staþlaz

staþlaz (nominative singular)
staþlōz (nominative plural)
staþlōs (nominative plural)
staþl (singular vocative)
staþlōz (plural vocative)
staþlōs (plural vocative)
staþlą (accusative singular)
staþlanz (accusative plural)
staþlas (genitive singular)
staþlis (genitive singular)
staþlǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staþlai (dative singular)
staþlamaz (dative plural)
staþlō (instrumental singular)
staþlamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: staþol

Old Dutch: *stathal

Middle Dutch: stadel

Old High German: stadal

From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂tlos, from *steh₂- (“to stand”). Cognate with Latin obstāculum.


reutaną

reutō (active first-person indicative singular)
reutaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
reutai (first-person indicative passive singular)
riutizi (active indicative second-person singular)
reutaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
reut (active imperative second-person singular)
reutazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
reutaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
riutidi (active indicative singular third-person)
reutai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
reutadau (active imperative singular third-person)
reutadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
reutaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
reutōz (active dual first-person indicative)
reutaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
reutadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
reutaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
reutadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
reutamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
reutaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
reutandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
reutaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
riutid (active indicative plural second-person)
reutaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
riutid (active imperative plural second-person)
reutandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
reutaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
reutandi (active indicative plural third-person)
reutain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reutandau (active imperative plural third-person)
reutandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
reutaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raut (active first-person indicative singular)
rutį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raust (active indicative second-person singular)
rutīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raut (active indicative singular third-person)
rutī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
rutū (active dual first-person indicative)
rutīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
rutudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
rutīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
rutum (active first-person indicative plural)
rutīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
rutud (active indicative plural second-person)
rutīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
rutun (active indicative plural third-person)
rutīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
reutandz (active participle present)
rutanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *reutan
Old English: rēotan
Old Saxon: *riotan
Middle Low German: rêten
Old High German: riozan, riuzan
Middle High German: riezen

Old Norse: rjóta

Icelandic: rjóta

Faroese: rjóta, rýta

From Proto-Indo-European *HréwdHti, from the root *HrewdH-.


stiurijaną

stiurijō (active first-person indicative singular)
stiurijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stiurijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
stiurīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
stiurijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stiurī (active imperative second-person singular)
stiurijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
stiurijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
stiurīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
stiurijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stiurijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
stiurijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
stiurijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
stiurijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
stiurijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stiurijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stiurijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stiurijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
stiurijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
stiurijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stiurijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
stiurijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
stiurīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
stiurijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stiurīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
stiurijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
stiurijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
stiurijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
stiurijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stiurijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
stiurijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
stiurijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
stiuridǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
stiuridēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
stiuridēz (active indicative second-person singular)
stiuridēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
stiuridē (active indicative singular third-person)
stiuridēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
stiuridēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
stiuridēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
stiuridēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
stiuridēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
stiuridēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
stiuridēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
stiuridēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
stiuridēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
stiuridēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
stiuridēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
stiurijandz (active participle present)
stiuridaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Proto-West Germanic: *stiurijan
Old English: stīeran
Middle English: steren
Scots: stere, steir
English: steer, besteer
Old Frisian: stiūra, stiōra
Saterland Frisian: stjuure; stjúurje
West Frisian: stjoere
Old Saxon: *stiurian
Middle Low German: stûren
German Low German: stüren
Plautdietsch: stieren
Old Dutch: stiuren
Middle Dutch: sturen, stieren
Dutch: sturen, besturen
Afrikaans: bestuur
West Flemish: stieren
Old High German: stiuren
Middle High German: stiuren
German: steuern

Old Norse: stýra

Icelandic: stýra

Faroese: stýra

Norn: støra

Norwegian Nynorsk: styra

Elfdalian: styra

Old Swedish: stȳra

Swedish: styra

Old Danish: stȳræ

Scanian: ýra

Danish: styre

Norwegian Bokmål: styre

Gutnish: stöire

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stiurjan)

From *steurō, *stiurijō (“steering, rudder”) + *-janą. The first element is of uncertain origin:
* Traditionally, from Proto-Indo-European *stew-r- ~ *stēw-r-, but this is now reconstructed as *steh₂-w-r-, from the adjective *steh₂urós based on a *w-extension of *steh₂- (“to stand, be firm”) (see *stāną), and is thus phonetically impossible.
* More likely, from *(s)twerH- (“to turn, twist, stir, agitate; to propel”), whence also *þweraną and Western *sturjan, *staurijan, with vowel/semivowel metathesis (*-wer- > *-ewr-).


swalwǭ

swalwǭ (nominative singular)
swalwōniz (nominative plural)
swalwǭ (singular vocative)
swalwōniz (plural vocative)
swalwōnų (accusative singular)
swalwōnunz (accusative plural)
swalwōniz (genitive singular)
swalwōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swalwōni (dative singular)
swalwōmaz (dative plural)
swalwōnē (instrumental singular)
swalwōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *swalwā
Old English: swealwe, swealewe
Middle English: swalwe, swalewe, swalowe, swhalow, sualow, swalow, swalue, swolwe, swaluwe, swalew, swalugh
English: swallow
Scots: swalla, swallae
Old Frisian: swale
North Frisian: swaal, swul, swol
⇒ Saterland Frisian: Swoalke, Swoolke
West Frisian: swel
Old Saxon: swala
Middle Low German: swale
Dutch Low Saxon: swaalfe
German Low German: Schwaale
Old Dutch: *swalwa, *swalawa
Middle Dutch: swalwe, swalewe
Dutch: zwaluw
Afrikaans: swael
Old High German: swalawa
Middle High German: swalwe
Alemannic German: Schwalme
Swabian: Schwaba
Central Franconian: Schwalleb, Schwallef, Schmallef, Schmollef, Schmorbel, Schmärbel, Schmälwer, Schwalwer, Schwalfter, Schwarbel, Schwawel, Schwaal
Hunsrik: Schwalleb
Luxembourgish: Schmuewel, Schmuebel, Schmuelef
German: Schwalbe
→ Dutch: schwalbe
→ Silesian: šwalbkowate (compounded with native word)
Vilamovian: śwojmła

Old Norse: svala

Icelandic: svala

Faroese: svala

Norwegian: svale

Old Swedish: svala

Swedish: svala

Old Danish: swalæ, swolæ

Danish: svale, sole

Elfdalian: såla

Gutnish: svale

Scanian: svala

→ Proto-Samic: *svālfō

Northern Sami: spálfu

Uncertain. Possibly related to Russian солове́й (solovéj, “nightingale”). Possibly related to Ancient Greek ἀλκυών (alkuṓn, “kingfisher”), in which case the corresponding PGmc reconstruction would be *swalhwǭ.
Kroonen compares *sūliz (“column, pillar”) and *sūljan- (“to insert a wedge-shaped piece into an incision”), explaining that the gannet and swallow were named for their wedge-shaped tails. In this case, the original form *suoHl-ueh₂- would have developed into *swalwǭ by Dybo's law.


streupaną

streupō (active first-person indicative singular)
streupaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
streupai (first-person indicative passive singular)
striupizi (active indicative second-person singular)
streupaiz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
streup (active imperative second-person singular)
streupazai (indicative passive second-person singular)
streupaizau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
striupidi (active indicative singular third-person)
streupai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
streupadau (active imperative singular third-person)
streupadai (indicative passive singular third-person)
streupaidau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
streupōz (active dual first-person indicative)
streupaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
streupadiz (active dual indicative second-person)
streupaidiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
streupadiz (active dual imperative second-person)
streupamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
streupaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
streupandai (first-person indicative passive plural)
streupaindau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
striupid (active indicative plural second-person)
streupaid (active plural second-person subjunctive)
striupid (active imperative plural second-person)
streupandai (indicative passive plural second-person)
streupaindau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
streupandi (active indicative plural third-person)
streupain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
streupandau (active imperative plural third-person)
streupandai (indicative passive plural third-person)
streupaindau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
straup (active first-person indicative singular)
strupį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
strauft (active indicative second-person singular)
strupīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
straup (active indicative singular third-person)
strupī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
strupū (active dual first-person indicative)
strupīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
strupudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
strupīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
strupum (active first-person indicative plural)
strupīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
strupud (active indicative plural second-person)
strupīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
strupun (active indicative plural third-person)
strupīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
streupandz (active participle present)
strupanaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *streupan
Old High German: *striofan
Middle High German: striefen
German: striefen (archaic, obsolete)

Old Norse: *strúpa, *strjúpa

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: strupe, strype

Norwegian Nynorsk: strupe, strupa, strype, strypa

Swedish: strypa

From Proto-Indo-European *strew-, *sterw-, *ster- (“strip; beam; streak; ray”).


hrīsą

hrīsą (nominative singular)
hrīsō (nominative plural)
hrīsą (singular vocative)
hrīsō (plural vocative)
hrīsą (accusative singular)
hrīsō (accusative plural)
hrīsas (genitive singular)
hrīsis (genitive singular)
hrīsǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hrīsai (dative singular)
hrīsamaz (dative plural)
hrīsō (instrumental singular)
hrīsamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hrīs

Old English: hrīs

Middle English: ris, rys

Scots: reise, rice

English: rise, rice

Old Frisian: hrīs

Saterland Frisian: Riese, Ries

West Frisian: riis

Old Saxon: hrīs

Middle Low German: rîs

German Low German: Ries

Old Dutch: rīs (in placenames)

Middle Dutch: rijs

Dutch: rijs

Old High German: hrīs, rīs

Middle High German: rīs

German: Reis

Old Norse: hrís

Icelandic: hrís

Faroese: rís

Norwegian Bokmål: ris

Norwegian Nynorsk: ris

Old Swedish: rīs

Swedish: ris

Danish: ris

→ Proto-Samic: *rissē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreys- (“to turn; bend; wind; shake”).


hrisjaną

hrisjō (active first-person indicative singular)
hrisjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrisjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
hrisisi (active indicative second-person singular)
hrisjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrisi (active imperative second-person singular)
hrisjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
hrisjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
hrisiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
hrisjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrisjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
hrisjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
hrisjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
hrisjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
hrisjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrisjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrisjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrisjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
hrisjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
hrisjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrisjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
hrisjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
hrisiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
hrisjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrisiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
hrisjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
hrisjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
hrisjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
hrisjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrisjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
hrisjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
hrisjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
hrisidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
hrisidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
hrisidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
hrisidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
hrisidē (active indicative singular third-person)
hrisidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
hrisidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
hrisidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
hrisidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
hrisidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
hrisidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
hrisidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
hrisidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
hrisidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
hrisidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
hrisidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
hrisjandz (active participle present)
hrisidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *hrissjan
Old English: hrissan; hrisian, hrysian
Middle English: resien, rusien, resen
Old Saxon: hrissian
Middle Low German: rissen

⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ushrisjan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreys- (“to bend; turn; move; shake”).


þeuhtēr

þeuhtēr (nominative singular)
þiuhtriz (nominative plural)
þeuhter (singular vocative)
þiuhtriz (plural vocative)
þeuhterų (accusative singular)
þeuhtrunz (accusative plural)
þeuhturz (genitive singular)
þeuhtrǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þiuhtri (dative singular)
þeuhtrumaz (dative plural)
þeuhtrē (instrumental singular)
þeuhtrumiz (instrumental plural)

Old High German: *thiohter, *diohter

Middle High German: diehter, tiehter

From Proto-Indo-European *tewk-tḗr, derived from the root *tewk- (“seed, offspring”) + *-tḗr by analogy with other familial terms (cf. *fadēr, *mōdēr, *brōþēr, *swestēr, *duhtēr).


slimbaz

*slimbaz (a-stem)

slimbaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
slimbai (masculine nominative plural strong)
slimbō (feminine nominative singular strong)
slimbôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
slimbą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
slimbō (neuter nominative plural strong)
slimbanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
slimbanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
slimbǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
slimbōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
slimbą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
slimbō (accusative neuter plural strong)
slimbas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
slimbaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
slimbaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
slimbaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
slimbas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
slimbaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
slimbammai (dative masculine singular strong)
slimbaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
slimbaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
slimbaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
slimbammai (dative neuter singular strong)
slimbaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
slimbanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
slimbaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
slimbaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
slimbaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
slimbanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
slimbaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
slimbô (masculine nominative singular weak)
slimbaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
slimbǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
slimbōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
slimbô (neuter nominative singular weak)
slimbōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
slimbanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
slimbanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
slimbōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
slimbōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
slimbô (accusative neuter singular weak)
slimbōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
slimbiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
slimbanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
slimbōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
slimbōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
slimbiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
slimbanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
slimbini (dative masculine singular weak)
slimbammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
slimbōni (dative feminine singular weak)
slimbōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
slimbini (dative neuter singular weak)
slimbammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
slimbinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
slimbammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
slimbōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
slimbōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
slimbinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
slimbammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *slimb

Old Frisian: *slimb, *slimm

Saterland Frisian: slim

West Frisian: slim

Old Saxon: *slimb, *slimm

Middle Low German: slim

German Low German: slimm

→ Danish: slem

→ Norwegian: slem

Old Dutch: *slimb, *slemb

Middle Dutch: slimp, slemp, slim, slem; slom (“bent, crooked, twisted”)

Dutch: slim

Afrikaans: slim

→ English: slim

→ Scots: slim

Old High German: slimb

Middle High German: slimp, slim

desc

Central Franconian: schlemm, schlömm, schlomm (and older schlemp etc.)

Hunsrik: schlimm

Luxembourgish: schlamm (“lame”), schlëmm (“bad”)

German: schlimm

Gothic: *𐍃𐌻𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍃 (*slimbs)

→ Vulgar Latin: *slembus, *sclembus, *slemus, *sclemus

Italian: sghembo

Old French: esclame

Old Northern French: esclem

Sicilian: schimmenti (possibly)

Uncertain, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lembʰ-, *(s)lemb- (“to droop; sag; hang loosely”). Compare Latvian slìps (“slanting”).


wardaz

*wardaz (a-stem)

wardaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
wardai (masculine nominative plural strong)
wardō (feminine nominative singular strong)
wardôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
wardą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
wardō (neuter nominative plural strong)
wardanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
wardanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
wardǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
wardōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
wardą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
wardō (accusative neuter plural strong)
wardas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
wardaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
wardaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
wardaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
wardas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
wardaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
wardammai (dative masculine singular strong)
wardaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
wardaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
wardaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
wardammai (dative neuter singular strong)
wardaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
wardanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
wardaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
wardaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
wardaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
wardanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
wardaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
wardô (masculine nominative singular weak)
wardaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
wardǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
wardōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
wardô (neuter nominative singular weak)
wardōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
wardanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
wardanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
wardōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
wardōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
wardô (accusative neuter singular weak)
wardōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
wardiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
wardanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
wardōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
wardōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
wardiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
wardanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
wardini (dative masculine singular weak)
wardammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
wardōni (dative feminine singular weak)
wardōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
wardini (dative neuter singular weak)
wardammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
wardinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
wardammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
wardōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
wardōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
wardinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
wardammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-ward
Old English: -weard
Middle English: -warde, -ward
English: -ward
Scots: -wart, -art, -it
Old Frisian: -ward, -werd
Old Saxon: -ward
Middle Low German: -ward
Low German: -ward, -wart
Old Dutch: *-ward, *-werd
Middle Dutch: -wert, -weert, -waert
Old High German: -wart, -wert
Middle High German: -wert

Old Norse: -varðr, -verðr

Old Swedish: -varþer

Gothic: -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs)

From earlier *warþaz, *werþaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”). Compare Latin versus.


wardaz

wardaz (nominative singular)
wardōz (nominative plural)
wardōs (nominative plural)
ward (singular vocative)
wardōz (plural vocative)
wardōs (plural vocative)
wardą (accusative singular)
wardanz (accusative plural)
wardas (genitive singular)
wardis (genitive singular)
wardǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wardai (dative singular)
wardamaz (dative plural)
wardō (instrumental singular)
wardamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *ward
Old English: weard
Middle English: ward
Scots: ward
English: ward
⇒ Old Frisian: warder
Old Saxon: ward
Middle Low German: wart, wārt (in compounds)
Old High German: wart
Middle High German: wart
German: Wart

Old Norse: varðr

q

only in <i class="Goth mention" lang="got">𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃</i> (daurawards)

Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (*wards) (only in 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (daurawards))

From Proto-Indo-European *wor-tós, *wor-tús, from the root *wer- (“to watch, heed, guard”).


balwą

balwą (nominative singular)
balwō (nominative plural)
balwą (singular vocative)
balwō (plural vocative)
balwą (accusative singular)
balwō (accusative plural)
balwas (genitive singular)
balwis (genitive singular)
balwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
balwai (dative singular)
balwamaz (dative plural)
balwō (instrumental singular)
balwamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *balu
Old English: bealu, balu, bealo
Middle English: bale, balu
English: bale (dated)
Old Saxon: balu, balo
Old High German: balo
Middle High German: bale
⇒ Middle High German: balheit

Old Norse: bǫl

Icelandic: böl


slakwjaną

slakwjō (active first-person indicative singular)
slakwjaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slakwjai (first-person indicative passive singular)
slakwisi (active indicative second-person singular)
slakwjais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slakwi (active imperative second-person singular)
slakwjasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
slakwjaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
slakwiþi (active indicative singular third-person)
slakwjai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slakwjaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
slakwjaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
slakwjaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
slakwjōs (active dual first-person indicative)
slakwjaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slakwjaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slakwjaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slakwjaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
slakwjamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
slakwjaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slakwjanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
slakwjainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
slakwiþ (active indicative plural second-person)
slakwjaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slakwiþ (active imperative plural second-person)
slakwjanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
slakwjainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
slakwjanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
slakwjain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slakwjanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
slakwjanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
slakwjainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
slakwidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
slakwidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
slakwidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
slakwidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
slakwidē (active indicative singular third-person)
slakwidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
slakwidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
slakwidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
slakwidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
slakwidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
slakwidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
slakwidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
slakwidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
slakwidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
slakwidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
slakwidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
slakwjandz (active participle present)
slakwidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: sløkkva, slekkja

Icelandic: slökkva

Faroese: sløkkja

Norwegian Nynorsk: sløkkja, slekkja

Norwegian Bokmål: slokke

Elfdalian: slettja

Old Swedish: slækkia

Swedish: släcka

desc

Old Danish: slukkæ, slykkæ, sløkkæ, slækkiæ

Danish: slukke

Norwegian Bokmål: slukke

Gutnish: släkke

Scanian: sløkka

Causative of *slekwaną (“to extinguish, go out”). Further etymology unknown.

(North Germanic) (transitive) to quench, extinguish


þarbō

þarbō (nominative singular)
þarbôz (nominative plural)
þarbō (singular vocative)
þarbôz (plural vocative)
þarbǭ (accusative singular)
þarbōz (accusative plural)
þarbōz (genitive singular)
þarbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þarbōi (dative singular)
þarbōmaz (dative plural)
þarbō (instrumental singular)
þarbōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þarbu
Old English: þearf
Middle English: thearf, therf
Old Saxon: tharf
Middle Low German: bedarf
→ German: Bedarf
→ Saterland Frisian: Bedarf
Old High German: darba

Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᚱᛒᚢ (*þarbu)

⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚢᚦᛡᚱᛡᛒᛡ (uþᴀrᴀbᴀ /ūþarᵃβa/, genitive plural)
Old Norse: óþǫrf, úþǫrf (genitive plural óþarfa)
Icelandic: óþörf
Old Swedish: otharf

Old Norse: þǫrf
Icelandic: þörf
Faroese: tørvur m, tarvur m
Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: tarv m or n
Norwegian Nynorsk: tarv f; torv f
Old Swedish: þarf
Swedish: tarv n, tarf (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: tarv c or n

Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰 (þarba)

→ Proto-Finnic: *tarbëh, *tarbis (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *torp-éh₂, from *terp- (“to satisfy; to need”). The details of the semantic shift are uncertain. According to Kroonen, Germanic may have preserved an older sense “to use” which has not survived in the other branches.


alīnō

alīnō (nominative singular)
alīnôz (nominative plural)
alīnō (singular vocative)
alīnôz (plural vocative)
alīnǭ (accusative singular)
alīnōz (accusative plural)
alīnōz (genitive singular)
alīnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alīnōi (dative singular)
alīnōmaz (dative plural)
alīnō (instrumental singular)
alīnōmiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (aleina)

→ Vulgar Latin: *alina

Old French: alne (also possibly from Frankish)

Middle French: aune

French: aune

→ Italian: auna


mauraz

mauraz (nominative singular)
maurōz (nominative plural)
maurōs (nominative plural)
maur (singular vocative)
maurōz (plural vocative)
maurōs (plural vocative)
maurą (accusative singular)
mauranz (accusative plural)
mauras (genitive singular)
mauris (genitive singular)
maurǫ̂ (genitive plural)
maurai (dative singular)
mauramaz (dative plural)
maurō (instrumental singular)
mauramiz (instrumental plural)

Old Norse: maurr

Icelandic: maur

Faroese: meyra

Norwegian: maur

Old Swedish: *mør (in mørastakker)

Jamtish: mour

→ Middle English: mowre

From Proto-Indo-European *mowro-, *morwi-.


alinō

alinō (nominative singular)
alinôz (nominative plural)
alinō (singular vocative)
alinôz (plural vocative)
alinǭ (accusative singular)
alinōz (accusative plural)
alinōz (genitive singular)
alinǫ̂ (genitive plural)
alinōi (dative singular)
alinōmaz (dative plural)
alinō (instrumental singular)
alinōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *alinu
Old English: eln
Middle English: elne, elle, ellen, eln, ellyn
English: ell
Scots: elne, ellne, eln, el, ell
Old Frisian: elne, ielne
Saterland Frisian: Äälne
West Frisian: jelne, jellen
Old Saxon: elina
Middle Low German: elne
German Low German: Ell
Old Dutch: *elina
Middle Dutch: elle, elne
Dutch: el
Old High German: elina, elena, elna, elle
Middle High German: elline, elne, elle, eln, ellen, ele
Cimbrian: élla
German: Elle
→ Vulgar Latin: *alina (also possibly from Gothic)
Old French: alne
Middle French: aune
French: aune
→ Italian: auna

Proto-Norse: *ᚨᛚᛁᚾᚢ (*alinu)

Old Norse: alin, eln, ǫln

Icelandic: alin, öln

Faroese: alin

Norwegian: alen

Elfdalian: aln

Old Swedish: alin, aln

Swedish: aln

Danish: alen

From Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l-én-eh₂, from *Heh₃l- (“to bow, elbow”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὠλένη (ōlénē), Latin ulna, Welsh elin.


raubaz

raubaz (nominative singular)
raubōz (nominative plural)
raubōs (nominative plural)
raub (singular vocative)
raubōz (plural vocative)
raubōs (plural vocative)
raubą (accusative singular)
raubanz (accusative plural)
raubas (genitive singular)
raubis (genitive singular)
raubǫ̂ (genitive plural)
raubai (dative singular)
raubamaz (dative plural)
raubō (instrumental singular)
raubamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *raub
Old English: rēaf
Middle English: reif, reaf, ræf, ref, reve, raf, ræve, rave, reafe
English: reif, reaf, rief
Scots: reif, rief, reiff, refe, ref
Old Frisian: rāf
Saterland Frisian: Roof
West Frisian: rôf
Old Saxon: *rōf
Middle Low German: rôf
German Low German: Roov
→ Old Swedish: rōf
Swedish: rov
Old Dutch: *rōf
Middle Dutch: rôof
Dutch: roof
Afrikaans: roof
Old High German: roub, roup
Middle High German: roub, roup
Alemannic German: Raub
German: Raub
Luxembourgish: Raf
→ Early Medieval Latin: rauba
Italian: roba
Old French: robe, robbe, reube
Middle French: robe
French: robe
→ Dutch: robe
→ German: Robe
→ Czech: róba
→ Romanian: robă f
→ Turkish: rop
Norman: robe
→ Middle English: robe, roobe, rob, robbe
English: robe
→ Irish: róba
→ Scottish Gaelic: ròb
Scots: robe
Old Occitan:
Catalan: roba
Old Galician-Portuguese: roupa
Galician: roupa
Portuguese: roupa
Old Spanish:
Spanish: ropa
→ Chamicuro: ropa

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to peel; tear; strip”).


miuzijō

miuzijō (nominative singular)
miuzijôz (nominative plural)
miuzijō (singular vocative)
miuzijôz (plural vocative)
miuzijǭ (accusative singular)
miuzijōz (accusative plural)
miuzijōz (genitive singular)
miuzijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miuzijōi (dative singular)
miuzijōmaz (dative plural)
miuzijō (instrumental singular)
miuzijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old Norse: mýrr
Icelandic: mýri
Faroese: mýri, mýra
Norwegian: myr
→ Danish: myr
Norwegian Bokmål: myr
Old Swedish: mȳr
Swedish: myr
Old Gutnish: myr
→ Old English: mire
English: mire

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mews-yeh₂ (“moss”).


hungrugaz

*hungragaz (a-stem)

hungragaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
hungragai (masculine nominative plural strong)
hungragō (feminine nominative singular strong)
hungragôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
hungragą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
hungragō (neuter nominative plural strong)
hungraganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
hungraganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
hungragǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
hungragōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
hungragą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
hungragō (accusative neuter plural strong)
hungragas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
hungragaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
hungragaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
hungragaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
hungragas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
hungragaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
hungragammai (dative masculine singular strong)
hungragaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
hungragaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
hungragaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
hungragammai (dative neuter singular strong)
hungragaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
hungraganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
hungragaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
hungragaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
hungragaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
hungraganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
hungragaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
hungragô (masculine nominative singular weak)
hungraganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
hungragǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
hungragōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
hungragô (neuter nominative singular weak)
hungragōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
hungraganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
hungraganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
hungragōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
hungragōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
hungragô (accusative neuter singular weak)
hungragōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
hungraginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
hungraganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
hungragōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
hungragōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
hungraginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
hungraganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
hungragini (dative masculine singular weak)
hungragammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
hungragōni (dative feminine singular weak)
hungragōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
hungragini (dative neuter singular weak)
hungragammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
hungraginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
hungragammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
hungragōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
hungragōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
hungraginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
hungragammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desc

Proto-West Germanic: *hungrug, *hungrīg, *hungrag

Old English: hungreġ, hungriġ, hyngriġ

Middle English: hungry

English: hungry

Scots: hungrie, houngrie, hungry

Old Frisian: hungerich

West Frisian: hongerich

Old Saxon: hungrag

Middle Low German: hungerich, hungrich, hungrig, hungereg, hungerg

Plautdietsch: hungrich

Old Dutch: *hungrag

Middle Dutch: hongerig

Dutch: hongerig

Old High German: hungarīg, hungarag

Middle High German: hungerec, hungeric, hungerc

German: hungrig

i

Old Norse: *hungrugr; *hungraðr (possibly derived from a verb, or re-analysed as though it were)

(Icelandic: hungraður)

Norwegian: hungrig

Old Swedish: hungrugr, hungrogher

Swedish: hungrig


raubōną

raubō (active first-person indicative singular)
raubǭ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raubōi (first-person indicative passive singular)
raubōsi (active indicative second-person singular)
raubōs (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raubō (active imperative second-person singular)
raubōsai (indicative passive second-person singular)
raubōsau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
raubōþi (active indicative singular third-person)
raubō (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raubōþau (active imperative singular third-person)
raubōþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
raubōþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
raubōs (active dual first-person indicative)
raubōw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raubōþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raubōþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raubōþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
raubōmaz (active first-person indicative plural)
raubōm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raubōnþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
raubōnþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
raubōþ (active indicative plural second-person)
raubōþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raubōþ (active imperative plural second-person)
raubōnþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
raubōnþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
raubōnþi (active indicative plural third-person)
raubōn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raubōnþau (active imperative plural third-person)
raubōnþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
raubōnþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
raubōdǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
raubōdēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
raubōdēz (active indicative second-person singular)
raubōdēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
raubōdē (active indicative singular third-person)
raubōdēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
raubōdēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
raubōdēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
raubōdēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
raubōdēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
raubōdēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
raubōdēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
raubōdēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
raubōdēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
raubōdēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
raubōdēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
raubōndz (active participle present)
raubōdaz (active participle past subjunctive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *raubōn
Old English: rēafian
Middle English: reven
English: reave (archaic)
Scots: reve, refe, reif
Old Frisian: *rāvia
Saterland Frisian: roowje
West Frisian: rove
Old Saxon: rōbon
Middle Low German: rôven
German Low German: roven
Old Dutch: *rōvon
Middle Dutch: rôven
Dutch: roven
Afrikaans: roof, rowe
Old High German: roubōn
Middle High German: rouben
German: rauben
Luxembourgish: rawen, rowen
→ Late Latin: raubō (see there for further descendants)

/ˈrɑu̯.βɔː.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to snatch”). Equivalent to *raubaz (“robbery”) + *-ōną.


stubbaz

stubbaz (nominative singular)
stubbōz (nominative plural)
stubbōs (nominative plural)
stubb (singular vocative)
stubbōz (plural vocative)
stubbōs (plural vocative)
stubbą (accusative singular)
stubbanz (accusative plural)
stubbas (genitive singular)
stubbis (genitive singular)
stubbǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stubbai (dative singular)
stubbamaz (dative plural)
stubbō (instrumental singular)
stubbamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stubb

Old English: stubb; stybb, stebb (< *stubjaz, *stubbijaz?)

Middle English: stubbe

Scots: stub, stob

English: stub

Old Frisian: *steb

⇒ Old Frisian: steblith

Old Norse: stubbr

Icelandic: stubbur

Norn: stubb

Norwegian: stubb

Danish: stub

From an earlier n-stem *stubbô ~ *stubbaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-, *(s)tewb⁽ʰ⁾- (“to push; knock; butt”), but the reason for the voiced coda is uncertain. Compare Ancient Greek στύπος (stúpos, “stump”).


stubbô

stubbô (nominative singular)
stubbaniz (nominative plural)
stubbô (singular vocative)
stubbaniz (plural vocative)
stubbanų (accusative singular)
stubbanunz (accusative plural)
stubbiniz (genitive singular)
stubbanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stubbini (dative singular)
stubbammaz (dative plural)
stubbinē (instrumental singular)
stubbammiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: *stebbe (in stebbelith)

Saterland Frisian: Stubbe

West Frisian: stobbe

Old Saxon: *stubbo

Middle Low German: stubbe

German Low German: Stubbe, Stubb

Old Dutch: *stubbo

Middle Dutch: stubbe

Dutch: stobbe

Old Norse: stubbi, stobbi

Icelandic: stubbi

Faroese: stubbi

Old Swedish: stubbe, stobbe

Swedish: stubbe

Gutnish: stabbe

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewb- or *(s)tewbʰ- (“to push, knock, butt”), related to the synonymous root *(s)tewp-.


kattuz

kattuz (nominative singular)
kattiwiz (nominative plural)
kattu (singular vocative)
kattiwiz (plural vocative)
kattų (accusative singular)
kattunz (accusative plural)
kattauz (genitive singular)
kattiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
kattiwi (dative singular)
kattumaz (dative plural)
kattū (instrumental singular)
kattumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *kattu
Old English: catt
Middle English: cat, catt, catte, cate, kat, katte, kaat
English: cat
Scots: cat
Yola: kaudès, kauddès, kaudes (plural)
Old Saxon: katto
Old High German: kazzo
Lombardic: chazze

Old Norse: kǫttr
Faroese: køttur
Icelandic: köttur
Norwegian Nynorsk: katt
Old Swedish: katter
Swedish: katt
Danish: kat
Norwegian Bokmål: katt

Uncertain; possible Wanderwort of obscure ultimate origin. Cognate with Latin cattus (“cat”), which has traditionally been taken as the source. Proto-Uralic *käďwä (“female (of a fur animal)”) has also been suggested as ultimate source. Perhaps borrowed through Latin cattus (“cat”); see there for more.

der

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


skairiz

skairiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
skairijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
skairī (feminine nominative singular strong)
skairijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
skairį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
skairijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
skairijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
skairijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
skairijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
skairijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
skairį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
skairijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
skairijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
skairīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
skairijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
skairijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
skairijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
skairijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
skairīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
skairijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
skairijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
skairijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
skairijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
skairijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
skairijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
skairijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
skairijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
skairijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
skairijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
skairijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
skairijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
skairijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
skairijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
skairijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
skairijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
skairijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
skairijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
skairijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
skairijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
skairijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
skairijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
skairijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
skairijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
skairijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
skairīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
skairijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
skairijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
skairijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
skairīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
skairijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
skairīni (dative masculine singular weak)
skairijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
skairijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
skairijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
skairīni (dative neuter singular weak)
skairijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
skairīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
skairijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
skairijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
skairijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
skairīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
skairijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *skairī

Old English: sċǣre

Middle English: schere, scheere, shere

Scots: scheer

English: sheer

Old Norse: skærr

Icelandic: skær

Faroese: skærur

Norwegian: skjær

Old Swedish: skǣr, skiǣr

Swedish: skär

Danish: skær

→ Middle English: skere

From Proto-Indo-European *sḱēy- (“to shimmer; shadow”).


stumpaz

stumpaz (nominative singular)
stumpōz (nominative plural)
stumpōs (nominative plural)
stump (singular vocative)
stumpōz (plural vocative)
stumpōs (plural vocative)
stumpą (accusative singular)
stumpanz (accusative plural)
stumpas (genitive singular)
stumpis (genitive singular)
stumpǫ̂ (genitive plural)
stumpai (dative singular)
stumpamaz (dative plural)
stumpō (instrumental singular)
stumpamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *stump

Old Frisian: *stump

Saterland Frisian: Stump

West Frisian: stomp

Old Saxon: *stump

Middle Low German: stump

German Low German: Stump

→ Middle English: stumpe, stompe

English: stump

Scots: stump, stomp

→ Old Norse: stumpr

Icelandic: stumpur

Norwegian: stump

Old Swedish: stumper, stomper

Swedish: stump

Old Dutch: *stump

Middle Dutch: stomp

Dutch: stomp

Old High German: stumph

Middle High German: stumph, stumpf

German: Stumpf

Luxembourgish: Stomp

Related to *stimbaną (“to stamp, cut off, mutilate”) and *stapjaną (“to step”) and from its same ultimate source.

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs


hraiwą

hraiwą (nominative singular)
hraiwō (nominative plural)
hraiwą (singular vocative)
hraiwō (plural vocative)
hraiwą (accusative singular)
hraiwō (accusative plural)
hraiwas (genitive singular)
hraiwis (genitive singular)
hraiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hraiwai (dative singular)
hraiwamaz (dative plural)
hraiwō (instrumental singular)
hraiwamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: hrāw, hrā, hrǣw

Old Frisian: hrē-

Old Saxon: hrēu, hrēo

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch: ree

Dutch: reeuw

Old High German: *rēo

Middle High German: rē

Old Norse: hræ

Icelandic: hræ

Faroese: ræ

desc

⇒ Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍉 (hraiwadubō, “turtle-dove”)

→ Proto-Finnic: *räivä (see there for further descendants)

From Pre-Proto-Germanic *krow-yóm (by metathesis), derived from Proto-Indo-European *kréwh₂s (“blood (outside of the body)”), root noun of Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.


mētō

mētō (nominative singular)
mētôz (nominative plural)
mētō (singular vocative)
mētôz (plural vocative)
mētǭ (accusative singular)
mētōz (accusative plural)
mētōz (genitive singular)
mētǫ̂ (genitive plural)
mētōi (dative singular)
mētōmaz (dative plural)
mētō (instrumental singular)
mētōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *mātu
Old Frisian: mēte
Saterland Frisian: Mäite
West Frisian: mjitte
Old Saxon: *māta
Middle Low German: mâte, mât
German Low German: Maat n
Old Dutch: *māta
Middle Dutch: mâte
Dutch: maat
Limburgish: maot
Old High German: māza
Middle High German: māz
German: Maß
Hunsrik: Mos
Luxembourgish: Mooss
Yiddish: מאָס (mos)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mëëtto (see there for further descendants)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med-.


wēgaz

wēgaz (nominative singular)
wēgōz (nominative plural)
wēgōs (nominative plural)
wēg (singular vocative)
wēgōz (plural vocative)
wēgōs (plural vocative)
wēgą (accusative singular)
wēganz (accusative plural)
wēgas (genitive singular)
wēgis (genitive singular)
wēgǫ̂ (genitive plural)
wēgai (dative singular)
wēgamaz (dative plural)
wēgō (instrumental singular)
wēgamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *wāg
Old English: wǣġ
Middle English: waghe, wawe
English: waw
Scots: waw
Old Frisian: weg
North Frisian: weage, waag
West Frisian: weach
Old Saxon: wāg
Middle Low German: wāch m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)
→ Middle High German: wāge (northern)
German: Woge
→ Old Swedish: vāgh
Swedish: våg
→ Danish: vove
→ Smalandian: våj
→ Helsingian: våga
Old Dutch: *wāg
Middle Dutch: wâech m (rare); wāge f (possibly merged with ?*wagō)
Dutch: waag f
German: wāg
→ Middle High German: wāc

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᚷᚨᛉ (*wagaʀ)

Old Norse: vágr
Icelandic: vogur
Faroese: vágur, vág
Norwegian Bokmål: våg
Norwegian Nynorsk: våg
Old Swedish: vāgher
Swedish: våg
Danish: våg
→ Old French: vague
Middle French:
French: vague

→ Proto-Finnic: *vaagas (see there for further descendants)

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌲𐍃 (wēgs)

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵhe- (“to drag, carry”), from *weǵʰ- (“to transport, bring”). See also *weganą (“to move”).


miurijǭ

miurijǭ (nominative singular)
miurijōniz (nominative plural)
miurijǭ (singular vocative)
miurijōniz (plural vocative)
miurijōnų (accusative singular)
miurijōnunz (accusative plural)
miurijōniz (genitive singular)
miurijōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
miurijōni (dative singular)
miurijōmaz (dative plural)
miurijōnē (instrumental singular)
miurijōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *miurijā
Old English: *mīere, *mȳre
Middle English: mire
English: mire
⇒ English: antmire
⇒ Middle English: pissemyre
English: pismire
Old Saxon: miuria
Middle Low German: miere (possibly a loan from Dutch)
German Low German: Miere
Old Dutch: *miura
Middle Dutch: miere
Dutch: mier

Old Norse: *mýra

Old Swedish: mȳra

Swedish: myra

Danish: myre

→ Proto-Finnic: *muurahainën (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from the same source as *mauraz.


skankô

skankô (nominative singular)
skankaniz (nominative plural)
skankô (singular vocative)
skankaniz (plural vocative)
skankanų (accusative singular)
skankanunz (accusative plural)
skankiniz (genitive singular)
skankanǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skankini (dative singular)
skankammaz (dative plural)
skankinē (instrumental singular)
skankammiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skankō
Old English: sċanca, sċeanca, sċeonca
Middle English: schanke, sconke, sceonke, schonke, shanke
English: shank
Scots: schank, schanck
Old Frisian:
West Frisian: skonk
Old Saxon: *skenka
Middle Low German: schenke
Dutch Low Saxon: schenke
Old Dutch: *skenko
Middle Dutch: schencke

Old Norse: skakki

Norwegian: skonk (dialectal)

Swedish: skank

Danish: skank

/ˈskɑŋ.kɔːː/

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng- (“to limp; be crooked; slant”).


skarō

skarō (nominative singular)
skarôz (nominative plural)
skarō (singular vocative)
skarôz (plural vocative)
skarǭ (accusative singular)
skarōz (accusative plural)
skarōz (genitive singular)
skarǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skarōi (dative singular)
skarōmaz (dative plural)
skarō (instrumental singular)
skarōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skaru

Old English: sċaru, sċearu; sċyru

Middle English: schare, schere

Scots: schare

English: share

Old Frisian: skare, skere, schere (in compounds)

Saterland Frisian: Skoar

West Frisian: skare

Old Saxon: scara

Middle Low German: schāre

German Low German: Schaar

→ Old Norse: skari

Danish: skare

Icelandic: skari

Old Dutch: skara

Middle Dutch: schare, schaer

Dutch: schare, schaar

Afrikaans: skare, skaar

desc

→ Old French: scare, esquiere, eskiele, eschele; escalguaite, escalgaite, eschaugaite (< *skaruwahtu)

Middle French: escarguaite

French: échauguette

→ Middle English: eschele

English: eschel

→ Italian: schiera

Old High German: skara

Middle High German: schar

German: Schar

Old Norse: skǫr

Icelandic: skor

Swedish: skara

Danish: skare

Norwegian Nynorsk: skare

Vandalic: *skar-

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)koréh₂, from the root *(s)ker- (“to part; split; cut off; sever; divide”).


harmaz

*harmaz (a-stem)

harmaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
harmai (masculine nominative plural strong)
harmō (feminine nominative singular strong)
harmôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
harmą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
harmō (neuter nominative plural strong)
harmanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
harmanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
harmǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
harmōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
harmą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
harmō (accusative neuter plural strong)
harmas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
harmaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
harmaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
harmaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
harmas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
harmaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
harmammai (dative masculine singular strong)
harmaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
harmaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
harmaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
harmammai (dative neuter singular strong)
harmaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
harmanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
harmaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
harmaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
harmaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
harmanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
harmaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
harmô (masculine nominative singular weak)
harmaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
harmǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
harmōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
harmô (neuter nominative singular weak)
harmōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
harmanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
harmanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
harmōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
harmōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
harmô (accusative neuter singular weak)
harmōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
harminiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
harmanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
harmōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
harmōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
harminiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
harmanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
harmini (dative masculine singular weak)
harmammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
harmōni (dative feminine singular weak)
harmōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
harmini (dative neuter singular weak)
harmammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
harminē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
harmammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
harmōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
harmōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
harminē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
harmammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harm
Old English: hearm
Old Saxon: harm
Middle Low German: *harm (possibly)
→ Old Danish: harm
Danish: harm
→ Norwegian Bokmål: harm
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: harm

Traditionally from Proto-Indo-European *pḱórmos (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Persian شرم, Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšar^əma, “sense of shame”). Because of PIE root constraints and the fact that the only evidence for *p- comes from Avestan, an alternative etymology reconstructs the root as *ḱer(H)-.


harmaz

harmaz (nominative singular)
harmōz (nominative plural)
harmōs (nominative plural)
harm (singular vocative)
harmōz (plural vocative)
harmōs (plural vocative)
harmą (accusative singular)
harmanz (accusative plural)
harmas (genitive singular)
harmis (genitive singular)
harmǫ̂ (genitive plural)
harmai (dative singular)
harmamaz (dative plural)
harmō (instrumental singular)
harmamiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *harm
Old English: hearm
Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
English: harm
Scots: herm, hairm
Yola: harrm
Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)
Old Saxon: harm
Middle Low German: harm, herm
Old Dutch: harm
Middle Dutch: harm
Dutch: harm
Old High German: harm, haram
Middle High German: harm
German: Harm

Old Norse: harmr

Icelandic: harmur

(Faroese: harmligur)

Norwegian Bokmål: harme

Norwegian Nynorsk: harm

Old Swedish: harmber

Swedish: harm

→ Finnish: harmi

Danish: harme


aiginaz

*aiginaz (a-stem)

aiginaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
aiginai (masculine nominative plural strong)
aiginō (feminine nominative singular strong)
aiginôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
aiginą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
aiginō (neuter nominative plural strong)
aiginanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
aiginanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
aiginǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
aiginōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
aiginą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
aiginō (accusative neuter plural strong)
aiginas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
aiginaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
aiginaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
aiginaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
aiginas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
aiginaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
aiginammai (dative masculine singular strong)
aiginaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
aiginaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
aiginaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
aiginammai (dative neuter singular strong)
aiginaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
aiginanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
aiginaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
aiginaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
aiginaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
aiginanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
aiginaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
aiginô (masculine nominative singular weak)
aiginaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
aiginǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
aiginōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
aiginô (neuter nominative singular weak)
aiginōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
aiginanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
aiginanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
aiginōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
aiginōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
aiginô (accusative neuter singular weak)
aiginōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
aigininiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
aiginanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
aiginōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
aiginōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
aigininiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
aiginanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
aiginini (dative masculine singular weak)
aiginammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
aiginōni (dative feminine singular weak)
aiginōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
aiginini (dative neuter singular weak)
aiginammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
aigininē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
aiginammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
aiginōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
aiginōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
aigininē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
aiginammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)


skaljō

skaljō (nominative singular)
skaljôz (nominative plural)
skaljō (singular vocative)
skaljôz (plural vocative)
skaljǭ (accusative singular)
skaljōz (accusative plural)
skaljōz (genitive singular)
skaljǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skaljōi (dative singular)
skaljōmaz (dative plural)
skaljō (instrumental singular)
skaljōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *skallju
Old English: sċiell, sċiel, sċyll, sċyl, sċill, sċil, sċell, sċel
Middle English: schelle
English: shell
Scots: schel, schell
Old Frisian: *skell, *skill
Saterland Frisian: Skeele, Skiele
West Frisian: skyl
Old Saxon: *skellia
Middle Low German: schelle, schille
German Low German: Schille, Schill
→ German: Schellfisch (compound)
Old Dutch: *skella
Middle Dutch: scelle, scille, schelle
Dutch: schil
Afrikaans: skel, skil
Negerhollands: skel
→ Middle English: schelle, schele, shelle, scille (“scale, outer layer, surface chip”)
Old High German: *skella
Middle High German: schelle (Central German)
→ Friulian: scae
→ Old French: escaille, eschaille, escalle
Middle French: escaille, eschaille, esquaille, escalle
French: écaille
→ Middle English: shelle, schelle, scele (“vessel, dish, drinking vessel”)
→ Italian: scaglia
→ Piedmontese: scaja
→ Venetian: scaja

Old Norse: skel
Icelandic: skel
Faroese: skel
Norwegian Nynorsk: skjel
Danish: skæl n
Norwegian Bokmål: skjell

Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skalja)

→ Proto-Samic: *(s)kālčō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *skolH-yeh₂, from *(s)kelH- (“to split, part, divide”).


metaþs

metaþs (nominative singular)
metaþiz (nominative plural)
metaþ (singular vocative)
metaþiz (plural vocative)
metaþų (accusative singular)
metaþunz (accusative plural)
metadiz (genitive singular)
metadǫ̂ (genitive plural)
metadi (dative singular)
metadumaz (dative plural)
metadē (instrumental singular)
metadumiz (instrumental plural)

Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃 (mitaþs)

→ Proto-Finnic: *mitta (see there for further descendants)

From pre-Germanic *medéts, oblique *medot-, a t-stem derived from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to measure”).


þeutǭ

þeutǭ (nominative singular)
þeutōniz (nominative plural)
þeutǭ (singular vocative)
þeutōniz (plural vocative)
þeutōnų (accusative singular)
þeutōnunz (accusative plural)
þeutōniz (genitive singular)
þeutōnǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þeutōni (dative singular)
þeutōmaz (dative plural)
þeutōnē (instrumental singular)
þeutōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *þeutā
Old English: þēote
Middle English: theote
Old Frisian: *thiāte, *thūte
Saterland Frisian: Tütjen, Tüütjen (possibly borrowed)
West Frisian: tute, tút (possibly borrowed)
Old Saxon: *thiota, *thūta
Middle Low German: tûte
German Low German: Tute, Tuut
→ German: Tüte
→ Danish: tud
→ Swedish: tut
Old Dutch: *thūta
Middle Dutch: tūte
Dutch: tuit
Old High German: *thioza, *dioza (in compounds: watardioza)
→ Vulgar Latin: *tūta
⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tūtellus (see there for further descendants)

/ˈθeu̯.tɔ̃ː/

From *þeutaną (“to sound, howl, roar”), from Proto-Indo-European *tu-, *tutu- (“bird-cry, shriek”).

That which causes a whirring, whistling, roaring, or rushing sound


turzdaz

turzdaz (nominative singular)
turzdōz (nominative plural)
turzdōs (nominative plural)
turzd (singular vocative)
turzdōz (plural vocative)
turzdōs (plural vocative)
turzdą (accusative singular)
turzdanz (accusative plural)
turzdas (genitive singular)
turzdis (genitive singular)
turzdǫ̂ (genitive plural)
turzdai (dative singular)
turzdamaz (dative plural)
turzdō (instrumental singular)
turzdamiz (instrumental plural)

Seemingly from a Northern European word *dr̥s-dʰh₁-os, from Proto-Indo-European *ders-. Compare Latvian dìrst.

Alternative reconstruction of *turdą (“excrement”)


skurdiz

skurdiz (nominative singular)
skurdīz (nominative plural)
skurdi (singular vocative)
skurdīz (plural vocative)
skurdį (accusative singular)
skurdinz (accusative plural)
skurdīz (genitive singular)
skurdijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
skurdī (dative singular)
skurdimaz (dative plural)
skurdī (instrumental singular)
skurdimiz (instrumental plural)

Old Frisian: skerd m

West Frisian: schird

Old Saxon:

Middle Low German:

Low German: Schöör, Schöört

Old High German: scurt f

Old Norse: skurðr m

Icelandic: skurður

Faroese: skurður (in skurðmynd, skurðviðgerð)

Norwegian Bokmål: skurd m, skur m

Old Swedish: skyrþ f

Swedish: skörd

From pre-Germanic *(s)kr̥(H)tís, from *skeraną + *-þiz.


hindiz

hindiz (nominative singular)
hindīz (nominative plural)
hindi (singular vocative)
hindīz (plural vocative)
hindį (accusative singular)
hindinz (accusative plural)
hindīz (genitive singular)
hindijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
hindī (dative singular)
hindimaz (dative plural)
hindī (instrumental singular)
hindimiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *hindi
Old English: hind
Middle English: hind, hinde, hynde
Scots: hynde, hynd, hind
English: hind
Old Frisian: *hind
West Frisian: hine
Old Saxon: *hind
Middle Low German: hinde
Old Dutch: *hind
Middle Dutch: hinde
Dutch: hinde
Old High German: hinta, hinna
Middle High German: hinte, hinde
German: Hinde

Old Norse: hind

Icelandic: hind

Faroese: hind

Norwegian: hind

Old Swedish: hind

Swedish: hind

Danish: hind

Gutnish: hinna

From earlier *hemdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱem- (“hornless”).


staigō

staigō (nominative singular)
staigôz (nominative plural)
staigō (singular vocative)
staigôz (plural vocative)
staigǭ (accusative singular)
staigōz (accusative plural)
staigōz (genitive singular)
staigǫ̂ (genitive plural)
staigōi (dative singular)
staigōmaz (dative plural)
staigō (instrumental singular)
staigōmiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic:

>? Old Dutch: *steiga, steyga

Old High German: steiga

Middle High German: steige

Cimbrian: staige

German: Steige

Proto-Norse:

Old Norse: steig (placenames)

Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰 (staiga)

/ˈstɑi̯.ɣɔː/

From Proto-Indo-European *stóygʰos (“path; climb; ascent”).


magaz

*magaz (a-stem)

magaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
magai (masculine nominative plural strong)
magō (feminine nominative singular strong)
magôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
magą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
magō (neuter nominative plural strong)
maganǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
maganz (accusative masculine plural strong)
magǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
magōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
magą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
magō (accusative neuter plural strong)
magas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
magaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
magaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
magaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
magas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
magaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
magammai (dative masculine singular strong)
magaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
magaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
magaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
magammai (dative neuter singular strong)
magaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
maganō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
magaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
magaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
magaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
maganō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
magaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
magô (masculine nominative singular weak)
maganiz (masculine nominative plural weak)
magǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
magōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
magô (neuter nominative singular weak)
magōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
maganų (accusative masculine singular weak)
maganunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
magōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
magōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
magô (accusative neuter singular weak)
magōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
maginiz (genitive masculine singular weak)
maganǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
magōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
magōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
maginiz (genitive neuter singular weak)
maganǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
magini (dative masculine singular weak)
magammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
magōni (dative feminine singular weak)
magōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
magini (dative neuter singular weak)
magammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
maginē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
magammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
magōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
magōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
maginē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
magammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: maga (only attested as weak, also used substantively)

Old High German: *mag, unmag


mulkiz

mulkiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
mulkijai (masculine nominative plural strong)
mulkī (feminine nominative singular strong)
mulkijôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
mulkį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
mulkijō (neuter nominative plural strong)
mulkijanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
mulkijanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
mulkijǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
mulkijōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
mulkį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
mulkijō (accusative neuter plural strong)
mulkijas (genitive masculine singular strong)
mulkīs (genitive masculine singular strong)
mulkijaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
mulkijaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
mulkijaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
mulkijas (genitive neuter singular strong)
mulkīs (genitive neuter singular strong)
mulkijaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
mulkijammai (dative masculine singular strong)
mulkijaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
mulkijaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
mulkijaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
mulkijammai (dative neuter singular strong)
mulkijaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
mulkijanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
mulkijaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
mulkijaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
mulkijaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
mulkijanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
mulkijaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
mulkijô (masculine nominative singular weak)
mulkijaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
mulkijǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
mulkijōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
mulkijô (neuter nominative singular weak)
mulkijōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
mulkijanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
mulkijanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
mulkijōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
mulkijōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
mulkijô (accusative neuter singular weak)
mulkijōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
mulkīniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
mulkijanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
mulkijōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
mulkijōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
mulkīniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
mulkijanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
mulkīni (dative masculine singular weak)
mulkijammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
mulkijōni (dative feminine singular weak)
mulkijōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
mulkīni (dative neuter singular weak)
mulkijammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
mulkīnē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
mulkijammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
mulkijōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
mulkijōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
mulkīnē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
mulkijammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Swiss German: lindmulch

Icelandic: mylkur

Verbal adjective derived from the original stative of *melkaną (“to milk”).


fahtiz

fahtiz (nominative singular)
fahtīz (nominative plural)
fahti (singular vocative)
fahtīz (plural vocative)
fahtį (accusative singular)
fahtinz (accusative plural)
fahtīz (genitive singular)
fahtijǫ̂ (genitive plural)
fahtī (dative singular)
fahtimaz (dative plural)
fahtī (instrumental singular)
fahtimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: feht m

(Old Frisian: fecht m)?

Old Dutch: *faht

Middle Dutch: vacht

Dutch: vacht

Afrikaans: vag

Old Norse: *fátt, *fætt

Old Swedish: fǣtter m

Swedish: fätt (dialectal)

From Proto-Indo-European *peḱ- (“to pluck; comb; shear”).


hweulō

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷekʷléh₂ (“wheels”), collective of *kʷékʷlos (“wheel”).

nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *hwehwlą


bansijaną

bansijō (active first-person indicative singular)
bansijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bansijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
bansīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
bansijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bansī (active imperative second-person singular)
bansijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
bansijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
bansīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
bansijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bansijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
bansijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
bansijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
bansijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
bansijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bansijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bansijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bansijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
bansijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
bansijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bansijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
bansijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
bansīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
bansijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bansīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
bansijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
bansijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
bansijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
bansijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bansijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
bansijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
bansijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
bansidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
bansidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
bansidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
bansidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
bansidē (active indicative singular third-person)
bansidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
bansidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
bansidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
bansidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
bansidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
bansidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
bansidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
bansidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
bansidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
bansidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
bansidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
bansijandz (active participle present)
bansidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: bæsa

Icelandic: bæsa

Faroese: bæsa

Norwegian Nynorsk: bæsa

(North Germanic) to put (an animal) in a stall


jōsijaną

jōsijō (active first-person indicative singular)
jōsijaų (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jōsijai (first-person indicative passive singular)
jōsīsi (active indicative second-person singular)
jōsijais (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jōsī (active imperative second-person singular)
jōsijasai (indicative passive second-person singular)
jōsijaisau (passive second-person singular subjunctive)
jōsīþi (active indicative singular third-person)
jōsijai (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jōsijaþau (active imperative singular third-person)
jōsijaþai (indicative passive singular third-person)
jōsijaiþau (passive singular subjunctive third-person)
jōsijōs (active dual first-person indicative)
jōsijaiw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jōsijaþiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jōsijaiþiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jōsijaþiz (active dual imperative second-person)
jōsijamaz (active first-person indicative plural)
jōsijaim (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jōsijanþai (first-person indicative passive plural)
jōsijainþau (first-person passive plural subjunctive)
jōsīþ (active indicative plural second-person)
jōsijaiþ (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jōsīþ (active imperative plural second-person)
jōsijanþai (indicative passive plural second-person)
jōsijainþau (passive plural second-person subjunctive)
jōsijanþi (active indicative plural third-person)
jōsijain (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jōsijanþau (active imperative plural third-person)
jōsijanþai (indicative passive plural third-person)
jōsijainþau (passive plural subjunctive third-person)
jōsidǭ (active first-person indicative singular)
jōsidēdį̄ (active first-person singular subjunctive)
jōsidēz (active indicative second-person singular)
jōsidēdīz (active second-person singular subjunctive)
jōsidē (active indicative singular third-person)
jōsidēdī (active singular subjunctive third-person)
jōsidēdū (active dual first-person indicative)
jōsidēdīw (active dual first-person subjunctive)
jōsidēdudiz (active dual indicative second-person)
jōsidēdīdiz (active dual second-person subjunctive)
jōsidēdum (active first-person indicative plural)
jōsidēdīm (active first-person plural subjunctive)
jōsidēdud (active indicative plural second-person)
jōsidēdīd (active plural second-person subjunctive)
jōsidēdun (active indicative plural third-person)
jōsidēdīn (active plural subjunctive third-person)
jōsijandz (active participle present)
jōsidaz (active participle past subjunctive)

Old Norse: ǿsa

Icelandic: æsa

Faroese: øsa

Norwegian Nynorsk: øsa

From otherwise unattested *jōsiz (“tumultuous”) + *-janą, which is the vṛddhi gerundive of *jasaną (“to be loud; to struggle”), from Proto-Indo-European *yes- (“to well, seethe, foam, ferment”).


smultą

smultą (nominative singular)
smultō (nominative plural)
smultą (singular vocative)
smultō (plural vocative)
smultą (accusative singular)
smultō (accusative plural)
smultas (genitive singular)
smultis (genitive singular)
smultǫ̂ (genitive plural)
smultai (dative singular)
smultamaz (dative plural)
smultō (instrumental singular)
smultamiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: smolt

Old Norse: smolt

Icelandic: smolt

Norwegian: smolt

desctree

⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *smalt
Old Dutch: *smalt
Middle Dutch: smout
Dutch: smout
Old High German: smalz
Middle High German: smalz
Cimbrian: smaltz
German: Schmalz
Hunsrik: Schmals
Luxembourgish: Schmalz
Yiddish: שמאַלץ (shmalts)
→ Dutch: schmalz, sjmalts
→ English: schmaltz
→ Ladin: smauz
→ Old Polish: smalec
Polish: smalec, szmalec
→ Belarusian: шма́лец (šmáljec)
→ Old Ruthenian: сма́лецъ (smálecʹ)
Belarusian: сма́лец (smáljec), сма́ляц (smáljac), сма́лець (smáljecʹ)
Ukrainian: сма́лець (smálecʹ)
→ Russian: сма́лец (smálec)
→ Medieval Latin: smaltum (see there for further descendants)

Adjectival ablaut formation from *smeltaną (“melt”).


parrikaz

Old Saxon: *perrik

Middle Low German: perk

Old Dutch: *perrik, perk (in placenames)

desc

Middle Dutch: perrik, perric, perck, perc

Dutch: perk

Old High German: pferrih

Middle High German: pferrich, pherrich

Alemannic German: Färrich

German: Pferch


þustaz

þustaz (nominative singular)
þustōz (nominative plural)
þustōs (nominative plural)
þust (singular vocative)
þustōz (plural vocative)
þustōs (plural vocative)
þustą (accusative singular)
þustanz (accusative plural)
þustas (genitive singular)
þustis (genitive singular)
þustǫ̂ (genitive plural)
þustai (dative singular)
þustamaz (dative plural)
þustō (instrumental singular)
þustamiz (instrumental plural)

Proto-West Germanic: *þost

Old English: þost

Middle English: þost, thost

English: thost

Old Dutch: *thost

Middle Dutch: dost

Old High German: dost

Middle High German: dost

From Proto-Indo-European *tews- (“to clear; empty; drain”).


luziz

luziz (nominative singular)
luzīz (nominative plural)
luzi (singular vocative)
luzīz (plural vocative)
luzį (accusative singular)
luzinz (accusative plural)
luzīz (genitive singular)
luzjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
luzī (dative singular)
luzimaz (dative plural)
luzī (instrumental singular)
luzimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lyre

Old Dutch: *luri

Middle Dutch: lore, luere

Dutch: teleur, teloor


lugiz

lugiz (nominative singular)
lugīz (nominative plural)
lugi (singular vocative)
lugīz (plural vocative)
lugį (accusative singular)
luginz (accusative plural)
lugīz (genitive singular)
lugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
lugī (dative singular)
lugimaz (dative plural)
lugī (instrumental singular)
lugimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: lyġe

Middle English: leghe, leye

English: lie

Old High German: lug

Middle High German: luc

German: Lug


tugiz

tugiz (nominative singular)
tugīz (nominative plural)
tugi (singular vocative)
tugīz (plural vocative)
tugį (accusative singular)
tuginz (accusative plural)
tugīz (genitive singular)
tugjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
tugī (dative singular)
tugimaz (dative plural)
tugī (instrumental singular)
tugimiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *tugi
Old English: tyġe
Old Saxon: *tugi
Middle Low German: toge, toch
→ Danish: tog
→ Faroese: tok
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tog
→ Swedish: tåg
Old Dutch: *tugi
Middle Dutch: tuege
Dutch: teug
Afrikaans: teug
Old High German: zug
Middle High German: zug
Central Franconian: Zoch
→ German: Zoch
Hunsrik: Zugh
Luxembourgish: Zoch
German: Zug
→ Luxembourgish: Zuch
→ Polish: cug
→ Silesian: cug
Vilamovian: cug
Yiddish: צוג (tsug)


stulraz

*stulraz (a-stem)

stulraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
stulrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
stulrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
stulrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
stulrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
stulrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
stulranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
stulranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
stulrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
stulrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
stulrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
stulrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
stulras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
stulraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
stulraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
stulraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
stulras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
stulraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
stulrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
stulraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
stulraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
stulraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
stulrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
stulraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
stulranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
stulraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
stulraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
stulraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
stulranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
stulraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
stulrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
stulraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
stulrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
stulrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
stulrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
stulrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
stulranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
stulranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
stulrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
stulrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
stulrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
stulrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
stulriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
stulranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
stulrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
stulrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
stulriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
stulranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
stulrini (dative masculine singular weak)
stulrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
stulrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
stulrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
stulrini (dative neuter singular weak)
stulrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
stulrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
stulrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
stulrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
stulrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
stulrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
stulrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: stulor

From pre-Germanic *(ts/st)l̥rós, equivalent to *stelaną + *-raz.

(West Germanic) stealthy, sneaky, furtive


baitraz

*baitraz (a-stem)

baitraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
baitrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
baitrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
baitrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
baitrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
baitrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
baitranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
baitranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
baitrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
baitrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
baitrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
baitrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
baitras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
baitraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
baitraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
baitraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
baitras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
baitraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
baitrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
baitraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
baitraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
baitraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
baitrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
baitraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
baitranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
baitraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
baitraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
baitraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
baitranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
baitraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
baitrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
baitraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
baitrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
baitrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
baitrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
baitrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
baitranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
baitranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
baitrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
baitrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
baitrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
baitrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
baitriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
baitranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
baitrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
baitrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
baitriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
baitranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
baitrini (dative masculine singular weak)
baitrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
baitrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
baitrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
baitrini (dative neuter singular weak)
baitrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
baitrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
baitrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
baitrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
baitrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
baitrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
baitrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old Norse: *beitr, slíðrbeitr

Icelandic: beitur, beittur

Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍂𐍃 (baitrs)

From pre-Germanic *bʰoydrós. The o-grade is unexpected, as ro-stems usually take the zero-grade, as is clearly the case in regular *bitraz. This could theoretically point to a lost o-grade strong verb, in which case this adjective would be equivalent to *baitaną + *-raz. Compare the similarly formed *haidraz, *staigraz. See also the related *baitilaz.


legraz

*legraz (a-stem)

legraz (masculine nominative singular strong)
legrai (masculine nominative plural strong)
legrō (feminine nominative singular strong)
legrôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
legrą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
legrō (neuter nominative plural strong)
legranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
legranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
legrǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
legrōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
legrą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
legrō (accusative neuter plural strong)
legras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-is (genitive masculine singular strong)
legraizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
legraizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
legraizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
legras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-is (genitive neuter singular strong)
legraizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
legrammai (dative masculine singular strong)
legraimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
legraizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
legraimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
legrammai (dative neuter singular strong)
legraimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
legranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
legraimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
legraizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
legraimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
legranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
legraimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
legrô (masculine nominative singular weak)
legraniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
legrǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
legrōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
legrô (neuter nominative singular weak)
legrōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
legranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
legranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
legrōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
legrōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
legrô (accusative neuter singular weak)
legrōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
legriniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
legranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
legrōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
legrōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
legriniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
legranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
legrini (dative masculine singular weak)
legrammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
legrōni (dative feminine singular weak)
legrōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
legrini (dative neuter singular weak)
legrammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
legrinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
legrammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
legrōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
legrōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
legrinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
legrammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *legr
Old English: *leġer
⇒ Old English: ānleġer, dirneleġer

From pre-Germanic *legʰrós, equivalent to *ligjaną + *-raz.

(West Germanic) lying (together with someone)


swikiz

swikiz (masculine nominative singular strong)
swikjai (masculine nominative plural strong)
swikī (feminine nominative singular strong)
swikjôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
swikį (neuter nominative singular strong)
-jatō (neuter nominative singular strong)
swikjō (neuter nominative plural strong)
swikjanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
swikjanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
swikjǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
swikjōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
swikį (accusative neuter singular strong)
-jatō (accusative neuter singular strong)
swikjō (accusative neuter plural strong)
swikjas (genitive masculine singular strong)
swikis (genitive masculine singular strong)
swikjaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
swikjaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
swikjaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
swikjas (genitive neuter singular strong)
swikis (genitive neuter singular strong)
swikjaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
swikjammai (dative masculine singular strong)
swikjaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
swikjaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
swikjaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
swikjammai (dative neuter singular strong)
swikjaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
swikjanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
swikjaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
swikjaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
swikjaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
swikjanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
swikjaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
swikjô (masculine nominative singular weak)
swikjaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
swikjǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
swikjōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
swikjô (neuter nominative singular weak)
swikjōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
swikjanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
swikjanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
swikjōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
swikjōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
swikjô (accusative neuter singular weak)
swikjōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
swikiniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
swikjanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
swikjōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
swikjōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
swikiniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
swikjanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
swikini (dative masculine singular weak)
swikjammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
swikjōni (dative feminine singular weak)
swikjōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
swikini (dative neuter singular weak)
swikjammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
swikinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
swikjammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
swikjōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
swikjōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
swikinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
swikjammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: swiċe

A verbal adjective derived from *swīkwaną.


swikiz

swikiz (nominative singular)
swikīz (nominative plural)
swiki (singular vocative)
swikīz (plural vocative)
swikį (accusative singular)
swikinz (accusative plural)
swikīz (genitive singular)
swikjǫ̂ (genitive plural)
swikī (dative singular)
swikimaz (dative plural)
swikī (instrumental singular)
swikimiz (instrumental plural)

Old English: swiċe


-raz

-raz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-rai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-rō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-rôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-rą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-rō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ranǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ranz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-rǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-rōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-rą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-rō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ras (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ris (genitive masculine singular strong)
-raizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-raizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-raizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ras (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ris (genitive neuter singular strong)
-raizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-rammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-raimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-raizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-raimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-rammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-raimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ranō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-raimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-raizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-raimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ranō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-raimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-rô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-raniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-rǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-rōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-rô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-rōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ranų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ranunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-rōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-rōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-rô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-rōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-riniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ranǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-rōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-rōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-riniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ranǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-rini (dative masculine singular weak)
-rammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-rōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-rōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-rini (dative neuter singular weak)
-rammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-rinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-rammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-rōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-rōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-rinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-rammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Proto-West Germanic: *-r
Old English: -or, -er
Old Saxon: -ar
Old High German: -ar

Old Norse: -r (non-productive)
Icelandic: -ur
Faroese: -ur
Old Swedish: -er

Gothic: -𐍂𐍃 (-rs)

Forms adjectives from verbal roots, which usually appear in the zero-grade.