wet

ek (unstr. *ik) (first-person nominative personal pronoun singular)
þū (nominative personal pronoun second-person singular)
*se- (nominative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mek (unstr. *mik) (accusative first-person personal pronoun singular)
þek (unstr. *þik) (accusative personal pronoun second-person singular)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal pronoun reflexive singular)
miz (dative first-person instrumental personal pronoun singular)
þiz (dative instrumental personal pronoun second-person singular)
siz (dative instrumental personal pronoun reflexive singular)
mīnaz (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular)
þīnaz (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular)
sīnaz (personal possessive pronoun reflexive singular)
wet (unstr. *wit) (dual first-person nominative personal pronoun)
jut (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
jit (dual nominative personal pronoun second-person)
*se- (dual nominative personal pronoun reflexive)
unk (accusative dual first-person personal pronoun)
inkw (accusative dual personal pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative dual personal pronoun reflexive)
unkiz (dative dual first-person instrumental personal pronoun)
inkwiz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun second-person)
siz (dative dual instrumental personal pronoun reflexive)
unkeraz (dual first-person personal possessive pronoun)
inkweraz (dual personal possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (dual personal possessive pronoun reflexive)
wīz (unstr. *wiz) (first-person nominative personal plural pronoun)
jūz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
jīz (nominative personal plural pronoun second-person)
*se- (nominative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
uns (accusative first-person personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (accusative personal plural pronoun second-person)
sek (unstr. *sik) (accusative personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unsiz (dative first-person instrumental personal plural pronoun)
izwiz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun second-person)
siz (dative instrumental personal plural pronoun reflexive)
unseraz (first-person personal plural possessive pronoun)
izweraz (personal plural possessive pronoun second-person)
sīnaz (personal plural possessive pronoun reflexive)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *wit
Old English: wit
Middle English: wit
Old Frisian: wit
North Frisian: wat
Old Saxon: wit

Old Norse: vit, mit
Icelandic: við
Faroese: vit
Middle Norwegian: mið
Norwegian Nynorsk: me, mid; (dialectal) mið
Jamtish: mæð
Elfdalian: wįð
Old Swedish: vit

Gothic: 𐍅𐌹𐍄 (wit)

According to Ringe (2017), from Proto-Indo-European *wé-dwo. Ringe, in turn, cites Cowgill (1985b: 15-16 with references). Cf. Lithuanian mùdu.


ek

Proto-West Germanic: *ik
Old English: iċ, ih, ich — Northumbrian, iċċ, ᛁᚳ (ic) — Ruthwell Cross
Southern Middle English: ich
English: ich (obsolete since 19th century)
Yola: ich (revived)
Northern Middle English: ik
Scots: ik (rare)
Later Middle English: I
English: I
Scots: A, I
Old Frisian: ik
North Frisian: ick, ik
Saterland Frisian: iek
West Frisian: ik
Old Saxon: ik
Middle Low German: ik, ek
German Low German: ik
Old Dutch: ik, ic
Middle Dutch: ic, icke
Dutch: ik, ick, ikke
Afrikaans: ek
Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
Jersey Dutch: äk
Petjo: ik
Skepi Creole Dutch: ek
Old High German: ih
Middle High German: ich, ig
Alemannic German: ich, ig, i
Sensler: [iː]
Swabian: i
Sathmar Swabian: i
Bavarian: i
Cimbrian: ich (Setti Comuni); i (Luserna)
Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i (unstressed); iχχe (emphatic)
Mòcheno: i
Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech
Hunsrückisch: äijsch
Hunsrik: ich [ɪç]
Britten: [æɪ̯ʃ], [ɪʃ]
Kölsch: ich
East Central German:
Erzgebirgisch: iech
Silesian East Central German: iech
Upper Saxon German: isch, ische
East Franconian: i, iech
German: ich
Luxembourgish: ech
Rhine Franconian:
Hessian: aisch
Pennsylvania German: ich [ɪç]
Vilamovian: ych
Yiddish: איך (ich)
→ Limburgish: ich, iech, ik, iich (Eupen), ech (Southeast Limburgish)

Proto-Norse: ᛖᚲ (ek), ᛖᚲᚨ (eka), ᛖᚴᛡ (ekᴀ), -ᚲᚨ (-ka), -ᚳᚨ (-ka), -ᚴᛡ (-kᴀ) — enclitic
Old Norse: ek, iak — Old East Norse, -k — enclitic
Icelandic: ég
Faroese: eg, jeg
Norn: eg
Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj (dialectal)
Norwegian Nynorsk: eg
Jamtish: jeg
Dalian: ik, ig
Elfdalian: ig
Old Swedish: iak, iæk, iag, iagh, iach (late), ᛁᛆᚴ, ᛁᛅᚴ (Runic)
Swedish: jag
Old Danish: iak, iæk, iægh, æk, ak
Danish: jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ (dialectal)
Norwegian Bokmål: jeg
Scanian: jağ
Jutish: æ
Old Gutnish: iek

Gothic: 𐌹𐌺 (ik)

Crimean Gothic: ich

Vandalic: *ic


jut

Proto-West Germanic: *jit
Old English: ġit
Middle English: ȝit
Old Frisian: *it, *jit
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: jat
Sylt: at
Old Saxon: git
Old Dutch: *git, *it
Bergish: et, get, git, it
Old High German: *iz
Middle High German: ëz
Bavarian: es
Yiddish: עץ (ets) (Poylish)

Old Norse: it
⇒ Old Norse: þit
Icelandic: þið
Faroese: tit
Norwegian Nynorsk: de, did
Elfdalian: ið
Old Swedish: it
Finland Swedish: et, ät

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐍄 (jut)

From Proto-Indo-European *yú, dual of *túh₂. Cognate with Lithuanian jùdu (“the two of you”).


iz

gem-decl-adj-table

*iz (irregular)

iz (masculine nominative singular)
īz (masculine nominative plural)
sī (feminine nominative singular)
ijôz (feminine nominative plural)
it (neuter nominative singular)
ijō (neuter nominative plural)
inǭ (accusative masculine singular)
inz (accusative masculine plural)
ijǭ (accusative feminine singular)
ijōz (accusative feminine plural)
it (accusative neuter singular)
ijō (accusative neuter plural)
es (genitive masculine singular)
ezǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural)
ezōz (feminine genitive singular)
ezǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural)
es (genitive neuter singular)
ezǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural)
immai (dative masculine singular)
imaz (dative masculine plural)
ezōi (dative feminine singular)
imaz (dative feminine plural)
immai (dative neuter singular)
imaz (dative neuter plural)
inō (instrumental masculine singular)
imiz (instrumental masculine plural)
ezō (feminine instrumental singular)
imiz (feminine instrumental plural)
inō (instrumental neuter singular)
imiz (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *iʀ
Old English: ī- (“self; same”, prefix)
Old Frisian: -er, -ere
Saterland Frisian: er
West Frisian: er
Old High German: ēr
Middle High German: ër
Alemannic German: er, är, aer, er, ër
Swabian: er, ear
Bavarian: er
Cimbrian: èar, ar (aphetic), er (Luserna)
Mòcheno: er
Central Franconian: er
Hunsrik: er, ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
East Central German: er, ar, ea
German: er
East Franconian: er, ea, ar
Rhine Franconian: er, ér, éa
Pennsylvania German: er
Yiddish: ער (er)

Old Norse: es, er

Faroese: er

Icelandic: er

Old Swedish: ær

Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)

Crimean Gothic: ies

From inflected forms

*sī (singular feminine) (< *sih₂)

Proto-West Germanic: *sī, *si(j)u

Gothic: 𐍃𐌹 (si)

*it (singular neuter) (< *íd) (see there for further descendants)

*īz (plural masculine) (< *éyes)

Gothic: 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis)

*ijôz (plural feminine) (< *íh₂es)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 (ijōs)

*ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)

*inǭ (singular masculine) (< *ím)

Old Saxon: ina
Middle Low German: ine, ene, one
German Low German: ne, en

Old Dutch: ina

Old High German: inan
Middle High German: in, inen
Alemannic German: in
Cimbrian: in, inn (Sette Comuni)
German: ihn
Hunsrik: ihn

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌰 (ina)

*ijǭ (singular feminine) (< [Term?])

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)

*inz (plural masculine) (< *íns)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ins)

*ijōz (plural feminine) (< [Term?])

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 (ijōs)

*ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)

*es (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésyo)

Old Saxon: is

Middle Low German: is, es

Old High German: es, is

Middle High German: es

Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)

*ezōz (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂s)

Old Saxon: ira, iru, iro, ire
Middle Low German: ēr
Dutch Low Saxon: eur
German Low German: üor, ehr, eer

Old Dutch: iro

Old High German: ira

Middle High German: ire, ir

German: ihrer

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (izōs)

*ezǫ̂ (plural, all genders) (< *éysom)

Old Saxon: iro

Middle Low German: erer, er, orer, or, irer

German Low German: ehr, öhren

Old Dutch: iro

Middle Dutch: er

Dutch: er

Old High German: iro

Middle High German: ire, ir

German: ihrer

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐌴 (izē), 𐌹𐌶𐍉 (izō)

*immai (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésmey)

Old Saxon: imu
Middle Low German: ime, eme, ome, gim, jum, um
Dutch Low Saxon: em, um
German Low German: em, äm
Plautdietsch: am

Old Dutch: imo

Old High German: imu, imo

Middle High German: ime, im

Alemannic German: im

Cimbrian: iime

German: ihm

Hunsrik: ihm

Yiddish: אים (im)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (imma)

*ezōi (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂ey)

Old Saxon: iru

Middle Low German: ere

Dutch Low Saxon: eur

German Low German: ehr, üör, iär, öhr

Old High German: iru, iro

Middle High German: ir

Alemannic German: ire

Cimbrian: iar

German: ihr

Hunsrik: eer

Yiddish: איר (ir)

Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 (izai)

*imaz (plural, all genders) (< [Term?])

Old Saxon: im, imo
Middle Low German: one, gim, jum
German Low German: jüm, jem

Old Dutch: im

Old High German: im, in

Middle High German: in

Alemannic German: ine, ene

German: ihnen

⇒ Cimbrian: innàndarn

Gothic: 𐌹𐌼 (im)

he, she, it, they; 3rd person personal pronoun


se-

From Proto-Indo-European *swe-, combining form of *swé.

himself, herself, themselves (3rd person reflexive pronoun)


þū

Proto-West Germanic: *þū
Old English: þū, ðū
Middle English: þou, thou, þu, thu, þoue, thoue, þowe, thowe, þouȝ, thouȝ, þue, ðhu, þeu, þeou, thugh, thogh, þo, tu, tou, towe, you
English: thou, tha (Yorkshire, Lancashire), thow, thu, du (Scotland), thoo (Orkney)
Scots: thou, du, thoo
Yola: thou, th'
Old Frisian: thū
North Frisian:
Most dialects: dü
Halligen: du
Heligoland: di
Saterland Frisian: du
West Frisian: do, dû
Old Saxon: thū
Middle Low German: thu (earlier), du (later)
Low German: du, diu (Westphalian)
Old Dutch: thū, tu
Middle Dutch: du
Dutch: (obsolete) du, dou, douw
Limburgish: doe
Old High German: dū, thū, ᛞᚢ (du)
Middle High German: du
Alemannic German: du
Swabian: dau, d
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: du
Mòcheno: du
Central Franconian: du, dou
Hunsrik: du
Kölsch: do
German: du
Luxembourgish: du
Rhine Franconian:
Palatine German: du
Pennsylvania German: du
Yiddish: דו (du)

Old Norse: þú, -du, -ðu, -tu
Icelandic: þú, -du, -ðu, -tu
Faroese: tú
Norwegian Nynorsk: du
Norwegian Bokmål: du
Jamtish: dú
Elfdalian: du
Old Swedish: þū
Swedish: du, tu, thu, dhu (last three obsolete)
Old Danish: thu
Danish: du

Gothic: 𐌸𐌿 (þu)

Crimean Gothic: tzo


wīz

Proto-West Germanic: *wiʀ
Old English: wē, wœ̄ — Northumbrian, wæ, ƿē
Middle English: we, whe, ve, woe, wue, weo, wæ, vue, hwe, huue
English: we
Jamaican Creole: wi
Sranan Tongo: wi
Scots: we, oo
Yola: wough, wu, wee, we, w'
Old Frisian: wī
North Frisian: wi, wü
Saterland Frisian: wie
West Frisian: wy
Old Saxon: wī
Middle Low German: wî, wy
Dutch Low Saxon: wi
German Low German: wi, wî
Plautdietsch: wie
Old Dutch: wī
Middle Dutch: wi
Dutch: wij
Old High German: wir
Middle High German: wir
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: biar, bar (Sette Comuni)
Mòcheno: biar
German: wir
⇒ Middle High German: mir
Alemannic German: mir, mier
Bavarian: mia
German: mir (dialectal)
Hunsrik: meer
Luxembourgish: mir, mer
Pennsylvania German: mer
Yiddish: מיר (mir)

Proto-Norse: *ᚹᛁᛉ (*wiʀ)

Old West Norse: vér, vær, mér, *wīʀ — Old East Norse
Icelandic: vér, vær
Faroese: vær
Norwegian Nynorsk: me (< mér < erum vér)

Old East Norse: *wīʀ
Elfdalian: wįr
Old Swedish: vīr, vī, ᚠᛁᚱ
Swedish: vi
→ Norwegian: vi
Old Danish: wii, wi
Danish: vi
Norwegian Bokmål: vi
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: vi

Old Gutnish: wir

Gutnish: výr

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 (weis)

From Proto-Indo-European *wéy, plural of *éǵh₂.


jūz

Proto-West Germanic: *jiʀ
Old English: ġē, gī — Northumbrian
Middle English: ye, yee, ȝe, ȝee, yeȝ, yhe, ȝhe, ge, iye, yie, ȝie, gie, hye, hie, ȝeo, geo
English: ye, yee
Scots: ȝe, ye
Yola: ye
Old Frisian: jī
North Frisian: jam, i (Sylt)
Saterland Frisian: jie
West Frisian: jim, jimme
Old Saxon: gī
Middle Low German: gî, gê, î, y, ie, jê
Low German: ji, jie
Plautdietsch: jie
Old Dutch: gī
Middle Dutch: gi
Dutch: gij, jij
Afrikaans: jy
Berbice Creole Dutch: ju
Jersey Dutch: jāi
Negerhollands: joe, ju
Petjo: jij
Limburgish: geer
Old High German: ir, ier, er, aer, gi
Middle High German: ir
Alemannic German: ir
Bavarian:
Cimbrian: iar, iart (Luserna)
Mòcheno: ir
Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
Hunsrik: deer
Luxembourgish: dir
German: ihr
Rhine Franconian:
Pennsylvania German: dihr
Yiddish: איר (ir), איהר (ihr) — Daytshmerish

Proto-Norse: *ᛃᛁᛉ (*jiʀ)

Old West Norse: ér
Icelandic: ér
⇒ Old West Norse: þér (← hafið ér)
Icelandic: þér
Faroese: tær
Old Swedish: þær, þæ

Old East Norse: *īʀ
Old Swedish: īr, ī, ᛁᚱ
Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)
Danish: I
Norwegian Bokmål: I

Old Gutnish: ir, ᛁᛦ (/īʀ/)

Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐍃 (jūs)

From Proto-Indo-European *yū́, plural of *túh₂.


felu

Originally the neuter singular form of older *feluz (“many”), from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, derived from the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognate with Latin plūs, Ancient Greek πολύς (polús).


felu

Proto-West Germanic: *felu
Old English: fela, feola, fiolu, feolu, feolo, fala, feola — Mercian
Middle English: fele, fale, feel, fel, feole, vele, feala, fela, felæ, feola, veole (Early Middle English)
English: fele (obsolete, dialectal)
Middle Scots: fele (poetic)
Old Frisian: felo, fele, fel
East Frisian:
Wangerooge Frisian: fêl, feyhl
Wursten Frisian: vlia
West Frisian: fel
Old Saxon: filu, filo
Middle Low German: vele, vil
Low German: veel
Old Dutch: filo
Middle Dutch: vele
Dutch: veel
Old High German: filu, vilu, filo, fila, vili
Middle High German: vil, vile
Alemannic German: viel
Swabian: viel
Bavarian: vui, vei, vii
Cimbrian: vil, viil, biil (Sette Comuni)
Viennese: vü
German: viel
Luxembourgish: vill
Yiddish: פֿיל (fil)

Old Norse: fjǫl-, fjǫlð (< ?)

Icelandic: fjöl-

Faroese: fjøl-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu)


hwaz

hwaz (masculine nominative singular)
hwō (feminine nominative singular)
hwat (neuter nominative singular)
hwanǭ (accusative masculine singular)
hwǭ (accusative feminine singular)
hwat (accusative neuter singular)
hwes (genitive masculine singular)
hwezōz (feminine genitive singular)
hwes (genitive neuter singular)
hwammai (dative masculine singular)
hwezōi (dative feminine singular)
hwammai (dative neuter singular)
hwē (instrumental masculine singular)
hwī (instrumental masculine singular)
hwō (instrumental masculine singular)
hwezō (feminine instrumental singular)
hwē (instrumental neuter singular)
hwī (instrumental neuter singular)
hwō (instrumental neuter singular)

Proto-West Germanic: *hwaʀ
Old English: hwā
Middle English: who, ȝwo, ho, hoo, huo, quo, qwo, qwho, whoo, wo, woo, qua, wha, hwa, hwo, hwoa
English: who
Geordie English: whe
Scots: wha
Yola: fho, fo, vo
Old Frisian: hwā
West Frisian: wa
Old Saxon: hwē
Middle Low German: wê, wei, wie
Low German: we, wo
Old Dutch: wie
Middle Dutch: wie
Dutch: wie
Limburgish: wae
Old High German: wer, hwer; (northern) *(h)wie
Middle High German: wer; (northern) wie, wē
Central Franconian: wä
Cimbrian: bèar, ber (Luserna)
German: wer
Yiddish: ווער (ver)

q

paradigm merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*hwarjaz</i>

Old Norse: *hver, *hvar, hverr (paradigm merged with *hwarjaz), hvat, hví, hvé

Icelandic: hver, hvað, hví

Faroese: hvør, hvat, hví

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ

Old Swedish: hvar, hwar, hwo; hvat

Swedish: vem (from the dative), vad; vi, ho

Danish: hvem (from the dative), hvad, hvis (from the genitive), hvi, hvo

Norwegian Bokmål: hvem (from the dative), hva, hvis (from the genitive), hvi, hvo

Jamtish: hut, hvuð, horreg

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐍃 (ƕas), 𐍈𐌰 (ƕa), 𐍈𐌴 (ƕē)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷis (“interrogative pronoun”).


hwazuh

hwazuh (masculine nominative singular)
hwōhw (feminine nominative singular)
hwatuh (neuter nominative singular)
hwanǭhw (accusative masculine singular)
hwǭhw (accusative feminine singular)
hwatuh (accusative neuter singular)
hwesuh (genitive masculine singular)
hwezōzuh (feminine genitive singular)
hwesuh (genitive neuter singular)
hwammaihw (dative masculine singular)
hwezōihw (dative feminine singular)
hwammaihw (dative neuter singular)
hwēhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwīhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwōhw (instrumental masculine singular)
hwezōhw (feminine instrumental singular)
hwēhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwīhw (instrumental neuter singular)
hwōhw (instrumental neuter singular)

Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌿𐌷 (ƕazuh)

From *hwaz + *-hw. Cognate with Latin quisque.

(East Germanic) each, everyone, everything


fulu

Like *felu, originally the neuter singular form of older *fuluz (“many”), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁ús, derived from the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥Húš (Avestan 𐬞𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎 (poᵘru), Sanskrit पुरु (puru)).


fulu

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *fulu
Old Frisian: fule, fula, ful
North Frisian:
Föhr-Amrum: föl
Mooring: foole
Wiedingharde: fole
East Frisian:
Saterland Frisian: fúul, ful
West Frisian: folle
Hindeloopen: fulle
Schiermonnikoog: fole
>? Old High German: fulu, folo (potentially scribal errors)


izī

Alternative form of *saī (“that, which, who”, masculine nominative singular)