hihna

hihna (nominative singular)
hihnat (nominative plural)
hihnan (accusative singular)
hihnat (accusative plural)
hihnan (genitive singular)
hihnadën (genitive plural)
hihnoidën (genitive plural)
hihnada (partitive singular)
hihnoida (partitive plural)
hihnassa (inessive singular)
hihnahna (inessive singular)
hihnoissa (inessive plural)
hihnoihna (inessive plural)
hihnasta (elative singular)
hihnoista (elative plural)
hihnahën (illative singular)
hihnoihën (illative plural)
hihnalla (adessive singular)
hihnoilla (adessive plural)
hihnalta (ablative singular)
hihnoilta (ablative plural)
hihnalën (allative singular)
hihnalëk (allative singular)
hihnoilën (allative plural)
hihnoilëk (allative plural)
hihnana (essive singular)
hihnoina (essive plural)
hihnaksi (singular translative)
hihnoiksi (plural translative)
hihnan (instructive singular)
hihnoin (instructive plural)
hihnanëk (comitative singular)
hihnoinëk (comitative plural)
hihnatta (abessive singular)
hihnoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) hihn, ihn

Finnish: hihna

Karelian:

North Karelian: hiihna

South Karelian: hiihna

Livonian: nī’ņ

Livvi: hiihnu

Ludian: hiihn

Veps: hihn

Votic: (Rudja) ihna

→ Proto-Samic: *šišnē (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *ši(k)šna, cognate with Proto-Samic *sësnē, probably borrowed from a substrate language. Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian siksna, Lithuanian šikšnà) and Erzya кшна (kšna, “strap”), Moksha [script needed] (šna)) are probably separate loans from the same substrate source.


akana

akana (nominative singular)
akanat (nominative plural)
akanan (accusative singular)
akanat (accusative plural)
akanan (genitive singular)
akanadën (genitive plural)
akanoidën (genitive plural)
akanata (partitive singular)
akanoita (partitive plural)
akanassa (inessive singular)
akanahna (inessive singular)
akanoissa (inessive plural)
akanoihna (inessive plural)
akanasta (elative singular)
akanoista (elative plural)
akanasën (illative singular)
akanoisën (illative plural)
akanalla (adessive singular)
akanoilla (adessive plural)
akanalta (ablative singular)
akanoilta (ablative plural)
akanalën (allative singular)
akanalëk (allative singular)
akanoilën (allative plural)
akanoilëk (allative plural)
akanana (essive singular)
akanoina (essive plural)
akanaksi (singular translative)
akanoiksi (plural translative)
akanan (instructive singular)
akanoin (instructive plural)
akananëk (comitative singular)
akanoinëk (comitative plural)
akanatta (abessive singular)
akanoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: agan

Finnish: akana

Ingrian: akana

Karelian:

North Karelian: akana

South Karelian: agana

Livonian: agān, agānõz

Livvi: agan

Ludian: agan

Veps: agan

Võro: akan'

Votic: akanõ

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *aganō, *ahanō.


apaja

apaja (nominative singular)
apajat (nominative plural)
apajan (accusative singular)
apajat (accusative plural)
apajan (genitive singular)
apajadën (genitive plural)
apajoidën (genitive plural)
apajata (partitive singular)
apajoita (partitive plural)
apajassa (inessive singular)
apajahna (inessive singular)
apajoissa (inessive plural)
apajoihna (inessive plural)
apajasta (elative singular)
apajoista (elative plural)
apajasën (illative singular)
apajoisën (illative plural)
apajalla (adessive singular)
apajoilla (adessive plural)
apajalta (ablative singular)
apajoilta (ablative plural)
apajalën (allative singular)
apajalëk (allative singular)
apajoilën (allative plural)
apajoilëk (allative plural)
apajana (essive singular)
apajoina (essive plural)
apajaksi (singular translative)
apajoiksi (plural translative)
apajan (instructive singular)
apajoin (instructive plural)
apajanëk (comitative singular)
apajoinëk (comitative plural)
apajatta (abessive singular)
apajoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: abajas

Finnish: apaja

Ingrian: apaja

Karelian:

North Karelian: apaja

South Karelian: abaja

Livvi: abai

Ludian: abai

Veps: abai

Votic: apajõ

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *abjǭ, compare Old Norse efja. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vuopējē.


paakku

paakku (nominative singular)
paak'ut (nominative plural)
paak'un (accusative singular)
paak'ut (accusative plural)
paak'un (genitive singular)
paakkudën (genitive plural)
paakkuidën (genitive plural)
paakkuda (partitive singular)
paakkuida (partitive plural)
paak'ussa (inessive singular)
paak'uhna (inessive singular)
paak'uissa (inessive plural)
paak'uihna (inessive plural)
paak'usta (elative singular)
paak'uista (elative plural)
paakkuhën (illative singular)
paakkuihën (illative plural)
paak'ulla (adessive singular)
paak'uilla (adessive plural)
paak'ulta (ablative singular)
paak'uilta (ablative plural)
paakkulën (allative singular)
paakkulëk (allative singular)
paakkuilën (allative plural)
paakkuilëk (allative plural)
paakkuna (essive singular)
paakkuina (essive plural)
paak'uksi (singular translative)
paak'uiksi (plural translative)
paak'un (instructive singular)
paak'uin (instructive plural)
paakkunëk (comitative singular)
paakkuinëk (comitative plural)
paak'utta (abessive singular)
paak'uitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: paak

Finnish: paakku

Karelian:

North Karelian: puakku

Võro: paak


riuku

riuku (nominative singular)
riugut (nominative plural)
riugun (accusative singular)
riugut (accusative plural)
riugun (genitive singular)
riukudën (genitive plural)
riukuidën (genitive plural)
riukuda (partitive singular)
riukuida (partitive plural)
riugussa (inessive singular)
riuguhna (inessive singular)
riuguissa (inessive plural)
riuguihna (inessive plural)
riugusta (elative singular)
riuguista (elative plural)
riukuhën (illative singular)
riukuihën (illative plural)
riugulla (adessive singular)
riuguilla (adessive plural)
riugulta (ablative singular)
riuguilta (ablative plural)
riukulën (allative singular)
riukulëk (allative singular)
riukuilën (allative plural)
riukuilëk (allative plural)
riukuna (essive singular)
riukuina (essive plural)
riuguksi (singular translative)
riuguiksi (plural translative)
riugun (instructive singular)
riuguin (instructive plural)
riukunëk (comitative singular)
riukuinëk (comitative plural)
riugutta (abessive singular)
riuguitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: riuku

→ Estonian: (dialectal) riug

Ingrian: riuku

Karelian:

North Karelian: riuku

South Karelian: riugu

Livvi: riugu

Votic: riuku

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (whence Norwegian Nynorsk truge (“snowshoe”), Old Norse þrjúgr, Swedish tryga).


tuima

tuima (nominative singular)
tuimat (nominative plural)
tuiman (accusative singular)
tuimat (accusative plural)
tuiman (genitive singular)
tuimadën (genitive plural)
tuimëidën (genitive plural)
tuimada (partitive singular)
tuimëida (partitive plural)
tuimassa (inessive singular)
tuimahna (inessive singular)
tuimëissa (inessive plural)
tuimëihna (inessive plural)
tuimasta (elative singular)
tuimëista (elative plural)
tuimahën (illative singular)
tuimëihën (illative plural)
tuimalla (adessive singular)
tuimëilla (adessive plural)
tuimalta (ablative singular)
tuimëilta (ablative plural)
tuimalën (allative singular)
tuimalëk (allative singular)
tuimëilën (allative plural)
tuimëilëk (allative plural)
tuimana (essive singular)
tuimëina (essive plural)
tuimaksi (singular translative)
tuimëiksi (plural translative)
tuiman (instructive singular)
tuimëin (instructive plural)
tuimanëk (comitative singular)
tuimëinëk (comitative plural)
tuimatta (abessive singular)
tuimëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tuim

Finnish: tuima

Ingrian: tuima

Karelian: tuima

Livonian: tūima

Livvi: tuimu

Võro: tuim

Votic: tuimõ


tenho

tenho (nominative singular)
tenhot (nominative plural)
tenhon (accusative singular)
tenhot (accusative plural)
tenhon (genitive singular)
tenhodën (genitive plural)
tenhoidën (genitive plural)
tenhoda (partitive singular)
tenhoida (partitive plural)
tenhossa (inessive singular)
tenhohna (inessive singular)
tenhoissa (inessive plural)
tenhoihna (inessive plural)
tenhosta (elative singular)
tenhoista (elative plural)
tenhohën (illative singular)
tenhoihën (illative plural)
tenholla (adessive singular)
tenhoilla (adessive plural)
tenholta (ablative singular)
tenhoilta (ablative plural)
tenholën (allative singular)
tenholëk (allative singular)
tenhoilën (allative plural)
tenhoilëk (allative plural)
tenhona (essive singular)
tenhoina (essive plural)
tenhoksi (singular translative)
tenhoiksi (plural translative)
tenhon (instructive singular)
tenhoin (instructive plural)
tenhonëk (comitative singular)
tenhoinëk (comitative plural)
tenhotta (abessive singular)
tenhoitta (abessive plural)

desc

Estonian: tänu (“thanks”), ⇒ tänama (“to thank”)

Finnish: tenho (“charm, appeal”)

Karelian: tenho (“charm, appeal”)

⇒ Livonian: tieʾnnõ (“to thank”)

⇒ Votic: (Pummala, Rudja) tenata (“to thank”)

Võro: teno, tehn (“thanks”)

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

(Northern Finnic) charm, appeal, magical power

(Southern Finnic) thanks (expression of gratitude)


jooma

jooma (nominative singular)
joomat (nominative plural)
jooman (accusative singular)
joomat (accusative plural)
jooman (genitive singular)
joomadën (genitive plural)
joomëidën (genitive plural)
joomada (partitive singular)
joomëida (partitive plural)
joomassa (inessive singular)
joomahna (inessive singular)
joomëissa (inessive plural)
joomëihna (inessive plural)
joomasta (elative singular)
joomëista (elative plural)
joomahën (illative singular)
joomëihën (illative plural)
joomalla (adessive singular)
joomëilla (adessive plural)
joomalta (ablative singular)
joomëilta (ablative plural)
joomalën (allative singular)
joomalëk (allative singular)
joomëilën (allative plural)
joomëilëk (allative plural)
joomana (essive singular)
joomëina (essive plural)
joomaksi (singular translative)
joomëiksi (plural translative)
jooman (instructive singular)
joomëin (instructive plural)
joomanëk (comitative singular)
joomëinëk (comitative plural)
joomatta (abessive singular)
joomëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: joom

Finnish: juoma

Karelian:

North Karelian: juoma

South Karelian: juoma

Veps: jom

Võro: juum

Votic: (Kattila) jooma


jooma

Estonian: joom

Finnish: juova, (dialectal) juoma

Karelian:

South Karelian: (dialectal) juuma

Livonian: jūom

Võro: juum

Votic: joomõ

(narrow) passage of water, strait, riverbed, channel


lurjus

lurjus (nominative singular)
lurjuksët (nominative plural)
lurjuksën (accusative singular)
lurjuksët (accusative plural)
lurjuksën (genitive singular)
lurjustën (genitive plural)
lurjuksidën (genitive plural)
lurjusta (partitive singular)
lurjuksita (partitive plural)
lurjuksëssa (inessive singular)
lurjuksëhna (inessive singular)
lurjuksissa (inessive plural)
lurjuksihna (inessive plural)
lurjuksësta (elative singular)
lurjuksista (elative plural)
lurjuksësën (illative singular)
lurjuksisën (illative plural)
lurjuksëlla (adessive singular)
lurjuksilla (adessive plural)
lurjuksëlta (ablative singular)
lurjuksilta (ablative plural)
lurjuksëlën (allative singular)
lurjuksëlëk (allative singular)
lurjuksilën (allative plural)
lurjuksilëk (allative plural)
lurjussa (essive singular)
lurjuksina (essive plural)
lurjuksëksi (singular translative)
lurjuksiksi (plural translative)
lurjuksën (instructive singular)
lurjuksin (instructive plural)
lurjussëk (comitative singular)
lurjuksinëk (comitative plural)
lurjuksëtta (abessive singular)
lurjuksitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lurjus

Finnish: lurjus

Ingrian: lurjus

⇒ Karelian: lurjakehtoa ("to dawdle")

Votic: lurjuz


laippa

laippa (nominative singular)
laip'at (nominative plural)
laip'an (accusative singular)
laip'at (accusative plural)
laip'an (genitive singular)
laippadën (genitive plural)
laippoidën (genitive plural)
laippada (partitive singular)
laippoida (partitive plural)
laip'assa (inessive singular)
laip'ahna (inessive singular)
laip'oissa (inessive plural)
laip'oihna (inessive plural)
laip'asta (elative singular)
laip'oista (elative plural)
laippahën (illative singular)
laippoihën (illative plural)
laip'alla (adessive singular)
laip'oilla (adessive plural)
laip'alta (ablative singular)
laip'oilta (ablative plural)
laippalën (allative singular)
laippalëk (allative singular)
laippoilën (allative plural)
laippoilëk (allative plural)
laippana (essive singular)
laippoina (essive plural)
laip'aksi (singular translative)
laip'oiksi (plural translative)
laip'an (instructive singular)
laip'oin (instructive plural)
laippanëk (comitative singular)
laippoinëk (comitative plural)
laip'atta (abessive singular)
laip'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal) laippa

Karelian: ⇒

South Karelian: laippi

Livonian: lāipa

Livvi: ⇒ laippi

Veps: laip


laikka

laikka (nominative singular)
laik'at (nominative plural)
laik'an (accusative singular)
laik'at (accusative plural)
laik'an (genitive singular)
laikkadën (genitive plural)
laikkoidën (genitive plural)
laikkada (partitive singular)
laikkoida (partitive plural)
laik'assa (inessive singular)
laik'ahna (inessive singular)
laik'oissa (inessive plural)
laik'oihna (inessive plural)
laik'asta (elative singular)
laik'oista (elative plural)
laikkahën (illative singular)
laikkoihën (illative plural)
laik'alla (adessive singular)
laik'oilla (adessive plural)
laik'alta (ablative singular)
laik'oilta (ablative plural)
laikkalën (allative singular)
laikkalëk (allative singular)
laikkoilën (allative plural)
laikkoilëk (allative plural)
laikkana (essive singular)
laikkoina (essive plural)
laik'aksi (singular translative)
laik'oiksi (plural translative)
laik'an (instructive singular)
laik'oin (instructive plural)
laikkanëk (comitative singular)
laikkoinëk (comitative plural)
laik'atta (abessive singular)
laik'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: laikka

Estonian: laik

Finnish: laikku

Livonian: laik

Livvi: laikku

Võro: laik

Votic: laikko


laikka

Finnish: (dialectal) laikka

Finnish: (dialectal) laikko

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *laikaz (whence Old English lāc (“gift, offering”)).


liuta

Finnic (Northern)
liuta (nominative singular)
liudat (nominative plural)
liudan (accusative singular)
liudat (accusative plural)
liudan (genitive singular)
liutadën (genitive plural)
liutëidën (genitive plural)
liutada (partitive singular)
liutëida (partitive plural)
liudassa (inessive singular)
liudahna (inessive singular)
liudëissa (inessive plural)
liudëihna (inessive plural)
liudasta (elative singular)
liudëista (elative plural)
liutahën (illative singular)
liutëihën (illative plural)
liudalla (adessive singular)
liudëilla (adessive plural)
liudalta (ablative singular)
liudëilta (ablative plural)
liutalën (allative singular)
liutalëk (allative singular)
liutëilën (allative plural)
liutëilëk (allative plural)
liutana (essive singular)
liutëina (essive plural)
liudaksi (singular translative)
liudëiksi (plural translative)
liudan (instructive singular)
liudëin (instructive plural)
liutanëk (comitative singular)
liutëinëk (comitative plural)
liudatta (abessive singular)
liudëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: liuta

Borrowed from Proto-Norse *ᛚᛁᚢᛞᛁᛉ (*liudiʀ) (from which Old Norse lýðr), from Proto-Germanic *liudiz.


läppä

läppä (nominative singular)
läp'ät (nominative plural)
läp'än (accusative singular)
läp'ät (accusative plural)
läp'än (genitive singular)
läppäden (genitive plural)
läppeiden (genitive plural)
läppädä (partitive singular)
läppeidä (partitive plural)
läp'ässä (inessive singular)
läp'ähnä (inessive singular)
läp'eissä (inessive plural)
läp'eihnä (inessive plural)
läp'ästä (elative singular)
läp'eistä (elative plural)
läppähen (illative singular)
läppeihen (illative plural)
läp'ällä (adessive singular)
läp'eillä (adessive plural)
läp'ältä (ablative singular)
läp'eiltä (ablative plural)
läppälen (allative singular)
läppälek (allative singular)
läppeilen (allative plural)
läppeilek (allative plural)
läppänä (essive singular)
läppeinä (essive plural)
läp'äksi (singular translative)
läp'eiksi (plural translative)
läp'än (instructive singular)
läp'ein (instructive plural)
läppänek (comitative singular)
läppeinek (comitative plural)
läp'ättä (abessive singular)
läp'eittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: läppä

Ingrian: läppä

Karelian:

North Karelian: läppä


auvo

auvo (nominative singular)
auvot (nominative plural)
auvon (accusative singular)
auvot (accusative plural)
auvon (genitive singular)
auvodën (genitive plural)
auvoidën (genitive plural)
auvoda (partitive singular)
auvoida (partitive plural)
auvossa (inessive singular)
auvohna (inessive singular)
auvoissa (inessive plural)
auvoihna (inessive plural)
auvosta (elative singular)
auvoista (elative plural)
auvohën (illative singular)
auvoihën (illative plural)
auvolla (adessive singular)
auvoilla (adessive plural)
auvolta (ablative singular)
auvoilta (ablative plural)
auvolën (allative singular)
auvolëk (allative singular)
auvoilën (allative plural)
auvoilëk (allative plural)
auvona (essive singular)
auvoina (essive plural)
auvoksi (singular translative)
auvoiksi (plural translative)
auvon (instructive singular)
auvoin (instructive plural)
auvonëk (comitative singular)
auvoinëk (comitative plural)
auvotta (abessive singular)
auvoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: au

Finnish: auvo

→ Northern Sami: ávvu

Karelian:

North Karelian: auvo

Livonian: o’v, ouv

Võro: avv, au

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *aują (whence Old Norse ey (“luck, heavenly aid”)).


valju

valju (nominative singular)
valjut (nominative plural)
valjun (accusative singular)
valjut (accusative plural)
valjun (genitive singular)
valjudën (genitive plural)
valjuidën (genitive plural)
valjuda (partitive singular)
valjuida (partitive plural)
valjussa (inessive singular)
valjuhna (inessive singular)
valjuissa (inessive plural)
valjuihna (inessive plural)
valjusta (elative singular)
valjuista (elative plural)
valjuhën (illative singular)
valjuihën (illative plural)
valjulla (adessive singular)
valjuilla (adessive plural)
valjulta (ablative singular)
valjuilta (ablative plural)
valjulën (allative singular)
valjulëk (allative singular)
valjuilën (allative plural)
valjuilëk (allative plural)
valjuna (essive singular)
valjuina (essive plural)
valjuksi (singular translative)
valjuiksi (plural translative)
valjun (instructive singular)
valjuin (instructive plural)
valjunëk (comitative singular)
valjuinëk (comitative plural)
valjutta (abessive singular)
valjuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vali

Finnish: valju

Ingrian: valju

Votic: valʹlʹu

From the same root *val- as *valkëda and *valo.


kakara

kakara (nominative singular)
kakarat (nominative plural)
kakaran (accusative singular)
kakarat (accusative plural)
kakaran (genitive singular)
kakaradën (genitive plural)
kakaroidën (genitive plural)
kakarata (partitive singular)
kakaroita (partitive plural)
kakarassa (inessive singular)
kakarahna (inessive singular)
kakaroissa (inessive plural)
kakaroihna (inessive plural)
kakarasta (elative singular)
kakaroista (elative plural)
kakarasën (illative singular)
kakaroisën (illative plural)
kakaralla (adessive singular)
kakaroilla (adessive plural)
kakaralta (ablative singular)
kakaroilta (ablative plural)
kakaralën (allative singular)
kakaralëk (allative singular)
kakaroilën (allative plural)
kakaroilëk (allative plural)
kakarana (essive singular)
kakaroina (essive plural)
kakaraksi (singular translative)
kakaroiksi (plural translative)
kakaran (instructive singular)
kakaroin (instructive plural)
kakaranëk (comitative singular)
kakaroinëk (comitative plural)
kakaratta (abessive singular)
kakaroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kägar

Finnish: kakara

Ingrian: kakara

Karelian:

North Karelian: kakara

South Karelian: kagara

Livvi: kagaru, ⇒ kagareh

Ludian: ⇒ kakark

→ Proto-Samic: *kākērē (see there for further descendants)


hupa

hupa (nominative singular)
hubat (nominative plural)
huban (accusative singular)
hubat (accusative plural)
huban (genitive singular)
hupadën (genitive plural)
hupëidën (genitive plural)
hupada (partitive singular)
hupëida (partitive plural)
hubassa (inessive singular)
hubahna (inessive singular)
hubëissa (inessive plural)
hubëihna (inessive plural)
hubasta (elative singular)
hubëista (elative plural)
hupahën (illative singular)
hupëihën (illative plural)
huballa (adessive singular)
hubëilla (adessive plural)
hubalta (ablative singular)
hubëilta (ablative plural)
hupalën (allative singular)
hupalëk (allative singular)
hupëilën (allative plural)
hupëilëk (allative plural)
hupana (essive singular)
hupëina (essive plural)
hubaksi (singular translative)
hubëiksi (plural translative)
huban (instructive singular)
hubëin (instructive plural)
hupanëk (comitative singular)
hupëinëk (comitative plural)
hubatta (abessive singular)
hubëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) huba

Finnish: hupa

→ Northern Sami: hohpi

Ingrian: hupa

Karelian:

North Karelian: hupa

South Karelian: huba

Livvi: huba

Ludian: huba

Veps: huba

Võro: huba


raavas

Finnic (Northern)
raavas (nominative singular)
raavahët (nominative plural)
raavahën (accusative singular)
raavahët (accusative plural)
raavahën (genitive singular)
raavastën (genitive plural)
raavahidën (genitive plural)
raavasta (partitive singular)
raavahita (partitive plural)
raavahëssa (inessive singular)
raavahëhna (inessive singular)
raavahissa (inessive plural)
raavahihna (inessive plural)
raavahësta (elative singular)
raavahista (elative plural)
raavahësën (illative singular)
raavahisën (illative plural)
raavahëlla (adessive singular)
raavahilla (adessive plural)
raavahëlta (ablative singular)
raavahilta (ablative plural)
raavahëlën (allative singular)
raavahëlëk (allative singular)
raavahilën (allative plural)
raavahilëk (allative plural)
raavassa (essive singular)
raavahina (essive plural)
raavahëksi (singular translative)
raavahiksi (plural translative)
raavahën (instructive singular)
raavahin (instructive plural)
raavassëk (comitative singular)
raavahinëk (comitative plural)
raavahëtta (abessive singular)
raavahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: raavas

Ingrian: raavas

Karelian:

North Karelian: ruavas

South Karelian: ruavaš

Livvi: ruavas

Ludian: ruavaz

Veps: ravaz (“old”)

→ Northern Sami: rávis

→ Inari Sami: räävis

→ Skolt Sami: rää´ves

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *þrawwaz (“full-grown”) (in which case doublet of *rahvas), or alternatively, according to Aikio (2019) borrowed from Northwest Proto-Germanic *grāwaz.


orpana

orpana (nominative singular)
orpanat (nominative plural)
orpanan (accusative singular)
orpanat (accusative plural)
orpanan (genitive singular)
orpanadën (genitive plural)
orpanoidën (genitive plural)
orpanata (partitive singular)
orpanoita (partitive plural)
orpanassa (inessive singular)
orpanahna (inessive singular)
orpanoissa (inessive plural)
orpanoihna (inessive plural)
orpanasta (elative singular)
orpanoista (elative plural)
orpanasën (illative singular)
orpanoisën (illative plural)
orpanalla (adessive singular)
orpanoilla (adessive plural)
orpanalta (ablative singular)
orpanoilta (ablative plural)
orpanalën (allative singular)
orpanalëk (allative singular)
orpanoilën (allative plural)
orpanoilëk (allative plural)
orpanana (essive singular)
orpanoina (essive plural)
orpanaksi (singular translative)
orpanoiksi (plural translative)
orpanan (instructive singular)
orpanoin (instructive plural)
orpananëk (comitative singular)
orpanoinëk (comitative plural)
orpanatta (abessive singular)
orpanoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal) orpana

Cognate with Proto-Samic *oarpēnē, probably from the same root *orpa- as *orpoi.


sakara

sakara (nominative singular)
sakarat (nominative plural)
sakaran (accusative singular)
sakarat (accusative plural)
sakaran (genitive singular)
sakaradën (genitive plural)
sakaroidën (genitive plural)
sakarata (partitive singular)
sakaroita (partitive plural)
sakarassa (inessive singular)
sakarahna (inessive singular)
sakaroissa (inessive plural)
sakaroihna (inessive plural)
sakarasta (elative singular)
sakaroista (elative plural)
sakarasën (illative singular)
sakaroisën (illative plural)
sakaralla (adessive singular)
sakaroilla (adessive plural)
sakaralta (ablative singular)
sakaroilta (ablative plural)
sakaralën (allative singular)
sakaralëk (allative singular)
sakaroilën (allative plural)
sakaroilëk (allative plural)
sakarana (essive singular)
sakaroina (essive plural)
sakaraksi (singular translative)
sakaroiksi (plural translative)
sakaran (instructive singular)
sakaroin (instructive plural)
sakaranëk (comitative singular)
sakaroinëk (comitative plural)
sakaratta (abessive singular)
sakaroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sagar

Finnish: sakara

>? Ingrian: sakara

Karelian:

North Karelian: šakara

South Karelian: šagara

Livvi: sagar

Ludian: sagar

>? Veps: čagar

Võro: sakar'

Votic: sakarõ

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian stagaris, Lithuanian stagaras)


huuma

huuma (nominative singular)
huumat (nominative plural)
huuman (accusative singular)
huumat (accusative plural)
huuman (genitive singular)
huumadën (genitive plural)
huumëidën (genitive plural)
huumada (partitive singular)
huumëida (partitive plural)
huumassa (inessive singular)
huumahna (inessive singular)
huumëissa (inessive plural)
huumëihna (inessive plural)
huumasta (elative singular)
huumëista (elative plural)
huumahën (illative singular)
huumëihën (illative plural)
huumalla (adessive singular)
huumëilla (adessive plural)
huumalta (ablative singular)
huumëilta (ablative plural)
huumalën (allative singular)
huumalëk (allative singular)
huumëilën (allative plural)
huumëilëk (allative plural)
huumana (essive singular)
huumëina (essive plural)
huumaksi (singular translative)
huumëiksi (plural translative)
huuman (instructive singular)
huumëin (instructive plural)
huumanëk (comitative singular)
huumëinëk (comitative plural)
huumatta (abessive singular)
huumëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: huum

Finnish: (dialectal) ⇒ huumata ("to glow, to radiate heat")

Livonian: ūm

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*hūma) (whence Old Norse húm).


kehnä

kehnä (nominative singular)
kehnät (nominative plural)
kehnän (accusative singular)
kehnät (accusative plural)
kehnän (genitive singular)
kehnäden (genitive plural)
kehneiden (genitive plural)
kehnädä (partitive singular)
kehneidä (partitive plural)
kehnässä (inessive singular)
kehnähnä (inessive singular)
kehneissä (inessive plural)
kehneihnä (inessive plural)
kehnästä (elative singular)
kehneistä (elative plural)
kehnähen (illative singular)
kehneihen (illative plural)
kehnällä (adessive singular)
kehneillä (adessive plural)
kehnältä (ablative singular)
kehneiltä (ablative plural)
kehnälen (allative singular)
kehnälek (allative singular)
kehneilen (allative plural)
kehneilek (allative plural)
kehnänä (essive singular)
kehneinä (essive plural)
kehnäksi (singular translative)
kehneiksi (plural translative)
kehnän (instructive singular)
kehnein (instructive plural)
kehnänek (comitative singular)
kehneinek (comitative plural)
kehnättä (abessive singular)
kehneittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kihn, (dialectal) kehn

Finnish: kehnä

Veps: kehn

Finnish: (dialectal) köyhnä, köhnä

Karelian:

North Karelian: keyhnä

South Karelian: keyhnä, köyhnä

Livvi: köyhen

Ludian: keühne


vakka

vakka (nominative singular)
vak'at (nominative plural)
vak'an (accusative singular)
vak'at (accusative plural)
vak'an (genitive singular)
vakkadën (genitive plural)
vakkoidën (genitive plural)
vakkada (partitive singular)
vakkoida (partitive plural)
vak'assa (inessive singular)
vak'ahna (inessive singular)
vak'oissa (inessive plural)
vak'oihna (inessive plural)
vak'asta (elative singular)
vak'oista (elative plural)
vakkahën (illative singular)
vakkoihën (illative plural)
vak'alla (adessive singular)
vak'oilla (adessive plural)
vak'alta (ablative singular)
vak'oilta (ablative plural)
vakkalën (allative singular)
vakkalëk (allative singular)
vakkoilën (allative plural)
vakkoilëk (allative plural)
vakkana (essive singular)
vakkoina (essive plural)
vak'aksi (singular translative)
vak'oiksi (plural translative)
vak'an (instructive singular)
vak'oin (instructive plural)
vakkanëk (comitative singular)
vakkoinëk (comitative plural)
vak'atta (abessive singular)
vak'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vakk

Finnish: vakka

Ingrian: vakka

Karelian:

North Karelian: vakka

South Karelian: vakka

Livonian: vakā

Livvi: vakku

Ludian: vakk

Võro: vakk

Votic: vakkõ

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic *vāka (whence Latvian vāks and Lithuanian vókas, vóka).

type of wooden container, usually equipped with a close fitting cap


täpärä

täpärä (nominative singular)
täpärät (nominative plural)
täpärän (accusative singular)
täpärät (accusative plural)
täpärän (genitive singular)
täpäräden (genitive plural)
täpäreiden (genitive plural)
täpärätä (partitive singular)
täpäreitä (partitive plural)
täpärässä (inessive singular)
täpärähnä (inessive singular)
täpäreissä (inessive plural)
täpäreihnä (inessive plural)
täpärästä (elative singular)
täpäreistä (elative plural)
täpäräsen (illative singular)
täpäreisen (illative plural)
täpärällä (adessive singular)
täpäreillä (adessive plural)
täpärältä (ablative singular)
täpäreiltä (ablative plural)
täpärälen (allative singular)
täpärälek (allative singular)
täpäreilen (allative plural)
täpäreilek (allative plural)
täpäränä (essive singular)
täpäreinä (essive plural)
täpäräksi (singular translative)
täpäreiksi (plural translative)
täpärän (instructive singular)
täpärein (instructive plural)
täpäränek (comitative singular)
täpäreinek (comitative plural)
täpärättä (abessive singular)
täpäreittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: täbar

Finnish: täpärä

Karelian:

North Karelian: täperä

South Karelian: täberä

Võro: täpär'

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?] (whence Icelandic tæpur).


kuhmu

kuhmu (nominative singular)
kuhmut (nominative plural)
kuhmun (accusative singular)
kuhmut (accusative plural)
kuhmun (genitive singular)
kuhmudën (genitive plural)
kuhmuidën (genitive plural)
kuhmuda (partitive singular)
kuhmuida (partitive plural)
kuhmussa (inessive singular)
kuhmuhna (inessive singular)
kuhmuissa (inessive plural)
kuhmuihna (inessive plural)
kuhmusta (elative singular)
kuhmuista (elative plural)
kuhmuhën (illative singular)
kuhmuihën (illative plural)
kuhmulla (adessive singular)
kuhmuilla (adessive plural)
kuhmulta (ablative singular)
kuhmuilta (ablative plural)
kuhmulën (allative singular)
kuhmulëk (allative singular)
kuhmuilën (allative plural)
kuhmuilëk (allative plural)
kuhmuna (essive singular)
kuhmuina (essive plural)
kuhmuksi (singular translative)
kuhmuiksi (plural translative)
kuhmun (instructive singular)
kuhmuin (instructive plural)
kuhmunëk (comitative singular)
kuhmuinëk (comitative plural)
kuhmutta (abessive singular)
kuhmuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kuhm

Finnish: kuhmu

Karelian:

North Karelian: kuhmu

South Karelian: kuhmu

Livvi: kuhmu

Ludian: kuhm

Veps: kuhm

Estonian: kühm

Finnish: kyhmy

Võro: kühm

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian kuzma).


-pi

Estonian: -b

q

Both archaic. The suffix has been reduced to <i class="Latn mention" lang="fi">-V</i>.

Finnish: -pi, -vi (Both archaic. The suffix has been reduced to -V.)

Ingrian: -p (in verbs ending in -ja or -vva)

Veps: -b

Related to *-pa. The final *-i may be of the same origin as in ei (see *e-).
Lauri Hakulinen, in his seminal Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys, proposes a sound change from unstressed final *a to *i in bisyllabic words with a long initial syllable or any word with more than two syllables. This could then have been generalized by analogy (and participles exempted likewise by analogy, as their oblique forms would not have been affected).
Kallio (SUST264) discusses the same sound change and shows that it has also taken place in the comparative ending, *-mpi, as well as the instrumental derivative suffix and superlative ending, *-in, and the caritive suffix, *-t'oin.
Originally restricted to 'Coastal Finnic' (i.e. Finnic except South Estonian), but has also spread into some South Estonian dialects. The original South Estonian third-person singular forms were endingless, which is probably an archaism rather than an innovation.


-mpi

Estonian: -m

Finnish: -mpi

Ingrian: -mp

Karelian: -mpi, -mbi

Livvi: -mbi

Ludian: -mb

Veps: -mb

Võro: -mb

Votic: -mpi

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-mpa. The final vowel change from *a to *i is also seen in *-in, *-pi and *-t'oin, and the original final vowel is preserved in inflected forms.
The stem triggers a change from a final stem -A- to -e-. This change, also seen in some verb derivatives (*-ldak, *-t'ak), has been proposed to be a regular change (with the condition that the -A- be unstressed) by Kallio (2012).


saibas

saibas (nominative singular)
saipahët (nominative plural)
saipahën (accusative singular)
saipahët (accusative plural)
saipahën (genitive singular)
saibastën (genitive plural)
saipahidën (genitive plural)
saibasta (partitive singular)
saipahita (partitive plural)
saipahëssa (inessive singular)
saipahëhna (inessive singular)
saipahissa (inessive plural)
saipahihna (inessive plural)
saipahësta (elative singular)
saipahista (elative plural)
saipahësën (illative singular)
saipahisën (illative plural)
saipahëlla (adessive singular)
saipahilla (adessive plural)
saipahëlta (ablative singular)
saipahilta (ablative plural)
saipahëlën (allative singular)
saipahëlëk (allative singular)
saipahilën (allative plural)
saipahilëk (allative plural)
saibassa (essive singular)
saipahina (essive plural)
saipahëksi (singular translative)
saipahiksi (plural translative)
saipahën (instructive singular)
saipahin (instructive plural)
saibassëk (comitative singular)
saipahinëk (comitative plural)
saipahëtta (abessive singular)
saipahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: seiväs

→ Northern Sami: seaivvas

Ingrian: seiväs

Karelian: seiväs

Livvi: seiväs

Ludian: šeibäz

Veps: seibaz, siibaz

Võro: saibas, saivas

Votic: seivez

Estonian: teivas

Livonian: tāibaz

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic *staipas (whence Latvian stiba and Lithuanian stíebas).


kaca

kaca (nominative singular)
kacat (nominative plural)
kacan (accusative singular)
kacat (accusative plural)
kacan (genitive singular)
kacadën (genitive plural)
kacoidën (genitive plural)
kacada (partitive singular)
kacoida (partitive plural)
kacassa (inessive singular)
kacahna (inessive singular)
kacoissa (inessive plural)
kacoihna (inessive plural)
kacasta (elative singular)
kacoista (elative plural)
kacahën (illative singular)
kacoihën (illative plural)
kacalla (adessive singular)
kacoilla (adessive plural)
kacalta (ablative singular)
kacoilta (ablative plural)
kacalën (allative singular)
kacalëk (allative singular)
kacoilën (allative plural)
kacoilëk (allative plural)
kacana (essive singular)
kacoina (essive plural)
kacaksi (singular translative)
kacoiksi (plural translative)
kacan (instructive singular)
kacoin (instructive plural)
kacanëk (comitative singular)
kacoinëk (comitative plural)
kacatta (abessive singular)
kacoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kasa

Ingrian: kasa

Karelian:

North Karelian: kasa

South Karelian: kaza

Livvi: kaza

Ludian: kaza

Veps: kaza

Võro: kadsa

From earlier *kaća (related to Northern Sami geahčči (“point”)). Possibly an early loan from Indo-European language, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-. Has also been compared with Hungarian hegy (“mountain”), although this relation is unlikely.


veres

veres (nominative singular)
verekset (nominative plural)
vereksen (accusative singular)
verekset (accusative plural)
vereksen (genitive singular)
veresten (genitive plural)
vereksiden (genitive plural)
verestä (partitive singular)
vereksitä (partitive plural)
vereksessä (inessive singular)
vereksehnä (inessive singular)
vereksissä (inessive plural)
vereksihnä (inessive plural)
vereksestä (elative singular)
vereksistä (elative plural)
vereksesen (illative singular)
vereksisen (illative plural)
vereksellä (adessive singular)
vereksillä (adessive plural)
verekseltä (ablative singular)
vereksiltä (ablative plural)
verekselen (allative singular)
verekselek (allative singular)
vereksilen (allative plural)
vereksilek (allative plural)
veressä (essive singular)
vereksinä (essive plural)
verekseksi (singular translative)
vereksiksi (plural translative)
vereksen (instructive singular)
vereksin (instructive plural)
veressek (comitative singular)
vereksinek (comitative plural)
vereksettä (abessive singular)
vereksittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: veres

Karelian:

North Karelian: veres

South Karelian: veres

Livvi: veres

Ludian: verez

Veps: verez

From *vere + *-s. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vërës.


vagas

vagas (nominative singular)
vakahët (nominative plural)
vakahën (accusative singular)
vakahët (accusative plural)
vakahën (genitive singular)
vagastën (genitive plural)
vakahidën (genitive plural)
vagasta (partitive singular)
vakahita (partitive plural)
vakahëssa (inessive singular)
vakahëhna (inessive singular)
vakahissa (inessive plural)
vakahihna (inessive plural)
vakahësta (elative singular)
vakahista (elative plural)
vakahësën (illative singular)
vakahisën (illative plural)
vakahëlla (adessive singular)
vakahilla (adessive plural)
vakahëlta (ablative singular)
vakahilta (ablative plural)
vakahëlën (allative singular)
vakahëlëk (allative singular)
vakahilën (allative plural)
vakahilëk (allative plural)
vagassa (essive singular)
vakahina (essive plural)
vakahëksi (singular translative)
vakahiksi (plural translative)
vakahën (instructive singular)
vakahin (instructive plural)
vagassëk (comitative singular)
vakahinëk (comitative plural)
vakahëtta (abessive singular)
vakahitta (abessive plural)

Votic: ⇒ vagazlahsi (Mati) (+ lahsi)

Estonian: (dialectal) vagane laps

desc

Finnish: (archaic, dialectal) vakahainen, vakahinen, vakainen, vakkainen

Ingrian: vakahain

Karelian:

North Karelian: vakahaine

South Karelian: vagahaine

Livvi: vagahaine

Ludian: vagahaine

Veps: vagahaine

Unknown. Possibly someway derived from *vaka or *vakka, or alternatively, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *vaikas (whence Lithuanian vaikas), but this is uncertain due to the phonetic issues.


vihvilä

vihvilä (nominative singular)
vihvilät (nominative plural)
vihvilän (accusative singular)
vihvilät (accusative plural)
vihvilän (genitive singular)
vihviläden (genitive plural)
vihvileiden (genitive plural)
vihvilätä (partitive singular)
vihvileitä (partitive plural)
vihvilässä (inessive singular)
vihvilähnä (inessive singular)
vihvileissä (inessive plural)
vihvileihnä (inessive plural)
vihvilästä (elative singular)
vihvileistä (elative plural)
vihviläsen (illative singular)
vihvileisen (illative plural)
vihvilällä (adessive singular)
vihvileillä (adessive plural)
vihvilältä (ablative singular)
vihvileiltä (ablative plural)
vihvilälen (allative singular)
vihvilälek (allative singular)
vihvileilen (allative plural)
vihvileilek (allative plural)
vihvilänä (essive singular)
vihvileinä (essive plural)
vihviläksi (singular translative)
vihvileiksi (plural translative)
vihvilän (instructive singular)
vihvilein (instructive plural)
vihvilänek (comitative singular)
vihvileinek (comitative plural)
vihvilättä (abessive singular)
vihvileittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: vihvilä

⇒ Karelian: vihviläine

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Lithuanian viksva (“sedge”)).

, *tarna


ruja

ruja (nominative singular)
rujat (nominative plural)
rujan (accusative singular)
rujat (accusative plural)
rujan (genitive singular)
rujadën (genitive plural)
rujëidën (genitive plural)
rujada (partitive singular)
rujëida (partitive plural)
rujassa (inessive singular)
rujahna (inessive singular)
rujëissa (inessive plural)
rujëihna (inessive plural)
rujasta (elative singular)
rujëista (elative plural)
rujahën (illative singular)
rujëihën (illative plural)
rujalla (adessive singular)
rujëilla (adessive plural)
rujalta (ablative singular)
rujëilta (ablative plural)
rujalën (allative singular)
rujalëk (allative singular)
rujëilën (allative plural)
rujëilëk (allative plural)
rujana (essive singular)
rujëina (essive plural)
rujaksi (singular translative)
rujëiksi (plural translative)
rujan (instructive singular)
rujëin (instructive plural)
rujanëk (comitative singular)
rujëinëk (comitative plural)
rujatta (abessive singular)
rujëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal) ruja

Livonian: rujā

Estonian: (dialectal) ruju

Finnish: rujo

Karelian:

North Karelian: rujo

South Karelian: rujo

Livvi: rujo

Ludian: rujo

Veps: rujo

>? Võro: rujo

Possibly sound-symbolic and related to Northern Sami rojas (“unwell, sickly looking”).


panka

panka (nominative singular)
pangat (nominative plural)
pangan (accusative singular)
pangat (accusative plural)
pangan (genitive singular)
pankadën (genitive plural)
pankoidën (genitive plural)
pankada (partitive singular)
pankoida (partitive plural)
pangassa (inessive singular)
pangahna (inessive singular)
pangoissa (inessive plural)
pangoihna (inessive plural)
pangasta (elative singular)
pangoista (elative plural)
pankahën (illative singular)
pankoihën (illative plural)
pangalla (adessive singular)
pangoilla (adessive plural)
pangalta (ablative singular)
pangoilta (ablative plural)
pankalën (allative singular)
pankalëk (allative singular)
pankoilën (allative plural)
pankoilëk (allative plural)
pankana (essive singular)
pankoina (essive plural)
pangaksi (singular translative)
pangoiksi (plural translative)
pangan (instructive singular)
pangoin (instructive plural)
pankanëk (comitative singular)
pankoinëk (comitative plural)
pangatta (abessive singular)
pangoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pang

Finnish: (dialectal) panka

Ingrian: panka

Karelian:

North Karelian: panka

South Karelian: panga

Livvi: pangu

Ludian: pang

Veps: pang

Võro: pang'

Votic: (Mati) panka

→? Proto-Samic: *pāŋkē (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *paŋka. Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *fangą.


räppänä

räppänä (nominative singular)
räppänät (nominative plural)
räppänän (accusative singular)
räppänät (accusative plural)
räppänän (genitive singular)
räppänäden (genitive plural)
räppäneiden (genitive plural)
räppänätä (partitive singular)
räppäneitä (partitive plural)
räppänässä (inessive singular)
räppänähnä (inessive singular)
räppäneissä (inessive plural)
räppäneihnä (inessive plural)
räppänästä (elative singular)
räppäneistä (elative plural)
räppänäsen (illative singular)
räppäneisen (illative plural)
räppänällä (adessive singular)
räppäneillä (adessive plural)
räppänältä (ablative singular)
räppäneiltä (ablative plural)
räppänälen (allative singular)
räppänälek (allative singular)
räppäneilen (allative plural)
räppäneilek (allative plural)
räppänänä (essive singular)
räppäneinä (essive plural)
räppänäksi (singular translative)
räppäneiksi (plural translative)
räppänän (instructive singular)
räppänein (instructive plural)
räppänänek (comitative singular)
räppäneinek (comitative plural)
räppänättä (abessive singular)
räppäneittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: räppen

Finnish: räppänä

Ingrian: räppänä

Karelian:

North Karelian: reppänä

South Karelian: reppänä, räppänä

Livonian: kräpān- (in compound: kräpānouk)

Votic: (Pummala) reppänä

Proto-Finno-Permic *räppä + *-nä. Cognate with Proto-Samic *reappēnē.


kapalo

kapalo (nominative singular)
kapalot (nominative plural)
kapalon (accusative singular)
kapalot (accusative plural)
kapalon (genitive singular)
kapalodën (genitive plural)
kapaloidën (genitive plural)
kapalota (partitive singular)
kapaloita (partitive plural)
kapalossa (inessive singular)
kapalohna (inessive singular)
kapaloissa (inessive plural)
kapaloihna (inessive plural)
kapalosta (elative singular)
kapaloista (elative plural)
kapalosën (illative singular)
kapaloisën (illative plural)
kapalolla (adessive singular)
kapaloilla (adessive plural)
kapalolta (ablative singular)
kapaloilta (ablative plural)
kapalolën (allative singular)
kapalolëk (allative singular)
kapaloilën (allative plural)
kapaloilëk (allative plural)
kapalona (essive singular)
kapaloina (essive plural)
kapaloksi (singular translative)
kapaloiksi (plural translative)
kapalon (instructive singular)
kapaloin (instructive plural)
kapalonëk (comitative singular)
kapaloinëk (comitative plural)
kapalotta (abessive singular)
kapaloitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kapalo

→ Inari Sami: kääppil

Ingrian: kapalo

Karelian:

North Karelian: kapalo

South Karelian: kabalo

Livvi: kabalo

Ludian: kabal

Veps: kabal

Votic: kapalod pl

Estonian: kabalad pl (dialectal)

From *kapala + *-o, or the final *-o is by analogy with plural forms. No etymology for the root is known.


ansas

Finnic (Northern)
ansas (nominative singular)
ansahët (nominative plural)
ansahën (accusative singular)
ansahët (accusative plural)
ansahën (genitive singular)
ansastën (genitive plural)
ansahidën (genitive plural)
ansasta (partitive singular)
ansahita (partitive plural)
ansahëssa (inessive singular)
ansahëhna (inessive singular)
ansahissa (inessive plural)
ansahihna (inessive plural)
ansahësta (elative singular)
ansahista (elative plural)
ansahësën (illative singular)
ansahisën (illative plural)
ansahëlla (adessive singular)
ansahilla (adessive plural)
ansahëlta (ablative singular)
ansahilta (ablative plural)
ansahëlën (allative singular)
ansahëlëk (allative singular)
ansahilën (allative plural)
ansahilëk (allative plural)
ansassa (essive singular)
ansahina (essive plural)
ansahëksi (singular translative)
ansahiksi (plural translative)
ansahën (instructive singular)
ansahin (instructive plural)
ansassëk (comitative singular)
ansahinëk (comitative plural)
ansahëtta (abessive singular)
ansahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: ansas


-k

Finnish: -∅ (no visible spelling)


suurima

suurima (nominative singular)
suurimat (nominative plural)
suuriman (accusative singular)
suurimat (accusative plural)
suuriman (genitive singular)
suurimadën (genitive plural)
suurimoidën (genitive plural)
suurimata (partitive singular)
suurimoita (partitive plural)
suurimassa (inessive singular)
suurimahna (inessive singular)
suurimoissa (inessive plural)
suurimoihna (inessive plural)
suurimasta (elative singular)
suurimoista (elative plural)
suurimasën (illative singular)
suurimoisën (illative plural)
suurimalla (adessive singular)
suurimoilla (adessive plural)
suurimalta (ablative singular)
suurimoilta (ablative plural)
suurimalën (allative singular)
suurimalëk (allative singular)
suurimoilën (allative plural)
suurimoilëk (allative plural)
suurimana (essive singular)
suurimoina (essive plural)
suurimaksi (singular translative)
suurimoiksi (plural translative)
suuriman (instructive singular)
suurimoin (instructive plural)
suurimanëk (comitative singular)
suurimoinëk (comitative plural)
suurimatta (abessive singular)
suurimoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: suurmad pl (dialectal)

Finnish: suurimo, (rare) suurima

Ingrian: suurima

Karelian: suurima, šuurima

Livonian: sūrmõz

Livvi: suurim

Ludian: suurim

Veps: surim

Võro: suurmas

Votic: suurimõ

Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?] + *-ma (compare Eastern Mari шӱраш (šüraš, “groats”)).


sooli

sooli (nominative singular)
soolët (nominative plural)
soolën (accusative singular)
soolët (accusative plural)
soolën (genitive singular)
sooldën (genitive plural)
soolidën (genitive plural)
soolta (partitive singular)
soolida (partitive plural)
soolëssa (inessive singular)
soolëhna (inessive singular)
soolissa (inessive plural)
soolihna (inessive plural)
soolësta (elative singular)
soolista (elative plural)
soolëhën (illative singular)
soolihën (illative plural)
soolëlla (adessive singular)
soolilla (adessive plural)
soolëlta (ablative singular)
soolilta (ablative plural)
soolëlën (allative singular)
soolëlëk (allative singular)
soolilën (allative plural)
soolilëk (allative plural)
soolla (essive singular)
soolina (essive plural)
soolëksi (singular translative)
sooliksi (plural translative)
soolën (instructive singular)
soolin (instructive plural)
soollëk (comitative singular)
soolinëk (comitative plural)
soolëtta (abessive singular)
soolitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sool

Finnish: suoli

Ingrian: sooli

Karelian: šuoli

Veps: sol'

Votic: sooli


petkel

petkel (nominative singular)
petkelet (nominative plural)
petkelen (accusative singular)
petkelet (accusative plural)
petkelen (genitive singular)
petkelden (genitive plural)
petkeliden (genitive plural)
petkeltä (partitive singular)
petkelitä (partitive plural)
petkelessä (inessive singular)
petkelehnä (inessive singular)
petkelissä (inessive plural)
petkelihnä (inessive plural)
petkelestä (elative singular)
petkelistä (elative plural)
petkelesen (illative singular)
petkelisen (illative plural)
petkelellä (adessive singular)
petkelillä (adessive plural)
petkeleltä (ablative singular)
petkeliltä (ablative plural)
petkelelen (allative singular)
petkelelek (allative singular)
petkelilen (allative plural)
petkelilek (allative plural)
petkellä (essive singular)
petkelinä (essive plural)
petkeleksi (singular translative)
petkeliksi (plural translative)
petkelen (instructive singular)
petkelin (instructive plural)
petkellek (comitative singular)
petkelinek (comitative plural)
petkelettä (abessive singular)
petkelittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: petkel (archaic)

Finnish: petkel

Ingrian: petel, petkel

Karelian:

North Karelian: petel

South Karelian: petel

Livvi: petkel

Ludian: petkel

Veps: petkel

Võro: pekli

Votic: petšel

Finnish: petkele

Ingrian: petkele

From Proto-Finno-Permic *petkele, borrowed from Indo-Iranian language (compare Sarikoli petgāl (“hammer, wooden mallet”)).


haljas

haljas (nominative singular)
haljahët (nominative plural)
haljahën (accusative singular)
haljahët (accusative plural)
haljahën (genitive singular)
haljastën (genitive plural)
haljahidën (genitive plural)
haljasta (partitive singular)
haljahita (partitive plural)
haljahëssa (inessive singular)
haljahëhna (inessive singular)
haljahissa (inessive plural)
haljahihna (inessive plural)
haljahësta (elative singular)
haljahista (elative plural)
haljahësën (illative singular)
haljahisën (illative plural)
haljahëlla (adessive singular)
haljahilla (adessive plural)
haljahëlta (ablative singular)
haljahilta (ablative plural)
haljahëlën (allative singular)
haljahëlëk (allative singular)
haljahilën (allative plural)
haljahilëk (allative plural)
haljassa (essive singular)
haljahina (essive plural)
haljahëksi (singular translative)
haljahiksi (plural translative)
haljahën (instructive singular)
haljahin (instructive plural)
haljassëk (comitative singular)
haljahinëk (comitative plural)
haljahëtta (abessive singular)
haljahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: haljas

→? Finnish: haljas

Ingrian: haljas

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: ǭļaz

Vidzeme Livonian: ales

Võro: hal'as

Votic: alʹlʹaz

From earlier *šaljas, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian zaļš, Lithuanian žalias).


mako

mako (nominative singular)
magot (nominative plural)
magon (accusative singular)
magot (accusative plural)
magon (genitive singular)
makodën (genitive plural)
makoidën (genitive plural)
makoda (partitive singular)
makoida (partitive plural)
magossa (inessive singular)
magohna (inessive singular)
magoissa (inessive plural)
magoihna (inessive plural)
magosta (elative singular)
magoista (elative plural)
makohën (illative singular)
makoihën (illative plural)
magolla (adessive singular)
magoilla (adessive plural)
magolta (ablative singular)
magoilta (ablative plural)
makolën (allative singular)
makolëk (allative singular)
makoilën (allative plural)
makoilëk (allative plural)
makona (essive singular)
makoina (essive plural)
magoksi (singular translative)
magoiksi (plural translative)
magon (instructive singular)
magoin (instructive plural)
makonëk (comitative singular)
makoinëk (comitative plural)
magotta (abessive singular)
magoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: magu

Finnish: mako (dialectal)

Ingrian: mako

Livonian: ma'g, mag

Võro: mago

Votic: mako

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *magô. Doublet of *maha.


saatto

saatto (nominative singular)
saat'ot (nominative plural)
saat'on (accusative singular)
saat'ot (accusative plural)
saat'on (genitive singular)
saattodën (genitive plural)
saattoidën (genitive plural)
saattoda (partitive singular)
saattoida (partitive plural)
saat'ossa (inessive singular)
saat'ohna (inessive singular)
saat'oissa (inessive plural)
saat'oihna (inessive plural)
saat'osta (elative singular)
saat'oista (elative plural)
saattohën (illative singular)
saattoihën (illative plural)
saat'olla (adessive singular)
saat'oilla (adessive plural)
saat'olta (ablative singular)
saat'oilta (ablative plural)
saattolën (allative singular)
saattolëk (allative singular)
saattoilën (allative plural)
saattoilëk (allative plural)
saattona (essive singular)
saattoina (essive plural)
saat'oksi (singular translative)
saat'oiksi (plural translative)
saat'on (instructive singular)
saat'oin (instructive plural)
saattonëk (comitative singular)
saattoinëk (comitative plural)
saat'otta (abessive singular)
saat'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: saad

Finnish: (dialectal) saatto

Ingrian: saatto

Karelian:

South Karelian: suatto

Livvi: suatto

Ludian: suat

Veps: sat

Votic: saatto

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*sātō), from Proto-Germanic *sētǭ (whence Old Norse sáta).


vihanta

vihanta (nominative singular)
vihandat (nominative plural)
vihandan (accusative singular)
vihandat (accusative plural)
vihandan (genitive singular)
vihantadën (genitive plural)
vihantoidën (genitive plural)
vihantata (partitive singular)
vihantoita (partitive plural)
vihandassa (inessive singular)
vihandahna (inessive singular)
vihandoissa (inessive plural)
vihandoihna (inessive plural)
vihandasta (elative singular)
vihandoista (elative plural)
vihantasën (illative singular)
vihantoisën (illative plural)
vihandalla (adessive singular)
vihandoilla (adessive plural)
vihandalta (ablative singular)
vihandoilta (ablative plural)
vihantalën (allative singular)
vihantalëk (allative singular)
vihantoilën (allative plural)
vihantoilëk (allative plural)
vihantana (essive singular)
vihantoina (essive plural)
vihandaksi (singular translative)
vihandoiksi (plural translative)
vihandan (instructive singular)
vihandoin (instructive plural)
vihantanëk (comitative singular)
vihantoinëk (comitative plural)
vihandatta (abessive singular)
vihandoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: vihanta

Ingrian: vihanta

Karelian:

North Karelian: vihanta

South Karelian: vihanda

Livvi: vihandu

Ludian: vihand

Veps: vihand


näälä

näälä (nominative singular)
näälät (nominative plural)
näälän (accusative singular)
näälät (accusative plural)
näälän (genitive singular)
nääläden (genitive plural)
nääleiden (genitive plural)
näälädä (partitive singular)
nääleidä (partitive plural)
näälässä (inessive singular)
näälähnä (inessive singular)
nääleissä (inessive plural)
nääleihnä (inessive plural)
näälästä (elative singular)
nääleistä (elative plural)
näälähen (illative singular)
nääleihen (illative plural)
näälällä (adessive singular)
nääleillä (adessive plural)
näälältä (ablative singular)
nääleiltä (ablative plural)
näälälen (allative singular)
näälälek (allative singular)
nääleilen (allative plural)
nääleilek (allative plural)
näälänä (essive singular)
nääleinä (essive plural)
nääläksi (singular translative)
nääleiksi (plural translative)
näälän (instructive singular)
näälein (instructive plural)
näälänek (comitative singular)
nääleinek (comitative plural)
näälättä (abessive singular)
nääleittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: nääl

Finnish: näälä (rare)

Ingrian: näälä

Karelian: neälä

Livvi: niäly

Votic: nääle

Obscure. Sometimes connected with the Uralic root *naxe- (which gave *nainën), perhaps as a front-vowel harmonic derivative *näxlä < *näxe-lä, but this is highly uncertain. Some kind of Uralic compound *naxe-läwä (for *läwä "(younger) male relative", see Northern Sami lávve, Eastern Khanty [script needed] (ĺö̭γ)) might have reduced to *näxlä, if the complete loss of the last syllable could be explained.


vihma

vihma (nominative singular)
vihmat (nominative plural)
vihman (accusative singular)
vihmat (accusative plural)
vihman (genitive singular)
vihmadën (genitive plural)
vihmoidën (genitive plural)
vihmada (partitive singular)
vihmoida (partitive plural)
vihmassa (inessive singular)
vihmahna (inessive singular)
vihmoissa (inessive plural)
vihmoihna (inessive plural)
vihmasta (elative singular)
vihmoista (elative plural)
vihmahën (illative singular)
vihmoihën (illative plural)
vihmalla (adessive singular)
vihmoilla (adessive plural)
vihmalta (ablative singular)
vihmoilta (ablative plural)
vihmalën (allative singular)
vihmalëk (allative singular)
vihmoilën (allative plural)
vihmoilëk (allative plural)
vihmana (essive singular)
vihmoina (essive plural)
vihmaksi (singular translative)
vihmoiksi (plural translative)
vihman (instructive singular)
vihmoin (instructive plural)
vihmanëk (comitative singular)
vihmoinëk (comitative plural)
vihmatta (abessive singular)
vihmoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vihm

Finnish: vihma

Ingrian: vihma

Karelian:

North Karelian: vihma

South Karelian: vihma

Livonian: vī'mõ

Livvi: vihmu

Veps: vihm

Võro: vihm

Votic: vihmõ

Onomatopoeic, probably more specifically derived from an onomatopoeic root *vih-.


kolkka

kolkka (nominative singular)
kolk'at (nominative plural)
kolk'an (accusative singular)
kolk'at (accusative plural)
kolk'an (genitive singular)
kolkkadën (genitive plural)
kolkkëidën (genitive plural)
kolkkada (partitive singular)
kolkkëida (partitive plural)
kolk'assa (inessive singular)
kolk'ahna (inessive singular)
kolk'ëissa (inessive plural)
kolk'ëihna (inessive plural)
kolk'asta (elative singular)
kolk'ëista (elative plural)
kolkkahën (illative singular)
kolkkëihën (illative plural)
kolk'alla (adessive singular)
kolk'ëilla (adessive plural)
kolk'alta (ablative singular)
kolk'ëilta (ablative plural)
kolkkalën (allative singular)
kolkkalëk (allative singular)
kolkkëilën (allative plural)
kolkkëilëk (allative plural)
kolkkana (essive singular)
kolkkëina (essive plural)
kolk'aksi (singular translative)
kolk'ëiksi (plural translative)
kolk'an (instructive singular)
kolk'ëin (instructive plural)
kolkkanëk (comitative singular)
kolkkëinëk (comitative plural)
kolk'atta (abessive singular)
kolk'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kolk, ⇒ kolgas

Finnish: kolkka

Ingrian: kolkka

Karelian:

South Karelian: kolkka

Livonian: (placename) Kūolka

Livvi: kolku

Võro: kolk

Votic: kolkkõ


härmä

härmä (nominative singular)
härmät (nominative plural)
härmän (accusative singular)
härmät (accusative plural)
härmän (genitive singular)
härmäden (genitive plural)
härmeiden (genitive plural)
härmädä (partitive singular)
härmeidä (partitive plural)
härmässä (inessive singular)
härmähnä (inessive singular)
härmeissä (inessive plural)
härmeihnä (inessive plural)
härmästä (elative singular)
härmeistä (elative plural)
härmähen (illative singular)
härmeihen (illative plural)
härmällä (adessive singular)
härmeillä (adessive plural)
härmältä (ablative singular)
härmeiltä (ablative plural)
härmälen (allative singular)
härmälek (allative singular)
härmeilen (allative plural)
härmeilek (allative plural)
härmänä (essive singular)
härmeinä (essive plural)
härmäksi (singular translative)
härmeiksi (plural translative)
härmän (instructive singular)
härmein (instructive plural)
härmänek (comitative singular)
härmeinek (comitative plural)
härmättä (abessive singular)
härmeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: härm

Finnish: härmä

→ Votic: härme

⇒ Ingrian: härme

Karelian: härmä

Livonian: ǟrma

Livvi: härmy

Ludian: härm

Võro: härm

Votic: (Mati) ärmä

From earlier *šärmä, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian sarma and Lithuanian šarma).


marhaminta

Finnic (Northern)
marhaminta (nominative singular)
marhamindat (nominative plural)
marhamindan (accusative singular)
marhamindat (accusative plural)
marhamindan (genitive singular)
marhamintadën (genitive plural)
marhamintoidën (genitive plural)
marhamintada (partitive singular)
marhamintoida (partitive plural)
marhamindassa (inessive singular)
marhamindahna (inessive singular)
marhamindoissa (inessive plural)
marhamindoihna (inessive plural)
marhamindasta (elative singular)
marhamindoista (elative plural)
marhamintahën (illative singular)
marhamintoihën (illative plural)
marhamindalla (adessive singular)
marhamindoilla (adessive plural)
marhamindalta (ablative singular)
marhamindoilta (ablative plural)
marhamintalën (allative singular)
marhamintalëk (allative singular)
marhamintoilën (allative plural)
marhamintoilëk (allative plural)
marhamintana (essive singular)
marhamintoina (essive plural)
marhamindaksi (singular translative)
marhamindoiksi (plural translative)
marhamindan (instructive singular)
marhamindoin (instructive plural)
marhamintanëk (comitative singular)
marhamintoinëk (comitative plural)
marhamindatta (abessive singular)
marhamindoitta (abessive plural)

desc

Finnish: marhaminta, (dialectal) marhain

Ingrian: ⇒ marhamet

Karelian:

North Karelian: marhaminta

South Karelian: marhaminda

Veps: ⇒ varhind

A compound of unattested *marha (borrowed from Proto-Germanic *marhaz) + unattested *minta (borrowed from Proto-Germanic *minþlą (“bridle”), whence Old High German mindil, Old Norse mél).


raitti

raitti (nominative singular)
rait'it (nominative plural)
rait'in (accusative singular)
rait'it (accusative plural)
rait'in (genitive singular)
raittidën (genitive plural)
raittëjidën (genitive plural)
raittida (partitive singular)
raittëjita (partitive plural)
rait'issa (inessive singular)
rait'ihna (inessive singular)
raittëjissa (inessive plural)
raittëjihna (inessive plural)
rait'ista (elative singular)
raittëjista (elative plural)
raittihën (illative singular)
raittëjisën (illative plural)
rait'illa (adessive singular)
raittëjilla (adessive plural)
rait'ilta (ablative singular)
raittëjilta (ablative plural)
raittilën (allative singular)
raittilëk (allative singular)
raittëjilën (allative plural)
raittëjilëk (allative plural)
raittina (essive singular)
raittëjina (essive plural)
rait'iksi (singular translative)
raittëjiksi (plural translative)
rait'in (instructive singular)
raittëjin (instructive plural)
raittinëk (comitative singular)
raittëjinëk (comitative plural)
rait'itta (abessive singular)
raittëjitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: rait

Finnish: raitti

Ingrian: raitti

Karelian:

South Karelian: raitti

Livvi: raitti

Veps: rait

Votic: raitti

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*wraituʀ), from Proto-Germanic *wraituz (whence Norwegian Nynorsk reit, Old Norse reitr, Swedish vret).


lunas

lunas (nominative singular)
lunahët (nominative plural)
lunahën (accusative singular)
lunahët (accusative plural)
lunahën (genitive singular)
lunastën (genitive plural)
lunahidën (genitive plural)
lunasta (partitive singular)
lunahita (partitive plural)
lunahëssa (inessive singular)
lunahëhna (inessive singular)
lunahissa (inessive plural)
lunahihna (inessive plural)
lunahësta (elative singular)
lunahista (elative plural)
lunahësën (illative singular)
lunahisën (illative plural)
lunahëlla (adessive singular)
lunahilla (adessive plural)
lunahëlta (ablative singular)
lunahilta (ablative plural)
lunahëlën (allative singular)
lunahëlëk (allative singular)
lunahilën (allative plural)
lunahilëk (allative plural)
lunassa (essive singular)
lunahina (essive plural)
lunahëksi (singular translative)
lunahiksi (plural translative)
lunahën (instructive singular)
lunahin (instructive plural)
lunassëk (comitative singular)
lunahinëk (comitative plural)
lunahëtta (abessive singular)
lunahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: lunas (obsolete)

Estonian: luna

Finnish: lunnaat pl, (rare) lunnas

Karelian: lunnas

→ Inari Sami: lones

→ Lule Sami: lånes

→ Northern Sami: lonis


kuhilas

kuhilas (nominative singular)
kuhilasët (nominative plural)
kuhilasën (accusative singular)
kuhilasët (accusative plural)
kuhilasën (genitive singular)
kuhilastën (genitive plural)
kuhilasidën (genitive plural)
kuhilasta (partitive singular)
kuhilasida (partitive plural)
kuhilasëssa (inessive singular)
kuhilasëhna (inessive singular)
kuhilasissa (inessive plural)
kuhilasihna (inessive plural)
kuhilasësta (elative singular)
kuhilasista (elative plural)
kuhilasëhën (illative singular)
kuhilasihën (illative plural)
kuhilasëlla (adessive singular)
kuhilasilla (adessive plural)
kuhilasëlta (ablative singular)
kuhilasilta (ablative plural)
kuhilasëlën (allative singular)
kuhilasëlëk (allative singular)
kuhilasilën (allative plural)
kuhilasilëk (allative plural)
kuhilassa (essive singular)
kuhilasina (essive plural)
kuhilasëksi (singular translative)
kuhilasiksi (plural translative)
kuhilasën (instructive singular)
kuhilasin (instructive plural)
kuhilassëk (comitative singular)
kuhilasinëk (comitative plural)
kuhilasëtta (abessive singular)
kuhilasitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kuhilas, ⇒ kuhelik

Finnish: kuhilas, (dialectal) kuhila

Ingrian: kuilas

Karelian:

North Karelian: kuhilaš

South Karelian: kuhilaš, kuilaš, kuhlaš

Veps: kuhl'az

Võro: ⇒ kuhilik

Votic: kuilõz, kuhilõz, (Kattila) kuhilaz, kuhila

Finnish: (dialectal) kyhläs

Livvi: kyhläs

Ludian: kühläz

Veps: kuhläz

Possibly derived from *kuhja (“haystack”), or less likely borrowed from Proto-Germanic *skūilaz (whence Swedish skyl (“stook”)).


käsnä

käsnä (nominative singular)
käsnät (nominative plural)
käsnän (accusative singular)
käsnät (accusative plural)
käsnän (genitive singular)
käsnäden (genitive plural)
käsneiden (genitive plural)
käsnädä (partitive singular)
käsneidä (partitive plural)
käsnässä (inessive singular)
käsnähnä (inessive singular)
käsneissä (inessive plural)
käsneihnä (inessive plural)
käsnästä (elative singular)
käsneistä (elative plural)
käsnähen (illative singular)
käsneihen (illative plural)
käsnällä (adessive singular)
käsneillä (adessive plural)
käsnältä (ablative singular)
käsneiltä (ablative plural)
käsnälen (allative singular)
käsnälek (allative singular)
käsneilen (allative plural)
käsneilek (allative plural)
käsnänä (essive singular)
käsneinä (essive plural)
käsnäksi (singular translative)
käsneiksi (plural translative)
käsnän (instructive singular)
käsnein (instructive plural)
käsnänek (comitative singular)
käsneinek (comitative plural)
käsnättä (abessive singular)
käsneittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: käsn

Finnish: känsä, käsnä

Karelian: käsnä

Veps: käzn

Võro: käsn

Votic: tšäzne

Unknown. The cluster *sn is rare and does not appear to have been allowed in Proto-Uralic, so possibly an obscured *-na derivative from an unidentified root (? *käse-) or a borrowing from an unidentified source.


kurikka

kurikka (nominative singular)
kurik'at (nominative plural)
kurik'an (accusative singular)
kurik'at (accusative plural)
kurik'an (genitive singular)
kurikkadën (genitive plural)
kurikkoidën (genitive plural)
kurikkata (partitive singular)
kurikkoita (partitive plural)
kurik'assa (inessive singular)
kurik'ahna (inessive singular)
kurik'oissa (inessive plural)
kurik'oihna (inessive plural)
kurik'asta (elative singular)
kurik'oista (elative plural)
kurikkasën (illative singular)
kurikkoisën (illative plural)
kurik'alla (adessive singular)
kurik'oilla (adessive plural)
kurik'alta (ablative singular)
kurik'oilta (ablative plural)
kurikkalën (allative singular)
kurikkalëk (allative singular)
kurikkoilën (allative plural)
kurikkoilëk (allative plural)
kurikkana (essive singular)
kurikkoina (essive plural)
kurik'aksi (singular translative)
kurik'oiksi (plural translative)
kurik'an (instructive singular)
kurik'oin (instructive plural)
kurikkanëk (comitative singular)
kurikkoinëk (comitative plural)
kurik'atta (abessive singular)
kurik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kurikas

Finnish: kurikka

→ Inari Sami: kuurâh

Ingrian: kurikka

Karelian:

North Karelian: kurikka

South Karelian: kurikka

Livvi: kurikku

Ludian: kurik

Veps: kurik

Võro: kurik

Votic: kurikkõ

Uncertain; contains the diminutive suffix *-kka. Possibly from the same root as *kuras.


kupo

kupo (nominative singular)
kubot (nominative plural)
kubon (accusative singular)
kubot (accusative plural)
kubon (genitive singular)
kupodën (genitive plural)
kupoidën (genitive plural)
kupoda (partitive singular)
kupoida (partitive plural)
kubossa (inessive singular)
kubohna (inessive singular)
kuboissa (inessive plural)
kuboihna (inessive plural)
kubosta (elative singular)
kuboista (elative plural)
kupohën (illative singular)
kupoihën (illative plural)
kubolla (adessive singular)
kuboilla (adessive plural)
kubolta (ablative singular)
kuboilta (ablative plural)
kupolën (allative singular)
kupolëk (allative singular)
kupoilën (allative plural)
kupoilëk (allative plural)
kupona (essive singular)
kupoina (essive plural)
kuboksi (singular translative)
kuboiksi (plural translative)
kubon (instructive singular)
kuboin (instructive plural)
kuponëk (comitative singular)
kupoinëk (comitative plural)
kubotta (abessive singular)
kuboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kubu

→ Finnish: kupu (dialectal)

→ Ingrian: kupu

Finnish: kupo

Ingrian: kupo

Karelian: kupo, kubo

Livonian: ku’b

Livvi: kubo

Ludian: kubo

Võro: kubo

Votic: kupo

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian guba and Lithuanian guba).

sheaf, bundle (of straw, sticks, flax, etc.)


urka

urka (nominative singular)
urgat (nominative plural)
urgan (accusative singular)
urgat (accusative plural)
urgan (genitive singular)
urkadën (genitive plural)
urkëidën (genitive plural)
urkada (partitive singular)
urkëida (partitive plural)
urgassa (inessive singular)
urgahna (inessive singular)
urgëissa (inessive plural)
urgëihna (inessive plural)
urgasta (elative singular)
urgëista (elative plural)
urkahën (illative singular)
urkëihën (illative plural)
urgalla (adessive singular)
urgëilla (adessive plural)
urgalta (ablative singular)
urgëilta (ablative plural)
urkalën (allative singular)
urkalëk (allative singular)
urkëilën (allative plural)
urkëilëk (allative plural)
urkana (essive singular)
urkëina (essive plural)
urgaksi (singular translative)
urgëiksi (plural translative)
urgan (instructive singular)
urgëin (instructive plural)
urkanëk (comitative singular)
urkëinëk (comitative plural)
urgatta (abessive singular)
urgëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: urg

⇒ Finnish: (dialectal) urkama

Livonian: (Courland) ūrga, (Salaca) urg

→ Latvian: urga

Võro: urg

Livvi: urkku


mullikka

mullikka (nominative singular)
mullik'at (nominative plural)
mullik'an (accusative singular)
mullik'at (accusative plural)
mullik'an (genitive singular)
mullikkadën (genitive plural)
mullikkoidën (genitive plural)
mullikkata (partitive singular)
mullikkoita (partitive plural)
mullik'assa (inessive singular)
mullik'ahna (inessive singular)
mullik'oissa (inessive plural)
mullik'oihna (inessive plural)
mullik'asta (elative singular)
mullik'oista (elative plural)
mullikkasën (illative singular)
mullikkoisën (illative plural)
mullik'alla (adessive singular)
mullik'oilla (adessive plural)
mullik'alta (ablative singular)
mullik'oilta (ablative plural)
mullikkalën (allative singular)
mullikkalëk (allative singular)
mullikkoilën (allative plural)
mullikkoilëk (allative plural)
mullikkana (essive singular)
mullikkoina (essive plural)
mullik'aksi (singular translative)
mullik'oiksi (plural translative)
mullik'an (instructive singular)
mullik'oin (instructive plural)
mullikkanëk (comitative singular)
mullikkoinëk (comitative plural)
mullik'atta (abessive singular)
mullik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: mullikas, (dialectal) mullik

Finnish: mullikka

Ingrian: mullikka

Votic: mullikkõ

From *mulli + *-kka, probably ultimately derived from *muu. Compare Estonian mullu (“last year”), Karelian mulloine (“of last year's”).


pardas

pardas (nominative singular)
partahët (nominative plural)
partahën (accusative singular)
partahët (accusative plural)
partahën (genitive singular)
pardastën (genitive plural)
partahidën (genitive plural)
pardasta (partitive singular)
partahita (partitive plural)
partahëssa (inessive singular)
partahëhna (inessive singular)
partahissa (inessive plural)
partahihna (inessive plural)
partahësta (elative singular)
partahista (elative plural)
partahësën (illative singular)
partahisën (illative plural)
partahëlla (adessive singular)
partahilla (adessive plural)
partahëlta (ablative singular)
partahilta (ablative plural)
partahëlën (allative singular)
partahëlëk (allative singular)
partahilën (allative plural)
partahilëk (allative plural)
pardassa (essive singular)
partahina (essive plural)
partahëksi (singular translative)
partahiksi (plural translative)
partahën (instructive singular)
partahin (instructive plural)
pardassëk (comitative singular)
partahinëk (comitative plural)
partahëtta (abessive singular)
partahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: parras

Finnish: parras

Ingrian: parras

Karelian:

North Karelian: parras

South Karelian: parras

Livonian: pārdaz

Livvi: parras

Ludian: pardaz

Võro: parras

Votic: parrõz

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *bardaz (whence Old Norse barð and Norwegian Nynorsk bard).


nuka

nuka (nominative singular)
nugat (nominative plural)
nugan (accusative singular)
nugat (accusative plural)
nugan (genitive singular)
nukadën (genitive plural)
nukëidën (genitive plural)
nukada (partitive singular)
nukëida (partitive plural)
nugassa (inessive singular)
nugahna (inessive singular)
nugëissa (inessive plural)
nugëihna (inessive plural)
nugasta (elative singular)
nugëista (elative plural)
nukahën (illative singular)
nukëihën (illative plural)
nugalla (adessive singular)
nugëilla (adessive plural)
nugalta (ablative singular)
nugëilta (ablative plural)
nukalën (allative singular)
nukalëk (allative singular)
nukëilën (allative plural)
nukëilëk (allative plural)
nukana (essive singular)
nukëina (essive plural)
nugaksi (singular translative)
nugëiksi (plural translative)
nugan (instructive singular)
nugëin (instructive plural)
nukanëk (comitative singular)
nukëinëk (comitative plural)
nugatta (abessive singular)
nugëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nuga

→ Ingrian: nuka

→ Votic: nuka

Finnish: (dialectal) nykä

Karelian:

North Karelian: nykä

South Karelian: nygä

Livvi: nygä

Veps: nüga


tooni

tooni (nominative singular)
toonët (nominative plural)
toonën (accusative singular)
toonët (accusative plural)
toonën (genitive singular)
toondën (genitive plural)
toonidën (genitive plural)
toonta (partitive singular)
toonida (partitive plural)
toonëssa (inessive singular)
toonëhna (inessive singular)
toonissa (inessive plural)
toonihna (inessive plural)
toonësta (elative singular)
toonista (elative plural)
toonëhën (illative singular)
toonihën (illative plural)
toonëlla (adessive singular)
toonilla (adessive plural)
toonëlta (ablative singular)
toonilta (ablative plural)
toonëlën (allative singular)
toonëlëk (allative singular)
toonilën (allative plural)
toonilëk (allative plural)
toonna (essive singular)
toonina (essive plural)
toonëksi (singular translative)
tooniksi (plural translative)
toonën (instructive singular)
toonin (instructive plural)
toonnëk (comitative singular)
tooninëk (comitative plural)
toonëtta (abessive singular)
toonitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: toone- (in compounds: toonekurg, toonesepp)

Finnish: tuoni

Karelian:

North Karelian: tuoni

South Karelian: tuoni

Livvi: tuoni

Võro: toonõ- (in compound: toonõkurg')

Votic: (Kattila) tooni

→ Proto-Samic: *tuonë (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *towënë, borrowed from pre-Germanic *dʰow-(ey)e-ni, or from Proto-Germanic *dawīni-, compare Old Norse dán (“death”).


pullas

Estonian: (dialectal) pullas

Finnish: pullea

Estonian: (Insular dialects) pullakas

Finnish: pullakka, pullukka

Karelian: pullakka

Finnish: (dialectal) pullo (“downwards curved”); pulloposki

Finnish: pullistaa, pullistua

Karelian: pullistoa, pullistuo

Finnish: pullottaa

Karelian: pullottoa

Finnish: pullollaan, (dialectal) pulleva, pullillaan

Ingrian: pullillaa

Karelian: pullallah

Borrowing from Proto-Germanic *fullaz or earlier *pulnas (the assimilation *ln > *ll has taken place in both Finnic and Germanic), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós. Most descendants show later reshaping.


konsa

Finnish: (archaic) konsa

Ingrian: kons

Karelian:

North Karelian: konsa

South Karelian: konza

Livvi: konzu

Ludian: konz

Veps: konz

Votic: kõnz

Derived from Proto-Uralic *ko- (whence also Northern Sami goas).


juko

Finnic (Northern)
juko (nominative singular)
jugot (nominative plural)
jugon (accusative singular)
jugot (accusative plural)
jugon (genitive singular)
jukodën (genitive plural)
jukoidën (genitive plural)
jukoda (partitive singular)
jukoida (partitive plural)
jugossa (inessive singular)
jugohna (inessive singular)
jugoissa (inessive plural)
jugoihna (inessive plural)
jugosta (elative singular)
jugoista (elative plural)
jukohën (illative singular)
jukoihën (illative plural)
jugolla (adessive singular)
jugoilla (adessive plural)
jugolta (ablative singular)
jugoilta (ablative plural)
jukolën (allative singular)
jukolëk (allative singular)
jukoilën (allative plural)
jukoilëk (allative plural)
jukona (essive singular)
jukoina (essive plural)
jugoksi (singular translative)
jugoiksi (plural translative)
jugon (instructive singular)
jugoin (instructive plural)
jukonëk (comitative singular)
jukoinëk (comitative plural)
jugotta (abessive singular)
jugoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: juko

→ Karelian:

North Karelian: jukko

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *jukô (whence dialectal Norwegian oke (“crossbeam”), Old Norse oki (“crossbeam”)), related to Proto-Germanic *juką.

crossbeam connecting the front runners of a sleigh/sled


kuras

kuras (nominative singular)
kuraksët (nominative plural)
kuraksën (accusative singular)
kuraksët (accusative plural)
kuraksën (genitive singular)
kurastën (genitive plural)
kuraksidën (genitive plural)
kurasta (partitive singular)
kuraksita (partitive plural)
kuraksëssa (inessive singular)
kuraksëhna (inessive singular)
kuraksissa (inessive plural)
kuraksihna (inessive plural)
kuraksësta (elative singular)
kuraksista (elative plural)
kuraksësën (illative singular)
kuraksisën (illative plural)
kuraksëlla (adessive singular)
kuraksilla (adessive plural)
kuraksëlta (ablative singular)
kuraksilta (ablative plural)
kuraksëlën (allative singular)
kuraksëlëk (allative singular)
kuraksilën (allative plural)
kuraksilëk (allative plural)
kurassa (essive singular)
kuraksina (essive plural)
kuraksëksi (singular translative)
kuraksiksi (plural translative)
kuraksën (instructive singular)
kuraksin (instructive plural)
kurassëk (comitative singular)
kuraksinëk (comitative plural)
kuraksëtta (abessive singular)
kuraksitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: kurask, kuurask (dialectal, poetic)

Finnish: kuras (archaic, rare)

Ingrian: kuras (dialectal, poetic)

Karelian: kuras (poetic)

Votic: kuraz


horma

horma (nominative singular)
hormat (nominative plural)
horman (accusative singular)
hormat (accusative plural)
horman (genitive singular)
hormadën (genitive plural)
hormëidën (genitive plural)
hormada (partitive singular)
hormëida (partitive plural)
hormassa (inessive singular)
hormahna (inessive singular)
hormëissa (inessive plural)
hormëihna (inessive plural)
hormasta (elative singular)
hormëista (elative plural)
hormahën (illative singular)
hormëihën (illative plural)
hormalla (adessive singular)
hormëilla (adessive plural)
hormalta (ablative singular)
hormëilta (ablative plural)
hormalën (allative singular)
hormalëk (allative singular)
hormëilën (allative plural)
hormëilëk (allative plural)
hormana (essive singular)
hormëina (essive plural)
hormaksi (singular translative)
hormëiksi (plural translative)
horman (instructive singular)
hormëin (instructive plural)
hormanëk (comitative singular)
hormëinëk (comitative plural)
hormatta (abessive singular)
hormëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vorm, võrm

Finnish: horsma, (dialectal) horma

→ Northern Sami: horbmá

Karelian:

North Karelian: horma, horšma

South Karelian: horma, horzma

Livvi: hormu

Ludian: horm

Veps: horm- (in compound: hormhein)

→ Kildin Sami: хо̄ррм (xōrrm) (obsolete)

willowherb (plants of the genus Epilobium)


varbas

varbas (nominative singular)
varpahët (nominative plural)
varpahën (accusative singular)
varpahët (accusative plural)
varpahën (genitive singular)
varbastën (genitive plural)
varpahidën (genitive plural)
varbasta (partitive singular)
varpahita (partitive plural)
varpahëssa (inessive singular)
varpahëhna (inessive singular)
varpahissa (inessive plural)
varpahihna (inessive plural)
varpahësta (elative singular)
varpahista (elative plural)
varpahësën (illative singular)
varpahisën (illative plural)
varpahëlla (adessive singular)
varpahilla (adessive plural)
varpahëlta (ablative singular)
varpahilta (ablative plural)
varpahëlën (allative singular)
varpahëlëk (allative singular)
varpahilën (allative plural)
varpahilëk (allative plural)
varbassa (essive singular)
varpahina (essive plural)
varpahëksi (singular translative)
varpahiksi (plural translative)
varpahën (instructive singular)
varpahin (instructive plural)
varbassëk (comitative singular)
varpahinëk (comitative plural)
varpahëtta (abessive singular)
varpahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: varvas

Finnish: varvas

Ingrian: varvas

Karelian: varvaš

Livonian: vārbaz

Livvi: varvas

Ludian: barbaz

Veps: barbaz, varbaz

Võro: varbas

Votic: varvõz

Possibly *varpa (“thin stick, twig”) + *-s.


kirki

kirki (nominative singular)
kirget (nominative plural)
kirgen (accusative singular)
kirget (accusative plural)
kirgen (genitive singular)
kirkeden (genitive plural)
kirkiden (genitive plural)
kirkedä (partitive singular)
kirkidä (partitive plural)
kirgessä (inessive singular)
kirgehnä (inessive singular)
kirgissä (inessive plural)
kirgihnä (inessive plural)
kirgestä (elative singular)
kirgistä (elative plural)
kirkehen (illative singular)
kirkihen (illative plural)
kirgellä (adessive singular)
kirgillä (adessive plural)
kirgeltä (ablative singular)
kirgiltä (ablative plural)
kirkelen (allative singular)
kirkelek (allative singular)
kirkilen (allative plural)
kirkilek (allative plural)
kirkenä (essive singular)
kirkinä (essive plural)
kirgeksi (singular translative)
kirgiksi (plural translative)
kirgen (instructive singular)
kirgin (instructive plural)
kirkenek (comitative singular)
kirkinek (comitative plural)
kirgettä (abessive singular)
kirgittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kirg

Finnish: kirki (dialectal)

Karelian: kirki, kirgi

Livonian: kireg, kirüg (Salaca)

Livvi: kirre-

Võro: kirg'

Probably borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian dzirkstele, dzirksts).


voo

voo (nominative singular)
voot (nominative plural)
voon (accusative singular)
voot (accusative plural)
voon (genitive singular)
voodën (genitive plural)
voidën (genitive plural)
voota (partitive singular)
voita (partitive plural)
voossa (inessive singular)
voohna (inessive singular)
voissa (inessive plural)
voihna (inessive plural)
voosta (elative singular)
voista (elative plural)
voosën (illative singular)
voisën (illative plural)
voolla (adessive singular)
voilla (adessive plural)
voolta (ablative singular)
voilta (ablative plural)
voolën (allative singular)
voolëk (allative singular)
voilën (allative plural)
voilëk (allative plural)
voona (essive singular)
voina (essive plural)
vooksi (singular translative)
voiksi (plural translative)
voon (instructive singular)
voin (instructive plural)
voonëk (comitative singular)
voinëk (comitative plural)
vootta (abessive singular)
voitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: voog

Finnish: vuo

Livvi: vuo

Võro: vuu

Livonian: (Courland) õvā, (Salaca) üva

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *uwa (“flow, current”).


kartano

kartano (nominative singular)
kartanot (nominative plural)
kartanon (accusative singular)
kartanot (accusative plural)
kartanon (genitive singular)
kartanodën (genitive plural)
kartanoidën (genitive plural)
kartanota (partitive singular)
kartanoita (partitive plural)
kartanossa (inessive singular)
kartanohna (inessive singular)
kartanoissa (inessive plural)
kartanoihna (inessive plural)
kartanosta (elative singular)
kartanoista (elative plural)
kartanosën (illative singular)
kartanoisën (illative plural)
kartanolla (adessive singular)
kartanoilla (adessive plural)
kartanolta (ablative singular)
kartanoilta (ablative plural)
kartanolën (allative singular)
kartanolëk (allative singular)
kartanoilën (allative plural)
kartanoilëk (allative plural)
kartanona (essive singular)
kartanoina (essive plural)
kartanoksi (singular translative)
kartanoiksi (plural translative)
kartanon (instructive singular)
kartanoin (instructive plural)
kartanonëk (comitative singular)
kartanoinëk (comitative plural)
kartanotta (abessive singular)
kartanoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kartano
Meänkieli: kartano

Ingrian: kartano

Karelian:

North Karelian: kartano

South Karelian: kardano

Livonian: kǭrand

Votic: kartõno

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gardô (*gardan-; e.g. acc. pl. *gardanų). The *-o may be levelled from the plural stem with *-oi, or be a derivational affix.


eci

eci (nominative singular)
edet (nominative plural)
eden (accusative singular)
edet (accusative plural)
eden (genitive singular)
et'en (genitive plural)
eciden (genitive plural)
että (partitive singular)
ecidä (partitive plural)
edessä (inessive singular)
edehnä (inessive singular)
ecissä (inessive plural)
ecihnä (inessive plural)
edestä (elative singular)
ecistä (elative plural)
etehen (illative singular)
ecihen (illative plural)
edellä (adessive singular)
ecillä (adessive plural)
edeltä (ablative singular)
eciltä (ablative plural)
etelen (allative singular)
etelek (allative singular)
ecilen (allative plural)
ecilek (allative plural)
ennä (essive singular)
ecinä (essive plural)
edeksi (singular translative)
eciksi (plural translative)
eden (instructive singular)
ecin (instructive plural)
ennek (comitative singular)
ecinek (comitative plural)
edettä (abessive singular)
ecittä (abessive plural)

desc

Estonian: esi, ⇒ ette, ees, eest, eele, eel, eelt

Finnish: esi (dialectal), esi-, ⇒ eteen, edessä, edestä, edelle, edellä, edeltä

Ingrian: esi, esi-, ⇒ ettee, ees, eest, eelle, eel, eelt, etes

Karelian:

North Karelian: esi, ⇒ eteh, ieššä, ieštä, ielle, iellä, ieltä

South Karelian: ezi, ⇒ edeh, ieššä, ieštä, ielle, iellä, ieltä, ezin

⇒ Livonian: jeʾd, jeʾddi, jeʾddõ

Livvi: ezi, ⇒ edeh, ies, iele, iel, ezin

⇒ Ludian: edes, edel

Veps: ezi, ezi-, ⇒ edehe, edes, edele, edel

Võro: esi, ⇒ ette, õõn, õõhn, õõst

Votic: esi, ⇒ ette, eez, eesse, eelle, eelte


kalki

kalki (nominative singular)
kalgët (nominative plural)
kalgën (accusative singular)
kalgët (accusative plural)
kalgën (genitive singular)
kalkëdën (genitive plural)
kalkidën (genitive plural)
kalkëda (partitive singular)
kalkida (partitive plural)
kalgëssa (inessive singular)
kalgëhna (inessive singular)
kalgissa (inessive plural)
kalgihna (inessive plural)
kalgësta (elative singular)
kalgista (elative plural)
kalkëhën (illative singular)
kalkihën (illative plural)
kalgëlla (adessive singular)
kalgilla (adessive plural)
kalgëlta (ablative singular)
kalgilta (ablative plural)
kalkëlën (allative singular)
kalkëlëk (allative singular)
kalkilën (allative plural)
kalkilëk (allative plural)
kalkëna (essive singular)
kalkina (essive plural)
kalgëksi (singular translative)
kalgiksi (plural translative)
kalgën (instructive singular)
kalgin (instructive plural)
kalkënëk (comitative singular)
kalkinëk (comitative plural)
kalgëtta (abessive singular)
kalgitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (Tavastian dialects) kalki

Akin to Proto-Samic *kuolkë (“hair”), Erzya калго (kalgo), Moksha калга (kalga) (both "culm of a fibrous plant"). A common root *këlke could be reconstructed.


vinka

vinka (nominative singular)
vingat (nominative plural)
vingan (accusative singular)
vingat (accusative plural)
vingan (genitive singular)
vinkadën (genitive plural)
vinkoidën (genitive plural)
vinkada (partitive singular)
vinkoida (partitive plural)
vingassa (inessive singular)
vingahna (inessive singular)
vingoissa (inessive plural)
vingoihna (inessive plural)
vingasta (elative singular)
vingoista (elative plural)
vinkahën (illative singular)
vinkoihën (illative plural)
vingalla (adessive singular)
vingoilla (adessive plural)
vingalta (ablative singular)
vingoilta (ablative plural)
vinkalën (allative singular)
vinkalëk (allative singular)
vinkoilën (allative plural)
vinkoilëk (allative plural)
vinkana (essive singular)
vinkoina (essive plural)
vingaksi (singular translative)
vingoiksi (plural translative)
vingan (instructive singular)
vingoin (instructive plural)
vinkanëk (comitative singular)
vinkoinëk (comitative plural)
vingatta (abessive singular)
vingoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ving

Finnish: (dialectal) vinka

Ingrian: vinka

⇒ Karelian:

North Karelian: vinkerä

South Karelian: vingerä

Livonian: ving

Votic: vinkõ

Possibly from the same root as Etymology 2. Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian dvinga).


vinka

Estonian: ving

Finnish: vinka

⇒ Ingrian: vinkiä

Karelian:

North Karelian: vinkka

South Karelian: vinkka, vinga

⇒ Livonian: vingõr


kasvo

kasvo (nominative singular)
kasvot (nominative plural)
kasvon (accusative singular)
kasvot (accusative plural)
kasvon (genitive singular)
kasvodën (genitive plural)
kasvoidën (genitive plural)
kasvoda (partitive singular)
kasvoida (partitive plural)
kasvossa (inessive singular)
kasvohna (inessive singular)
kasvoissa (inessive plural)
kasvoihna (inessive plural)
kasvosta (elative singular)
kasvoista (elative plural)
kasvohën (illative singular)
kasvoihën (illative plural)
kasvolla (adessive singular)
kasvoilla (adessive plural)
kasvolta (ablative singular)
kasvoilta (ablative plural)
kasvolën (allative singular)
kasvolëk (allative singular)
kasvoilën (allative plural)
kasvoilëk (allative plural)
kasvona (essive singular)
kasvoina (essive plural)
kasvoksi (singular translative)
kasvoiksi (plural translative)
kasvon (instructive singular)
kasvoin (instructive plural)
kasvonëk (comitative singular)
kasvoinëk (comitative plural)
kasvotta (abessive singular)
kasvoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kasv

Finnish: kasvo

Ingrian: kasvo

Karelian:

North Karelian: kašvo

South Karelian: kažvo

Livonian: ka’z

Livvi: kazvo

Veps: kazv

Võro: kasv

Votic: kazvo


tappura

tappura (nominative singular)
tappurat (nominative plural)
tappuran (accusative singular)
tappurat (accusative plural)
tappuran (genitive singular)
tappuradën (genitive plural)
tappurëidën (genitive plural)
tappurata (partitive singular)
tappurëita (partitive plural)
tappurassa (inessive singular)
tappurahna (inessive singular)
tappurëissa (inessive plural)
tappurëihna (inessive plural)
tappurasta (elative singular)
tappurëista (elative plural)
tappurasën (illative singular)
tappurëisën (illative plural)
tappuralla (adessive singular)
tappurëilla (adessive plural)
tappuralta (ablative singular)
tappurëilta (ablative plural)
tappuralën (allative singular)
tappuralëk (allative singular)
tappurëilën (allative plural)
tappurëilëk (allative plural)
tappurana (essive singular)
tappurëina (essive plural)
tappuraksi (singular translative)
tappurëiksi (plural translative)
tappuran (instructive singular)
tappurëin (instructive plural)
tappuranëk (comitative singular)
tappurëinëk (comitative plural)
tappuratta (abessive singular)
tappurëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: tappura

Ingrian: tappura

Karelian:

North Karelian: tappura

South Karelian: tappura

Livvi: tappur

Votic: tappurõ

coarse fibers of hemp or flax, often with shives; waste fibers


lagas

Finnic (Northern)
lagas (nominative singular)
lakahët (nominative plural)
lakahën (accusative singular)
lakahët (accusative plural)
lakahën (genitive singular)
lagastën (genitive plural)
lakahidën (genitive plural)
lagasta (partitive singular)
lakahita (partitive plural)
lakahëssa (inessive singular)
lakahëhna (inessive singular)
lakahissa (inessive plural)
lakahihna (inessive plural)
lakahësta (elative singular)
lakahista (elative plural)
lakahësën (illative singular)
lakahisën (illative plural)
lakahëlla (adessive singular)
lakahilla (adessive plural)
lakahëlta (ablative singular)
lakahilta (ablative plural)
lakahëlën (allative singular)
lakahëlëk (allative singular)
lakahilën (allative plural)
lakahilëk (allative plural)
lagassa (essive singular)
lakahina (essive plural)
lakahëksi (singular translative)
lakahiksi (plural translative)
lakahën (instructive singular)
lakahin (instructive plural)
lagassëk (comitative singular)
lakahinëk (comitative plural)
lakahëtta (abessive singular)
lakahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal) laas

Finnish: (dialectal) lais

Finnish: (dialectal) laes, ⇒ lakeinen

Finnish: (dialectal) lae

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *slagiz, *slagaz.

swath (width of a stroke of a scythe when reaping hay; track cut out by a scythe in mowing)


-oi

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-o</i>

Finnish: -o (merged with *-o)

Ingrian: -o

Originally an allophonic form of *-i attached to *-a- stems, incurring regular labialization (*-ai > *-oi) in later syllables.

Forms mainly diminutive nouns from nominal stems.


-uc

-uc / *-üc (canonical)
-uc (nominative singular)
-udët (nominative plural)
-udën (accusative singular)
-udët (accusative plural)
-udën (genitive singular)
-ut'ën (genitive plural)
-ucidën (genitive plural)
-utta (partitive singular)
-ucita (partitive plural)
-udëssa (inessive singular)
-udëhna (inessive singular)
-ucissa (inessive plural)
-ucihna (inessive plural)
-udësta (elative singular)
-ucista (elative plural)
-udësën (illative singular)
-ucisën (illative plural)
-udëlla (adessive singular)
-ucilla (adessive plural)
-udëlta (ablative singular)
-ucilta (ablative plural)
-udëlën (allative singular)
-udëlëk (allative singular)
-ucilën (allative plural)
-ucilëk (allative plural)
-unna (essive singular)
-ucina (essive plural)
-udëksi (singular translative)
-uciksi (plural translative)
-udën (instructive singular)
-ucin (instructive plural)
-unnëk (comitative singular)
-ucinëk (comitative plural)
-udëtta (abessive singular)
-ucitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -us

Finnish: -uus, -us

Ingrian: -us

Karelian: -us

Veps: -uz'

Võro: -us

Votic: -uz

Janhunen (1981) proposed that *-uc is from Proto-Uralic *-wte, from *-w and related to Proto-Samic *-otëk (compare Northern Sami -odat) and Proto-Samoyedic *pirə̂ (< *pide-w-), but Salminen (2014) has cast doubt on this etymology by rejecting the presence of *-w- in the Samoyedic word.
Korhonen (1981) mentions an alternative etymology that *-uc is a reduction of *vooci (“year”) (and thus cognate with Proto-Samic *vuotë, which would be an early Finnic borrowing), a theory which Hakulinen however rejects on the basis that there is insufficient evidence for the required semantic and phonological development.
More recently, Junttila (2019) has written that *-uc could in fact be related to Proto-Samic *vuotë and that the suffix may have originally been an independent back-vocalic word that was used to form compounds. He does not however elaborate on whether this word was *vooci or not, and states that the theory is uncertain as there is no widely accepted etymology for the Finnic and Samic morphemes. Aikio, in his draft of the Uralic Etymological Dictionary, speculates on a possible etymology from Proto-Uralic *owte or *ote, and lists Proto-Samic *vuotë and Eastern Khanty от (ot) as possible cognates. This theory requires *-uuc to be the original primary form. With this in mind, it appears that *-uc is probably somehow related to Proto-Samic *vuotë and that both originate from a common independent word (rather than an affix), but the exact nature of this word and its further origin is as of yet uncertain.

Forms nouns from adjectives or sometimes other nouns, expressing a quality of being that which is described: -ness, -hood, -ity, -th.


külä

külä (nominative singular)
külät (nominative plural)
külän (accusative singular)
külät (accusative plural)
külän (genitive singular)
küläden (genitive plural)
küleiden (genitive plural)
külädä (partitive singular)
küleidä (partitive plural)
külässä (inessive singular)
külähnä (inessive singular)
küleissä (inessive plural)
küleihnä (inessive plural)
külästä (elative singular)
küleistä (elative plural)
külähen (illative singular)
küleihen (illative plural)
külällä (adessive singular)
küleillä (adessive plural)
külältä (ablative singular)
küleiltä (ablative plural)
külälen (allative singular)
külälek (allative singular)
küleilen (allative plural)
küleilek (allative plural)
külänä (essive singular)
küleinä (essive plural)
küläksi (singular translative)
küleiksi (plural translative)
külän (instructive singular)
külein (instructive plural)
külänek (comitative singular)
küleinek (comitative plural)
külättä (abessive singular)
küleittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: küla

Finnish: kylä

Ingrian: kylä

Karelian: kylä

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: kilā

Vidzeme Livonian: ķula

Livvi: kylä

Ludian: külä

Veps: külä

Võro: külä

Votic: tšülä

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *külä (“dwelling”).


arta

arta (nominative singular)
ardat (nominative plural)
ardan (accusative singular)
ardat (accusative plural)
ardan (genitive singular)
artadën (genitive plural)
artoidën (genitive plural)
artada (partitive singular)
artoida (partitive plural)
ardassa (inessive singular)
ardahna (inessive singular)
ardoissa (inessive plural)
ardoihna (inessive plural)
ardasta (elative singular)
ardoista (elative plural)
artahën (illative singular)
artoihën (illative plural)
ardalla (adessive singular)
ardoilla (adessive plural)
ardalta (ablative singular)
ardoilta (ablative plural)
artalën (allative singular)
artalëk (allative singular)
artoilën (allative plural)
artoilëk (allative plural)
artana (essive singular)
artoina (essive plural)
ardaksi (singular translative)
ardoiksi (plural translative)
ardan (instructive singular)
ardoin (instructive plural)
artanëk (comitative singular)
artoinëk (comitative plural)
ardatta (abessive singular)
ardoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) ⇒ ardu

desc

Finnish: (dialectal) aarto, arto, (obsolete) arta

Karelian:

North Karelian: uarto

South Karelian: uardo

Livvi: ardo

Ludian: ard

Veps: ard

Võro: ⇒ ardu

Votic: aarto

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian ārds, Lithuanian ãrdas). A doublet of *orci.

drying rack or pole (for drying hay, fishnets etc.)


parci

parci (nominative singular)
pardët (nominative plural)
pardën (accusative singular)
pardët (accusative plural)
pardën (genitive singular)
partëdën (genitive plural)
parcidën (genitive plural)
partëda (partitive singular)
parcida (partitive plural)
pardëssa (inessive singular)
pardëhna (inessive singular)
parcissa (inessive plural)
parcihna (inessive plural)
pardësta (elative singular)
parcista (elative plural)
partëhën (illative singular)
parcihën (illative plural)
pardëlla (adessive singular)
parcilla (adessive plural)
pardëlta (ablative singular)
parcilta (ablative plural)
partëlën (allative singular)
partëlëk (allative singular)
parcilën (allative plural)
parcilëk (allative plural)
partëna (essive singular)
parcina (essive plural)
pardëksi (singular translative)
parciksi (plural translative)
pardën (instructive singular)
parcin (instructive plural)
partënëk (comitative singular)
parcinëk (comitative plural)
pardëtta (abessive singular)
parcitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pars

Finnish: parsi

Ingrian: parsi

Karelian:

North Karelian: parsi

South Karelian: parzi

Livonian: parž

Livvi: parzi

Ludian: parz'

Veps: parz'

Võro: pars'

Votic: parsi