koira

koira (nominative singular)
koirat (nominative plural)
koiran (accusative singular)
koirat (accusative plural)
koiran (genitive singular)
koiradën (genitive plural)
koirëidën (genitive plural)
koirada (partitive singular)
koirëida (partitive plural)
koirassa (inessive singular)
koirahna (inessive singular)
koirëissa (inessive plural)
koirëihna (inessive plural)
koirasta (elative singular)
koirëista (elative plural)
koirahën (illative singular)
koirëihën (illative plural)
koiralla (adessive singular)
koirëilla (adessive plural)
koiralta (ablative singular)
koirëilta (ablative plural)
koiralën (allative singular)
koiralëk (allative singular)
koirëilën (allative plural)
koirëilëk (allative plural)
koirana (essive singular)
koirëina (essive plural)
koiraksi (singular translative)
koirëiksi (plural translative)
koiran (instructive singular)
koirëin (instructive plural)
koiranëk (comitative singular)
koirëinëk (comitative plural)
koiratta (abessive singular)
koirëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: koer

Finnish: koira

Ingrian: koira

Karelian:

North Karelian: koira

South Karelian: koira

Livvi: koiru

Veps: koir

Võro: koir

Votic: koirõ

From Proto-Uralic *kojera (“male animal”). The meaning "dog" appears also in Komi кыр (kyr, “male dog”).


luu

luu (nominative singular)
luut (nominative plural)
luun (accusative singular)
luut (accusative plural)
luun (genitive singular)
luudën (genitive plural)
luidën (genitive plural)
luuta (partitive singular)
luita (partitive plural)
luussa (inessive singular)
luuhna (inessive singular)
luissa (inessive plural)
luihna (inessive plural)
luusta (elative singular)
luista (elative plural)
luusën (illative singular)
luisën (illative plural)
luulla (adessive singular)
luilla (adessive plural)
luulta (ablative singular)
luilta (ablative plural)
luulën (allative singular)
luulëk (allative singular)
luilën (allative plural)
luilëk (allative plural)
luuna (essive singular)
luina (essive plural)
luuksi (singular translative)
luiksi (plural translative)
luun (instructive singular)
luin (instructive plural)
luunëk (comitative singular)
luinëk (comitative plural)
luutta (abessive singular)
luitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: luu

Finnish: luu

Ingrian: luu

Karelian: luu

Livvi: luu

Ludian: luu

Veps: lu

Võro: luu

Votic: luu


too

From Proto-Uralic *to. Compare Erzya тона (tona).


too

Estonian: too

Finnish: tuo, toi

Ingrian: too

Karelian: tuo

Võro: tuu


mi

qualifier

Estonian: mis (genitive mille, partitive mida; nominative -s from see; the stem is extended to mill- in most forms); miks

Finnish: mikä (genitive minkä, partitive mitä)

Ingrian: mikä (genitive minen, partitive mitä); mi (rare), min

Karelian:

North Karelian: mi

South Karelian: mi

Livvi: mi

Ludian: mi

Veps: mi

Võro: miä (genitive mink, partitive midä/mitä)

Votic: mi, mikä


lama

lama (nominative singular)
lamat (nominative plural)
laman (accusative singular)
lamat (accusative plural)
laman (genitive singular)
lamadën (genitive plural)
lamoidën (genitive plural)
lamada (partitive singular)
lamoida (partitive plural)
lamassa (inessive singular)
lamahna (inessive singular)
lamoissa (inessive plural)
lamoihna (inessive plural)
lamasta (elative singular)
lamoista (elative plural)
lamahën (illative singular)
lamoihën (illative plural)
lamalla (adessive singular)
lamoilla (adessive plural)
lamalta (ablative singular)
lamoilta (ablative plural)
lamalën (allative singular)
lamalëk (allative singular)
lamoilën (allative plural)
lamoilëk (allative plural)
lamana (essive singular)
lamoina (essive plural)
lamaksi (singular translative)
lamoiksi (plural translative)
laman (instructive singular)
lamoin (instructive plural)
lamanëk (comitative singular)
lamoinëk (comitative plural)
lamatta (abessive singular)
lamoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ⇒ lamama/lamada

Finnish: lama

Ingrian: ⇒ lamakas

Karelian:

North Karelian: lama

South Karelian: lama

Livvi: lama

Ludian: lama

Veps: ⇒ lamak

Võro: ⇒ lammõma/lammõdaq

Votic: lama


matka

matka (nominative singular)
matkat (nominative plural)
matkan (accusative singular)
matkat (accusative plural)
matkan (genitive singular)
matkadën (genitive plural)
matkoidën (genitive plural)
matkada (partitive singular)
matkoida (partitive plural)
matkassa (inessive singular)
matkahna (inessive singular)
matkoissa (inessive plural)
matkoihna (inessive plural)
matkasta (elative singular)
matkoista (elative plural)
matkahën (illative singular)
matkoihën (illative plural)
matkalla (adessive singular)
matkoilla (adessive plural)
matkalta (ablative singular)
matkoilta (ablative plural)
matkalën (allative singular)
matkalëk (allative singular)
matkoilën (allative plural)
matkoilëk (allative plural)
matkana (essive singular)
matkoina (essive plural)
matkaksi (singular translative)
matkoiksi (plural translative)
matkan (instructive singular)
matkoin (instructive plural)
matkanëk (comitative singular)
matkoinëk (comitative plural)
matkatta (abessive singular)
matkoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: matka

→ Estonian: matk

→ Northern Sami: mátki

Ingrian: matka

Karelian: matka

Livvi: matku

Ludian: matk

Veps: matk

Votic: matkõ


pato

pato (nominative singular)
padot (nominative plural)
padon (accusative singular)
padot (accusative plural)
padon (genitive singular)
patodën (genitive plural)
patoidën (genitive plural)
patoda (partitive singular)
patoida (partitive plural)
padossa (inessive singular)
padohna (inessive singular)
padoissa (inessive plural)
padoihna (inessive plural)
padosta (elative singular)
padoista (elative plural)
patohën (illative singular)
patoihën (illative plural)
padolla (adessive singular)
padoilla (adessive plural)
padolta (ablative singular)
padoilta (ablative plural)
patolën (allative singular)
patolëk (allative singular)
patoilën (allative plural)
patoilëk (allative plural)
patona (essive singular)
patoina (essive plural)
padoksi (singular translative)
padoiksi (plural translative)
padon (instructive singular)
padoin (instructive plural)
patonëk (comitative singular)
patoinëk (comitative plural)
padotta (abessive singular)
padoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: pato

Karelian: pato, pado

Livvi: pado

Veps: pado

From Proto-Uralic *padɜ. Cognate with Proto-Samic *puoδō.


sana

sana (nominative singular)
sanat (nominative plural)
sanan (accusative singular)
sanat (accusative plural)
sanan (genitive singular)
sanadën (genitive plural)
sanoidën (genitive plural)
sanada (partitive singular)
sanoida (partitive plural)
sanassa (inessive singular)
sanahna (inessive singular)
sanoissa (inessive plural)
sanoihna (inessive plural)
sanasta (elative singular)
sanoista (elative plural)
sanahën (illative singular)
sanoihën (illative plural)
sanalla (adessive singular)
sanoilla (adessive plural)
sanalta (ablative singular)
sanoilta (ablative plural)
sanalën (allative singular)
sanalëk (allative singular)
sanoilën (allative plural)
sanoilëk (allative plural)
sanana (essive singular)
sanoina (essive plural)
sanaksi (singular translative)
sanoiksi (plural translative)
sanan (instructive singular)
sanoin (instructive plural)
sananëk (comitative singular)
sanoinëk (comitative plural)
sanatta (abessive singular)
sanoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: sana

Ingrian: sana

Karelian:

North Karelian: šana

South Karelian: šana

Livvi: sana

Ludian: sana

Veps: sana

→ Sami:

Western:

Northern Sami: sátni

Lule Sami: satnē

Eastern:

Inari Sami: sääṇi

Skolt Sami: sääʹnn

Akkala Sami: саннҍ (sann’)

Kildin Sami: са̄ннҍ (sānn’)

Ter Sami: са̄ннӭ (sâ̄nn’e)

Estonian: sõna

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: sõnā

Vidzeme Livonian: süna

Võro: syna

Votic: sõna


pata

pata (nominative singular)
padat (nominative plural)
padan (accusative singular)
padat (accusative plural)
padan (genitive singular)
patadën (genitive plural)
patoidën (genitive plural)
patada (partitive singular)
patoida (partitive plural)
padassa (inessive singular)
padahna (inessive singular)
padoissa (inessive plural)
padoihna (inessive plural)
padasta (elative singular)
padoista (elative plural)
patahën (illative singular)
patoihën (illative plural)
padalla (adessive singular)
padoilla (adessive plural)
padalta (ablative singular)
padoilta (ablative plural)
patalën (allative singular)
patalëk (allative singular)
patoilën (allative plural)
patoilëk (allative plural)
patana (essive singular)
patoina (essive plural)
padaksi (singular translative)
padoiksi (plural translative)
padan (instructive singular)
padoin (instructive plural)
patanëk (comitative singular)
patoinëk (comitative plural)
padatta (abessive singular)
padoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pada

Finnish: pata

Ingrian: pata

Karelian: pata, pada

Livonian: padā

Livvi: pada

Ludian: pada

Veps: pada

Võro: pada

Votic: pata

→ Proto-Samic: (or from Finnish specifically)

Northern Sami: báhti


rata

rata (nominative singular)
radat (nominative plural)
radan (accusative singular)
radat (accusative plural)
radan (genitive singular)
ratadën (genitive plural)
ratoidën (genitive plural)
ratada (partitive singular)
ratoida (partitive plural)
radassa (inessive singular)
radahna (inessive singular)
radoissa (inessive plural)
radoihna (inessive plural)
radasta (elative singular)
radoista (elative plural)
ratahën (illative singular)
ratoihën (illative plural)
radalla (adessive singular)
radoilla (adessive plural)
radalta (ablative singular)
radoilta (ablative plural)
ratalën (allative singular)
ratalëk (allative singular)
ratoilën (allative plural)
ratoilëk (allative plural)
ratana (essive singular)
ratoina (essive plural)
radaksi (singular translative)
radoiksi (plural translative)
radan (instructive singular)
radoin (instructive plural)
ratanëk (comitative singular)
ratoinëk (comitative plural)
radatta (abessive singular)
radoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: rada

Finnish: rata

Ingrian: rata

Karelian: rata

Livonian: radā

Võro: rada


sama

sama (nominative singular)
samat (nominative plural)
saman (accusative singular)
samat (accusative plural)
saman (genitive singular)
samadën (genitive plural)
samoidën (genitive plural)
samada (partitive singular)
samoida (partitive plural)
samassa (inessive singular)
samahna (inessive singular)
samoissa (inessive plural)
samoihna (inessive plural)
samasta (elative singular)
samoista (elative plural)
samahën (illative singular)
samoihën (illative plural)
samalla (adessive singular)
samoilla (adessive plural)
samalta (ablative singular)
samoilta (ablative plural)
samalën (allative singular)
samalëk (allative singular)
samoilën (allative plural)
samoilëk (allative plural)
samana (essive singular)
samoina (essive plural)
samaksi (singular translative)
samoiksi (plural translative)
saman (instructive singular)
samoin (instructive plural)
samanëk (comitative singular)
samoinëk (comitative plural)
samatta (abessive singular)
samoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sama

Finnish: sama

Ingrian: sama

Karelian:

North Karelian: šama

South Karelian: šama

Livvi: sama

Ludian: sama

Võro: sama

Votic: sama


alas

Estonian: (dialectal) alas

Finnish: alas

Ingrian: alas

Karelian:

North Karelian: alaš

South Karelian: alaš

Livvi: alas

Veps: alaz

Votic: alaz

From *ala + *-s. Compare Northern Sami vulos.


kita

kita (nominative singular)
kidat (nominative plural)
kidan (accusative singular)
kidat (accusative plural)
kidan (genitive singular)
kitadën (genitive plural)
kitoidën (genitive plural)
kitada (partitive singular)
kitoida (partitive plural)
kidassa (inessive singular)
kidahna (inessive singular)
kidoissa (inessive plural)
kidoihna (inessive plural)
kidasta (elative singular)
kidoista (elative plural)
kitahën (illative singular)
kitoihën (illative plural)
kidalla (adessive singular)
kidoilla (adessive plural)
kidalta (ablative singular)
kidoilta (ablative plural)
kitalën (allative singular)
kitalëk (allative singular)
kitoilën (allative plural)
kitoilëk (allative plural)
kitana (essive singular)
kitoina (essive plural)
kidaksi (singular translative)
kidoiksi (plural translative)
kidan (instructive singular)
kidoin (instructive plural)
kitanëk (comitative singular)
kitoinëk (comitative plural)
kidatta (abessive singular)
kidoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kida

Finnish: kita

Karelian:

North Karelian: kita

South Karelian: kida

⇒ Livonian: kidūd pl

→ Latvian: ķidas

Livvi: kida

Ludian: kida

Veps: kida


suka

suka (nominative singular)
sugat (nominative plural)
sugan (accusative singular)
sugat (accusative plural)
sugan (genitive singular)
sukadën (genitive plural)
sukëidën (genitive plural)
sukada (partitive singular)
sukëida (partitive plural)
sugassa (inessive singular)
sugahna (inessive singular)
sugëissa (inessive plural)
sugëihna (inessive plural)
sugasta (elative singular)
sugëista (elative plural)
sukahën (illative singular)
sukëihën (illative plural)
sugalla (adessive singular)
sugëilla (adessive plural)
sugalta (ablative singular)
sugëilta (ablative plural)
sukalën (allative singular)
sukalëk (allative singular)
sukëilën (allative plural)
sukëilëk (allative plural)
sukana (essive singular)
sukëina (essive plural)
sugaksi (singular translative)
sugëiksi (plural translative)
sugan (instructive singular)
sugëin (instructive plural)
sukanëk (comitative singular)
sukëinëk (comitative plural)
sugatta (abessive singular)
sugëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: suga

Finnish: suka

Ingrian: suka

Karelian:

North Karelian: suka

South Karelian: suga

Livonian: sugā

Livvi: suga

Ludian: suga

Veps: suga

Võro: suga

Votic: suka

Cognate with Proto-Samic *čokōtēk. Both early loans from Pre-Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian suka and Lithuanian šukos).


vero

vero (nominative singular)
verot (nominative plural)
veron (accusative singular)
verot (accusative plural)
veron (genitive singular)
verodën (genitive plural)
veroidën (genitive plural)
veroda (partitive singular)
veroida (partitive plural)
verossa (inessive singular)
verohna (inessive singular)
veroissa (inessive plural)
veroihna (inessive plural)
verosta (elative singular)
veroista (elative plural)
verohën (illative singular)
veroihën (illative plural)
verolla (adessive singular)
veroilla (adessive plural)
verolta (ablative singular)
veroilta (ablative plural)
verolën (allative singular)
verolëk (allative singular)
veroilën (allative plural)
veroilëk (allative plural)
verona (essive singular)
veroina (essive plural)
veroksi (singular translative)
veroiksi (plural translative)
veron (instructive singular)
veroin (instructive plural)
veronëk (comitative singular)
veroinëk (comitative plural)
verotta (abessive singular)
veroitta (abessive plural)

>? Estonian: võru

Finnish: vero

Karelian:

North Karelian: vero

South Karelian: vero

Livvi: vero

Ludian: vero

Votic: võro

→ Proto-Samic: *vearō (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *werᴈ, or borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (whence Old Norse verðr).


kopa

kopa (nominative singular)
kobat (nominative plural)
koban (accusative singular)
kobat (accusative plural)
koban (genitive singular)
kopadën (genitive plural)
kopëidën (genitive plural)
kopada (partitive singular)
kopëida (partitive plural)
kobassa (inessive singular)
kobahna (inessive singular)
kobëissa (inessive plural)
kobëihna (inessive plural)
kobasta (elative singular)
kobëista (elative plural)
kopahën (illative singular)
kopëihën (illative plural)
koballa (adessive singular)
kobëilla (adessive plural)
kobalta (ablative singular)
kobëilta (ablative plural)
kopalën (allative singular)
kopalëk (allative singular)
kopëilën (allative plural)
kopëilëk (allative plural)
kopana (essive singular)
kopëina (essive plural)
kobaksi (singular translative)
kobëiksi (plural translative)
koban (instructive singular)
kobëin (instructive plural)
kopanëk (comitative singular)
kopëinëk (comitative plural)
kobatta (abessive singular)
kobëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kõba (archaic, dialectal)


meri

meri (nominative singular)
meret (nominative plural)
meren (accusative singular)
meret (accusative plural)
meren (genitive singular)
merden (genitive plural)
meriden (genitive plural)
mertä (partitive singular)
meridä (partitive plural)
meressä (inessive singular)
merehnä (inessive singular)
merissä (inessive plural)
merihnä (inessive plural)
merestä (elative singular)
meristä (elative plural)
merehen (illative singular)
merihen (illative plural)
merellä (adessive singular)
merillä (adessive plural)
mereltä (ablative singular)
meriltä (ablative plural)
merelen (allative singular)
merelek (allative singular)
merilen (allative plural)
merilek (allative plural)
mernä (essive singular)
merinä (essive plural)
mereksi (singular translative)
meriksi (plural translative)
meren (instructive singular)
merin (instructive plural)
mernek (comitative singular)
merinek (comitative plural)
merettä (abessive singular)
merittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: meri

Finnish: meri

Ingrian: meri

Karelian: meri

Livonian: me'r, mie'r

Livvi: meri

Ludian: meri

Veps: meri

Võro: meri

Votic: meri

→ Proto-Samic: *mearë

Most likely borrowing from Proto-Balto-Slavic *mári (“sea”). Perhaps through a change *a…i > *e…i, cf. *reki.


kana

kana (nominative singular)
kanat (nominative plural)
kanan (accusative singular)
kanat (accusative plural)
kanan (genitive singular)
kanadën (genitive plural)
kanoidën (genitive plural)
kanada (partitive singular)
kanoida (partitive plural)
kanassa (inessive singular)
kanahna (inessive singular)
kanoissa (inessive plural)
kanoihna (inessive plural)
kanasta (elative singular)
kanoista (elative plural)
kanahën (illative singular)
kanoihën (illative plural)
kanalla (adessive singular)
kanoilla (adessive plural)
kanalta (ablative singular)
kanoilta (ablative plural)
kanalën (allative singular)
kanalëk (allative singular)
kanoilën (allative plural)
kanoilëk (allative plural)
kanana (essive singular)
kanoina (essive plural)
kanaksi (singular translative)
kanoiksi (plural translative)
kanan (instructive singular)
kanoin (instructive plural)
kananëk (comitative singular)
kanoinëk (comitative plural)
kanatta (abessive singular)
kanoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kana

Finnish: kana

Ingrian: kana

Karelian:

North Karelian: kana

South Karelian: kana

Livonian: kanā

Livvi: kana

Ludian: kana

Veps: kana

Võro: kana

Votic: kana

→ Inari Sami: kääni

→ Skolt Sami: kääʹnn

→? Kildin Sami: ка̄ннҍ (kānn’)

Borrowed from early Proto-Germanic *hanā (later *hanô), with *h (probably a velar fricative in Proto-Germanic) adapted as a *k as usual for older loans from Germanic.


toro

toro (nominative singular)
torot (nominative plural)
toron (accusative singular)
torot (accusative plural)
toron (genitive singular)
torodën (genitive plural)
toroidën (genitive plural)
toroda (partitive singular)
toroida (partitive plural)
torossa (inessive singular)
torohna (inessive singular)
toroissa (inessive plural)
toroihna (inessive plural)
torosta (elative singular)
toroista (elative plural)
torohën (illative singular)
toroihën (illative plural)
torolla (adessive singular)
toroilla (adessive plural)
torolta (ablative singular)
toroilta (ablative plural)
torolën (allative singular)
torolëk (allative singular)
toroilën (allative plural)
toroilëk (allative plural)
torona (essive singular)
toroina (essive plural)
toroksi (singular translative)
toroiksi (plural translative)
toron (instructive singular)
toroin (instructive plural)
toronëk (comitative singular)
toroinëk (comitative plural)
torotta (abessive singular)
toroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: toru

→ Livonian: torī, torū

Finnish: (dialectal) toro

Võro: toro

Votic: (Jõgõperä) toro


hän

hän (nominative singular)
hänen (accusative singular)
hänen (genitive singular)
häntä (partitive singular)
hänessä (inessive singular)
hänehnä (inessive singular)
hänestä (elative singular)
hänehen (illative singular)
hänellä (adessive singular)
häneltä (ablative singular)
hänelen (allative singular)
hänelek (allative singular)
hännä (essive singular)
häneksi (singular translative)
hänen (instructive singular)
hännek (comitative singular)
hänettä (abessive singular)

desc

< partitive singular <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*häntä</i>, later reanalyzed

< genitive singular + possessive suffix, <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*hänensäk</i>

⇒ Estonian: enda (< partitive singular *häntä, later reanalyzed), enese (< genitive singular + possessive suffix, *hänensäk)

Finnish: hän

Kven: hän

Ingrian: hää, (dialectal) hän, hään

→ Votic: hän, hään

Karelian:

North Karelian: hiän

South Karelian: hiän

q

< with partitive and possessive endings, <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*häntänsäk</i>

⇒ Livonian: eņtš (< with partitive and possessive endings, *häntänsäk)

Livvi: häi

Ludian: häin

Veps: hän

< with partitive and inessive endings, <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*häntähen</i>, later reanalyzed

⇒ Võro: hindä (< with partitive and inessive endings, *häntähen, later reanalyzed)

Votic: (inflected forms of ize) ene

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *sän, *sen. The initial sound change *s > *h is irregular; a similar sound change is regular between the second and third syllables, and the relative lack of sentence stress given to personal pronouns appears to have motivated a similar change (also seen in *hek). Cognate with Proto-Samic *sonë.


voi

voi (nominative singular)
voit (nominative plural)
voin (accusative singular)
voit (accusative plural)
voin (genitive singular)
voidën (genitive plural)
voita (partitive singular)
voita (partitive plural)
voissa (inessive singular)
voihna (inessive singular)
voissa (inessive plural)
voihna (inessive plural)
voista (elative singular)
voista (elative plural)
voisën (illative singular)
voisën (illative plural)
voilla (adessive singular)
voilla (adessive plural)
voilta (ablative singular)
voilta (ablative plural)
voilën (allative singular)
voilëk (allative singular)
voilën (allative plural)
voilëk (allative plural)
voina (essive singular)
voina (essive plural)
voiksi (singular translative)
voiksi (plural translative)
voin (instructive singular)
voin (instructive plural)
voinëk (comitative singular)
voinëk (comitative plural)
voitta (abessive singular)
voitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: või

Finnish: voi

Ingrian: voi

Karelian:

North Karelian: voi

South Karelian: voi

Livvi: voi

Veps: voi

>? Võro: võid, võisõq

Votic: või

From earlier *vooji, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *waje.


voi

Estonian: (dialectal) voi

Finnish: voi

Ingrian: voi

Karelian:

North Karelian: voi

South Karelian: voi

Livonian: võih

Livvi: voi

Ludian: voi

Veps: voi

Võro: võiq

Votic: voi

Perhaps of expressive origin. Compare the descendants of Proto-Indo-European *wáy such as Proto-Balto-Slavic *wái and Proto-Germanic *wai (whence English woe).


tuuli

tuuli (nominative singular)
tuulët (nominative plural)
tuulën (accusative singular)
tuulët (accusative plural)
tuulën (genitive singular)
tuuldën (genitive plural)
tuulidën (genitive plural)
tuulta (partitive singular)
tuulida (partitive plural)
tuulëssa (inessive singular)
tuulëhna (inessive singular)
tuulissa (inessive plural)
tuulihna (inessive plural)
tuulësta (elative singular)
tuulista (elative plural)
tuulëhën (illative singular)
tuulihën (illative plural)
tuulëlla (adessive singular)
tuulilla (adessive plural)
tuulëlta (ablative singular)
tuulilta (ablative plural)
tuulëlën (allative singular)
tuulëlëk (allative singular)
tuulilën (allative plural)
tuulilëk (allative plural)
tuulla (essive singular)
tuulina (essive plural)
tuulëksi (singular translative)
tuuliksi (plural translative)
tuulën (instructive singular)
tuulin (instructive plural)
tuullëk (comitative singular)
tuulinëk (comitative plural)
tuulëtta (abessive singular)
tuulitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tuul

Finnish: tuuli

Ingrian: tuul

Karelian:

North Karelian: tuuli

South Karelian: tuuli

Ludian: tuul'

qual

Veps: tuli, tullei (with unexplained geminate -ll- and final -ei)

Võro: tuul'

Votic: tuuli


jää

jää (nominative singular)
jäät (nominative plural)
jään (accusative singular)
jäät (accusative plural)
jään (genitive singular)
jääden (genitive plural)
jäiden (genitive plural)
jäätä (partitive singular)
jäitä (partitive plural)
jäässä (inessive singular)
jäähnä (inessive singular)
jäissä (inessive plural)
jäihnä (inessive plural)
jäästä (elative singular)
jäistä (elative plural)
jääsen (illative singular)
jäisen (illative plural)
jäällä (adessive singular)
jäillä (adessive plural)
jäältä (ablative singular)
jäiltä (ablative plural)
jäälen (allative singular)
jäälek (allative singular)
jäilen (allative plural)
jäilek (allative plural)
jäänä (essive singular)
jäinä (essive plural)
jääksi (singular translative)
jäiksi (plural translative)
jään (instructive singular)
jäin (instructive plural)
jäänek (comitative singular)
jäinek (comitative plural)
jäättä (abessive singular)
jäittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: jää

Finnish: jää

Ingrian: jää

Karelian: jeä, jiä

Livonian: jei

Ludian: diä

Veps: jä

Võro: ijä, iä (probably?)

Votic: jää


lava

lava (nominative singular)
lavat (nominative plural)
lavan (accusative singular)
lavat (accusative plural)
lavan (genitive singular)
lavadën (genitive plural)
lavoidën (genitive plural)
lavada (partitive singular)
lavoida (partitive plural)
lavassa (inessive singular)
lavahna (inessive singular)
lavoissa (inessive plural)
lavoihna (inessive plural)
lavasta (elative singular)
lavoista (elative plural)
lavahën (illative singular)
lavoihën (illative plural)
lavalla (adessive singular)
lavoilla (adessive plural)
lavalta (ablative singular)
lavoilta (ablative plural)
lavalën (allative singular)
lavalëk (allative singular)
lavoilën (allative plural)
lavoilëk (allative plural)
lavana (essive singular)
lavoina (essive plural)
lavaksi (singular translative)
lavoiksi (plural translative)
lavan (instructive singular)
lavoin (instructive plural)
lavanëk (comitative singular)
lavoinëk (comitative plural)
lavatta (abessive singular)
lavoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lava

Finnish: lava

→? Old Swedish: lavi

Swedish: lav, lave, lafve

Ingrian: lava

Karelian:

North Karelian: lava

South Karelian: lava

Livonian: lovā

Livvi: lava

Ludian: lava

Veps: lava

Võro: lava

Votic: lava

From earlier *lawa, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *lā́ˀwāˀ (whence Latvian lāva, Lithuanian lova). Cognate with Proto-Samic *luovē.


parma

parma (nominative singular)
parmat (nominative plural)
parman (accusative singular)
parmat (accusative plural)
parman (genitive singular)
parmadën (genitive plural)
parmoidën (genitive plural)
parmada (partitive singular)
parmoida (partitive plural)
parmassa (inessive singular)
parmahna (inessive singular)
parmoissa (inessive plural)
parmoihna (inessive plural)
parmasta (elative singular)
parmoista (elative plural)
parmahën (illative singular)
parmoihën (illative plural)
parmalla (adessive singular)
parmoilla (adessive plural)
parmalta (ablative singular)
parmoilta (ablative plural)
parmalën (allative singular)
parmalëk (allative singular)
parmoilën (allative plural)
parmoilëk (allative plural)
parmana (essive singular)
parmoina (essive plural)
parmaksi (singular translative)
parmoiksi (plural translative)
parman (instructive singular)
parmoin (instructive plural)
parmanëk (comitative singular)
parmoinëk (comitative plural)
parmatta (abessive singular)
parmoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: parm

Finnish: paarma, (dialectal) parma

Ingrian: paarma

Karelian:

North Karelian: puarma

South Karelian: puarma

Livvi: puarmu

Ludian: puarm

Veps: parm

Võro: parm

Votic: (Jõgõperä) paarmõ

Ingrian: paarmas

Livonian: pārmaz

Votic: paarmõz

From Proto-Finno-Permic *parma, probably of onomatopoeic origin.

horsefly, gadfly (fly of the family Tabanidae)


visa

visa (nominative singular)
visat (nominative plural)
visan (accusative singular)
visat (accusative plural)
visan (genitive singular)
visadën (genitive plural)
visoidën (genitive plural)
visada (partitive singular)
visoida (partitive plural)
visassa (inessive singular)
visahna (inessive singular)
visoissa (inessive plural)
visoihna (inessive plural)
visasta (elative singular)
visoista (elative plural)
visahën (illative singular)
visoihën (illative plural)
visalla (adessive singular)
visoilla (adessive plural)
visalta (ablative singular)
visoilta (ablative plural)
visalën (allative singular)
visalëk (allative singular)
visoilën (allative plural)
visoilëk (allative plural)
visana (essive singular)
visoina (essive plural)
visaksi (singular translative)
visoiksi (plural translative)
visan (instructive singular)
visoin (instructive plural)
visanëk (comitative singular)
visoinëk (comitative plural)
visatta (abessive singular)
visoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: visa

Finnish: visa

Karelian:

North Karelian: viša

South Karelian: viža

Livonian: vizā

Võro: visa

Votic: visa


ola

ola (nominative singular)
olat (nominative plural)
olan (accusative singular)
olat (accusative plural)
olan (genitive singular)
oladën (genitive plural)
olëidën (genitive plural)
olada (partitive singular)
olëida (partitive plural)
olassa (inessive singular)
olahna (inessive singular)
olëissa (inessive plural)
olëihna (inessive plural)
olasta (elative singular)
olëista (elative plural)
olahën (illative singular)
olëihën (illative plural)
olalla (adessive singular)
olëilla (adessive plural)
olalta (ablative singular)
olëilta (ablative plural)
olalën (allative singular)
olalëk (allative singular)
olëilën (allative plural)
olëilëk (allative plural)
olana (essive singular)
olëina (essive plural)
olaksi (singular translative)
olëiksi (plural translative)
olan (instructive singular)
olëin (instructive plural)
olanëk (comitative singular)
olëinëk (comitative plural)
olatta (abessive singular)
olëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal, rare) ola

Livvi: ola

Ludian: ola

Veps: ola

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic *ōla (whence Latvian ola, Lithuanian uolà).


kuusi

kuusi (nominative singular)
kuusët (nominative plural)
kuusën (accusative singular)
kuusët (accusative plural)
kuusën (genitive singular)
kuustën (genitive plural)
kuusidën (genitive plural)
kuusta (partitive singular)
kuusida (partitive plural)
kuusëssa (inessive singular)
kuusëhna (inessive singular)
kuusissa (inessive plural)
kuusihna (inessive plural)
kuusësta (elative singular)
kuusista (elative plural)
kuusëhën (illative singular)
kuusihën (illative plural)
kuusëlla (adessive singular)
kuusilla (adessive plural)
kuusëlta (ablative singular)
kuusilta (ablative plural)
kuusëlën (allative singular)
kuusëlëk (allative singular)
kuusilën (allative plural)
kuusilëk (allative plural)
kuussa (essive singular)
kuusina (essive plural)
kuusëksi (singular translative)
kuusiksi (plural translative)
kuusën (instructive singular)
kuusin (instructive plural)
kuussëk (comitative singular)
kuusinëk (comitative plural)
kuusëtta (abessive singular)
kuusitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuusk

Finnish: kuusi

Ingrian: kuus

Karelian: kuusi

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: kūzõ

Vidzeme Livonian: kūs

Veps: kuz'

Võro: kuus'

Votic: kuusi

From Proto-Uralic *kowse, possibly with monophthongization *ow > *ou > *uu.


varna

varna (nominative singular)
varnat (nominative plural)
varnan (accusative singular)
varnat (accusative plural)
varnan (genitive singular)
varnadën (genitive plural)
varnoidën (genitive plural)
varnada (partitive singular)
varnoida (partitive plural)
varnassa (inessive singular)
varnahna (inessive singular)
varnoissa (inessive plural)
varnoihna (inessive plural)
varnasta (elative singular)
varnoista (elative plural)
varnahën (illative singular)
varnoihën (illative plural)
varnalla (adessive singular)
varnoilla (adessive plural)
varnalta (ablative singular)
varnoilta (ablative plural)
varnalën (allative singular)
varnalëk (allative singular)
varnoilën (allative plural)
varnoilëk (allative plural)
varnana (essive singular)
varnoina (essive plural)
varnaksi (singular translative)
varnoiksi (plural translative)
varnan (instructive singular)
varnoin (instructive plural)
varnanëk (comitative singular)
varnoinëk (comitative plural)
varnatta (abessive singular)
varnoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: varn

Finnish: vaarna

Karelian: voarna

Livvi: vuarnu

Ludian: vuarn

Veps: varn

Võro: varn

Votic: varnõ


se

Estonian: see

Finnish: se, (dialectal) see

Ingrian: se, (dialectal) see, sen

Karelian:

North Karelian: še

South Karelian: še, se

Livonian: se

Livvi: se

Ludian: se

Veps: se

Võro: seo

Votic: se


poo

poo (nominative singular)
poot (nominative plural)
poon (accusative singular)
poot (accusative plural)
poon (genitive singular)
poodën (genitive plural)
poidën (genitive plural)
poota (partitive singular)
poita (partitive plural)
poossa (inessive singular)
poohna (inessive singular)
poissa (inessive plural)
poihna (inessive plural)
poosta (elative singular)
poista (elative plural)
poosën (illative singular)
poisën (illative plural)
poolla (adessive singular)
poilla (adessive plural)
poolta (ablative singular)
poilta (ablative plural)
poolën (allative singular)
poolëk (allative singular)
poilën (allative plural)
poilëk (allative plural)
poona (essive singular)
poina (essive plural)
pooksi (singular translative)
poiksi (plural translative)
poon (instructive singular)
poin (instructive plural)
poonëk (comitative singular)
poinëk (comitative plural)
pootta (abessive singular)
poitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal) puo

Karelian:

North Karelian: puo

Veps: po


vacca

vacca (nominative singular)
vac'at (nominative plural)
vac'an (accusative singular)
vac'at (accusative plural)
vac'an (genitive singular)
vaccadën (genitive plural)
vaccoidën (genitive plural)
vaccada (partitive singular)
vaccoida (partitive plural)
vac'assa (inessive singular)
vac'ahna (inessive singular)
vac'oissa (inessive plural)
vac'oihna (inessive plural)
vac'asta (elative singular)
vac'oista (elative plural)
vaccahën (illative singular)
vaccoihën (illative plural)
vac'alla (adessive singular)
vac'oilla (adessive plural)
vac'alta (ablative singular)
vac'oilta (ablative plural)
vaccalën (allative singular)
vaccalëk (allative singular)
vaccoilën (allative plural)
vaccoilëk (allative plural)
vaccana (essive singular)
vaccoina (essive plural)
vac'aksi (singular translative)
vac'oiksi (plural translative)
vac'an (instructive singular)
vac'oin (instructive plural)
vaccanëk (comitative singular)
vaccoinëk (comitative plural)
vac'atta (abessive singular)
vac'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vats

Finnish: vatsa, (dialectal) vatta

→ Proto-Samic: *fāttē (see there for further descendants)

Ingrian: vatsa

Karelian:

North Karelian: vačča

South Karelian: vačča

Livonian: vatsā

Livvi: vačču

Ludian: vačč, vacc

Veps: vac

Votic: vattsõ

Unknown. Sometimes considered to be related to Northern Mansi [script needed] (waś). Parpola (2017) notes a meaning 'womb' in some descendants and proposes early borrowing from Proto-Indo-Iranian *watsás (“calf”), whence also *vasa (“calf”). Holopainen (2019) rejects both of said etymologies. Any connection to Proto-Mordvinic *vačə (“hunger”) is uncertain and the similarity may be coincidental.


lupa

lupa (nominative singular)
lubat (nominative plural)
luban (accusative singular)
lubat (accusative plural)
luban (genitive singular)
lupadën (genitive plural)
lupëidën (genitive plural)
lupada (partitive singular)
lupëida (partitive plural)
lubassa (inessive singular)
lubahna (inessive singular)
lubëissa (inessive plural)
lubëihna (inessive plural)
lubasta (elative singular)
lubëista (elative plural)
lupahën (illative singular)
lupëihën (illative plural)
luballa (adessive singular)
lubëilla (adessive plural)
lubalta (ablative singular)
lubëilta (ablative plural)
lupalën (allative singular)
lupalëk (allative singular)
lupëilën (allative plural)
lupëilëk (allative plural)
lupana (essive singular)
lupëina (essive plural)
lubaksi (singular translative)
lubëiksi (plural translative)
luban (instructive singular)
lubëin (instructive plural)
lupanëk (comitative singular)
lupëinëk (comitative plural)
lubatta (abessive singular)
lubëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: luba
→ Livonian: lubā

Finnish: lupa

Ingrian: lupa

Karelian:

North Karelian: lupa

South Karelian: luba

Livvi: luba

Võro: luba

Votic: lupa

→ Proto-Samic: *lopē (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?] (whence Old Norse lof (“permission”)), from Proto-Germanic *lubą.


toukka

toukka (nominative singular)
touk'at (nominative plural)
touk'an (accusative singular)
touk'at (accusative plural)
touk'an (genitive singular)
toukkadën (genitive plural)
toukkëidën (genitive plural)
toukkada (partitive singular)
toukkëida (partitive plural)
touk'assa (inessive singular)
touk'ahna (inessive singular)
touk'ëissa (inessive plural)
touk'ëihna (inessive plural)
touk'asta (elative singular)
touk'ëista (elative plural)
toukkahën (illative singular)
toukkëihën (illative plural)
touk'alla (adessive singular)
touk'ëilla (adessive plural)
touk'alta (ablative singular)
touk'ëilta (ablative plural)
toukkalën (allative singular)
toukkalëk (allative singular)
toukkëilën (allative plural)
toukkëilëk (allative plural)
toukkana (essive singular)
toukkëina (essive plural)
touk'aksi (singular translative)
touk'ëiksi (plural translative)
touk'an (instructive singular)
touk'ëin (instructive plural)
toukkanëk (comitative singular)
toukkëinëk (comitative plural)
touk'atta (abessive singular)
touk'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tõuk

Finnish: toukka

→ Inari Sami: tuávkki

→ Northern Sami: doavki

Ingrian: toukka

Karelian: toukka

Livvi: toukku

Ludian: touk

Votic: (Jõgõperä) tõukka, (Mati) tõukõᴢ


paksu

paksu (nominative singular)
paksut (nominative plural)
paksun (accusative singular)
paksut (accusative plural)
paksun (genitive singular)
paksudën (genitive plural)
paksuidën (genitive plural)
paksuda (partitive singular)
paksuida (partitive plural)
paksussa (inessive singular)
paksuhna (inessive singular)
paksuissa (inessive plural)
paksuihna (inessive plural)
paksusta (elative singular)
paksuista (elative plural)
paksuhën (illative singular)
paksuihën (illative plural)
paksulla (adessive singular)
paksuilla (adessive plural)
paksulta (ablative singular)
paksuilta (ablative plural)
paksulën (allative singular)
paksulëk (allative singular)
paksuilën (allative plural)
paksuilëk (allative plural)
paksuna (essive singular)
paksuina (essive plural)
paksuksi (singular translative)
paksuiksi (plural translative)
paksun (instructive singular)
paksuin (instructive plural)
paksunëk (comitative singular)
paksuinëk (comitative plural)
paksutta (abessive singular)
paksuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: paks

Finnish: paksu

Ingrian: paksu

Karelian: paksu

Livvi: puaksu

Ludian: puaks

Veps: paks

Võro: paks

Votic: paksu, (Kattila) pahsu

Possibly from Proto-Indo-Iranian, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰénǵʰus, but there are not that many parallels for a development into a form with *ks. Cognate with Ancient Greek παχύς (pakhús, “thick, large”).


veto

veto (nominative singular)
vedot (nominative plural)
vedon (accusative singular)
vedot (accusative plural)
vedon (genitive singular)
vetodën (genitive plural)
vetoidën (genitive plural)
vetoda (partitive singular)
vetoida (partitive plural)
vedossa (inessive singular)
vedohna (inessive singular)
vedoissa (inessive plural)
vedoihna (inessive plural)
vedosta (elative singular)
vedoista (elative plural)
vetohën (illative singular)
vetoihën (illative plural)
vedolla (adessive singular)
vedoilla (adessive plural)
vedolta (ablative singular)
vedoilta (ablative plural)
vetolën (allative singular)
vetolëk (allative singular)
vetoilën (allative plural)
vetoilëk (allative plural)
vetona (essive singular)
vetoina (essive plural)
vedoksi (singular translative)
vedoiksi (plural translative)
vedon (instructive singular)
vedoin (instructive plural)
vetonëk (comitative singular)
vetoinëk (comitative plural)
vedotta (abessive singular)
vedoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vedu

Finnish: veto

Ingrian: veto

Karelian:

North Karelian: veto

South Karelian: vedo

Livvi: vedo

Ludian: vedo

Võro: vido

Votic: veto


iso

iso (nominative singular)
isot (nominative plural)
ison (accusative singular)
isot (accusative plural)
ison (genitive singular)
isodën (genitive plural)
isoidën (genitive plural)
isoda (partitive singular)
isoida (partitive plural)
isossa (inessive singular)
isohna (inessive singular)
isoissa (inessive plural)
isoihna (inessive plural)
isosta (elative singular)
isoista (elative plural)
isohën (illative singular)
isoihën (illative plural)
isolla (adessive singular)
isoilla (adessive plural)
isolta (ablative singular)
isoilta (ablative plural)
isolën (allative singular)
isolëk (allative singular)
isoilën (allative plural)
isoilëk (allative plural)
isona (essive singular)
isoina (essive plural)
isoksi (singular translative)
isoiksi (plural translative)
ison (instructive singular)
isoin (instructive plural)
isonëk (comitative singular)
isoinëk (comitative plural)
isotta (abessive singular)
isoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: isu

⇒ Estonian: isuma

desc

isota<id:hunger><t:to hunger for, desire>

→ Finnish: isota (“to hunger for, desire”)

Ingrian: iso

Veps: izo

Võro: iso

Votic: iso

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian (whence Sanskrit इच्छति (icchati)).


ja

Estonian: ja

Finnish: ja

Ingrian: ja

Livonian: ja

Ludian: ja

Võro: ja

Votic: ja


ken

qual

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*ken se</i>

Estonian: kes (from *ken se)

Finnish: ken (dated or poetic in nominative)

Ingrian: ken

Karelian:

North Karelian: ken

South Karelian: ken

Livvi: ken

Veps: ken

Võro: kiä

Votic: tšen


neljä

neljä (nominative singular)
neljät (nominative plural)
neljän (accusative singular)
neljät (accusative plural)
neljän (genitive singular)
neljäden (genitive plural)
neljeiden (genitive plural)
neljädä (partitive singular)
neljeidä (partitive plural)
neljässä (inessive singular)
neljähnä (inessive singular)
neljeissä (inessive plural)
neljeihnä (inessive plural)
neljästä (elative singular)
neljeistä (elative plural)
neljähen (illative singular)
neljeihen (illative plural)
neljällä (adessive singular)
neljeillä (adessive plural)
neljältä (ablative singular)
neljeiltä (ablative plural)
neljälen (allative singular)
neljälek (allative singular)
neljeilen (allative plural)
neljeilek (allative plural)
neljänä (essive singular)
neljeinä (essive plural)
neljäksi (singular translative)
neljeiksi (plural translative)
neljän (instructive singular)
neljein (instructive plural)
neljänek (comitative singular)
neljeinek (comitative plural)
neljättä (abessive singular)
neljeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: neli

Finnish: neljä
Kven: nelje, neljä

Ingrian: neljä

Karelian:

North Karelian: nellä

South Karelian: nellä

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: nēļa

Vidzeme Livonian: nelä

Livvi: nelli

Ludian: nell'

Veps: nel'l'

Võro: neli, nelli

Votic: nelʹlʹe


tähti

tähti (nominative singular)
tähtet (nominative plural)
tähten (accusative singular)
tähtet (accusative plural)
tähten (genitive singular)
tähteden (genitive plural)
tähtiden (genitive plural)
tähtedä (partitive singular)
tähtidä (partitive plural)
tähtessä (inessive singular)
tähtehnä (inessive singular)
tähtissä (inessive plural)
tähtihnä (inessive plural)
tähtestä (elative singular)
tähtistä (elative plural)
tähtehen (illative singular)
tähtihen (illative plural)
tähtellä (adessive singular)
tähtillä (adessive plural)
tähteltä (ablative singular)
tähtiltä (ablative plural)
tähtelen (allative singular)
tähtelek (allative singular)
tähtilen (allative plural)
tähtilek (allative plural)
tähtenä (essive singular)
tähtinä (essive plural)
tähteksi (singular translative)
tähtiksi (plural translative)
tähten (instructive singular)
tähtin (instructive plural)
tähtenek (comitative singular)
tähtinek (comitative plural)
tähtettä (abessive singular)
tähtittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: täht

Finnish: tähti
Kven: tähti

Ingrian: tähti

Karelian: tähti, teähti

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: tē’ḑ

Vidzeme Livonian: tēd, täd̦

Livvi: tiähti

Ludian: tiäht

Veps: tähtaz (extended with *-as)

Võro: täht'

Votic: tähti

From Proto-Finno-Permic *täštä. Cognate with Kildin Sami та̄ссьт (tāss’t), Erzya теште (ťešťe) and Eastern Mari тиште (tište). According to Zhivlov (2015), possibly ultimately a substrate borrowing from the pre-Uralic languages of the Volga.


vanha

vanha (nominative singular)
vanhat (nominative plural)
vanhan (accusative singular)
vanhat (accusative plural)
vanhan (genitive singular)
vanhadën (genitive plural)
vanhoidën (genitive plural)
vanhada (partitive singular)
vanhoida (partitive plural)
vanhassa (inessive singular)
vanhahna (inessive singular)
vanhoissa (inessive plural)
vanhoihna (inessive plural)
vanhasta (elative singular)
vanhoista (elative plural)
vanhahën (illative singular)
vanhoihën (illative plural)
vanhalla (adessive singular)
vanhoilla (adessive plural)
vanhalta (ablative singular)
vanhoilta (ablative plural)
vanhalën (allative singular)
vanhalëk (allative singular)
vanhoilën (allative plural)
vanhoilëk (allative plural)
vanhana (essive singular)
vanhoina (essive plural)
vanhaksi (singular translative)
vanhoiksi (plural translative)
vanhan (instructive singular)
vanhoin (instructive plural)
vanhanëk (comitative singular)
vanhoinëk (comitative plural)
vanhatta (abessive singular)
vanhoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vana

Finnish: vanha

Ingrian: vanha, (Ala-Laukaa) vana

Karelian:

North Karelian: vanha

South Karelian: vanha

Livonian: vanā

Livvi: vanhu, vahnu

Ludian: vahn

Veps: vanh

Võro: vana, vahn

Votic: vana

From Proto-Finno-Permic *wanša. Cognate with Proto-Permic *våž. In the past was also considered a possible borrowing from Proto-Germanic *wanhaz, *wanhą (“crooked, bent, bad”), but this is unlikely.


muka

Finnish: muka

Karelian: muka

Ludian: muga

Veps: muga

Probably an old derivation from *mu(u) + *-ka.

(Northern Finnic) so, like that, in that way


kevät

kevät (nominative singular)
kevädet (nominative plural)
keväden (accusative singular)
kevädet (accusative plural)
keväden (genitive singular)
kevät'en (genitive plural)
keväciden (genitive plural)
kevättä (partitive singular)
keväcitä (partitive plural)
kevädessä (inessive singular)
kevädehnä (inessive singular)
keväcissä (inessive plural)
keväcihnä (inessive plural)
kevädestä (elative singular)
keväcistä (elative plural)
kevädesen (illative singular)
keväcisen (illative plural)
kevädellä (adessive singular)
keväcillä (adessive plural)
kevädeltä (ablative singular)
keväciltä (ablative plural)
kevädelen (allative singular)
kevädelek (allative singular)
keväcilen (allative plural)
keväcilek (allative plural)
kevännä (essive singular)
keväcinä (essive plural)
kevädeksi (singular translative)
keväciksi (plural translative)
keväden (instructive singular)
keväcin (instructive plural)
kevännek (comitative singular)
keväcinek (comitative plural)
kevädettä (abessive singular)
keväcittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kevad

Finnish: kevät

Ingrian: kevät

Karelian:

North Karelian: kevät

South Karelian: keviä

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: kievād

Vidzeme Livonian: ķävad

Livvi: kevät

Ludian: keväz, keväd

Veps: keväz'

Võro: kevväi

Votic: tševäd

From Proto-Uralic *keŋä (“spring, summer”). Cognate with Eastern Mari кеҥеж (keŋež, “summer”).


laiva

laiva (nominative singular)
laivat (nominative plural)
laivan (accusative singular)
laivat (accusative plural)
laivan (genitive singular)
laivadën (genitive plural)
laivoidën (genitive plural)
laivada (partitive singular)
laivoida (partitive plural)
laivassa (inessive singular)
laivahna (inessive singular)
laivoissa (inessive plural)
laivoihna (inessive plural)
laivasta (elative singular)
laivoista (elative plural)
laivahën (illative singular)
laivoihën (illative plural)
laivalla (adessive singular)
laivoilla (adessive plural)
laivalta (ablative singular)
laivoilta (ablative plural)
laivalën (allative singular)
laivalëk (allative singular)
laivoilën (allative plural)
laivoilëk (allative plural)
laivana (essive singular)
laivoina (essive plural)
laivaksi (singular translative)
laivoiksi (plural translative)
laivan (instructive singular)
laivoin (instructive plural)
laivanëk (comitative singular)
laivoinëk (comitative plural)
laivatta (abessive singular)
laivoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: laev

Finnish: laiva

→ Russian: ла́йба (lájba)

→ Polish: łajba

Ingrian: laiva

Karelian: laiva

Livonian: lǭja

Livvi: laivu

Veps: laiv

Võro: laiv

Votic: laivõ

→ Northern Sami: láivi

→ Proto-Baltic:

Latgalian: laiva

Latvian: laiva

Lithuanian: laĩvas

Sudovian: ławe

By metathesis from earlier *lawja, in turn borrowed from Proto-Germanic *flawją. Baltic origin has been proposed as well (compare Latvian laiva, Lithuanian laĩvas), but these lack a convincing Indo-European etymology and have been rather considered loans from Finnic.


virta

virta (nominative singular)
virdat (nominative plural)
virdan (accusative singular)
virdat (accusative plural)
virdan (genitive singular)
virtadën (genitive plural)
virtoidën (genitive plural)
virtada (partitive singular)
virtoida (partitive plural)
virdassa (inessive singular)
virdahna (inessive singular)
virdoissa (inessive plural)
virdoihna (inessive plural)
virdasta (elative singular)
virdoista (elative plural)
virtahën (illative singular)
virtoihën (illative plural)
virdalla (adessive singular)
virdoilla (adessive plural)
virdalta (ablative singular)
virdoilta (ablative plural)
virtalën (allative singular)
virtalëk (allative singular)
virtoilën (allative plural)
virtoilëk (allative plural)
virtana (essive singular)
virtoina (essive plural)
virdaksi (singular translative)
virdoiksi (plural translative)
virdan (instructive singular)
virdoin (instructive plural)
virtanëk (comitative singular)
virtoinëk (comitative plural)
virdatta (abessive singular)
virdoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: virta

Ingrian: virta

Karelian:

North Karelian: virta

South Karelian: virda

Livvi: virdu

Ludian: vird

Votic: virtõ

Borrowing from Proto-Slavic *vьrtъ (compare Polish wart) or *vьrta (compare Polish Warta). An earlier borrowing from Balto-Slavic is also possible. Origin from Baltic (cf. Lithuanian vìrti) is less likely due to second syllable -a.


sininen

sininen (nominative singular)
sinicet (nominative plural)
sinicen (accusative singular)
sinicet (accusative plural)
sinicen (genitive singular)
sinicten (genitive plural)
siniciden (genitive plural)
sinictä (partitive singular)
sinicitä (partitive plural)
sinicessä (inessive singular)
sinicehnä (inessive singular)
sinicissä (inessive plural)
sinicihnä (inessive plural)
sinicestä (elative singular)
sinicistä (elative plural)
sinicesen (illative singular)
sinicisen (illative plural)
sinicellä (adessive singular)
sinicillä (adessive plural)
siniceltä (ablative singular)
siniciltä (ablative plural)
sinicelen (allative singular)
sinicelek (allative singular)
sinicilen (allative plural)
sinicilek (allative plural)
sininnä (essive singular)
sinicinä (essive plural)
siniceksi (singular translative)
siniciksi (plural translative)
sinicen (instructive singular)
sinicin (instructive plural)
sininnek (comitative singular)
sinicinek (comitative plural)
sinicettä (abessive singular)
sinicittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: sinine

Finnish: sininen

Ingrian: siniin

Karelian:

North Karelian: šinini

South Karelian: sinine

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: si’ņņi

Vidzeme Livonian: sinni

Ludian: siniine

Veps: sinine

Võro: sinine

Votic: sinin


tuhat

tuhat (nominative singular)
tuhandët (nominative plural)
tuhandën (accusative singular)
tuhandët (accusative plural)
tuhandën (genitive singular)
tuhat'ën (genitive plural)
tuhancidën (genitive plural)
tuhatta (partitive singular)
tuhancita (partitive plural)
tuhandëssa (inessive singular)
tuhandëhna (inessive singular)
tuhancissa (inessive plural)
tuhancihna (inessive plural)
tuhandësta (elative singular)
tuhancista (elative plural)
tuhantësën (illative singular)
tuhancisën (illative plural)
tuhandëlla (adessive singular)
tuhancilla (adessive plural)
tuhandëlta (ablative singular)
tuhancilta (ablative plural)
tuhantëlën (allative singular)
tuhantëlëk (allative singular)
tuhancilën (allative plural)
tuhancilëk (allative plural)
tuhantëna (essive singular)
tuhancina (essive plural)
tuhandëksi (singular translative)
tuhanciksi (plural translative)
tuhandën (instructive singular)
tuhancin (instructive plural)
tuhantënëk (comitative singular)
tuhancinëk (comitative plural)
tuhandëtta (abessive singular)
tuhancitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tuhat

Finnish: tuhat

→ Northern Sami: duhát

Ingrian: tuhatta, tuhat

Karelian:

North Karelian: tuhat

South Karelian: tuhat

Livonian: tūontõ

Livvi: tuhat

Ludian: tuha

Veps: tuha

Võro: tuhat

desc

Votic: tuhad (Lempola, Mati, Pummala), ⇒ tuhattõ

From earlier *tušanti, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (compare Proto-Balto-Slavic *tū́ˀsantis), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tuHsont-. Compare Erzya тёжань (ťožań), borrowed from the same Baltic source.

cog

Erzya тёжань (ťožań)


ovi

ovi (nominative singular)
ovët (nominative plural)
ovën (accusative singular)
ovët (accusative plural)
ovën (genitive singular)
ovëdën (genitive plural)
ovidën (genitive plural)
ovëda (partitive singular)
ovida (partitive plural)
ovëssa (inessive singular)
ovëhna (inessive singular)
ovissa (inessive plural)
ovihna (inessive plural)
ovësta (elative singular)
ovista (elative plural)
ovëhën (illative singular)
ovihën (illative plural)
ovëlla (adessive singular)
ovilla (adessive plural)
ovëlta (ablative singular)
ovilta (ablative plural)
ovëlën (allative singular)
ovëlëk (allative singular)
ovilën (allative plural)
ovilëk (allative plural)
ovëna (essive singular)
ovina (essive plural)
ovëksi (singular translative)
oviksi (plural translative)
ovën (instructive singular)
ovin (instructive plural)
ovënëk (comitative singular)
ovinëk (comitative plural)
ovëtta (abessive singular)
ovitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: õu

Finnish: ovi

Ingrian: ovi

Karelian:

North Karelian: ovi

South Karelian: ovi

Votic: õvvi


lehmä

lehmä (nominative singular)
lehmät (nominative plural)
lehmän (accusative singular)
lehmät (accusative plural)
lehmän (genitive singular)
lehmäden (genitive plural)
lehmeiden (genitive plural)
lehmädä (partitive singular)
lehmeidä (partitive plural)
lehmässä (inessive singular)
lehmähnä (inessive singular)
lehmeissä (inessive plural)
lehmeihnä (inessive plural)
lehmästä (elative singular)
lehmeistä (elative plural)
lehmähen (illative singular)
lehmeihen (illative plural)
lehmällä (adessive singular)
lehmeillä (adessive plural)
lehmältä (ablative singular)
lehmeiltä (ablative plural)
lehmälen (allative singular)
lehmälek (allative singular)
lehmeilen (allative plural)
lehmeilek (allative plural)
lehmänä (essive singular)
lehmeinä (essive plural)
lehmäksi (singular translative)
lehmeiksi (plural translative)
lehmän (instructive singular)
lehmein (instructive plural)
lehmänek (comitative singular)
lehmeinek (comitative plural)
lehmättä (abessive singular)
lehmeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: lehm

Finnish: lehmä

Ingrian: lehmä

Karelian:

North Karelian: lehmä

South Karelian: lehmä

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: nī’em, nī’emõ

Vidzeme Livonian: niem, niema

Livvi: lehmy

Ludian: lehm

Veps: lehm

Võro: lehm

Votic: lehme

→ Kemi Sami: [Term?] (lehme)

→ Skolt Sami: leäʹhm

→ Akkala Sami: [script needed] (lehm)

→ Kildin Sami: лӣхемь (līxjem’)

→ Ter Sami: limme

→ Russian: лейма (lejma)

From Proto-Finno-Permic *lešmä, possibly borrowed from a substrate language (the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate). Has also been hypothetized to be associated with the phonetically quite similar *lëhmus (“lime; soft wood”), through a sense development "soft" > "tame" > "domestic animal". Alternately, Katz (2003) speculates on borrowing from pre-Indo-Iranian *lekšma- (“marked”) (compare Sanskrit लक्ष्मी (lakṣmī), लक्ष्मन् (lakṣman)), through the meaning "animal marked as owned".


kesä

kesä (nominative singular)
kesät (nominative plural)
kesän (accusative singular)
kesät (accusative plural)
kesän (genitive singular)
kesäden (genitive plural)
keseiden (genitive plural)
kesädä (partitive singular)
keseidä (partitive plural)
kesässä (inessive singular)
kesähnä (inessive singular)
keseissä (inessive plural)
keseihnä (inessive plural)
kesästä (elative singular)
keseistä (elative plural)
kesähen (illative singular)
keseihen (illative plural)
kesällä (adessive singular)
keseillä (adessive plural)
kesältä (ablative singular)
keseiltä (ablative plural)
kesälen (allative singular)
kesälek (allative singular)
keseilen (allative plural)
keseilek (allative plural)
kesänä (essive singular)
keseinä (essive plural)
kesäksi (singular translative)
keseiksi (plural translative)
kesän (instructive singular)
kesein (instructive plural)
kesänek (comitative singular)
keseinek (comitative plural)
kesättä (abessive singular)
keseittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kesa

Finnish: kesä

Ingrian: kesä

Karelian:

North Karelian: kešä

South Karelian: kežä

Livvi: kezä

Ludian: kezä

Veps: keza

Võro: kesä

Votic: tšesä

From Proto-Finno-Permic *kesä (“summer”) (possibly a loanword from Indo-European; see it for more). Cognate with Proto-Samic *keasē, Erzya кизэ (kize) and Moksha киза (kiza, “summer, year”).


poika

poika (nominative singular)
poigat (nominative plural)
poigan (accusative singular)
poigat (accusative plural)
poigan (genitive singular)
poikadën (genitive plural)
poikëidën (genitive plural)
poikada (partitive singular)
poikëida (partitive plural)
poigassa (inessive singular)
poigahna (inessive singular)
poigëissa (inessive plural)
poigëihna (inessive plural)
poigasta (elative singular)
poigëista (elative plural)
poikahën (illative singular)
poikëihën (illative plural)
poigalla (adessive singular)
poigëilla (adessive plural)
poigalta (ablative singular)
poigëilta (ablative plural)
poikalën (allative singular)
poikalëk (allative singular)
poikëilën (allative plural)
poikëilëk (allative plural)
poikana (essive singular)
poikëina (essive plural)
poigaksi (singular translative)
poigëiksi (plural translative)
poigan (instructive singular)
poigëin (instructive plural)
poikanëk (comitative singular)
poikëinëk (comitative plural)
poigatta (abessive singular)
poigëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: poeg (“son”)

desctree

⇒ Estonian: poiss (“boy”)
→ Ingrian: poissi

Finnish: poika (“son, boy”)

→ Swedish: pojke

→ Elfdalian: påyk

Ingrian: poika

Karelian:

North Karelian: poika

South Karelian: poiga

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: pūoga

Vidzeme Livonian: puoga

⇒ Livonian: pȯis

⇒ Livonian: pois, puis

→ Latgalian: puiss ("boy")

→ Latvian: puisis ("boy")

→ Latvian: puišs ("servant") (kursenieki)

Livvi: poigu

Ludian: poig

Veps: poig

Võro: poig

Votic: poikõ

→ Latgalian: puika ("young boy")

→ Latvian: puika ("young boy")

→ Lithuanian: puika


pitkä

Estonian: pikk

Finnish: pitkä

Ingrian: pitkä, pitki

Karelian: pitkä

Livonian: pitka

Livvi: pitky

Ludian: pit'k

Veps: pit'k

Võro: pikk

Votic: pittše

From a stem *pit(e)- + *-kä, from Proto-Uralic *pide. Formally identical to Proto-Samoyedic *pirkä (“high”); other cognates include Hungarian fel, föl (“up”). Many of the derived terms are derived directly from the stem *pit(e)-.


talvi

talvi (nominative singular)
talvët (nominative plural)
talvën (accusative singular)
talvët (accusative plural)
talvën (genitive singular)
talvëdën (genitive plural)
talvidën (genitive plural)
talvëda (partitive singular)
talvida (partitive plural)
talvëssa (inessive singular)
talvëhna (inessive singular)
talvissa (inessive plural)
talvihna (inessive plural)
talvësta (elative singular)
talvista (elative plural)
talvëhën (illative singular)
talvihën (illative plural)
talvëlla (adessive singular)
talvilla (adessive plural)
talvëlta (ablative singular)
talvilta (ablative plural)
talvëlën (allative singular)
talvëlëk (allative singular)
talvilën (allative plural)
talvilëk (allative plural)
talvëna (essive singular)
talvina (essive plural)
talvëksi (singular translative)
talviksi (plural translative)
talvën (instructive singular)
talvin (instructive plural)
talvënëk (comitative singular)
talvinëk (comitative plural)
talvëtta (abessive singular)
talvitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: talv

Finnish: talvi

Ingrian: talvi

Karelian:

North Karelian: talvi

South Karelian: talvi

Livonian: tǭla

Livvi: talvi

Ludian: tal'v

Veps: tal'v

Võro: talv'

Votic: talvi

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *tälwä (“winter”), akin to e.g. Proto-Samic *tālvē, Hungarian tél. The stem type shift *ä-ä > *a-i is attested in several other words as well (e.g. *sappi (“gall”), *sarni (“ash tree”)), and Zhivlov (2014) proposes that it might be in fact regular.


minä

minä (nominative singular)
minun (accusative singular)
minun (genitive singular)
minuda (partitive singular)
minussa (inessive singular)
minuhna (inessive singular)
minusta (elative singular)
minuhën (illative singular)
minulla (adessive singular)
minulta (ablative singular)
minulën (allative singular)
minulëk (allative singular)
minuna (essive singular)
minuksi (singular translative)
minun (instructive singular)
minunëk (comitative singular)
minutta (abessive singular)

Estonian: mina, ma

desc

Finnish: minä, (colloquial/dialectal) mä, mää, miä, mie, mnää

Kven: mie

Ingrian: miä

Karelian:

North Karelian: mie

South Karelian: mie

Livonian: minā, ma

Livvi: minä

Ludian: minä

Veps: minä

Võro: ma, maq

Votic: miä

From Proto-Uralic *minä. The *-u in oblique forms originates from a dual inflection, which has otherwise been lost; compare the Proto-Samic first-person dual pronoun *monōj.


järvi

järvi (nominative singular)
järvet (nominative plural)
järven (accusative singular)
järvet (accusative plural)
järven (genitive singular)
järveden (genitive plural)
järviden (genitive plural)
järvedä (partitive singular)
järvidä (partitive plural)
järvessä (inessive singular)
järvehnä (inessive singular)
järvissä (inessive plural)
järvihnä (inessive plural)
järvestä (elative singular)
järvistä (elative plural)
järvehen (illative singular)
järvihen (illative plural)
järvellä (adessive singular)
järvillä (adessive plural)
järveltä (ablative singular)
järviltä (ablative plural)
järvelen (allative singular)
järvelek (allative singular)
järvilen (allative plural)
järvilek (allative plural)
järvenä (essive singular)
järvinä (essive plural)
järveksi (singular translative)
järviksi (plural translative)
järven (instructive singular)
järvin (instructive plural)
järvenek (comitative singular)
järvinek (comitative plural)
järvettä (abessive singular)
järvittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: järv

Finnish: järvi

Ingrian: järvi

Karelian:

North Karelian: järvi

South Karelian: järvi

Livonian: järu (Vidzeme)

Livvi: järvi

Ludian: därv

Veps: järv

Võro: järv'

Votic: järvi

Cognate with Proto-Samic *jāvrē, Erzya эрьке (eŕke), Eastern Mari ер (jer), from Proto-Finno-Permic *jäwrä (a loanword from Indo-European). An alternate form *jarvi (Viitso reconstructs *jarva for Livonian at least) is reflected in Livonian and Votic, which may be more original, reflecting the common development *ä-ä > *a-i (compare e.g. *talvi).


katto

katto (nominative singular)
kat'ot (nominative plural)
kat'on (accusative singular)
kat'ot (accusative plural)
kat'on (genitive singular)
kattodën (genitive plural)
kattoidën (genitive plural)
kattoda (partitive singular)
kattoida (partitive plural)
kat'ossa (inessive singular)
kat'ohna (inessive singular)
kat'oissa (inessive plural)
kat'oihna (inessive plural)
kat'osta (elative singular)
kat'oista (elative plural)
kattohën (illative singular)
kattoihën (illative plural)
kat'olla (adessive singular)
kat'oilla (adessive plural)
kat'olta (ablative singular)
kat'oilta (ablative plural)
kattolën (allative singular)
kattolëk (allative singular)
kattoilën (allative plural)
kattoilëk (allative plural)
kattona (essive singular)
kattoina (essive plural)
kat'oksi (singular translative)
kat'oiksi (plural translative)
kat'on (instructive singular)
kat'oin (instructive plural)
kattonëk (comitative singular)
kattoinëk (comitative plural)
kat'otta (abessive singular)
kat'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: katto

→ Inari Sami: káttu

→ Northern Sami: gáhttu

Ingrian: katto

Karelian: katto

Livvi: katto

Ludian: katt

Votic: katto


päivä

päivä (nominative singular)
päivät (nominative plural)
päivän (accusative singular)
päivät (accusative plural)
päivän (genitive singular)
päiväden (genitive plural)
päiveiden (genitive plural)
päivädä (partitive singular)
päiveidä (partitive plural)
päivässä (inessive singular)
päivähnä (inessive singular)
päiveissä (inessive plural)
päiveihnä (inessive plural)
päivästä (elative singular)
päiveistä (elative plural)
päivähen (illative singular)
päiveihen (illative plural)
päivällä (adessive singular)
päiveillä (adessive plural)
päivältä (ablative singular)
päiveiltä (ablative plural)
päivälen (allative singular)
päivälek (allative singular)
päiveilen (allative plural)
päiveilek (allative plural)
päivänä (essive singular)
päiveinä (essive plural)
päiväksi (singular translative)
päiveiksi (plural translative)
päivän (instructive singular)
päivein (instructive plural)
päivänek (comitative singular)
päiveinek (comitative plural)
päivättä (abessive singular)
päiveittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: päev

desctree

Finnish: päivä
Kven: päivä
Meänkieli: päivä

Ingrian: päivä

Karelian: päivä

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: pǟva

Vidzeme Livonian: pǟva

Livvi: päivy

Veps: päiv

Võro: päiv

Votic: päive


hiiri

hiiri (nominative singular)
hiiret (nominative plural)
hiiren (accusative singular)
hiiret (accusative plural)
hiiren (genitive singular)
hiirden (genitive plural)
hiiriden (genitive plural)
hiirtä (partitive singular)
hiiridä (partitive plural)
hiiressä (inessive singular)
hiirehnä (inessive singular)
hiirissä (inessive plural)
hiirihnä (inessive plural)
hiirestä (elative singular)
hiiristä (elative plural)
hiirehen (illative singular)
hiirihen (illative plural)
hiirellä (adessive singular)
hiirillä (adessive plural)
hiireltä (ablative singular)
hiiriltä (ablative plural)
hiirelen (allative singular)
hiirelek (allative singular)
hiirilen (allative plural)
hiirilek (allative plural)
hiirnä (essive singular)
hiirinä (essive plural)
hiireksi (singular translative)
hiiriksi (plural translative)
hiiren (instructive singular)
hiirin (instructive plural)
hiirnek (comitative singular)
hiirinek (comitative plural)
hiirettä (abessive singular)
hiirittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: hiir

Finnish: hiiri
Kven: hiiri

Ingrian: hiiri

Karelian:

North Karelian: hiiri

South Karelian: hiiri

Livonian: īr

Livvi: hiiri

Ludian: hiir'

Veps: hir'

Võro: hiir'

Votic: iiri

From earlier *šiire, from Proto-Uralic *šiŋere.


juusto

juusto (nominative singular)
juustot (nominative plural)
juuston (accusative singular)
juustot (accusative plural)
juuston (genitive singular)
juustodën (genitive plural)
juustoidën (genitive plural)
juustoda (partitive singular)
juustoida (partitive plural)
juustossa (inessive singular)
juustohna (inessive singular)
juustoissa (inessive plural)
juustoihna (inessive plural)
juustosta (elative singular)
juustoista (elative plural)
juustohën (illative singular)
juustoihën (illative plural)
juustolla (adessive singular)
juustoilla (adessive plural)
juustolta (ablative singular)
juustoilta (ablative plural)
juustolën (allative singular)
juustolëk (allative singular)
juustoilën (allative plural)
juustoilëk (allative plural)
juustona (essive singular)
juustoina (essive plural)
juustoksi (singular translative)
juustoiksi (plural translative)
juuston (instructive singular)
juustoin (instructive plural)
juustonëk (comitative singular)
juustoinëk (comitative plural)
juustotta (abessive singular)
juustoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: juust

Finnish: juusto

Ingrian: juusto

Karelian: juusto, juustu

Livvi: juusto

Võro: juust

Votic: (Pummala) juusso

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*jūstaR) or earlier Proto-Germanic *justaz. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vuostā.


kurkku

kurkku (nominative singular)
kurk'ut (nominative plural)
kurk'un (accusative singular)
kurk'ut (accusative plural)
kurk'un (genitive singular)
kurkkudën (genitive plural)
kurkkuidën (genitive plural)
kurkkuda (partitive singular)
kurkkuida (partitive plural)
kurk'ussa (inessive singular)
kurk'uhna (inessive singular)
kurk'uissa (inessive plural)
kurk'uihna (inessive plural)
kurk'usta (elative singular)
kurk'uista (elative plural)
kurkkuhën (illative singular)
kurkkuihën (illative plural)
kurk'ulla (adessive singular)
kurk'uilla (adessive plural)
kurk'ulta (ablative singular)
kurk'uilta (ablative plural)
kurkkulën (allative singular)
kurkkulëk (allative singular)
kurkkuilën (allative plural)
kurkkuilëk (allative plural)
kurkkuna (essive singular)
kurkkuina (essive plural)
kurk'uksi (singular translative)
kurk'uiksi (plural translative)
kurk'un (instructive singular)
kurk'uin (instructive plural)
kurkkunëk (comitative singular)
kurkkuinëk (comitative plural)
kurk'utta (abessive singular)
kurk'uitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kurk

Finnish: kurkku

Ingrian: kulkku, kurkku

Livonian: kurk

Ludian: kurk

Veps: kurk

Võro: kurk

Votic: kurkku

→ Southern Sami: gorhke

→ Lule Sami: gurkos

→ Northern Sami: gurku

Most probably a borrowing through Proto-Norse [script needed] (*kwerku), from Proto-Germanic *kwerkō. The word has been also compared with Mordvinic counterparts (Erzya кирьга (kiŕga), Moksha корга (korga)), which are however more likely derive from Proto-Slavic *kъrkъ.


musta

musta (nominative singular)
mustat (nominative plural)
mustan (accusative singular)
mustat (accusative plural)
mustan (genitive singular)
mustadën (genitive plural)
mustëidën (genitive plural)
mustada (partitive singular)
mustëida (partitive plural)
mustassa (inessive singular)
mustahna (inessive singular)
mustëissa (inessive plural)
mustëihna (inessive plural)
mustasta (elative singular)
mustëista (elative plural)
mustahën (illative singular)
mustëihën (illative plural)
mustalla (adessive singular)
mustëilla (adessive plural)
mustalta (ablative singular)
mustëilta (ablative plural)
mustalën (allative singular)
mustalëk (allative singular)
mustëilën (allative plural)
mustëilëk (allative plural)
mustana (essive singular)
mustëina (essive plural)
mustaksi (singular translative)
mustëiksi (plural translative)
mustan (instructive singular)
mustëin (instructive plural)
mustanëk (comitative singular)
mustëinëk (comitative plural)
mustatta (abessive singular)
mustëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: must

Finnish: musta

Ingrian: musta

Karelian:

North Karelian: mušta

South Karelian: mušta

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: mustā

Vidzeme Livonian: musta

Veps: must

Võro: must

Votic: mussõ

Unknown. Possibly a substrate loan from the pre-Finnic languages of the Baltic. A Germanic origin has been proposed, based on dialectal Norwegian Bokmål must (“steam, fume, mist”), but this etymology must be rejected, as the proposed Norwegian word appears to be a variant of a dialectal musk (cognate with dialectal Swedish musk, Icelandic musk, probably from Proto-Germanic *muskiz) inspired by most, a Latin loanword (ultimately from Latin mustum).


sata

sata (nominative singular)
sadat (nominative plural)
sadan (accusative singular)
sadat (accusative plural)
sadan (genitive singular)
satadën (genitive plural)
satoidën (genitive plural)
satada (partitive singular)
satoida (partitive plural)
sadassa (inessive singular)
sadahna (inessive singular)
sadoissa (inessive plural)
sadoihna (inessive plural)
sadasta (elative singular)
sadoista (elative plural)
satahën (illative singular)
satoihën (illative plural)
sadalla (adessive singular)
sadoilla (adessive plural)
sadalta (ablative singular)
sadoilta (ablative plural)
satalën (allative singular)
satalëk (allative singular)
satoilën (allative plural)
satoilëk (allative plural)
satana (essive singular)
satoina (essive plural)
sadaksi (singular translative)
sadoiksi (plural translative)
sadan (instructive singular)
sadoin (instructive plural)
satanëk (comitative singular)
satoinëk (comitative plural)
sadatta (abessive singular)
sadoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sada

Finnish: sata

Ingrian: sata

Karelian:

North Karelian: šata

South Karelian: šada

Livonian: sadā

Livvi: sada

Ludian: sada

Veps: sada

Votic: sata

Võro: sada


kenkä

kenkä (nominative singular)
kengät (nominative plural)
kengän (accusative singular)
kengät (accusative plural)
kengän (genitive singular)
kenkäden (genitive plural)
kenkeiden (genitive plural)
kenkädä (partitive singular)
kenkeidä (partitive plural)
kengässä (inessive singular)
kengähnä (inessive singular)
kengeissä (inessive plural)
kengeihnä (inessive plural)
kengästä (elative singular)
kengeistä (elative plural)
kenkähen (illative singular)
kenkeihen (illative plural)
kengällä (adessive singular)
kengeillä (adessive plural)
kengältä (ablative singular)
kengeiltä (ablative plural)
kenkälen (allative singular)
kenkälek (allative singular)
kenkeilen (allative plural)
kenkeilek (allative plural)
kenkänä (essive singular)
kenkeinä (essive plural)
kengäksi (singular translative)
kengeiksi (plural translative)
kengän (instructive singular)
kengein (instructive plural)
kenkänek (comitative singular)
kenkeinek (comitative plural)
kengättä (abessive singular)
kengeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: king

Finnish: kenkä

→ Swedish: känga

Ingrian: kenkä

Karelian: kenkä, kengä

Livonian: kǟnga

→ Latvian: ķeņģe

Livvi: kengy

Ludian: keng

Veps: keng'

→ Russian: (dialectal) ке́ньги (kénʹgi)

→ Belarusian: кеньгы (kjenʹhy)

→ Ukrainan: ке́нді (kéndi)

Votic: tšentše

Võro: käng

Akin to Proto-Samic *kieŋkē (“sole of a sledge runner or keel”). Possibly a borrowing from Pre-Germanic *(s)keng-, compare Proto-Germanic *skinkô, *skankô (“thigh, shank”). According to Koivulehto, the sense development would be through "thigh, shank, lower leg" > "lower leg skin" > "shoe made of lower leg skin" > "shoe".


kirves

kirves (nominative singular)
kirvehet (nominative plural)
kirvehen (accusative singular)
kirvehet (accusative plural)
kirvehen (genitive singular)
kirvesten (genitive plural)
kirvehiden (genitive plural)
kirvestä (partitive singular)
kirvehitä (partitive plural)
kirvehessä (inessive singular)
kirvehehnä (inessive singular)
kirvehissä (inessive plural)
kirvehihnä (inessive plural)
kirvehestä (elative singular)
kirvehistä (elative plural)
kirvehesen (illative singular)
kirvehisen (illative plural)
kirvehellä (adessive singular)
kirvehillä (adessive plural)
kirveheltä (ablative singular)
kirvehiltä (ablative plural)
kirvehelen (allative singular)
kirvehelek (allative singular)
kirvehilen (allative plural)
kirvehilek (allative plural)
kirvessä (essive singular)
kirvehinä (essive plural)
kirveheksi (singular translative)
kirvehiksi (plural translative)
kirvehen (instructive singular)
kirvehin (instructive plural)
kirvessek (comitative singular)
kirvehinek (comitative plural)
kirvehettä (abessive singular)
kirvehittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kirves

Finnish: kirves

Ingrian: kerves, kirves

Karelian:

North Karelian: kirveš

South Karelian: kirves

Livonian: kīraz

Livvi: kirves

Ludian: kirvez

Veps: kirvez

Võro: kirvõs

Votic: tširvez

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian cirvis, Lithuanian kirvis).


korva

korva (nominative singular)
korvat (nominative plural)
korvan (accusative singular)
korvat (accusative plural)
korvan (genitive singular)
korvadën (genitive plural)
korvëidën (genitive plural)
korvada (partitive singular)
korvëida (partitive plural)
korvassa (inessive singular)
korvahna (inessive singular)
korvëissa (inessive plural)
korvëihna (inessive plural)
korvasta (elative singular)
korvëista (elative plural)
korvahën (illative singular)
korvëihën (illative plural)
korvalla (adessive singular)
korvëilla (adessive plural)
korvalta (ablative singular)
korvëilta (ablative plural)
korvalën (allative singular)
korvalëk (allative singular)
korvëilën (allative plural)
korvëilëk (allative plural)
korvana (essive singular)
korvëina (essive plural)
korvaksi (singular translative)
korvëiksi (plural translative)
korvan (instructive singular)
korvëin (instructive plural)
korvanëk (comitative singular)
korvëinëk (comitative plural)
korvatta (abessive singular)
korvëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kõrv

Finnish: korva

Ingrian: korva

Karelian: korva

Livonian: kūora

Livvi: korvu

Ludian: korv

Veps: korv

Võro: kõrv

Votic: kõrvõ

desc

→ Proto-Samic: *koarvē (“prop for scaffolding”)

Two etymologies have been presented: one considers the word cognate to Komi-Zyrian кор (kor, “leaf”), Udmurt кўар (kwar, “leaf”) and Hungarian dialectal harap (“dry grass”), from Proto-Uralic *korwa (“leaf”). The second compares the word with Proto-Samoyedic *kåw (“ear”), and derives the word by metathesis from earlier *kowra (compare e.g. *karva (“hair”) from earlier *kawra), analyzed as *kow- + *-ra and derived from Proto-Uralic *kawe.
In any case, the word is an innovation replacing Proto-Uralic *peljä (“ear”).


kulta

kulta (nominative singular)
kuldat (nominative plural)
kuldan (accusative singular)
kuldat (accusative plural)
kuldan (genitive singular)
kultadën (genitive plural)
kultëidën (genitive plural)
kultada (partitive singular)
kultëida (partitive plural)
kuldassa (inessive singular)
kuldahna (inessive singular)
kuldëissa (inessive plural)
kuldëihna (inessive plural)
kuldasta (elative singular)
kuldëista (elative plural)
kultahën (illative singular)
kultëihën (illative plural)
kuldalla (adessive singular)
kuldëilla (adessive plural)
kuldalta (ablative singular)
kuldëilta (ablative plural)
kultalën (allative singular)
kultalëk (allative singular)
kultëilën (allative plural)
kultëilëk (allative plural)
kultana (essive singular)
kultëina (essive plural)
kuldaksi (singular translative)
kuldëiksi (plural translative)
kuldan (instructive singular)
kuldëin (instructive plural)
kultanëk (comitative singular)
kultëinëk (comitative plural)
kuldatta (abessive singular)
kuldëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuld

Finnish: kulta

Samic:

→ Kemi Sami: kolde

→ Ter Sami: колльтӭ (kollʼt’e)

Ingrian: kulta

Karelian: kulta, kulda

Livonian: kūlda

Livvi: kuldu

Ludian: kuld

Veps: kuld

Võro: kuld

Votic: kultõ


rauta

rauta (nominative singular)
raudat (nominative plural)
raudan (accusative singular)
raudat (accusative plural)
raudan (genitive singular)
rautadën (genitive plural)
rautëidën (genitive plural)
rautada (partitive singular)
rautëida (partitive plural)
raudassa (inessive singular)
raudahna (inessive singular)
raudëissa (inessive plural)
raudëihna (inessive plural)
raudasta (elative singular)
raudëista (elative plural)
rautahën (illative singular)
rautëihën (illative plural)
raudalla (adessive singular)
raudëilla (adessive plural)
raudalta (ablative singular)
raudëilta (ablative plural)
rautalën (allative singular)
rautalëk (allative singular)
rautëilën (allative plural)
rautëilëk (allative plural)
rautana (essive singular)
rautëina (essive plural)
raudaksi (singular translative)
raudëiksi (plural translative)
raudan (instructive singular)
raudëin (instructive plural)
rautanëk (comitative singular)
rautëinëk (comitative plural)
raudatta (abessive singular)
raudëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: raud

Finnish: rauta

Ingrian: rauta

Karelian: rauta, rauda

Livonian: rōda

Livvi: raudu

Ludian: raud

Veps: raud

Võro: raud

Votic: rautõ

? → Proto-Samic: *ruovtē

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (“red”), but the immediate source is uncertain. The word has been traditionally considered to reflect Proto-Germanic *raudan- (compare Old Norse rauði (“iron ore”)), a derivative of *raudaz (“red”), but origin from Balto-Slavic is also possible (Kallio 2006), perhaps from a form *raudā- corresponding to late Proto-Slavic *ruda (“ore”).


kukka

kukka (nominative singular)
kuk'at (nominative plural)
kuk'an (accusative singular)
kuk'at (accusative plural)
kuk'an (genitive singular)
kukkadën (genitive plural)
kukkëidën (genitive plural)
kukkada (partitive singular)
kukkëida (partitive plural)
kuk'assa (inessive singular)
kuk'ahna (inessive singular)
kuk'ëissa (inessive plural)
kuk'ëihna (inessive plural)
kuk'asta (elative singular)
kuk'ëista (elative plural)
kukkahën (illative singular)
kukkëihën (illative plural)
kuk'alla (adessive singular)
kuk'ëilla (adessive plural)
kuk'alta (ablative singular)
kuk'ëilta (ablative plural)
kukkalën (allative singular)
kukkalëk (allative singular)
kukkëilën (allative plural)
kukkëilëk (allative plural)
kukkana (essive singular)
kukkëina (essive plural)
kuk'aksi (singular translative)
kuk'ëiksi (plural translative)
kuk'an (instructive singular)
kuk'ëin (instructive plural)
kukkanëk (comitative singular)
kukkëinëk (comitative plural)
kuk'atta (abessive singular)
kuk'ëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kukka

→ Inari Sami: kukká

→ Northern Sami: guhkká

Ingrian: kukka

Karelian:

North Karelian: kukka

South Karelian: kukka

Livvi: kukku

Võro: kukk (“conifer cone”)

Votic: kukkõ, (Lempola) kukaz

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (compare Lithuanian kukas, kukmedis).


aika

aika (nominative singular)
aigat (nominative plural)
aigan (accusative singular)
aigat (accusative plural)
aigan (genitive singular)
aikadën (genitive plural)
aikoidën (genitive plural)
aikada (partitive singular)
aikoida (partitive plural)
aigassa (inessive singular)
aigahna (inessive singular)
aigoissa (inessive plural)
aigoihna (inessive plural)
aigasta (elative singular)
aigoista (elative plural)
aikahën (illative singular)
aikoihën (illative plural)
aigalla (adessive singular)
aigoilla (adessive plural)
aigalta (ablative singular)
aigoilta (ablative plural)
aikalën (allative singular)
aikalëk (allative singular)
aikoilën (allative plural)
aikoilëk (allative plural)
aikana (essive singular)
aikoina (essive plural)
aigaksi (singular translative)
aigoiksi (plural translative)
aigan (instructive singular)
aigoin (instructive plural)
aikanëk (comitative singular)
aikoinëk (comitative plural)
aigatta (abessive singular)
aigoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: aeg

Finnish: aika

Ingrian: aika

Karelian:

North Karelian: aika

South Karelian: aiga

Livonian: āiga

Livvi: aigu

Ludian: aig

Veps: aig

Võro: aig

Votic: aikõ

→ Proto-Samic: *ājkē (see there for further descendants)

Two Germanic etyma have been proposed, but it is not certain which one is correct, if either:
* The first theory posits a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *aiwaz (“long time, age, eternity”). The *w > *k is not entirely regular, but multiple explanations have been put forward (such as analogous gradation and a comparison with *raaka < *hrawaz and *narka < *narwaz). LÄGLOS however considers derivation from *aiwaz to be unlikely, although later support has been expressed by Schalin (2019).
* Alternatively, according to Hyllested (2014), from earlier *ajeka and borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ajuka- (“time, eternity”) (related to Proto-Germanic *ajukiz); for medial *ajeC > *aiC, parallels exist in *aisa (< *ajesa), *kaikki (< *kajekki) and probably *aitta (< *ajetta). This etymology is supported by Junttila (2020).
Earlier proposals about a Baltic origin have been rejected.


ohut

ohut (nominative singular)
ohudët (nominative plural)
ohudën (accusative singular)
ohudët (accusative plural)
ohudën (genitive singular)
ohut'ën (genitive plural)
ohucidën (genitive plural)
ohutta (partitive singular)
ohucita (partitive plural)
ohudëssa (inessive singular)
ohudëhna (inessive singular)
ohucissa (inessive plural)
ohucihna (inessive plural)
ohudësta (elative singular)
ohucista (elative plural)
ohudësën (illative singular)
ohucisën (illative plural)
ohudëlla (adessive singular)
ohucilla (adessive plural)
ohudëlta (ablative singular)
ohucilta (ablative plural)
ohudëlën (allative singular)
ohudëlëk (allative singular)
ohucilën (allative plural)
ohucilëk (allative plural)
ohunna (essive singular)
ohucina (essive plural)
ohudëksi (singular translative)
ohuciksi (plural translative)
ohudën (instructive singular)
ohucin (instructive plural)
ohunnëk (comitative singular)
ohucinëk (comitative plural)
ohudëtta (abessive singular)
ohucitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: õhuke

Finnish: ohut

⇒ Ingrian: ohukkain

Võro: ohut, ohuq

Votic: (Kattila) õhud

Probably from Proto-Uralic *wokše + *-ut.


halpa

halpa (nominative singular)
halbat (nominative plural)
halban (accusative singular)
halbat (accusative plural)
halban (genitive singular)
halpadën (genitive plural)
halpoidën (genitive plural)
halpada (partitive singular)
halpoida (partitive plural)
halbassa (inessive singular)
halbahna (inessive singular)
halboissa (inessive plural)
halboihna (inessive plural)
halbasta (elative singular)
halboista (elative plural)
halpahën (illative singular)
halpoihën (illative plural)
halballa (adessive singular)
halboilla (adessive plural)
halbalta (ablative singular)
halboilta (ablative plural)
halpalën (allative singular)
halpalëk (allative singular)
halpoilën (allative plural)
halpoilëk (allative plural)
halpana (essive singular)
halpoina (essive plural)
halbaksi (singular translative)
halboiksi (plural translative)
halban (instructive singular)
halboin (instructive plural)
halpanëk (comitative singular)
halpoinëk (comitative plural)
halbatta (abessive singular)
halboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: halb (“bad”)

→ Livonian: alu (Salaca)

Finnish: halpa

Ingrian: halva

Võro: halv

Votic: (Kattila) alpõ

→? Proto-Germanic: *halbaz (“half”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly, through earlier *šalpa, from Proto-Germanic *salwaz (“dirty”). An alternative theory suggests Uralic origin, from Proto-Finno-Permic *šalɜ, in which case the word may be cognate with Eastern Mari шулдо (šuldo).


raskas

raskas (nominative singular)
raskahët (nominative plural)
raskahën (accusative singular)
raskahët (accusative plural)
raskahën (genitive singular)
raskastën (genitive plural)
raskahidën (genitive plural)
raskasta (partitive singular)
raskahita (partitive plural)
raskahëssa (inessive singular)
raskahëhna (inessive singular)
raskahissa (inessive plural)
raskahihna (inessive plural)
raskahësta (elative singular)
raskahista (elative plural)
raskahësën (illative singular)
raskahisën (illative plural)
raskahëlla (adessive singular)
raskahilla (adessive plural)
raskahëlta (ablative singular)
raskahilta (ablative plural)
raskahëlën (allative singular)
raskahëlëk (allative singular)
raskahilën (allative plural)
raskahilëk (allative plural)
raskassa (essive singular)
raskahina (essive plural)
raskahëksi (singular translative)
raskahiksi (plural translative)
raskahën (instructive singular)
raskahin (instructive plural)
raskassëk (comitative singular)
raskahinëk (comitative plural)
raskahëtta (abessive singular)
raskahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: raskas

Ingrian: raskas

Karelian: raskas

Votic: raskõz

Estonian: raske

From the root of *rasëda with a substitution of the adjective ending (from *-EdA to *-As, as in *veeras). The *-k- is more difficult to explain; it may be from *-kka (and the complete suffix be in fact *-k'as), which may have become ungeminated to prevent a phonotactically impossible **-skk-.


vahva

vahva (nominative singular)
vahvat (nominative plural)
vahvan (accusative singular)
vahvat (accusative plural)
vahvan (genitive singular)
vahvadën (genitive plural)
vahvoidën (genitive plural)
vahvada (partitive singular)
vahvoida (partitive plural)
vahvassa (inessive singular)
vahvahna (inessive singular)
vahvoissa (inessive plural)
vahvoihna (inessive plural)
vahvasta (elative singular)
vahvoista (elative plural)
vahvahën (illative singular)
vahvoihën (illative plural)
vahvalla (adessive singular)
vahvoilla (adessive plural)
vahvalta (ablative singular)
vahvoilta (ablative plural)
vahvalën (allative singular)
vahvalëk (allative singular)
vahvoilën (allative plural)
vahvoilëk (allative plural)
vahvana (essive singular)
vahvoina (essive plural)
vahvaksi (singular translative)
vahvoiksi (plural translative)
vahvan (instructive singular)
vahvoin (instructive plural)
vahvanëk (comitative singular)
vahvoinëk (comitative plural)
vahvatta (abessive singular)
vahvoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vahva

Finnish: vahva

Ingrian: vahva

Karelian: vahva

Livvi: vahvu

Veps: vahv

Votic: vahvõ


maa

maa (nominative singular)
maat (nominative plural)
maan (accusative singular)
maat (accusative plural)
maan (genitive singular)
maadën (genitive plural)
maidën (genitive plural)
maata (partitive singular)
maita (partitive plural)
maassa (inessive singular)
maahna (inessive singular)
maissa (inessive plural)
maihna (inessive plural)
maasta (elative singular)
maista (elative plural)
maasën (illative singular)
maisën (illative plural)
maalla (adessive singular)
mailla (adessive plural)
maalta (ablative singular)
mailta (ablative plural)
maalën (allative singular)
maalëk (allative singular)
mailën (allative plural)
mailëk (allative plural)
maana (essive singular)
maina (essive plural)
maaksi (singular translative)
maiksi (plural translative)
maan (instructive singular)
main (instructive plural)
maanëk (comitative singular)
mainëk (comitative plural)
maatta (abessive singular)
maitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: maa

Finnish: maa

Ingrian: maa

Karelian:

North Karelian: mua

South Karelian: mua

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: mō

Vidzeme Livonian: mā

Livvi: mua

Ludian: mua

Veps: ma

Võro: maa

Votic: maa


kaunis

kaunis (nominative singular)
kaunihët (nominative plural)
kaunihën (accusative singular)
kaunihët (accusative plural)
kaunihën (genitive singular)
kaunistën (genitive plural)
kaunihidën (genitive plural)
kaunista (partitive singular)
kaunihita (partitive plural)
kaunihëssa (inessive singular)
kaunihëhna (inessive singular)
kaunihissa (inessive plural)
kaunihihna (inessive plural)
kaunihësta (elative singular)
kaunihista (elative plural)
kaunihësën (illative singular)
kaunihisën (illative plural)
kaunihëlla (adessive singular)
kaunihilla (adessive plural)
kaunihëlta (ablative singular)
kaunihilta (ablative plural)
kaunihëlën (allative singular)
kaunihëlëk (allative singular)
kaunihilën (allative plural)
kaunihilëk (allative plural)
kaunissa (essive singular)
kaunihina (essive plural)
kaunihëksi (singular translative)
kaunihiksi (plural translative)
kaunihën (instructive singular)
kaunihin (instructive plural)
kaunissëk (comitative singular)
kaunihinëk (comitative plural)
kaunihëtta (abessive singular)
kaunihitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaunis

Finnish: kaunis

Ingrian: kaunis

Karelian: kaunis

Livvi: kauniš

Ludian: kauńiž

Votic: kauniz (“red”)


kuu

kuu (nominative singular)
kuut (nominative plural)
kuun (accusative singular)
kuut (accusative plural)
kuun (genitive singular)
kuudën (genitive plural)
kuidën (genitive plural)
kuuta (partitive singular)
kuita (partitive plural)
kuussa (inessive singular)
kuuhna (inessive singular)
kuissa (inessive plural)
kuihna (inessive plural)
kuusta (elative singular)
kuista (elative plural)
kuusën (illative singular)
kuisën (illative plural)
kuulla (adessive singular)
kuilla (adessive plural)
kuulta (ablative singular)
kuilta (ablative plural)
kuulën (allative singular)
kuulëk (allative singular)
kuilën (allative plural)
kuilëk (allative plural)
kuuna (essive singular)
kuina (essive plural)
kuuksi (singular translative)
kuiksi (plural translative)
kuun (instructive singular)
kuin (instructive plural)
kuunëk (comitative singular)
kuinëk (comitative plural)
kuutta (abessive singular)
kuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuu

Finnish: kuu

Ingrian: kuu

Karelian:

North Karelian: kuu

South Karelian: kuu

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: kū

Vidzeme Livonian: kū

Livvi: kuu

Veps: ku

Võro: kuu

Votic: kuu


kuu

Finnish: (dialectal) kuu

Karelian:

North Karelian: kuu

South Karelian: kuu

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kuje, though loss of *-j- is irregular. Cognates include Erzya куя (kuja), Hungarian háj.


kallis

kallis (nominative singular)
kallihët (nominative plural)
kallihën (accusative singular)
kallihët (accusative plural)
kallihën (genitive singular)
kallistën (genitive plural)
kallihidën (genitive plural)
kallista (partitive singular)
kallihita (partitive plural)
kallihëssa (inessive singular)
kallihëhna (inessive singular)
kallihissa (inessive plural)
kallihihna (inessive plural)
kallihësta (elative singular)
kallihista (elative plural)
kallihësën (illative singular)
kallihisën (illative plural)
kallihëlla (adessive singular)
kallihilla (adessive plural)
kallihëlta (ablative singular)
kallihilta (ablative plural)
kallihëlën (allative singular)
kallihëlëk (allative singular)
kallihilën (allative plural)
kallihilëk (allative plural)
kallissa (essive singular)
kallihina (essive plural)
kallihëksi (singular translative)
kallihiksi (plural translative)
kallihën (instructive singular)
kallihin (instructive plural)
kallissëk (comitative singular)
kallihinëk (comitative plural)
kallihëtta (abessive singular)
kallihitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kallis

Finnish: kallis

Ingrian: kallis

Karelian:

North Karelian: kallis

South Karelian: kallis

Livonian: (Salaca) kaĺĺ

Livvi: kallis

Ludian: kalliž

Veps: kalliž

Võro: kallis

Votic: kalliz

The shape of the word suggests borrowing, but the exact origin remains unclear. Plötz (2013) suggests derivation either from some Baltic or Germanic descendant of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, protrude”) (compare Lithuanian kalnas (“hill”), Icelandic hallur (“cliff”)), through a meaning "high (in price)", or as a late loan from an Eastern Norse descendant of Proto-Germanic *haldiz (“rather, dear”) (compare Old Norse heldr).
Earlier other Germanic loan etymologies have been proposed, with problems either in semantics (compare Old Norse hallæri (“poor harvest”)) or phonetics (Proto-Germanic *alja- seen in Old Norse elja (“concubine”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-yo-).


ääni

ääni (nominative singular)
äänet (nominative plural)
äänen (accusative singular)
äänet (accusative plural)
äänen (genitive singular)
äänden (genitive plural)
ääniden (genitive plural)
ääntä (partitive singular)
äänidä (partitive plural)
äänessä (inessive singular)
äänehnä (inessive singular)
äänissä (inessive plural)
äänihnä (inessive plural)
äänestä (elative singular)
äänistä (elative plural)
äänehen (illative singular)
äänihen (illative plural)
äänellä (adessive singular)
äänillä (adessive plural)
ääneltä (ablative singular)
ääniltä (ablative plural)
äänelen (allative singular)
äänelek (allative singular)
äänilen (allative plural)
äänilek (allative plural)
äännä (essive singular)
ääninä (essive plural)
ääneksi (singular translative)
ääniksi (plural translative)
äänen (instructive singular)
äänin (instructive plural)
äännek (comitative singular)
ääninek (comitative plural)
äänettä (abessive singular)
äänittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: ääni

Ingrian: ääni

→ Votic: ääni

Karelian:

North Karelian: iäni

South Karelian: iäni

Livvi: iäni

Ludian: iän'

Veps: än'

Votic:

Kukkuzi: ääni

Estonian: hääl

Livonian: ēļ

Votic: ääli

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *äne, cognate to Proto-Samic *jienë, Hungarian ének. The form of the word is somewhat irregular: *eeni or *jeeni would be expected. Aikio (2012) suggests that the raising *ää > *ee may have been blocked in the word-initial position.
In Estonian, Votic and Livonian, an unclear change *n > *l appears to have taken place, possibly for onomatopoeic reasons.


tee

tee (nominative singular)
teet (nominative plural)
teen (accusative singular)
teet (accusative plural)
teen (genitive singular)
teeden (genitive plural)
teiden (genitive plural)
teetä (partitive singular)
teitä (partitive plural)
teessä (inessive singular)
teehnä (inessive singular)
teissä (inessive plural)
teihnä (inessive plural)
teestä (elative singular)
teistä (elative plural)
teesen (illative singular)
teisen (illative plural)
teellä (adessive singular)
teillä (adessive plural)
teeltä (ablative singular)
teiltä (ablative plural)
teelen (allative singular)
teelek (allative singular)
teilen (allative plural)
teilek (allative plural)
teenä (essive singular)
teinä (essive plural)
teeksi (singular translative)
teiksi (plural translative)
teen (instructive singular)
tein (instructive plural)
teenek (comitative singular)
teinek (comitative plural)
teettä (abessive singular)
teittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: tee

Finnish: tie

Ingrian: tee

Karelian: tie

Livvi: tie

Ludian: tie

Veps: te

Võro: tii

Votic: tee

From Proto-Finno-Permic *teje (compare Komi-Zyrian туй (tuj)).


raha

raha (nominative singular)
rahat (nominative plural)
rahan (accusative singular)
rahat (accusative plural)
rahan (genitive singular)
rahadën (genitive plural)
rahoidën (genitive plural)
rahada (partitive singular)
rahoida (partitive plural)
rahassa (inessive singular)
rahahna (inessive singular)
rahoissa (inessive plural)
rahoihna (inessive plural)
rahasta (elative singular)
rahoista (elative plural)
rahahën (illative singular)
rahoihën (illative plural)
rahalla (adessive singular)
rahoilla (adessive plural)
rahalta (ablative singular)
rahoilta (ablative plural)
rahalën (allative singular)
rahalëk (allative singular)
rahoilën (allative plural)
rahoilëk (allative plural)
rahana (essive singular)
rahoina (essive plural)
rahaksi (singular translative)
rahoiksi (plural translative)
rahan (instructive singular)
rahoin (instructive plural)
rahanëk (comitative singular)
rahoinëk (comitative plural)
rahatta (abessive singular)
rahoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: raha

Finnish: raha

Ingrian: raha

Karelian: raha

Livonian: rǭ

Livvi: raha

Veps: raha

Võro: raha

Votic: raha

Borrowed from early Proto-Germanic *skrahā (“squirrel skin”), later *skrahō, whence also Old Norse skrá.


ruma

ruma (nominative singular)
rumat (nominative plural)
ruman (accusative singular)
rumat (accusative plural)
ruman (genitive singular)
rumadën (genitive plural)
rumëidën (genitive plural)
rumada (partitive singular)
rumëida (partitive plural)
rumassa (inessive singular)
rumahna (inessive singular)
rumëissa (inessive plural)
rumëihna (inessive plural)
rumasta (elative singular)
rumëista (elative plural)
rumahën (illative singular)
rumëihën (illative plural)
rumalla (adessive singular)
rumëilla (adessive plural)
rumalta (ablative singular)
rumëilta (ablative plural)
rumalën (allative singular)
rumalëk (allative singular)
rumëilën (allative plural)
rumëilëk (allative plural)
rumana (essive singular)
rumëina (essive plural)
rumaksi (singular translative)
rumëiksi (plural translative)
ruman (instructive singular)
rumëin (instructive plural)
rumanëk (comitative singular)
rumëinëk (comitative plural)
rumatta (abessive singular)
rumëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: ruma

Ingrian: ruma

Karelian: ruma

Livvi: ruma

Ludian: ruma

Veps: ruma

Votic: ruma

→ Northern Sami: ropmi

Estonian: rumal

⇒ Livonian: rumāli, (Salaca) rumal

Võro: rummal'

Votic: (Jõgõperä) rumalõ

→ Latvian: rumulēt, rumelēt

Probably borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*hruma-) (whence Icelandic hrumur).