krampô

gem-decl-noun-table

*krampô (an-stem)

krampô (nominative singular)
krampaniz (nominative plural)
krampô (singular vocative)
krampaniz (plural vocative)
krampanų (accusative singular)
krampanunz (accusative plural)
krampiniz (genitive singular)
krampanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
krampini (dative singular)
krampammaz (dative plural)
krampinē (instrumental singular)
krampammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *krampō

Old Frisian: *kramp, *kromp

Saterland Frisian: Kroamp

West Frisian: kramp

Old Saxon: krampo

Middle Low German: krampe

German Low German: Kramp

→ Danish: krampe

→ Swedish: kramp

→ Finnish: kramppi

→ Norwegian: krampe

→ Icelandic: krampa

→ German: Krampe

Old Dutch: *krampa

Middle Dutch: crampe

Dutch: kramp

Afrikaans: kramp

desc

→ Middle English: crampe, crompe (“metal bar”)

English: cramp

→ Old French: cranpe, crampe

Middle French: crampe

French: crampe

→ Middle English: crampe, craumpe (“spasm”)

Scots: cramp

English: cramp

→ Medieval Latin: crampa

→ Italian: crampo

→ Venetian: sgranfo

→ Galician: grampa

Old High German: krampfo, krampho, chrampho; chramph

Middle High German: cramph, kramph

German: Krampf

Luxembourgish: Kramp

Lombard: ranf

Gothic: 𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌼𐍀𐌰 (krampa)

→ Galician: cambra

→ Portuguese: cãibra, câimbra

→ Spanish: calambre

From Proto-Indo-European *grem- (“to bind together, unite; lap, pile, heap”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to unite, collect, forgather”).


dimmaz

*dimmaz (a-stem)

dimmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
dimmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
dimmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
dimmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
dimmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
dimmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
dimmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
dimmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
dimmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
dimmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
dimmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
dimmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
dimmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
dimmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
dimmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
dimmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
dimmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
dimmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
dimmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
dimmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
dimmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
dimmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
dimmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
dimmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
dimmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
dimmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
dimmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
dimmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
dimmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
dimmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
dimmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
dimmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
dimmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
dimmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
dimmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
dimmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
dimmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
dimmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
dimmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
dimmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
dimmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
dimmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
dimminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
dimmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
dimmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
dimmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
dimminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
dimmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
dimmini (dative masculine singular weak)
dimmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
dimmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
dimmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
dimmini (dative neuter singular weak)
dimmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
dimminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
dimmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
dimmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
dimmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
dimminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
dimmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *dimm, *dimr

Old English: dimm, dim

Middle English: dim

Scots: dim

English: dim

→ Dutch: dim

Old Frisian: dimm, dim

Old Saxon: *dimm, thimm, thim

Old High German: timbar (< *dimr < *dimzaz)

Middle High German: timber

Bavarian: dumper

German: dimper

Old Norse: dimmr

Icelandic: dimmur

Faroese: dimmur

Norwegian: dimm, dim

Danish: dim

Old Swedish: dimber

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰemH- (“to whisk, smoke, blow; dust, haze, cloud; obscure”).


druknaz

*druknaz (a-stem)

druknaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
druknai (masculine nominative plural strong)
druknō (feminine nominative singular strong)
druknôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
drukną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
druknō (neuter nominative plural strong)
druknanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
druknanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
druknǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
druknōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
drukną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
druknō (accusative neuter plural strong)
druknas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
druknaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
druknaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
druknaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
druknas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
druknaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
druknammai (dative masculine singular strong)
druknaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
druknaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
druknaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
druknammai (dative neuter singular strong)
druknaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
druknanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
druknaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
druknaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
druknaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
druknanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
druknaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
druknô (masculine nominative singular weak)
druknaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
druknǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
druknōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
druknô (neuter nominative singular weak)
druknōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
druknanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
druknanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
druknōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
druknōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
druknô (accusative neuter singular weak)
druknōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
drukniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
druknanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
druknōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
druknōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
drukniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
druknanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
druknini (dative masculine singular weak)
druknammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
druknōni (dative feminine singular weak)
druknōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
druknini (dative neuter singular weak)
druknammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
drukninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
druknammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
druknōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
druknōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
drukninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
druknammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *drukn
Old High German: trukkan, truckan, trokkan
Middle High German: trucken, trocken
German: trocken
Hunsrik: drock
Luxembourgish: dréchen (merged with *drūgī)
Yiddish: טרוקן (trukn)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerǵʰ- (“to strengthen; become hard or solid”), from *dʰer- (“to hold, hold fast, support”).


laiþaz

*laiþaz (a-stem)

laiþaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
laiþai (masculine nominative plural strong)
laiþō (feminine nominative singular strong)
laiþôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
laiþą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
laiþō (neuter nominative plural strong)
laiþanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
laiþanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
laiþǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
laiþōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
laiþą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
laiþō (accusative neuter plural strong)
laiþas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
laiþaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
laiþaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
laiþaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
laiþas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
laiþaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
laiþammai (dative masculine singular strong)
laiþaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
laiþaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
laiþaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
laiþammai (dative neuter singular strong)
laiþaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
laiþanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
laiþaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
laiþaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
laiþaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
laiþanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
laiþaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
laiþô (masculine nominative singular weak)
laiþaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
laiþǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
laiþōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
laiþô (neuter nominative singular weak)
laiþōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
laiþanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
laiþanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
laiþōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
laiþōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
laiþô (accusative neuter singular weak)
laiþōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
laiþiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
laiþanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
laiþōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
laiþōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
laiþiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
laiþanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
laiþini (dative masculine singular weak)
laiþammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
laiþōni (dative feminine singular weak)
laiþōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
laiþini (dative neuter singular weak)
laiþammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
laiþinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
laiþammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
laiþōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
laiþōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
laiþinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
laiþammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *laiþ
Old English: lāþ
Middle English: lath, loth, lothe
Scots: lathe, laith
English: loath
Scots: lothe, loith
Old Frisian: lēth
Saterland Frisian: läid
West Frisian: leed
Old Saxon: lēth
Middle Low German: lêt, leit
Low German:
Westphalian:
Münsterländisch: leed
Westmünsterländisch: leed
Old Dutch: lēth
Middle Dutch: lêet
Dutch: leed
Old High German: leid
Middle High German: leit
German: leid
Silesian: leed
→ Vulgar Latin: *laidum (see there for further descendants)

Old Norse: leiðr
Icelandic: leiður
Faroese: leiður
Norwegian: leid, led
Old Swedish: lēþer
Swedish: led
Old Danish: lēth
Danish: led
Elfdalian: lieð
Gutnish: laidar
Scanian: leðer

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leytos (“abhorrence, loath”), from *h₂leyt- (“to do something hateful, abhorrent”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *lissus (“abhorrence”) (compare Old Irish lius, liuss (“loathing, disgust”)), Ancient Greek ἀλιτρός (alitrós, “sinful, wicked”).


truzlą

truzlą (nominative singular)
truzlō (nominative plural)
truzlą (singular vocative)
truzlō (plural vocative)
truzlą (accusative singular)
truzlō (accusative plural)
truzlas (genitive singular)
truzlis (genitive singular)
truzlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
truzlai (dative singular)
truzlamaz (dative plural)
truzlō (instrumental singular)
truzlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *trollo

Middle High German: *trolle (attested early 15th c.)

q

German: Troll, Trull, Trulle, Droll (dialectal; modern word chiefly from Norse)

⇒ German: Trulla

Old Norse: troll, trǫll

Icelandic: tröll

Faroese: trøll

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: troll; (dialectal) trøll

Norwegian Bokmål: troll

Old Swedish: trol, trul

Swedish: troll

→ French: troll, trollon

Scanian: trøll

Danish: trold

→ German: Troll (influenced by dialectal word above)

→ English: troll; trollop

→ Middle Low German: *drolle

Low German: droll

→ German: Droll

→ Middle Dutch: drolle, drol

Dutch: drol

→ Old French: drolle, draule

Middle French: drolle

French: drôle

→ English: droll

→ Dutch: trol; troel

Probably from *trudaną (“to tread, step on”) + *-ilą (agent suffix).

af

a supernatural being; demon; fiend; giant; monster


skamō

skamō (nominative singular)
skamôz (nominative plural)
skamō (singular vocative)
skamôz (plural vocative)
skamǭ (accusative singular)
skamōz (accusative plural)
skamōz (genitive singular)
skamǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skamōi (dative singular)
skamōmaz (dative plural)
skamō (instrumental singular)
skamōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skamu
Old English: sċamu, sċeamu, sċomu, sċeomu
Middle English: schame, schome
Scots: scham, schame
English: shame
Old Frisian: skame, scome, skome
Saterland Frisian: scame; (Skoomte)
(West Frisian: skamte)
Old Saxon: skama
Middle Low German: schame, scham
Low German: Schaam; (Schaamd)
Old Dutch: scama
Middle Dutch: schāme
Dutch: schaam (obsolete)
Old High German: scama
Middle High German: schame
German: Scham
Hunsrik: Schaam

Old Norse: skǫmm

Icelandic: skömm

Faroese: skomm

Norwegian Bokmål: skam

Norwegian Nynorsk: skam

Old Swedish: skam

Swedish: skam

Old Danish: skam

Danish: skam

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌼𐌰 (skama)

Uncertain, but probably from pre-Germanic *skh₃méh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“dark(ness)”) + *-méh₂. Related to Proto-Germanic *skandō.

Brill Publishers
Germanic parent language


tanhuz

tanhuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
tanhijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
tanhī (feminine nominative singular strong)
tanhijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
tanhų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
tanhijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
tanhijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
tanhijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
tanhijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
tanhijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
tanhų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
tanhijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
tanhijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
tanhīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
tanhijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
tanhijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
tanhijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
tanhijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
tanhīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
tanhijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
tanhijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
tanhijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
tanhijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
tanhijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
tanhijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
tanhijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
tanhijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
tanhijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
tanhijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
tanhijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
tanhijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
tanhijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
tanhijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
tanhijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
tanhijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
tanhijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
tanhijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
tanhijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
tanhijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
tanhijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
tanhijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
tanhijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
tanhijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
tanhijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
tanhīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
tanhijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
tanhijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
tanhijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
tanhīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
tanhijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
tanhīni (dative masculine singular weak)
tanhijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
tanhijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
tanhijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
tanhīni (dative neuter singular weak)
tanhijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
tanhīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
tanhijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
tanhijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
tanhijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
tanhīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
tanhijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *tą̄h(ī)
Old English: tōh
Middle English: toȝ, tou, towgh, tough
Scots: teuch
English: tough
→ Swedish: tuff
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tøff
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tøff
Old Frisian: *tāi
North Frisian: toi
Saterland Frisian: toai
West Frisian: taai
Old Saxon: *tāh, *tāhi
Middle Low German: tā, taie, tēge, teie
Low German: taa, taë, tage, taag
German Low German: taai
Old Dutch: *tāi
Middle Dutch: tâie, tây, tâey
Dutch: taai
Afrikaans: taai
Old High German: zāh, zāhi
Middle High German: zāch, zǣhe, zǣh, zǣch
German: zähe, zäh
Bavarian: zach (pronounced [tsaːx])
Luxembourgish: zéi

From Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).

holding together; clinging; sticky; tenacious; tough


smiþjǭ

smiþjǭ (nominative singular)
smiþjōniz (nominative plural)
smiþjǭ (singular vocative)
smiþjōniz (plural vocative)
smiþjōnų (accusative singular)
smiþjōnunz (accusative plural)
smiþjōniz (genitive singular)
smiþjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smiþjōni (dative singular)
smiþjōmaz (dative plural)
smiþjōnē (instrumental singular)
smiþjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smiþþe

Middle English: smythe

English: smithe (obsolete)

Old Frisian: smithe, smitte

Old Dutch: *smiththa

Middle Dutch: smisse, smitse

Dutch: smidse

desc

Old High German: smiththa, smidda, smitta

German: Schmiede

Luxembourgish: Schmëdd

Old Norse: smiðja

Icelandic: smiðja

Faroese: smiðja

Norwegian Nynorsk: smia, smie, smidja, smidje, smidju

Norwegian Bokmål: smie

Old Swedish: smiþia

Swedish: smedja

Danish: smedje

→ Middle English: smythy

English: smithy

Scots: smiddy, smiddie


smiþōną

smiþō (active first-person indicative singular)
smiþǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
smiþōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
smiþōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smiþō (active imperative second-person singular)
smiþōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
smiþōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
smiþō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smiþōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
smiþōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
smiþōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
smiþōs (active dual first-person indicative)
smiþōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smiþōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smiþōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smiþōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
smiþōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
smiþōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smiþōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
smiþōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
smiþōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
smiþōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiþōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
smiþōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
smiþōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
smiþōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
smiþōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smiþōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
smiþōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
smiþōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
smiþōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
smiþōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
smiþōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
smiþōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
smiþōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
smiþōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
smiþōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
smiþōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
smiþōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
smiþōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
smiþōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
smiþōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
smiþōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
smiþōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
smiþōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
smiþōndz (active participle present)
smiþōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *smiþōn
Old English: smiþian
Middle English: smythen
English: smith
Old Saxon: smithōn
Middle Low German: smēden
Old Dutch: smithon
Middle Dutch: smēden
Dutch: smeden
Afrikaans: smee, smeed
Limburgish: smeide, smieëde
Old High German: smidōn
Middle High German: smiden
German: schmieden
Luxembourgish: schmidden

Gothic: *𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 (*smiþōn) (attested in 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌼𐌹𐌸𐍉𐌽 (gasmiþōn))

Old Norse: smíða
Faroese: smíða
Icelandic: smíða
Norwegian Bokmål: smi
Norwegian Nynorsk: smi, smida, smide
Swedish: smida
Danish: smede


skautaz

skautaz (nominative singular)
skautōz (nominative plural)
skautōs (nominative plural)
skaut (singular vocative)
skautōz (plural vocative)
skautōs (plural vocative)
skautą (accusative singular)
skautanz (accusative plural)
skautas (genitive singular)
skautis (genitive singular)
skautǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skautai (dative singular)
skautamaz (dative plural)
skautō (instrumental singular)
skautamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: sċēat; sċēata; *sċīete, *sċȳte, *sċīte, sċēte

Middle English: scheat; schete

Scots: schete, scheit, sheat, sheet

English: sheet

→ Swazi: lishidi

Old Frisian: scāt, skāt, schāt

North Frisian: skut

Saterland Frisian: Skoote

West Frisian: skoat

Old Saxon: *skōt

Middle Low German: schôt; schôte

German Low German: Schoot

→ German: Schot

→ Swedish: skot

Old Dutch: *skōt; skōta (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: scoot, schoot

Dutch: schoot

Old High German: scōzo
Middle High German: schoz, schōze
German: Schoß
Luxembourgish: Schouss
Yiddish: שויס (shoys)

Old Norse: skaut

Icelandic: skaut

Norwegian: skot, skaut

Old Swedish: skø̄t

Swedish: sköt, sköte

Danish: skød; skøde

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (skauts), 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄 (skaut) (?)

→ Proto-Slavic: *skutъ

Serbo-Croatian: skȗt/ску̑т

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to throw, shoot, pursue, rush”), whence *skeutaną (“to shoot”); cognate with Proto-Slavic *kỳdati (“to fling”), Sanskrit चोदति (códati, “to impel”). The semantic development would be “to shoot out” > “to jut out” > “projection, edge”.

der

the corner of a piece of cloth or garment: lap, flap, fold

(nautical) a line from the foot of a sail


kribjǭ

kribjǭ (nominative singular)
kribjōniz (nominative plural)
kribjǭ (singular vocative)
kribjōniz (plural vocative)
kribjōnų (accusative singular)
kribjōnunz (accusative plural)
kribjōniz (genitive singular)
kribjōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kribjōni (dative singular)
kribjōmaz (dative plural)
kribjōnē (instrumental singular)
kribjōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kribbjā, *krippjā

Old English: cribb, crybb, crib, cryb

Middle English: cribbe, crib

English: crib

Scots: crib, cryb

Old Frisian: kribbe

Saterland Frisian: Kräbbe, Krääb, Krääf

West Frisian: krêbe

Old Saxon: kribbia

Middle Low German: kribbe, krübbe

German Low German: Krübbe, Krübb

Low German: kribbe, krubbe

→ German: Kribbe

Old Dutch: kribba

Middle Dutch: cribbe

Dutch: kribbe, krib

Afrikaans: krip

→ Latin: *creppea, *creppia (via Frankish)

⇒ Late Latin: cripia (see there for further descendants)

desc

Old High German: crippea, crippa, kribba, krippa; chripfa, krippha, kripfa, kripha

Middle High German: krippe; kripfe

Central Franconian: Krepp

Hunsrik: Kripp

Luxembourgish: Krëpp

German: Krippe

Rhine Franconian: Kripp

Frankfurterisch: IPA [kʀip]

South Franconian: Kripf

Old Norse: krubba

Danish: krybbe

Faroese: krubba

Icelandic: krubba

Norwegian: krybbe

Swedish: krubba

From *krebô, from Proto-Indo-European *grebʰ-, *gerbʰ- (“bunch, bundle, tuft, clump”), from *ger- (“to turn, twist”).

a wickerwork; crate; wooden trough; manger


skīdą

skīdą (nominative singular)
skīdō (nominative plural)
skīdą (singular vocative)
skīdō (plural vocative)
skīdą (accusative singular)
skīdō (accusative plural)
skīdas (genitive singular)
skīdis (genitive singular)
skīdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skīdai (dative singular)
skīdamaz (dative plural)
skīdō (instrumental singular)
skīdamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *skīd
Old English: sċīd
Middle English: schyd, chyde, scheyde, schide, schudde, schyde, schyyd, shide, shyde, syde, szhide, sid, scid (Early Middle English)
English: shide (obsolete)
Middle Scots: schide, schyde
Old Frisian: skīd
North Frisian: skeid
Old Saxon: *skīd
Middle Low German: schît
Old Dutch: *skīd
Middle Dutch: *schijt
Dutch: schijd (East Flemish)
→ French: skęt, hète; skète, équette
Old High German: skīt
Middle High German: schīt
German: Scheit
Luxembourgish: Schäit, Scheet

Old Norse: skíð
Icelandic: skíð
Faroese: skíð
Norwegian: skid, ski (see there for further descendants)
→ Danish: ski
Norwegian Bokmål: ski
Old Swedish: skīdh n; skīþa f
Swedish: skid; skida
→ Middle English: *skid
English: skid, skeed

From Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to split”).


swerkaną

swerkō (active first-person indicative singular)
swerkaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swerkai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swirkizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swerkaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swerk (active imperative second-person singular)
swerkazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swerkaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swirkidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swerkai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swerkadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swerkadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swerkaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swerkōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swerkaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swerkadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swerkaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swerkadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swerkamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swerkaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swerkandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swerkaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swirkid (active indicative plural second-person)
swerkaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swirkid (active imperative plural second-person)
swerkandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swerkaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swerkandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swerkain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerkandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swerkandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swerkaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swark (active first-person indicative singular)
swurkį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swarht (active indicative second-person singular)
swurkīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swark (active indicative singular third-person)
swurkī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swurkū (active dual first-person indicative)
swurkīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swurkudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swurkīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swurkum (active first-person indicative plural)
swurkīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swurkud (active indicative plural second-person)
swurkīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swurkun (active indicative plural third-person)
swurkīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swerkandz (active participle present)
swurkanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swerkan
Old English: sweorcan
Middle English: *swerken, swærken; swurken (ppl)
Old Frisian: swerka
Old Saxon: swerkan
Middle Low German: swerken
Low German: swerken, schwerken
Old Dutch: *swerkan
Middle Dutch: swerken
Old High German: swerchan


lasiwaz

*lasiwaz (a-stem)

lasiwaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
lasiwai (masculine nominative plural strong)
lasiwō (feminine nominative singular strong)
lasiwôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
lasiwą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
lasiwō (neuter nominative plural strong)
lasiwanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
lasiwanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
lasiwǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
lasiwōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
lasiwą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
lasiwō (accusative neuter plural strong)
lasiwas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
lasiwaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
lasiwaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
lasiwaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
lasiwas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
lasiwaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
lasiwammai (dative masculine singular strong)
lasiwaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
lasiwaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
lasiwaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
lasiwammai (dative neuter singular strong)
lasiwaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
lasiwanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
lasiwaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
lasiwaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
lasiwaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
lasiwanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
lasiwaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
lasiwô (masculine nominative singular weak)
lasiwaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
lasiwǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
lasiwōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
lasiwô (neuter nominative singular weak)
lasiwōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
lasiwanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
lasiwanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
lasiwōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
lasiwōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
lasiwô (accusative neuter singular weak)
lasiwōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
lasiwiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
lasiwanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
lasiwōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
lasiwōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
lasiwiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
lasiwanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
lasiwini (dative masculine singular weak)
lasiwammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
lasiwōni (dative feminine singular weak)
lasiwōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
lasiwini (dative neuter singular weak)
lasiwammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
lasiwinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
lasiwammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
lasiwōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
lasiwōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
lasiwinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
lasiwammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: lesu, *liesu, lysu; lyswen, lyssen

Old High German: *leso; *leswēn, *irleswēn

Middle High German: erleswen

Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐍃𐌹𐍅𐍃 (lasiws)

From Proto-Indo-European *leh₁s- (“limp, weak”).


raupijaną

raupijō (active first-person indicative singular)
raupijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raupijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
raupīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raupijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raupī (active imperative second-person singular)
raupijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raupijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raupīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raupijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raupijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raupijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raupijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raupijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raupijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raupijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raupijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raupijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raupijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raupijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raupijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raupijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raupīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raupijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raupīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raupijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raupijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raupijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raupijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raupijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raupijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raupijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raupidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raupidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raupidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raupidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raupidē (active indicative singular third-person)
raupidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raupidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raupidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raupidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raupidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raupidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raupidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raupidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raupidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raupidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raupidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raupijandz (active participle present)
raupidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raupijan
Old English: rīepan, rȳpan (“to rip, tear; pillage, plunder”)
Middle English: ripen, rupen, rippen, rypen
Old Saxon: *rōpian
Middle Low German: rôpen
German Low German: röpen
Old Dutch: *roupen, *rōpen
Middle Dutch: ropen
Dutch: ropen (dialectal)
Old High German: roufen, rouffen
Middle High German: roufen, röufen, reufen
German: raufen

Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raupjan, “to pluck, rip”)
→ Old Galician-Portuguese: roupa
Galician: roupa
Portuguese: roupa
→ Spanish: ropa

From the same Proto-Indo-European root as *reufaną (“to tear, rip, pluck”).


kīmô

kīmô (nominative singular)
kīmaniz (nominative plural)
kīmô (singular vocative)
kīmaniz (plural vocative)
kīmanų (accusative singular)
kīmanunz (accusative plural)
kīminiz (genitive singular)
kīmanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kīmini (dative singular)
kīmammaz (dative plural)
kīminē (instrumental singular)
kīmammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kīmō; *kīm

Old Saxon: kīmo

Middle Low German: kîme, kîne

German Low German: Kiem, Kien

→ Middle Dutch: kieme

Dutch: kiem

→ West Frisian: kym, kjim

→ Saterland Frisian: Kien

Old Dutch: kīmo

Middle Dutch: kyme

Old High German: kīmo

Middle High German: kīme

German: Keim

Luxembourgish: Kéng

From Proto-Indo-European *ģiH-mon-, related to *kī- (“to split open, germinate, sprout”). More at *kīnaną.


swīkwaną

swīkwō (active first-person indicative singular)
swīkwaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swīkwai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swīkwizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swīkwaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swīkw (active imperative second-person singular)
swīkwazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swīkwaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swīkwidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swīkwai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swīkwadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swīkwadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swīkwaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swīkwōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swīkwaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swīkwadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swīkwaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swīkwadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swīkwamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swīkwaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swīkwandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swīkwaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swīkwid (active indicative plural second-person)
swīkwaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swīkwid (active imperative plural second-person)
swīkwandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swīkwaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swīkwandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swīkwain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swīkwandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swīkwandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swīkwaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swaikw (active first-person indicative singular)
swikwį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swaiht (active indicative second-person singular)
swikwīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swaikw (active indicative singular third-person)
swikwī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swikwū (active dual first-person indicative)
swikwīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swikwudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swikwīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swikwum (active first-person indicative plural)
swikwīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swikwud (active indicative plural second-person)
swikwīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swikwun (active indicative plural third-person)
swikwīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swīkwandz (active participle present)
swikwanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swīkwan
Old English: swīcan
Middle English: swiken
Scots: swike, swyk
English: swike
Old Frisian: swīka
Old Saxon: swīkan
Middle Low German: swīken
Old Dutch: *swīcan
Middle Dutch: swiken
Dutch: zwijken
Limburgish: zwieke
Old High German: swīhhan, swīchan
Middle High German: swīchen

Old Norse: svíkja, svíkva, sýkva
Icelandic: svíkja
Faroese: svíkja
Norwegian Nynorsk: svika, svike
Old Swedish: svīkia
Swedish: svika
Danish: svige

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyg- (“to turn, move around, wander, swing”).

der

to move out of the way; dodge; swerve; avoid; shun


limpaną

limpō (active first-person indicative singular)
limpaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
limpai (first-person indicative passive singular)
limpizi (active indicative second-person singular)
limpaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
limp (active imperative second-person singular)
limpazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
limpaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
limpidi (active indicative singular third-person)
limpai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
limpadau (active imperative singular third-person)
limpadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
limpaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
limpōz (active dual first-person indicative)
limpaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
limpadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
limpaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
limpadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
limpamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
limpaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
limpandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
limpaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
limpid (active indicative plural second-person)
limpaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
limpid (active imperative plural second-person)
limpandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
limpaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
limpandi (active indicative plural third-person)
limpain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
limpandau (active imperative plural third-person)
limpandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
limpaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
lamp (active first-person indicative singular)
lumpį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lamft (active indicative second-person singular)
lumpīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lamp (active indicative singular third-person)
lumpī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lumpū (active dual first-person indicative)
lumpīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
lumpudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
lumpīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
lumpum (active first-person indicative plural)
lumpīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lumpud (active indicative plural second-person)
lumpīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lumpun (active indicative plural third-person)
lumpīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
limpandz (active participle present)
lumpanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *limpan
Old English: limpan
Middle English: lympen, limpen
Scots: limp
English: limp
Old Frisian: limpa
Old Saxon: limpan
Middle Low German: limpen
Low German: limpen, gelimpen
Old High German: limpfan, limphan
Middle High German: limpfen, limfen

Old Norse: limpa

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)lembʰ- (“to hang limply”).


kerbaną

kerbō (active first-person indicative singular)
kerbaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
kerbai (first-person indicative passive singular)
kirbizi (active indicative second-person singular)
kerbaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
kerb (active imperative second-person singular)
kerbazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
kerbaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
kirbidi (active indicative singular third-person)
kerbai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kerbadau (active imperative singular third-person)
kerbadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
kerbaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
kerbōz (active dual first-person indicative)
kerbaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kerbadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kerbaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kerbadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
kerbamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
kerbaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kerbandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
kerbaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
kirbid (active indicative plural second-person)
kerbaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kirbid (active imperative plural second-person)
kerbandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
kerbaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
kerbandi (active indicative plural third-person)
kerbain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kerbandau (active imperative plural third-person)
kerbandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
kerbaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
karb (active first-person indicative singular)
kurbį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
karft (active indicative second-person singular)
kurbīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
karb (active indicative singular third-person)
kurbī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
kurbū (active dual first-person indicative)
kurbīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
kurbudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
kurbīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
kurbum (active first-person indicative plural)
kurbīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
kurbud (active indicative plural second-person)
kurbīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
kurbun (active indicative plural third-person)
kurbīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
kerbandz (active participle present)
kurbanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kerban
Old English: ceorfan
Middle English: cherven
Middle English: kerven, carve, carven, cerven, karven, kerve, kirven, kyrvyn, ceorfan, ceorfæn, keorven (Early Middle English)
English: carve
Scots: cairve, kerve, kerf, carf
Old Frisian: kerva
North Frisian: karve
Saterland Frisian: käärwje
West Frisian: kerve
Old Saxon: kervan
Middle Low German: kerven, karven
Low German: karven
→ Danish: karve
→ Swedish: karva
→ Norwegian: karve
Old Dutch: *kervan
Middle Dutch: kerven
Dutch: kerven
Old High German: kerban
Middle High German: kërben
Alemannic German: chërbe, kërbe
German: kerben
East Franconian: kerwe
Vilamovian: karwa
Yiddish: קאַרבן (karbn)
→ Polish: karbować

From Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to scratch”).


winnaną

winnō (active first-person indicative singular)
winnaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
winnai (first-person indicative passive singular)
winnizi (active indicative second-person singular)
winnaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
winn (active imperative second-person singular)
winnazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
winnaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
winnidi (active indicative singular third-person)
winnai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
winnadau (active imperative singular third-person)
winnadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
winnaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
winnōz (active dual first-person indicative)
winnaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
winnadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
winnaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
winnadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
winnamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
winnaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
winnandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
winnaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
winnid (active indicative plural second-person)
winnaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
winnid (active imperative plural second-person)
winnandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
winnaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
winnandi (active indicative plural third-person)
winnain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
winnandau (active imperative plural third-person)
winnandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
winnaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
wann (active first-person indicative singular)
wunnį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
wannt (active indicative second-person singular)
wunnīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
wann (active indicative singular third-person)
wunnī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
wunnū (active dual first-person indicative)
wunnīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
wunnudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
wunnīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
wunnum (active first-person indicative plural)
wunnīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
wunnud (active indicative plural second-person)
wunnīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
wunnun (active indicative plural third-person)
wunnīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
winnandz (active participle present)
wunnanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *winnan
Old English: winnan
Middle English: winnen
English: win
Scots: win
Old Frisian: winna
Saterland Frisian: winne
West Frisian: winne
Old Saxon: winnan
Middle Low German: winnen
Low German: winnen
Old Dutch: winnan
Middle Dutch: winnen
Dutch: winnen
Afrikaans: wen, win
Berbice Creole Dutch: won
Negerhollands: win, wind
→ Sranan Tongo: wini
→ Caribbean Javanese: wini
→ Kari'na: winimary
Limburgish: winne
Old High German: winnan
Middle High German: winnen

Old Norse: vinna
Icelandic: vinna
Faroese: vinna
Norwegian: vinne
Old Swedish: vinna
Swedish: vinna; vinne (dialectal)
Old Danish: winnæ
Danish: vinde

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (winnan)

From Proto-Indo-European *wen-. But see Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁-.


hratōną

hratō (active first-person indicative singular)
hratǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hratōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
hratōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
hratōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hratō (active imperative second-person singular)
hratōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hratōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hratōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hratō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hratōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hratōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hratōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hratōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hratōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hratōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hratōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hratōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hratōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hratōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hratōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hratōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hratōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hratōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hratōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hratōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hratōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hratōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hratōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hratōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hratōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hratōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hratōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hratōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hratōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hratōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hratōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
hratōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hratōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hratōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hratōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hratōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hratōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hratōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hratōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hratōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hratōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hratōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hratōndz (active participle present)
hratōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *hratōn

Old English: hratian; (*hrætelian, *hrætlian)

(Middle English: ratelen)

(English: rattle)

(Old Saxon: *hratlōn)

(Middle Low German: rettelen, *retelen, *ratelen, *rateren)

(Low German: rateln, ratern)

(→ German: rattern)

(Old Dutch: *ratelon)

(Middle Dutch: ratelen)

(Dutch: ratelen)

Old High German: *razzōn

Middle High German: razzen; (razzeln)

(German: rasseln)

Old Norse: hrata

Icelandic: hrata

Norwegian Nynorsk: rata, rate

Swedish: rata

→ Middle English: raten

English: rate; berate

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)krad-, *(s)kerd- (“to move, swing, spring”).


bandiz

bandiz (nominative singular)
bandīz (nominative plural)
bandi (singular vocative)
bandīz (plural vocative)
bandį (accusative singular)
bandinz (accusative plural)
bandīz (genitive singular)
bandijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
bandī (dative singular)
bandimaz (dative plural)
bandī (instrumental singular)
bandimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: bænd, bend

Middle English: band
English: band, bend, bond
Scots: band, bend

Old Frisian: bende

Saterland Frisian: Bend

Old Saxon: bendi

Frankish: *bend

Old Dutch: bende

→ Vulgar Latin: *benda

Italian: benda

Old French: bende, bande

Middle French: bande

French: bande
→ Portuguese: banda
→ Turkish: bant

→ Middle English: bande

English: band

→ Middle Dutch: bende

Dutch: bende

→ Galician: banda

Occitan: benda

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese: venda

Portuguese: venda

Galician: venda

Spanish: venda

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie; bond, band”).


geraz

*geraz (a-stem)

geraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
gerai (masculine nominative plural strong)
gerō (feminine nominative singular strong)
gerôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
gerą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
gerō (neuter nominative plural strong)
geranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
geranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
gerǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
gerōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
gerą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
gerō (accusative neuter plural strong)
geras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
geraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
geraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
geraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
geras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
geraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
gerammai (dative masculine singular strong)
geraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
geraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
geraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
gerammai (dative neuter singular strong)
geraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
geranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
geraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
geraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
geraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
geranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
geraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
gerô (masculine nominative singular weak)
geraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
gerǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
gerōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
gerô (neuter nominative singular weak)
gerōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
geranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
geranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
gerōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
gerōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
gerô (accusative neuter singular weak)
gerōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
geriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
geranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
gerōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
gerōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
geriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
geranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
gerini (dative masculine singular weak)
gerammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
gerōni (dative feminine singular weak)
gerōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
gerini (dative neuter singular weak)
gerammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
gerinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
gerammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
gerōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
gerōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
gerinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
gerammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *ger

Old High German: ger, giri

Old Norse: gerr

Icelandic: ger

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjer

⇒ Old Norse: Geri

→ Icelandic: Geri

→ Faroese: Geri

→ Norwegian: Gjere

→ Swedish: Gere

→ Danish: Gere


bausuz

bausuz (masculine nominative singular strong)
bausijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
bausī (feminine nominative singular strong)
bausijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
bausų (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
bausijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
bausijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
bausijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
bausijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
bausijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
bausų (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
bausijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
bausijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
bausīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
bausijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
bausijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
bausijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
bausijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
bausīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
bausijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
bausijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
bausijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
bausijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
bausijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
bausijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
bausijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
bausijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
bausijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
bausijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
bausijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
bausijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
bausijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
bausijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
bausijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
bausijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
bausijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
bausijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
bausijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
bausijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
bausijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
bausijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
bausijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
bausijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
bausijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
bausīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
bausijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
bausijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
bausijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
bausīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
bausijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
bausīni (dative masculine singular weak)
bausijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
bausijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
bausijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
bausīni (dative neuter singular weak)
bausijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
bausīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
bausijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
bausijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
bausijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
bausīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
bausijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *bausī
Old Saxon: bōsi
Middle Low German: bōse
German Low German: böös
→ Old Frisian: bose
West Frisian: boas, boase
Old Dutch: bōsi
Middle Dutch: bôse
Dutch: boos
Afrikaans: boos
Old High German: bōsi, pōsi
Middle High German: bōse
Alemannic German: bös
Swabian: béés, béas
Bavarian: bees
Cimbrian: pöoze
German: böse
Luxembourgish: béis
Yiddish: בייז (beyz)
→ Vulgar Latin: *bausia, *bosius, *bōsia
Old French: boise, boisie
→ Middle High German: posse
German: Posse
→ Middle Low German: bosse, bōtze
Old Occitan: bauzia
Occitan: bauze; bauzia; bauzar
→ Italian: bugia; bugiare; bugiardo
→ English: bugiard

>? Old Norse: *bauss, *beyss

Norwegian: baus; bos, bys

→ Middle English: bosten

English: boast

Scots: bost, boist

→ Old French: bost

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bew- (“to blow, inflate, swell”).


faihaz

*faihaz (a-stem)

faihaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
faihai (masculine nominative plural strong)
faihō (feminine nominative singular strong)
faihôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
faihą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
faihō (neuter nominative plural strong)
faihanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
faihanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
faihǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
faihōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
faihą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
faihō (accusative neuter plural strong)
faihas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
faihaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
faihaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
faihaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
faihas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
faihaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
faihammai (dative masculine singular strong)
faihaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
faihaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
faihaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
faihammai (dative neuter singular strong)
faihaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
faihanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
faihaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
faihaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
faihaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
faihanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
faihaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
faihô (masculine nominative singular weak)
faihaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
faihǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
faihōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
faihô (neuter nominative singular weak)
faihōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
faihanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
faihanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
faihōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
faihōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
faihô (accusative neuter singular weak)
faihōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
faihiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
faihanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
faihōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
faihōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
faihiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
faihanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
faihini (dative masculine singular weak)
faihammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
faihōni (dative feminine singular weak)
faihōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
faihini (dative neuter singular weak)
faihammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
faihinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
faihammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
faihōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
faihōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
faihinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
faihammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *faih
Old English: fāh, fāg
Middle English: fou, fāh, fow, foȝ, fawe
Scots: faw
Old Saxon: fēh
Middle Low German: *vê (in compound vêwerk, veewerk)
Old High German: fēh
Middle High German: vēch, vēhe, vē
German: Feh; (obsolete) fech, feh

Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (*faihs) (in 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 (filufaihs))

From Proto-Indo-European *póyḱos, from *peyḱ- (“to mark, color, decorate, embroider”).


faihaz

*faihaz (a-stem)

Proto-West Germanic: *faih
Old English: fāh
Middle English: fo
English: foe
Old Frisian: fāch
Old Dutch: *fēh, *gifēh
Middle Dutch: vêe, gevêe
Old High German: gifēh
Middle High German: gevēch, gevē

From Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to be angry, hostile, evil; enemy”).


spurą

spurą (nominative singular)
spurō (nominative plural)
spurą (singular vocative)
spurō (plural vocative)
spurą (accusative singular)
spurō (accusative plural)
spuras (genitive singular)
spuris (genitive singular)
spurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
spurai (dative singular)
spuramaz (dative plural)
spurō (instrumental singular)
spuramiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: spor
Middle English: spore, spurre

Old Frisian: *spor

Saterland Frisian: Spour, Spuur

West Frisian: spoar

Old Saxon: spor

Middle Low German: spōr

German Low German: Spoor

Plautdietsch: Spoor

Old Dutch: spor

Middle Dutch: spor, spoor

Dutch: spoor
Afrikaans: spoor
→ English: spoor
→ Fanagalo: spor
→ Zulu: sipolo
Jersey Dutch: spôr
Negerhollands: spoor
Petjo: sepoor
→ Caribbean Javanese: sepur
→ Indonesian: sepur (“railway track”)
→ Javanese: ꦱꦼꦥꦸꦂ (sepur)
→ Indonesian: sepur (“train”) (semantic loan)
→ Papiamentu: spor

Old High German: spor

Middle High German: spor, spur

Central Franconian:

Hunsrik: Spoer

German: Spur

Luxembourgish: Spuer

⇒ Alemannic German: Gespur

Old Norse: spor

Icelandic: spor

Norwegian: spor

Old Swedish: spor

Swedish: spår

Danish: spor

From Pre-Germanic *spr̥Hom, derived from or related to *spurnaną (“to kick”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to trample”).


westrōnijaz

*westrōnijaz (ja-stem)

westrōnijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
westrōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
westrōnijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
westrōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
westrōniją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
westrōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
westrōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
westrōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
westrōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
westrōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
westrōniją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
westrōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
westrōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
westrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
westrōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
westrōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
westrōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
westrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
westrōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
westrōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
westrōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
westrōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
westrōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
westrōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
westrōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
westrōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
westrōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
westrōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
westrōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
westrōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
westrōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
westrōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
westrōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
westrōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
westrōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
westrōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
westrōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
westrōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
westrōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
westrōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
westrōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
westrōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
westrōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
westrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
westrōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
westrōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
westrōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
westrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
westrōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
westrōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
westrōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
westrōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
westrōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
westrōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
westrōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
westrōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
westrōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
westrōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
westrōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
westrōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *westrōnī
Old English: westerne
Middle English: westerne, western, westeren, westrene, westryn, westeryn
English: western
Scots: wastren
Old Saxon: westrōni
Old High German: westrōni

Old Norse: vestrǿnn, vestrœnn
Icelandic: vestrænn
Norwegian Nynorsk: vestrøn
Icelandic: vestrænn
Norwegian Nynorsk: vestrøn


rēdaz

rēdaz (nominative singular)
rēdōz (nominative plural)
rēdōs (nominative plural)
rēd (singular vocative)
rēdōz (plural vocative)
rēdōs (plural vocative)
rēdą (accusative singular)
rēdanz (accusative plural)
rēdas (genitive singular)
rēdis (genitive singular)
rēdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
rēdai (dative singular)
rēdamaz (dative plural)
rēdō (instrumental singular)
rēdamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *rād m
Old English: rǣd, rēd — Anglian
Middle English: red, ræd, rede, reed
English: rede
Scots: rede
Old Frisian: rēd
Saterland Frisian: Räid
West Frisian: ried, rie
Old Saxon: rād
Middle Low German: rât
German Low German: Raad
Old Dutch: rāt
Middle Dutch: raet
Dutch: raad
Afrikaans: raad
Negerhollands: raad, raed
→ Aukan: lai
→ Caribbean Hindustani: rái
→ Indonesian: rad
Old High German: rāt
Middle High German: rāt
German: Rat
Luxembourgish: Rot
Yiddish: ראָט (rot)
→ Old Czech: rada
Czech: rada
→ Old Polish: rada
Polish: rada
→ English: rada
→ Kashubian: rada
→ Slovincian: rada
Silesian: rada
→ Old East Slavic: ра́да (ráda)
Old Ruthenian: ра́да (ráda)
Belarusian: ра́да (ráda)
Ukrainian: ра́да (ráda)
Carpathian Rusyn: ра́да (ráda)
Russian: ра́да (ráda)

Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ m (*radaʀ /*rādaʀ/)

desc

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ m (frawaradaʀ /Frawarādaʀ/, personal name)

⇒ Proto-Norse: *ᚱᚨᛞᚨ n (*rada /*rāda/)

desctree

Old Norse: ráð n
Icelandic: ráð
Faroese: ráð
Norwegian Bokmål: råd
Jamtish: raoð
Old Swedish: rāþ
Swedish: råd
→ Finnish: raati
Old Danish: rath
Danish: råd
Old Gutnish: raþ

East Germanic:

⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌱𐌰 (garēdaba)

Vandalic: *rith
→⇒? Galician: adrede
→⇒? Portuguese: adrede
→⇒? Spanish: adrede
→⇒? Vulgar Latin: *arredō
Portuguese: arrear
Spanish: arrear

From Proto-Indo-European *Hréh₁dʰos, from *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange”).


sunþrōnijaz

*sunþrōnijaz (ja-stem)

sunþrōnijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
sunþrōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
sunþrōnijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
sunþrōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
sunþrōniją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
sunþrōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
sunþrōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
sunþrōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
sunþrōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
sunþrōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
sunþrōniją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
sunþrōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
sunþrōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
sunþrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
sunþrōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
sunþrōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
sunþrōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
sunþrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
sunþrōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
sunþrōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
sunþrōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
sunþrōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
sunþrōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
sunþrōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
sunþrōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
sunþrōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
sunþrōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
sunþrōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
sunþrōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
sunþrōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
sunþrōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
sunþrōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
sunþrōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
sunþrōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
sunþrōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
sunþrōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
sunþrōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
sunþrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
sunþrōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
sunþrōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
sunþrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
sunþrōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
sunþrōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
sunþrōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
sunþrōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
sunþrōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
sunþrōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
sunþrōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
sunþrōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
sunþrōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
sunþrōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
sunþrōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *sunþrōnī
Old English: sūþerne
Middle English: southerne, southern, southorn, souþerne, souþþerne, suðerne, souþrene, sotheren, southren, sotherin, sowþirne
English: southern, southron
Scots: soothren
Old Frisian: sūthern
Old Saxon: sūthrōni
Old High German: sundrōni

Old Norse: suðrǿnn, suðrœnn
Icelandic: suðrænn
Norwegian Nynorsk: sudrøn, sørrøn
Icelandic: suðrænn
Norwegian Nynorsk: sudrøn, sørrøn


aikīnaz

*aikīnaz (a-stem)

aikīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aikīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aikīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aikīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aikīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aikīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aikīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aikīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aikīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aikīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aikīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aikīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aikīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aikīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aikīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aikīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aikīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aikīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aikīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aikīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aikīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aikīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aikīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aikīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aikīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aikīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aikīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aikīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aikīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aikīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aikīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aikīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aikīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aikīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aikīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aikīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aikīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aikīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aikīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aikīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aikīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aikīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aikīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aikīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aikīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aikīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aikīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aikīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aikīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
aikīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aikīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aikīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aikīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
aikīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aikīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aikīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aikīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aikīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aikīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aikīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *aikīn
Old English: ǣċen, ācen
Middle English: oken, okene, okyn, aken, eken
English: oaken
Scots: aiken
Old Frisian: ēzen, ētzen
Old High German: eihhīn
German: eichen
Luxembourgish: eechen

Old Norse: eikinn

Icelandic: eikinn

Faroese: eikin

Swedish: eken


birkīnaz

*birkīnaz (a-stem)

birkīnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
birkīnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
birkīnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
birkīnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
birkīną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
birkīnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
birkīnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
birkīnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
birkīnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
birkīnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
birkīną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
birkīnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
birkīnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
birkīnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
birkīnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
birkīnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
birkīnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
birkīnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
birkīnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
birkīnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
birkīnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
birkīnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
birkīnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
birkīnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
birkīnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
birkīnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
birkīnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
birkīnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
birkīnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
birkīnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
birkīnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
birkīnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
birkīnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
birkīnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
birkīnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
birkīnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
birkīnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
birkīnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
birkīnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
birkīnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
birkīnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
birkīnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
birkīniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
birkīnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
birkīnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
birkīnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
birkīniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
birkīnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
birkīnini (dative masculine singular weak)
birkīnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
birkīnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
birkīnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
birkīnini (dative neuter singular weak)
birkīnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
birkīninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
birkīnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
birkīnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
birkīnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
birkīninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
birkīnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *birkīn
Old English: bierċen, beorcen
Middle English: birken, birchen
Scots: birkin
English: birchen
Old Saxon: *birkīn
Low German: berken
Old Dutch: *birkin
Dutch: berken
Old High German: birkīn
German: birken
Luxembourgish: biirken

Old Norse: birkinn

Icelandic: birkinn


swelganą

swelgō (active first-person indicative singular)
swelgaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swelgai (first-person indicative passive singular)
swilgizi (active indicative second-person singular)
swelgaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swelg (active imperative second-person singular)
swelgazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
swelgaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
swilgidi (active indicative singular third-person)
swelgai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swelgadau (active imperative singular third-person)
swelgadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
swelgaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
swelgōz (active dual first-person indicative)
swelgaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swelgadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swelgaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swelgadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
swelgamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
swelgaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swelgandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
swelgaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
swilgid (active indicative plural second-person)
swelgaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swilgid (active imperative plural second-person)
swelgandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
swelgaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
swelgandi (active indicative plural third-person)
swelgain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swelgandau (active imperative plural third-person)
swelgandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
swelgaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
swalg (active first-person indicative singular)
swulgį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
swalht (active indicative second-person singular)
swulgīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
swalg (active indicative singular third-person)
swulgī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
swulgū (active dual first-person indicative)
swulgīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
swulgudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
swulgīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
swulgum (active first-person indicative plural)
swulgīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
swulgud (active indicative plural second-person)
swulgīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
swulgun (active indicative plural third-person)
swulgīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
swelgandz (active participle present)
swulganaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *swelgan

Old English: swelgan

desc

Middle English: swelgen, swelȝen, swelghen, swelwen, swolȝen, swolwen, swalwen

English: swallow

Scots: swellie, swelly, swallow

Old Saxon: *swelgan (in combinations: farswelgan)

Middle Low German: swelgen, swölgen, swolgen

German Low German: swögen

desctree

Old Dutch: *swelgan
Middle Dutch: swelgen
Dutch: zwelgen

desc

Old High German: swelgan, swelhan, swelahan

Middle High German: swëlgen

German: schwelgen

desctree

Old Norse: svelga, svelgja
Icelandic: svelga, svelgja
Faroese: svølgja
Norwegian Nynorsk: svelgja; (dialectal) svølgje, svægje, svæl, svøl
Elfdalian: swega
Old Swedish: svælghia, svælgha, svælia
Swedish: svälja
Old Danish: swælghæ, swæliæ, swælwæ
Danish: svælge, svælle
Norwegian Bokmål: svelge
Scanian: svælla
Gutnish: svälge, svölge

From Proto-Indo-European *swelk- (“to gulp”), from Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to drink, swallow”).


nurþrōnijaz

*nurþrōnijaz (ja-stem)

nurþrōnijaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
nurþrōnijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
nurþrōnijō (feminine nominative singular strong)
nurþrōnijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
nurþrōniją (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
nurþrōnijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
nurþrōnijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
nurþrōnijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
nurþrōnijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
nurþrōnijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
nurþrōniją (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
nurþrōnijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
nurþrōnijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-īs (genitive masculine singular strong)
nurþrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
nurþrōnijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
nurþrōnijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
nurþrōnijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-īs (genitive neuter singular strong)
nurþrōnijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
nurþrōnijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
nurþrōnijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
nurþrōnijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
nurþrōnijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
nurþrōnijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
nurþrōnijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
nurþrōnijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
nurþrōnijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
nurþrōnijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
nurþrōnijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
nurþrōnijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
nurþrōnijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
nurþrōnijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
nurþrōnijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
nurþrōnijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōnijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
nurþrōnijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
nurþrōnīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
nurþrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
nurþrōnijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
nurþrōnīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
nurþrōnīni (dative masculine singular weak)
nurþrōnijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
nurþrōnijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
nurþrōnīni (dative neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
nurþrōnīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
nurþrōnijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
nurþrōnijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
nurþrōnijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
nurþrōnīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
nurþrōnijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *norþrōnī
Old English: norþerne
Middle English: northerne, northern, northren, norþern, norþrene, northeren, northrene
English: northern
Scots: northern, nordern, northren
Old High German: nordarōni, nordrōni

Old Norse: norrǿnn, norrœnn
Icelandic: norrænn
Faroese: norrønur
Norwegian Nynorsk: norrøn
Old Swedish: noren, noræn
Swedish: norrön
⇒ Old Swedish: nornisker, norsker
Swedish: norsk, norska
Old Danish: noræn
⇒ Old Danish: nornst; norskæ pl
Danish: norsk
Norwegian Bokmål: norsk
→ Danish: norrøn (learned)
Norwegian Bokmål: norrøn
⇒ Middle Norwegian: nornskr m, nornst n (= nornskt)
Norwegian Nynorsk: norsk
Icelandic: norrænn
Faroese: norrønur
Norwegian Nynorsk: norrøn
Old Swedish: noren, noræn
Swedish: norrön
⇒ Old Swedish: nornisker, norsker
Swedish: norsk, norska
Old Danish: noræn
⇒ Old Danish: nornst; norskæ pl
Danish: norsk
Norwegian Bokmål: norsk
→ Danish: norrøn (learned)
Norwegian Bokmål: norrøn
⇒ Middle Norwegian: nornskr m, nornst n (= nornskt)
Norwegian Nynorsk: norsk


halbaz

*halbaz (a-stem)

halbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
halbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
halbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
halbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
halbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
halbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
halbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
halbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
halbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
halbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
halbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
halbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
halbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
halbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
halbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
halbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
halbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
halbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
halbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
halbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
halbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
halbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
halbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
halbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
halbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
halbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
halbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
halbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
halbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
halbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
halbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
halbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
halbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
halbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
halbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
halbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
halbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
halbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
halbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
halbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
halbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
halbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
halbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
halbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
halbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
halbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
halbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
halbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
halbini (dative masculine singular weak)
halbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
halbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
halbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
halbini (dative neuter singular weak)
halbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
halbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
halbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
halbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
halbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
halbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
halbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *halb
Old English: healf, half, halb
Middle English: half
English: half (see there for further descendants)
Scots: hauf
Yola: halleef, halef, halluf
Old Frisian: half
Saterland Frisian: hoolf
West Frisian: heal
Old Saxon: half
Middle Low German: half
Low German: half, halv
Plautdietsch: haulf
Old Dutch: *half
Middle Dutch: half
Dutch: half
Afrikaans: half
Old High German: halb, halp; half (Central German)
Middle High German: halp; half
Bavarian: hoib
Central Franconian: hallev
Hunsrik: halleb
Luxembourgish: hallef
Cimbrian: halp
German: halb
Yiddish: האַלב (halb)

Old Norse: halfr, hálfr — western dialects
Icelandic: hálfur
Faroese: hálvur
Norwegian Nynorsk: halv, (dialectal) halv’u, hålv’e, håv’e, alv’e
Elfdalian: åv
Old Swedish: halve
Swedish: halv
Old Danish: half
Danish: halv
Norwegian Bokmål: halv
Scanian: halver
Gutnish: halvar

Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍃 (halbs)

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut”) (through a sense ‘divided’), and cognate with Sanskrit कॢप् (kḷp, “to manage, succeed, be fit”) (though Kroonen is skeptical due to the wide semantic gap), or from a stem *ḱol-bʰo-, and cognate with Lithuanian šalìs (“side, strip of land”). Alternatively, a recent theory suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *halpa, *halba- (“cheap, reduced”) (compare Finnish halpa (“cheap”), Estonian halb (“bad”)), itself possibly from Proto-Germanic *salwaz (“sallow, dirty”).


kaipaz

kaipaz (nominative singular)
kaipōz (nominative plural)
kaipōs (nominative plural)
kaip (singular vocative)
kaipōz (plural vocative)
kaipōs (plural vocative)
kaipą (accusative singular)
kaipanz (accusative plural)
kaipas (genitive singular)
kaipis (genitive singular)
kaipǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kaipai (dative singular)
kaipamaz (dative plural)
kaipō (instrumental singular)
kaipamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *kaip

Old Saxon: *kēp

Middle Low German: kêp

German Low German: Keep

→ Saterland Frisian: Keep

Old Dutch: *keip, *kēp

Middle Dutch: *keep, *kip

Dutch: keep, kip

→ West Frisian: keep

→ Middle English: *kippe

⇒ Middle English: kippehok

desctree

Old Norse: keipr
Icelandic: keipur
Faroese: keipur
Norwegian Bokmål: keip
Norwegian Nynorsk: keip, keipe

From *kip-, *kipp-, *kīp-, from Proto-Indo-European *gipn-, *gibʰn- (“to split”), from Proto-Indo-European *gey- (“to split; dodge sideways”); or from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keypn-, *(s)keyp- (“to chip off, slice; a split piece, billet, stick”); or a conflation of both.


slūm-

Old English: sluma; *slumian

Middle English: slume, sloumbe; slumen; slumeren, slomren, slombren

Scots: sloum, sloom, sluim; slummer

English: sloom; slumber

Old Frisian: slūmerja

Saterland Frisian: slummerje

West Frisian: slûmerje, slommerje

Old Saxon: *slumōn

Middle Low German: slomen, slommen; slummeren, slȫmeren

Frankish: *slūmijan

Old Dutch: *slumen

Middle Dutch: slūmen; slūmeren

Dutch: sluimeren; sloom

Afrikaans: sluimer

→ Old French: esclumir (Old Picard)

Old High German: *slūmēn

Middle High German: slummen; slumern, slummern

German: schlummen; schlummern

Old Norse: *slumr

Norwegian: slum; slumen; sluma (dialectal)

Danish: slum

From base *slū-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lew- (“slack, loose, limp, flabby”).

A stem meaning: slack, loose, limp, flabby


slībaną

slībō (active first-person indicative singular)
slībaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slībai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slībizi (active indicative second-person singular)
slībaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slīb (active imperative second-person singular)
slībazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slībaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slībidi (active indicative singular third-person)
slībai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slībadau (active imperative singular third-person)
slībadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slībaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slībōz (active dual first-person indicative)
slībaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slībadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slībaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slībadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slībamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slībaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slībandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slībaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slībid (active indicative plural second-person)
slībaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slībid (active imperative plural second-person)
slībandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slībaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slībandi (active indicative plural third-person)
slībain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slībandau (active imperative plural third-person)
slībandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slībaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slaib (active first-person indicative singular)
slibį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slaift (active indicative second-person singular)
slibīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slaib (active indicative singular third-person)
slibī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slibū (active dual first-person indicative)
slibīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slibudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slibīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slibum (active first-person indicative plural)
slibīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slibud (active indicative plural second-person)
slibīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slibun (active indicative plural third-person)
slibīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slībandz (active participle present)
slibanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *slīban
Old English: slīfan
Middle English: sliven; slivere, sliver
Scots: slive; scleeberie, slaiver, sliver
English: slive (obsolete); sliver
Old Saxon: *slīvan
>? Middle Low German: slîven (“to ladle out, spoon in, ingest”)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ley- (“smooth; slick; sticky; slimy”), the same source as *slīmą (“slime”) and *līmaz (“glue, clay, lime”). For the semantics, compare Proto-Germanic *slīpaną (“to whet, sharpen”), Old High German slīman (“to make smooth”), Proto-Celtic *limāti (“to polish, sharpen”) and Latin līma (“carpenter's file”), from extensions of the same root.


turnaz

*turnaz (a-stem)

turnaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
turnai (masculine nominative plural strong)
turnō (feminine nominative singular strong)
turnôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
turną (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
turnō (neuter nominative plural strong)
turnanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
turnanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
turnǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
turnōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
turną (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
turnō (accusative neuter plural strong)
turnas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
turnaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
turnaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
turnaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
turnas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
turnaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
turnammai (dative masculine singular strong)
turnaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
turnaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
turnaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
turnammai (dative neuter singular strong)
turnaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
turnanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
turnaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
turnaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
turnaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
turnanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
turnaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
turnô (masculine nominative singular weak)
turnaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
turnǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
turnōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
turnô (neuter nominative singular weak)
turnōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
turnanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
turnanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
turnōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
turnōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
turnô (accusative neuter singular weak)
turnōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
turniniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
turnanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
turnōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
turnōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
turniniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
turnanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
turnini (dative masculine singular weak)
turnammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
turnōni (dative feminine singular weak)
turnōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
turnini (dative neuter singular weak)
turnammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
turninē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
turnammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
turnōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
turnōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
turninē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
turnammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *torn

Old English: torn

Old Saxon: torn

Middle Low German: torn, torne

Old High German: zorn

From Proto-Indo-European *dr̥-nós, from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to flay, split”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dьrnъ.


turnaz

turnaz (nominative singular)
turnōz (nominative plural)
turnōs (nominative plural)
turn (singular vocative)
turnōz (plural vocative)
turnōs (plural vocative)
turną (accusative singular)
turnanz (accusative plural)
turnas (genitive singular)
turnis (genitive singular)
turnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turnai (dative singular)
turnamaz (dative plural)
turnō (instrumental singular)
turnamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *torn

Old English: torn

Old Frisian: torn

Saterland Frisian: Touden, Tudden

West Frisian: toarne

Old Saxon: torn

Middle Low German: torn, torne, tarn

Old Dutch: *torn

Middle Dutch: torn, toren, toorn

Dutch: toorn

Afrikaans: toorn

Old High German: zorn

desctree

Middle High German: zorn
Bavarian: Zorn, Zurn
German: Zorn
Luxembourgish: Zar
Yiddish: צאָרן (tsorn)