kümmen

kümmen (nominative singular)
kümmenet (nominative plural)
kümmenen (accusative singular)
kümmenet (accusative plural)
kümmenen (genitive singular)
kümmenden (genitive plural)
kümmeniden (genitive plural)
kümmentä (partitive singular)
kümmenitä (partitive plural)
kümmenessä (inessive singular)
kümmenehnä (inessive singular)
kümmenissä (inessive plural)
kümmenihnä (inessive plural)
kümmenestä (elative singular)
kümmenistä (elative plural)
kümmenesen (illative singular)
kümmenisen (illative plural)
kümmenellä (adessive singular)
kümmenillä (adessive plural)
kümmeneltä (ablative singular)
kümmeniltä (ablative plural)
kümmenelen (allative singular)
kümmenelek (allative singular)
kümmenilen (allative plural)
kümmenilek (allative plural)
kümmennä (essive singular)
kümmeninä (essive plural)
kümmeneksi (singular translative)
kümmeniksi (plural translative)
kümmenen (instructive singular)
kümmenin (instructive plural)
kümmennek (comitative singular)
kümmeninek (comitative plural)
kümmenettä (abessive singular)
kümmenittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kümme

desc

Finnish: kymmenen (“ten”, numeral), kymmen (“ten in certain compound words”, noun)

Meänkieli: kymmenen

Kven: kymmenen

Ingrian: kymmen

Karelian:

North Karelian: kymmenen

South Karelian: kymmenen

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: kim

Vidzeme Livonian: ķum

Livvi: kymmene

Ludian: kümmene

Veps: kümne

Võro: kümme

Votic: tšümme

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *küme-ne. Related to Proto-Mordvinic *keməń. Displaced Proto-Uralic *luka.


-dak

Finnish: -da

Ingrian: -a, -vva, -ja, -na, -la, -ra

From Proto-Uralic *-ta- (infinitive marker) + *-k (lative ending). Cognates include Proto-Samic *-tēk.

-täk

forms used after a consonant that blocks consonant gradation


-tudak

-tudak / *-tüdäk (canonical)
-tu- / *-tü- (stem)

Estonian: -tuma/-tuda

Finnish: -tua, -tyä

Karelian: -tuo, -työ

Veps: -duda

Võro: -tuma/-tudaq, -tümä/-tüdäq

Creates verbs with inchoative, passive or middle meanings. It signifies to "become", "be made into" or "be -ed".


jäätüdäk

jäätü- (stem)
jäädün (first-person present singular)
jäädüin (first-person past singular)
jäätügon (first-person optative singular)
jäädüt (present second-person singular)
jäädüit (past second-person singular)
jäädük (imperative second-person singular)
jäätügos (optative second-person singular)
jäätübi (present singular third-person)
jäätü (present singular third-person)
jäätüi (past singular third-person)
jäätügäsen (imperative singular third-person)
jäätügosen (optative singular third-person)
jäädükmek (first-person plural present)
jäädükmäk (first-person plural present)
jäätüimek (first-person past plural)
jäätüimäk (first-person past plural)
jäätügätemek (first-person imperative plural)
jäätügätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
jäätügotemek (first-person optative plural)
jäätügotämäk (first-person optative plural)
jäädüktek (plural present second-person)
jäädüktäk (plural present second-person)
jäätüidek (past plural second-person)
jäätüidäk (past plural second-person)
jäätügäte (imperative plural second-person)
jäätügätä (imperative plural second-person)
jäätügot'ek (optative plural second-person)
jäätügotädäk (optative plural second-person)
jäätübät (plural present third-person)
jäätü (plural present third-person)
jäätüi (past plural third-person)
jäätügäsen (imperative plural third-person)
jäätügosen (optative plural third-person)
jäädüksen (passive present)
jäädüt'äksen (passive present)
jäätüdisen (passive past)
jäädüttisen (passive past)
jäätüdäkähen (imperative passive)
jäädüttäkähen (imperative passive)
jäätüdäkohen (optative passive)
jäädüttäkohen (optative passive)
jäädük (connegative present)
jäätügäk (connegative imperative)
jäätügok (connegative optative)
jäädüktäk (connegative passive present)
jäätüdägäk (connegative imperative passive)
jäädüttägäk (connegative imperative passive)
jäätüdägok (connegative optative passive)
jäädüttägok (connegative optative passive)
jäädükcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
jäätüicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
jäätünen (first-person potential singular)
jäädükcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
jäätüicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
jäätünet (potential second-person singular)
jäädükci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
jäätüici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
jäätüni (potential singular third-person)
jäädükcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
jäädükcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
jäätüicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
jäätüicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
jäätünemek (first-person plural potential)
jäätünemäk (first-person plural potential)
jäädükcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
jäädükcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
jäätüicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
jäätüicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
jäätünedek (plural potential second-person)
jäätünedäk (plural potential second-person)
jäädükci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
jäätüici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
jäätüni (plural potential third-person)
jäätüdäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
jäädüt'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
jäätüdicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
jäädütticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
jäätüdänehen (passive potential)
jäädüttänehen (passive potential)
jäädükcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
jäätüicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
jäätünek (connegative potential)
jäätüdäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
jäädüt'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
jäätüdicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
jäädütticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
jäätüdänek (connegative passive potential)
jäädüttänek (connegative passive potential)
jäätüdäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
jäätübä (active participle present)
jäätüdäpä (participle passive present)
jäädüttäpä (participle passive present)
jäätüde- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
jäätünüt (active participle past)
jäätüdü (participle passive past)
jäädüttü (participle passive past)
jäätümä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
jäätüminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: jäätuma/jäätuda

Finnish: jäätyä

Ingrian: jäättyä

Karelian: jeätyö

Veps: jäduda

Võro: iätümä/iätüdäq, ijätümä/ijätüdäq

Votic: jäättüä


toodak

too- (stem)
toon (first-person present singular)
toin (first-person past singular)
toogon (first-person optative singular)
toot (present second-person singular)
toit (past second-person singular)
took (imperative second-person singular)
toogos (optative second-person singular)
toopi (present singular third-person)
too (present singular third-person)
toi (past singular third-person)
tookahën (imperative singular third-person)
tookohën (optative singular third-person)
tookmëk (first-person plural present)
tookmak (first-person plural present)
toimëk (first-person past plural)
toimak (first-person past plural)
tookadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
tookadamak (first-person imperative plural)
tookodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
tookodamak (first-person optative plural)
tooktëk (plural present second-person)
tooktak (plural present second-person)
toidëk (past plural second-person)
toidak (past plural second-person)
tookadë (imperative plural second-person)
tookada (imperative plural second-person)
toogot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
tookodadak (optative plural second-person)
toobat (plural present third-person)
too (plural present third-person)
toi (past plural third-person)
tookahën (imperative plural third-person)
tookohën (optative plural third-person)
tooksën (passive present)
toot'aksën (passive present)
tootihën (passive past)
toottihën (passive past)
tootagasën (imperative passive)
toottagasën (imperative passive)
tootagosën (optative passive)
toottagosën (optative passive)
took (connegative present)
toogak (connegative imperative)
toogok (connegative optative)
tooktak (connegative passive present)
tootagak (connegative imperative passive)
toottagak (connegative imperative passive)
tootagok (connegative optative passive)
toottagok (connegative optative passive)
tookcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
toicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
toonën (first-person potential singular)
tookcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
toicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
toonët (potential second-person singular)
tookci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
toici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
tooni (potential singular third-person)
tookcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
tookcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
toicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
toicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
toonëmëk (first-person plural potential)
toonëmak (first-person plural potential)
tookcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
tookcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
toicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
toicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
toonëdëk (plural potential second-person)
toonëdak (plural potential second-person)
tookci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
toici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
tooni (plural potential third-person)
toodakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
toot'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
tooticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
tootticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
tootanësën (passive potential)
toottanësën (passive potential)
tookcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
toicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
toonëk (connegative potential)
toodakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
toot'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
tooticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
tootticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
tootanëk (connegative passive potential)
toottanëk (connegative passive potential)
toodak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
toopa (active participle present)
tootaba (participle passive present)
toottaba (participle passive present)
tootë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
toonut (active participle past)
tootu (participle passive past)
toottu (participle passive past)
tooma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
toominen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: tooma/tuua

Finnish: tuoda

Ingrian: toovva

Karelian: tuuvva

Ludian: tuoda

Veps: toda

Võro: tuuma/tuvvaq

Votic: toovvõ

From Proto-Uralic *toxe-. Cognate with Erzya туемс (tujems), Hungarian tojik.


jäädäk

jää- (stem)
jään (first-person present singular)
jäin (first-person past singular)
jäägon (first-person optative singular)
jäät (present second-person singular)
jäit (past second-person singular)
jääk (imperative second-person singular)
jäägos (optative second-person singular)
jääpi (present singular third-person)
jää (present singular third-person)
jäi (past singular third-person)
jääkähen (imperative singular third-person)
jääkohen (optative singular third-person)
jääkmek (first-person plural present)
jääkmäk (first-person plural present)
jäimek (first-person past plural)
jäimäk (first-person past plural)
jääkädemek (first-person imperative plural)
jääkädämäk (first-person imperative plural)
jääkodemek (first-person optative plural)
jääkodämäk (first-person optative plural)
jääktek (plural present second-person)
jääktäk (plural present second-person)
jäidek (past plural second-person)
jäidäk (past plural second-person)
jääkäde (imperative plural second-person)
jääkädä (imperative plural second-person)
jäägot'ek (optative plural second-person)
jääkodädäk (optative plural second-person)
jääbät (plural present third-person)
jää (plural present third-person)
jäi (past plural third-person)
jääkähen (imperative plural third-person)
jääkohen (optative plural third-person)
jääksen (passive present)
jäät'äksen (passive present)
jäätihen (passive past)
jäättihen (passive past)
jäätägäsen (imperative passive)
jäättägäsen (imperative passive)
jäätägosen (optative passive)
jäättägosen (optative passive)
jääk (connegative present)
jäägäk (connegative imperative)
jäägok (connegative optative)
jääktäk (connegative passive present)
jäätägäk (connegative imperative passive)
jäättägäk (connegative imperative passive)
jäätägok (connegative optative passive)
jäättägok (connegative optative passive)
jääkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
jäicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
jäänen (first-person potential singular)
jääkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
jäicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
jäänet (potential second-person singular)
jääkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
jäici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
jääni (potential singular third-person)
jääkcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
jääkcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
jäicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
jäicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
jäänemek (first-person plural potential)
jäänemäk (first-person plural potential)
jääkcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
jääkcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
jäicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
jäicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
jäänedek (plural potential second-person)
jäänedäk (plural potential second-person)
jääkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
jäici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
jääni (plural potential third-person)
jäädäkcisen (conditional conditional-i passive)
jäät'äkcisen (conditional conditional-i passive)
jääticisen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
jäätticisen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
jäätänesen (passive potential)
jäättänesen (passive potential)
jääkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
jäicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
jäänek (connegative potential)
jäädäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
jäät'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
jääticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
jäätticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
jäätänek (connegative passive potential)
jäättänek (connegative passive potential)
jäädäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
jääpä (active participle present)
jäätäbä (participle passive present)
jäättäbä (participle passive present)
jääte- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
jäänüt (active participle past)
jäätü (participle passive past)
jäättü (participle passive past)
jäämä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
jääminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: jääma/jääda

Finnish: jäädä

Ingrian: jäävvä

Karelian: jeähä

Livonian: īedõ, (Salaca) ied

Livvi: jiähä

Veps: jäda

Võro: jäämä/jäiäq

Votic: jäävve

Unknown. Rejected comparisons with Hungarian jön (implying inheritance) and Sanskrit जहाति (jahāti) (implying borrowing from Indo-Iranian), both on phonological and semantic grounds. The derivative *jättädäk (*jättä- < ? *jäCV-Ctä-) exhibiting a short initial vowel (instead of *jäättädäk) may imply that the word is at least from the Middle Proto-Finnic stage.


-ttadak

head

*-ttadak / *-ttädäk (stem *-tta- / *-ttä-)

-ttadak / *-ttädäk (canonical)
-tta- / *-ttä- (stem)
-t'an (first-person present singular)
-t'oin (first-person past singular)
-ttagon (first-person optative singular)
-t'at (present second-person singular)
-t'oit (past second-person singular)
-t'ak (imperative second-person singular)
-ttagos (optative second-person singular)
-ttapi (present singular third-person)
-tta (present singular third-person)
-ttoi (past singular third-person)
-ttakahën (imperative singular third-person)
-ttakohën (optative singular third-person)
-t'akmëk (first-person plural present)
-t'akmak (first-person plural present)
-ttoimëk (first-person past plural)
-ttoimak (first-person past plural)
-ttakadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-ttakadamak (first-person imperative plural)
-ttakodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-ttakodamak (first-person optative plural)
-t'aktëk (plural present second-person)
-t'aktak (plural present second-person)
-ttoidëk (past plural second-person)
-ttoidak (past plural second-person)
-ttakadë (imperative plural second-person)
-ttakada (imperative plural second-person)
-ttagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-ttakodadak (optative plural second-person)
-ttabat (plural present third-person)
-tta (plural present third-person)
-ttoi (past plural third-person)
-ttakahën (imperative plural third-person)
-ttakohën (optative plural third-person)
-t'aksën (passive present)
-t'at'aksën (passive present)
-ttatihën (passive past)
-t'attihën (passive past)
-ttatagasën (imperative passive)
-t'attagasën (imperative passive)
-ttatagosën (optative passive)
-t'attagosën (optative passive)
-t'ak (connegative present)
-ttagak (connegative imperative)
-ttagok (connegative optative)
-t'aktak (connegative passive present)
-ttatagak (connegative imperative passive)
-t'attagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ttatagok (connegative optative passive)
-t'attagok (connegative optative passive)
-t'akcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-ttoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-ttanën (first-person potential singular)
-t'akcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-ttoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-ttanët (potential second-person singular)
-t'akci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-ttoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-ttani (potential singular third-person)
-t'akcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-t'akcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-ttoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-ttoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-ttanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-ttanëmak (first-person plural potential)
-t'akcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-t'akcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-ttoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-ttoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-ttanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-ttanëdak (plural potential second-person)
-t'akci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-ttoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-ttani (plural potential third-person)
-ttadakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-t'at'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-ttaticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-t'atticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ttatanësën (passive potential)
-t'attanësën (passive potential)
-t'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-ttoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-ttanëk (connegative potential)
-ttadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-t'at'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-ttaticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-t'atticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ttatanëk (connegative passive potential)
-t'attanëk (connegative passive potential)
-ttadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-ttapa (active participle present)
-ttataba (participle passive present)
-t'attaba (participle passive present)
-ttatë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-ttanut (active participle past)
-ttatu (participle passive past)
-t'attu (participle passive past)
-ttama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-ttaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Finnish: -ttaa

Ingrian: -ttaa

Karelian: -ttoa

Votic: -tta

Estonian: -tama/-tada

Livonian: -tõ

Veps: -tada

Võro: -tama/-taq

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-kta- and Proto-Uralic *-pta-. Compare -вто- (-vto-) in Erzya куловтомс (kulovtoms, “to kill”) (the causative verb from куломс (kuloms, “to die”)).

Creates causative verbs from regular verbs, meaning "to cause to (verb)".


käüdäk

käü- (stem)
käün (first-person present singular)
kävin (first-person past singular)
käügon (first-person optative singular)
käüt (present second-person singular)
kävit (past second-person singular)
käük (imperative second-person singular)
käügos (optative second-person singular)
käüpi (present singular third-person)
käü (present singular third-person)
kävi (past singular third-person)
käükähen (imperative singular third-person)
käükohen (optative singular third-person)
käükmek (first-person plural present)
käükmäk (first-person plural present)
kävimek (first-person past plural)
kävimäk (first-person past plural)
käükädemek (first-person imperative plural)
käükädämäk (first-person imperative plural)
käükodemek (first-person optative plural)
käükodämäk (first-person optative plural)
käüktek (plural present second-person)
käüktäk (plural present second-person)
kävidek (past plural second-person)
kävidäk (past plural second-person)
käükäde (imperative plural second-person)
käükädä (imperative plural second-person)
käügot'ek (optative plural second-person)
käükodädäk (optative plural second-person)
käübät (plural present third-person)
käü (plural present third-person)
kävi (past plural third-person)
käükähen (imperative plural third-person)
käükohen (optative plural third-person)
käüksen (passive present)
käüt'äksen (passive present)
käütihen (passive past)
käüttihen (passive past)
käütägäsen (imperative passive)
käüttägäsen (imperative passive)
käütägosen (optative passive)
käüttägosen (optative passive)
käük (connegative present)
käügäk (connegative imperative)
käügok (connegative optative)
käüktäk (connegative passive present)
käütägäk (connegative imperative passive)
käüttägäk (connegative imperative passive)
käütägok (connegative optative passive)
käüttägok (connegative optative passive)
käükcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
kävicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
käünen (first-person potential singular)
käükcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
kävicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
käünet (potential second-person singular)
käükci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
kävici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
käüni (potential singular third-person)
käükcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
käükcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kävicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kävicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
käünemek (first-person plural potential)
käünemäk (first-person plural potential)
käükcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
käükcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kävicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kävicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
käünedek (plural potential second-person)
käünedäk (plural potential second-person)
käükci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
kävici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
käüni (plural potential third-person)
käüdäkcisen (conditional conditional-i passive)
käüt'äkcisen (conditional conditional-i passive)
käüticisen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
käütticisen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
käütänesen (passive potential)
käüttänesen (passive potential)
käükcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
kävicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
käünek (connegative potential)
käüdäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
käüt'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
käüticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
käütticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
käütänek (connegative passive potential)
käüttänek (connegative passive potential)
käüdäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
käüpä (active participle present)
käütäbä (participle passive present)
käüttäbä (participle passive present)
käüte- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
käünüt (active participle past)
käütü (participle passive past)
käüttü (participle passive past)
käümä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
käüminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: käima/käia

Finnish: käydä

Ingrian: käyvvä

Karelian:

North Karelian: käyvvä

South Karelian: käyvvä

Livonian: kǟ’dõ

Livvi: kävvä

Ludian: kävüda

Veps: kävuda

Võro: käümä/kävvüq

Votic: tšäüvve

→ Northern Sami: geavvat

→ Lule Sami: gevvat

→ Inari Sami: keevvâđ

→ Skolt Sami: ǩiâvvâd

From earlier *käwe-, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *skēwijaną (“to go, walk”).
The alternative theory that the word is cognate with Eastern Mari [script needed] (kaje-), [script needed] (keje-, “to go (away)”), from Proto-Uralic *käwe-, and more distantly with Proto-Yukaghir *kewe (“to go”), has to be rejected: the vowel correspondences are irregular, and the Mari word is likely rather a Turkic borrowing (from Chuvash кай (kaj), from Proto-Turkic *kē(y)t-).


südän

südän (nominative singular)
südämet (nominative plural)
südämen (accusative singular)
südämet (accusative plural)
südämen (genitive singular)
südänden (genitive plural)
südämiden (genitive plural)
südäntä (partitive singular)
südämitä (partitive plural)
südämessä (inessive singular)
südämehnä (inessive singular)
südämissä (inessive plural)
südämihnä (inessive plural)
südämestä (elative singular)
südämistä (elative plural)
südämesen (illative singular)
südämisen (illative plural)
südämellä (adessive singular)
südämillä (adessive plural)
südämeltä (ablative singular)
südämiltä (ablative plural)
südämelen (allative singular)
südämelek (allative singular)
südämilen (allative plural)
südämilek (allative plural)
südämenä (essive singular)
südäminä (essive plural)
südämeksi (singular translative)
südämiksi (plural translative)
südämen (instructive singular)
südämin (instructive plural)
südämenek (comitative singular)
südäminek (comitative plural)
südämettä (abessive singular)
südämittä (abessive plural)
südän (nominative singular)
sütämet (nominative plural)
sütämen (accusative singular)
sütämet (accusative plural)
sütämen (genitive singular)
südänden (genitive plural)
sütämiden (genitive plural)
südäntä (partitive singular)
sütämitä (partitive plural)
sütämessä (inessive singular)
sütämehnä (inessive singular)
sütämissä (inessive plural)
sütämihnä (inessive plural)
sütämestä (elative singular)
sütämistä (elative plural)
sütämesen (illative singular)
sütämisen (illative plural)
sütämellä (adessive singular)
sütämillä (adessive plural)
sütämeltä (ablative singular)
sütämiltä (ablative plural)
sütämelen (allative singular)
sütämelek (allative singular)
sütämilen (allative plural)
sütämilek (allative plural)
sütämenä (essive singular)
sütäminä (essive plural)
sütämeksi (singular translative)
sütämiksi (plural translative)
sütämen (instructive singular)
sütämin (instructive plural)
sütämenek (comitative singular)
sütäminek (comitative plural)
sütämettä (abessive singular)
sütämittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: süda

Finnish: sydän

Ingrian: syän

Karelian: seän, syväin

Livonian: sidām

Ludian: südäm

Veps: südäin

Võro: süä

Votic: süä


käci

käci (nominative singular)
kädet (nominative plural)
käden (accusative singular)
kädet (accusative plural)
käden (genitive singular)
kät'en (genitive plural)
käciden (genitive plural)
kättä (partitive singular)
käcidä (partitive plural)
kädessä (inessive singular)
kädehnä (inessive singular)
käcissä (inessive plural)
käcihnä (inessive plural)
kädestä (elative singular)
käcistä (elative plural)
kätehen (illative singular)
käcihen (illative plural)
kädellä (adessive singular)
käcillä (adessive plural)
kädeltä (ablative singular)
käciltä (ablative plural)
kätelen (allative singular)
kätelek (allative singular)
käcilen (allative plural)
käcilek (allative plural)
kännä (essive singular)
käcinä (essive plural)
kädeksi (singular translative)
käciksi (plural translative)
käden (instructive singular)
käcin (instructive plural)
kännek (comitative singular)
käcinek (comitative plural)
kädettä (abessive singular)
käcittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: käsi

Finnish: käsi

Ingrian: käsi

Karelian: käsi, käzi

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: ke’ž

Vidzeme Livonian: ķes, ķēs

Veps: käzi

Võro: käsi

Votic: tšäsi


mooto

mooto (nominative singular)
moodot (nominative plural)
moodon (accusative singular)
moodot (accusative plural)
moodon (genitive singular)
mootodën (genitive plural)
mootoidën (genitive plural)
mootoda (partitive singular)
mootoida (partitive plural)
moodossa (inessive singular)
moodohna (inessive singular)
moodoissa (inessive plural)
moodoihna (inessive plural)
moodosta (elative singular)
moodoista (elative plural)
mootohën (illative singular)
mootoihën (illative plural)
moodolla (adessive singular)
moodoilla (adessive plural)
moodolta (ablative singular)
moodoilta (ablative plural)
mootolën (allative singular)
mootolëk (allative singular)
mootoilën (allative plural)
mootoilëk (allative plural)
mootona (essive singular)
mootoina (essive plural)
moodoksi (singular translative)
moodoiksi (plural translative)
moodon (instructive singular)
moodoin (instructive plural)
mootonëk (comitative singular)
mootoinëk (comitative plural)
moodotta (abessive singular)
moodoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (archaic, dialectal) mood

Finnish: muoto

Ingrian: mooto

Karelian:

North Karelian: muoto

South Karelian: muodo

Livvi: muodo

Veps: mod

Võro: muud

→ Proto-Samic: *muotō (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *mōta, whence Old Norse mót (“appearance, mark, manner”) and Old Swedish mōt (“mold, cast, mark, appearance”).


-lainën

-lainën / *-läinen (canonical)
-lainën (nominative singular)
-laicët (nominative plural)
-laicën (accusative singular)
-laicët (accusative plural)
-laicën (genitive singular)
-laictën (genitive plural)
-laicidën (genitive plural)
-laicta (partitive singular)
-laicida (partitive plural)
-laicëssa (inessive singular)
-laicëhna (inessive singular)
-laicissa (inessive plural)
-laicihna (inessive plural)
-laicësta (elative singular)
-laicista (elative plural)
-laicëhën (illative singular)
-laicihën (illative plural)
-laicëlla (adessive singular)
-laicilla (adessive plural)
-laicëlta (ablative singular)
-laicilta (ablative plural)
-laicëlën (allative singular)
-laicëlëk (allative singular)
-laicilën (allative plural)
-laicilëk (allative plural)
-lainna (essive singular)
-laicina (essive plural)
-laicëksi (singular translative)
-laiciksi (plural translative)
-laicën (instructive singular)
-laicin (instructive plural)
-lainnëk (comitative singular)
-laicinëk (comitative plural)
-laicëtta (abessive singular)
-laicitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -lane

Finnish: -lainen

Ingrian: -lain

Karelian: -laine

Veps: -laine

Võro: -lanõ

Votic: -lain

Forms nouns referring to the inhabitant of a place.


pëlto

pëlto (nominative singular)
pëldot (nominative plural)
pëldon (accusative singular)
pëldot (accusative plural)
pëldon (genitive singular)
pëltodën (genitive plural)
pëltoidën (genitive plural)
pëltoda (partitive singular)
pëltoida (partitive plural)
pëldossa (inessive singular)
pëldohna (inessive singular)
pëldoissa (inessive plural)
pëldoihna (inessive plural)
pëldosta (elative singular)
pëldoista (elative plural)
pëltohën (illative singular)
pëltoihën (illative plural)
pëldolla (adessive singular)
pëldoilla (adessive plural)
pëldolta (ablative singular)
pëldoilta (ablative plural)
pëltolën (allative singular)
pëltolëk (allative singular)
pëltoilën (allative plural)
pëltoilëk (allative plural)
pëltona (essive singular)
pëltoina (essive plural)
pëldoksi (singular translative)
pëldoiksi (plural translative)
pëldon (instructive singular)
pëldoin (instructive plural)
pëltonëk (comitative singular)
pëltoinëk (comitative plural)
pëldotta (abessive singular)
pëldoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: põld

Finnish: pelto

Ingrian: pelto

Karelian:

North Karelian: pelto

South Karelian: peldo

Livvi: peldo

Ludian: peld

Veps: pöud

Võro: põld

Votic: põlto

→ Proto-Samic: *pealtō (see there for further descendants)


hopëda

From earlier *šopëta (“soft”); cognate with Proto-Samic *suopētē. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *samftijaz (“soft”) and nativized with the suffix + *-ëda. The sense "silver" derives from the fact that silver is softer than copper, which was the first main metal known by (early) Finnic speakers.


hopëda

hopëda (nominative singular)
hopëdat (nominative plural)
hopëdan (accusative singular)
hopëdat (accusative plural)
hopëdan (genitive singular)
hopëdadën (genitive plural)
hopëdëidën (genitive plural)
hopëdata (partitive singular)
hopëdëita (partitive plural)
hopëdassa (inessive singular)
hopëdahna (inessive singular)
hopëdëissa (inessive plural)
hopëdëihna (inessive plural)
hopëdasta (elative singular)
hopëdëista (elative plural)
hopëdasën (illative singular)
hopëdëisën (illative plural)
hopëdalla (adessive singular)
hopëdëilla (adessive plural)
hopëdalta (ablative singular)
hopëdëilta (ablative plural)
hopëdalën (allative singular)
hopëdalëk (allative singular)
hopëdëilën (allative plural)
hopëdëilëk (allative plural)
hopëdana (essive singular)
hopëdëina (essive plural)
hopëdaksi (singular translative)
hopëdëiksi (plural translative)
hopëdan (instructive singular)
hopëdëin (instructive plural)
hopëdanëk (comitative singular)
hopëdëinëk (comitative plural)
hopëdatta (abessive singular)
hopëdëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hõbe

Finnish: hopea

Ingrian: hoppia

Karelian:

North Karelian: hopie

South Karelian: hobie

Livonian: õ’bdõ

Livvi: hobju

Ludian: hobed

Veps: hobed

Võro: hõpõ

Votic: õppa


murëh

murëh (nominative singular)
murëhët (nominative plural)
murëhën (accusative singular)
murëhët (accusative plural)
murëhën (genitive singular)
murëhtën (genitive plural)
murëhidën (genitive plural)
murëhta (partitive singular)
murëhita (partitive plural)
murëhëssa (inessive singular)
murëhëhna (inessive singular)
murëhissa (inessive plural)
murëhihna (inessive plural)
murëhësta (elative singular)
murëhista (elative plural)
murëhësën (illative singular)
murëhisën (illative plural)
murëhëlla (adessive singular)
murëhilla (adessive plural)
murëhëlta (ablative singular)
murëhilta (ablative plural)
murëhëlën (allative singular)
murëhëlëk (allative singular)
murëhilën (allative plural)
murëhilëk (allative plural)
murëhëna (essive singular)
murëhina (essive plural)
murëhëksi (singular translative)
murëhiksi (plural translative)
murëhën (instructive singular)
murëhin (instructive plural)
murëhënëk (comitative singular)
murëhinëk (comitative plural)
murëhëtta (abessive singular)
murëhitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: mure

Finnish: murhe

Ingrian: murhe

→ Votic: murhõ, murõ

Karelian: mureh

Livonian: mur

Võro: murõh, murõq

Possibly from the onomatopoeic *murist'ak (with + *-ëh), or a loanword from Proto-Germanic *muriz. Related to Northern Sami moraš.


sooni

sooni (nominative singular)
soonët (nominative plural)
soonën (accusative singular)
soonët (accusative plural)
soonën (genitive singular)
soondën (genitive plural)
soonidën (genitive plural)
soonta (partitive singular)
soonida (partitive plural)
soonëssa (inessive singular)
soonëhna (inessive singular)
soonissa (inessive plural)
soonihna (inessive plural)
soonësta (elative singular)
soonista (elative plural)
soonëhën (illative singular)
soonihën (illative plural)
soonëlla (adessive singular)
soonilla (adessive plural)
soonëlta (ablative singular)
soonilta (ablative plural)
soonëlën (allative singular)
soonëlëk (allative singular)
soonilën (allative plural)
soonilëk (allative plural)
soonna (essive singular)
soonina (essive plural)
soonëksi (singular translative)
sooniksi (plural translative)
soonën (instructive singular)
soonin (instructive plural)
soonnëk (comitative singular)
sooninëk (comitative plural)
soonëtta (abessive singular)
soonitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: soon

Finnish: suoni

Ingrian: sooni

Karelian: suoni

Livonian: sūoņ

Livvi: suoni

Ludian: suon'

Veps: son'

Võro: suun'

Votic: sooni


kakra

kakra (nominative singular)
kakrat (nominative plural)
kakran (accusative singular)
kakrat (accusative plural)
kakran (genitive singular)
kakradën (genitive plural)
kakroidën (genitive plural)
kakrada (partitive singular)
kakroida (partitive plural)
kakrassa (inessive singular)
kakrahna (inessive singular)
kakroissa (inessive plural)
kakroihna (inessive plural)
kakrasta (elative singular)
kakroista (elative plural)
kakrahën (illative singular)
kakroihën (illative plural)
kakralla (adessive singular)
kakroilla (adessive plural)
kakralta (ablative singular)
kakroilta (ablative plural)
kakralën (allative singular)
kakralëk (allative singular)
kakroilën (allative plural)
kakroilëk (allative plural)
kakrana (essive singular)
kakroina (essive plural)
kakraksi (singular translative)
kakroiksi (plural translative)
kakran (instructive singular)
kakroin (instructive plural)
kakranëk (comitative singular)
kakroinëk (comitative plural)
kakratta (abessive singular)
kakroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaer

desc

Finnish: kaura, (dialectal) kakra, kaora

Ingrian: kagra

Karelian:

North Karelian: kakra

South Karelian: kagra

Livonian: ka’ggõrz

Livvi: kagru

Ludian: kagr

Veps: kagr

Võro: kaar

Votic: kagrõ

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hagrō (whence Old Gutnish hagri (“oat”) and dialectal Swedish hagre, hagra (“oat”)).


veeri

veeri (nominative singular)
veeret (nominative plural)
veeren (accusative singular)
veeret (accusative plural)
veeren (genitive singular)
veerden (genitive plural)
veeriden (genitive plural)
veertä (partitive singular)
veeridä (partitive plural)
veeressä (inessive singular)
veerehnä (inessive singular)
veerissä (inessive plural)
veerihnä (inessive plural)
veerestä (elative singular)
veeristä (elative plural)
veerehen (illative singular)
veerihen (illative plural)
veerellä (adessive singular)
veerillä (adessive plural)
veereltä (ablative singular)
veeriltä (ablative plural)
veerelen (allative singular)
veerelek (allative singular)
veerilen (allative plural)
veerilek (allative plural)
veernä (essive singular)
veerinä (essive plural)
veereksi (singular translative)
veeriksi (plural translative)
veeren (instructive singular)
veerin (instructive plural)
veernek (comitative singular)
veerinek (comitative plural)
veerettä (abessive singular)
veerittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: veer

Finnish: vieri

Karelian: vieri

Ludian: vier

Veps: ver'

Võro: viir'

Votic: (Kattila) veeri


ahvën

ahvën (nominative singular)
ahvënët (nominative plural)
ahvënën (accusative singular)
ahvënët (accusative plural)
ahvënën (genitive singular)
ahvëndën (genitive plural)
ahvënidën (genitive plural)
ahvënta (partitive singular)
ahvënita (partitive plural)
ahvënëssa (inessive singular)
ahvënëhna (inessive singular)
ahvënissa (inessive plural)
ahvënihna (inessive plural)
ahvënësta (elative singular)
ahvënista (elative plural)
ahvënësën (illative singular)
ahvënisën (illative plural)
ahvënëlla (adessive singular)
ahvënilla (adessive plural)
ahvënëlta (ablative singular)
ahvënilta (ablative plural)
ahvënëlën (allative singular)
ahvënëlëk (allative singular)
ahvënilën (allative plural)
ahvënilëk (allative plural)
ahvënna (essive singular)
ahvënina (essive plural)
ahvënëksi (singular translative)
ahvëniksi (plural translative)
ahvënën (instructive singular)
ahvënin (instructive plural)
ahvënnëk (comitative singular)
ahvëninëk (comitative plural)
ahvënëtta (abessive singular)
ahvënitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ahven

Finnish: ahven

Ingrian: ahven

Karelian:

North Karelian: ahven

South Karelian: ahven

Livonian: o’unõz

Livvi: ahven

Ludian: ahveń

Veps: ahven

Võro: ahhun'

Votic: ahvõn, ahvõkko, ahvokko

Unknown, but cognate with Proto-Samic *vuosŋōn, suggesting earlier *ašŋene. Possibly from a substrate.


icä

icä (nominative singular)
icät (nominative plural)
icän (accusative singular)
icät (accusative plural)
icän (genitive singular)
icäden (genitive plural)
iceiden (genitive plural)
icädä (partitive singular)
iceidä (partitive plural)
icässä (inessive singular)
icähnä (inessive singular)
iceissä (inessive plural)
iceihnä (inessive plural)
icästä (elative singular)
iceistä (elative plural)
icähen (illative singular)
iceihen (illative plural)
icällä (adessive singular)
iceillä (adessive plural)
icältä (ablative singular)
iceiltä (ablative plural)
icälen (allative singular)
icälek (allative singular)
iceilen (allative plural)
iceilek (allative plural)
icänä (essive singular)
iceinä (essive plural)
icäksi (singular translative)
iceiksi (plural translative)
icän (instructive singular)
icein (instructive plural)
icänek (comitative singular)
iceinek (comitative plural)
icättä (abessive singular)
iceittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: isa

Finnish: isä

Ingrian: isä

Karelian:

South Karelian: izä, (dialectal) ižä

Livonian: izā (Kurzeme), iza (Vidzeme)

Livvi: izä, ižä

Võro: esä, ezä (Lutsi), jeza (Leivu), jezä (Kraasna)

Votic: isä

Krevinian: ise


nakris

nakris (nominative singular)
nakrihët (nominative plural)
nakrihën (accusative singular)
nakrihët (accusative plural)
nakrihën (genitive singular)
nakristën (genitive plural)
nakrihidën (genitive plural)
nakrista (partitive singular)
nakrihita (partitive plural)
nakrihëssa (inessive singular)
nakrihëhna (inessive singular)
nakrihissa (inessive plural)
nakrihihna (inessive plural)
nakrihësta (elative singular)
nakrihista (elative plural)
nakrihësën (illative singular)
nakrihisën (illative plural)
nakrihëlla (adessive singular)
nakrihilla (adessive plural)
nakrihëlta (ablative singular)
nakrihilta (ablative plural)
nakrihëlën (allative singular)
nakrihëlëk (allative singular)
nakrihilën (allative plural)
nakrihilëk (allative plural)
nakrissa (essive singular)
nakrihina (essive plural)
nakrihëksi (singular translative)
nakrihiksi (plural translative)
nakrihën (instructive singular)
nakrihin (instructive plural)
nakrissëk (comitative singular)
nakrihinëk (comitative plural)
nakrihëtta (abessive singular)
nakrihitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: naeris

Finnish: nauris

→ Ume Sami: naura

→ Lule Sami: návraj

→ Northern Sami: návrraš

→ Inari Sami: naavrâs

→ Skolt Sami: naaurâs

→ Kildin Sami: ноаврас (nåvras)

Ingrian: nagris, nagres

Karelian:

North Karelian: nakris

South Karelian: nagris

Livonian: na'ggõrz (“potato”)

Livvi: nagriš

Ludian: nagriž

Veps: nagriž

Võro: naaris, nakri, nakõr'

Votic: nagriz

Possibly akin to Western Mansi [script needed] (nē̮r, “pine nut”), Northern Khanty нахәр (nahər, “pine nut”) (suggesting a root *nëkrɜ), but this is uncertain due to the semantic difference, and the atypical sound structure: most Finnic words with consonant clusters such as *-kr-, *-kl-, *-pr-, *-tr- are loanwords (cf. e.g. *atra, *nëkla, *sëpra, *takla).


hambas

hambas (nominative singular)
hampahët (nominative plural)
hampahën (accusative singular)
hampahët (accusative plural)
hampahën (genitive singular)
hambastën (genitive plural)
hampahidën (genitive plural)
hambasta (partitive singular)
hampahita (partitive plural)
hampahëssa (inessive singular)
hampahëhna (inessive singular)
hampahissa (inessive plural)
hampahihna (inessive plural)
hampahësta (elative singular)
hampahista (elative plural)
hampahësën (illative singular)
hampahisën (illative plural)
hampahëlla (adessive singular)
hampahilla (adessive plural)
hampahëlta (ablative singular)
hampahilta (ablative plural)
hampahëlën (allative singular)
hampahëlëk (allative singular)
hampahilën (allative plural)
hampahilëk (allative plural)
hambassa (essive singular)
hampahina (essive plural)
hampahëksi (singular translative)
hampahiksi (plural translative)
hampahën (instructive singular)
hampahin (instructive plural)
hambassëk (comitative singular)
hampahinëk (comitative plural)
hampahëtta (abessive singular)
hampahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hammas

Finnish: hammas

Ingrian: hammas

Karelian: hammaš

Livonian: āmbaz

Veps: hambaz

Võro: hammas

Votic: ammõz

From earlier *šampas, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źámbas (compare Lithuanian žam̃bas), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos. Replaced Proto-Uralic *piŋe as an anatomical term (but compare *pii).


astudak

astu- (stem)
astun (first-person present singular)
astuin (first-person past singular)
astugon (first-person optative singular)
astut (present second-person singular)
astuit (past second-person singular)
astuk (imperative second-person singular)
astugos (optative second-person singular)
astubi (present singular third-person)
astu (present singular third-person)
astui (past singular third-person)
astugasën (imperative singular third-person)
astugosën (optative singular third-person)
astukmëk (first-person plural present)
astukmak (first-person plural present)
astuimëk (first-person past plural)
astuimak (first-person past plural)
astugatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
astugatamak (first-person imperative plural)
astugotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
astugotamak (first-person optative plural)
astuktëk (plural present second-person)
astuktak (plural present second-person)
astuidëk (past plural second-person)
astuidak (past plural second-person)
astugatë (imperative plural second-person)
astugata (imperative plural second-person)
astugot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
astugotadak (optative plural second-person)
astubat (plural present third-person)
astu (plural present third-person)
astui (past plural third-person)
astugasën (imperative plural third-person)
astugosën (optative plural third-person)
astuksën (passive present)
astut'aksën (passive present)
astudisën (passive past)
astuttisën (passive past)
astudakahën (imperative passive)
astuttakahën (imperative passive)
astudakohën (optative passive)
astuttakohën (optative passive)
astuk (connegative present)
astugak (connegative imperative)
astugok (connegative optative)
astuktak (connegative passive present)
astudagak (connegative imperative passive)
astuttagak (connegative imperative passive)
astudagok (connegative optative passive)
astuttagok (connegative optative passive)
astukcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
astuicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
astunën (first-person potential singular)
astukcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
astuicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
astunët (potential second-person singular)
astukci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
astuici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
astuni (potential singular third-person)
astukcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
astukcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
astuicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
astuicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
astunëmëk (first-person plural potential)
astunëmak (first-person plural potential)
astukcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
astukcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
astuicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
astuicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
astunëdëk (plural potential second-person)
astunëdak (plural potential second-person)
astukci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
astuici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
astuni (plural potential third-person)
astudakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
astut'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
astudicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
astutticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
astudanëhën (passive potential)
astuttanëhën (passive potential)
astukcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
astuicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
astunëk (connegative potential)
astudakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
astut'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
astudicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
astutticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
astudanëk (connegative passive potential)
astuttanëk (connegative passive potential)
astudak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
astuba (active participle present)
astudapa (participle passive present)
astuttapa (participle passive present)
astudë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
astunut (active participle past)
astudu (participle passive past)
astuttu (participle passive past)
astuma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
astuminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: astuma/astuda

Finnish: astua

Ingrian: astua

Karelian:

North Karelian: aštuo

South Karelian: aštuo

Livonian: ast

Livvi: astuo

Ludian: astuda

Veps: astta

Võro: astma/astuq

Votic: assua


nakradak

nakra- (stem)
nakran (first-person present singular)
nakroin (first-person past singular)
nakragon (first-person optative singular)
nakrat (present second-person singular)
nakroit (past second-person singular)
nakrak (imperative second-person singular)
nakragos (optative second-person singular)
nakrabi (present singular third-person)
nakra (present singular third-person)
nakroi (past singular third-person)
nakragasën (imperative singular third-person)
nakragosën (optative singular third-person)
nakrakmëk (first-person plural present)
nakrakmak (first-person plural present)
nakroimëk (first-person past plural)
nakroimak (first-person past plural)
nakragatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
nakragatamak (first-person imperative plural)
nakragotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
nakragotamak (first-person optative plural)
nakraktëk (plural present second-person)
nakraktak (plural present second-person)
nakroidëk (past plural second-person)
nakroidak (past plural second-person)
nakragatë (imperative plural second-person)
nakragata (imperative plural second-person)
nakragot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
nakragotadak (optative plural second-person)
nakrabat (plural present third-person)
nakra (plural present third-person)
nakroi (past plural third-person)
nakragasën (imperative plural third-person)
nakragosën (optative plural third-person)
nakraksën (passive present)
nakrat'aksën (passive present)
nakradisën (passive past)
nakrattisën (passive past)
nakradakahën (imperative passive)
nakrattakahën (imperative passive)
nakradakohën (optative passive)
nakrattakohën (optative passive)
nakrak (connegative present)
nakragak (connegative imperative)
nakragok (connegative optative)
nakraktak (connegative passive present)
nakradagak (connegative imperative passive)
nakrattagak (connegative imperative passive)
nakradagok (connegative optative passive)
nakrattagok (connegative optative passive)
nakrakcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
nakroicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
nakranën (first-person potential singular)
nakrakcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
nakroicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
nakranët (potential second-person singular)
nakrakci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
nakroici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
nakrani (potential singular third-person)
nakrakcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
nakrakcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
nakroicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
nakroicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
nakranëmëk (first-person plural potential)
nakranëmak (first-person plural potential)
nakrakcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
nakrakcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
nakroicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
nakroicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
nakranëdëk (plural potential second-person)
nakranëdak (plural potential second-person)
nakrakci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
nakroici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
nakrani (plural potential third-person)
nakradakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
nakrat'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
nakradicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
nakratticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
nakradanëhën (passive potential)
nakrattanëhën (passive potential)
nakrakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
nakroicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
nakranëk (connegative potential)
nakradakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
nakrat'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
nakradicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
nakratticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
nakradanëk (connegative passive potential)
nakrattanëk (connegative passive potential)
nakradak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
nakraba (active participle present)
nakradapa (participle passive present)
nakrattapa (participle passive present)
nakradë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
nakranut (active participle past)
nakradu (participle passive past)
nakrattu (participle passive past)
nakrama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
nakraminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: naerma/naerda

Finnish: nauraa

→ Northern Sami: návrruhit

Ingrian: nagraa

Karelian:

North Karelian: nakrua

South Karelian: nagrua

Livonian: nagrõ

Livvi: nagrua

Ludian: nagrada

Veps: nagrda

Võro: naardma/naardaq, naarma/naardaq

Votic: nagra


sëpra

sëpra (nominative singular)
sëprat (nominative plural)
sëpran (accusative singular)
sëprat (accusative plural)
sëpran (genitive singular)
sëpradën (genitive plural)
sëproidën (genitive plural)
sëprada (partitive singular)
sëproida (partitive plural)
sëprassa (inessive singular)
sëprahna (inessive singular)
sëproissa (inessive plural)
sëproihna (inessive plural)
sëprasta (elative singular)
sëproista (elative plural)
sëprahën (illative singular)
sëproihën (illative plural)
sëpralla (adessive singular)
sëproilla (adessive plural)
sëpralta (ablative singular)
sëproilta (ablative plural)
sëpralën (allative singular)
sëpralëk (allative singular)
sëproilën (allative plural)
sëproilëk (allative plural)
sëprana (essive singular)
sëproina (essive plural)
sëpraksi (singular translative)
sëproiksi (plural translative)
sëpran (instructive singular)
sëproin (instructive plural)
sëpranëk (comitative singular)
sëproinëk (comitative plural)
sëpratta (abessive singular)
sëproitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sõber

→ Livonian: sõbrā

Finnish: seura

Ingrian: sebra

Karelian:

North Karelian: sepra

South Karelian: sebra

Livonian: (archaic) sü'br

Livvi: siebru

Ludian: siebr

Veps: sebr

Võro: sõpr, sõbõr

Votic: sõbrõ

desctree

→ Proto-Samic: *seaprē
Western Samic:
Ume Sami: seäbrrie
Lule Sami: siebrre
Northern Sami: searvi
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: servi
Skolt Sami: seäʹrvv
Kildin Sami: се̄ббр (sjēbbr)

Likely borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian sēbrs (“friend”), Lithuanian sėbras (“companion”)).


kasvadak

kasva- (stem)
kasvan (first-person present singular)
kasvoin (first-person past singular)
kasvagon (first-person optative singular)
kasvat (present second-person singular)
kasvoit (past second-person singular)
kasvak (imperative second-person singular)
kasvagos (optative second-person singular)
kasvabi (present singular third-person)
kasva (present singular third-person)
kasvoi (past singular third-person)
kasvagasën (imperative singular third-person)
kasvagosën (optative singular third-person)
kasvakmëk (first-person plural present)
kasvakmak (first-person plural present)
kasvoimëk (first-person past plural)
kasvoimak (first-person past plural)
kasvagatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
kasvagatamak (first-person imperative plural)
kasvagotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
kasvagotamak (first-person optative plural)
kasvaktëk (plural present second-person)
kasvaktak (plural present second-person)
kasvoidëk (past plural second-person)
kasvoidak (past plural second-person)
kasvagatë (imperative plural second-person)
kasvagata (imperative plural second-person)
kasvagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
kasvagotadak (optative plural second-person)
kasvabat (plural present third-person)
kasva (plural present third-person)
kasvoi (past plural third-person)
kasvagasën (imperative plural third-person)
kasvagosën (optative plural third-person)
kasvaksën (passive present)
kasvat'aksën (passive present)
kasvadisën (passive past)
kasvattisën (passive past)
kasvadakahën (imperative passive)
kasvattakahën (imperative passive)
kasvadakohën (optative passive)
kasvattakohën (optative passive)
kasvak (connegative present)
kasvagak (connegative imperative)
kasvagok (connegative optative)
kasvaktak (connegative passive present)
kasvadagak (connegative imperative passive)
kasvattagak (connegative imperative passive)
kasvadagok (connegative optative passive)
kasvattagok (connegative optative passive)
kasvakcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
kasvoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
kasvanën (first-person potential singular)
kasvakcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
kasvoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
kasvanët (potential second-person singular)
kasvakci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
kasvoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
kasvani (potential singular third-person)
kasvakcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kasvakcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kasvoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kasvoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kasvanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
kasvanëmak (first-person plural potential)
kasvakcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kasvakcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kasvoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kasvoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kasvanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
kasvanëdak (plural potential second-person)
kasvakci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
kasvoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
kasvani (plural potential third-person)
kasvadakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
kasvat'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
kasvadicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kasvatticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kasvadanëhën (passive potential)
kasvattanëhën (passive potential)
kasvakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
kasvoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
kasvanëk (connegative potential)
kasvadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kasvat'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kasvadicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kasvatticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kasvadanëk (connegative passive potential)
kasvattanëk (connegative passive potential)
kasvadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
kasvaba (active participle present)
kasvadapa (participle passive present)
kasvattapa (participle passive present)
kasvadë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
kasvanut (active participle past)
kasvadu (participle passive past)
kasvattu (participle passive past)
kasvama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
kasvaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: kasvama/kasvada

Finnish: kasvaa

Ingrian: kasvaa

Karelian:

North Karelian: kasvoa

South Karelian: kazvoa

Livonian: ka’zzõ, (Salaca) kazz

Livvi: kazvua

Ludian: kazvada

Veps: kazda

Võro: kasuma/kassuq

Votic: kazva

From Proto-Finno-Permic *kaswa-, whence also Erzya касомс (kasoms). Possibly an ancient loan from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewks- (from *h₂ewg- (“to grow”)), with regular metathesis from *kawsa-. Alternatively a substrate borrowing.


loodak

loo- (stem)
loon (first-person present singular)
loin (first-person past singular)
loogon (first-person optative singular)
loot (present second-person singular)
loit (past second-person singular)
look (imperative second-person singular)
loogos (optative second-person singular)
loopi (present singular third-person)
loo (present singular third-person)
loi (past singular third-person)
lookahën (imperative singular third-person)
lookohën (optative singular third-person)
lookmëk (first-person plural present)
lookmak (first-person plural present)
loimëk (first-person past plural)
loimak (first-person past plural)
lookadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
lookadamak (first-person imperative plural)
lookodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
lookodamak (first-person optative plural)
looktëk (plural present second-person)
looktak (plural present second-person)
loidëk (past plural second-person)
loidak (past plural second-person)
lookadë (imperative plural second-person)
lookada (imperative plural second-person)
loogot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
lookodadak (optative plural second-person)
loobat (plural present third-person)
loo (plural present third-person)
loi (past plural third-person)
lookahën (imperative plural third-person)
lookohën (optative plural third-person)
looksën (passive present)
loot'aksën (passive present)
lootihën (passive past)
loottihën (passive past)
lootagasën (imperative passive)
loottagasën (imperative passive)
lootagosën (optative passive)
loottagosën (optative passive)
look (connegative present)
loogak (connegative imperative)
loogok (connegative optative)
looktak (connegative passive present)
lootagak (connegative imperative passive)
loottagak (connegative imperative passive)
lootagok (connegative optative passive)
loottagok (connegative optative passive)
lookcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
loicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
loonën (first-person potential singular)
lookcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
loicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
loonët (potential second-person singular)
lookci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
loici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
looni (potential singular third-person)
lookcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
lookcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
loicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
loicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
loonëmëk (first-person plural potential)
loonëmak (first-person plural potential)
lookcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
lookcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
loicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
loicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
loonëdëk (plural potential second-person)
loonëdak (plural potential second-person)
lookci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
loici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
looni (plural potential third-person)
loodakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
loot'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
looticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
lootticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
lootanësën (passive potential)
loottanësën (passive potential)
lookcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
loicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
loonëk (connegative potential)
loodakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
loot'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
looticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
lootticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
lootanëk (connegative passive potential)
loottanëk (connegative passive potential)
loodak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
loopa (active participle present)
lootaba (participle passive present)
loottaba (participle passive present)
lootë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
loonut (active participle past)
lootu (participle passive past)
loottu (participle passive past)
looma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
loominen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: looma/luua

Finnish: luoda

Ingrian: loovva

Karelian:

North Karelian: luuva

South Karelian: luuva

Livvi: luvva

Veps: loda

Võro: luuma/luvvaq

Votic: loovvõ


purdak

purë- (stem)
purën (first-person present singular)
purin (first-person past singular)
purgon (first-person optative singular)
purët (present second-person singular)
purit (past second-person singular)
purëk (imperative second-person singular)
purgos (optative second-person singular)
purëbi (present singular third-person)
puri (present singular third-person)
puri (past singular third-person)
purkahën (imperative singular third-person)
purkohën (optative singular third-person)
purëkmëk (first-person plural present)
purëkmak (first-person plural present)
purimëk (first-person past plural)
purimak (first-person past plural)
purkadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
purkadamak (first-person imperative plural)
purkodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
purkodamak (first-person optative plural)
purëktëk (plural present second-person)
purëktak (plural present second-person)
puridëk (past plural second-person)
puridak (past plural second-person)
purkadë (imperative plural second-person)
purkada (imperative plural second-person)
purgot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
purkodadak (optative plural second-person)
purëbat (plural present third-person)
puri (plural present third-person)
puri (past plural third-person)
purkahën (imperative plural third-person)
purkohën (optative plural third-person)
purëksën (passive present)
purët'aksën (passive present)
purtihën (passive past)
purëttisën (passive past)
purtagasën (imperative passive)
purëttakahën (imperative passive)
purtagosën (optative passive)
purëttakohën (optative passive)
purëk (connegative present)
purgak (connegative imperative)
purgok (connegative optative)
purëktak (connegative passive present)
purtagak (connegative imperative passive)
purëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
purtagok (connegative optative passive)
purëttagok (connegative optative passive)
purëkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
puricin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
purnën (first-person potential singular)
purëkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
puricit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
purnët (potential second-person singular)
purëkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
purici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
purni (potential singular third-person)
purëkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
purëkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
puricimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
puricimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
purnëmëk (first-person plural potential)
purnëmak (first-person plural potential)
purëkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
purëkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
puricidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
puricidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
purnëdëk (plural potential second-person)
purnëdak (plural potential second-person)
purëkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
purici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
purni (plural potential third-person)
purdakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
purët'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
purticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
purëtticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
purtanësën (passive potential)
purëttanëhën (passive potential)
purëkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
puricik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
purnëk (connegative potential)
purdakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
purët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
purticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
purëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
purtanëk (connegative passive potential)
purëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
purdak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
purëba (active participle present)
purtaba (participle passive present)
purëttapa (participle passive present)
purtë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
purnut (active participle past)
purtu (participle passive past)
purëttu (participle passive past)
purëma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
purëminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: purema/pureda

Finnish: purra

Ingrian: purra

Karelian: purra

Ludian: purda

Veps: purda

Võro: purõma/purraq

Votic: purrõ


abittadak

abitta- (stem)
abit'an (first-person present singular)
abit'oin (first-person past singular)
abittagon (first-person optative singular)
abit'at (present second-person singular)
abit'oit (past second-person singular)
abit'ak (imperative second-person singular)
abittagos (optative second-person singular)
abittapi (present singular third-person)
abitta (present singular third-person)
abittoi (past singular third-person)
abittakahën (imperative singular third-person)
abittakohën (optative singular third-person)
abit'akmëk (first-person plural present)
abit'akmak (first-person plural present)
abittoimëk (first-person past plural)
abittoimak (first-person past plural)
abittakadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
abittakadamak (first-person imperative plural)
abittakodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
abittakodamak (first-person optative plural)
abit'aktëk (plural present second-person)
abit'aktak (plural present second-person)
abittoidëk (past plural second-person)
abittoidak (past plural second-person)
abittakadë (imperative plural second-person)
abittakada (imperative plural second-person)
abittagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
abittakodadak (optative plural second-person)
abittabat (plural present third-person)
abitta (plural present third-person)
abittoi (past plural third-person)
abittakahën (imperative plural third-person)
abittakohën (optative plural third-person)
abit'aksën (passive present)
abit'at'aksën (passive present)
abittatihën (passive past)
abit'attihën (passive past)
abittatagasën (imperative passive)
abit'attagasën (imperative passive)
abittatagosën (optative passive)
abit'attagosën (optative passive)
abit'ak (connegative present)
abittagak (connegative imperative)
abittagok (connegative optative)
abit'aktak (connegative passive present)
abittatagak (connegative imperative passive)
abit'attagak (connegative imperative passive)
abittatagok (connegative optative passive)
abit'attagok (connegative optative passive)
abit'akcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
abittoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
abittanën (first-person potential singular)
abit'akcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
abittoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
abittanët (potential second-person singular)
abit'akci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
abittoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
abittani (potential singular third-person)
abit'akcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
abit'akcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
abittoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
abittoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
abittanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
abittanëmak (first-person plural potential)
abit'akcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
abit'akcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
abittoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
abittoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
abittanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
abittanëdak (plural potential second-person)
abit'akci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
abittoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
abittani (plural potential third-person)
abittadakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
abit'at'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
abittaticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
abit'atticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
abittatanësën (passive potential)
abit'attanësën (passive potential)
abit'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
abittoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
abittanëk (connegative potential)
abittadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
abit'at'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
abittaticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
abit'atticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
abittatanëk (connegative passive potential)
abit'attanëk (connegative passive potential)
abittadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
abittapa (active participle present)
abittataba (participle passive present)
abit'attaba (participle passive present)
abittatë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
abittanut (active participle past)
abittatu (participle passive past)
abit'attu (participle passive past)
abittama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
abittaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: aitama/aidata

Finnish: avittaa

Karelian:

South Karelian: (dialectal) avittua

Võro: avitama/avitaq

Votic: avitta

→ Ingrian: avittaa


hüvä

hüvä (nominative singular)
hüvät (nominative plural)
hüvän (accusative singular)
hüvät (accusative plural)
hüvän (genitive singular)
hüväden (genitive plural)
hüveiden (genitive plural)
hüvädä (partitive singular)
hüveidä (partitive plural)
hüvässä (inessive singular)
hüvähnä (inessive singular)
hüveissä (inessive plural)
hüveihnä (inessive plural)
hüvästä (elative singular)
hüveistä (elative plural)
hüvähen (illative singular)
hüveihen (illative plural)
hüvällä (adessive singular)
hüveillä (adessive plural)
hüvältä (ablative singular)
hüveiltä (ablative plural)
hüvälen (allative singular)
hüvälek (allative singular)
hüveilen (allative plural)
hüveilek (allative plural)
hüvänä (essive singular)
hüveinä (essive plural)
hüväksi (singular translative)
hüveiksi (plural translative)
hüvän (instructive singular)
hüvein (instructive plural)
hüvänek (comitative singular)
hüveinek (comitative plural)
hüvättä (abessive singular)
hüveittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: hea, hüva, (dialectal) hää

Finnish: hyvä

⇒ Finnish: hyvin

→ Swedish: hyvens

Ingrian: hyvä

Karelian:

North Karelian: hyvä

South Karelian: hyvä

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: juva, jõvā

Vidzeme Livonian: jua

Ludian: hüvä

Veps: hüvä

Võro: hüvä, hüä, hää

Votic: üvä

Probably related to Northern Sami savvit (“to heal”), from common *šiwä, *šüwä. Has been proposed by Koivulehto (2009) to be an Indo-Iranian loan (compare Sanskrit शिव (śiva, “auspicious, favorable”)), but Holopainen (2019) rejects this etymology. Further often compared to Erzya чив (čiv, “good”), but according to Holopainen (2019), this must derive from earlier *čewä, which proves an obstacle (but compare *jüvä < earlier *jewä).


kuuldak

kuulë- (stem)
kuulën (first-person present singular)
kuulin (first-person past singular)
kuulgon (first-person optative singular)
kuulët (present second-person singular)
kuulit (past second-person singular)
kuulëk (imperative second-person singular)
kuulgos (optative second-person singular)
kuulëbi (present singular third-person)
kuuli (present singular third-person)
kuuli (past singular third-person)
kuulkahën (imperative singular third-person)
kuulkohën (optative singular third-person)
kuulëkmëk (first-person plural present)
kuulëkmak (first-person plural present)
kuulimëk (first-person past plural)
kuulimak (first-person past plural)
kuulkadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
kuulkadamak (first-person imperative plural)
kuulkodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
kuulkodamak (first-person optative plural)
kuulëktëk (plural present second-person)
kuulëktak (plural present second-person)
kuulidëk (past plural second-person)
kuulidak (past plural second-person)
kuulkadë (imperative plural second-person)
kuulkada (imperative plural second-person)
kuulgot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
kuulkodadak (optative plural second-person)
kuulëbat (plural present third-person)
kuuli (plural present third-person)
kuuli (past plural third-person)
kuulkahën (imperative plural third-person)
kuulkohën (optative plural third-person)
kuulëksën (passive present)
kuulët'aksën (passive present)
kuultihën (passive past)
kuulëttisën (passive past)
kuultagasën (imperative passive)
kuulëttakahën (imperative passive)
kuultagosën (optative passive)
kuulëttakohën (optative passive)
kuulëk (connegative present)
kuulgak (connegative imperative)
kuulgok (connegative optative)
kuulëktak (connegative passive present)
kuultagak (connegative imperative passive)
kuulëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
kuultagok (connegative optative passive)
kuulëttagok (connegative optative passive)
kuulëkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
kuulicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
kuullën (first-person potential singular)
kuulëkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
kuulicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
kuullët (potential second-person singular)
kuulëkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
kuulici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
kuulli (potential singular third-person)
kuulëkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kuulëkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kuulicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kuulicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kuullëmëk (first-person plural potential)
kuullëmak (first-person plural potential)
kuulëkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kuulëkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kuulicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kuulicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kuullëdëk (plural potential second-person)
kuullëdak (plural potential second-person)
kuulëkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
kuulici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
kuulli (plural potential third-person)
kuuldakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
kuulët'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
kuulticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kuulëtticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kuultanësën (passive potential)
kuulëttanëhën (passive potential)
kuulëkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
kuulicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
kuullëk (connegative potential)
kuuldakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kuulët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kuulticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kuulëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kuultanëk (connegative passive potential)
kuulëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
kuuldak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
kuulëba (active participle present)
kuultaba (participle passive present)
kuulëttapa (participle passive present)
kuultë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
kuullut (active participle past)
kuultu (participle passive past)
kuulëttu (participle passive past)
kuulëma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
kuulëminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: kuulma/kuulda

Finnish: kuulla

Karelian: kuulla

Livonian: kūlõ

Ludian: kuulda

Veps: kulda

Võro: kuuldma/kuuldaq

Votic: kuullõ


velji

veli (nominative singular)
veljet (nominative plural)
veljen (accusative singular)
veljet (accusative plural)
veljen (genitive singular)
veljeden (genitive plural)
veljiden (genitive plural)
veljedä (partitive singular)
veljidä (partitive plural)
veljessä (inessive singular)
veljehnä (inessive singular)
veljissä (inessive plural)
veljihnä (inessive plural)
veljestä (elative singular)
veljistä (elative plural)
veljehen (illative singular)
veljihen (illative plural)
veljellä (adessive singular)
veljillä (adessive plural)
veljeltä (ablative singular)
veljiltä (ablative plural)
veljelen (allative singular)
veljelek (allative singular)
veljilen (allative plural)
veljilek (allative plural)
veljenä (essive singular)
veljinä (essive plural)
veljeksi (singular translative)
veljiksi (plural translative)
veljen (instructive singular)
veljin (instructive plural)
veljenek (comitative singular)
veljinek (comitative plural)
veljettä (abessive singular)
veljittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: veli

Finnish: veli

Ingrian: veli, veljä

Karelian: velli

Livvi: velj

Livonian: ve'ļ

Ludian: vell'

Veps: vel'l'

Võro: veli

Votic: velli, velʹlʹi

Possibly a loan from Proto-Germanic *swelijô, whence Icelandic svili. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vieljë.


läktedäk

läkte- (stem)
läkten (first-person present singular)
läkcin (first-person past singular)
läktegon (first-person optative singular)
läktet (present second-person singular)
läkcit (past second-person singular)
läktek (imperative second-person singular)
läktegos (optative second-person singular)
läktebi (present singular third-person)
läkci (present singular third-person)
läkci (past singular third-person)
läktegäsen (imperative singular third-person)
läktegosen (optative singular third-person)
läktekmek (first-person plural present)
läktekmäk (first-person plural present)
läkcimek (first-person past plural)
läkcimäk (first-person past plural)
läktegätemek (first-person imperative plural)
läktegätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
läktegotemek (first-person optative plural)
läktegotämäk (first-person optative plural)
läktektek (plural present second-person)
läktektäk (plural present second-person)
läkcidek (past plural second-person)
läkcidäk (past plural second-person)
läktegäte (imperative plural second-person)
läktegätä (imperative plural second-person)
läktegot'ek (optative plural second-person)
läktegotädäk (optative plural second-person)
läktebät (plural present third-person)
läkci (plural present third-person)
läkci (past plural third-person)
läktegäsen (imperative plural third-person)
läktegosen (optative plural third-person)
läkteksen (passive present)
läktet'äksen (passive present)
läktedisen (passive past)
läktettisen (passive past)
läktedäkähen (imperative passive)
läktettäkähen (imperative passive)
läktedäkohen (optative passive)
läktettäkohen (optative passive)
läktek (connegative present)
läktegäk (connegative imperative)
läktegok (connegative optative)
läktektäk (connegative passive present)
läktedägäk (connegative imperative passive)
läktettägäk (connegative imperative passive)
läktedägok (connegative optative passive)
läktettägok (connegative optative passive)
läktekcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
läkcicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
läktenen (first-person potential singular)
läktekcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
läkcicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
läktenet (potential second-person singular)
läktekci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
läkcici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
läkteni (potential singular third-person)
läktekcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
läktekcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
läkcicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
läkcicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
läktenemek (first-person plural potential)
läktenemäk (first-person plural potential)
läktekcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
läktekcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
läkcicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
läkcicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
läktenedek (plural potential second-person)
läktenedäk (plural potential second-person)
läktekci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
läkcici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
läkteni (plural potential third-person)
läktedäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
läktet'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
läktedicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
läktetticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
läktedänehen (passive potential)
läktettänehen (passive potential)
läktekcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
läkcicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
läktenek (connegative potential)
läktedäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
läktet'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
läktedicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
läktetticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
läktedänek (connegative passive potential)
läktettänek (connegative passive potential)
läktedäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
läktebä (active participle present)
läktedäpä (participle passive present)
läktettäpä (participle passive present)
läktede- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
läktenüt (active participle past)
läktedü (participle passive past)
läktettü (participle passive past)
läktemä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
läkteminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: minema (present, past, conditional forms)

Finnish: lähteä

Ingrian: lähtiä

Karelian: lähtie

Livonian: lǟdõ

Ludian: lähtä

Veps: lähtta

Võro: minemä (present, past, conditional forms)

Votic: lähteä

From Proto-Uralic *läkte-. Cognate with Proto-Mordvinic *ľiśəms (“to emerge, exit”) and/or *livťəms (“to take away, bear”).


süntüdäk

süntü- (stem)
sündün (first-person present singular)
sündüin (first-person past singular)
süntügon (first-person optative singular)
sündüt (present second-person singular)
sündüit (past second-person singular)
sündük (imperative second-person singular)
süntügos (optative second-person singular)
süntübi (present singular third-person)
süntü (present singular third-person)
süntüi (past singular third-person)
süntügäsen (imperative singular third-person)
süntügosen (optative singular third-person)
sündükmek (first-person plural present)
sündükmäk (first-person plural present)
süntüimek (first-person past plural)
süntüimäk (first-person past plural)
süntügätemek (first-person imperative plural)
süntügätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
süntügotemek (first-person optative plural)
süntügotämäk (first-person optative plural)
sündüktek (plural present second-person)
sündüktäk (plural present second-person)
süntüidek (past plural second-person)
süntüidäk (past plural second-person)
süntügäte (imperative plural second-person)
süntügätä (imperative plural second-person)
süntügot'ek (optative plural second-person)
süntügotädäk (optative plural second-person)
süntübät (plural present third-person)
süntü (plural present third-person)
süntüi (past plural third-person)
süntügäsen (imperative plural third-person)
süntügosen (optative plural third-person)
sündüksen (passive present)
sündüt'äksen (passive present)
süntüdisen (passive past)
sündüttisen (passive past)
süntüdäkähen (imperative passive)
sündüttäkähen (imperative passive)
süntüdäkohen (optative passive)
sündüttäkohen (optative passive)
sündük (connegative present)
süntügäk (connegative imperative)
süntügok (connegative optative)
sündüktäk (connegative passive present)
süntüdägäk (connegative imperative passive)
sündüttägäk (connegative imperative passive)
süntüdägok (connegative optative passive)
sündüttägok (connegative optative passive)
sündükcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
süntüicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
süntünen (first-person potential singular)
sündükcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
süntüicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
süntünet (potential second-person singular)
sündükci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
süntüici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
süntüni (potential singular third-person)
sündükcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
sündükcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
süntüicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
süntüicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
süntünemek (first-person plural potential)
süntünemäk (first-person plural potential)
sündükcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
sündükcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
süntüicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
süntüicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
süntünedek (plural potential second-person)
süntünedäk (plural potential second-person)
sündükci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
süntüici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
süntüni (plural potential third-person)
süntüdäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
sündüt'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
süntüdicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
sündütticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
süntüdänehen (passive potential)
sündüttänehen (passive potential)
sündükcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
süntüicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
süntünek (connegative potential)
süntüdäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
sündüt'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
süntüdicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
sündütticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
süntüdänek (connegative passive potential)
sündüttänek (connegative passive potential)
süntüdäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
süntübä (active participle present)
süntüdäpä (participle passive present)
sündüttäpä (participle passive present)
süntüde- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
süntünüt (active participle past)
süntüdü (participle passive past)
sündüttü (participle passive past)
süntümä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
süntüminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: sündima, sündida

Finnish: syntyä

Ingrian: syntyä

Karelian: syntyö

Livonian: sindõ, (Salaca) sündõ

Livvi: syndyö

Ludian: sündüdä

Veps: sünduda

Võro: sündümä, sündüdäq

Votic: süntüä

→ Proto-Samic: *šëntëtēk (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Uralic *sentew- (akin to Komi-Zyrian содны (sodny, “to breed”) and Nganasan [script needed] (ti̮ntuďi)), a reflexive derivation of the verb *sente- (whence possibly Hungarian ellik (“to give birth”)).


saattadak

saatta- (stem)
saat'an (first-person present singular)
saat'oin (first-person past singular)
saattagon (first-person optative singular)
saat'at (present second-person singular)
saat'oit (past second-person singular)
saat'ak (imperative second-person singular)
saattagos (optative second-person singular)
saattabi (present singular third-person)
saatta (present singular third-person)
saattoi (past singular third-person)
saattagasën (imperative singular third-person)
saattagosën (optative singular third-person)
saat'akmëk (first-person plural present)
saat'akmak (first-person plural present)
saattoimëk (first-person past plural)
saattoimak (first-person past plural)
saattagatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
saattagatamak (first-person imperative plural)
saattagotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
saattagotamak (first-person optative plural)
saat'aktëk (plural present second-person)
saat'aktak (plural present second-person)
saattoidëk (past plural second-person)
saattoidak (past plural second-person)
saattagatë (imperative plural second-person)
saattagata (imperative plural second-person)
saattagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
saattagotadak (optative plural second-person)
saattabat (plural present third-person)
saatta (plural present third-person)
saattoi (past plural third-person)
saattagasën (imperative plural third-person)
saattagosën (optative plural third-person)
saat'aksën (passive present)
saat'at'aksën (passive present)
saattadisën (passive past)
saat'attisën (passive past)
saattadakahën (imperative passive)
saat'attakahën (imperative passive)
saattadakohën (optative passive)
saat'attakohën (optative passive)
saat'ak (connegative present)
saattagak (connegative imperative)
saattagok (connegative optative)
saat'aktak (connegative passive present)
saattadagak (connegative imperative passive)
saat'attagak (connegative imperative passive)
saattadagok (connegative optative passive)
saat'attagok (connegative optative passive)
saat'akcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
saattoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
saattanën (first-person potential singular)
saat'akcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
saattoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
saattanët (potential second-person singular)
saat'akci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
saattoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
saattani (potential singular third-person)
saat'akcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
saat'akcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
saattoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
saattoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
saattanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
saattanëmak (first-person plural potential)
saat'akcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
saat'akcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
saattoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
saattoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
saattanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
saattanëdak (plural potential second-person)
saat'akci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
saattoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
saattani (plural potential third-person)
saattadakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
saat'at'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
saattadicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
saat'atticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
saattadanëhën (passive potential)
saat'attanëhën (passive potential)
saat'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
saattoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
saattanëk (connegative potential)
saattadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
saat'at'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
saattadicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
saat'atticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
saattadanëk (connegative passive potential)
saat'attanëk (connegative passive potential)
saattadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
saattaba (active participle present)
saattadapa (participle passive present)
saat'attapa (participle passive present)
saattadë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
saattanut (active participle past)
saattadu (participle passive past)
saat'attu (participle passive past)
saattama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
saattaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: saatma/saata

Finnish: saattaa

Ingrian: saattaa

Karelian: soattoa

Livonian: sǭtõ

Livvi: suattua

Ludian: suattada

Veps: satta

Võro: saatma/saataq

Votic: saatta

→ Proto-Samic: *sāttētēk