suku

suku (nominative singular)
sugut (nominative plural)
sugun (accusative singular)
sugut (accusative plural)
sugun (genitive singular)
sukudën (genitive plural)
sukuidën (genitive plural)
sukuda (partitive singular)
sukuida (partitive plural)
sugussa (inessive singular)
suguhna (inessive singular)
suguissa (inessive plural)
suguihna (inessive plural)
sugusta (elative singular)
suguista (elative plural)
sukuhën (illative singular)
sukuihën (illative plural)
sugulla (adessive singular)
suguilla (adessive plural)
sugulta (ablative singular)
suguilta (ablative plural)
sukulën (allative singular)
sukulëk (allative singular)
sukuilën (allative plural)
sukuilëk (allative plural)
sukuna (essive singular)
sukuina (essive plural)
suguksi (singular translative)
suguiksi (plural translative)
sugun (instructive singular)
suguin (instructive plural)
sukunëk (comitative singular)
sukuinëk (comitative plural)
sugutta (abessive singular)
suguitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sugu

Finnish: suku

Ingrian: suku

Karelian:

North Karelian: suku

South Karelian: sugu

Livonian: su’g

Livvi: sugu

Veps: sugu

Võro: sugu

Votic: suku

→ Latvian: suga

From a root *suke-. Cognate with Proto-Samic [Term?] (whence Northern Sami sohka).


pino

pino (nominative singular)
pinot (nominative plural)
pinon (accusative singular)
pinot (accusative plural)
pinon (genitive singular)
pinodën (genitive plural)
pinoidën (genitive plural)
pinoda (partitive singular)
pinoida (partitive plural)
pinossa (inessive singular)
pinohna (inessive singular)
pinoissa (inessive plural)
pinoihna (inessive plural)
pinosta (elative singular)
pinoista (elative plural)
pinohën (illative singular)
pinoihën (illative plural)
pinolla (adessive singular)
pinoilla (adessive plural)
pinolta (ablative singular)
pinoilta (ablative plural)
pinolën (allative singular)
pinolëk (allative singular)
pinoilën (allative plural)
pinoilëk (allative plural)
pinona (essive singular)
pinoina (essive plural)
pinoksi (singular translative)
pinoiksi (plural translative)
pinon (instructive singular)
pinoin (instructive plural)
pinonëk (comitative singular)
pinoinëk (comitative plural)
pinotta (abessive singular)
pinoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pinu

Finnish: pino

Ingrian: pino

Karelian: pino

Livvi: pino

Ludian: pino

Veps: pino

Votic: pino

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *fīnō (“heap”), compare Old English wudufīn (“woodpile”).


tiira

tiira (nominative singular)
tiirat (nominative plural)
tiiran (accusative singular)
tiirat (accusative plural)
tiiran (genitive singular)
tiiradën (genitive plural)
tiiroidën (genitive plural)
tiirada (partitive singular)
tiiroida (partitive plural)
tiirassa (inessive singular)
tiirahna (inessive singular)
tiiroissa (inessive plural)
tiiroihna (inessive plural)
tiirasta (elative singular)
tiiroista (elative plural)
tiirahën (illative singular)
tiiroihën (illative plural)
tiiralla (adessive singular)
tiiroilla (adessive plural)
tiiralta (ablative singular)
tiiroilta (ablative plural)
tiiralën (allative singular)
tiiralëk (allative singular)
tiiroilën (allative plural)
tiiroilëk (allative plural)
tiirana (essive singular)
tiiroina (essive plural)
tiiraksi (singular translative)
tiiroiksi (plural translative)
tiiran (instructive singular)
tiiroin (instructive plural)
tiiranëk (comitative singular)
tiiroinëk (comitative plural)
tiiratta (abessive singular)
tiiroitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: tiira

Karelian: ⇒

North Karelian: čiirakka

South Karelian: čiirakko

Livvi: ⇒ čiirakko

Veps: ⇒ tiriine

Estonian: tiir

Finnish: (dialectal) tiiro

Ingrian: tiiroi

Votic: tiiro


maksa

maksa (nominative singular)
maksat (nominative plural)
maksan (accusative singular)
maksat (accusative plural)
maksan (genitive singular)
maksadën (genitive plural)
maksoidën (genitive plural)
maksada (partitive singular)
maksoida (partitive plural)
maksassa (inessive singular)
maksahna (inessive singular)
maksoissa (inessive plural)
maksoihna (inessive plural)
maksasta (elative singular)
maksoista (elative plural)
maksahën (illative singular)
maksoihën (illative plural)
maksalla (adessive singular)
maksoilla (adessive plural)
maksalta (ablative singular)
maksoilta (ablative plural)
maksalën (allative singular)
maksalëk (allative singular)
maksoilën (allative plural)
maksoilëk (allative plural)
maksana (essive singular)
maksoina (essive plural)
maksaksi (singular translative)
maksoiksi (plural translative)
maksan (instructive singular)
maksoin (instructive plural)
maksanëk (comitative singular)
maksoinëk (comitative plural)
maksatta (abessive singular)
maksoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: maks

Finnish: maksa

Ingrian: maksa

Karelian:

North Karelian: makša

South Karelian: makša

Livonian: maksā

Livvi: maksu

Ludian: maks

Veps: maks

Võro: mass

Votic: mahsõ


parta

parta (nominative singular)
pardat (nominative plural)
pardan (accusative singular)
pardat (accusative plural)
pardan (genitive singular)
partadën (genitive plural)
partoidën (genitive plural)
partada (partitive singular)
partoida (partitive plural)
pardassa (inessive singular)
pardahna (inessive singular)
pardoissa (inessive plural)
pardoihna (inessive plural)
pardasta (elative singular)
pardoista (elative plural)
partahën (illative singular)
partoihën (illative plural)
pardalla (adessive singular)
pardoilla (adessive plural)
pardalta (ablative singular)
pardoilta (ablative plural)
partalën (allative singular)
partalëk (allative singular)
partoilën (allative plural)
partoilëk (allative plural)
partana (essive singular)
partoina (essive plural)
pardaksi (singular translative)
pardoiksi (plural translative)
pardan (instructive singular)
pardoin (instructive plural)
partanëk (comitative singular)
partoinëk (comitative plural)
pardatta (abessive singular)
pardoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (archaic, dialectal) pard

Finnish: parta

Ingrian: parta

Karelian: parta, parda

Livvi: pardu

Ludian: bard

Veps: bard

Votic: partõ

Borrowed from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bardā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂.


kärppä

kärppä (nominative singular)
kärp'ät (nominative plural)
kärp'än (accusative singular)
kärp'ät (accusative plural)
kärp'än (genitive singular)
kärppäden (genitive plural)
kärppeiden (genitive plural)
kärppädä (partitive singular)
kärppeidä (partitive plural)
kärp'ässä (inessive singular)
kärp'ähnä (inessive singular)
kärp'eissä (inessive plural)
kärp'eihnä (inessive plural)
kärp'ästä (elative singular)
kärp'eistä (elative plural)
kärppähen (illative singular)
kärppeihen (illative plural)
kärp'ällä (adessive singular)
kärp'eillä (adessive plural)
kärp'ältä (ablative singular)
kärp'eiltä (ablative plural)
kärppälen (allative singular)
kärppälek (allative singular)
kärppeilen (allative plural)
kärppeilek (allative plural)
kärppänä (essive singular)
kärppeinä (essive plural)
kärp'äksi (singular translative)
kärp'eiksi (plural translative)
kärp'än (instructive singular)
kärp'ein (instructive plural)
kärppänek (comitative singular)
kärppeinek (comitative plural)
kärp'ättä (abessive singular)
kärp'eittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kärp

Finnish: kärppä

Ingrian: kärppä

Karelian:

North Karelian: kärppä

South Karelian: kärppä

Livonian: kǟrpa (“polecat”)

Votic: tšärppe


pää

pää (nominative singular)
päät (nominative plural)
pään (accusative singular)
päät (accusative plural)
pään (genitive singular)
pääden (genitive plural)
päiden (genitive plural)
päätä (partitive singular)
päitä (partitive plural)
päässä (inessive singular)
päähnä (inessive singular)
päissä (inessive plural)
päihnä (inessive plural)
päästä (elative singular)
päistä (elative plural)
pääsen (illative singular)
päisen (illative plural)
päällä (adessive singular)
päillä (adessive plural)
päältä (ablative singular)
päiltä (ablative plural)
päälen (allative singular)
päälek (allative singular)
päilen (allative plural)
päilek (allative plural)
päänä (essive singular)
päinä (essive plural)
pääksi (singular translative)
päiksi (plural translative)
pään (instructive singular)
päin (instructive plural)
päänek (comitative singular)
päinek (comitative plural)
päättä (abessive singular)
päittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: pea

Finnish: pää

Ingrian: pää

Karelian: peä, piä

Livonian: pǟ

Livvi: piä

Ludian: piä

Veps: pä

Võro: pää

Votic: pää


ahma

ahma (nominative singular)
ahmat (nominative plural)
ahman (accusative singular)
ahmat (accusative plural)
ahman (genitive singular)
ahmadën (genitive plural)
ahmoidën (genitive plural)
ahmada (partitive singular)
ahmoida (partitive plural)
ahmassa (inessive singular)
ahmahna (inessive singular)
ahmoissa (inessive plural)
ahmoihna (inessive plural)
ahmasta (elative singular)
ahmoista (elative plural)
ahmahën (illative singular)
ahmoihën (illative plural)
ahmalla (adessive singular)
ahmoilla (adessive plural)
ahmalta (ablative singular)
ahmoilta (ablative plural)
ahmalën (allative singular)
ahmalëk (allative singular)
ahmoilën (allative plural)
ahmoilëk (allative plural)
ahmana (essive singular)
ahmoina (essive plural)
ahmaksi (singular translative)
ahmoiksi (plural translative)
ahman (instructive singular)
ahmoin (instructive plural)
ahmanëk (comitative singular)
ahmoinëk (comitative plural)
ahmatta (abessive singular)
ahmoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ahm

Finnish: ahma

⇒ Ingrian: ahmastaa

Karelian: ahma

→ Proto-Samic: *āsvā

Finnish: (dialectal) ahmo

Ingrian: ahmo

Karelian:

North Karelian: ahmo

South Karelian: ahmo

Livvi: ahmoi

Ludian: ahmo

From earlier *ašma (whence also Proto-Samic *vuosvēs), probably ultimately borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haćman- (whence Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, “eater”)).


sonni

sonni (nominative singular)
sonnit (nominative plural)
sonnin (accusative singular)
sonnit (accusative plural)
sonnin (genitive singular)
sonnidën (genitive plural)
sonnëjidën (genitive plural)
sonnida (partitive singular)
sonnëjita (partitive plural)
sonnissa (inessive singular)
sonnihna (inessive singular)
sonnëjissa (inessive plural)
sonnëjihna (inessive plural)
sonnista (elative singular)
sonnëjista (elative plural)
sonnihën (illative singular)
sonnëjisën (illative plural)
sonnilla (adessive singular)
sonnëjilla (adessive plural)
sonnilta (ablative singular)
sonnëjilta (ablative plural)
sonnilën (allative singular)
sonnilëk (allative singular)
sonnëjilën (allative plural)
sonnëjilëk (allative plural)
sonnina (essive singular)
sonnëjina (essive plural)
sonniksi (singular translative)
sonnëjiksi (plural translative)
sonnin (instructive singular)
sonnëjin (instructive plural)
sonninëk (comitative singular)
sonnëjinëk (comitative plural)
sonnitta (abessive singular)
sonnëjitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sõnn

Finnish: sonni

Livonian: (Salaca) sonn

→ Latvian: sonnis

Võro: synn'

Unknown. Possibly related to Komi-Zyrian чань (ćań, “foal”) and Udmurt чуньы (ćuńy, “foal”).


elo

elo (nominative singular)
elot (nominative plural)
elon (accusative singular)
elot (accusative plural)
elon (genitive singular)
elodën (genitive plural)
eloidën (genitive plural)
eloda (partitive singular)
eloida (partitive plural)
elossa (inessive singular)
elohna (inessive singular)
eloissa (inessive plural)
eloihna (inessive plural)
elosta (elative singular)
eloista (elative plural)
elohën (illative singular)
eloihën (illative plural)
elolla (adessive singular)
eloilla (adessive plural)
elolta (ablative singular)
eloilta (ablative plural)
elolën (allative singular)
elolëk (allative singular)
eloilën (allative plural)
eloilëk (allative plural)
elona (essive singular)
eloina (essive plural)
eloksi (singular translative)
eloiksi (plural translative)
elon (instructive singular)
eloin (instructive plural)
elonëk (comitative singular)
eloinëk (comitative plural)
elotta (abessive singular)
eloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: elu

Finnish: elo

Ingrian: elo

Karelian:

North Karelian: elo

South Karelian: elo

Livonian: je’l

Livvi: elo

Ludian: elo

Veps: elo

Võro: elo

Votic: elo


käki

käki (nominative singular)
käget (nominative plural)
kägen (accusative singular)
käget (accusative plural)
kägen (genitive singular)
käkeden (genitive plural)
käkiden (genitive plural)
käkedä (partitive singular)
käkidä (partitive plural)
kägessä (inessive singular)
kägehnä (inessive singular)
kägissä (inessive plural)
kägihnä (inessive plural)
kägestä (elative singular)
kägistä (elative plural)
käkehen (illative singular)
käkihen (illative plural)
kägellä (adessive singular)
kägillä (adessive plural)
kägeltä (ablative singular)
kägiltä (ablative plural)
käkelen (allative singular)
käkelek (allative singular)
käkilen (allative plural)
käkilek (allative plural)
käkenä (essive singular)
käkinä (essive plural)
kägeksi (singular translative)
kägiksi (plural translative)
kägen (instructive singular)
kägin (instructive plural)
käkenek (comitative singular)
käkinek (comitative plural)
kägettä (abessive singular)
kägittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kägi

Finnish: käki

Ingrian: käki

Karelian:

North Karelian: käki

South Karelian: kägi

Livonian:

Kurzeme Livonian: kä’g, ke’g

Vidzeme Livonian: ķeg, keģ

→? Latvian: ķeģis (Acanthis flammea)

Livvi: (rare) kägi

Ludian: kägi

Veps: kägi

Estonian: kägu

Finnish: (poetic) käkö

Ingrian: käkö, (Soikkola) käköi

Karelian:

South Karelian: kägöi

Livvi: kägöi

Ludian: kägöi

Võro: kägo

Votic: tšako, tšäko

Cognate with Proto-Samic *kiekë, either borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian dzeguze, Lithuanian gegė, gegužė), or alternatively, of onomatopoeic origin.


tukka

tukka (nominative singular)
tuk'at (nominative plural)
tuk'an (accusative singular)
tuk'at (accusative plural)
tuk'an (genitive singular)
tukkadën (genitive plural)
tukkëidën (genitive plural)
tukkada (partitive singular)
tukkëida (partitive plural)
tuk'assa (inessive singular)
tuk'ahna (inessive singular)
tuk'ëissa (inessive plural)
tuk'ëihna (inessive plural)
tuk'asta (elative singular)
tuk'ëista (elative plural)
tukkahën (illative singular)
tukkëihën (illative plural)
tuk'alla (adessive singular)
tuk'ëilla (adessive plural)
tuk'alta (ablative singular)
tuk'ëilta (ablative plural)
tukkalën (allative singular)
tukkalëk (allative singular)
tukkëilën (allative plural)
tukkëilëk (allative plural)
tukkana (essive singular)
tukkëina (essive plural)
tuk'aksi (singular translative)
tuk'ëiksi (plural translative)
tuk'an (instructive singular)
tuk'ëin (instructive plural)
tukkanëk (comitative singular)
tukkëinëk (comitative plural)
tuk'atta (abessive singular)
tuk'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tukk

Finnish: tukka

Ingrian: tukka

Karelian: tukka

Livvi: tukku

Ludian: tukk

Veps: tuk, tukad

Votic: (Mati, Kõrvõttula) tukkõ


jumala

jumala (nominative singular)
jumalat (nominative plural)
jumalan (accusative singular)
jumalat (accusative plural)
jumalan (genitive singular)
jumaladën (genitive plural)
jumaloidën (genitive plural)
jumalata (partitive singular)
jumaloita (partitive plural)
jumalassa (inessive singular)
jumalahna (inessive singular)
jumaloissa (inessive plural)
jumaloihna (inessive plural)
jumalasta (elative singular)
jumaloista (elative plural)
jumalasën (illative singular)
jumaloisën (illative plural)
jumalalla (adessive singular)
jumaloilla (adessive plural)
jumalalta (ablative singular)
jumaloilta (ablative plural)
jumalalën (allative singular)
jumalalëk (allative singular)
jumaloilën (allative plural)
jumaloilëk (allative plural)
jumalana (essive singular)
jumaloina (essive plural)
jumalaksi (singular translative)
jumaloiksi (plural translative)
jumalan (instructive singular)
jumaloin (instructive plural)
jumalanëk (comitative singular)
jumaloinëk (comitative plural)
jumalatta (abessive singular)
jumaloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: jumal

Finnish: jumala

Ingrian: jumala, (Soikkola) jummaala

Karelian: jumala

Livonian: jumāl

Livvi: jumal

Ludian: d'umal

Veps: jumal

Võro: jummal'

Votic: jumalõ

→ Komi-Zyrian: Ёма (Joma) (from earlier *juma)

→ Sami:

→ Southern Sami: Jupmele

→ Lule Sami: jubmel

→ Pite Sami: jupmêl

→ Ume Sami: jybmela

→ Northern Sami: ipmil

→ Inari Sami: immeel

→ Akkala Sami: юммель (jumm’el’)

→ Kildin Sami: ӣммель (jimmjel’)

→ Ter Sami: [script needed] (jimmel̜)

Proto-Finno-Permic *juma (“sky, god”) + *-la, probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dyūman- (“shining, divine”). First attested in 1026 in a description of St. Olaf's journey to Karelia, in which it appears in the form Jómali, referring to a holy statue, possibly of the sky god of the pagan Finns. May also be related to Baltic *Jumala in Latgalian Jumala (“goddess of harvest and fertility”), which could be borrowed from Finnic.


heben

heben (nominative singular)
hepenet (nominative plural)
hepenen (accusative singular)
hepenet (accusative plural)
hepenen (genitive singular)
hebenden (genitive plural)
hepeniden (genitive plural)
hebentä (partitive singular)
hepenitä (partitive plural)
hepenessä (inessive singular)
hepenehnä (inessive singular)
hepenissä (inessive plural)
hepenihnä (inessive plural)
hepenestä (elative singular)
hepenistä (elative plural)
hepenesen (illative singular)
hepenisen (illative plural)
hepenellä (adessive singular)
hepenillä (adessive plural)
hepeneltä (ablative singular)
hepeniltä (ablative plural)
hepenelen (allative singular)
hepenelek (allative singular)
hepenilen (allative plural)
hepenilek (allative plural)
hebennä (essive singular)
hepeninä (essive plural)
hepeneksi (singular translative)
hepeniksi (plural translative)
hepenen (instructive singular)
hepenin (instructive plural)
hebennek (comitative singular)
hepeninek (comitative plural)
hepenettä (abessive singular)
hepenittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: ebe

Finnish: hepene, (rare) heven

Võro: hepem'


jano

jano (nominative singular)
janot (nominative plural)
janon (accusative singular)
janot (accusative plural)
janon (genitive singular)
janodën (genitive plural)
janoidën (genitive plural)
janoda (partitive singular)
janoida (partitive plural)
janossa (inessive singular)
janohna (inessive singular)
janoissa (inessive plural)
janoihna (inessive plural)
janosta (elative singular)
janoista (elative plural)
janohën (illative singular)
janoihën (illative plural)
janolla (adessive singular)
janoilla (adessive plural)
janolta (ablative singular)
janoilta (ablative plural)
janolën (allative singular)
janolëk (allative singular)
janoilën (allative plural)
janoilëk (allative plural)
janona (essive singular)
janoina (essive plural)
janoksi (singular translative)
janoiksi (plural translative)
janon (instructive singular)
janoin (instructive plural)
janonëk (comitative singular)
janoinëk (comitative plural)
janotta (abessive singular)
janoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: janu

→ Livonian: jänū

Finnish: jano

Ingrian: jano

Karelian: jano

Võro: jano

Votic: jano


tetri

tetri (nominative singular)
tetret (nominative plural)
tetren (accusative singular)
tetret (accusative plural)
tetren (genitive singular)
tetreden (genitive plural)
tetriden (genitive plural)
tetredä (partitive singular)
tetridä (partitive plural)
tetressä (inessive singular)
tetrehnä (inessive singular)
tetrissä (inessive plural)
tetrihnä (inessive plural)
tetrestä (elative singular)
tetristä (elative plural)
tetrehen (illative singular)
tetrihen (illative plural)
tetrellä (adessive singular)
tetrillä (adessive plural)
tetreltä (ablative singular)
tetriltä (ablative plural)
tetrelen (allative singular)
tetrelek (allative singular)
tetrilen (allative plural)
tetrilek (allative plural)
tetrenä (essive singular)
tetrinä (essive plural)
tetreksi (singular translative)
tetriksi (plural translative)
tetren (instructive singular)
tetrin (instructive plural)
tetrenek (comitative singular)
tetrinek (comitative plural)
tetrettä (abessive singular)
tetrittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: teder

desc

Finnish: teeri, (Far Northern) teiri, (Tavastian) terri, (Savonian) tetri, (Ladogan) teyri, (Northern Savonian) töyri

Ingrian: tedri

Karelian:

North Karelian: tetri

South Karelian: tedri

Livonian: te'ddõrz

Livvi: tedri

Ludian: tedr'

Veps: tedr

Võro: tetr, tedyr'

Votic: tedri

Probably borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian teteris (“black grouse”), Lithuanian tetirva (“black grouse”)). Udmurt тур (tur) and Komi-Zyrian тар (tar) may have the same origin.


harakka

harakka (nominative singular)
harak'at (nominative plural)
harak'an (accusative singular)
harak'at (accusative plural)
harak'an (genitive singular)
harakkadën (genitive plural)
harakkoidën (genitive plural)
harakkata (partitive singular)
harakkoita (partitive plural)
harak'assa (inessive singular)
harak'ahna (inessive singular)
harak'oissa (inessive plural)
harak'oihna (inessive plural)
harak'asta (elative singular)
harak'oista (elative plural)
harakkasën (illative singular)
harakkoisën (illative plural)
harak'alla (adessive singular)
harak'oilla (adessive plural)
harak'alta (ablative singular)
harak'oilta (ablative plural)
harakkalën (allative singular)
harakkalëk (allative singular)
harakkoilën (allative plural)
harakkoilëk (allative plural)
harakkana (essive singular)
harakkoina (essive plural)
harak'aksi (singular translative)
harak'oiksi (plural translative)
harak'an (instructive singular)
harak'oin (instructive plural)
harakkanëk (comitative singular)
harakkoinëk (comitative plural)
harak'atta (abessive singular)
harak'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: harakas

Finnish: harakka

Ingrian: harakka

Karelian: harakka

Livonian: arāgõz

Livvi: harakku

Ludian: harak, harag

Veps: harag

Võro: harak

Votic: aragõ

Possibly of onomatopoeic origin. Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic *śárˀkāˀ (whence Lithuanian šarka).


karva

karva (nominative singular)
karvat (nominative plural)
karvan (accusative singular)
karvat (accusative plural)
karvan (genitive singular)
karvadën (genitive plural)
karvoidën (genitive plural)
karvada (partitive singular)
karvoida (partitive plural)
karvassa (inessive singular)
karvahna (inessive singular)
karvoissa (inessive plural)
karvoihna (inessive plural)
karvasta (elative singular)
karvoista (elative plural)
karvahën (illative singular)
karvoihën (illative plural)
karvalla (adessive singular)
karvoilla (adessive plural)
karvalta (ablative singular)
karvoilta (ablative plural)
karvalën (allative singular)
karvalëk (allative singular)
karvoilën (allative plural)
karvoilëk (allative plural)
karvana (essive singular)
karvoina (essive plural)
karvaksi (singular translative)
karvoiksi (plural translative)
karvan (instructive singular)
karvoin (instructive plural)
karvanëk (comitative singular)
karvoinëk (comitative plural)
karvatta (abessive singular)
karvoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: karv

Finnish: karva

Ingrian: karva

Karelian:

North Karelian: karva

South Karelian: karva

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: kǭra

Vidzeme Livonian: kara

Livvi: karvu

Ludian: karv

Veps: karv

Võro: karv

Votic: karvõ

From earlier *kawra, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Lithuanian gauras (“hair, tuft of hair”), Latvian gauri (“pubic hair”)).


kurki

kurki (nominative singular)
kurgët (nominative plural)
kurgën (accusative singular)
kurgët (accusative plural)
kurgën (genitive singular)
kurkëdën (genitive plural)
kurkidën (genitive plural)
kurkëda (partitive singular)
kurkida (partitive plural)
kurgëssa (inessive singular)
kurgëhna (inessive singular)
kurgissa (inessive plural)
kurgihna (inessive plural)
kurgësta (elative singular)
kurgista (elative plural)
kurkëhën (illative singular)
kurkihën (illative plural)
kurgëlla (adessive singular)
kurgilla (adessive plural)
kurgëlta (ablative singular)
kurgilta (ablative plural)
kurkëlën (allative singular)
kurkëlëk (allative singular)
kurkilën (allative plural)
kurkilëk (allative plural)
kurkëna (essive singular)
kurkina (essive plural)
kurgëksi (singular translative)
kurgiksi (plural translative)
kurgën (instructive singular)
kurgin (instructive plural)
kurkënëk (comitative singular)
kurkinëk (comitative plural)
kurgëtta (abessive singular)
kurgitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kurg

Finnish: kurki

Ingrian: kurki

→ Votic: kurki

Karelian:

North Karelian: kurki

South Karelian: kurgi

Livvi: kurgi

Veps: kurg

Võro: kurg'

Votic: (Kattila) kurtši


sii

sii (nominative singular)
siit (nominative plural)
siin (accusative singular)
siit (accusative plural)
siin (genitive singular)
siiden (genitive plural)
siitä (partitive singular)
siitä (partitive plural)
siissä (inessive singular)
siihnä (inessive singular)
siissä (inessive plural)
siihnä (inessive plural)
siistä (elative singular)
siistä (elative plural)
siisen (illative singular)
siisen (illative plural)
siillä (adessive singular)
siillä (adessive plural)
siiltä (ablative singular)
siiltä (ablative plural)
siilen (allative singular)
siilek (allative singular)
siilen (allative plural)
siilek (allative plural)
siinä (essive singular)
siinä (essive plural)
siiksi (singular translative)
siiksi (plural translative)
siin (instructive singular)
siin (instructive plural)
siinek (comitative singular)
siinek (comitative plural)
siittä (abessive singular)
siittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: sii, ⇒ siihirsi

From earlier *siji, from Proto-Uralic *śiŋe.

timber supporting a roof, located on the lower side


tulva

tulva (nominative singular)
tulvat (nominative plural)
tulvan (accusative singular)
tulvat (accusative plural)
tulvan (genitive singular)
tulvadën (genitive plural)
tulvëidën (genitive plural)
tulvada (partitive singular)
tulvëida (partitive plural)
tulvassa (inessive singular)
tulvahna (inessive singular)
tulvëissa (inessive plural)
tulvëihna (inessive plural)
tulvasta (elative singular)
tulvëista (elative plural)
tulvahën (illative singular)
tulvëihën (illative plural)
tulvalla (adessive singular)
tulvëilla (adessive plural)
tulvalta (ablative singular)
tulvëilta (ablative plural)
tulvalën (allative singular)
tulvalëk (allative singular)
tulvëilën (allative plural)
tulvëilëk (allative plural)
tulvana (essive singular)
tulvëina (essive plural)
tulvaksi (singular translative)
tulvëiksi (plural translative)
tulvan (instructive singular)
tulvëin (instructive plural)
tulvanëk (comitative singular)
tulvëinëk (comitative plural)
tulvatta (abessive singular)
tulvëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: tulva

→ Estonian: tulv

Karelian:

North Karelian: tulva

→ Proto-Samic: *tulvē (see there for further descendants)

According to Aikio, from Proto-Finno-Permic *tulwa (“spring, flood”) (whence Proto-Permic *tulis).


hiiva

hiiva (nominative singular)
hiivat (nominative plural)
hiivan (accusative singular)
hiivat (accusative plural)
hiivan (genitive singular)
hiivadën (genitive plural)
hiivoidën (genitive plural)
hiivada (partitive singular)
hiivoida (partitive plural)
hiivassa (inessive singular)
hiivahna (inessive singular)
hiivoissa (inessive plural)
hiivoihna (inessive plural)
hiivasta (elative singular)
hiivoista (elative plural)
hiivahën (illative singular)
hiivoihën (illative plural)
hiivalla (adessive singular)
hiivoilla (adessive plural)
hiivalta (ablative singular)
hiivoilta (ablative plural)
hiivalën (allative singular)
hiivalëk (allative singular)
hiivoilën (allative plural)
hiivoilëk (allative plural)
hiivana (essive singular)
hiivoina (essive plural)
hiivaksi (singular translative)
hiivoiksi (plural translative)
hiivan (instructive singular)
hiivoin (instructive plural)
hiivanëk (comitative singular)
hiivoinëk (comitative plural)
hiivatta (abessive singular)
hiivoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hiib

Finnish: hiiva

→ Karelian: hiiva

→ Livvi: hiivu

Ingrian: hiiva

Võro: hiiv

Votic: iivõ

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *čiŋa, whence Erzya чов (čov, “foam”). Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Baltic, compare Lithuanian šývas (“light gray”)).


raivo

raivo (nominative singular)
raivot (nominative plural)
raivon (accusative singular)
raivot (accusative plural)
raivon (genitive singular)
raivodën (genitive plural)
raivoidën (genitive plural)
raivoda (partitive singular)
raivoida (partitive plural)
raivossa (inessive singular)
raivohna (inessive singular)
raivoissa (inessive plural)
raivoihna (inessive plural)
raivosta (elative singular)
raivoista (elative plural)
raivohën (illative singular)
raivoihën (illative plural)
raivolla (adessive singular)
raivoilla (adessive plural)
raivolta (ablative singular)
raivoilta (ablative plural)
raivolën (allative singular)
raivolëk (allative singular)
raivoilën (allative plural)
raivoilëk (allative plural)
raivona (essive singular)
raivoina (essive plural)
raivoksi (singular translative)
raivoiksi (plural translative)
raivon (instructive singular)
raivoin (instructive plural)
raivonëk (comitative singular)
raivoinëk (comitative plural)
raivotta (abessive singular)
raivoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (rare) raivo, ⇒ takaraivo

Karelian:

North Karelian: raivo (in compound: takaraivo)

South Karelian: raivo (in compound: tagaraivo)

Livvi: raivo (in compound: tagaraivo)

Ludian: raiv (in compound: tagaraiv)

Veps: rai (in compound: tagarai)

Votic: (Kattila, Kõrvõttula) raivo

By metathesis from earlier *rawjo (cf. similar metathesis in *laiva, *raivat'ak), probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *trawją (“bowl, vessel”) (whence English tray).


hiki

hiki (nominative singular)
higet (nominative plural)
higen (accusative singular)
higet (accusative plural)
higen (genitive singular)
hikeden (genitive plural)
hikiden (genitive plural)
hikedä (partitive singular)
hikidä (partitive plural)
higessä (inessive singular)
higehnä (inessive singular)
higissä (inessive plural)
higihnä (inessive plural)
higestä (elative singular)
higistä (elative plural)
hikehen (illative singular)
hikihen (illative plural)
higellä (adessive singular)
higillä (adessive plural)
higeltä (ablative singular)
higiltä (ablative plural)
hikelen (allative singular)
hikelek (allative singular)
hikilen (allative plural)
hikilek (allative plural)
hikenä (essive singular)
hikinä (essive plural)
higeksi (singular translative)
higiksi (plural translative)
higen (instructive singular)
higin (instructive plural)
hikenek (comitative singular)
hikinek (comitative plural)
higettä (abessive singular)
higittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: higi

Finnish: hiki

Ingrian: hiki

→ Votic: hiki

Karelian: hiki, higi

Livonian: ig

Veps: higo (reformed as o-stem)

Võro: higi

Votic: (Mati) itši

Unknown. Possibly a substrate loan from the pre-Finnic languages of the Baltic.


aro

aro (nominative singular)
arot (nominative plural)
aron (accusative singular)
arot (accusative plural)
aron (genitive singular)
arodën (genitive plural)
aroidën (genitive plural)
aroda (partitive singular)
aroida (partitive plural)
arossa (inessive singular)
arohna (inessive singular)
aroissa (inessive plural)
aroihna (inessive plural)
arosta (elative singular)
aroista (elative plural)
arohën (illative singular)
aroihën (illative plural)
arolla (adessive singular)
aroilla (adessive plural)
arolta (ablative singular)
aroilta (ablative plural)
arolën (allative singular)
arolëk (allative singular)
aroilën (allative plural)
aroilëk (allative plural)
arona (essive singular)
aroina (essive plural)
aroksi (singular translative)
aroiksi (plural translative)
aron (instructive singular)
aroin (instructive plural)
aronëk (comitative singular)
aroinëk (comitative plural)
arotta (abessive singular)
aroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: aru

Finnish: aro

Karelian:

North Karelian: (dialectal) aro

South Karelian: (dialectal) aro

Võro: aro


kato

kato (nominative singular)
kadot (nominative plural)
kadon (accusative singular)
kadot (accusative plural)
kadon (genitive singular)
katodën (genitive plural)
katoidën (genitive plural)
katoda (partitive singular)
katoida (partitive plural)
kadossa (inessive singular)
kadohna (inessive singular)
kadoissa (inessive plural)
kadoihna (inessive plural)
kadosta (elative singular)
kadoista (elative plural)
katohën (illative singular)
katoihën (illative plural)
kadolla (adessive singular)
kadoilla (adessive plural)
kadolta (ablative singular)
kadoilta (ablative plural)
katolën (allative singular)
katolëk (allative singular)
katoilën (allative plural)
katoilëk (allative plural)
katona (essive singular)
katoina (essive plural)
kadoksi (singular translative)
kadoiksi (plural translative)
kadon (instructive singular)
kadoin (instructive plural)
katonëk (comitative singular)
katoinëk (comitative plural)
kadotta (abessive singular)
kadoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kadu

Finnish: kato

Karelian:

North Karelian: kato

South Karelian: kado

Livvi: kado

Võro: kado

Votic: (Rudja) kato

, *tuho


nek

Finnish: ne

Ingrian: ne

Karelian:

North Karelian: ne

South Karelian: ne

Livonian: ne

Livvi: ne

Ludian: ne

Veps: ne

Votic: ne

Estonian: need

Finnish: (dialectal) net

Livvi: ned

Ludian: ned

Veps: ned

Võro: neoq

Votic: ned


sitta

sitta (nominative singular)
sit'at (nominative plural)
sit'an (accusative singular)
sit'at (accusative plural)
sit'an (genitive singular)
sittadën (genitive plural)
sittoidën (genitive plural)
sittada (partitive singular)
sittoida (partitive plural)
sit'assa (inessive singular)
sit'ahna (inessive singular)
sit'oissa (inessive plural)
sit'oihna (inessive plural)
sit'asta (elative singular)
sit'oista (elative plural)
sittahën (illative singular)
sittoihën (illative plural)
sit'alla (adessive singular)
sit'oilla (adessive plural)
sit'alta (ablative singular)
sit'oilta (ablative plural)
sittalën (allative singular)
sittalëk (allative singular)
sittoilën (allative plural)
sittoilëk (allative plural)
sittana (essive singular)
sittoina (essive plural)
sit'aksi (singular translative)
sit'oiksi (plural translative)
sit'an (instructive singular)
sit'oin (instructive plural)
sittanëk (comitative singular)
sittoinëk (comitative plural)
sit'atta (abessive singular)
sit'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sitt

Finnish: (dialectal) sitta

Ingrian: sitta

Karelian:

North Karelian: šitta

South Karelian: šitta

desc

Livonian: (Courland) sitā, (Salaca) sita

Livvi: šittu

Ludian: šit

Veps: sit

Võro: sitt

Votic: sittõ


kupla

kupla (nominative singular)
kuplat (nominative plural)
kuplan (accusative singular)
kuplat (accusative plural)
kuplan (genitive singular)
kupladën (genitive plural)
kuplëidën (genitive plural)
kuplada (partitive singular)
kuplëida (partitive plural)
kuplassa (inessive singular)
kuplahna (inessive singular)
kuplëissa (inessive plural)
kuplëihna (inessive plural)
kuplasta (elative singular)
kuplëista (elative plural)
kuplahën (illative singular)
kuplëihën (illative plural)
kuplalla (adessive singular)
kuplëilla (adessive plural)
kuplalta (ablative singular)
kuplëilta (ablative plural)
kuplalën (allative singular)
kuplalëk (allative singular)
kuplëilën (allative plural)
kuplëilëk (allative plural)
kuplana (essive singular)
kuplëina (essive plural)
kuplaksi (singular translative)
kuplëiksi (plural translative)
kuplan (instructive singular)
kuplëin (instructive plural)
kuplanëk (comitative singular)
kuplëinëk (comitative plural)
kuplatta (abessive singular)
kuplëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kubel

Finnish: kupla, (dialectal) kuula

Ingrian: kupla

Karelian:

South Karelian: kubla

Livvi: kublu

Ludian: kubl

Võro: kubõl, kubyl', kupl

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kupla. Cognates include Proto-Samic *koplē (“bladder”).


rapa

rapa (nominative singular)
rabat (nominative plural)
raban (accusative singular)
rabat (accusative plural)
raban (genitive singular)
rapadën (genitive plural)
rapoidën (genitive plural)
rapada (partitive singular)
rapoida (partitive plural)
rabassa (inessive singular)
rabahna (inessive singular)
raboissa (inessive plural)
raboihna (inessive plural)
rabasta (elative singular)
raboista (elative plural)
rapahën (illative singular)
rapoihën (illative plural)
raballa (adessive singular)
raboilla (adessive plural)
rabalta (ablative singular)
raboilta (ablative plural)
rapalën (allative singular)
rapalëk (allative singular)
rapoilën (allative plural)
rapoilëk (allative plural)
rapana (essive singular)
rapoina (essive plural)
rabaksi (singular translative)
raboiksi (plural translative)
raban (instructive singular)
raboin (instructive plural)
rapanëk (comitative singular)
rapoinëk (comitative plural)
rabatta (abessive singular)
raboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: raba

Finnish: rapa

Ingrian: rapa

Karelian:

North Karelian: rapa

South Karelian: raba

Livonian: rabād pl

Livvi: raba

Ludian: raba

Veps: raba

Votic: ravad


rapa

Estonian: raba

Finnish: rapa

q

+ <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*kivi</i>

⇒ Ingrian: rapakivi (+ *kivi)

Karelian:

South Karelian: raba

Livonian: rabā

⇒ Votic: rapatšivi (+ *kivi)

Probably of onomatopoeic or sound-symbolic origin (compare Finnish rapista (“to patter, rustle; to crumble”)).

cog

crushed stone, crumbly stone or another crumbly substance


kivi

kivi (nominative singular)
kivet (nominative plural)
kiven (accusative singular)
kivet (accusative plural)
kiven (genitive singular)
kiveden (genitive plural)
kividen (genitive plural)
kivedä (partitive singular)
kividä (partitive plural)
kivessä (inessive singular)
kivehnä (inessive singular)
kivissä (inessive plural)
kivihnä (inessive plural)
kivestä (elative singular)
kivistä (elative plural)
kivehen (illative singular)
kivihen (illative plural)
kivellä (adessive singular)
kivillä (adessive plural)
kiveltä (ablative singular)
kiviltä (ablative plural)
kivelen (allative singular)
kivelek (allative singular)
kivilen (allative plural)
kivilek (allative plural)
kivenä (essive singular)
kivinä (essive plural)
kiveksi (singular translative)
kiviksi (plural translative)
kiven (instructive singular)
kivin (instructive plural)
kivenek (comitative singular)
kivinek (comitative plural)
kivettä (abessive singular)
kivittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kivi

desc

Finnish: kivi, (Southeastern Tavastian) kiu

Ingrian: kivi

Karelian: kivi

Livonian: ki'v

Livvi: kivi

Ludian: kivi

Veps: kivi

Võro: kivi

Votic: tšivi


povi

povi (nominative singular)
povët (nominative plural)
povën (accusative singular)
povët (accusative plural)
povën (genitive singular)
povëdën (genitive plural)
povidën (genitive plural)
povëda (partitive singular)
povida (partitive plural)
povëssa (inessive singular)
povëhna (inessive singular)
povissa (inessive plural)
povihna (inessive plural)
povësta (elative singular)
povista (elative plural)
povëhën (illative singular)
povihën (illative plural)
povëlla (adessive singular)
povilla (adessive plural)
povëlta (ablative singular)
povilta (ablative plural)
povëlën (allative singular)
povëlëk (allative singular)
povilën (allative plural)
povilëk (allative plural)
povëna (essive singular)
povina (essive plural)
povëksi (singular translative)
poviksi (plural translative)
povën (instructive singular)
povin (instructive plural)
povënëk (comitative singular)
povinëk (comitative plural)
povëtta (abessive singular)
povitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: põu

Finnish: povi

Ingrian: povi

Karelian: povi

Livonian: pȯ’j

Livvi: povi

Ludian: povi

Veps: povi

Votic: põvvi


lampi

lampi (nominative singular)
lambët (nominative plural)
lambën (accusative singular)
lambët (accusative plural)
lambën (genitive singular)
lampëdën (genitive plural)
lampidën (genitive plural)
lampëda (partitive singular)
lampida (partitive plural)
lambëssa (inessive singular)
lambëhna (inessive singular)
lambissa (inessive plural)
lambihna (inessive plural)
lambësta (elative singular)
lambista (elative plural)
lampëhën (illative singular)
lampihën (illative plural)
lambëlla (adessive singular)
lambilla (adessive plural)
lambëlta (ablative singular)
lambilta (ablative plural)
lampëlën (allative singular)
lampëlëk (allative singular)
lampilën (allative plural)
lampilëk (allative plural)
lampëna (essive singular)
lampina (essive plural)
lambëksi (singular translative)
lambiksi (plural translative)
lambën (instructive singular)
lambin (instructive plural)
lampënëk (comitative singular)
lampinëk (comitative plural)
lambëtta (abessive singular)
lambitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lamm

Finnish: lampi

Ingrian: lammi

Karelian: lampi, lambi

Livvi: lambi

Ludian: lamb

→ Russian: лемба (lemba), ламбушка (lambuška)

→⇒ Russian: лембой (lemboj)

Cognate with Proto-Samic *luompël. Both possibly from Proto-Uralic *lëmpe, or alternatively, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Lithuanian klampa (“swamp, marsh”)).


pako

pako (nominative singular)
pagot (nominative plural)
pagon (accusative singular)
pagot (accusative plural)
pagon (genitive singular)
pakodën (genitive plural)
pakoidën (genitive plural)
pakoda (partitive singular)
pakoida (partitive plural)
pagossa (inessive singular)
pagohna (inessive singular)
pagoissa (inessive plural)
pagoihna (inessive plural)
pagosta (elative singular)
pagoista (elative plural)
pakohën (illative singular)
pakoihën (illative plural)
pagolla (adessive singular)
pagoilla (adessive plural)
pagolta (ablative singular)
pagoilta (ablative plural)
pakolën (allative singular)
pakolëk (allative singular)
pakoilën (allative plural)
pakoilëk (allative plural)
pakona (essive singular)
pakoina (essive plural)
pagoksi (singular translative)
pagoiksi (plural translative)
pagon (instructive singular)
pagoin (instructive plural)
pakonëk (comitative singular)
pakoinëk (comitative plural)
pagotta (abessive singular)
pagoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pagu

Finnish: pako

Ingrian: pako

Karelian:

North Karelian: pako

South Karelian: pago

Livvi: pago

Ludian: pago

Veps: pago

Võro: pago

Votic: pako


pako

Estonian: (dialectal) pagu

Finnish: pako

Karelian:

North Karelian: -pako (in compound: silmäpako)

South Karelian: -pago (in compound: silmäpago)

Livonian: pa’g

Livvi: -pago (in compound: silmypago)

Probably a development from Etymology 1 (or possibly the other way around, if the nominal is primary instead of the verb).


vika

vika (nominative singular)
vigat (nominative plural)
vigan (accusative singular)
vigat (accusative plural)
vigan (genitive singular)
vikadën (genitive plural)
vikoidën (genitive plural)
vikada (partitive singular)
vikoida (partitive plural)
vigassa (inessive singular)
vigahna (inessive singular)
vigoissa (inessive plural)
vigoihna (inessive plural)
vigasta (elative singular)
vigoista (elative plural)
vikahën (illative singular)
vikoihën (illative plural)
vigalla (adessive singular)
vigoilla (adessive plural)
vigalta (ablative singular)
vigoilta (ablative plural)
vikalën (allative singular)
vikalëk (allative singular)
vikoilën (allative plural)
vikoilëk (allative plural)
vikana (essive singular)
vikoina (essive plural)
vigaksi (singular translative)
vigoiksi (plural translative)
vigan (instructive singular)
vigoin (instructive plural)
vikanëk (comitative singular)
vikoinëk (comitative plural)
vigatta (abessive singular)
vigoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: viga

Finnish: vika

→ Northern Sami: vihki

Ingrian: vika

Karelian: vika (Northern), viga (Southern)

Livonian: vigā, viga

Livvi: viga

Ludian: viga

Veps: viga

Võro: viga

Votic: vika

Cognate with Proto-Samic *vëkē, both possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *swiką.


vai

Estonian: või

Finnish: vai

Ingrian: vai

Karelian:

North Karelian: vai

South Karelian: vai

Livonian: või, vȯi

→ Latgalian: voi

→ Latvian: vai

Livvi: vai

Ludian: vai

Veps: vai

Võro: vai

Votic: vai

Either from the root of *vajaga, *vajot'ak, or that of *vajëh. Both roots may have also had an impact.


taka

taka (nominative singular)
tagat (nominative plural)
tagan (accusative singular)
tagat (accusative plural)
tagan (genitive singular)
takadën (genitive plural)
takoidën (genitive plural)
takada (partitive singular)
takoida (partitive plural)
tagassa (inessive singular)
tagahna (inessive singular)
tagoissa (inessive plural)
tagoihna (inessive plural)
tagasta (elative singular)
tagoista (elative plural)
takahën (illative singular)
takoihën (illative plural)
tagalla (adessive singular)
tagoilla (adessive plural)
tagalta (ablative singular)
tagoilta (ablative plural)
takalën (allative singular)
takalëk (allative singular)
takoilën (allative plural)
takoilëk (allative plural)
takana (essive singular)
takoina (essive plural)
tagaksi (singular translative)
tagoiksi (plural translative)
tagan (instructive singular)
tagoin (instructive plural)
takanëk (comitative singular)
takoinëk (comitative plural)
tagatta (abessive singular)
tagoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: taga, taga-, ⇒ taha, takka

Finnish: taka, taka-, ⇒ taakse, takana, takaa, taa, taas, takaisin

Ingrian: taka-, ⇒ takaks, takanna, takkaa, takant, taas, takas

Karelian:

North Karelian: ⇒ toa

South Karelian: ⇒ tagah

⇒ Livonian: tagā, tagān, tagānd

⇒ Livvi: taga, tagah

⇒ Ludian: taga

Veps: taga, taga-

Võro: taga-, ⇒ takka, takan, takast

⇒ Votic: tagga, takan, takka


pika

pika (nominative singular)
pigat (nominative plural)
pigan (accusative singular)
pigat (accusative plural)
pigan (genitive singular)
pikadën (genitive plural)
pikoidën (genitive plural)
pikada (partitive singular)
pikoida (partitive plural)
pigassa (inessive singular)
pigahna (inessive singular)
pigoissa (inessive plural)
pigoihna (inessive plural)
pigasta (elative singular)
pigoista (elative plural)
pikahën (illative singular)
pikoihën (illative plural)
pigalla (adessive singular)
pigoilla (adessive plural)
pigalta (ablative singular)
pigoilta (ablative plural)
pikalën (allative singular)
pikalëk (allative singular)
pikoilën (allative plural)
pikoilëk (allative plural)
pikana (essive singular)
pikoina (essive plural)
pigaksi (singular translative)
pigoiksi (plural translative)
pigan (instructive singular)
pigoin (instructive plural)
pikanëk (comitative singular)
pikoinëk (comitative plural)
pigatta (abessive singular)
pigoitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: pea (“soon; almost”), pigem (“rather”)

Finnish: pika-, ⇒ pian (“soon”), pikemmin (“rather”)

⇒ Ingrian: pikastua (“to suddenly get angry”)

Livvi: pika (“short-tempered”)

⇒ Livonian: pigā (“soon”)

⇒ Veps: pigei (“soon”)

⇒ Votic: pigaa (“soon”) (Pummala)

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *fiką (compare Danish fige, Swedish fika (“to strive (for)”)).


joki

joki (nominative singular)
jogët (nominative plural)
jogën (accusative singular)
jogët (accusative plural)
jogën (genitive singular)
jokëdën (genitive plural)
jokidën (genitive plural)
jokëda (partitive singular)
jokida (partitive plural)
jogëssa (inessive singular)
jogëhna (inessive singular)
jogissa (inessive plural)
jogihna (inessive plural)
jogësta (elative singular)
jogista (elative plural)
jokëhën (illative singular)
jokihën (illative plural)
jogëlla (adessive singular)
jogilla (adessive plural)
jogëlta (ablative singular)
jogilta (ablative plural)
jokëlën (allative singular)
jokëlëk (allative singular)
jokilën (allative plural)
jokilëk (allative plural)
jokëna (essive singular)
jokina (essive plural)
jogëksi (singular translative)
jogiksi (plural translative)
jogën (instructive singular)
jogin (instructive plural)
jokënëk (comitative singular)
jokinëk (comitative plural)
jogëtta (abessive singular)
jogitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: jõgi

Finnish: joki

Ingrian: joki

→ Votic: jõki

Karelian: jogi

Livonian: jog

Veps: jogi

Võro: jõgi

Votic: (Kattila) jõtši

From Proto-Uralic *joke. Related to Proto-Samic *jokë.


peni

peni (nominative singular)
penit (nominative plural)
penin (accusative singular)
penit (accusative plural)
penin (genitive singular)
peniden (genitive plural)
penejiden (genitive plural)
penidä (partitive singular)
penejitä (partitive plural)
penissä (inessive singular)
penihnä (inessive singular)
penejissä (inessive plural)
penejihnä (inessive plural)
penistä (elative singular)
penejistä (elative plural)
penihen (illative singular)
penejisen (illative plural)
penillä (adessive singular)
penejillä (adessive plural)
peniltä (ablative singular)
penejiltä (ablative plural)
penilen (allative singular)
penilek (allative singular)
penejilen (allative plural)
penejilek (allative plural)
peninä (essive singular)
penejinä (essive plural)
peniksi (singular translative)
penejiksi (plural translative)
penin (instructive singular)
penejin (instructive plural)
peninek (comitative singular)
penejinek (comitative plural)
penittä (abessive singular)
penejittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: peni

Finnish: peni

Livonian:

Kurzeme Livonian: pi’ņ

Vidzeme Livonian: pin

Võro: pini

Votic: (Jõgõperä) peni

From Proto-Finno-Permic *penä + *-i. Cognates include Proto-Samic *peanëk.


nivel

nivel (nominative singular)
nivelet (nominative plural)
nivelen (accusative singular)
nivelet (accusative plural)
nivelen (genitive singular)
nivelden (genitive plural)
niveliden (genitive plural)
niveltä (partitive singular)
nivelitä (partitive plural)
nivelessä (inessive singular)
nivelehnä (inessive singular)
nivelissä (inessive plural)
nivelihnä (inessive plural)
nivelestä (elative singular)
nivelistä (elative plural)
nivelesen (illative singular)
nivelisen (illative plural)
nivelellä (adessive singular)
nivelillä (adessive plural)
niveleltä (ablative singular)
niveliltä (ablative plural)
nivelelen (allative singular)
nivelelek (allative singular)
nivelilen (allative plural)
nivelilek (allative plural)
nivellä (essive singular)
nivelinä (essive plural)
niveleksi (singular translative)
niveliksi (plural translative)
nivelen (instructive singular)
nivelin (instructive plural)
nivellek (comitative singular)
nivelinek (comitative plural)
nivelettä (abessive singular)
nivelittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: nivel

Karelian: nivel

Livvi: nivel

Ludian: nivel

Veps: niveleh, nivel

Votic: (Mati) nivele

joint (part of the body where bone join)


teräs

teräs (nominative singular)
teräkset (nominative plural)
teräksen (accusative singular)
teräkset (accusative plural)
teräksen (genitive singular)
terästen (genitive plural)
teräksiden (genitive plural)
terästä (partitive singular)
teräksitä (partitive plural)
teräksessä (inessive singular)
teräksehnä (inessive singular)
teräksissä (inessive plural)
teräksihnä (inessive plural)
teräksestä (elative singular)
teräksistä (elative plural)
teräksesen (illative singular)
teräksisen (illative plural)
teräksellä (adessive singular)
teräksillä (adessive plural)
teräkseltä (ablative singular)
teräksiltä (ablative plural)
teräkselen (allative singular)
teräkselek (allative singular)
teräksilen (allative plural)
teräksilek (allative plural)
terässä (essive singular)
teräksinä (essive plural)
teräkseksi (singular translative)
teräksiksi (plural translative)
teräksen (instructive singular)
teräksin (instructive plural)
terässek (comitative singular)
teräksinek (comitative plural)
teräksettä (abessive singular)
teräksittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: teras

Finnish: teräs, tere

Ingrian: teräs

Karelian: teräs

Livvi: teräs

Ludian: t'eraz

Veps: teraz

Võro: teräs

Votic: teräz, tere

a strip of cloth or leather for reinforcing a seam


tuho

tuho (nominative singular)
tuhot (nominative plural)
tuhon (accusative singular)
tuhot (accusative plural)
tuhon (genitive singular)
tuhodën (genitive plural)
tuhoidën (genitive plural)
tuhoda (partitive singular)
tuhoida (partitive plural)
tuhossa (inessive singular)
tuhohna (inessive singular)
tuhoissa (inessive plural)
tuhoihna (inessive plural)
tuhosta (elative singular)
tuhoista (elative plural)
tuhohën (illative singular)
tuhoihën (illative plural)
tuholla (adessive singular)
tuhoilla (adessive plural)
tuholta (ablative singular)
tuhoilta (ablative plural)
tuholën (allative singular)
tuholëk (allative singular)
tuhoilën (allative plural)
tuhoilëk (allative plural)
tuhona (essive singular)
tuhoina (essive plural)
tuhoksi (singular translative)
tuhoiksi (plural translative)
tuhon (instructive singular)
tuhoin (instructive plural)
tuhonëk (comitative singular)
tuhoinëk (comitative plural)
tuhotta (abessive singular)
tuhoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: tuho

Ingrian: tuho

Karelian: tuho

Livvi: tuho

Votic: (Rudja) tuho

From earlier *tukšo, from Proto-Finno-Permic *tukšɜ- (whence Udmurt [script needed] (tiš, “bloody battle”)).


varjo

varjo (nominative singular)
varjot (nominative plural)
varjon (accusative singular)
varjot (accusative plural)
varjon (genitive singular)
varjodën (genitive plural)
varjoidën (genitive plural)
varjoda (partitive singular)
varjoida (partitive plural)
varjossa (inessive singular)
varjohna (inessive singular)
varjoissa (inessive plural)
varjoihna (inessive plural)
varjosta (elative singular)
varjoista (elative plural)
varjohën (illative singular)
varjoihën (illative plural)
varjolla (adessive singular)
varjoilla (adessive plural)
varjolta (ablative singular)
varjoilta (ablative plural)
varjolën (allative singular)
varjolëk (allative singular)
varjoilën (allative plural)
varjoilëk (allative plural)
varjona (essive singular)
varjoina (essive plural)
varjoksi (singular translative)
varjoiksi (plural translative)
varjon (instructive singular)
varjoin (instructive plural)
varjonëk (comitative singular)
varjoinëk (comitative plural)
varjotta (abessive singular)
varjoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vari

Finnish: varjo

Ingrian: varjo

Karelian: varjo

Livonian: vǭŗ

Võro: vari

Votic: varjo

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *warjǭ, whence Danish værge and Icelandic verja.


nälkä

nälkä (nominative singular)
nälgät (nominative plural)
nälgän (accusative singular)
nälgät (accusative plural)
nälgän (genitive singular)
nälkäden (genitive plural)
nälkeiden (genitive plural)
nälkädä (partitive singular)
nälkeidä (partitive plural)
nälgässä (inessive singular)
nälgähnä (inessive singular)
nälgeissä (inessive plural)
nälgeihnä (inessive plural)
nälgästä (elative singular)
nälgeistä (elative plural)
nälkähen (illative singular)
nälkeihen (illative plural)
nälgällä (adessive singular)
nälgeillä (adessive plural)
nälgältä (ablative singular)
nälgeiltä (ablative plural)
nälkälen (allative singular)
nälkälek (allative singular)
nälkeilen (allative plural)
nälkeilek (allative plural)
nälkänä (essive singular)
nälkeinä (essive plural)
nälgäksi (singular translative)
nälgeiksi (plural translative)
nälgän (instructive singular)
nälgein (instructive plural)
nälkänek (comitative singular)
nälkeinek (comitative plural)
nälgättä (abessive singular)
nälgeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: nälg

Finnish: nälkä

Ingrian: nälkä

Karelian: nälkä, nälgä

Livonian: nǟlga

Livvi: nälgy

Ludian: näl'g

Veps: näl'g

Võro: nälg

Votic: nältše

→ Proto-Samic: *nealkē (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *ńäl- + *-kä, from Proto-Uralic *ńäle- (“to swallow”). Formally identical to Proto-Samic *ńālkē (“tasty”).


ääri

ääri (nominative singular)
ääret (nominative plural)
äären (accusative singular)
ääret (accusative plural)
äären (genitive singular)
äärden (genitive plural)
ääriden (genitive plural)
äärtä (partitive singular)
ääridä (partitive plural)
ääressä (inessive singular)
äärehnä (inessive singular)
äärissä (inessive plural)
äärihnä (inessive plural)
äärestä (elative singular)
ääristä (elative plural)
äärehen (illative singular)
äärihen (illative plural)
äärellä (adessive singular)
äärillä (adessive plural)
ääreltä (ablative singular)
ääriltä (ablative plural)
äärelen (allative singular)
äärelek (allative singular)
äärilen (allative plural)
äärilek (allative plural)
äärnä (essive singular)
äärinä (essive plural)
ääreksi (singular translative)
ääriksi (plural translative)
äären (instructive singular)
äärin (instructive plural)
äärnek (comitative singular)
äärinek (comitative plural)
äärettä (abessive singular)
äärittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: äär

Finnish: ääri

Ingrian: ääri

Karelian: eäreh, iäreh (“away”) (adverb)

Votic: ääri

Per Koivulehto (2006) from earlier *äjere, borrowed from early Proto-Balto-Slavic *(h₁)éǵer-, from which later *éźera (“lake”). The meaning 'edge' is seen in the Armenian cognate եզր (ezr).


saalis

saalis (nominative singular)
saalihët (nominative plural)
saalihën (accusative singular)
saalihët (accusative plural)
saalihën (genitive singular)
saalistën (genitive plural)
saalihidën (genitive plural)
saalista (partitive singular)
saalihita (partitive plural)
saalihëssa (inessive singular)
saalihëhna (inessive singular)
saalihissa (inessive plural)
saalihihna (inessive plural)
saalihësta (elative singular)
saalihista (elative plural)
saalihësën (illative singular)
saalihisën (illative plural)
saalihëlla (adessive singular)
saalihilla (adessive plural)
saalihëlta (ablative singular)
saalihilta (ablative plural)
saalihëlën (allative singular)
saalihëlëk (allative singular)
saalihilën (allative plural)
saalihilëk (allative plural)
saalissa (essive singular)
saalihina (essive plural)
saalihëksi (singular translative)
saalihiksi (plural translative)
saalihën (instructive singular)
saalihin (instructive plural)
saalissëk (comitative singular)
saalihinëk (comitative plural)
saalihëtta (abessive singular)
saalihitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal, rare) saalis

Finnish: saalis

→ Northern Sami: sálaš

Ingrian: saaliin

Karelian:

North Karelian: šualis

South Karelian: šualis

Livvi: suališ

Ludian: sualiž

Veps: saliž


kumma

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *kumma (“shady”).


kumma

kumma (nominative singular)
kummat (nominative plural)
kumman (accusative singular)
kummat (accusative plural)
kumman (genitive singular)
kummadën (genitive plural)
kummëidën (genitive plural)
kummada (partitive singular)
kummëida (partitive plural)
kummassa (inessive singular)
kummahna (inessive singular)
kummëissa (inessive plural)
kummëihna (inessive plural)
kummasta (elative singular)
kummëista (elative plural)
kummahën (illative singular)
kummëihën (illative plural)
kummalla (adessive singular)
kummëilla (adessive plural)
kummalta (ablative singular)
kummëilta (ablative plural)
kummalën (allative singular)
kummalëk (allative singular)
kummëilën (allative plural)
kummëilëk (allative plural)
kummana (essive singular)
kummëina (essive plural)
kummaksi (singular translative)
kummëiksi (plural translative)
kumman (instructive singular)
kummëin (instructive plural)
kummanëk (comitative singular)
kummëinëk (comitative plural)
kummatta (abessive singular)
kummëitta (abessive plural)

q

in compound: <i class="Latn mention" lang="et">imekumm</i>

Estonian: kumm (in compound: imekumm) (dialectal)

Finnish: kumma

→? Northern Sami: gobmi

Ingrian: kumma

Karelian: kumma

Livvi: kummu

Ludian: kumm

Votic: kummõ


kolo

kolo (nominative singular)
kolot (nominative plural)
kolon (accusative singular)
kolot (accusative plural)
kolon (genitive singular)
kolodën (genitive plural)
koloidën (genitive plural)
koloda (partitive singular)
koloida (partitive plural)
kolossa (inessive singular)
kolohna (inessive singular)
koloissa (inessive plural)
koloihna (inessive plural)
kolosta (elative singular)
koloista (elative plural)
kolohën (illative singular)
koloihën (illative plural)
kololla (adessive singular)
koloilla (adessive plural)
kololta (ablative singular)
koloilta (ablative plural)
kololën (allative singular)
kololëk (allative singular)
koloilën (allative plural)
koloilëk (allative plural)
kolona (essive singular)
koloina (essive plural)
koloksi (singular translative)
koloiksi (plural translative)
kolon (instructive singular)
koloin (instructive plural)
kolonëk (comitative singular)
koloinëk (comitative plural)
kolotta (abessive singular)
koloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kolu

Finnish: kolo

⇒ Ingrian: koloi

Karelian:

North Karelian: kolo

South Karelian: kolo

Livvi: kolo

Ludian: kolo

Veps: kolo

Võro: kol'o


koi

koi (nominative singular)
koit (nominative plural)
koin (accusative singular)
koit (accusative plural)
koin (genitive singular)
koidën (genitive plural)
koita (partitive singular)
koita (partitive plural)
koissa (inessive singular)
koihna (inessive singular)
koissa (inessive plural)
koihna (inessive plural)
koista (elative singular)
koista (elative plural)
koisën (illative singular)
koisën (illative plural)
koilla (adessive singular)
koilla (adessive plural)
koilta (ablative singular)
koilta (ablative plural)
koilën (allative singular)
koilëk (allative singular)
koilën (allative plural)
koilëk (allative plural)
koina (essive singular)
koina (essive plural)
koiksi (singular translative)
koiksi (plural translative)
koin (instructive singular)
koin (instructive plural)
koinëk (comitative singular)
koinëk (comitative plural)
koitta (abessive singular)
koitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: koi

Finnish: koi

Ingrian: koi

Karelian:

North Karelian: koi

South Karelian: koi

Livonian: kuoi

Livvi: koi

Ludian: ⇒ koja

Veps: ⇒ kojeg (extended stem)

Võro: koi

Votic: koi

From earlier *kooji, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *käjä.


koi

in compound: <i class="Latn mention" lang="et">koivalge</i>

Estonian: koi- (in compound: koivalge)

Finnish: koi

Livonian: kuoi

⇒ Votic: kojjossõ


kisa

kisa (nominative singular)
kisat (nominative plural)
kisan (accusative singular)
kisat (accusative plural)
kisan (genitive singular)
kisadën (genitive plural)
kisoidën (genitive plural)
kisada (partitive singular)
kisoida (partitive plural)
kisassa (inessive singular)
kisahna (inessive singular)
kisoissa (inessive plural)
kisoihna (inessive plural)
kisasta (elative singular)
kisoista (elative plural)
kisahën (illative singular)
kisoihën (illative plural)
kisalla (adessive singular)
kisoilla (adessive plural)
kisalta (ablative singular)
kisoilta (ablative plural)
kisalën (allative singular)
kisalëk (allative singular)
kisoilën (allative plural)
kisoilëk (allative plural)
kisana (essive singular)
kisoina (essive plural)
kisaksi (singular translative)
kisoiksi (plural translative)
kisan (instructive singular)
kisoin (instructive plural)
kisanëk (comitative singular)
kisoinëk (comitative plural)
kisatta (abessive singular)
kisoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kisa

Finnish: kisa

→ Northern Sami: gissa

Karelian:

North Karelian: kisa

South Karelian: kiza

Livonian: kizā

Livvi: kiža

Võro: kisa

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Ugric *kiśɜ (“competition, game”) (whence Hungarian küzd).


kuma

Uncertain. Possibly from the same root as *kumistak.


kuma

kuma (nominative singular)
kumat (nominative plural)
kuman (accusative singular)
kumat (accusative plural)
kuman (genitive singular)
kumadën (genitive plural)
kumëidën (genitive plural)
kumada (partitive singular)
kumëida (partitive plural)
kumassa (inessive singular)
kumahna (inessive singular)
kumëissa (inessive plural)
kumëihna (inessive plural)
kumasta (elative singular)
kumëista (elative plural)
kumahën (illative singular)
kumëihën (illative plural)
kumalla (adessive singular)
kumëilla (adessive plural)
kumalta (ablative singular)
kumëilta (ablative plural)
kumalën (allative singular)
kumalëk (allative singular)
kumëilën (allative plural)
kumëilëk (allative plural)
kumana (essive singular)
kumëina (essive plural)
kumaksi (singular translative)
kumëiksi (plural translative)
kuman (instructive singular)
kumëin (instructive plural)
kumanëk (comitative singular)
kumëinëk (comitative plural)
kumatta (abessive singular)
kumëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuma

desc

Finnish: (obsolete) kuma, ⇒ kumottaa, kumea

Karelian: ⇒

North Karelian: kumottua

Livvi: ⇒ kumottua

>? Võro: kuma

Votic: ⇒ kumatõ (Jõgõperä)


tasa

tasa (nominative singular)
tasat (nominative plural)
tasan (accusative singular)
tasat (accusative plural)
tasan (genitive singular)
tasadën (genitive plural)
tasoidën (genitive plural)
tasada (partitive singular)
tasoida (partitive plural)
tasassa (inessive singular)
tasahna (inessive singular)
tasoissa (inessive plural)
tasoihna (inessive plural)
tasasta (elative singular)
tasoista (elative plural)
tasahën (illative singular)
tasoihën (illative plural)
tasalla (adessive singular)
tasoilla (adessive plural)
tasalta (ablative singular)
tasoilta (ablative plural)
tasalën (allative singular)
tasalëk (allative singular)
tasoilën (allative plural)
tasoilëk (allative plural)
tasana (essive singular)
tasoina (essive plural)
tasaksi (singular translative)
tasoiksi (plural translative)
tasan (instructive singular)
tasoin (instructive plural)
tasanëk (comitative singular)
tasoinëk (comitative plural)
tasatta (abessive singular)
tasoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tasa

Finnish: tasa

Ingrian: tasa

Karelian:

North Karelian: taša

South Karelian: taža

Livonian: tazā

Livvi: taza

Veps: taza, tazo

Võro: tasa

Votic: tasa

Perhaps akin to Tundra Nenets тас (tas°, “even”), suggesting Proto-Uralic *taśa.


vilja

vilja (nominative singular)
viljat (nominative plural)
viljan (accusative singular)
viljat (accusative plural)
viljan (genitive singular)
viljadën (genitive plural)
viljoidën (genitive plural)
viljada (partitive singular)
viljoida (partitive plural)
viljassa (inessive singular)
viljahna (inessive singular)
viljoissa (inessive plural)
viljoihna (inessive plural)
viljasta (elative singular)
viljoista (elative plural)
viljahën (illative singular)
viljoihën (illative plural)
viljalla (adessive singular)
viljoilla (adessive plural)
viljalta (ablative singular)
viljoilta (ablative plural)
viljalën (allative singular)
viljalëk (allative singular)
viljoilën (allative plural)
viljoilëk (allative plural)
viljana (essive singular)
viljoina (essive plural)
viljaksi (singular translative)
viljoiksi (plural translative)
viljan (instructive singular)
viljoin (instructive plural)
viljanëk (comitative singular)
viljoinëk (comitative plural)
viljatta (abessive singular)
viljoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vili

Finnish: vilja

Ingrian: vilja, viljä

Karelian: vil'l'a

Livonian: vīļa

Livvi: vilʹlʹu

Ludian: vil'

Veps: vil'l'

Võro: vili

Votic: vilʹlʹõ

Borrowed from an Indo-European language, compare Russian обилие (obilije) and Czech obilí. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vëljē.


pakki

pakki (nominative singular)
pak'it (nominative plural)
pak'in (accusative singular)
pak'it (accusative plural)
pak'in (genitive singular)
pakkidën (genitive plural)
pakkëjidën (genitive plural)
pakkida (partitive singular)
pakkëjita (partitive plural)
pak'issa (inessive singular)
pak'ihna (inessive singular)
pakkëjissa (inessive plural)
pakkëjihna (inessive plural)
pak'ista (elative singular)
pakkëjista (elative plural)
pakkihën (illative singular)
pakkëjisën (illative plural)
pak'illa (adessive singular)
pakkëjilla (adessive plural)
pak'ilta (ablative singular)
pakkëjilta (ablative plural)
pakkilën (allative singular)
pakkilëk (allative singular)
pakkëjilën (allative plural)
pakkëjilëk (allative plural)
pakkina (essive singular)
pakkëjina (essive plural)
pak'iksi (singular translative)
pakkëjiksi (plural translative)
pak'in (instructive singular)
pakkëjin (instructive plural)
pakkinëk (comitative singular)
pakkëjinëk (comitative plural)
pak'itta (abessive singular)
pakkëjitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pakk (“haste, hurry”), ⇒ pakitama／pakitada (“to be sore, ache”)

Livonian: paḱ (“to force to eat”)

Võro: pakk'

Finnish: pakko (“need, obligation”), ⇒ pakottaa (“to force; be sore, ache”)

Ingrian: pakko (“necessary”)

→ Votic: pakko (“required, necessary”)

Karelian:

North Karelian: pakko (“need, obligation”)

South Karelian: pakko (“need, obligation”)

Ludian: ⇒ pakottada (“to be sore, ache”)

Veps: ⇒ pakutada (“to be sore, ache”)

Possibly from the same root as *pak'ahtadak, in which case the meaning may have been "pain that feels like something is about to burst".


makkara

makkara (nominative singular)
makkarat (nominative plural)
makkaran (accusative singular)
makkarat (accusative plural)
makkaran (genitive singular)
makkaradën (genitive plural)
makkaroidën (genitive plural)
makkarata (partitive singular)
makkaroita (partitive plural)
makkarassa (inessive singular)
makkarahna (inessive singular)
makkaroissa (inessive plural)
makkaroihna (inessive plural)
makkarasta (elative singular)
makkaroista (elative plural)
makkarasën (illative singular)
makkaroisën (illative plural)
makkaralla (adessive singular)
makkaroilla (adessive plural)
makkaralta (ablative singular)
makkaroilta (ablative plural)
makkaralën (allative singular)
makkaralëk (allative singular)
makkaroilën (allative plural)
makkaroilëk (allative plural)
makkarana (essive singular)
makkaroina (essive plural)
makkaraksi (singular translative)
makkaroiksi (plural translative)
makkaran (instructive singular)
makkaroin (instructive plural)
makkaranëk (comitative singular)
makkaroinëk (comitative plural)
makkaratta (abessive singular)
makkaroitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: makkara

Ingrian: makkara

Karelian: makkara

Votic: (Pummala) makkara

Estonian: (dialectal) makk

Unknown. Possibly related to *mako. Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian maks, Lithuanian makas) + *-ra.


maailma

maailma (nominative singular)
maailmat (nominative plural)
maailman (accusative singular)
maailmat (accusative plural)
maailman (genitive singular)
maailmadën (genitive plural)
maailmoidën (genitive plural)
maailmada (partitive singular)
maailmoida (partitive plural)
maailmassa (inessive singular)
maailmahna (inessive singular)
maailmoissa (inessive plural)
maailmoihna (inessive plural)
maailmasta (elative singular)
maailmoista (elative plural)
maailmahën (illative singular)
maailmoihën (illative plural)
maailmalla (adessive singular)
maailmoilla (adessive plural)
maailmalta (ablative singular)
maailmoilta (ablative plural)
maailmalën (allative singular)
maailmalëk (allative singular)
maailmoilën (allative plural)
maailmoilëk (allative plural)
maailmana (essive singular)
maailmoina (essive plural)
maailmaksi (singular translative)
maailmoiksi (plural translative)
maailman (instructive singular)
maailmoin (instructive plural)
maailmanëk (comitative singular)
maailmoinëk (comitative plural)
maailmatta (abessive singular)
maailmoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: maailm

Finnish: maailma

→ Inari Sami: maailm

→ Northern Sami: máilbmi

Ingrian: maailma, mailma

Karelian:

North Karelian: muailma, muajilma

South Karelian: muailma

Livonian: mǭīlma

Livvi: muailmu

Ludian: muailm, moaiľm

Veps: mail'm

Võro: maailm

Votic: maailmõ

A dvandva compound of *maa (“land”) + *ilma (“air”).


paska

paska (nominative singular)
paskat (nominative plural)
paskan (accusative singular)
paskat (accusative plural)
paskan (genitive singular)
paskadën (genitive plural)
paskoidën (genitive plural)
paskada (partitive singular)
paskoida (partitive plural)
paskassa (inessive singular)
paskahna (inessive singular)
paskoissa (inessive plural)
paskoihna (inessive plural)
paskasta (elative singular)
paskoista (elative plural)
paskahën (illative singular)
paskoihën (illative plural)
paskalla (adessive singular)
paskoilla (adessive plural)
paskalta (ablative singular)
paskoilta (ablative plural)
paskalën (allative singular)
paskalëk (allative singular)
paskoilën (allative plural)
paskoilëk (allative plural)
paskana (essive singular)
paskoina (essive plural)
paskaksi (singular translative)
paskoiksi (plural translative)
paskan (instructive singular)
paskoin (instructive plural)
paskanëk (comitative singular)
paskoinëk (comitative plural)
paskatta (abessive singular)
paskoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pask

Finnish: paska

Ingrian: paska

Livonian: paskā

Livvi: pasku

Ludian: pask

Veps: pask

Võro: pask

Votic: paskõ

From pre-Finnic *paśka, from Proto-Uralic *pućka, vowel change irregular. Related to Proto-Samic *pëškë, Proto-Mordvinic *pəśkiźəms, Hungarian fos (“diarrhoea”).


tikka

tikka (nominative singular)
tik'at (nominative plural)
tik'an (accusative singular)
tik'at (accusative plural)
tik'an (genitive singular)
tikkadën (genitive plural)
tikkoidën (genitive plural)
tikkada (partitive singular)
tikkoida (partitive plural)
tik'assa (inessive singular)
tik'ahna (inessive singular)
tik'oissa (inessive plural)
tik'oihna (inessive plural)
tik'asta (elative singular)
tik'oista (elative plural)
tikkahën (illative singular)
tikkoihën (illative plural)
tik'alla (adessive singular)
tik'oilla (adessive plural)
tik'alta (ablative singular)
tik'oilta (ablative plural)
tikkalën (allative singular)
tikkalëk (allative singular)
tikkoilën (allative plural)
tikkoilëk (allative plural)
tikkana (essive singular)
tikkoina (essive plural)
tik'aksi (singular translative)
tik'oiksi (plural translative)
tik'an (instructive singular)
tik'oin (instructive plural)
tikkanëk (comitative singular)
tikkoinëk (comitative plural)
tik'atta (abessive singular)
tik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tikk

Finnish: tikka

Ingrian: tikka

Karelian:

North Karelian: tikka

South Karelian: tikka

Livvi: tikku

Ludian: tikk

Veps: tik

Votic: tikkõ


tuhka

tuhka (nominative singular)
tuhkat (nominative plural)
tuhkan (accusative singular)
tuhkat (accusative plural)
tuhkan (genitive singular)
tuhkadën (genitive plural)
tuhkëidën (genitive plural)
tuhkada (partitive singular)
tuhkëida (partitive plural)
tuhkassa (inessive singular)
tuhkahna (inessive singular)
tuhkëissa (inessive plural)
tuhkëihna (inessive plural)
tuhkasta (elative singular)
tuhkëista (elative plural)
tuhkahën (illative singular)
tuhkëihën (illative plural)
tuhkalla (adessive singular)
tuhkëilla (adessive plural)
tuhkalta (ablative singular)
tuhkëilta (ablative plural)
tuhkalën (allative singular)
tuhkalëk (allative singular)
tuhkëilën (allative plural)
tuhkëilëk (allative plural)
tuhkana (essive singular)
tuhkëina (essive plural)
tuhkaksi (singular translative)
tuhkëiksi (plural translative)
tuhkan (instructive singular)
tuhkëin (instructive plural)
tuhkanëk (comitative singular)
tuhkëinëk (comitative plural)
tuhkatta (abessive singular)
tuhkëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tuhk

Finnish: tuhka

Ingrian: tuhka

Karelian: tuhka

Livonian: tū’gõd pl

Livvi: tuhku

Ludian: tuhk

Veps: tuhk

Võro: tuhk

Votic: tuhkõ

Probably from earlier *tuška and likely borrowed from Proto-Germanic *tuska-, *tuskijaną.


hiili

hiili (nominative singular)
hiilet (nominative plural)
hiilen (accusative singular)
hiilet (accusative plural)
hiilen (genitive singular)
hiilden (genitive plural)
hiiliden (genitive plural)
hiiltä (partitive singular)
hiilidä (partitive plural)
hiilessä (inessive singular)
hiilehnä (inessive singular)
hiilissä (inessive plural)
hiilihnä (inessive plural)
hiilestä (elative singular)
hiilistä (elative plural)
hiilehen (illative singular)
hiilihen (illative plural)
hiilellä (adessive singular)
hiilillä (adessive plural)
hiileltä (ablative singular)
hiililtä (ablative plural)
hiilelen (allative singular)
hiilelek (allative singular)
hiililen (allative plural)
hiililek (allative plural)
hiillä (essive singular)
hiilinä (essive plural)
hiileksi (singular translative)
hiiliksi (plural translative)
hiilen (instructive singular)
hiilin (instructive plural)
hiillek (comitative singular)
hiilinek (comitative plural)
hiilettä (abessive singular)
hiilittä (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: hiilgama (“to shine”), hiilakas

Finnish: hiili

Ingrian: hiili

Karelian: hiili

Livonian: īļ (“fire”), ilgõ, ildõ (“to shine”)

Livvi: hiili

Ludian: hiil', hiil'i

Veps: hil', hiil'

Votic: iili

→ Western Proto-Samic: *šilë

→ Lule Sami: hilla

→ Northern Sami: hilla

→ Inari Sami: illâ

→ Skolt Sami: ill

→ Kildin Sami: ылл (yll)

→ Ter Sami: йылл (jïll)

Unknown. Loanwords into the Samic languages show that the earlier form was *šiile.


-tta

Finnish: -tta

From Proto-Uralic *-kta (abessive suffix).


-tta

Finnish: -tta

Forms some adverbs, primarily of manner.


-tta

Finnish: -tta

Unknown. One possibility, however remote, is that these derive as zero-derived deverbals from *-ttadak verbs.


soo

soo (nominative singular)
soot (nominative plural)
soon (accusative singular)
soot (accusative plural)
soon (genitive singular)
soodën (genitive plural)
soidën (genitive plural)
soota (partitive singular)
soita (partitive plural)
soossa (inessive singular)
soohna (inessive singular)
soissa (inessive plural)
soihna (inessive plural)
soosta (elative singular)
soista (elative plural)
soosën (illative singular)
soisën (illative plural)
soolla (adessive singular)
soilla (adessive plural)
soolta (ablative singular)
soilta (ablative plural)
soolën (allative singular)
soolëk (allative singular)
soilën (allative plural)
soilëk (allative plural)
soona (essive singular)
soina (essive plural)
sooksi (singular translative)
soiksi (plural translative)
soon (instructive singular)
soin (instructive plural)
soonëk (comitative singular)
soinëk (comitative plural)
sootta (abessive singular)
soitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: soo

Finnish: suo

Ingrian: soo

Karelian: suo

Livonian: sūo

Livvi: suo

Ludian: suo

Veps: so

Võro: suu

Votic: soo

Unknown:
* Possibly an irregular reflex of Proto-Uralic *towe (“lake”), from which the shape **too would be predicted. The development *t > *s could have been motivated by avoidance of homonymy with the pronoun *too; but compare also *sulka (“feather”) < Proto-Uralic *tulka.
* Alternatively possibly an early borrowing from Pre-Germanic *soygʷ-ó-/*soygʷ-í-.
* The word could be in some relationship to Proto-Samic *suońō (“swamp”), yet here the contraction to a monosyllable would be irregular.


kulli

kulli (nominative singular)
kullit (nominative plural)
kullin (accusative singular)
kullit (accusative plural)
kullin (genitive singular)
kullidën (genitive plural)
kullëjidën (genitive plural)
kullida (partitive singular)
kullëjita (partitive plural)
kullissa (inessive singular)
kullihna (inessive singular)
kullëjissa (inessive plural)
kullëjihna (inessive plural)
kullista (elative singular)
kullëjista (elative plural)
kullihën (illative singular)
kullëjisën (illative plural)
kullilla (adessive singular)
kullëjilla (adessive plural)
kullilta (ablative singular)
kullëjilta (ablative plural)
kullilën (allative singular)
kullilëk (allative singular)
kullëjilën (allative plural)
kullëjilëk (allative plural)
kullina (essive singular)
kullëjina (essive plural)
kulliksi (singular translative)
kullëjiksi (plural translative)
kullin (instructive singular)
kullëjin (instructive plural)
kullinëk (comitative singular)
kullëjinëk (comitative plural)
kullitta (abessive singular)
kullëjitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kull

Finnish: (dialectal) kulli

⇒ Ingrian: vesikulli, vihmakulli

Karelian:

South Karelian: kulli

Livonian: kuļ

Livvi: kulli

Veps: ⇒ kulling

Votic: kulli


mulkku

mulkku (nominative singular)
mulk'ut (nominative plural)
mulk'un (accusative singular)
mulk'ut (accusative plural)
mulk'un (genitive singular)
mulkkudën (genitive plural)
mulkkuidën (genitive plural)
mulkkuda (partitive singular)
mulkkuida (partitive plural)
mulk'ussa (inessive singular)
mulk'uhna (inessive singular)
mulk'uissa (inessive plural)
mulk'uihna (inessive plural)
mulk'usta (elative singular)
mulk'uista (elative plural)
mulkkuhën (illative singular)
mulkkuihën (illative plural)
mulk'ulla (adessive singular)
mulk'uilla (adessive plural)
mulk'ulta (ablative singular)
mulk'uilta (ablative plural)
mulkkulën (allative singular)
mulkkulëk (allative singular)
mulkkuilën (allative plural)
mulkkuilëk (allative plural)
mulkkuna (essive singular)
mulkkuina (essive plural)
mulk'uksi (singular translative)
mulk'uiksi (plural translative)
mulk'un (instructive singular)
mulk'uin (instructive plural)
mulkkunëk (comitative singular)
mulkkuinëk (comitative plural)
mulk'utta (abessive singular)
mulk'uitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: mulk

Finnish: mulkku

Ingrian: mulkku

Karelian:

North Karelian: mulkku

South Karelian: mulkku

Livonian: mulk

Livvi: mulkku

Võro: mulk

Votic: mulkku


koto

koto (nominative singular)
kodot (nominative plural)
kodon (accusative singular)
kodot (accusative plural)
kodon (genitive singular)
kotodën (genitive plural)
kotoidën (genitive plural)
kotoda (partitive singular)
kotoida (partitive plural)
kodossa (inessive singular)
kodohna (inessive singular)
kodoissa (inessive plural)
kodoihna (inessive plural)
kodosta (elative singular)
kodoista (elative plural)
kotohën (illative singular)
kotoihën (illative plural)
kodolla (adessive singular)
kodoilla (adessive plural)
kodolta (ablative singular)
kodoilta (ablative plural)
kotolën (allative singular)
kotolëk (allative singular)
kotoilën (allative plural)
kotoilëk (allative plural)
kotona (essive singular)
kotoina (essive plural)
kodoksi (singular translative)
kodoiksi (plural translative)
kodon (instructive singular)
kodoin (instructive plural)
kotonëk (comitative singular)
kotoinëk (comitative plural)
kodotta (abessive singular)
kodoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kodu

Finnish: (archaic) koto

Karelian: koto

Livonian: kuo’d

Võro: kodo

Votic: koto


korpi

korpi (nominative singular)
korbët (nominative plural)
korbën (accusative singular)
korbët (accusative plural)
korbën (genitive singular)
korpëdën (genitive plural)
korpidën (genitive plural)
korpëda (partitive singular)
korpida (partitive plural)
korbëssa (inessive singular)
korbëhna (inessive singular)
korbissa (inessive plural)
korbihna (inessive plural)
korbësta (elative singular)
korbista (elative plural)
korpëhën (illative singular)
korpihën (illative plural)
korbëlla (adessive singular)
korbilla (adessive plural)
korbëlta (ablative singular)
korbilta (ablative plural)
korpëlën (allative singular)
korpëlëk (allative singular)
korpilën (allative plural)
korpilëk (allative plural)
korpëna (essive singular)
korpina (essive plural)
korbëksi (singular translative)
korbiksi (plural translative)
korbën (instructive singular)
korbin (instructive plural)
korpënëk (comitative singular)
korpinëk (comitative plural)
korbëtta (abessive singular)
korbitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kõrb

Finnish: korpi

Ingrian: korpi

Karelian: korpi, korbi

Livvi: korbi

Ludian: korb

Veps: korb

Võro: kõrb'

From Proto-Uralic *korpe (“woods, forest”), cognate with Proto-Mansi *kārp and Proto-Mordvinic *kurə.


osa

osa (nominative singular)
osat (nominative plural)
osan (accusative singular)
osat (accusative plural)
osan (genitive singular)
osadën (genitive plural)
osëidën (genitive plural)
osada (partitive singular)
osëida (partitive plural)
osassa (inessive singular)
osahna (inessive singular)
osëissa (inessive plural)
osëihna (inessive plural)
osasta (elative singular)
osëista (elative plural)
osahën (illative singular)
osëihën (illative plural)
osalla (adessive singular)
osëilla (adessive plural)
osalta (ablative singular)
osëilta (ablative plural)
osalën (allative singular)
osalëk (allative singular)
osëilën (allative plural)
osëilëk (allative plural)
osana (essive singular)
osëina (essive plural)
osaksi (singular translative)
osëiksi (plural translative)
osan (instructive singular)
osëin (instructive plural)
osanëk (comitative singular)
osëinëk (comitative plural)
osatta (abessive singular)
osëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: osa

Finnish: osa

Ingrian: osa

Karelian:

North Karelian: oša

South Karelian: oža

Livonian: vȯzā

Livvi: oza

Ludian: oza

Veps: oza

Võro: osa

Votic: õsa

→ Proto-Samic: *oasē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *ońća, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hánćas (“part, portion”); compare Sanskrit अंश (aṃśa).


kangas

kangas (nominative singular)
kankahët (nominative plural)
kankahën (accusative singular)
kankahët (accusative plural)
kankahën (genitive singular)
kangastën (genitive plural)
kankahidën (genitive plural)
kangasta (partitive singular)
kankahita (partitive plural)
kankahëssa (inessive singular)
kankahëhna (inessive singular)
kankahissa (inessive plural)
kankahihna (inessive plural)
kankahësta (elative singular)
kankahista (elative plural)
kankahësën (illative singular)
kankahisën (illative plural)
kankahëlla (adessive singular)
kankahilla (adessive plural)
kankahëlta (ablative singular)
kankahilta (ablative plural)
kankahëlën (allative singular)
kankahëlëk (allative singular)
kankahilën (allative plural)
kankahilëk (allative plural)
kangassa (essive singular)
kankahina (essive plural)
kankahëksi (singular translative)
kankahiksi (plural translative)
kankahën (instructive singular)
kankahin (instructive plural)
kangassëk (comitative singular)
kankahinëk (comitative plural)
kankahëtta (abessive singular)
kankahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kangas

Finnish: kangas

Ingrian: kangas, (Soikkola) kankas

Karelian:

North Karelian: kankas

South Karelian: kangas

Livonian: kāngaz

Livvi: kangas

Ludian: kangaz

Veps: kangaz

Võro: kangas

Votic: kangõz

Likely borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gangaz (compare Danish gang (“forty warp threads”), Middle High German ganc (“warp count (in weaving)”), Middle Low German ganc (“warp count (in weaving)”)) and/or Proto-Germanic *hangaz (“hanging”) (as in "fabric still hanging in the loom").


kangas

desc

⇒ Estonian: kangur (“pile of rocks”), kanger

Finnish: kangas (“kind of dry soil with moraine and podzol; boreal forest”)

Ingrian: kangas (“kind of dry soil with moraine and podzol; boreal forest”), (Soikkola) kankas

Karelian:

North Karelian: kankas (“kind of dry soil with moraine and podzol; boreal forest”)

South Karelian: kangas (“kind of dry soil with moraine and podzol; boreal forest”)

⇒ Livonian: kāngar (“ridge (e.g. Curonian dune ridge)”)

→ Latvian: kangars (“hillcrest, dune crest”)

Livvi: kangas (“kind of dry soil with moraine and podzol; boreal forest”)

Ludian: kangaz (“kind of dry soil with moraine and podzol”)

Veps: kangaz (“dry uneven ground”)

Votic: kangõz (“moor”)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gangaz (“way, passage”).


napa

napa (nominative singular)
nabat (nominative plural)
naban (accusative singular)
nabat (accusative plural)
naban (genitive singular)
napadën (genitive plural)
napoidën (genitive plural)
napada (partitive singular)
napoida (partitive plural)
nabassa (inessive singular)
nabahna (inessive singular)
naboissa (inessive plural)
naboihna (inessive plural)
nabasta (elative singular)
naboista (elative plural)
napahën (illative singular)
napoihën (illative plural)
naballa (adessive singular)
naboilla (adessive plural)
nabalta (ablative singular)
naboilta (ablative plural)
napalën (allative singular)
napalëk (allative singular)
napoilën (allative plural)
napoilëk (allative plural)
napana (essive singular)
napoina (essive plural)
nabaksi (singular translative)
naboiksi (plural translative)
naban (instructive singular)
naboin (instructive plural)
napanëk (comitative singular)
napoinëk (comitative plural)
nabatta (abessive singular)
naboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: naba

Finnish: napa

Ingrian: napa

Karelian: (Northern) n’apa, (Southern) n’aba

Livonian: nabā

Livvi: ńaba

Ludian: ńaba

Veps: ńaba

Võro: naba

Veps: napa

→ Proto-Samic: *nāpē (see there for further descendants)

Either from Proto-Germanic *nabō, or from Baltic (compare Latvian naba); in either case from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nobʰeh₂ (“navel, hub”). EES suggests that loaning from Baltic is more likely in light of some other Finnic body part terms being derived from the same direction (e.g. *hambas, *kakla, *raici).


kansa

kansa (nominative singular)
kansat (nominative plural)
kansan (accusative singular)
kansat (accusative plural)
kansan (genitive singular)
kansadën (genitive plural)
kansoidën (genitive plural)
kansada (partitive singular)
kansoida (partitive plural)
kansassa (inessive singular)
kansahna (inessive singular)
kansoissa (inessive plural)
kansoihna (inessive plural)
kansasta (elative singular)
kansoista (elative plural)
kansahën (illative singular)
kansoihën (illative plural)
kansalla (adessive singular)
kansoilla (adessive plural)
kansalta (ablative singular)
kansoilta (ablative plural)
kansalën (allative singular)
kansalëk (allative singular)
kansoilën (allative plural)
kansoilëk (allative plural)
kansana (essive singular)
kansoina (essive plural)
kansaksi (singular translative)
kansoiksi (plural translative)
kansan (instructive singular)
kansoin (instructive plural)
kansanëk (comitative singular)
kansoinëk (comitative plural)
kansatta (abessive singular)
kansoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaasa, (dialectal) kaas

Finnish: kansa

Ingrian: kansa

→ Votic: kansõ

Livonian: kǭz- (in compound: kǭzgõnd (“wedding”)) (< *kansakunta)

Vidzeme Livonian: kāzen, kāzned

→ Latvian: kāzas (“wedding”)

→ Latvian: kāz (“wedding”) (kursenieki)

→ Latgalian: kuozys (“wedding”)

Karelian:

North Karelian: kansa

South Karelian: kanza

Livvi: kanzu

Veps: kanz

⇒ Votic: kaaz, kaa

Võro: kaasa

→ Proto-Samic: *kāncē

Borrowed from early Proto-Germanic *hansā, later *hansō. Cognate with Proto-Samic *kuossē.


vata

vata (nominative singular)
vadat (nominative plural)
vadan (accusative singular)
vadat (accusative plural)
vadan (genitive singular)
vatadën (genitive plural)
vatoidën (genitive plural)
vatada (partitive singular)
vatoida (partitive plural)
vadassa (inessive singular)
vadahna (inessive singular)
vadoissa (inessive plural)
vadoihna (inessive plural)
vadasta (elative singular)
vadoista (elative plural)
vatahën (illative singular)
vatoihën (illative plural)
vadalla (adessive singular)
vadoilla (adessive plural)
vadalta (ablative singular)
vadoilta (ablative plural)
vatalën (allative singular)
vatalëk (allative singular)
vatoilën (allative plural)
vatoilëk (allative plural)
vatana (essive singular)
vatoina (essive plural)
vadaksi (singular translative)
vadoiksi (plural translative)
vadan (instructive singular)
vadoin (instructive plural)
vatanëk (comitative singular)
vatoinëk (comitative plural)
vadatta (abessive singular)
vadoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) vada

Finnish: vata

Livonian: vadā

Ludian: vada

Veps: vada


jako

jako (nominative singular)
jagot (nominative plural)
jagon (accusative singular)
jagot (accusative plural)
jagon (genitive singular)
jakodën (genitive plural)
jakoidën (genitive plural)
jakoda (partitive singular)
jakoida (partitive plural)
jagossa (inessive singular)
jagohna (inessive singular)
jagoissa (inessive plural)
jagoihna (inessive plural)
jagosta (elative singular)
jagoista (elative plural)
jakohën (illative singular)
jakoihën (illative plural)
jagolla (adessive singular)
jagoilla (adessive plural)
jagolta (ablative singular)
jagoilta (ablative plural)
jakolën (allative singular)
jakolëk (allative singular)
jakoilën (allative plural)
jakoilëk (allative plural)
jakona (essive singular)
jakoina (essive plural)
jagoksi (singular translative)
jagoiksi (plural translative)
jagon (instructive singular)
jagoin (instructive plural)
jakonëk (comitative singular)
jakoinëk (comitative plural)
jagotta (abessive singular)
jagoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: jagu

Finnish: jako

Ingrian: jako

Karelian:

North Karelian: jako

South Karelian: jago

Livonian: ja’g

Livvi: jago

Ludian: d'ago

Veps: jago

Võro: jago

Votic: jako


cora

cora (nominative singular)
corat (nominative plural)
coran (accusative singular)
corat (accusative plural)
coran (genitive singular)
coradën (genitive plural)
corëidën (genitive plural)
corada (partitive singular)
corëida (partitive plural)
corassa (inessive singular)
corahna (inessive singular)
corëissa (inessive plural)
corëihna (inessive plural)
corasta (elative singular)
corëista (elative plural)
corahën (illative singular)
corëihën (illative plural)
coralla (adessive singular)
corëilla (adessive plural)
coralta (ablative singular)
corëilta (ablative plural)
coralën (allative singular)
coralëk (allative singular)
corëilën (allative plural)
corëilëk (allative plural)
corana (essive singular)
corëina (essive plural)
coraksi (singular translative)
corëiksi (plural translative)
coran (instructive singular)
corëin (instructive plural)
coranëk (comitative singular)
corëinëk (comitative plural)
coratta (abessive singular)
corëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) sõra

Finnish: sora

Karelian:

South Karelian: sora

Võro: tsora, sora

Votic: (Pummala) sõra

From Proto-Finno-Permic *ćora (“grain”), borrowed from early Proto-Balto-Slavic *śoros (whence Lithuanian šãras).


api

api (nominative singular)
abit (nominative plural)
abin (accusative singular)
abit (accusative plural)
abin (genitive singular)
apidën (genitive plural)
apëjidën (genitive plural)
apida (partitive singular)
apëjita (partitive plural)
abissa (inessive singular)
abihna (inessive singular)
apëjissa (inessive plural)
apëjihna (inessive plural)
abista (elative singular)
apëjista (elative plural)
apihën (illative singular)
apëjisën (illative plural)
abilla (adessive singular)
apëjilla (adessive plural)
abilta (ablative singular)
apëjilta (ablative plural)
apilën (allative singular)
apilëk (allative singular)
apëjilën (allative plural)
apëjilëk (allative plural)
apina (essive singular)
apëjina (essive plural)
abiksi (singular translative)
apëjiksi (plural translative)
abin (instructive singular)
apëjin (instructive plural)
apinëk (comitative singular)
apëjinëk (comitative plural)
abitta (abessive singular)
apëjitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: abi

Livonian: abb

Võro: abi

Votic: api
→ Ingrian: api

Unknown. Possibly a loan from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hawas (continued by Sanskrit अवस् (avas)) or from Proto-Germanic *awī (continued by 𐌰𐍅𐌹- in Gothic 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (awiliuþ)).


tursas

tursas (nominative singular)
tursahët (nominative plural)
tursahën (accusative singular)
tursahët (accusative plural)
tursahën (genitive singular)
tursastën (genitive plural)
tursahidën (genitive plural)
tursasta (partitive singular)
tursahita (partitive plural)
tursahëssa (inessive singular)
tursahëhna (inessive singular)
tursahissa (inessive plural)
tursahihna (inessive plural)
tursahësta (elative singular)
tursahista (elative plural)
tursahësën (illative singular)
tursahisën (illative plural)
tursahëlla (adessive singular)
tursahilla (adessive plural)
tursahëlta (ablative singular)
tursahilta (ablative plural)
tursahëlën (allative singular)
tursahëlëk (allative singular)
tursahilën (allative plural)
tursahilëk (allative plural)
tursassa (essive singular)
tursahina (essive plural)
tursahëksi (singular translative)
tursahiksi (plural translative)
tursahën (instructive singular)
tursahin (instructive plural)
tursassëk (comitative singular)
tursahinëk (comitative plural)
tursahëtta (abessive singular)
tursahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tursas (in compound: Meretursas)

Finnish: Tursas, ⇒ Iku-Turso

Karelian: (poetic) tursas, turso

Veps: turžaz

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *þurisaz, *þursaz.


mustikka

mustikka (nominative singular)
mustik'at (nominative plural)
mustik'an (accusative singular)
mustik'at (accusative plural)
mustik'an (genitive singular)
mustikkadën (genitive plural)
mustikkoidën (genitive plural)
mustikkata (partitive singular)
mustikkoita (partitive plural)
mustik'assa (inessive singular)
mustik'ahna (inessive singular)
mustik'oissa (inessive plural)
mustik'oihna (inessive plural)
mustik'asta (elative singular)
mustik'oista (elative plural)
mustikkasën (illative singular)
mustikkoisën (illative plural)
mustik'alla (adessive singular)
mustik'oilla (adessive plural)
mustik'alta (ablative singular)
mustik'oilta (ablative plural)
mustikkalën (allative singular)
mustikkalëk (allative singular)
mustikkoilën (allative plural)
mustikkoilëk (allative plural)
mustikkana (essive singular)
mustikkoina (essive plural)
mustik'aksi (singular translative)
mustik'oiksi (plural translative)
mustik'an (instructive singular)
mustik'oin (instructive plural)
mustikkanëk (comitative singular)
mustikkoinëk (comitative plural)
mustik'atta (abessive singular)
mustik'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: mustikka

Ingrian: mussikka

Karelian:

North Karelian: mussikka

South Karelian: mussikka

⇒ Livvi: mustoi

⇒ Ludian: mustoi

Veps: mustik

Võro: mustik

Votic: (Kattila) musikka

Estonian: mustikas

Livonian: muškõz

Võro: must'kas

Votic: musikõz


orja

orja (nominative singular)
orjat (nominative plural)
orjan (accusative singular)
orjat (accusative plural)
orjan (genitive singular)
orjadën (genitive plural)
orjëidën (genitive plural)
orjada (partitive singular)
orjëida (partitive plural)
orjassa (inessive singular)
orjahna (inessive singular)
orjëissa (inessive plural)
orjëihna (inessive plural)
orjasta (elative singular)
orjëista (elative plural)
orjahën (illative singular)
orjëihën (illative plural)
orjalla (adessive singular)
orjëilla (adessive plural)
orjalta (ablative singular)
orjëilta (ablative plural)
orjalën (allative singular)
orjalëk (allative singular)
orjëilën (allative plural)
orjëilëk (allative plural)
orjana (essive singular)
orjëina (essive plural)
orjaksi (singular translative)
orjëiksi (plural translative)
orjan (instructive singular)
orjëin (instructive plural)
orjanëk (comitative singular)
orjëinëk (comitative plural)
orjatta (abessive singular)
orjëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ori

Finnish: orja

Ingrian: orja

Karelian:

North Karelian: orja

South Karelian: orja

desc

Livonian: vȱŗa (“holder for a shingles burnt for lighting”)

Livvi: orja

Veps: orj

Võro: ori

Votic: orjõ

From Proto-Finno-Permic *orja, probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *áryas (“Aryan”); see the Proto-Finno-Permic entry for more. Cognates include Erzya уре (uŕe), Moksha уре (uŕe), possibly Proto-Samic *oarjē (“south”).


laidun

laidun (nominative singular)
laitumët (nominative plural)
laitumën (accusative singular)
laitumët (accusative plural)
laitumën (genitive singular)
laidundën (genitive plural)
laitumidën (genitive plural)
laidunta (partitive singular)
laitumita (partitive plural)
laitumëssa (inessive singular)
laitumëhna (inessive singular)
laitumissa (inessive plural)
laitumihna (inessive plural)
laitumësta (elative singular)
laitumista (elative plural)
laitumësën (illative singular)
laitumisën (illative plural)
laitumëlla (adessive singular)
laitumilla (adessive plural)
laitumëlta (ablative singular)
laitumilta (ablative plural)
laitumëlën (allative singular)
laitumëlëk (allative singular)
laitumilën (allative plural)
laitumilëk (allative plural)
laitumëna (essive singular)
laitumina (essive plural)
laitumëksi (singular translative)
laitumiksi (plural translative)
laitumën (instructive singular)
laitumin (instructive plural)
laitumënëk (comitative singular)
laituminëk (comitative plural)
laitumëtta (abessive singular)
laitumitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: laidun

→ Northern Sami: láiddon

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*laidu), from Proto-Germanic *laidō.


aina

Estonian: aina

Finnish: aina

→ Inari Sami: ain

→ Northern Sami: ain

Ingrian: ain, aina, aine

Karelian:

North Karelian: aina

South Karelian: aina

Votic: ain, ainõ

Karelian:

South Karelian: aino

Ludian: aino

Karelian:

North Karelian: ainoš

South Karelian: ainoš

Livvi: ainos

Ludian: ainos

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Old Prussian ainat (“always”)).


aina

aina (nominative singular)
ainat (nominative plural)
ainan (accusative singular)
ainat (accusative plural)
ainan (genitive singular)
ainadën (genitive plural)
ainoidën (genitive plural)
ainada (partitive singular)
ainoida (partitive plural)
ainassa (inessive singular)
ainahna (inessive singular)
ainoissa (inessive plural)
ainoihna (inessive plural)
ainasta (elative singular)
ainoista (elative plural)
ainahën (illative singular)
ainoihën (illative plural)
ainalla (adessive singular)
ainoilla (adessive plural)
ainalta (ablative singular)
ainoilta (ablative plural)
ainalën (allative singular)
ainalëk (allative singular)
ainoilën (allative plural)
ainoilëk (allative plural)
ainana (essive singular)
ainoina (essive plural)
ainaksi (singular translative)
ainoiksi (plural translative)
ainan (instructive singular)
ainoin (instructive plural)
ainanëk (comitative singular)
ainoinëk (comitative plural)
ainatta (abessive singular)
ainoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ain

Finnish: aina

According to Aikio (2020), from Proto-Finno-Ugric *ajna.

cord, string attaching a fishnet to another