, sēc
Middle English: sik
English: sick
→? Navajo: sxih
Scots: seek, seeck
Yola: zeek
Old Frisian: siāk
North Frisian: sük
Saterland Frisian: säik, süük
West Frisian: siik
Old Saxon: siok
Middle Low German: sêk, sîk, sǖk
German Low German: seek, süük
Old Dutch: *siok
Middle Dutch: siek
Dutch: ziek
Afrikaans: siek
Old High German: sioh, siuh
Middle High German: siech
Alemannic German: siech
German: siech

Old Norse: sjúkr
Icelandic: sjúkur
Faroese: sjúkur
Norwegian Nynorsk: sjuk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: sjuk
Elfdalian: siouk
Old Swedish: siūker
Swedish: sjuk
Old Danish: siūkær, sȳk
Danish: syg
Norwegian Bokmål: syk
Gutnish: sjaukar
Scanian: sjúger, śöger

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌿𐌺𐍃 (siuks)


kaldaz

*kaldaz (a-stem)

kaldaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
kaldai (masculine nominative plural strong)
kaldō (feminine nominative singular strong)
kaldôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
kaldą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
kaldō (neuter nominative plural strong)
kaldanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
kaldanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
kaldǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
kaldōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
kaldą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
kaldō (accusative neuter plural strong)
kaldas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
kaldaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
kaldaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
kaldaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
kaldas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
kaldaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
kaldammai (dative masculine singular strong)
kaldaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
kaldaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
kaldaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
kaldammai (dative neuter singular strong)
kaldaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
kaldanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
kaldaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
kaldaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
kaldaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
kaldanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
kaldaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
kaldô (masculine nominative singular weak)
kaldaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
kaldǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
kaldōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
kaldô (neuter nominative singular weak)
kaldōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
kaldanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
kaldanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
kaldōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
kaldōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
kaldô (accusative neuter singular weak)
kaldōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
kaldiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
kaldanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
kaldōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
kaldōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
kaldiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
kaldanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
kaldini (dative masculine singular weak)
kaldammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
kaldōni (dative feminine singular weak)
kaldōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
kaldini (dative neuter singular weak)
kaldammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
kaldinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
kaldammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
kaldōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
kaldōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
kaldinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
kaldammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *kald
Old English: ċeald, cald — Anglian
Middle English: cold, cald, cheld, cheald, chald
English: cold
Geordie English: cawd, cauld
Scots: cald, cauld
Yola: coale, khoal, cole
Old Frisian: kald
Saterland Frisian: koold
West Frisian: kâld
Old Saxon: kald
Middle Low German: kold, kolt
Low German:
German Low German: kold, kol, kolt, koolt, koold
Westphalian:
Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: käult
Lippisch: kault
Sauerländisch: kàld
Westmünsterländisch: kold
Plautdietsch: kolt
Old Dutch: kalt, *kald, *kold (in toponyms)
Middle Dutch: cout, calt
Dutch: koud
Afrikaans: koud
Berbice Creole Dutch: kautu
Negerhollands: koud, koude, kout, kot, kou
Skepi Creole Dutch: kout
→ Kwinti: kowru
→ Saramaccan: koto
Limburgish: kaad
West Flemish: koed, kod
Old High German: kalt
Middle High German: kalt
Alemannic German: chalt
Walser: chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte
Bavarian: ckolt, koid
Cimbrian: kalt, khalt (Luserna, Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: khòlt, kòlt
Central Franconian: kalt
German: kalt
Luxembourgish: kal
Pennsylvania German: kalt
Vilamovian: kāłt
Yiddish: קאַלט (kalt)

Old Norse: kaldr
Icelandic: kaldur
Faroese: kaldur
Norwegian Nynorsk: kald; (dialectal) kald’u, kald’e
Norwegian Bokmål: kald
Elfdalian: kold
Old Swedish: kalder, kaller
Swedish: kall
Old Danish: kald
Danish: kold
Norwegian Bokmål: kold
Gutnish: kaldar

Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds)

From *kalaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Diachronically from Proto-Indo-European *goltós.


leuganą

leugō (active first-person indicative singular)
leugaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
leugai (first-person indicative passive singular)
liugizi (active indicative second-person singular)
leugaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
leug (active imperative second-person singular)
leugazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
leugaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
liugidi (active indicative singular third-person)
leugai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
leugadau (active imperative singular third-person)
leugadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
leugaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
leugōz (active dual first-person indicative)
leugaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
leugadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
leugaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
leugadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
leugamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
leugaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
leugandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
leugaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
liugid (active indicative plural second-person)
leugaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
liugid (active imperative plural second-person)
leugandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
leugaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
leugandi (active indicative plural third-person)
leugain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leugandau (active imperative plural third-person)
leugandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
leugaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
laug (active first-person indicative singular)
lugį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lauht (active indicative second-person singular)
lugīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
laug (active indicative singular third-person)
lugī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lugū (active dual first-person indicative)
lugīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lugudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lugīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lugum (active first-person indicative plural)
lugīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lugud (active indicative plural second-person)
lugīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lugun (active indicative plural third-person)
lugīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
leugandz (active participle present)
luganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *leugan
Old English: lēogan
Middle English: lien
English: lie
Scots: lee
Old Frisian: liāga
Saterland Frisian: ljooge
West Frisian: lige
Old Saxon: liogan
Middle Low German: lēgen, leigen
Low German: legen, lögen
Old Dutch: liegan
Middle Dutch: liegen
Dutch: liegen
Limburgish: lege
Old High German: liogan
Middle High German: liegen, liugen
German: lügen
Central Franconian: leeje, lieje, lüjje
Luxembourgish: léien
Bavarian: liagn, liang
Yiddish: לײַגן (laygn)

Old Norse: ljúga
Icelandic: ljúga
Faroese: lúgva, ljúgva
Norwegian Nynorsk: ljuga, lyga
Norwegian Bokmål: ljuge, lyge, juge
Elfdalian: liuoga
Old Swedish: liūgha
Swedish: ljuga
Old Danish: liughæ, lyffuæ, liffuæ
Danish: lyve
Norwegian Bokmål: lyve
Scanian: ljuğa
Gutnish: ljauge

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (liugan)


namnijaną

namnijō (active first-person indicative singular)
namnijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
namnijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
namnīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
namnijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
namnī (active imperative second-person singular)
namnijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
namnijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
namnīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
namnijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
namnijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
namnijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
namnijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
namnijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
namnijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
namnijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
namnijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
namnijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
namnijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
namnijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
namnijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
namnijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
namnīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
namnijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
namnīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
namnijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
namnijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
namnijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
namnijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
namnijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
namnijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
namnijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
namnidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
namnidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
namnidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
namnidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
namnidē (active indicative singular third-person)
namnidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
namnidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
namnidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
namnidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
namnidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
namnidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
namnidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
namnidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
namnidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
namnidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
namnidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
namnijandz (active participle present)
namnidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *namnijan
Old English: nemnan, nemnian
Middle English: nemnen, nempnen, nevnen, nevenen
Scots: nemmin, nem, neme, nevin
English: neven
Old Frisian: namna, nemna, nomna, nanna, nenna
Saterland Frisian: namme
Old Saxon: nemnian
Middle Low German: nemnen, nemmen
Plautdietsch: nanen, neemen
Old Dutch: *nemnen
Middle Dutch: nennen
Old High German: nemnen
Middle High German: nemnen, nennen
German: nennen
Hunsrik: nenne
Luxembourgish: nennen

Old Norse: nefna, nemna
Icelandic: nefna
Faroese: nevna
Norwegian Nynorsk: nemna, nemne
Norwegian Bokmål: nevne
Old Swedish: næmna
Swedish: nämna
Danish: nævne

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (namnjan)

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From *namô + *-janą. Compare Ancient Greek ὀνομαίνω (onomaínō) for a parallel formation.


namô

namô (nominative singular)
namnō (nominative plural)
namô (singular vocative)
namnō (plural vocative)
namô (accusative singular)
namnō (accusative plural)
namniz (genitive singular)
namnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
namni (dative singular)
namnamaz (dative plural)
namnē (instrumental singular)
namnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *namō
Old English: nama, noma
Middle English: name, nome
English: name
→ Sranan Tongo: nen
→ Japanese: ネーム
Geordie English: nyem
Scots: name, naim, nem, nome
Yola: naame, naume, name
Old Frisian: nama, noma
North Frisian: nom
(Mooring): noome
(Föhr-Amrum): nööm
Saterland Frisian: Nome
West Frisian: namme
Old Saxon: namo
Middle Low German: nāme, nōme, nām
German Low German: Naam
Plautdietsch: Nomen
Old Dutch: namo
Middle Dutch: nāme
Dutch: naam
Limburgish: naam, naom
Old High German: namo
Middle High German: name
Alemannic German: Naame
Italian Walser: namä, noame, nomu, nàmund
Bavarian: Nama, Nam, Nåm
Cimbrian: nåm, name, naamo
Mòcheno: nu'm
Udinese: nome, nòmm, nome, nomat
German: Name, Namen
Luxembourgish: Numm
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: Naame
Yiddish: נאָמען (nomen)

Old Norse: namn, nafn, naβn — Old East Norse, namn
Icelandic: nafn
Faroese: navn
Norn: namn
Norwegian Nynorsk: nabn, namn
Old Swedish: nampn
Swedish: namn
Old Danish: nafn, nauæn
Danish: navn
Norwegian Bokmål: navn
Gutnish: namn

Gothic: 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 (namō)

PIE word
 *h₁nómn̥
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥.


blindaz

*blindaz (a-stem)

blindaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
blindai (masculine nominative plural strong)
blindō (feminine nominative singular strong)
blindôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
blindą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
blindō (neuter nominative plural strong)
blindanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
blindanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
blindǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
blindōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
blindą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
blindō (accusative neuter plural strong)
blindas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
blindaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
blindaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
blindaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
blindas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
blindaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
blindammai (dative masculine singular strong)
blindaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
blindaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
blindaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
blindammai (dative neuter singular strong)
blindaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
blindanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
blindaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
blindaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
blindaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
blindanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
blindaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
blindô (masculine nominative singular weak)
blindaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
blindǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
blindōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
blindô (neuter nominative singular weak)
blindōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
blindanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
blindanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
blindōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
blindōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
blindô (accusative neuter singular weak)
blindōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
blindiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
blindanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
blindōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
blindōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
blindiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
blindanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
blindini (dative masculine singular weak)
blindammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
blindōni (dative feminine singular weak)
blindōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
blindini (dative neuter singular weak)
blindammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
blindinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
blindammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
blindōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
blindōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
blindinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
blindammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *blind
Old English: blind
Middle English: blind, blynd
Scots: blynd, blind
English: blind
Old Frisian: blind
Saterland Frisian: bliend
West Frisian: blyn
Old Saxon: blind
Middle Low German: blint
German Low German: blind
Plautdietsch: blint
Old Dutch: *blint
Middle Dutch: blint
Dutch: blind
Old High German: blint, blintēr
Middle High German: blint
German: blind
→ Esperanto: blinda
Luxembourgish: blann
Vilamovian: błynd
Yiddish: בלינד (blind)

Old Norse: blindr

Icelandic: blindur

Faroese: blindur

Norn: blind

Norwegian: blind

Old Swedish: blinder

Swedish: blind

Danish: blind

Gutnish: blindar, blindur

Gothic: 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (blinds)

From Pre-Germanic *bʰlendʰos, an adjective related to *blandaną (“to make murky”).


braidaz

*braidaz (a-stem)

braidaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
braidai (masculine nominative plural strong)
braidō (feminine nominative singular strong)
braidôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
braidą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
braidō (neuter nominative plural strong)
braidanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
braidanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
braidǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
braidōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
braidą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
braidō (accusative neuter plural strong)
braidas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
braidaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
braidaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
braidaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
braidas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
braidaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
braidammai (dative masculine singular strong)
braidaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
braidaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
braidaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
braidammai (dative neuter singular strong)
braidaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
braidanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
braidaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
braidaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
braidaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
braidanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
braidaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
braidô (masculine nominative singular weak)
braidaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
braidǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
braidōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
braidô (neuter nominative singular weak)
braidōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
braidanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
braidanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
braidōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
braidōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
braidô (accusative neuter singular weak)
braidōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
braidiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
braidanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
braidōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
braidōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
braidiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
braidanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
braidini (dative masculine singular weak)
braidammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
braidōni (dative feminine singular weak)
braidōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
braidini (dative neuter singular weak)
braidammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
braidinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
braidammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
braidōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
braidōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
braidinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
braidammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *braid
Old English: brād
Middle English: brood, brod, brode
English: broad
Scots: braid
Yola: brode
Old Frisian: brēd
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: briad
Goesharde: briid
Halligen: briad
Mooring: briidj
Sylt: breer
Wiedingharde: briidj
Saterland Frisian: breed
West Frisian: brie
Old Saxon: brēd
Middle Low German: *brêd
German Low German:
Altmärkisch: breet
Low Prussian, Westphalian (Bentheimisch, Westmünsterländisch): breed
Westphalian:
Dortmundisch: braẹ̆t
Sauerländisch: bräit, brait (Elpe, Felbecke, Finnentrop, Attendorn, Elspe), brǟt (Niedersfeld)
East Westphalian: breit (Lippe)
Eastphalian: breit (Wedemark)
Old Dutch: *brēd, *breid, *brēt
Middle Dutch: brêet
Dutch: breed
Afrikaans: breed
Berbice Creole Dutch: brete
Negerhollands: breed
→ Caribbean Javanese: bradi (via Sranan Tongo)
→ West Frisian: breed
Limburgish: breid
Zealandic: breêd
Old High German: breit
Middle High German: breit
Bavarian: brad, broad
Central Franconian: breet
German: breit
Hunsrik: breid
Luxembourgish: breet
Vilamovian: braat
Yiddish: ברייט (breyt)

Old Norse: breiðr
Icelandic: breiður
Faroese: breiður
Norwegian Nynorsk: brei, breid
→ Norwegian Bokmål: brei
Old Swedish: brēþer
Swedish: bred
Danish: bred
Norwegian Bokmål: bred

Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (braiþs)

Of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr-oy-tos, a participle from an i-present of *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”); compare Lithuanian ber̃ti (“to strew, scatter”).


wikǭ

wikǭ (nominative singular)
wikōniz (nominative plural)
wikǭ (singular vocative)
wikōniz (plural vocative)
wikōnų (accusative singular)
wikōnunz (accusative plural)
wikōniz (genitive singular)
wikōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wikōni (dative singular)
wikōmaz (dative plural)
wikōnē (instrumental singular)
wikōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wikā
Old English: wiċe, wicu, wucu, wieċe, weoce
Middle English: weke
English: week
Scots: wouk
Yola: wick, wik
Old Frisian: wike
North Frisian: weg
Saterland Frisian: Wíek
West Frisian: wike
Old Saxon: wika
Middle Low German: wēke
→ North Frisian: Week
German Low German: Week
Plautdietsch: Wäakj
Old Dutch: *wika
Middle Dutch: wēke
Dutch: week
Afrikaans: week
Berbice Creole Dutch: weki
Jersey Dutch: wêk
Negerhollands: week
→ Lokono: wiki
→? Sranan Tongo: wiki
→ Aukan: wiki
→ Saramaccan: wíki
Limburgish: waek
Old High German: wehha, wohha
Middle High German: wëche, woche
Alemannic German:
Italian Walser: bòchò, wuchu, wucha, wucchu
Bavarian: Woch, Wocha, Wochn
Cimbrian: bòcha, boch (Luserna)
Mòcheno: boch
Central Franconian: Woch, Wech, Wääch (Ripuarian; now widely obsolete)
German: Woche
Luxembourgish: Woch
Pennsylvania German: Woch
Vilamovian: woch
Yiddish: וואָך (vokh)

Old Norse: vika
Icelandic: vika
Faroese: vika
Norn: voga
Norwegian Nynorsk: veke, vika, viku; (dialectal) vyku, vuku, væka
Jamtish: vuku
Elfdalian: wiku
Old Swedish: vika
Swedish: vecka
Old Danish: uka, uku, wiku
Scanian: uga
Danish: uge
Norwegian Bokmål: uke
Old Gutnish: wika
Gutnish: vike, vika, viku, vikå

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐍉 (wikō)

→ Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: vahkku

Southern Sami: våhkoe

→ Proto-Finnic: *viikko (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃weyg- (“to bend, wind, turn, yield”), with semantic shift "to bend, give way" > "to shift" > "sequence, week". See also *wīkwaną (“to yield, retreat”).


attô

attô (nominative singular)
attaniz (nominative plural)
attô (singular vocative)
attaniz (plural vocative)
attanų (accusative singular)
attanunz (accusative plural)
attiniz (genitive singular)
attanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
attini (dative singular)
attammaz (dative plural)
attinē (instrumental singular)
attammiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *attō
Old English: *ætta, *atta
Middle English: *dadde, *dadd
English: dad
Old Frisian: atta, aththa, atha, eththa
North Frisian: ate, aatj, taatje, tääte
West Frisian: heit
Old Saxon: *atto, *etto
>? Middle Low German: ette (“local elder, hereditary male judge”)
Old Dutch: *atto, *etto
Middle Dutch: ette
Dutch: ette
Old High German: atto
Middle High German: atte
Alemannic German: Ätti, Ätte
Italian Walser: attu, àttu, attò
⇒ Alemannic German: Großätti, Großatt
Bavarian: Ätt
⇒? Cimbrian: tatta

>? Old Norse: Atti

Norwegian Nynorsk: Atte

Old Swedish: Atte

Old Danish: Atti

Gothic: 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (atta)

From Proto-Indo-European *átta. Cognate with Latin atta (“father”). The word was probably originally only a vocative, but was extended with a full paradigm in most descendants, including Germanic where it was reformed as a masculine n-stem.


gaizaz

gaizaz (nominative singular)
gaizōz (nominative plural)
gaizōs (nominative plural)
gaiz (singular vocative)
gaizōz (plural vocative)
gaizōs (plural vocative)
gaizą (accusative singular)
gaizanz (accusative plural)
gaizas (genitive singular)
gaizis (genitive singular)
gaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
gaizai (dative singular)
gaizamaz (dative plural)
gaizō (instrumental singular)
gaizamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *gaiʀ
Old English: gār
Middle English: gor, gar, gare, gær
⇒ Middle English: garfysche
English: garfish
Scots: gairfish
Old Frisian: *gār, gēr
Saterland Frisian: Goare
West Frisian: gear
Old Saxon: gēr
Middle Low German: gêr
Westphalian:
Westmünsterländisch: Geere, Geer
Old Dutch: *gēr
Middle Dutch: gêer
Dutch: geer
Old High German: gēr, giri
Lombardic: ger
→⇒ Italian: gherone
Middle High German: gēr
German: Ger

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᛁᛉᚨᛉ (*gaiʀaʀ)

Old Norse: geirr, ᚴᛅᛁᛦ (kaiʀ) — runic
Icelandic: geir
Norwegian Bokmål: geir
Norwegian Nynorsk: geir
Danish: ger
Swedish: gere, gir

→ Finnish: kaira (< Late Proto-Norse *gaiRaR)

Gothic: *𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 (*gais) (preserved in given names)

Vandalic: *gais/*geis

→ Proto-Finnic: *kaihas (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Celtic: *gaisos (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to drive, move, fling”). Related to Sanskrit हेषस् (heṣas, “missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).


unwissaz

*unwissaz (a-stem)

unwissaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unwissai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unwissō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unwissôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unwissą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unwissō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unwissanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unwissanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unwissǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unwissōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unwissą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unwissō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unwissas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unwissaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unwissaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unwissaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unwissas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unwissaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unwissammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unwissaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unwissaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unwissaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unwissammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unwissaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unwissanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unwissaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unwissaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unwissaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unwissanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unwissaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unwissô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unwissaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unwissǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unwissōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unwissô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unwissōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unwissanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unwissanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unwissōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unwissōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unwissô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unwissōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unwissiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unwissanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unwissōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unwissōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unwissiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unwissanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unwissini (dative masculine singular weak)
unwissammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unwissōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unwissōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unwissini (dative neuter singular weak)
unwissammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unwissinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unwissammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unwissōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unwissōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unwissinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unwissammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: unġewiss

Old Frisian: unewiss

Old Dutch: *unwis, *ungiwis

Middle Dutch: onwis, onwisse, ongewis

Dutch: onwis, ongewis

Old High German: *unwis, ungiwis

Middle High German: unwis, unwisse, ungewis

German: ungewiss

Old Norse: úviss, úvíss

Icelandic: óviss

Faroese: óvissur

Danish: uvis

Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃 (unwiss)

From *un- + *wissaz (past participle of *witaną).


-āną

-ō (active first-person indicative singular)
-aisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ai (active imperative second-person singular)
-āsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-aiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-āþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-āþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-ōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-āþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-āþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-āmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-aiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-aiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-ānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-ānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-adǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-adēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-adēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-adēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-adē (active indicative singular third-person)
-adēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-adēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-adēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-adēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-adēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-adēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-adēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-adēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-adēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-adēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-adēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-āndz (active participle present)
-adaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ēn
Old English: -ian (in a few cases; preceded by a palatalised consonant or non-backed æ)
Old High German: -ēn
Middle High German: -en
German: -en

Old Norse: -ja (only after short stems)

Icelandic: -ja

Faroese: -ja

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽 (-ān)

Somewhat uncertain. Reconstructed by Ringe as originating from earlier *-ajaną, from Proto-Indo-European *-oyéti (factitive verb suffix). The reconstruction of this Indo-European suffix is uncertain, but it would also be the origin of the Ancient Greek -όω (-óō) contracted verbs.

der

Creates stative - fientive verbs from other verbs, from adjectives and from nouns.

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


-naną

-nō (active first-person indicative singular)
-naų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-nōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-nais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-nō (active imperative second-person singular)
-nōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-nai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-nōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-nōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-naiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-naþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-naiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-naþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-namaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-naim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-naþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-naiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-naþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-nanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-nain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-nanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-nōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-nōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-nōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-nōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-nōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
-nōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-nōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-nōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-nōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-nōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-nōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-nōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-nōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-nōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-nōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-nōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-nandz (active participle present)

Proto-West Germanic: *-nan

Old English: -nian

Middle English: -nen, -enen

English: -en

Scots: -in

Old High German: -nēn

Old Norse: -na

Icelandic: -na

Faroese: -na

Norwegian:

Norwegian Nynorsk: -na

Norwegian Bokmål: -ne

Swedish: -na

Danish: -ne

Gothic: -𐌽𐌰𐌽 (-nan)

Reconstructed by Ringe from an alternating suffix *-nō- (singular) ~ *-na- (nonsingular), from Proto-Indo-European *-néh₂- ~ *-nh₂-, from n-infix presents to laryngeal-final roots that were reanalysed as a separate suffix (as in several other branches).

Forms fientive verbs, with a sense of 'to become (the base)'.


manniskaz

*manniskaz (a-stem)

manniskaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
manniskai (masculine nominative plural strong)
manniskō (feminine nominative singular strong)
manniskôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
manniską (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
manniskō (neuter nominative plural strong)
manniskanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
manniskanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
manniskǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
manniskōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
manniską (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
manniskō (accusative neuter plural strong)
manniskas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
manniskaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
manniskaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
manniskaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
manniskas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
manniskaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
manniskammai (dative masculine singular strong)
manniskaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
manniskaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
manniskaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
manniskammai (dative neuter singular strong)
manniskaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
manniskanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
manniskaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
manniskaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
manniskaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
manniskanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
manniskaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
manniskô (masculine nominative singular weak)
manniskaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
manniskǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
manniskōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
manniskô (neuter nominative singular weak)
manniskōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
manniskanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
manniskanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
manniskōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
manniskōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
manniskô (accusative neuter singular weak)
manniskōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
manniskiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
manniskanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
manniskōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
manniskōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
manniskiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
manniskanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
manniskini (dative masculine singular weak)
manniskammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
manniskōni (dative feminine singular weak)
manniskōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
manniskini (dative neuter singular weak)
manniskammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
manniskinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
manniskammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
manniskōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
manniskōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
manniskinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
manniskammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *mannisk

desctree

Old English: mennisċ
Middle English: mennesc, mennish, mænnisc, mannish
English: mennish, mannish

Old Frisian: menniska, manniska

North Frisian: mansche

Saterland Frisian: Moanske

West Frisian: minske

Old Saxon: mennisk, mennisko

Middle Low German: mensche, minsche

Low German:

Dutch Low Saxon: meanske, méénse

German Low German: Minsch

Hamburgisch: Mensch

Westphalian:

Paderbornisch: Mensk m (poetic), Minsche m

Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Minske

Westmünsterlandisch: Mensk, Menske, Määnske, Määske, Mense, Mentse, Mainske, Maiske

Plautdietsch: Mensch

→ Old Norse: manneskja

Icelandic: manneskja

Faroese: menniskja

Norwegian Bokmål: menneske

Old Swedish: mænniskia

Swedish: människa

Danish: menneske

Old Dutch: *mennisko

Middle Dutch: mensc, mensch

Dutch: mens

Old High German: mennisko, mennisk
Middle High German: mensch, mensche
Alemannic German: Mänsch
Bavarian: Mensch
Mòcheno: mènsch
Central Franconian:
Hunsrik: Mensch
Kölsch: Minsch
Luxembourgish: Mënsch
German: Mensch
Rhine Franconian: Mensch (Frankfurterisch)
Pennsylvania German: Mensch
Vilamovian: menś
Yiddish: מענטש (mentsh)
→ English: mensch

Old Norse: mennskr, mennska

Icelandic: mennskur, mennska

Faroese: menskur

Old Swedish: mænsker

Swedish: mänska

→ Middle English: menske

English: mensk, mense

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (mannisks)


-aną

3-į̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)

Old English: -an

Middle English: -en, -e

English: (obsolete) -en, -e

Old Frisian: -a

North Frisian: -e

Saterland Frisian: -e

West Frisian: -e

Old Saxon: -an

Middle Low German: -en

Low German: -en

Old Dutch: -an

desc

Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -an

Middle High German: -en

German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Old Norse: -a

Icelandic: -a

Faroese: -a

Norwegian Nynorsk: -a

Swedish: -a

Danish: -e

Norwegian Bokmål: -e

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽 (-an)

From Proto-Indo-European *-onom, from *-o- (thematic vowel) + *-nom (verbal noun suffix). The few remaining athematic verbs (which were irregular in Proto-Germanic) accordingly used only *-ną. Cognate with Sanskrit -अन (-ana).


-ōną

-ō (active first-person indicative singular)
-ǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-ōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
-ōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ō (active imperative second-person singular)
-ōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-ōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-ō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-ōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-ōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-ōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-ōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-ōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-ōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-ōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-ōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-ōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-ōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-ōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-ōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-ōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-ōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-ōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-ōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
-ōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-ōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-ōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-ōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-ōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-ōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-ōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ōndz (active participle present)
-ōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ōn
Old English: -ian
Middle English: -ien, -en
Scots: -e (obsolete)
English: -en, -e (obsolete)
Old Frisian: -ia
North Frisian: -je
Saterland Frisian: -je
West Frisian: -je
Old Saxon: -ōn, -oian
Middle Low German: -en
Low German: -en
Old Dutch: -on
Middle Dutch: -en
Dutch: -en
Old High German: -ōn
Middle High German: -en
German: -en

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -a
Danish: -e
Icelandic: -a
Faroese: -a
Norwegian:
Norwegian Nynorsk: -e, -a
Old Swedish: -a
Swedish: -a

Gothic: -𐍉𐌽 (-ōn)

From two sources, both reflecting earlier *-ōjaną:
* From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti, an innovated compound suffix from *-éh₂ (eh₂-stem noun suffix) + *-yéti (verbal suffix). These were originally formed as denominative verbs from ō-stem nouns. When attached to thematic (a-stem) nouns, the thematic vowel was also retained, but the resulting compound suffix *-eyé- became part of the first weak class instead.
* From Proto-Indo-European *-(e)h₂yéti, an innovated compound suffix from *-(e)h₂ti (factitive verb suffix) which was originally athematic, but later extended with the thematic present suffix *-yéti.
Cognates include Latin -āre (the whole first conjugation in the present) together with its Proto-Italic ancestor *-āō, Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).
Note that Ringe (2017) reconstructs this suffix with a trimoric vowel, *-ôną (or, following his own conventions, *-ō̄ną). See Ringe (2017: 160).

cog

Suffix of the infinitive. Creates denominative verbs from nouns.

Suffix of the infinitive. Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


-janą

-jō (active first-person indicative singular)
-jaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-jai (first-person indicative passive singular)
-isi (active indicative second-person singular)
-jais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-i (active imperative second-person singular)
-jasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-jaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-iþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-jai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-jaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-jaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-jaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-jōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-jaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-jaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-jamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-jaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-janþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-jainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-iþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-jaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-iþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-janþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-jainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-janþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-jain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-janþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-janþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-jainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-idǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-idēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-idēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-idēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-idē (active indicative singular third-person)
-idēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-idēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-idēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-idēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-idēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-idēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-idēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-idēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-idēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-idēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-idēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-jandz (active participle present)
-idaz (active participle past subjunctive)
-ijō (active first-person indicative singular)
-ijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-ijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
-īsi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ī (active imperative second-person singular)
-ijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
-ijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-īþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-ijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-ijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
-ijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-ijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-ijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-ijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
-ijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
-īþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-ijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-īþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
-ijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-ijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
-ijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-idǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-idēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-idēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-idēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-idē (active indicative singular third-person)
-idēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-idēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-idēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-idēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-idēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-idēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-idēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-idēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-idēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-idēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-idēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijandz (active participle present)
-idaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-jan
Old English: -an (merged with strong verb ending), -ian (after r).
Middle English: -en, -ien
English: -y (only after r, as in ferry, herry, etc.)
Old Frisian: -a (merged with strong verb ending), -ia (after r)
Saterland Frisian: -e, -je
West Frisian: -e, -je
Old Saxon: -ian
Middle Low German: -en (merged with all other verbs)
German Low German: -en
Old Dutch: -en, -ien (after r)
Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)
Dutch: -en
Old High German: -en, -ien (after r)
Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)
German: -en

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ja (only after short stems)

Icelandic: -ja

Faroese: -ja

Swedish: -ja

Gothic: -𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-jan)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-yéti (denominative suffix) attached to athematic stems. Cognates include Ancient Greek denominatives with -y- metathesis, verbs in -ίω (-íō) and -ύω (-úō), Sanskrit denominative verbs in -यति (-yáti).

inh+

Derives denominatives from nouns and factitives from adjectives.


-janą

From Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti (causative suffix).
Cognates include most Latin -īre (fourth conjugation) verbs, some -ēre (second conjugation) verbs, Proto-Slavic *-iti causative verbs, most Ancient Greek -έω (-éō) contracted verbs, Sanskrit denominative verbs in -अयति (-ayáti).

inh

Derives causatives from basic strong verbs, with a sense of 'cause to do (the action of the verb)'. The stem vowel of the derived verb becomes that of the singular past tense, and the final consonant becomes the voiced Verner alternant.


-janą

-jō (active first-person indicative singular)
-jaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-aisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-jais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ai (active imperative second-person singular)
-aiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-jai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-jaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-jōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-jaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-jaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-jaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-jamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-jaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-aiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-jaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-aiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-janþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-jain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-janþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-dǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-dēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-dēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-dēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-dē (active indicative singular third-person)
-dēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-dēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-dēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-dēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-dēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-dēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-dēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-dēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-dēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-dēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-dēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-jandz (active participle present)
-daz (active participle past subjunctive)
-ijō (active first-person indicative singular)
-ijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-aisi (active indicative second-person singular)
-ijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-ai (active imperative second-person singular)
-aiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
-ijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-ijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
-ijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
-ijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-ijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-ijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
-ijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
-ijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-aiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
-ijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-aiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
-ijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
-ijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
-dǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
-dēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
-dēz (active indicative second-person singular)
-dēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
-dē (active indicative singular third-person)
-dēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
-dēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
-dēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
-dēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
-dēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
-dēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
-dēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
-dēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
-dēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
-dēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
-dēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
-ijandz (active participle present)
-daz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic:

Old High German: -ēn

Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German: -en

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: -ja (only after short stems)

Icelandic: -ja

Faroese: -ja

Gothic: -𐌰𐌽 (-an)

From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₁yéti, an innovated compound suffix from *-éh₁ti (stative verb suffix) which was originally athematic, but later extended with the thematic present suffix *-yéti based on the past participle. Cognate with Latin stative verbs in -ēre (second conjugation).

Creates stative verbs either directly from roots or from other verbs.


waknaną

waknō (active first-person indicative singular)
waknaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waknōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
waknais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waknō (active imperative second-person singular)
waknōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
waknai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waknōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
waknōs (active dual first-person indicative)
waknaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waknaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waknaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waknaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
waknamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
waknaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waknaþ (active indicative plural second-person)
waknaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waknaþ (active imperative plural second-person)
waknanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
waknain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waknanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
waknōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
waknōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
waknōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
waknōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
waknōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
waknōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
waknōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
waknōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
waknōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
waknōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
waknōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
waknōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
waknōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
waknōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
waknōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
waknōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
waknandz (active participle present)

Old English: wæcnan

Middle English: waknen

English: waken

Scots: wakin, waikin, walkin

Old Norse: vakna

Icelandic: vakna

Faroese: vakna

Norn: vakna

Norwegian Nynorsk: vakna

→ Norwegian Bokmål: vakne

Elfdalian: wakken

Old Swedish: vakna

Swedish: vakna

Old Danish: wognæ, vokne

Danish: vågne

Norwegian Bokmål: våkne

Gutnish: vakkne

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽 (gawaknan)


fijāną

fijō (active first-person indicative singular)
fijaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
fijai (active imperative second-person singular)
fijāsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fijaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
fijāþau (active imperative singular third-person)
fijāþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
fijāþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fijāþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fijāmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fijānþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fijaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
fijaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
fijānþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fijānþi (active indicative plural third-person)
fijānþau (active imperative plural third-person)
fijānþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fijadǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
fijadēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fijadēz (active indicative second-person singular)
fijadēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fijadē (active indicative singular third-person)
fijadēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fijadēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
fijadēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fijadēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fijadēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fijadēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
fijadēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fijadēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
fijadēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fijadēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
fijadēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fijāndz (active participle present)
fijadaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fijēn
Old English: fēoġan
Old High German: fīēn

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fjá, fía

Icelandic: fjá, fía

Faroese: fíggja

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fijan)

From Pre-Germanic *ph₁ih₁yé-, from an original stative *ph₁yéh₁-, to a ye-present formation from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate”). Cognate with Sanskrit पीयति (pī́yati, “to blame”).


lausaz

*lausaz (a-stem)

lausaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lausai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lausō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lausôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lausą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lausō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lausanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lausanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lausǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lausōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lausą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lausō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lausas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lausaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lausaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lausaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lausas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lausaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lausammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lausaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lausaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lausaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lausammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lausaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lausanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lausaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lausaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lausaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lausanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lausaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lausô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lausaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lausǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lausōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lausô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lausōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lausanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lausanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lausōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lausōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lausô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lausōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lausiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lausanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lausōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lausōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lausiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lausanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lausini (dative masculine singular weak)
lausammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lausōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lausōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lausini (dative neuter singular weak)
lausammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lausinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lausammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lausōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lausōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lausinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lausammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *laus
Old English: lēas
Middle English: leas, lees, les
Old Frisian: *lās (in compounds)
North Frisian: lus, luas
Saterland Frisian: loos
West Frisian: loas
Old Saxon: lōs
Middle Low German: lōs
Plautdietsch: looss
Old Dutch: *lōs
Middle Dutch: loos
Dutch: loos
Afrikaans: los
Old High German: lōs, -laos (once)
Middle High German: lōs
German: los

Old Norse: lauss
Icelandic: laus
Faroese: leysur
Norn: los
Norwegian Nynorsk: laus
→ Norwegian Bokmål: laus
Swedish: lös
Danish: løs
Norwegian Bokmål: løs
Gutnish: låss
→ Middle English: laus, lous, loos
English: loose
Scots: lous, lows, loose

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃 (laus)

→ Proto-Finnic: *lausas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewH- (“to untie, set free, separate”). Related to *leusaną; outside of Germanic, related to Ancient Greek λύω (lúō), Latin luō (“expiate, pay”), Sanskrit लून (lūna, “sever, cut forth, destroy, annihilate”), and possibly Old Armenian լուծանեմ (lucanem) and Albanian lirë.

cog

(in compounds) -less, lacking, devoid of


abô

abô (nominative singular)
abniz (nominative plural)
abô (singular vocative)
abniz (plural vocative)
abanų (accusative singular)
abnuz (accusative plural)
abniz (genitive singular)
abnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
abni (dative singular)
abnamaz (dative plural)
abnē (instrumental singular)
abnamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: afi
Faroese: avi
Icelandic: afi

Gothic: 𐌰𐌱𐌰 (aba)

Probably represents a zero-grade agent n-stem derived from the lost strong verb *afaną. The semantics probably developed from "he who works, labors" > "man of the household".


libjaną

libjō (active first-person indicative singular)
libjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
libaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
libjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
libai (active imperative second-person singular)
libaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
libjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
libjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
libjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
libjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
libjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
libjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
libjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
libjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
libjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
libaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
libjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
libaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
libjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
libjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
libjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
libdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
libdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
libdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
libdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
libdē (active indicative singular third-person)
libdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
libdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
libdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
libdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
libdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
libdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
libdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
libdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
libdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
libdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
libdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
libjandz (active participle present)
libdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *libbjan
Old English: libban, lifian — Anglian
Middle English: lyven, leeve, lefe, leve, leven, libbe, libben, lifen, live, liven, lybbe, lyve, libbæn, libbenn, livie, livien, luvien
English: live
Scots: leeve
Yola: live
Old Frisian: leva
Saterland Frisian: líeuwje
West Frisian: libje
Old Saxon: libbian
Middle Low German: leven
German Low German: lęven, lewen, lewe (in other dialects, including Low Prussian)
Old Dutch: libben
Middle Dutch: leven
Dutch: leven
Afrikaans: leef, lewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
Jersey Dutch: lêve
Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
Limburgish: laeve
Middle Dutch: leven
Dutch: leven
Afrikaans: leef, lewe
Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
Jersey Dutch: lêve
Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
Limburgish: laeve
Old High German: lebēn
Middle High German: lëben
Alemannic German: lëëbe
Alsatian: lawe
Swabian: läba
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: lem
Mòcheno: lem
German: leben
Luxembourgish: liewen
Vilamovian: łaowa
Yiddish: לעבן (lebn)

Old Norse: lifa
Icelandic: lifa
Faroese: liva
Norwegian Nynorsk: leva, liva (pre-1917 spelling)
Old Swedish: liva, leffua
Swedish: leva, lefva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: leve
Norwegian Bokmål: leve

Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (liban)

From Proto-Indo-European *leyp- (“leave, cling, linger”).


fijandz

fijandz (nominative singular)
fijandiz (nominative plural)
fijand (singular vocative)
fijandiz (plural vocative)
fijandų (accusative singular)
fijandunz (accusative plural)
fijandiz (genitive singular)
fijandǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fijandi (dative singular)
fijandumaz (dative plural)
fijandē (instrumental singular)
fijandumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *fijand

Old English: fēond

Middle English: feend

Scots: fient

English: fiend

Old Frisian: fīand

Saterland Frisian: Fäind

West Frisian: fijân

desctree

Old Saxon: fīand, fīond, fīoud
Middle Low German: vîent, vîant, vîen, vigent, vigen, vînt, vîend, fīent
German Low German: Feend, Fiend
Plautdietsch: Fient

Old Dutch: *fīand

Middle Dutch: viant
Dutch: vijand
Afrikaans: vyand
Negerhollands: vyand, vieand
→ Sranan Tongo: feyanti
→ Aukan: feyanti
→ Saramaccan: feántima
Limburgish: vieënd, vieëndj

Old High German: fīant, fīand

Middle High German: vīant, vīent, vīnt

Cimbrian: faint

German: Feind

Yiddish: פֿײַנד (faynd)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fjándi
Icelandic: fjandi
Faroese: fjandi (“devil, fiend”)
Norn: fjandi (“devil”)
Norwegian Bokmål: fiende
Norwegian Nynorsk: fiende
Elfdalian: fiend, fiund
Old Swedish: fiænde, fiande, fionde
Swedish: fiende
Danish: fjende
Gutnish: fiende, feiunde

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (fijands)

Present participle of *fijāną, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate”), equivalent to *fijāną + *-ndz.


rūnō

rūnō (nominative singular)
rūnôz (nominative plural)
rūnō (singular vocative)
rūnôz (plural vocative)
rūnǭ (accusative singular)
rūnōz (accusative plural)
rūnōz (genitive singular)
rūnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rūnōi (dative singular)
rūnōmaz (dative plural)
rūnō (instrumental singular)
rūnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rūnu
Old English: rūn
Middle English: roun
Scots: rune, roun, round
English: roun, round
Old Saxon: rūna
Middle Low German: rûne, rune
Old Dutch: *rūna
Middle Dutch: rune, ruun, ruen; (alruna, alrune)
(Dutch: alruin)
Old High German: rūna
Middle High German: rūne
German: Raune, Rune

Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (rūnō) (accusative singular)
Old Norse: rún
Icelandic: rún f
Faroese: rún f
Norwegian Nynorsk: run f, runer f pl (← rúnir); (dialectal) rón f, rjón n
Old Swedish: rūn, rūna
Swedish: runa c or f
Old Danish: rune
Danish: rune c (partially through artificial revival), runer pl
Norwegian Bokmål: rune m or f
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rune f, runa f
→ German: Rune f
→ Dutch: rune
→ English: rune
→ Mandarin: 盧恩／卢恩 (lú'ēn)
→ Finnish: runo
→ Swedish: runa c or f, runo c or f

Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna)

From Proto-Indo-European *rewHn-, from *rewH-, *rēwH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”). Compare Latin rūmor. Possibly a borrowing either from Proto-Celtic *rūnā or from the same source as it.

inscription written with runes (letters of the Germanic runic alphabet)


sēmô

sēmô (nominative singular)
sēmnō (nominative plural)
sēmô (singular vocative)
sēmnō (plural vocative)
sēmô (accusative singular)
sēmnō (accusative plural)
sēmniz (genitive singular)
sēmnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sēmni (dative singular)
sēmnamaz (dative plural)
sēmnē (instrumental singular)
sēmnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *sāmō
Old Saxon: sāmo
Middle Low German: sāme
Old High German: sāmo
Middle High German: sāme, saume
Cimbrian: zamo
German: Samen, Same (now rare)
→ Japanese: ザーメン (zāmen)
Hunsrik: Some
Luxembourgish: Som
Vilamovian: zöma
Yiddish: זוימען (zoymen) (< saume)

→ Finnish: hieman (through earlier *šeema)

From Proto-Indo-European *séh₁mn̥ (“seed”); thus equivalent to *sēaną + *-mô.


frijōną

frijō (active first-person indicative singular)
frijǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frijōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
frijōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
frijōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frijō (active imperative second-person singular)
frijōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
frijōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
frijōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
frijō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frijōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
frijōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
frijōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
frijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
frijōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frijōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frijōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frijōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
frijōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
frijōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frijōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
frijōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
frijōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
frijōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frijōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
frijōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
frijōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
frijōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
frijōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frijōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
frijōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
frijōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
frijōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
frijōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
frijōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
frijōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
frijōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
frijōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
frijōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
frijōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
frijōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
frijōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
frijōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
frijōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
frijōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
frijōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
frijōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
frijōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
frijōndz (active participle present)
frijōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *frijōn
Old English: frīġan, frēoġan, frēon
Middle English: freen, freoȝen, freoen, fren
Scots: fre, frey, frie
English: free
Old Frisian: frīa, frīaia, friāia, frāia
Saterland Frisian: fräie
West Frisian: frije
Old Saxon: friehōn, friohōn
Middle Low German: vrîen, vrigen, vrihen, freien
German Low German: frejen
Low German: frijen
Old Dutch: *frīon
⇒ Old Dutch: afrio
Middle Dutch: vrien, vrihen, vrijen
Dutch: vrijen
Afrikaans: vry
Old High German: *frīhōn, *frīwōn, *frijōn
Middle High German: frīen, vrīen, vrijen, vrigen
German: freien
Luxembourgish: freien

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: frjá, fría

Icelandic: frjá, fría

Faroese: fríggja

Norwegian: fri

Old Swedish: fria

Swedish: fria

Danish: fri

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽 (frijōn)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *priHéh₂ti. By surface analysis, *frijaz (“free”) + *-ōną. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *prijati.


frijōndz

frijōndz (nominative singular)
frijōndiz (nominative plural)
frijōnd (singular vocative)
frijōndiz (plural vocative)
frijōndų (accusative singular)
frijōndunz (accusative plural)
frijōndiz (genitive singular)
frijōndǫ̂ (genitive plural)
frijōndi (dative singular)
frijōndumaz (dative plural)
frijōndē (instrumental singular)
frijōndumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *friund
Old English: frēond, frīond — Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish
Middle English: frend, frende, freond, friend, vrend, freend, frond, frund, freind, freynde, vryend, frind
English: friend (see there for further descendants)
Scots: freend, frende, freynd, freind
Yola: vriene, friend
→ Welsh: ffrind
Old Frisian: friūnd
Saterland Frisian: Früünd, Fjund
West Frisian: freon
Old Saxon: friund
Middle Low German: vrint, vrünt, vrent
German Low German: Fründ, Frund, Frönd
Plautdietsch: Frint
→ Old Swedish: frynt, frynd
Swedish: frynt (obsolete)
Old Dutch: friunt
Middle Dutch: vrient
Dutch: vriend
Afrikaans: vriend
Berbice Creole Dutch: frindi
Javindo: friend
Jersey Dutch: vrînt
Negerhollands: vriend, vrient
Petjo: pring (archaic)
Limburgish: vröndj
Old High German: friunt
Middle High German: vriunt
Alemannic German: Fründ
Bavarian: Freind
Cimbrian: vròint, bròint (Mezzaselva)
Central Franconian: Frönd, Frend, Frind, Frönk, Fründ
Hunsrik: Freind, froynt
Luxembourgish: Frënd
German: Freund
Vilamovian: frajnd
Volhynian German: Freind
Yiddish: פֿרײַנד (fraynd)

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: fríandi, frjándi, frændi
Icelandic: frændi
Faroese: frændi
Norn: frend
Norwegian Nynorsk: frende
Old Swedish: frænde
Swedish: frände
Danish: frænde
Norwegian Bokmål: frende

Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds)

Present participle of *frijōną, equivalent to *frijōną + *-ndz.


uhsô

uhsô (nominative singular)
uhsniz (nominative plural)
uhsô (singular vocative)
uhsniz (plural vocative)
uhsanų (accusative singular)
uhsnuz (accusative plural)
uhsniz (genitive singular)
uhsnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
uhsni (dative singular)
uhsnamaz (dative plural)
uhsnē (instrumental singular)
uhsnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ohsō
Old English: oxa
Middle English: oxe, hox, nox, occe, ocxe, okse, ox, oxhe, oxse
English: ox (see there for further descendants)
Scots: ox
Old Frisian: oxa
North Frisian: Aus, oxse
West Frisian: okse
Saterland Frisian: Okse
Old Saxon: *ohso
Middle Low German: osce, ochse, osse
German Low German: Osse, Oss
Plautdietsch: Oss
Old Dutch: osso
Middle Dutch: osse
Dutch: os
Afrikaans: os
Negerhollands: os
Old High German: ohso
Middle High German: ohse, ochse, osse, ox
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: oks
Mòcheno: ocks
German: Ochse, Ochs (regional or poetic)
→ Luxembourgish: Ochs
Central Franconian: Ohs
Luxembourgish: Uess
Yiddish: אָקס (oks)

Old Norse: oxi, uxi
Icelandic: oxi, uxi
Faroese: oksi
Norwegian Nynorsk: okse, ukse
Old Swedish: oxe, uxe
Swedish: oxe
Old Danish: oxæ, uxæ
Danish: okse
Norwegian Bokmål: okse
Scanian: oğse

Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍃𐌰 (auhsa)

→ Proto-Samic: *vuoksā (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (“bull”).


haiduz

haiduz (nominative singular)
haidiwiz (nominative plural)
haidu (singular vocative)
haidiwiz (plural vocative)
haidų (accusative singular)
haidunz (accusative plural)
haidauz (genitive singular)
haidiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
haidiwi (dative singular)
haidumaz (dative plural)
haidū (instrumental singular)
haidumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *haidu; *-haidu

Old English: hād, -hād; *hǣd, *-hǣd, *-hǣdu

Middle English: had, hod, hode, hede; -had, -hod, -hed, -hede

Scots: had, hade, haid, -heid

English: hade, hede, hode, -hood; -head

Old Frisian: -hēd

Saterland Frisian: -haid, -gaid

West Frisian: -heid

Old Saxon: -hēd

Middle Low German: -heit

desc

German Low German: -heid (East Frisian), -heit (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommerisch, Paderbornisch), -heet, -het

→ Norwegian Bokmål: -het

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -heit

→ Swedish: -het

→ Danish: -hed

→ Icelandic: -heit

Old Dutch: *-hēd, *-heid

Middle Dutch: -heit

Dutch: -heid
Afrikaans: -heid

Old High German: -heit

Middle High German: -heit

German: -heit, -keit

Yiddish: ־הייט (-heyt), ־קייט (-keyt)

>? Old French: hait (“emotion, joy”)

⇒ Old French: haitier

Old Norse: heiðr

Icelandic: heiður

Faroese: heiður

Norwegian Bokmål: heder

Norwegian Nynorsk: heider

Old Swedish: hēþer

Swedish: heder

Danish: hæder

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (haidus)

Apparently identical to Sanskrit केतु (ketú, “brightness, light; appearance, form, mark”), from Proto-Indo-European *koytús, from the root *keyt- (“clear, bright, shining”), whence also *haidraz (“clear, bright”). (A pre-form *keydʰ- is also possible.)


þagjaną

þagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagaisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagai (active imperative second-person singular)
þagaiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagaiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagaiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þagdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þagdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þagdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagdē (active indicative singular third-person)
þagdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þagdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þagdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þagdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þagdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjandz (active participle present)
þagdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þagēn
Old High German: dagēn
German: dagen (obsolete)

Old Norse: þegja
Icelandic: þegja
Faroese: tiga
Norwegian Nynorsk: tegja, teia; (dialectal) tea, tigja, tiga, teiga, tyjå
Elfdalian: taja
Old Swedish: þighia
Swedish: tiga
Old Danish: thighæ
Danish: tie
Norwegian Bokmål: tie
Scanian: tæğa, tiğa
Gutnish: tige

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þahan)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tak- or *tHk-. Cognate with Proto-Italic *takēō.

/ˈθɑɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/


þagjaną

þagjō (active first-person indicative singular)
þagjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
þagisi (active indicative second-person singular)
þagjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagi (active imperative second-person singular)
þagjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
þagjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
þagiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
þagjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
þagjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
þagjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
þagjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
þagjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
þagjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
þagjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
þagjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
þagiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
þagjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
þagjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
þagjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
þagjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
þagjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
þagjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
þagjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
þagidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
þagidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
þagidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
þagidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
þagidē (active indicative singular third-person)
þagidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
þagidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
þagidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
þagidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
þagidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
þagidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
þagidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
þagidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
þagidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
þagidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
þagidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
þagjandz (active participle present)
þagidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *þagjan

Old English: þeċġan, āþeċġan

Iterative-intensive formation derived from *þigjaną.

/ˈθɑɣ.jɑ.nɑ̃/


frumistaz

frumist (adverb)
frumistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
frumistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
frumistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
frumistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
frumistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
frumistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
frumistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
frumistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
frumistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
frumistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
frumistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
frumistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
frumistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
frumistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
frumistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
frumistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
frumistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
frumistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
frumistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
frumistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
frumistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
frumistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
frumistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
frumistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
frumistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
frumistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
frumistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
frumistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
frumistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
frumistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
frumistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
frumistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
frumistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
frumistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
frumistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
frumistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
frumistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
frumistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
frumistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
frumistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
frumistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
frumistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
frumistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
frumistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
frumistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
frumistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
frumistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
frumistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
frumistini (dative masculine singular weak)
frumistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
frumistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
frumistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
frumistini (dative neuter singular weak)
frumistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
frumistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
frumistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
frumistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
frumistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
frumistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
frumistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*frumistaz (a-stem)


airizô

airiz (adverb)
airistaz (superlative)
airizô (masculine nominative singular)
airizaniz (masculine nominative plural)
airizį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
airizīniz (feminine nominative plural)
airizô (neuter nominative singular)
airizōnō (neuter nominative plural)
airizanų (accusative masculine singular)
airizanunz (accusative masculine plural)
airizīnų (accusative feminine singular)
airizīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
airizô (accusative neuter singular)
airizōnō (accusative neuter plural)
airiziniz (genitive masculine singular)
airizanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
airizīniz (feminine genitive singular)
airizīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
airiziniz (genitive neuter singular)
airizanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
airizini (dative masculine singular)
airizammaz (dative masculine plural)
airizīni (dative feminine singular)
airizīmaz (dative feminine plural)
airizini (dative neuter singular)
airizammaz (dative neuter plural)
airizinē (instrumental masculine singular)
airizammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
airizīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
airizīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
airizinē (instrumental neuter singular)
airizammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*airizô (an/īn-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *airiʀōOld English: ǣrraMiddle English: ærre

eroreOld Frisian:West Frisian: earderOld Saxon:Middle Low German: êrerLow German: ehrderOld Dutch: *ēriroMiddle Dutch: eerreDutch: eerderAfrikaans: eerderOld High German: ēriro

ēroroMiddle High German: ērer(German: eher)


maistaz

maist (adverb)
maistaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
maistai (masculine nominative plural strong)
maistō (feminine nominative singular strong)
maistôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
maistą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
maistō (neuter nominative plural strong)
maistanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
maistanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
maistǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
maistōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
maistą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
maistō (accusative neuter plural strong)
maistas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
maistaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
maistaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
maistaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
maistas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
maistaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
maistammai (dative masculine singular strong)
maistaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
maistaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
maistaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
maistammai (dative neuter singular strong)
maistaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
maistanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
maistaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
maistaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
maistaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
maistanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
maistaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
maistô (masculine nominative singular weak)
maistaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
maistǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
maistōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
maistô (neuter nominative singular weak)
maistōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
maistanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
maistanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
maistōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
maistōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
maistô (accusative neuter singular weak)
maistōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
maistiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
maistanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
maistōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
maistōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
maistiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
maistanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
maistini (dative masculine singular weak)
maistammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
maistōni (dative feminine singular weak)
maistōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
maistini (dative neuter singular weak)
maistammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
maistinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
maistammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
maistōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
maistōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
maistinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
maistammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

*maistaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *maist

desctree

Old English: mǣst
Middle English: maste, most, moste
English: most
Geordie English: myest
Scots: maste, mast, maist

Old Frisian: māsta

Saterland Frisian: maast

West Frisian: meast

Old Saxon: mēst

Old Dutch: *mēst, meist

Middle Dutch: meest

Dutch: meest

Afrikaans: meeste

Old High German: meist

German: meist

Old Norse: mestr
Icelandic: mestur
Faroese: mestur
Old Swedish: mæster
Swedish: mest
Norwegian Nynorsk: mest (obsolete or dialectal)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (maists)


airiz

Proto-West Germanic: *airi
Old English: ǣr
Middle English: er
English: ere
Scots: air
Yola: ear
Old Frisian: ēr
Saterland Frisian: eer, ädder
West Frisian: ier
⇒ West Frisian: eardat, ear't
Old Saxon: ēr
Middle Low German: êr
German Low German: ehr
⇒ German Low German: ehrdat
⇒ German Low German: ehrder
⇒ German Low German: ehrtieds
Old Dutch: ēr
Middle Dutch: êer
Dutch: eer
Afrikaans: eer
Limburgish: ieër
Old High German: ēr
Middle High German: ēr, ē (loss of -r as in hie, dā)
German: eher, ehe, eh

>? Old Norse: áðr, áðan
Icelandic: áður
Faroese: áður
Norwegian Nynorsk: åder

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐍃 (airis)

earlier, before; comparative degree of *airi


maizô

maiz (adverb)
maizô (masculine nominative singular)
maizaniz (masculine nominative plural)
maizį̄ (feminine nominative singular)
maizīniz (feminine nominative plural)
maizô (neuter nominative singular)
maizōnō (neuter nominative plural)
maizanų (accusative masculine singular)
maizanunz (accusative masculine plural)
maizīnų (accusative feminine singular)
maizīnunz (accusative feminine plural)
maizô (accusative neuter singular)
maizōnō (accusative neuter plural)
maiziniz (genitive masculine singular)
maizanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
maizīniz (feminine genitive singular)
maizīnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
maiziniz (genitive neuter singular)
maizanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
maizini (dative masculine singular)
maizammaz (dative masculine plural)
maizīni (dative feminine singular)
maizīmaz (dative feminine plural)
maizini (dative neuter singular)
maizammaz (dative neuter plural)
maizinē (instrumental masculine singular)
maizammiz (instrumental masculine plural)
maizīnē (feminine instrumental singular)
maizīmiz (feminine instrumental plural)
maizinē (instrumental neuter singular)
maizammiz (instrumental neuter plural)

gem-decl-adj-table

*maizô (an/īn-stem)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *maiʀō
Old English: māra
Middle English: more, mare, moore
English: more
Geordie English: mair
Scots: mair
Yola: mo', more
Old Frisian: māra
Saterland Frisian: moor
West Frisian: mear
Old Saxon: mēro
Middle Low German: mêr
Low German: mehr
Old Dutch: mēro, mērro
Middle Dutch: mere
Dutch: meer
Afrikaans: meer
Old High German: mēro
Middle High German: mēr, mēre
Alemannic German: meer
German: mehr
Yiddish: מער (mer)

Old Norse: meiri
Icelandic: meiri, meira, meir
Faroese: meiri, meira
Norwegian Nynorsk: meir; (dialectal) meire, meira
Swedish: mera
Danish: mere
Norwegian Bokmål: mer, mere

Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰 (maiza)

/ˈmɑi̯.zɔːː/


airi

airiz (comparative)
airist (superlative)

Old Norse: ár, áðr

Icelandic: ár, áður (áður may be from *airiz)

Faroese: áður

Norwegian Nynorsk: år

Old Swedish: *ar

⇒ Old Norse: árla

Icelandic: árla

Faroese: árla

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: årle; (dialectal) årla

Old Swedish: aarla, arla

Swedish: arla

Danish: årle

Norwegian Bokmål: årle

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air)