tēwō

tēwō (nominative singular)
tēwôz (nominative plural)
tēwō (singular vocative)
tēwôz (plural vocative)
tēwǭ (accusative singular)
tēwōz (accusative plural)
tēwōz (genitive singular)
tēwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tēwōi (dative singular)
tēwōmaz (dative plural)
tēwō (instrumental singular)
tēwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: zāwa

Gothic: 𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰 (tēwa)

From earlier *tēgwō, from Proto-Indo-European *dēḱ-wéh₂, from *deḱ- (“to fit”).


urbą

urbą (nominative singular)
urbō (nominative plural)
urbą (singular vocative)
urbō (plural vocative)
urbą (accusative singular)
urbō (accusative plural)
urbas (genitive singular)
urbis (genitive singular)
urbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
urbai (dative singular)
urbamaz (dative plural)
urbō (instrumental singular)
urbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: orf

Old Swedish: orf, urf

From Pre-Germanic *h₃r̥bʰom, from the zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.


unhtaz

*unhtaz (a-stem)

unhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
unhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
unhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
unhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
unhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
unhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
unhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
unhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
unhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
unhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
unhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
unhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
unhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
unhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
unhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
unhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
unhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
unhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
unhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
unhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
unhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
unhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
unhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
unhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
unhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
unhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
unhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
unhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
unhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
unhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
unhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
unhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
unhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
unhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
unhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
unhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
unhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
unhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
unhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
unhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
unhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
unhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
unhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
unhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
unhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
unhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
unhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
unhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
unhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
unhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
unhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
unhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
unhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
unhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
unhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
unhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
unhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
unhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
unhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
unhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Gothic: *𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*ūhts) (in 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (biūhts), 𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (ūhteigs))

Old participle to a nasal present, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewk-. Compare Lithuanian jùnkti.


deuhtrą

deuhtrą (nominative singular)
deuhtrō (nominative plural)
deuhtrą (singular vocative)
deuhtrō (plural vocative)
deuhtrą (accusative singular)
deuhtrō (accusative plural)
deuhtras (genitive singular)
diuhtris (genitive singular)
deuhtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
deuhtrai (dative singular)
deuhtramaz (dative plural)
deuhtrō (instrumental singular)
deuhtramiz (instrumental plural)

Middle High German: diehter, tiehter

From Pre-Germanic *dʰewgh₂trom, full grade formation from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr.


unhtwǭ

unhtwǭ (nominative singular)
unhtwōniz (nominative plural)
unhtwǭ (singular vocative)
unhtwōniz (plural vocative)
unhtwōnų (accusative singular)
unhtwōnunz (accusative plural)
unhtwōniz (genitive singular)
unhtwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
unhtwōni (dative singular)
unhtwōmaz (dative plural)
unhtwōnē (instrumental singular)
unhtwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: ūht (< *unhtwaz), ūhta (< *unhtwô)

Middle English: *uht (found in compound uhtsang, uhtsong); Middle English: uhhtenn, uȝten, ughten, oughten (< Old English ūhtan, oblique form)

Old Saxon: ūhta

Middle Low German: uchte

German Low German: Uchte, Ucht

→ German: Uchte (“midnight mass”) (regional)

Old Dutch: *ūhto

Middle Dutch: uchte, ochte (various forms are attested, including nuchte through rebracketing, uchten/ochten from the case forms, and rarely uchtent/ochtent from the previous by analogy with avont (“evening”))

desctree

Dutch: ochtend
Afrikaans: oggend
Jersey Dutch: óxtent

Old High German: uohta (irregular); *ūhta

Middle High German: uohte, ūhte (both rare)

German: Ucht, Aucht (both only in placenames and compounds)

Old Norse: ótta, óttask

Icelandic: ótta, óttast

Faroese: óttast

Norwegian Nynorsk: otta, ottast

Old Swedish: ōtta, ōta

Swedish: otte, otta

Danish: otte

Norwegian Bokmål: otte

Gothic: 𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍅𐍉 (ūhtwō)

/ˈũːx.twɔ̃ː/

From Pre-Germanic *n̥kʷ-tw-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts. Compare Sanskrit अक्तु (aktú, “dark, night”).


suhturwijô

gem-decl-noun-table

*suhturwijô (an-stem)

suhturwijô (nominative singular)
suhturwijaniz (nominative plural)
suhturwijô (singular vocative)
suhturwijaniz (plural vocative)
suhturwijanų (accusative singular)
suhturwijanunz (accusative plural)
suhturwīniz (genitive singular)
suhturwijanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
suhturwīni (dative singular)
suhturwijammaz (dative plural)
suhturwīnē (instrumental singular)
suhturwijammiz (instrumental plural)

desc

Old English: suhtriga, suhtria, suhterga

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *suḱ-ter-, from *sweḱ-. Compare Armenian ուստր (ustr, “son”).


staraz

*staraz (a-stem)

staraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
starai (masculine nominative plural strong)
starō (feminine nominative singular strong)
starôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
starą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
starō (neuter nominative plural strong)
staranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
staranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
starǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
starōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
starą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
starō (accusative neuter plural strong)
staras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
staraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
staraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
staraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
staras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
staraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
starammai (dative masculine singular strong)
staraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
staraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
staraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
starammai (dative neuter singular strong)
staraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
staranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
staraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
staraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
staraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
staranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
staraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
starô (masculine nominative singular weak)
staraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
starǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
starōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
starô (neuter nominative singular weak)
starōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
staranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
staranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
starōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
starōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
starô (accusative neuter singular weak)
starōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stariniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
staranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
starōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
starōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stariniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
staranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
starini (dative masculine singular weak)
starammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
starōni (dative feminine singular weak)
starōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
starini (dative neuter singular weak)
starammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
starinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
starammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
starōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
starōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
starinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
starammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *star
Old Saxon: *star
Middle Low German: star
Old Dutch: *star
Middle Dutch: *star
Dutch: star
Old High German: *star
Middle High German: star
German: starr

Old Norse: starr

From Pre-Germanic *storh₁-os, from Proto-Indo-European *sterh₁- (“to be stiff”). Along with Proto-Germanic *sturrāną, points to an unattested strong verb *steraną.


skōdiz

skōdiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skōdijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skōdī (feminine nominative singular strong)
skōdijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skōdį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skōdijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skōdijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skōdijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skōdijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skōdijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skōdį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skōdijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skōdijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skōdīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
skōdijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skōdijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skōdijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skōdijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skōdīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
skōdijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skōdijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skōdijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skōdijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skōdijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skōdijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skōdijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skōdijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skōdijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skōdijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skōdijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skōdijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skōdijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skōdijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skōdijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skōdijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skōdijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skōdijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skōdijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skōdijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skōdijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skōdijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skōdijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skōdijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skōdijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skōdīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skōdijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skōdijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skōdijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skōdīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skōdijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skōdīni (dative masculine singular weak)
skōdijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skōdijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skōdijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skōdīni (dative neuter singular weak)
skōdijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skōdīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skōdijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skōdijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skōdijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skōdīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skōdijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: skœðr

Vṛddhi gerundive of *skaþjaną (“to mar, injure”).


sēwiz

sēwiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sēwijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sēwī (feminine nominative singular strong)
sēwijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sēwį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sēwijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sēwijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sēwijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sēwijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sēwijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sēwį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sēwijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sēwijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
sēwīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
sēwijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sēwijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sēwijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sēwijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
sēwīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
sēwijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sēwijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sēwijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sēwijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sēwijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sēwijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sēwijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sēwijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sēwijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sēwijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sēwijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sēwijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sēwijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sēwijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sēwijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sēwijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sēwijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sēwijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sēwijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sēwijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sēwijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sēwijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sēwijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sēwijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sēwijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sēwīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sēwijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sēwijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sēwijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sēwīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sēwijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sēwīni (dative masculine singular weak)
sēwijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sēwijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sēwijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sēwīni (dative neuter singular weak)
sēwijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sēwīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sēwijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sēwijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sēwijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sēwīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sēwijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: *sær, -sær

Icelandic: sær, -sær

Vṛddhi gerundive of *sehwaną (“to see”).

(North Germanic) seeing, able to be seen, visible


serþaną

serþō (active first-person indicative singular)
serþaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
serþai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sirþizi (active indicative second-person singular)
serþaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
serþ (active imperative second-person singular)
serþazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
serþaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sirþidi (active indicative singular third-person)
serþai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
serþadau (active imperative singular third-person)
serþadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
serþaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
serþōz (active dual first-person indicative)
serþaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
serþadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
serþaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
serþadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
serþamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
serþaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
serþandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
serþaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sirþid (active indicative plural second-person)
serþaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sirþid (active imperative plural second-person)
serþandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
serþaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
serþandi (active indicative plural third-person)
serþain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
serþandau (active imperative plural third-person)
serþandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
serþaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sarþ (active first-person indicative singular)
surdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sarst (active indicative second-person singular)
surdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sarþ (active indicative singular third-person)
surdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
surdū (active dual first-person indicative)
surdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
surdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
surdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
surdum (active first-person indicative plural)
surdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
surdud (active indicative plural second-person)
surdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
surdun (active indicative plural third-person)
surdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
serþandz (active participle present)
surdanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *serþan, *serdan

Old English: seorþan

Middle English: serden

English: sard

Scots: sard

Old Saxon: *serthan

Middle Low German: serden

Old Dutch: *serthan

Middle Dutch: serden

Dutch: zeerden

Old High German: sertan

Middle High German: serten

German: serten

Old Norse: serða

Icelandic: serða

Kroonen reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *sert- (“to hit (?); to rub against, move obliquely against”). Compare Hittite 𒊬𒋫𒄿 (šar-ta-i, “to wipe, rub”) and perhaps Welsh serth (“obscene”). Kloekhorst meanwhile argues for *serdʰH- based on Hittite.

der

to hit; to violate sexually (apparently linked with rape, homosexuality and bestiality)


spēdiz

spēdiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
spēdijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
spēdī (feminine nominative singular strong)
spēdijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
spēdį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
spēdijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
spēdijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
spēdijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
spēdijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
spēdijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
spēdį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
spēdijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
spēdijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
spēdīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
spēdijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
spēdijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
spēdijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
spēdijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
spēdīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
spēdijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
spēdijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
spēdijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
spēdijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
spēdijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
spēdijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
spēdijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
spēdijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
spēdijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
spēdijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
spēdijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
spēdijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
spēdijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
spēdijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
spēdijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
spēdijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
spēdijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
spēdijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
spēdijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
spēdijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
spēdijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
spēdijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
spēdijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
spēdijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
spēdijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
spēdīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
spēdijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
spēdijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
spēdijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
spēdīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
spēdijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
spēdīni (dative masculine singular weak)
spēdijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
spēdijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
spēdijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
spēdīni (dative neuter singular weak)
spēdijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
spēdīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
spēdijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
spēdijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
spēdijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
spēdīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
spēdijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *spādī
Old Saxon: *spādi
Middle Low German: spāde
Low German: späd
Old Dutch: *spādi
Middle Dutch: spade, spaed
Dutch: spade, spa
Old High German: spāti
Middle High German: spǣte
Alemannic German: spaat
German: spät
Luxembourgish: spéit
Yiddish: שפּעט (shpet)

Gothic: *𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌸𐍃 (*spēþs)

From Proto-Indo-European *speh₁-tí-s, from *speh₁-.


sakaną

sakō (active first-person indicative singular)
sakaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sakai (first-person indicative passive singular)
sakizi (active indicative second-person singular)
sakaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sak (active imperative second-person singular)
sakazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
sakaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
sakidi (active indicative singular third-person)
sakai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sakadau (active imperative singular third-person)
sakadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
sakaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
sakōz (active dual first-person indicative)
sakaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sakadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sakaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sakadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
sakamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
sakaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sakandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
sakaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
sakid (active indicative plural second-person)
sakaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sakid (active imperative plural second-person)
sakandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
sakaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
sakandi (active indicative plural third-person)
sakain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sakandau (active imperative plural third-person)
sakandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
sakaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
sōk (active first-person indicative singular)
sōkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
sōht (active indicative second-person singular)
sōkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
sōk (active indicative singular third-person)
sōkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
sōkū (active dual first-person indicative)
sōkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
sōkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
sōkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
sōkum (active first-person indicative plural)
sōkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
sōkud (active indicative plural second-person)
sōkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
sōkun (active indicative plural third-person)
sōkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
sakandz (active participle present)
sakanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *sakan
Old English: sacan
Old Saxon: sakan
Old Dutch: *sacan
Middle Dutch: sāken
Old High German: sahhan

Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (sakan)
→ Asturian: sacar
→ Galician: sacar
→ Portuguese: sacar
→ Spanish: sacar

From Pre-Germanic *sh₂g-, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂g-.


turþiz

turþiz (nominative singular)
turþīz (nominative plural)
turþi (singular vocative)
turþīz (plural vocative)
turþį (accusative singular)
turþinz (accusative plural)
turþīz (genitive singular)
turþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turþī (dative singular)
turþimaz (dative plural)
turþī (instrumental singular)
turþimiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃 (*taurþs) (in 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍃 (gataurþs))

From Proto-Indo-European *dŕ̥tis, equivalent to *teraną + *-þiz. Cognate with Ancient Greek δάρσις (dársis, “separation, tearing”), Sanskrit दृति (dṛ́ti, “skin, bag”) (< masculine), Russian дерть (dertʹ, “cleared land”).

cog

(East Germanic) destruction, a tearing down


turhtaz

*turhtaz (a-stem)

turhtaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
turhtai (masculine nominative plural strong)
turhtō (feminine nominative singular strong)
turhtôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
turhtą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
turhtō (neuter nominative plural strong)
turhtanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
turhtanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
turhtǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
turhtōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
turhtą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
turhtō (accusative neuter plural strong)
turhtas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
turhtaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
turhtaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
turhtaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
turhtas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
turhtaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
turhtammai (dative masculine singular strong)
turhtaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
turhtaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
turhtaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
turhtammai (dative neuter singular strong)
turhtaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
turhtanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
turhtaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
turhtaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
turhtaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
turhtanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
turhtaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
turhtô (masculine nominative singular weak)
turhtaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
turhtǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
turhtōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
turhtô (neuter nominative singular weak)
turhtōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
turhtanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
turhtanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
turhtōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
turhtōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
turhtô (accusative neuter singular weak)
turhtōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
turhtiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
turhtanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
turhtōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
turhtōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
turhtiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
turhtanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
turhtini (dative masculine singular weak)
turhtammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
turhtōni (dative feminine singular weak)
turhtōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
turhtini (dative neuter singular weak)
turhtammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
turhtinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
turhtammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
turhtōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
turhtōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
turhtinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
turhtammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: torht

Middle English: torhte, tohte

Old Saxon: torht, toroht

Old High German: zorht, zoraht, zorft

From Pre-Germanic *dr̥ḱtos, originally a past participle from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).


fuldō

fuldō (nominative singular)
fuldôz (nominative plural)
fuldō (singular vocative)
fuldôz (plural vocative)
fuldǭ (accusative singular)
fuldōz (accusative plural)
fuldōz (genitive singular)
fuldǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fuldōi (dative singular)
fuldōmaz (dative plural)
fuldō (instrumental singular)
fuldōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: foldu, folde (< *fuldǭ),

Middle English: folde, fold

English: fold

Scots: fold

Old Saxon: folda

(Middle Low German: velt)

Old High German: *fulta (in placenames: Fuldaha)

Old Norse: fold

Icelandic: fold

Faroese: fold

Norwegian: fold, foll

From Pre-Germanic *pl̥th₂éh₂, feminine form of the adjective "flat", from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”). In view of the Indo-Iranian cognates, Kroonen suggests it was used with the word for "land" in a sacral context.


irþīnaz

*irþīnaz (a-stem)

irþīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
irþīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
irþīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
irþīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
irþīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
irþīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
irþīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
irþīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
irþīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
irþīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
irþīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
irþīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
irþīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
irþīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
irþīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
irþīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
irþīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
irþīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
irþīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
irþīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
irþīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
irþīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
irþīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
irþīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
irþīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
irþīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
irþīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
irþīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
irþīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
irþīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
irþīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
irþīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
irþīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
irþīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
irþīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
irþīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
irþīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
irþīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
irþīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
irþīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
irþīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
irþīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
irþīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
irþīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
irþīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
irþīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
irþīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
irþīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
irþīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
irþīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
irþīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
irþīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
irþīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
irþīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
irþīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
irþīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
irþīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
irþīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
irþīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
irþīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *irþīn
Old English: eorþen, *yrþen
Middle English: erthen, erthene, erthin, erthyn, erþen, erþene, urþen, eorðene (Early Middle English)
English: earthen
Scots: erthen
Old Frisian: *erthen, *irthen
West Frisian: ierden
Old Saxon: *irthīn
Middle Low German: erden, ērden
German Low German: eerden
Old Dutch: *irthīn
Middle Dutch: erdijn
Dutch: aarden (remodeled after aarde)
Old High German: irdīn, erdīn
Middle High German: irdīn, erdīn
German: irden, (obsolete) erden

Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (airþeins)


wulþuz

wulþuz (nominative singular)
wulþiwiz (nominative plural)
wulþu (singular vocative)
wulþiwiz (plural vocative)
wulþų (accusative singular)
wulþunz (accusative plural)
wulþauz (genitive singular)
wulþiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wulþiwi (dative singular)
wulþumaz (dative plural)
wulþū (instrumental singular)
wulþumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚢᛚᚦᚢᛉ (*wulþuʀ)

Old Norse: Ullr
Icelandic: Ullur
Norwegian Nynorsk: Ull
Norwegian Bokmål: Ull
→ Latin: Ollerus

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (owlþuþewaʀ)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃 (wulþus)

Vandalic: *wulþ

From Pre-Germanic *wl̥tus, from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”) + *-tus. Cognate with Latin vultus, voltus.


tumþiz

tumþiz (nominative singular)
tumþīz (nominative plural)
tumþi (singular vocative)
tumþīz (plural vocative)
tumþį (accusative singular)
tumþinz (accusative plural)
tumþīz (genitive singular)
tumþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tumþī (dative singular)
tumþimaz (dative plural)
tumþī (instrumental singular)
tumþimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: tumft; mistumft

Old Dutch: tunft; gitunft

Old High German: zumft

Middle High German: zumft, zunft

German: Zunft

Proto-Norse: *ᛏᚢᛗᚠᛏᚢ (*tumftu) (< *tumþō)

desc

Old Norse: *tóft, tomt, topt, tupt, tuft

Icelandic: topt, tuft

Faroese: toft

Norwegian Nynorsk: tuft, tomt; (dialectal) toft

Norwegian Bokmål: tomt, tuft

Old Swedish: topt, toft, tompt

Swedish: tomt

Scanian: tøvt

Danish: toft

→ Old English: toft

Middle English: toft

English: toft

From Pre-Germanic *dḿ̥tis, equivalent to *temaną + *-þiz.


wajjuz

wajjuz (nominative singular)
wajjiwiz (nominative plural)
wajju (singular vocative)
wajjiwiz (plural vocative)
wajjų (accusative singular)
wajjunz (accusative plural)
wajjauz (genitive singular)
wajjiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wajjiwi (dative singular)
wajjumaz (dative plural)
wajjū (instrumental singular)
wajjumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: wǣġ

desctree

Old Norse: veggr
Faroese: veggur
Icelandic: veggur
Norwegian Bokmål: vegg
Norwegian Nynorsk: vegg
Old Danish: wæg
Danish: væg, vægge, vegg
Old Swedish: væg, vægger
Swedish: vägg, vägge (dialectal)
Elfdalian: wegg
Gutnish: vägg
Scanian: vægg
→ Scots: wig, veggel, wugrum

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌿𐍃 (*waddjus)

From pre-Germanic *wh̥₁yús, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁y- (“to twist”).


wikkōną

wikkō (active first-person indicative singular)
wikkǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
wikkōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
wikkōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wikkō (active imperative second-person singular)
wikkōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
wikkōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
wikkō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wikkōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
wikkōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
wikkōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
wikkōs (active dual first-person indicative)
wikkōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wikkōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wikkōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wikkōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
wikkōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
wikkōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wikkōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
wikkōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
wikkōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
wikkōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wikkōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
wikkōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
wikkōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
wikkōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
wikkōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wikkōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
wikkōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
wikkōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wikkōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
wikkōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
wikkōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wikkōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
wikkōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wikkōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
wikkōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wikkōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wikkōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wikkōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
wikkōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wikkōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
wikkōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wikkōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
wikkōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
wikkōndz (active participle present)
wikkōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wikkōn
Old English: wiċċian (< *wikkijōn)
Middle English: wicchen
English: witch
Scots: wich, wech, witch
Old Frisian: *wikkia, *wikia
Saterland Frisian: wikje
West Frisian: wikje
Old Saxon: *wikkōn; *wikkiōn
Middle Low German: wicken
German Low German: wicken
Old Dutch: *wikkon
Middle Dutch: wicken
Dutch: wikken
→ West Frisian: wikke
Old High German: *wikkōn, *wihhōn
Middle High German: wicken
German: wicken (obsolete)

From Pre-Germanic *wik-néh₂-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk-.


lingwą

lingwą (nominative singular)
lingwō (nominative plural)
lingwą (singular vocative)
lingwō (plural vocative)
lingwą (accusative singular)
lingwō (accusative plural)
lingwas (genitive singular)
lingwis (genitive singular)
lingwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lingwai (dative singular)
lingwamaz (dative plural)
lingwō (instrumental singular)
lingwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: lyng

Icelandic: lyng

Faroese: lyngur

Norwegian Bokmål: lyng

Norwegian Nynorsk: lyng

Old Swedish: liung

Swedish: ljung

Old Danish: liung

Danish: lyng

Gutnish: ljung

→ Middle English: lyng

English: ling

Scots: lyng, ling

/ˈliŋʷ.ɡʷɑ̃/

Perhaps from Pre-Proto-Germanic *lengʷʰom, from Proto-Indo-European *lengʷʰ-. Compare Proto-Slavic *lǫgъ (“meadow”) from Proto-Balto-Slavic *lanˀgas. The original meaning may have been *“unused land”; Kroonen compares the semantic development of *haiþī (“heath”). The same semantic pairing exists in modern Irish fraoch.


lingwaną

lingwō (active first-person indicative singular)
lingwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lingwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lingwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lingwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lingw (active imperative second-person singular)
lingwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lingwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lingwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lingwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lingwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lingwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lingwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lingwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lingwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lingwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lingwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lingwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lingwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lingwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lingwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lingwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lingwid (active indicative plural second-person)
lingwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lingwid (active imperative plural second-person)
lingwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lingwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lingwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lingwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lingwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lingwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lingwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
langw (active first-person indicative singular)
lungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lanht (active indicative second-person singular)
lungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
langw (active indicative singular third-person)
lungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lungū (active dual first-person indicative)
lungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lungum (active first-person indicative plural)
lungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lungud (active indicative plural second-person)
lungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lungun (active indicative plural third-person)
lungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lingwandz (active participle present)
lunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *lingwan
Old Saxon: *lingan
Middle Low German: lingen
German Low German: lingen
Old High German: lingan
Middle High German: lingen
German: lingen
⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *galingwan
Old Saxon: *gilingan
Middle Low German: gelingen
Old Dutch: *gilingan
Middle Dutch: gelingen
Dutch: gelingen
Old High German: gilingan
Middle High German: gelingen
German: gelingen
Luxembourgish: geléngen
Yiddish: געלינגען (gelingen)

/ˈliŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/

(West Germanic) to make progress, succeed


sterǭ

sterǭ (nominative singular)
sterōniz (nominative plural)
sterǭ (singular vocative)
sterōniz (plural vocative)
sterōnų (accusative singular)
sterōnunz (accusative plural)
sterōniz (genitive singular)
sterōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sterōni (dative singular)
sterōmaz (dative plural)
sterōnē (instrumental singular)
sterōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍉 (stairō)

From Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“infertile”).


tinganą

tingō (active first-person indicative singular)
tingaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tingai (first-person indicative passive singular)
tingizi (active indicative second-person singular)
tingaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
ting (active imperative second-person singular)
tingazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
tingaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
tingidi (active indicative singular third-person)
tingai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tingadau (active imperative singular third-person)
tingadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
tingaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
tingōz (active dual first-person indicative)
tingaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tingadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tingaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tingadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
tingamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
tingaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tingandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
tingaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
tingid (active indicative plural second-person)
tingaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tingid (active imperative plural second-person)
tingandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
tingaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
tingandi (active indicative plural third-person)
tingain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tingandau (active imperative plural third-person)
tingandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
tingaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
tang (active first-person indicative singular)
tungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
tanht (active indicative second-person singular)
tungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
tang (active indicative singular third-person)
tungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
tungū (active dual first-person indicative)
tungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
tungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
tungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
tungum (active first-person indicative plural)
tungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
tungud (active indicative plural second-person)
tungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
tungun (active indicative plural third-person)
tungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
tingandz (active participle present)
tunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *tingan, getingan

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”), with -ng- instead of expected -nh-. But compare Old English *þingan, geþingan (“to thrive”) which continues Proto-Germanic *þinhaną.


stainīnaz

*stainīnaz (a-stem)

stainīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stainīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stainīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stainīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stainīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stainīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stainīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stainīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stainīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stainīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stainīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stainīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stainīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stainīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stainīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stainīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stainīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stainīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stainīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stainīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stainīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stainīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stainīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stainīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stainīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stainīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stainīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stainīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stainīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stainīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stainīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stainīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stainīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stainīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stainīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stainīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stainīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stainīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stainīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stainīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stainīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stainīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stainīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stainīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stainīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stainīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stainīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stainīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stainīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
stainīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stainīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stainīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stainīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
stainīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stainīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stainīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stainīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stainīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stainīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stainīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *stainīn
Old English: stǣnen
Middle English: stenen, stonen
English: stonen
Old Frisian: stēnen
Old Saxon: *stēnin
Middle Low German: stênen
German Low German: stenen
Old Dutch: *stēnin
Middle Dutch: stênen
Dutch: stenen
Old High German: steinīn
Middle High German: steinīn
German: steinen (archaic)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (staineins)


felgō

felgō (nominative singular)
felgôz (nominative plural)
felgō (singular vocative)
felgôz (plural vocative)
felgǭ (accusative singular)
felgōz (accusative plural)
felgōz (genitive singular)
felgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
felgōi (dative singular)
felgōmaz (dative plural)
felgō (instrumental singular)
felgōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: felg, fielg; felġe (< *felgǭ)

Middle English: felȝe, felwe, fely

Scots: fely

English: felly, felloe

Old Frisian: *felg; *felge

Saterland Frisian: Feelge

West Frisian: felling

Old Saxon: felga

Middle Low German: velge

→ Danish: fælg, fælge

→ Icelandic: felga

→ Faroese: felga

→ Swedish: fälg (possibly from German Felge; see below)

Old Dutch: *felga

Middle Dutch: velge

Dutch: velg

⇒ Afrikaans: velling

Old High German: felga

Middle High German: vëlge

German: Felge
→ Polish: felga
→ Serbo-Croatian: felga

Luxembourgish: Felg

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pelǵʰ-, cognate with Russian по́лоз (póloz, “skid, runner”). Alternatively, it could be connected with Proto-Germanic *felhaną (“to go, proceed”).


tuhtiz

tuhtiz (nominative singular)
tuhtīz (nominative plural)
tuhti (singular vocative)
tuhtīz (plural vocative)
tuhtį (accusative singular)
tuhtinz (accusative plural)
tuhtīz (genitive singular)
tuhtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tuhtī (dative singular)
tuhtimaz (dative plural)
tuhtī (instrumental singular)
tuhtimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tuhti
Old English: tyht; tohte
Middle English: tuht, tiȝt, tyht
>? Scots: ticht (noun)
⇒ Middle English: tuhtle
>? Scots: tichle, tuckle
Old Frisian: tuchte, tucht, tochte, tocht
Saterland Frisian: Tucht
West Frisian: tocht
Old Saxon: tuht
Middle Low German: tucht
German Low German: Tucht, Tocht
→ Old Norse: tykt
Icelandic: tykt
Danish: tugt
Norwegian: tukt
Old Swedish: tukt, tokt
Swedish: tukt
Old Dutch: *tuht
Middle Dutch: tocht, tucht
Dutch: tocht, tucht
Afrikaans: tug
→ Danish: togt
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tokt
Old High German: zuht
Middle High German: zuht
German: Zucht

desc

Gothic: *𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (*tauhts), 𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐍃 (ustauhts)


saidaz

saidaz (nominative singular)
saidōz (nominative plural)
saidōs (nominative plural)
said (singular vocative)
saidōz (plural vocative)
saidōs (plural vocative)
saidą (accusative singular)
saidanz (accusative plural)
saidas (genitive singular)
saidis (genitive singular)
saidǫ̂ (genitive plural)
saidai (dative singular)
saidamaz (dative plural)
saidō (instrumental singular)
saidamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: seiðr
Icelandic: seiður
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: seid (learned)
→ Swedish: sejd (learned)
→ Danish: sejd (learned)
Norwegian Bokmål: seid
→ Proto-Samic: *siejtē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *soytós, from *seyt-. Compare also Etymology 2 below.


saidaz

Proto-West Germanic: *said m

Old English: sāda

Old High German: seita m, seid, seit n
Middle High German: seite
German: Saite

Old Norse: seiðr (“band”)

Either directly from Proto-Indo-European *soh₂itos ~ *sh₂oytos, cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *sáiˀtas m (“tie; net”) and Latin saeta f (“bristle, mane”), or reformed as an a-stem from *saidô (an-stem from the same root). Ultimately from the root *sh₂ey- (“to tie together, link”).

cog

Alternative form of *saidô (“band, cord; snare”)


mōþuz

mōþuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mōþijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mōþī (feminine nominative singular strong)
mōþijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mōþų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mōþijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mōþijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mōþijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mōþijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mōþijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mōþų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mōþijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mōþijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mōþīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mōþijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mōþijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mōþijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mōþijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mōþīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mōþijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mōþijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mōþijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mōþijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mōþijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mōþijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mōþijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mōþijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mōþijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mōþijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mōþijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mōþijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mōþijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mōþijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mōþijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mōþijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mōþijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mōþijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mōþijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mōþijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mōþijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mōþijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mōþijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mōþijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mōþijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mōþīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mōþijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mōþijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mōþijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mōþīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mōþijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mōþīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mōþijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mōþijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mōþijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mōþīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mōþijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mōþīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mōþijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mōþijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mōþijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mōþīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mōþijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mōþī
Old English: mēþe
Old Frisian: mōthe
Saterland Frisian: moud
Old Saxon: mōthi
Middle Low German: möde
German Low German: mööd, mööi
Old Dutch: muothi
Middle Dutch: moede
Dutch: moede, moe
Afrikaans: moeg
Limburgish: meug
Old High German: muodi
Middle High German: müede, muode
Alemannic German: müed
Bavarian: miad
Central Franconian: möd, mööch, med, mied
Hunsrik: mied
Luxembourgish: midd
German: müde, müd
Rhine Franconian: miid
Pennsylvania German: mied
Yiddish: מיד (mid)

Old Norse: móðr

Icelandic: móður

Faroese: móður

Norwegian: mo

Old Swedish: mōþer

Swedish: mod

Danish: mod

From Pre-Germanic *méh₃tus, tu-stem adjective to *mōjaną (“to tire”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₃-.


arwaz

*arwaz (a-stem)

arwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
arwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
arwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
arwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
arwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
arwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
arwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
arwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
arwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
arwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
arwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
arwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
arwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
arwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
arwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
arwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
arwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
arwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
arwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
arwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
arwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
arwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
arwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
arwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
arwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
arwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
arwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
arwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
arwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
arwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
arwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
arwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
arwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
arwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
arwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
arwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
arwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
arwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
arwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
arwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
arwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
arwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
arwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
arwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
arwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
arwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
arwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
arwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
arwini (dative masculine singular weak)
arwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
arwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
arwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
arwini (dative neuter singular weak)
arwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
arwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
arwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
arwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
arwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
arwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
arwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: earu

Old Saxon: aru

Old Norse: ǫrr

Icelandic: ör

qualifier

Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌾𐍉 (arwjō) (related adverb, not a direct descendant)

From Pre-Germanic *Herwos, which could come from either Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to order, arrange, fit”) or *h₃er- (“to set in motion”).


arwaz

arwaz (nominative singular)
arwizō (nominative plural)
arwaz (singular vocative)
arwizō (plural vocative)
arwaz (accusative singular)
arwizō (accusative plural)
arwiziz (genitive singular)
arwizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arwizi (dative singular)
arwizumaz (dative plural)
arwizē (instrumental singular)
arwizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old Saxon: *narwo; *narwa

Middle Low German: narwe, nare

Old Dutch: *narwo; *narwa

Middle Dutch: *narwe, nerwe

Dutch: nerf

Old High German: narwo; narwa, narawa

Middle High German: narwe, nare, nar

German: Narbe

→ Luxembourgish: Narb

Luxembourgish: Naarf (obsolete)

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᚹᛁᛉ (*arwiʀ)

Old Norse: ǫrr, ǫr, ørr, ør, ęr, *ęrr

Icelandic: ör

Faroese: arr, err, ør

Danish: ar

Old Swedish: ær, ar

Swedish: ärr

Scots: aur

→ Proto-Finnic: *arpi

An old s-stem continuing Proto-Indo-European *Hérus. Compare Sanskrit अरुस् (arus, “wound”). Probably cognate to Proto-Germanic *reufaną.


audanaz

*audanaz (a-stem)

audanaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
audanai (masculine nominative plural strong)
audanō (feminine nominative singular strong)
audanôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
audaną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
audanō (neuter nominative plural strong)
audananǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
audananz (accusative masculine plural strong)
audanǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
audanōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
audaną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
audanō (accusative neuter plural strong)
audanas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
audanaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
audanaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
audanaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
audanas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
audanaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
audanammai (dative masculine singular strong)
audanaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
audanaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
audanaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
audanammai (dative neuter singular strong)
audanaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
audananō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
audanaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
audanaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
audanaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
audananō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
audanaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
audanô (masculine nominative singular weak)
audananiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
audanǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
audanōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
audanô (neuter nominative singular weak)
audanōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
audananų (accusative masculine singular weak)
audananunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
audanōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
audanōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
audanô (accusative neuter singular weak)
audanōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
audaniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
audananǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
audanōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
audanōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
audaniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
audananǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
audanini (dative masculine singular weak)
audanammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
audanōni (dative feminine singular weak)
audanōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
audanini (dative neuter singular weak)
audanammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
audaninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
audanammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
audanōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
audanōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
audaninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
audanammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: ēaden

Old Saxon: ōdan

Old Norse: auðinn

Icelandic: auðið

Faroese: eyðin

Old Swedish: ø̄dhin

Swedish: öde (“fate”)

Past participle to a lost verb *audaną (“to grant”), probably related to Latin uber (“fruitfulness”) and thus *ūdarą.


knōdiz

knōdiz (nominative singular)
knōdīz (nominative plural)
knōdi (singular vocative)
knōdīz (plural vocative)
knōdį (accusative singular)
knōdinz (accusative plural)
knōdīz (genitive singular)
knōdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
knōdī (dative singular)
knōdimaz (dative plural)
knōdī (instrumental singular)
knōdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: knuot

Gothic: 𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 (knōþs)

From Pre-Germanic *ǵnoh₁tís, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₁-, variant of *ǵenh₁-.


fleutaną

fleutō (active first-person indicative singular)
fleutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
fleutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
fliutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
fleutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
fleut (active imperative second-person singular)
fleutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
fleutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
fliutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
fleutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
fleutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
fleutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
fleutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
fleutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
fleutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
fleutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
fleutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
fleutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
fleutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
fleutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
fleutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
fleutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
fliutid (active indicative plural second-person)
fleutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
fliutid (active imperative plural second-person)
fleutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
fleutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
fleutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
fleutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
fleutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
fleutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
flaut (active first-person indicative singular)
flutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
flaust (active indicative second-person singular)
flutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
flaut (active indicative singular third-person)
flutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
flutū (active dual first-person indicative)
flutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
flutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
flutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
flutum (active first-person indicative plural)
flutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
flutud (active indicative plural second-person)
flutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
flutun (active indicative plural third-person)
flutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
fleutandz (active participle present)
flutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fleutan
Old English: flēotan
Middle English: fleten, fleoten, flete, fleetyn, fleete
English: fleet
Scots: fleet
Old Frisian: fliāta
Saterland Frisian: fljoote
Old Saxon: fliotan
Middle Low German: vlêten
Low German: flieten
Old Dutch: flietan
Middle Dutch: vlieten
Dutch: vlieten
Old High German: fliozan
Middle High German: vliezen
German: fließen
Luxembourgish: fléissen
Yiddish: פֿליסן (flisn)

Old Norse: fljóta
Icelandic: fljóta
Faroese: fljóta, flóta
Norwegian Nynorsk: fljota, flyta
Elfdalian: fliuota
Old Swedish: flȳta, fliūta
Swedish: flyta
Old Danish: flytæ
Danish: flyde
Norwegian Bokmål: flyte
Gutnish: flauta

From Proto-Indo-European *plewd- (“to flow, run”).


sturkiz

sturkiz (nominative singular)
sturkīz (nominative plural)
sturki (singular vocative)
sturkīz (plural vocative)
sturkį (accusative singular)
sturkinz (accusative plural)
sturkīz (genitive singular)
sturkijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
sturkī (dative singular)
sturkimaz (dative plural)
sturkī (instrumental singular)
sturkimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: styrkr
Icelandic: styrkur
Faroese: styrkur
Norwegian Bokmål: styrke
Norwegian Nynorsk: styrke
Old Swedish: styrker m, styrk f
Swedish: styrka
Danish: styrke

From Pre-Germanic *str̥gis, an i-stem created from the strong verb *sterkaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg-.


stuþs

stuþs (nominative singular)
stuþiz (nominative plural)
stuþ (singular vocative)
stuþiz (plural vocative)
stuþų (accusative singular)
stuþunz (accusative plural)
studiz (genitive singular)
studǫ̂ (genitive plural)
studi (dative singular)
studumaz (dative plural)
studē (instrumental singular)
studumiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stuþ
Old English: studu, stuþu
Middle English: stude
English: stud
Scots: stuit
Old High German: *stud
Middle High German: stud
Alemannic German: Stud
German: (obsolete) Stud, Studt

Old Norse: stoð, stuð

Icelandic: stoð

Old Swedish: stuþ, stoþ, stydh (late)

Swedish: stöd

Likely from Pre-Germanic *stút-s, root noun from Proto-Indo-European *stut-, extension of *stew- (“firm”). Compare Latvian stute (“prop, support”).


mairiją

mairiją (nominative singular)
mairijō (nominative plural)
mairiją (singular vocative)
mairijō (plural vocative)
mairiją (accusative singular)
mairijō (accusative plural)
mairijas (genitive singular)
mairīs (genitive singular)
mairijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mairijai (dative singular)
mairijamaz (dative plural)
mairijō (instrumental singular)
mairijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: mǣre, landgemǣre

Middle English: mēre

English: mere

Old Dutch: *mēri

Middle Dutch: mere, meer

Dutch: meerpaal

Old Norse: *mæri, landamæri

Icelandic: landamæri

Old Swedish: landamǣre

Swedish: landamäre

From Pre-Germanic *moyryom, from Proto-Indo-European *moyro-, from *mey- (“to build”). Cognate with Latin mūrus (“wall”), pōmērium (“bounds, limits”).


stallaz

stallaz (nominative singular)
stallōz (nominative plural)
stallōs (nominative plural)
stall (singular vocative)
stallōz (plural vocative)
stallōs (plural vocative)
stallą (accusative singular)
stallanz (accusative plural)
stallas (genitive singular)
stallis (genitive singular)
stallǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stallai (dative singular)
stallamaz (dative plural)
stallō (instrumental singular)
stallamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stall
Old English: steall, stall, stæll
Middle English: stal
English: stall
Scots: stal, staw
Old Frisian: stall, stal
Saterland Frisian: Staal
West Frisian: stâl
Old Saxon: *stall
Middle Low German: stal
German Low German: Stall
Old Dutch: *stal
Middle Dutch: stal
Dutch: stal
Afrikaans: stal
Limburgish: stal
Old High German: stal
Middle High German: stal
German: Stall
Hunsrik: Stall
Luxembourgish: Stall
Mòcheno: stòll
→ Medieval Latin: stallum, staullum, stallus, stalla (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: stallr

Icelandic: stallur

Faroese: stallur

Norwegian: stall

Old Swedish: stalder

Swedish: stall

Danish: stald

→? Finnish: talla (“sole, runner”)

→? Proto-Finnic: *taloi, *talas (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-dʰló-, from *steh₂- (“to stand (up)”).


dreusaną

dreusō (active first-person indicative singular)
dreusaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dreusai (first-person indicative passive singular)
driusizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dreusaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dreus (active imperative second-person singular)
dreusazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dreusaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
driusidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dreusai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dreusadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dreusadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dreusaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dreusōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dreusaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dreusadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dreusaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dreusadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dreusamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dreusaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dreusandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dreusaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
driusid (active indicative plural second-person)
dreusaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
driusid (active imperative plural second-person)
dreusandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dreusaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dreusandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dreusain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreusandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dreusandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dreusaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
draus (active first-person indicative singular)
druzį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
draust (active indicative second-person singular)
druzīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
draus (active indicative singular third-person)
druzī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
druzū (active dual first-person indicative)
druzīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
druzudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
druzīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
druzum (active first-person indicative plural)
druzīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
druzud (active indicative plural second-person)
druzīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
druzun (active indicative plural third-person)
druzīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dreusandz (active participle present)
druzanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dreusan
Old English: drēosan
Middle English: drēsen
English: drowse
Old Saxon: driosan
Middle Low German: *drusen
Low German: drusen, drusken
Old Dutch: *driosan
⇒ Middle Dutch: druschen, druyschen
Dutch: druisen
Afrikaans: druis

Old Norse: *drjósa

Norwegian Bokmål: drysse

Norwegian Nynorsk: drjose, drysse

Old Danish: drysa

Danish: drysse

Swedish: drösa

Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽 (driusan)


dangijaną

dangijō (active first-person indicative singular)
dangijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dangijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dangīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
dangijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dangī (active imperative second-person singular)
dangijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dangijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dangīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
dangijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dangijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
dangijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dangijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dangijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
dangijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dangijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dangijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dangijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dangijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dangijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dangijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dangijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dangīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
dangijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dangīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
dangijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dangijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dangijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
dangijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dangijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
dangijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dangijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dangidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
dangidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dangidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
dangidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dangidē (active indicative singular third-person)
dangidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dangidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
dangidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dangidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dangidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dangidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
dangidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dangidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
dangidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dangidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
dangidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dangijandz (active participle present)
dangidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *dangijan
Old English: denċġan, denġan
Middle English: dingen
English: dinge
Old High German: *tengen
Middle High German: tengen

Old Norse: dengja

Icelandic: dengja

Faroese: deingja

Old Swedish: dængia

Swedish: dänga

Elfdalian: daindja

→ Proto-Samic: *tāmčëtēk (see there for further descendants)

From *dingwaną + *-janą; apparently with delabialization of -gw- caused by following what was originally a round vowel and coming before the suffix -j-.


haidraz

*haidraz (a-stem)

haidraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
haidrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
haidrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
haidrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
haidrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
haidrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
haidranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
haidranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
haidrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
haidrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
haidrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
haidrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
haidras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
haidraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
haidraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
haidraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
haidras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
haidraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
haidrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
haidraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
haidraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
haidraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
haidrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
haidraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
haidranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
haidraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
haidraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
haidraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
haidranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
haidraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
haidrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
haidraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
haidrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
haidrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
haidrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
haidrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
haidranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
haidranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
haidrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
haidrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
haidrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
haidrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
haidriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
haidranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
haidrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
haidrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
haidriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
haidranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
haidrini (dative masculine singular weak)
haidrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
haidrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
haidrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
haidrini (dative neuter singular weak)
haidrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
haidrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
haidrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
haidrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
haidrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
haidrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
haidrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *haidr
Old English: hādor, hǣdor
Old Saxon: hēdar
Old Dutch: *hēder
⇒ Old Dutch: hēderhēd
Old High German: heitar
Middle High German: heiter
Cimbrian: hòotar
German: heiter

Old Norse: heiðr

Icelandic: heiður

Faroese: heiður

Probably from unattested *haiþaną + *-raz, equivalent to *koyt-ró-s, from Proto-Indo-European *keyt- (“to shine”). Compare the zero-grade form found in Sanskrit चित्र (citrá, “bright, variegated”).


erpaz

*erpaz (a-stem)

erpaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
erpai (masculine nominative plural strong)
erpō (feminine nominative singular strong)
erpôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
erpą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
erpō (neuter nominative plural strong)
erpanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
erpanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
erpǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
erpōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
erpą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
erpō (accusative neuter plural strong)
erpas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
erpaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
erpaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
erpaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
erpas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
erpaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
erpammai (dative masculine singular strong)
erpaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
erpaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
erpaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
erpammai (dative neuter singular strong)
erpaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
erpanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
erpaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
erpaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
erpaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
erpanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
erpaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
erpô (masculine nominative singular weak)
erpaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
erpǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
erpōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
erpô (neuter nominative singular weak)
erpōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
erpanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
erpanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
erpōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
erpōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
erpô (accusative neuter singular weak)
erpōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
erpiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
erpanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
erpōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
erpōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
erpiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
erpanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
erpini (dative masculine singular weak)
erpammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
erpōni (dative feminine singular weak)
erpōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
erpini (dative neuter singular weak)
erpammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
erpinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
erpammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
erpōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
erpōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
erpinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
erpammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: eorp, earp

Old Dutch: *erpa; no direct attestations, but found in the toponym: Erpapa

Middle Dutch: only indirect descendants, e.g., erpel, the toponym Erpe (<Old Dutch Erpapa) and the patronym Erpe (<Old Dutch *Erpo)

Dutch: only indirect descendants, e.g., erpel, raaphoen, Erps-Kwerps

Old High German: erpf

Old Norse: jarpr, definite jarpi m (“the brown one; the hazel grouse”)

Icelandic: jarpur

Faroese: jarpur

Swedish: järpe c (“hazel grouse”)

desc

Norwegian: jerpe m or f (“hazel grouse”)

→ Danish: hjerpe, jærpe c (“hazel grouse”)

From Pre-Germanic *erppaz, earlier *h₁erbʰnós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erbʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀρφνός (orphnós, “dark brown”) (< o-grade *h₁orbʰnós).


swultiz

swultiz (nominative singular)
swultīz (nominative plural)
swulti (singular vocative)
swultīz (plural vocative)
swultį (accusative singular)
swultinz (accusative plural)
swultīz (genitive singular)
swultijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swultī (dative singular)
swultimaz (dative plural)
swultī (instrumental singular)
swultimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swylt

desctree

Old Norse: sultr
Icelandic: sultur
Faroese: svultur
Norwegian Nynorsk: svolt; (dialectal) svolte, svult, sult, sylt
Danish: sult
Norwegian Bokmål: sult
Gutnish: sult


dingwaną

dingwō (active first-person indicative singular)
dingwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
dingwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
dingwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
dingwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dingw (active imperative second-person singular)
dingwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
dingwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
dingwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
dingwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dingwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
dingwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
dingwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
dingwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
dingwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dingwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dingwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dingwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
dingwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
dingwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dingwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
dingwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
dingwid (active indicative plural second-person)
dingwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dingwid (active imperative plural second-person)
dingwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
dingwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
dingwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
dingwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dingwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
dingwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
dingwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
dangw (active first-person indicative singular)
dungį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
danht (active indicative second-person singular)
dungīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
dangw (active indicative singular third-person)
dungī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
dungū (active dual first-person indicative)
dungīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
dungudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
dungīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
dungum (active first-person indicative plural)
dungīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
dungud (active indicative plural second-person)
dungīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
dungun (active indicative plural third-person)
dungīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
dingwandz (active participle present)
dunganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old English: *dingan

Middle English: dingen

English: ding

Old Swedish: diunga

/ˈdiŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/

From pre-Germanic *dʰengʷʰ-, probably of onomatopoeic origin.

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


arbaz

arbaz (nominative singular)
arbōz (nominative plural)
arbōs (nominative plural)
arb (singular vocative)
arbōz (plural vocative)
arbōs (plural vocative)
arbą (accusative singular)
arbanz (accusative plural)
arbas (genitive singular)
arbis (genitive singular)
arbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
arbai (dative singular)
arbamaz (dative plural)
arbō (instrumental singular)
arbamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: arfr

PIE word
 *h₃órbʰos
From Pre-Germanic *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.
The inherited meaning "orphan" likely gave way to "worker", probably from orphans being used for forced labor by their caretakers, which is also implied by the Slavic meaning "servant, slave". In this context it is not hard to see a connection with Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz (“labor, toil”), probably through a verb *arbijaną.


dulþiz

dulþiz (nominative singular)
dulþīz (nominative plural)
dulþi (singular vocative)
dulþīz (plural vocative)
dulþį (accusative singular)
dulþinz (accusative plural)
dulþīz (genitive singular)
dulþijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
dulþī (dative singular)
dulþimaz (dative plural)
dulþī (instrumental singular)
dulþimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *dulþi

Old High German: tuld

Middle High German: tult, dult

German: Dult

Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃 (dulþs)

Uncertain. Possibly from *dwelaną + *-þiz, an early ti-stem based on the root's original meaning of "to lose one's senses".


lahaną

lahō (active first-person indicative singular)
lahaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lahai (first-person indicative passive singular)
lahizi (active indicative second-person singular)
lahaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lah (active imperative second-person singular)
lahazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
lahaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
lahidi (active indicative singular third-person)
lahai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lahadau (active imperative singular third-person)
lahadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
lahaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
lahōz (active dual first-person indicative)
lahaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lahadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lahaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lahadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
lahamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
lahaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lahandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
lahaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
lahid (active indicative plural second-person)
lahaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lahid (active imperative plural second-person)
lahandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
lahaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
lahandi (active indicative plural third-person)
lahain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lahandau (active imperative plural third-person)
lahandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
lahaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lōg (active first-person indicative singular)
lōgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lōht (active indicative second-person singular)
lōgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lōg (active indicative singular third-person)
lōgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lōgū (active dual first-person indicative)
lōgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lōgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lōgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lōgum (active first-person indicative plural)
lōgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lōgud (active indicative plural second-person)
lōgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lōgun (active indicative plural third-person)
lōgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lahandz (active participle present)
laganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *lahan
Old English: lēan
Middle English: *lēen (attested in past tense lough)
Old Saxon: lahan
Old High German: lahan

Old Norse: *lá

Icelandic: lá

⇒? Proto-Finnic: *laittadak

From Proto-Indo-European *lok-. Compare Old Irish locht (“fault, vice”).


kumbraz

kumbraz (nominative singular)
kumbrōz (nominative plural)
kumbrōs (nominative plural)
kumbr (singular vocative)
kumbrōz (plural vocative)
kumbrōs (plural vocative)
kumbrą (accusative singular)
kumbranz (accusative plural)
kumbras (genitive singular)
kumbris (genitive singular)
kumbrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kumbrai (dative singular)
kumbramaz (dative plural)
kumbrō (instrumental singular)
kumbramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: kummer

Middle Dutch: commer, comber

Dutch: kommer

Afrikaans: kommer

Middle High German: kumber, kummer

German: Kummer

Luxembourgish: Kommer

From Pre-Germanic *gm̥ros, from Proto-Indo-European *gem-. Cognate with Ancient Greek γέμω (gémō, “to be full”). An uncertain reconstruction; note that many etymologists view the given descendants as being derived from Latin or a Celtic language (see the etymology at German Kummer).


fanē

Old Frisian: fon, fan, fen

North Frisian: foon

Saterland Frisian: fon

West Frisian: fan

Old Saxon: fan, fana, fon
Middle Low German: van, von
Dutch Low Saxon: van
German Low German: van, von, vun

Old Dutch: fan
Middle Dutch: van
Dutch: van
Afrikaans: van
Berbice Creole Dutch: fan
Javindo: fan
Jersey Dutch: vān, fān, f'n
Negerhollands: van, fan, fa
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fam
Skepi Creole Dutch: fan
Limburgish: ven

Old High German: fon, fana, fona
Middle High German: von, vone
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: bon
Mòcheno: va
German: von
Luxembourgish: vun
Vilamovian: fon
Yiddish: פֿון (fun)

From Pre-Germanic *h₂poneh₁, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó, allative form of a root noun *h₂epo + *-neh₁ an ablative suffix. But see von for another theory.


kubô

kubô (nominative singular)
kubaniz (nominative plural)
kubô (singular vocative)
kubaniz (plural vocative)
kubanų (accusative singular)
kubanunz (accusative plural)
kubiniz (genitive singular)
kubanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kubini (dative singular)
kubammaz (dative plural)
kubinē (instrumental singular)
kubammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kobō

Old English: cofa

Middle English: cove

English: cove

Scots: cove

Old Frisian: *kova

Saterland Frisian: Koowe

West Frisian: kouwe, kou

Old Saxon: *kovo

Middle Low German: kōve, kōven

(German Low German: Kübbe, Kübb ?; cf. Old High German kubisi)

Old Dutch: *kovo

Middle Dutch: kove

Dutch: koof

Old High German: *kobo

Middle High German: kobe

German: Koben

Old Norse: kofi

Icelandic: kofi

Faroese: kovi

Norwegian: kove

Old Swedish: kovi

Swedish: kova, kove (dialectal), kuvi (dialectal)

Danish: kove

Uncertain. Close to Ancient Greek γῡ́πη (gū́pē, “den, hole”), possibly sharing a substrate origin, but Kroonen finds it hard to reconcile the vowels.


warhą

warhą (nominative singular)
warhō (nominative plural)
warhą (singular vocative)
warhō (plural vocative)
warhą (accusative singular)
warhō (accusative plural)
warhas (genitive singular)
warhis (genitive singular)
warhǫ̂ (genitive plural)
warhai (dative singular)
warhamaz (dative plural)
warhō (instrumental singular)
warhamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: warah

Middle High German: warch

German: Warch

Old Norse: var

Icelandic: var

Norwegian: var

Old Swedish: var

Swedish: var

From Pre-Germanic *wórkom, o-grade derivation from Proto-Indo-European *werk- (“to cry”). Compare Lithuanian verkti (“to cry”).


ferudi

Old High German:

Middle High German: vert

Alemannic German: fëret

Cimbrian: vèart, bèart (Mezzaselva)

German: fert

desctree

Old Norse: fjǫrð, fjorð, fjörð
Old Norse: í fjǫrð
Icelandic: í fyrra
Faroese: í fjør
Norwegian: i fjor
Old Swedish: fiordh
Swedish: i fjol, i fjor
Danish: i fjor

From Proto-Indo-European *peruti (“last year”), from a compound of *per (“across, on the other side”) + *uti, locative singular to *wet- (“year”). Compare Ancient Greek πέρυσι (pérusi, “last year”), Sanskrit परुत् (parut, “last year”).


draugaz

draugaz (nominative singular)
draugōz (nominative plural)
draugōs (nominative plural)
draug (singular vocative)
draugōz (plural vocative)
draugōs (plural vocative)
draugą (accusative singular)
drauganz (accusative plural)
draugas (genitive singular)
draugis (genitive singular)
draugǫ̂ (genitive plural)
draugai (dative singular)
draugamaz (dative plural)
draugō (instrumental singular)
draugamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: draugr

Icelandic: draugur

Faroese: dreygur

Norn: drog

Norwegian Bokmål: draug

Norwegian Nynorsk: draug

→? Proto-Finnic: *raukka (see there for further descendants)

→ Proto-Samic: *rāvkë (see there for further descendants)

Derived from *dreuganą (“to mislead, deceive”).

(North Germanic) apparition, ghost, delusion


drabaz

drabaz (nominative singular)
drabizō (nominative plural)
drabaz (singular vocative)
drabizō (plural vocative)
drabaz (accusative singular)
drabizō (accusative plural)
drabiziz (genitive singular)
drabizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
drabizi (dative singular)
drabizumaz (dative plural)
drabizē (instrumental singular)
drabizumiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: *dræf

Middle English: draf

English: draff

Old Dutch: draf

Middle Dutch: draf

Dutch: draf

Old High German: *trab, trebir (pl.)

Middle High German: treber

German: Treber

Old Norse: draf

Icelandic: draf

Faroese: drav

Old Swedish: draf

Swedish: drav

→ Proto-Finnic: *rapa (see there for further descendants)

An s-stem possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrobʰ-, o-grade of *dʰrebʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *droba (“sediment”) and possibly related to Ancient Greek τρέφω (tréphō, “to thicken, curdle”).
Given the lack of certain cognates, M. Philippa suspects non-IE substrate origin.


ailą

ailą (nominative singular)
ailō (nominative plural)
ailą (singular vocative)
ailō (plural vocative)
ailą (accusative singular)
ailō (accusative plural)
ailas (genitive singular)
ailis (genitive singular)
ailǫ̂ (genitive plural)
ailai (dative singular)
ailamaz (dative plural)
ailō (instrumental singular)
ailamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *ail
Old English: āl

→ Proto-Finnic: *ailas (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *aidlą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-lom, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn”).


aidiją

aidiją (nominative singular)
aidijō (nominative plural)
aidiją (singular vocative)
aidijō (plural vocative)
aidiją (accusative singular)
aidijō (accusative plural)
aidijas (genitive singular)
aidīs (genitive singular)
aidijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
aidijai (dative singular)
aidijamaz (dative plural)
aidijō (instrumental singular)
aidijamiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: eið, eiði
Icelandic: eið, eiði
Faroese: eið, eiði
Norn: ed
Norwegian Nynorsk: eid, eide
Norwegian Bokmål: eid
Old Swedish: ēþ
Swedish: ed
→ English: eid, (dialectal)

→ Proto-Samic: *ājδē

Northern Sami: áidi

Southern Sami: aejrie

Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”). Kroonen suggests nominalization of a possible gerundive *aidijaz (“passable”), from a Pre-Germanic *h₁oytyos.


drōbuz

drōbuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
drōbijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
drōbī (feminine nominative singular strong)
drōbijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
drōbų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
drōbijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
drōbijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
drōbijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
drōbijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
drōbijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
drōbų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
drōbijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
drōbijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
drōbīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
drōbijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
drōbijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
drōbijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
drōbijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
drōbīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
drōbijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
drōbijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
drōbijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
drōbijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
drōbijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
drōbijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
drōbijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
drōbijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
drōbijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
drōbijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
drōbijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
drōbijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
drōbijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
drōbijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
drōbijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
drōbijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
drōbijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
drōbijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
drōbijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
drōbijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
drōbijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
drōbijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
drōbijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
drōbijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
drōbijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
drōbīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
drōbijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
drōbijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
drōbijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
drōbīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
drōbijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
drōbīni (dative masculine singular weak)
drōbijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
drōbijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
drōbijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
drōbīni (dative neuter singular weak)
drōbijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
drōbīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
drōbijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
drōbijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
drōbijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
drōbīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
drōbijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *drōbī
Old English: drōf, *drēfe
Middle English: drof, drove, dref
English: droff (dialectal)
Old Frisian: drēve
Old Saxon: drōbi
Middle Low German: drôve
Old Dutch: *druovi
Middle Dutch: droeve
Dutch: droef
Afrikaans: droef
Old High German: truobi
Middle High German: truobe, trüebe
German: trüb, trübe
→ English: trub

Swedish: drov (dialectal)