-ka

Forms certain nouns or adjectives; mostly non-productive by Proto-Finnic.


-ka

Finnish: -ka

A particle added to extend certain monosyllabic stems.


-n

q

Estonian: (genitive case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Finnish: -n

Ingrian: -n

Karelian:

North Karelian: -n

South Karelian: -n

Livonian: (genitive case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Livvi: -n

Ludian: -n

Veps: -n

Võro: (genitive case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Votic: (genitive case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Conflated:
* from Proto-Uralic *-n (genitive marker).
* from Proto-Uralic *-m (accusative marker).


-n

Finnish: -n

Probably a Finnic development from the genitive ending (see *-n).


-n

Estonian: -n

Finnish: -n

Ingrian: -n

Karelian:

North Karelian: -n

South Karelian: -n

Livvi: -n

Ludian: -n

Veps: -n

Võro: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Votic: -n


-ni

Oblique form of *-mi (possessive ending)


-s

-s (nominative singular)
-ksët (nominative plural)
-ksën (accusative singular)
-ksët (accusative plural)
-ksën (genitive singular)
-stën (genitive plural)
-ksidën (genitive plural)
-sta (partitive singular)
-ksita (partitive plural)
-ksëssa (inessive singular)
-ksëhna (inessive singular)
-ksissa (inessive plural)
-ksihna (inessive plural)
-ksësta (elative singular)
-ksista (elative plural)
-ksësën (illative singular)
-ksisën (illative plural)
-ksëlla (adessive singular)
-ksilla (adessive plural)
-ksëlta (ablative singular)
-ksilta (ablative plural)
-ksëlën (allative singular)
-ksëlëk (allative singular)
-ksilën (allative plural)
-ksilëk (allative plural)
-ssa (essive singular)
-ksina (essive plural)
-ksëksi (singular translative)
-ksiksi (plural translative)
-ksën (instructive singular)
-ksin (instructive plural)
-ssëk (comitative singular)
-ksinëk (comitative plural)
-ksëtta (abessive singular)
-ksitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: -s

Ingrian: -s


-s

-s (nominative singular)
-hët (nominative plural)
-hën (accusative singular)
-hët (accusative plural)
-hën (genitive singular)
-stën (genitive plural)
-hidën (genitive plural)
-sta (partitive singular)
-hita (partitive plural)
-hëssa (inessive singular)
-hëhna (inessive singular)
-hissa (inessive plural)
-hihna (inessive plural)
-hësta (elative singular)
-hista (elative plural)
-hësën (illative singular)
-hisën (illative plural)
-hëlla (adessive singular)
-hilla (adessive plural)
-hëlta (ablative singular)
-hilta (ablative plural)
-hëlën (allative singular)
-hëlëk (allative singular)
-hilën (allative plural)
-hilëk (allative plural)
-ssa (essive singular)
-hina (essive plural)
-hëksi (singular translative)
-hiksi (plural translative)
-hën (instructive singular)
-hin (instructive plural)
-ssëk (comitative singular)
-hinëk (comitative plural)
-hëtta (abessive singular)
-hitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: -as (with analogously re-extracted vowel)

From Proto-Uralic *-s. Use in at least nouns may be further inspired by various Indo-European borrowings ending in *-s.


-s

Finnish: -s

Either akin to the translative suffix *-ksi or alternatively from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-s (lative suffix).


-in

-in (nominative singular)
-imet (nominative plural)
-imen (accusative singular)
-imet (accusative plural)
-imen (genitive singular)
-inden (genitive plural)
-imiden (genitive plural)
-intä (partitive singular)
-imitä (partitive plural)
-imessä (inessive singular)
-imehnä (inessive singular)
-imissä (inessive plural)
-imihnä (inessive plural)
-imestä (elative singular)
-imistä (elative plural)
-imesen (illative singular)
-imisen (illative plural)
-imellä (adessive singular)
-imillä (adessive plural)
-imeltä (ablative singular)
-imiltä (ablative plural)
-imelen (allative singular)
-imelek (allative singular)
-imilen (allative plural)
-imilek (allative plural)
-imenä (essive singular)
-iminä (essive plural)
-imeksi (singular translative)
-imiksi (plural translative)
-imen (instructive singular)
-imin (instructive plural)
-imenek (comitative singular)
-iminek (comitative plural)
-imettä (abessive singular)
-imittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: -i

Finnish: -in

Ingrian: -in

Karelian: -in

Livonian: -īm

Livvi: -in

Veps: -im

Võro: -i

Originally diminutive Proto-Uralic *-ma, *-i- extracted from other stems (or by epenthesis, cf. etymology 2), final vowel elided and suffix turned into an e-stem by analogy with other consonantal stems, final *-m > *-n is regular

Forms nouns from verbs, indicating instruments (tools) are used to perform that verb's action.


-in

Estonian: -im (no longer usually productive)

Finnish: -in

Karelian: -in

Veps: -im (no longer productive)

From earlier *-jmi < *-ma, through a change in the final vowel as in *-pi and *-mpi, and epenthesis. The final vowel was eventually elided. Ultimately from Proto-Uralic *-ma.


-na

Finnish: -na


-na

Finnish: -na

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-nna</i>

Ingrian: -nna (< *-nna)

From Proto-Uralic *-na (locative suffix).


-u

-u / *-ü (canonical)
-u (nominative singular)
-ut (nominative plural)
-un (accusative singular)
-ut (accusative plural)
-un (genitive singular)
-udën (genitive plural)
-uidën (genitive plural)
-uda (partitive singular)
-uida (partitive plural)
-ussa (inessive singular)
-uhna (inessive singular)
-uissa (inessive plural)
-uihna (inessive plural)
-usta (elative singular)
-uista (elative plural)
-uhën (illative singular)
-uihën (illative plural)
-ulla (adessive singular)
-uilla (adessive plural)
-ulta (ablative singular)
-uilta (ablative plural)
-ulën (allative singular)
-ulëk (allative singular)
-uilën (allative plural)
-uilëk (allative plural)
-una (essive singular)
-uina (essive plural)
-uksi (singular translative)
-uiksi (plural translative)
-un (instructive singular)
-uin (instructive plural)
-unëk (comitative singular)
-uinëk (comitative plural)
-utta (abessive singular)
-uitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -u

Finnish: -u

Ingrian: -u

From Proto-Uralic *-w. Originally *-o was the result when the Proto-Uralic suffix was added to a-stems, like *-u was the result when added to stems with other vowels.

karhëda (“coarse”) + *-u → *karhu (“bear (originally euphemistic)”)

mäntä (“mixing utensil made of the top of a young pine")”) + *-u → *mäntü (“pine tree”)

itkedäk (“to cry, weep”) + *-u → *itku (“cry, weeping”)

Forms nouns from adjectives, nouns, and verbs, most commonly from e-stems.


-ta

Estonian: -d, -a

Finnish: -ta, -a

Ingrian: -ta, -a

Karelian:

North Karelian: -ta, -a

South Karelian: -ta, -a

desc

Livonian: -tā, -dā, -ța, -ta, -da, -tõ, -dõ, -õ

Livvi: -du, -tu, -u

Ludian: -d, -t

Veps: -d, -t

Võro: -d, -t

Votic: -ta, -a

From Proto-Uralic *-ta (ablative ending).


-ta

Estonian: -te

vowel influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="fi">te</i>

South Ostrobothnia, past; < <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-i-da</i>

Finnish: -tte (vowel influenced by te), (dialectal) -tta (Ostrobothnia, Lapland, Karelia), -ja (South Ostrobothnia, past; < *-i-da)

Ingrian: -tta

Karelian:

q

North Karelian: -tta (present/past), -(i)ja (past; < *-i-da)

South Karelian: -tta

Livonian: -tõ, -t

Livvi: -tto

Ludian: -tte

Veps: -t

Votic: -tta/-ttõ

Võro: -t, -q

The second-person plural personal ending for verbs.


-ja

Estonian: -ja

Finnish: -ja

Ingrian: -ja

Karelian:

North Karelian: -ja

South Karelian: -ja

Livonian: -ji

Livvi: -i

Ludian: -i

Veps: -i

Võro: -ja, -j

Votic: -ja

From Proto-Uralic *-ja, which was originally a participle ending in Proto-Uralic. Related to Proto-Samic *-jē.


-ja

>? Finnish: -ja (in toponyms like Kytäjä, Lohtaja, Ypäjä)

Estonian: -ja (in dialectal edaja < *etä-jäk), possibly the same suffix as -ja in salaja

Finnish: -ia (in kahtia, kotia...)

>? Livonian: -i (in kuodāi < *kota-jak, if not *kota-jën)

Finnish: -alla, -alle, -alta (probably at least partially)

Probably cognate with Komi-Zyrian -я (-ja) (in e.g. дыря (dyra)) and Udmurt -я (-ja) (in e.g. дыря (dyra)), in which case from Proto-Finno-Permic *-ja. Compare the illative suffix *-jen (found in e.g. some Estonian dialects and cognate with Proto-Samic *-jën).

Forms nouns, mainly place names or other locative nouns, from nominal stems.


-ksi

Estonian: -ks

Finnish: -ksi

Ingrian: -ks

Karelian:

North Karelian: -kši

South Karelian: -kši

Livonian: -ks

Livvi: -kse

Ludian: -ks

Veps: -ks, -kš

>? Võro: -s

Votic: -ssi


-ksi

Alternative form of *-s (with monosyllabic stems)


-o

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-oi</i>

Finnish: -o (merged with *-oi)

Ingrian: -o

From Proto-Uralic *-w, originally specifically when attached to *-a- stems (as opposed to *-u), although the suffixes later came to be used more generally.

Forms mainly diminutive nouns from nominal stems.


-t

Estonian: -d

Finnish: -t

Ingrian: -t

Karelian:

North Karelian: -t

South Karelian: -t

Livonian: -d

Livvi: -t

Ludian: -d

Veps: -d

>? Võro: -q

Votic: -d

From Proto-Uralic *-t (nominative plural marker).

inh

Ending of nominative and accusative plural.


-t

Estonian: -d

Finnish: -t

Ingrian: -t

Karelian:

North Karelian: -t

South Karelian: -t

Livonian: -d

Livvi: -t

Ludian: -d

Veps: -d

Võro: -t

Votic: -d


-i

Finnish: -i

Links attributes to nouns in compound words; attached to the attribute.


-i

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ik</i>

Finnish: -i (merged with *-ik)

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-j (lative suffix).


-os

Finnish: -os


-us

Finnish: -us

From *-s. The *-u- may be generalized from derivatives or by confusion with *-uc, or both. The term may also derive more directly from Proto-Uralic *-wikse. Perhaps also more directly from *-u + *-s.


-us

Finnish: -us


-tta

Finnish: -tta

From Proto-Uralic *-pta, *-ptak (abessive suffix).

Alternative forms: *-t'ak, (front vowel harmony) *-ttä, *-t'äk


-tta

Finnish: -tta

Forms some adverbs, primarily of manner.


-tta

Finnish: -tta

Unknown. One possibility, however remote, is that these derive as zero-derived deverbals from *-ttadak verbs.


-kka

Finnish: -kka

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-kka (compare Erzya -ка (-ka), Hungarian -ka).


-nsa

Oblique form of *-sa (possessive ending)


-pa

Estonian: -v

Finnish: -va (also -pa in relics)

Ingrian: -va

Karelian: -va (also -pa in relics)

Veps: -b

Võro: -v

Votic: -va

-ing; forms the present (active) participle, which is used as an adjective.


-lla

Estonian: -l

Finnish: -lla

Ingrian: -l

Karelian:

North Karelian: -lla

South Karelian: -lla

Livonian: -l, -lõ, -õl

Livvi: -l

Ludian: -l

Veps: -l

Võro: -l

Votic: -llõ

Probably contracted from the genitive ending *-n + *ülä (“upper, above”) + Proto-Uralic *-na (locative suffix), perhaps through a Uralic postposition *ülnä: (*-n-ülä-nä >) *-n-ülnä > *-n-lnä > *-lnä > *-lla/*-lla.
In the past also thought to derive from *-la + the aforementioned locative suffix, with *-llA < *-l-nA.


-ik

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-i</i>

Finnish: -i (merged with *-i)

Perhaps *-i (adverbial suffix) + *-k (lative suffix).


-ra

Finnish: -ra, -r


-ci

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-nci</i>; Kymenlaakso

Finnish: -si, (dialectal) -ns (< *-nci; Kymenlaakso)

Ingrian: -s

Karelian:

North Karelian: -š

South Karelian: -š

Livvi: -s

Veps: -iž, -ič

The second-person singular possessive ending.

Petri Kallio (2021)

Kaksikko aina kaunihimpi? Itämerensuomalaisten possessiivisuffiksien taustaa


-ssa

Estonian: -s

Finnish: -ssa

Ingrian: -s

Karelian:

North Karelian: -ssa

South Karelian: -ssa

Livonian: -š, -šõ, -s, -sõ, -õs, -õsõ

Livvi: -s

Ludian: -s, -š

Veps: -s

Votic: -z

Finnish: (dialectal) -hna (South Ostrobothnia)

Võro: -n, -hn

From an internal locative morpheme *-s- + Proto-Uralic *-na (locative suffix), with simplification *-sn- > *-ss-, except in the alternative form *-hna where the *-s- underwent lenition instead. Cognate with Proto-Samic *-snē, Proto-Mordvinic [Term?].


-la

Finnish: -la

Ingrian: -la


-ma

Estonian: -m

Finnish: -ma

Ingrian: -ma

Karelian: -ma

Veps: -m

Võro: -m

Votic: -ma

Mostly meaningless suffix added to some nominal stems.


-ma

q

Estonian: -ma (ma-infinitive) (gerund in inessive, elative, translative and abessive)

Finnish: -ma (gerund (3rd infinitive) in inessive, elative, illative, adessive, abessive and instructive)

Ingrian: -ma (gerund (3rd infinitive) in inessive, elative, illative and abessive)

Võro: -ma (ma-infinitive)

Votic: -ma (gerund in inessive, elative, illative and abessive)

Finnish: -ma

Forms the gerund of verbs, generally only in certain case forms.

Forms the agent participle, which indicates that an action was done by something (in the genitive).


-ma

Finnish: -ma

Possibly an extension of the sense in Etymology 1, with the sense development "action" > "event" > "location of event" > "location".


-ma

Estonian: -me

desc

vowel influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="fi">me</i>

South Ostrobothnia, past; < <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-i-ma</i>

Finnish: -mme (vowel influenced by me), (dialectal) -mma (Ostrobothnia, Lapland, Karelia), -ma (South Ostrobothnia, past; < *-i-ma)

Ingrian: -mma

Karelian:

q

North Karelian: -mma (present), -(i)ma (past; < *-i-ma)

South Karelian: -mma

Livonian: -mõ, -m

Livvi: -mmo

Ludian: -mme

Veps: -m

Votic: -mma/-mmõ

Võro: -m

The first-person plural personal ending for verbs.


-nak

Oblique form of *-mak (possessive ending)


-pi

Estonian: -b

Both archaic. The suffix has been reduced to <i class="Latn mention" lang="fi">-V</i>.

Finnish: -pi, -vi (Both archaic. The suffix has been reduced to -V.)

Ingrian: -p (in verbs ending in -ja or -vva)

Veps: -b

Related to *-pa. The final *-i may be of the same origin as in ei (see *e-).
Lauri Hakulinen, in his seminal Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys, proposes a sound change from unstressed final *a to *i in bisyllabic words with a long initial syllable or any word with more than two syllables. This could then have been generalized by analogy (and participles exempted likewise by analogy, as their oblique forms would not have been affected).
Kallio (SUST264) discusses the same sound change and shows that it has also taken place in the comparative ending, *-mpi, as well as the instrumental derivative suffix and superlative ending, *-in, and the caritive suffix, *-t'oin.
Originally restricted to 'Coastal Finnic' (i.e. Finnic except South Estonian), but has also spread into some South Estonian dialects. The original South Estonian third-person singular forms were endingless, which is probably an archaism rather than an innovation.


-mpi

Estonian: -m

Finnish: -mpi

Ingrian: -mp

Karelian: -mpi, -mbi

Livvi: -mbi

Ludian: -mb

Veps: -mb

Võro: -mb

Votic: -mpi

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-mpa. The final vowel change from *a to *i is also seen in *-in, *-pi and *-t'oin, and the original final vowel is preserved in inflected forms.
The stem triggers a change from a final stem -A- to -e-. This change, also seen in some verb derivatives (*-ldak, *-t'ak), has been proposed to be a regular change (with the condition that the -A- be unstressed) by Kallio (2012).


-sa

desc

or more likely < <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-sak</i>

>? Finnish: (dialectal) -sa (or more likely < *-sak)

The third-person singular possessive ending.


-k

Finnish: -∅ (no visible spelling)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *-k, but such a lative suffix may not have actually existed in Proto-Uralic; perhaps instead from Proto-Uralic *-ŋ.


-k

Estonian: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Finnish: -∅ (no visible spelling)

Ingrian: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Karelian: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

q

Livonian: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change; imperative only)

Livvi: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Ludian: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Veps: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Võro: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change), -q (sometimes)

Votic: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change), -g (Eastern Votic)

The second-person singular imperative ending.


-sta

Estonian: -st

Finnish: -sta

Ingrian: -st

Karelian:

North Karelian: -sta

South Karelian: -sta

desc

Livonian: -št, -štõ, -st, -stõ, -õst, -õstõ

Livvi: -s, ⇒ -späi (+ päi to avoid merging with inessive)

q

merged with inessive <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ssa</i>

Ludian: (merged with inessive *-ssa)

⇒ Veps: -späi (+ päi to avoid merging with inessive)

Võro: -st

Votic: -ssõ

From an internal locative morpheme *-s- + Proto-Uralic *-ta (ablative suffix). Cognate with Proto-Samic *-stē, Proto-Mordvinic [Term?].


-lta

Estonian: -lt

Finnish: -lta

Ingrian: -lt

Karelian:

North Karelian: -lta

South Karelian: -lda

Livonian: -ld, -ldō, -õld

Livvi: -l, ⇒ -lpäi (+ päi to avoid merging with adessive)

merged with adessive <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-lla</i>

Ludian: (merged with adessive *-lla)

⇒ Veps: -lpäi (+ päi to avoid merging with adessive)

Võro: -lt

Votic: -ltõ

Probably contracted from the genitive ending *-n + *ülä (“upper, above”) + Proto-Uralic *-ta (ablative suffix), perhaps through a Uralic postposition *ültä: (*-n-ülä-tä >) *-n-ültä > *-n-ltä > *-lta/*-ltä.
In the past also thought to derive from *-la + the aforementioned ablative suffix.


-oi

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-o</i>

Finnish: -o (merged with *-o)

Ingrian: -o

Originally an allophonic form of *-i attached to *-a- stems, incurring regular labialization (*-ai > *-oi) in later syllables.


-uc

-uc / *-üc (canonical)
-uc (nominative singular)
-udët (nominative plural)
-udën (accusative singular)
-udët (accusative plural)
-udën (genitive singular)
-ut'ën (genitive plural)
-ucidën (genitive plural)
-utta (partitive singular)
-ucita (partitive plural)
-udëssa (inessive singular)
-udëhna (inessive singular)
-ucissa (inessive plural)
-ucihna (inessive plural)
-udësta (elative singular)
-ucista (elative plural)
-udësën (illative singular)
-ucisën (illative plural)
-udëlla (adessive singular)
-ucilla (adessive plural)
-udëlta (ablative singular)
-ucilta (ablative plural)
-udëlën (allative singular)
-udëlëk (allative singular)
-ucilën (allative plural)
-ucilëk (allative plural)
-unna (essive singular)
-ucina (essive plural)
-udëksi (singular translative)
-uciksi (plural translative)
-udën (instructive singular)
-ucin (instructive plural)
-unnëk (comitative singular)
-ucinëk (comitative plural)
-udëtta (abessive singular)
-ucitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -us

Finnish: -uus, -us

Ingrian: -us

Karelian: -us

Veps: -uz'

Võro: -us

Votic: -uz

Janhunen (1981) proposed that *-uc is from Proto-Uralic *-wte, from *-w and related to Proto-Samic *-otëk (compare Northern Sami -odat) and Proto-Samoyedic *pirə̂ (< *pide-w-), but Salminen (2014) has cast doubt on this etymology by rejecting the presence of *-w- in the Samoyedic word.
Korhonen (1981) mentions an alternative etymology that *-uc is a reduction of *vooci (“year”) (and thus cognate with Proto-Samic *vuotë, which would be an early Finnic borrowing), a theory which Hakulinen however rejects on the basis that there is insufficient evidence for the required semantic and phonological development.
More recently, Junttila (2019) has written that *-uc could in fact be related to Proto-Samic *vuotë and that the suffix may have originally been an independent back-vocalic word that was used to form compounds. He does not however elaborate on whether this word was *vooci or not, and states that the theory is uncertain as there is no widely accepted etymology for the Finnic and Samic morphemes. Aikio, in his draft of the Uralic Etymological Dictionary, speculates on a possible etymology from Proto-Uralic *owte or *ote, and lists Proto-Samic *vuotë and Eastern Khanty от (ot) as possible cognates. This theory requires *-uuc to be the original primary form. With this in mind, it appears that *-uc is probably somehow related to Proto-Samic *vuotë and that both originate from a common independent word (rather than an affix), but the exact nature of this word and its further origin is as of yet uncertain.

Forms nouns from adjectives or sometimes other nouns, expressing a quality of being that which is described: -ness, -hood, -ity, -th.


-nta

Finnish: -nta


-nta

Finnish: -nta

According to SKRK, of the same origin as *-nci.


-nta

Estonian: -nt

Finnish: -nta

Ingrian: -nt

Formed from *-na (essive suffix) + *-ta (partitive suffix), perhaps by analogy with *-lta, *-sta.


-isa

Estonian: -s

Finnish: -isa

Ingrian: -isa

Karelian: -sa

Livvi: -žu

Võro: -sa

Votic: -sõ

From Proto-Uralic *-ńśa (*-ŋśa). Compared with *-icë-, but the relationship must be old, as any recent relationship would require a reconstruction **-ica not supported by evidence in South Estonian (which suggests an original *-s- or a later secondary change). Compare however *-icca.

Forms adjectives, mostly indicating possession or abundance.


-mi

desc

< oblique <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ni</i>, generalized to all forms

Finnish: -ni (< oblique *-ni, generalized to all forms), (poetic) -in (with metathesis), (obsolete, dialectal, Kymenlaakso) -m

Ingrian: -n (< oblique *-ni)

Karelian: (< oblique *-ni)

North Karelian: -ni

South Karelian: -ni

Livvi: -ni (< oblique *-ni)

< oblique <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ni</i>, with metathesis

Veps: -in (< oblique *-ni, with metathesis), -m

The first-person singular possessive ending.


-mak

>? Finnish: (dialectal) -ma

The first-person plural possessive ending.


-tudak

-tudak / *-tüdäk (canonical)
-tu- / *-tü- (stem)

Estonian: -tuma/-tuda

Finnish: -tua, -tyä

Karelian: -tuo, -työ

Veps: -duda

Võro: -tuma/-tudaq, -tümä/-tüdäq

Creates verbs with inchoative, passive or middle meanings. It signifies to "become", "be made into" or "be -ed".


-ttadak

head

*-ttadak / *-ttädäk (stem *-tta- / *-ttä-)

-ttadak / *-ttädäk (canonical)
-tta- / *-ttä- (stem)
-t'an (first-person present singular)
-t'oin (first-person past singular)
-ttagon (first-person optative singular)
-t'at (present second-person singular)
-t'oit (past second-person singular)
-t'ak (imperative second-person singular)
-ttagos (optative second-person singular)
-ttapi (present singular third-person)
-tta (present singular third-person)
-ttoi (past singular third-person)
-ttakahën (imperative singular third-person)
-ttakohën (optative singular third-person)
-t'akmëk (first-person plural present)
-t'akmak (first-person plural present)
-ttoimëk (first-person past plural)
-ttoimak (first-person past plural)
-ttakadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-ttakadamak (first-person imperative plural)
-ttakodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-ttakodamak (first-person optative plural)
-t'aktëk (plural present second-person)
-t'aktak (plural present second-person)
-ttoidëk (past plural second-person)
-ttoidak (past plural second-person)
-ttakadë (imperative plural second-person)
-ttakada (imperative plural second-person)
-ttagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-ttakodadak (optative plural second-person)
-ttabat (plural present third-person)
-tta (plural present third-person)
-ttoi (past plural third-person)
-ttakahën (imperative plural third-person)
-ttakohën (optative plural third-person)
-t'aksën (passive present)
-t'at'aksën (passive present)
-ttatihën (passive past)
-t'attihën (passive past)
-ttatagasën (imperative passive)
-t'attagasën (imperative passive)
-ttatagosën (optative passive)
-t'attagosën (optative passive)
-t'ak (connegative present)
-ttagak (connegative imperative)
-ttagok (connegative optative)
-t'aktak (connegative passive present)
-ttatagak (connegative imperative passive)
-t'attagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ttatagok (connegative optative passive)
-t'attagok (connegative optative passive)
-t'akcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-ttoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-ttanën (first-person potential singular)
-t'akcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-ttoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-ttanët (potential second-person singular)
-t'akci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-ttoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-ttani (potential singular third-person)
-t'akcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-t'akcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-ttoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-ttoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-ttanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-ttanëmak (first-person plural potential)
-t'akcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-t'akcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-ttoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-ttoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-ttanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-ttanëdak (plural potential second-person)
-t'akci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-ttoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-ttani (plural potential third-person)
-ttadakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-t'at'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-ttaticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-t'atticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ttatanësën (passive potential)
-t'attanësën (passive potential)
-t'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-ttoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-ttanëk (connegative potential)
-ttadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-t'at'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-ttaticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-t'atticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ttatanëk (connegative passive potential)
-t'attanëk (connegative passive potential)
-ttadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-ttapa (active participle present)
-ttataba (participle passive present)
-t'attaba (participle passive present)
-ttatë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-ttanut (active participle past)
-ttatu (participle passive past)
-t'attu (participle passive past)
-ttama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-ttaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Finnish: -ttaa

Ingrian: -ttaa

Karelian: -ttoa

Votic: -tta

Estonian: -tama/-tada

Livonian: -tõ

Veps: -tada

Võro: -tama/-taq

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-kta- and Proto-Uralic *-pta-. Compare -вто- (-vto-) in Erzya куловтомс (kulovtoms, “to kill”) (the causative verb from куломс (kuloms, “to die”)).

Creates causative verbs from regular verbs, meaning "to cause to (verb)".


-dak

Finnish: -da

Ingrian: -a, -vva, -ja, -na, -la, -ra

From Proto-Uralic *-ta- (infinitive marker) + *-k (lative ending). Cognates include Proto-Samic *-tēk.


-dak

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ndak</i>, vocalism influenced by the second-person plural pronoun

Finnish: -nne (< *-ndak, vocalism influenced by the second-person plural pronoun), (dialectal) -nna (South Karelia, Ostrobothnia), -nno (North Savonia), -nnu (North Karelia)

Ingrian: -nne

From Proto-Uralic *-ta[t/k], *-nta[t/k].

The second-person plural possessive ending.

? The first-person plural possessive ending.

-täk

forms used after a consonant that blocks consonant gradation


-lainën

-lainën / *-läinen (canonical)
-lainën (nominative singular)
-laicët (nominative plural)
-laicën (accusative singular)
-laicët (accusative plural)
-laicën (genitive singular)
-laictën (genitive plural)
-laicidën (genitive plural)
-laicta (partitive singular)
-laicida (partitive plural)
-laicëssa (inessive singular)
-laicëhna (inessive singular)
-laicissa (inessive plural)
-laicihna (inessive plural)
-laicësta (elative singular)
-laicista (elative plural)
-laicëhën (illative singular)
-laicihën (illative plural)
-laicëlla (adessive singular)
-laicilla (adessive plural)
-laicëlta (ablative singular)
-laicilta (ablative plural)
-laicëlën (allative singular)
-laicëlëk (allative singular)
-laicilën (allative plural)
-laicilëk (allative plural)
-lainna (essive singular)
-laicina (essive plural)
-laicëksi (singular translative)
-laiciksi (plural translative)
-laicën (instructive singular)
-laicin (instructive plural)
-lainnëk (comitative singular)
-laicinëk (comitative plural)
-laicëtta (abessive singular)
-laicitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -lane

Finnish: -lainen

Ingrian: -lain

Karelian: -laine

Veps: -laine

Võro: -lanõ

Votic: -lain

Forms nouns referring to the inhabitant of a place.


-icci

Estonian: -itsi, -tsi

Finnish: -itse

Karelian: -ičči

Livvi: -iči

Veps: -iči

Aikio and Ylikoski (2016) proposes that the prolative ending, which they reconstruct as *-iccek (the form attested in Finnish), is in fact a contraction of a Finno-Samic postposition *śüδik (with a cognate in Proto-Samic *čëδëk, and from the same stem as *śüdäme with a lative ending), through the development *-n śüδik (*-n is the genitive ending) > *-ńśüik > *-ńćik (> (Late) Proto-Finnic *-iccek). Alternatively possibly from the oblique stem *-icce- of *-inën.


-nci

-c (nominative singular)
-ndet (nominative plural)
-nden (accusative singular)
-ndet (accusative plural)
-nden (genitive singular)
-t'en (genitive plural)
-nciden (genitive plural)
-ttä (partitive singular)
-ncitä (partitive plural)
-ndessä (inessive singular)
-ndehnä (inessive singular)
-ncissä (inessive plural)
-ncihnä (inessive plural)
-ndestä (elative singular)
-ncistä (elative plural)
-ntesen (illative singular)
-ncisen (illative plural)
-ndellä (adessive singular)
-ncillä (adessive plural)
-ndeltä (ablative singular)
-nciltä (ablative plural)
-ntelen (allative singular)
-ntelek (allative singular)
-ncilen (allative plural)
-ncilek (allative plural)
-nnä (essive singular)
-ncinä (essive plural)
-ndeksi (singular translative)
-nciksi (plural translative)
-nden (instructive singular)
-ncin (instructive plural)
-nnek (comitative singular)
-ncinek (comitative plural)
-ndettä (abessive singular)
-ncittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: -s

Finnish: -s

Ingrian: -s

Karelian: -š

Livvi: -z

Livonian: -z

Veps: -nz'

Võro: -s

From Proto-Uralic *-mte. Cognates include Proto-Samic *-mtë, Hungarian -d.

Forms ordinal numbers from the corresponding cardinal.


-nci

Oblique form of *-ci (possessive ending)


-t'oin

Estonian: -tu

Finnish: -ton, (archaic) -toin

Ingrian: -toin

Karelian: -toin

Livvi: -toi

Veps: -toi

Võro: -du


-inën

-inën / *-inen (canonical)
-icë- / *-ice- (stem)
-inën (nominative singular)
-icet (nominative plural)
-icen (accusative singular)
-icet (accusative plural)
-icen (genitive singular)
-ictën (genitive plural)
-icidën (genitive plural)
-icta (partitive singular)
-icita (partitive plural)
-icessa (inessive singular)
-icehna (inessive singular)
-icissa (inessive plural)
-icihna (inessive plural)
-icesta (elative singular)
-icista (elative plural)
-icesën (illative singular)
-icisën (illative plural)
-icella (adessive singular)
-icilla (adessive plural)
-icelta (ablative singular)
-icilta (ablative plural)
-icelën (allative singular)
-icelëk (allative singular)
-icilën (allative plural)
-icilëk (allative plural)
-inna (essive singular)
-icina (essive plural)
-iceksi (singular translative)
-iciksi (plural translative)
-icen (instructive singular)
-icin (instructive plural)
-innëk (comitative singular)
-icinëk (comitative plural)
-icetta (abessive singular)
-icitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -ne

also conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-hinën</i>

Finnish: -inen (also conflated with *-hinën), -nen

Ingrian: -in

Karelian:

North Karelian: -ni

South Karelian: -ne

Livonian: -i

Livvi: -ine

Ludian: -ine

Veps: -ine

Votic: -in

Võro: -nõ/-ne

Two distinct stems that have been conflated into a single paradigm, as per Hakulinen; a case of suppletion.
The oblique stem *-ice- (sometimes reconstructed as *-icce-, which is probably secondary) is from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ŋće, *-ńće, *-nće, *-nśe, and is cognate with Proto-Samic *-ńčë. The oblique stem is probably original. In many descendants the original nominative can be found in compounds, albeit in reduced form (*naic(ë)- > Estonian nais- in naissugu, Finnish nais- in naissuku, Ingrian nais- in naissuku, Karelian nais- in naispuoli, Livonian naiz- in naizjemā, Ludian naiž- in naižluad, Veps naiž- in naižvald, Votic naiz- in naizeläje). Remnants of the original nominative *-ici may be preserved in toponyms (Alhaisi near Salo in Finland, Ihalaisi, Ikäpäivösi and Vornaisi in Ingria).
The origin of the nominative *-inen, as well as the motivation for the suppletion, is less clear; it might be related to *-na (diminutive suffix), in which case the -i- would be analogous to the oblique stem. Salo (2016) makes the observation that the suffix is quite similar to the comitative suffix *-inëk; a word like *soolainën could have originally meant "with (much) salt, abounding in salt", before developing into the adjective "salty". In this case, *-inen may have originally been an adjective-forming suffix, which may have combined with an older diminutive suffix to form a single suppletive adjective-diminutive suffix.

-ish, -ic, -like, -y (forming adjectives)


-ëk

-ëk / *-ek (canonical)
-ëk (nominative singular)
-ëgët (nominative plural)
-ëgën (accusative singular)
-ëgët (accusative plural)
-ëgën (genitive singular)
-ëgëdën (genitive plural)
-ëgidën (genitive plural)
-ëgëta (partitive singular)
-ëgita (partitive plural)
-ëgëssa (inessive singular)
-ëgëhna (inessive singular)
-ëgissa (inessive plural)
-ëgihna (inessive plural)
-ëgësta (elative singular)
-ëgista (elative plural)
-ëgësën (illative singular)
-ëgisën (illative plural)
-ëgëlla (adessive singular)
-ëgilla (adessive plural)
-ëgëlta (ablative singular)
-ëgilta (ablative plural)
-ëgëlën (allative singular)
-ëgëlëk (allative singular)
-ëgilën (allative plural)
-ëgilëk (allative plural)
-ëgëna (essive singular)
-ëgina (essive plural)
-ëgëksi (singular translative)
-ëgiksi (plural translative)
-ëgën (instructive singular)
-ëgin (instructive plural)
-ëgënëk (comitative singular)
-ëginëk (comitative plural)
-ëgëtta (abessive singular)
-ëgitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -e

Finnish: -e

Ingrian: -e

Karelian: -e

Veps: -e, -eg

Võro: -e/-õ

Votic: -e/-õ


-ëda

Estonian: -e

Finnish: -ea/-eä (dialectal forms: -ee, -ia/-iä)

Karelian: -ie

Livvi: -ei

Veps: -ed

Võro: -õ/-e

Votic: -õa/-eä


-ldak

-ldak / *-ldäk (canonical)
-lë- / *-le- (stem)
-len (first-person present singular)
-lin (first-person past singular)
-lgon (first-person optative singular)
-let (present second-person singular)
-lit (past second-person singular)
-lek (imperative second-person singular)
-lgos (optative second-person singular)
-lepi (present singular third-person)
-l (present singular third-person)
-li (past singular third-person)
-lkasën (imperative singular third-person)
-lkosën (optative singular third-person)
-lekmëk (first-person plural present)
-lekmak (first-person plural present)
-limëk (first-person past plural)
-limak (first-person past plural)
-lkatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-lkatamak (first-person imperative plural)
-lkotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-lkotamak (first-person optative plural)
-lektëk (plural present second-person)
-lektak (plural present second-person)
-lidëk (past plural second-person)
-lidak (past plural second-person)
-lkatë (imperative plural second-person)
-lkata (imperative plural second-person)
-lgot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-lkotadak (optative plural second-person)
-lebat (plural present third-person)
-l (plural present third-person)
-li (past plural third-person)
-lkasën (imperative plural third-person)
-lkosën (optative plural third-person)
-leksën (passive present)
-let'aksën (passive present)
-ltisën (passive past)
-lettihën (passive past)
-ltakahën (imperative passive)
-lettagasën (imperative passive)
-ltakohën (optative passive)
-lettagosën (optative passive)
-lek (connegative present)
-lgak (connegative imperative)
-lgok (connegative optative)
-lektak (connegative passive present)
-ltagak (connegative imperative passive)
-lettagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ltagok (connegative optative passive)
-lettagok (connegative optative passive)
-lekcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-licin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-llën (first-person potential singular)
-lekcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-licit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-llët (potential second-person singular)
-lekci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-lici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-lli (potential singular third-person)
-lekcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-lekcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-licimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-licimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-llëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-llëmak (first-person plural potential)
-lekcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-lekcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-licidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-licidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-llëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-llëdak (plural potential second-person)
-lekci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-lici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-lli (plural potential third-person)
-ldakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-let'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-lticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-letticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ltanëhën (passive potential)
-lettanësën (passive potential)
-lekcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-licik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-llëk (connegative potential)
-ldakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-let'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-lticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-letticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ltanëk (connegative passive potential)
-lettanëk (connegative passive potential)
-ldak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-lepa (active participle present)
-ltapa (participle passive present)
-lettaba (participle passive present)
-ltë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-llut (active participle past)
-ltu (participle passive past)
-lettu (participle passive past)
-lema (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-leminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: -lema/-leda

Finnish: -ella

Ingrian: -ella

From Proto-Uralic *-le-. Cognates include Proto-Samic *-ëlëtēk, Proto-Mordvinic *-ĺə, Proto-Permic *-alni, Hungarian -l. In Finnic, the suffix consistently induces a stem vowel change *-A- > *-e-; this appears to be some kind of a regular change also found with some other suffixes, such as the comparative suffix *-mpi (see for more) and the translative verb suffix *-t'ak.


-nut

-nut / *-nüt (canonical)
-nut (nominative singular)
-nudët (nominative plural)
-nudën (accusative singular)
-nudët (accusative plural)
-nudën (genitive singular)
-nut'ën (genitive plural)
-nucidën (genitive plural)
-nutta (partitive singular)
-nucida (partitive plural)
-nudëssa (inessive singular)
-nudëhna (inessive singular)
-nucissa (inessive plural)
-nucihna (inessive plural)
-nudësta (elative singular)
-nucista (elative plural)
-nutëhën (illative singular)
-nucihën (illative plural)
-nudëlla (adessive singular)
-nucilla (adessive plural)
-nudëlta (ablative singular)
-nucilta (ablative plural)
-nutëlën (allative singular)
-nutëlëk (allative singular)
-nucilën (allative plural)
-nucilëk (allative plural)
-nunna (essive singular)
-nucina (essive plural)
-nudëksi (singular translative)
-nuciksi (plural translative)
-nudën (instructive singular)
-nucin (instructive plural)
-nunnëk (comitative singular)
-nucinëk (comitative plural)
-nudëtta (abessive singular)
-nucitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -nud

Finnish: -nut

Ingrian: -nt, -nut

Karelian: -nut

Livvi: -nuh

Veps: -nud

Võro: -nuq

Votic: -nut

The final *-Ut may be the same as the adjectival suffix *-ut, and possibly also be shared with *-ttu, especially if it was originally *-t'ut as more recent evidence would suggest. If so, the suffix is *-n(V)-ut. The origin of the initial part is not known, but it is not impossible that it is simply, or is related to, the suffix *-na, either in the locative or diminutive sense, or to the genitive ending *-n (the Uralic genitive ending may have had multiple uses as an adjectival and adverbial suffix).

(having) -ed; forms the past (active) participle, which is used as an adjective.


-ttu

Estonian: -tud

Finnish: -ttu

Ingrian: -ttu

Karelian: -ttu

Veps: -tud

Võro: -duq, -tuq

Votic: -ttu

The passive marker *-tta- followed by *-u or possibly *-ut (see below)

(having been) -ed; forms the past (passive) participle, which is used as an adjective.


-minën

-minën / *-minen (canonical)
-minën (nominative singular)
-micet (nominative plural)
-micen (accusative singular)
-micet (accusative plural)
-micen (genitive singular)
-mictën (genitive plural)
-micidën (genitive plural)
-micta (partitive singular)
-micida (partitive plural)
-micessa (inessive singular)
-micehna (inessive singular)
-micissa (inessive plural)
-micihna (inessive plural)
-micesta (elative singular)
-micista (elative plural)
-micehën (illative singular)
-micihën (illative plural)
-micella (adessive singular)
-micilla (adessive plural)
-micelta (ablative singular)
-micilta (ablative plural)
-micelën (allative singular)
-micelëk (allative singular)
-micilën (allative plural)
-micilëk (allative plural)
-minna (essive singular)
-micina (essive plural)
-miceksi (singular translative)
-miciksi (plural translative)
-micen (instructive singular)
-micin (instructive plural)
-minnëk (comitative singular)
-micinëk (comitative plural)
-micetta (abessive singular)
-micitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -mine

Finnish: -minen

Karelian: -mine

Veps: -mine

Võro: -minõ

Votic: -miin

Forms nouns from verbs, indicating the action of the verb itself.


-k'as

Estonian: -kas

Finnish: -kas

Ingrian: -kas

Karelian: -kas

Ludian: -kaz

Veps: -kaz

Võro: -kas

Votic: -kaz

From *-kka (diminutive suffix) and *-s (adjective-forming suffix).

Forms adjectives from nouns, indicating a particular abundance or general possession.


-ikkoi

-ikkoi (nominative singular)
-ik'oit (nominative plural)
-ik'oin (accusative singular)
-ik'oit (accusative plural)
-ik'oin (genitive singular)
-ikkoidën (genitive plural)
-ikkoita (partitive singular)
-ikkoita (partitive plural)
-ik'oissa (inessive singular)
-ik'oihna (inessive singular)
-ik'oissa (inessive plural)
-ik'oihna (inessive plural)
-ik'oista (elative singular)
-ik'oista (elative plural)
-ikkoisën (illative singular)
-ikkoisën (illative plural)
-ik'oilla (adessive singular)
-ik'oilla (adessive plural)
-ik'oilta (ablative singular)
-ik'oilta (ablative plural)
-ikkoilën (allative singular)
-ikkoilëk (allative singular)
-ikkoilën (allative plural)
-ikkoilëk (allative plural)
-ikkoina (essive singular)
-ikkoina (essive plural)
-ik'oiksi (singular translative)
-ik'oiksi (plural translative)
-ik'oin (instructive singular)
-ik'oin (instructive plural)
-ikkoinëk (comitative singular)
-ikkoinëk (comitative plural)
-ik'oitta (abessive singular)
-ik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -ik

Finnish: -ikko

Ingrian: -ikko

Karelian: -ikko

Veps: -ik

Võro: -ik

Votic: -ikko

Forms nouns indicating a group of things.


-ut

-ut / *-üt (canonical)
-ut (nominative singular)
-udët (nominative plural)
-udën (accusative singular)
-udët (accusative plural)
-udën (genitive singular)
-ut'ën (genitive plural)
-ucidën (genitive plural)
-utta (partitive singular)
-ucita (partitive plural)
-udëssa (inessive singular)
-udëhna (inessive singular)
-ucissa (inessive plural)
-ucihna (inessive plural)
-udësta (elative singular)
-ucista (elative plural)
-udësën (illative singular)
-ucisën (illative plural)
-udëlla (adessive singular)
-ucilla (adessive plural)
-udëlta (ablative singular)
-ucilta (ablative plural)
-udëlën (allative singular)
-udëlëk (allative singular)
-ucilën (allative plural)
-ucilëk (allative plural)
-unna (essive singular)
-ucina (essive plural)
-udëksi (singular translative)
-uciksi (plural translative)
-udën (instructive singular)
-ucin (instructive plural)
-unnëk (comitative singular)
-ucinëk (comitative plural)
-udëtta (abessive singular)
-ucitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: -ut

Ingrian: -ut

Originally an adjectival suffix, from earlier *-wta, roughly equivalent to *-u + *-(e)ta. Later turned into a consonant stem, as the final *a was lost (like in *-in) and the affix became an e-stem in most descendants by analogy with other consonant stems: an earlier *-ute would have regularly gone through *-ute > *-uti > *-uci > *-uc. The original vowel is further shown in e.g. Estonian lühida, dialectal Finnish lyhvä, lyhyvä, lyhyä and inflection in Veps. Usage as a diminutive suffix is more recent.


-nka

Finnish: -nka

Forms nouns; possibly originally diminutive.


-stik

Estonian: -sti

Finnish: -sti

Karelian:

North Karelian: -šti

South Karelian: -šti

Livonian: -īst

Livvi: -sti

Ludian: -sti, >? -s

Veps: -šti, >? -s

>? Võro: -ste

Votic: -ssi

*-sta (elative suffix) + *-ik (adverbial suffix); in some Finnic lects (e.g. Ingrian and some Finnish and Karelian dialects), the elative suffix itself is used in a similar way.

suf

Forms adverbs of manner from adjectives.


-nto

Finnish: -nto


-it'ak

head

*-it'ak / *-it'äk (stem *-iccë- / *-icce-)

-it'ak / *-it'äk (canonical)
-iccë- / *-icce- (stem)

Finnish: -ita

From Proto-Uralic *-ńće-, *-nśe-. Apparently related to *-ic(c)ë-, *-istak and the Northern Finnic conditional marker *-ici-.


-it'ak

*-it'ak / *-it'äk (stem *-ida- / *-idä-)

-it'ak / *-it'äk (canonical)
-ida- / *-idä- (stem)

Finnish: -ita

A variant of *-t'ak (translative verb suffix) and *-t'ak (causative verb suffix). The initial *-i- is probably from the frequentative ending *-j (see *-idak).


-t'ak

-t'ak / *-t'äk (canonical)
-da- / *-dä- (stem)
-dän (first-person present singular)
-cin (first-person past singular)
-tkon (first-person optative singular)
-dät (present second-person singular)
-cit (past second-person singular)
-däk (imperative second-person singular)
-tkos (optative second-person singular)
-däpi (present singular third-person)
-t (present singular third-person)
-ci (past singular third-person)
-tkasën (imperative singular third-person)
-tkosën (optative singular third-person)
-däkmëk (first-person plural present)
-däkmak (first-person plural present)
-cimëk (first-person past plural)
-cimak (first-person past plural)
-tkatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-tkatamak (first-person imperative plural)
-tkotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-tkotamak (first-person optative plural)
-däktëk (plural present second-person)
-däktak (plural present second-person)
-cidëk (past plural second-person)
-cidak (past plural second-person)
-tkatë (imperative plural second-person)
-tkata (imperative plural second-person)
-tkot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-tkotadak (optative plural second-person)
-däbat (plural present third-person)
-t (plural present third-person)
-ci (past plural third-person)
-tkasën (imperative plural third-person)
-tkosën (optative plural third-person)
-däksën (passive present)
-dät'aksën (passive present)
-ttisën (passive past)
-dättihën (passive past)
-ttakahën (imperative passive)
-dättagasën (imperative passive)
-ttakohën (optative passive)
-dättagosën (optative passive)
-däk (connegative present)
-tkak (connegative imperative)
-tkok (connegative optative)
-däktak (connegative passive present)
-ttagak (connegative imperative passive)
-dättagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ttagok (connegative optative passive)
-dättagok (connegative optative passive)
-däkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-cicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-nnën (first-person potential singular)
-däkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-cicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-nnët (potential second-person singular)
-däkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-cici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-nni (potential singular third-person)
-däkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-däkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-cicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-cicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-nnëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-nnëmak (first-person plural potential)
-däkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-däkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-cicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-cicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-nnëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-nnëdak (plural potential second-person)
-däkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-cici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-nni (plural potential third-person)
-t'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-dät'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-tticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-dätticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ttanëhën (passive potential)
-dättanësën (passive potential)
-däkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-cicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-nnëk (connegative potential)
-t'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-dät'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-tticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-dätticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ttanëk (connegative passive potential)
-dättanëk (connegative passive potential)
-t'ak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-däpa (active participle present)
-ttapa (participle passive present)
-dättaba (participle passive present)
-ttë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-nnut (active participle past)
-ttu (participle passive past)
-dättu (participle passive past)
-däma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-däminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: -ma/-ta

Finnish: -ta

Originally a variant of *-tadak when attached to vowel stems and landing on an odd syllable, while *-tadak would have been on even syllables or when attached to consonant stems; this is a regular process (see Proto-Finnic language § Consonant gradation on Wikipedia).

Forms verbs from nominal stems, generally with a causative, factitive or instrumental meaning.


-t'ak

Finnish: -ta (somewhat conflated with etymology 1)

A later development from etymology 1 by analogy with causative derivatives using *-ttadak, thus analogously making the shorter suffix anticausative.

Forms verbs from stems, generally with a translative or reflexive meaning.


-t'ak

-t'ak / *-t'äk (canonical)
-në- / *-ne- (stem)
-nen (first-person present singular)
-nin (first-person past singular)
-tkon (first-person optative singular)
-net (present second-person singular)
-nit (past second-person singular)
-nek (imperative second-person singular)
-tkos (optative second-person singular)
-nepi (present singular third-person)
-n (present singular third-person)
-ni (past singular third-person)
-tkasën (imperative singular third-person)
-tkosën (optative singular third-person)
-nekmëk (first-person plural present)
-nekmak (first-person plural present)
-nimëk (first-person past plural)
-nimak (first-person past plural)
-tkatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-tkatamak (first-person imperative plural)
-tkotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-tkotamak (first-person optative plural)
-nektëk (plural present second-person)
-nektak (plural present second-person)
-nidëk (past plural second-person)
-nidak (past plural second-person)
-tkatë (imperative plural second-person)
-tkata (imperative plural second-person)
-tkot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-tkotadak (optative plural second-person)
-nebat (plural present third-person)
-n (plural present third-person)
-ni (past plural third-person)
-tkasën (imperative plural third-person)
-tkosën (optative plural third-person)
-neksën (passive present)
-net'aksën (passive present)
-ttisën (passive past)
-nettihën (passive past)
-ttakahën (imperative passive)
-nettagasën (imperative passive)
-ttakohën (optative passive)
-nettagosën (optative passive)
-nek (connegative present)
-tkak (connegative imperative)
-tkok (connegative optative)
-nektak (connegative passive present)
-ttagak (connegative imperative passive)
-nettagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ttagok (connegative optative passive)
-nettagok (connegative optative passive)
-nekcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-nicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-nnën (first-person potential singular)
-nekcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-nicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-nnët (potential second-person singular)
-nekci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-nici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-nni (potential singular third-person)
-nekcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-nekcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-nicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-nicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-nnëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-nnëmak (first-person plural potential)
-nekcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-nekcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-nicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-nicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-nnëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-nnëdak (plural potential second-person)
-nekci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-nici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-nni (plural potential third-person)
-t'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-net'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-tticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-netticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ttanëhën (passive potential)
-nettanësën (passive potential)
-nekcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-nicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-nnëk (connegative potential)
-t'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-net'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-tticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-netticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ttanëk (connegative passive potential)
-nettanëk (connegative passive potential)
-t'ak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-nepa (active participle present)
-ttapa (participle passive present)
-nettaba (participle passive present)
-ttë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-nnut (active participle past)
-ttu (participle passive past)
-nettu (participle passive past)
-nema (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-neminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

desc

Estonian: -nema, -neda (consonant stem reformed by analogy)

Finnish: -(e)ta

Ingrian: -(e)ta

Karelian: -(e)ta

>? Livonian: -mtõ

Veps: -eta

Votic: -(e)ta

Võro: -daq, -nõdaq

From Proto-Uralic *-me-.
The change *m > *n is likely by analogy with the passive and participle stems, as well as the causative *-ntadak, where the added *-t- incurred a regular *mt > *nt. This change was then generalized to other forms.
The consonant stem, i.e. the stem when followed by a *t (such as in the passive and infinitive forms) or *k (in the imperative forms), has been reformed to *-d- (*-t'-, *-tk-), due to confusion with verbs using the suffix *-nte- (*-t'ak (reflexive) added to -n- stems). The first infinitive form would have, with this ending, become *-nt(e)-dak > *-nt'ak > *-t'ak (with simplification of the then phonotactically impossible cluster *nt': compare *kattadak < *kanci).
Like *-ldak and the comparative ending *-mpi (which see for more), this verb consistently induces a stem vowel change *-A- > *-e-.


-t'ak

-t'ak / *-t'äk (canonical)
-dë- / *-de- (stem)
-den (first-person present singular)
-cin (first-person past singular)
-tkon (first-person optative singular)
-det (present second-person singular)
-cit (past second-person singular)
-dek (imperative second-person singular)
-tkos (optative second-person singular)
-depi (present singular third-person)
-t (present singular third-person)
-ci (past singular third-person)
-tkasën (imperative singular third-person)
-tkosën (optative singular third-person)
-dekmëk (first-person plural present)
-dekmak (first-person plural present)
-cimëk (first-person past plural)
-cimak (first-person past plural)
-tkatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-tkatamak (first-person imperative plural)
-tkotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-tkotamak (first-person optative plural)
-dektëk (plural present second-person)
-dektak (plural present second-person)
-cidëk (past plural second-person)
-cidak (past plural second-person)
-tkatë (imperative plural second-person)
-tkata (imperative plural second-person)
-tkot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-tkotadak (optative plural second-person)
-debat (plural present third-person)
-t (plural present third-person)
-ci (past plural third-person)
-tkasën (imperative plural third-person)
-tkosën (optative plural third-person)
-deksën (passive present)
-det'aksën (passive present)
-ttisën (passive past)
-dettihën (passive past)
-ttakahën (imperative passive)
-dettagasën (imperative passive)
-ttakohën (optative passive)
-dettagosën (optative passive)
-dek (connegative present)
-tkak (connegative imperative)
-tkok (connegative optative)
-dektak (connegative passive present)
-ttagak (connegative imperative passive)
-dettagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ttagok (connegative optative passive)
-dettagok (connegative optative passive)
-dekcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-cicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-nnën (first-person potential singular)
-dekcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-cicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-nnët (potential second-person singular)
-dekci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-cici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-nni (potential singular third-person)
-dekcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-dekcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-cicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-cicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-nnëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-nnëmak (first-person plural potential)
-dekcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-dekcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-cicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-cicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-nnëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-nnëdak (plural potential second-person)
-dekci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-cici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-nni (plural potential third-person)
-t'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-det'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-tticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-detticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ttanëhën (passive potential)
-dettanësën (passive potential)
-dekcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-cicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-nnëk (connegative potential)
-t'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-det'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-tticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-detticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ttanëk (connegative passive potential)
-dettanëk (connegative passive potential)
-t'ak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-depa (active participle present)
-ttapa (participle passive present)
-dettaba (participle passive present)
-ttë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-nnut (active participle past)
-ttu (participle passive past)
-dettu (participle passive past)
-dema (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-deminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

q

Finnish: -ida, -ita, -ta (dialectal; e.g. first infinitive "heittäidä" or "heittäitä", first-person singular indicative present "hei(t)täin")

Ingrian: -issa (with -s- levelled from past forms by analogy)

Votic: -ssa (with -s- levelled from past forms by analogy)

From Proto-Finno-Permic *-te-. Cognate with Proto-Samic *-tëtēk (in e.g. Northern Sami geassádit).


-t'ak

-t'ak / *-t'äk (canonical)
-ntë- / *-nte- (stem)
-nden (first-person present singular)
-ncin (first-person past singular)
-ntegon (first-person optative singular)
-ndet (present second-person singular)
-ncit (past second-person singular)
-ndek (imperative second-person singular)
-ntegos (optative second-person singular)
-ntepi (present singular third-person)
-c (present singular third-person)
-nci (past singular third-person)
-ntekahën (imperative singular third-person)
-ntekohën (optative singular third-person)
-ndekmëk (first-person plural present)
-ndekmak (first-person plural present)
-ncimëk (first-person past plural)
-ncimak (first-person past plural)
-ntekadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-ntekadamak (first-person imperative plural)
-ntekodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-ntekodamak (first-person optative plural)
-ndektëk (plural present second-person)
-ndektak (plural present second-person)
-ncidëk (past plural second-person)
-ncidak (past plural second-person)
-ntekadë (imperative plural second-person)
-ntekada (imperative plural second-person)
-ntegot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-ntekodadak (optative plural second-person)
-ntebat (plural present third-person)
-c (plural present third-person)
-nci (past plural third-person)
-ntekahën (imperative plural third-person)
-ntekohën (optative plural third-person)
-ndeksën (passive present)
-ndet'aksën (passive present)
-ttisën (passive past)
-ndettihën (passive past)
-ttakahën (imperative passive)
-ndettagasën (imperative passive)
-ttakohën (optative passive)
-ndettagosën (optative passive)
-ndek (connegative present)
-ntegak (connegative imperative)
-ntegok (connegative optative)
-ndektak (connegative passive present)
-ttagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ndettagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ttagok (connegative optative passive)
-ndettagok (connegative optative passive)
-ndekcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-ncicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-nnën (first-person potential singular)
-ndekcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-ncicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-nnët (potential second-person singular)
-ndekci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-ncici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-nni (potential singular third-person)
-ndekcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-ndekcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-ncicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-ncicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-nnëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-nnëmak (first-person plural potential)
-ndekcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-ndekcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-ncicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-ncicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-nnëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-nnëdak (plural potential second-person)
-ndekci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-ncici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-nni (plural potential third-person)
-t'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-ndet'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-tticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ndetticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ttanëhën (passive potential)
-ndettanësën (passive potential)
-ndekcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-ncicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-nnëk (connegative potential)
-t'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-ndet'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-tticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ndetticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ttanëk (connegative passive potential)
-ndettanëk (connegative passive potential)
-t'ak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-ntepa (active participle present)
-ttapa (participle passive present)
-ndettaba (participle passive present)
-ttë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-nnut (active participle past)
-ttu (participle passive past)
-ndettu (participle passive past)
-ntema (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-nteminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

stem -ntëlë- < <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ntë-lë-</i>

⇒ Finnish: -nnella (stem -ntëlë- < *-ntë-lë-)

⇒ Ingrian: -nnella (stem -ntëlë- < *-ntë-lë-)

stem -skëntëlë- < <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-skë-ntë-lë-</i>

⇒ Livvi: -skennella (stem -skëntëlë- < *-skë-ntë-lë-)

⇒ Veps: -gata (stem -ga(n)dë- < *-ka-ntë-, in verbs like helegata, varegata)

From Proto-Uralic *-nte-, possibly a variant of *-nta-, whence *-ntadak.


-t'ak

Finnish: -ta

Alternative form of *-tta (abessive ending)


-tadak

-tadak / *-tädäk (canonical)
-ta- / *-tä- (stem)

Estonian: -dma/-da

Finnish: -taa

Ingrian: -taa

Karelian: -toa

Livonian: -dõ

Livvi: -dua

Votic: -ta

Estonian: -tama/-tada

Livonian: -tõ

Veps: -tada

Võro: -tama/-taq

From Proto-Uralic *-ta- (verbalizer). Compare *-t'ak (causative/factitive/instrumental suffix).

Forms verbs from both nominal and verbal stems.


-hinën

-hinën / *-hinen (canonical)
-hinën (nominative singular)
-hicet (nominative plural)
-hicen (accusative singular)
-hicet (accusative plural)
-hicen (genitive singular)
-hictën (genitive plural)
-hicidën (genitive plural)
-hicta (partitive singular)
-hicida (partitive plural)
-hicessa (inessive singular)
-hicehna (inessive singular)
-hicissa (inessive plural)
-hicihna (inessive plural)
-hicesta (elative singular)
-hicista (elative plural)
-hicehën (illative singular)
-hicihën (illative plural)
-hicella (adessive singular)
-hicilla (adessive plural)
-hicelta (ablative singular)
-hicilta (ablative plural)
-hicelën (allative singular)
-hicelëk (allative singular)
-hicilën (allative plural)
-hicilëk (allative plural)
-hinna (essive singular)
-hicina (essive plural)
-hiceksi (singular translative)
-hiciksi (plural translative)
-hicen (instructive singular)
-hicin (instructive plural)
-hinnëk (comitative singular)
-hicinëk (comitative plural)
-hicetta (abessive singular)
-hicitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: -(h)inen (partially merged and confused with -inen < *-inën)

Ingrian: -hiin

Karelian: -hine

Livvi: -hine

Ludian: -hine

Veps: -hine

Votic: -in

From *-h- + *-inën. The initial component is the 'weak grade' of *-s- (rather, developed via a regular sound change, not via consonant gradation) that is also found in the inessive (*-ssa) and illative (*-hën) endings, which in this affix has a locative sense.

Forms nouns or adjectives, mainly from nominal stems.


-ntadak

head

*-ntadak / *-ntädäk (stem *-nta- / *-ntä-)

-ntadak / *-ntädäk (canonical)
-nta- / *-ntä- (stem)
-ndan (first-person present singular)
-ndoin (first-person past singular)
-ntagon (first-person optative singular)
-ndat (present second-person singular)
-ndoit (past second-person singular)
-ndak (imperative second-person singular)
-ntagos (optative second-person singular)
-ntapi (present singular third-person)
-nta (present singular third-person)
-ntoi (past singular third-person)
-ntakahën (imperative singular third-person)
-ntakohën (optative singular third-person)
-ndakmëk (first-person plural present)
-ndakmak (first-person plural present)
-ntoimëk (first-person past plural)
-ntoimak (first-person past plural)
-ntakadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-ntakadamak (first-person imperative plural)
-ntakodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-ntakodamak (first-person optative plural)
-ndaktëk (plural present second-person)
-ndaktak (plural present second-person)
-ntoidëk (past plural second-person)
-ntoidak (past plural second-person)
-ntakadë (imperative plural second-person)
-ntakada (imperative plural second-person)
-ntagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-ntakodadak (optative plural second-person)
-ntabat (plural present third-person)
-nta (plural present third-person)
-ntoi (past plural third-person)
-ntakahën (imperative plural third-person)
-ntakohën (optative plural third-person)
-ndaksën (passive present)
-ndat'aksën (passive present)
-ntatihën (passive past)
-ndattihën (passive past)
-ntatagasën (imperative passive)
-ndattagasën (imperative passive)
-ntatagosën (optative passive)
-ndattagosën (optative passive)
-ndak (connegative present)
-ntagak (connegative imperative)
-ntagok (connegative optative)
-ndaktak (connegative passive present)
-ntatagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ndattagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ntatagok (connegative optative passive)
-ndattagok (connegative optative passive)
-ndakcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-ntoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-ntanën (first-person potential singular)
-ndakcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-ntoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-ntanët (potential second-person singular)
-ndakci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-ntoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-ntani (potential singular third-person)
-ndakcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-ndakcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-ntoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-ntoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-ntanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-ntanëmak (first-person plural potential)
-ndakcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-ndakcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-ntoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-ntoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-ntanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-ntanëdak (plural potential second-person)
-ndakci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-ntoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-ntani (plural potential third-person)
-ntadakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-ndat'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-ntaticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ndatticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ntatanësën (passive potential)
-ndattanësën (passive potential)
-ndakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-ntoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-ntanëk (connegative potential)
-ntadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-ndat'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-ntaticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ndatticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ntatanëk (connegative passive potential)
-ndattanëk (connegative passive potential)
-ntadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-ntapa (active participle present)
-ntataba (participle passive present)
-ndattaba (participle passive present)
-ntatë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-ntanut (active participle past)
-ntatu (participle passive past)
-ndattu (participle passive past)
-ntama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-ntaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: -ndama, -ndada

Finnish: -ntaa

Ingrian: -ntaa

Karelian: -ntoa

Livvi: -ndua

Livonian: -ndõ

Ludian: -ndia

Veps: -eta

Votic: -nta

Equivalent to *-t'ak (stem *-ne-) + *-tadak, possibly even from Proto-Uralic *-mta-. Like *-t'ak, causes a stem-final -A- to change into -e-.

suf

stem <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ne-</i>

Forms verbs from nominal stems with a factitive or causative meaning.


-ntadak

A variant of *-t'ak (frequentative verb suffix); this variation may even date back to a Proto-Uralic *-nta-, which would be a variant of *-nte-. Like etymology 1, *-t'ak and *-ldak, causes a stem-final -A- to change into -e-.


-istak

head

*-istak / *-istäk (stem *-isë- / *-ise-)

-istak / *-istäk (canonical)
-isë- / *-ise- (stem)

Estonian: -isema/-iseda

Finnish: -ista

Ingrian: -issa

Karelian: -issa

>? Livonian: -īkšõ

Ludian: -ista

Veps: -išta

Võro: -istaq, -isõma

Votic: -isõ

Probably a variant of *-it'ak (stem *-icce-).

Forms continuative or frequentative verbs, mostly from onomatopoeic stems.


-ait'ak

*-ait'ak / *-äit'äk (stem *-aida- / *-äidä-)

-ait'ak / *-äit'äk (canonical)
-aida- / *-äidä- (stem)

desc

Finnish: -ajaa (dialectal, stem -aja-, e.g. heläjää, kumajaa)

Veps: -aita

Probably a variant of *-it'ak with rebracketing/re-extraction from a-stems into the suffix. The lack of the standard labialization *-ai- > *-oi- suggests a relatively recent origin or prevention of the sound change by analogy.

Forms verbs, often continuative or frequentative, mainly from nominal stems.


-dë-

Estonian: -de-

Finnish: -e-

Ingrian: -e-

Livvi: -je-

Possibly originally a variant of the first infinitive stem *-da- (see *-dak), with a shift from unstressed *a > *e after unstressed syllables (compare e.g. *-mpi, *-in, *-pi, *-t'oin).


-ëh

-ëh / *-eh (canonical)
-ëh (nominative singular)
-ëhët (nominative plural)
-ëhën (accusative singular)
-ëhët (accusative plural)
-ëhën (genitive singular)
-ëhtën (genitive plural)
-ëhidën (genitive plural)
-ëhta (partitive singular)
-ëhita (partitive plural)
-ëhëssa (inessive singular)
-ëhëhna (inessive singular)
-ëhissa (inessive plural)
-ëhihna (inessive plural)
-ëhësta (elative singular)
-ëhista (elative plural)
-ëhësën (illative singular)
-ëhisën (illative plural)
-ëhëlla (adessive singular)
-ëhilla (adessive plural)
-ëhëlta (ablative singular)
-ëhilta (ablative plural)
-ëhëlën (allative singular)
-ëhëlëk (allative singular)
-ëhilën (allative plural)
-ëhilëk (allative plural)
-ëhëna (essive singular)
-ëhina (essive plural)
-ëhëksi (singular translative)
-ëhiksi (plural translative)
-ëhën (instructive singular)
-ëhin (instructive plural)
-ëhënëk (comitative singular)
-ëhinëk (comitative plural)
-ëhëtta (abessive singular)
-ëhitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -e, -es

Finnish: -e

Ingrian: -e

Karelian: -eh

Ludian: -eh

Livvi: -eh

Veps: -eh

Võro: -e/-õ, -eh/-õh

Votic: -e/-õ

From Proto-Uralic *-eš. Cognate with Proto-Samic *-ës.


-ahtadak

head

*-ahtadak / *-ähtädäk (stem *-ahta- / *-ähtä-)

-ahtadak / *-ähtädäk (canonical)
-ahta- / *-ähtä- (stem)

Finnish: -ahtaa

Ingrian: -ahtaa


-altadak

*-altadak / *-ältädäk (stem *-alta- / *-ältä-)

-altadak / *-ältädäk (canonical)
-alta- / *-ältä- (stem)

Finnish: -altaa


-istadak

*-istadak / *-istädäk (stem *-ista- / *-istä-)

-istadak / *-istädäk (canonical)
-ista- / *-istä- (stem)

Finnish: -istaa

Forms some verbs, mainly from nominal stems.


-kadak

-kadak / *-kädäk (canonical)
-ka- / *-kä- (stem)

Finnish: -kaa (non-productive)

Probably akin to the nominal suffix *-ka.


-ot'ak

Finnish: -ota

Ingrian: -ota


-pudak

-pudak / *-püdäk (canonical)
-pu- / *-pü- (stem)

Finnish: -pua

Analogical formations from *-udak; perhaps equivalent to *-pa + *-udak.


-oidak

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-odak</i>

Finnish: -oa (merged with *-odak)

Originally an allophonic form of *-idak attached to *-a- stems, incurring regular labialization (*-ai- > *-oi-) in later syllables.

Forms mainly frequentative verbs, like *-idak.


-odak

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-oidak</i>

Finnish: -oa (merged with *-oidak)

From Proto-Uralic *-w-, originally specifically when attached to *-a- stems (as opposed to *-udak), although the suffixes later came to be used more generally.


-idak

Estonian: -ima/-ida

Finnish: -ia


-udak

-udak / *-üdäk (canonical)
-u- / *-ü- (stem)

Finnish: -ua

From Proto-Uralic *-w-. Compare -в- (-v-) in Erzya неявомс (nejavoms, “to be visible, appear”).

cog

Forms mainly passive or anticausative verbs.


-stak

-stak / *-stäk (canonical)
-ksë- / *-kse- (stem)

Perhaps related to the (Eastern Finnish, Karelian, Veps) reflexive ending *-ksen (from present marker *-k- + third-person possessive affix *-sën (*-hën)).


-icca

Finnish: -itsa


-kkoi

Finnish: -kko

Ingrian: -kko


-ttapa

Finnish: -tava, -ttava

Ingrian: -tava, -ttava

*-tta- (passive marker) + *-pa (participle ending)


-këda

Finnish: -kea/-keä

Variant of *-ëda; the initial *-k- may be from *-kka (with phonotactic restriction *-Ckkëda > *-Ckëda) or *-ka, or be excrescent (or analogously re-extracted), likewise perhaps for phonotactic reasons.


-llinën

Finnish: -llinen

Forms adjectives indicating possession of something.


-icin

Finnish: -isin

Possibly originally an inflected form of *-inën.

Forms adverbs of manner or repeated time of occurrence.


-t'ik

Finnish: -ti

Forms caritive adverbs, i.e. adverbs expressing the lack of something.


-t'ik

Finnish: -ti


-t'ën

Finnish: -ten

Possibly from the instructive forms of *-dë- (second infinitive) or akin to *-tta.


-hën

Alternative form of *-sën (illative ending)


-hën

Alternative form of *-sën (reflexive/possessive marker)


-llën

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-lëC</i>

Estonian: -le (< *-lëC)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-llëk</i>

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-lëk</i>

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-llën</i>

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-lën</i>

Finnish: -lle (< *-llëk), (dialectal) -le (< *-lëk), (dialectal) -llen (< *-llën), (dialectal) -len (< *-lën)

Ingrian: -lle (< *-llëk)

Karelian: (merged with adessive *-lla)

Livonian: -l, -lõ, -õl

Livvi: -le (< *-lëk)

Ludian: -le (< *-lëk)

Veps: -le (< *-lëk)

Võro: -lõ (< *-lëC)

Votic: -lõõ (< *-lën)

Probably contracted from the genitive ending *-n + *ülä (“upper, above”) + Proto-Uralic *-ŋ (lative suffix), perhaps through a Uralic postposition *üleŋ: *-n-ülä-ŋ/*-n-üle-ŋ > *-n-leŋ > *-lle[n/k].
In the past also thought to derive from *-la + the aforementioned lative suffix, in which case the long *-ll- would have been analogous to the adessive ending *-lla.


-sën

q

Estonian: (illative case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change); -hV

Finnish: -Vn, -hVn

Ingrian: -V

Karelian:

North Karelian: -h

South Karelian: -h

Livonian: (illative case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change); -õ, -õz, -z, -zõ (the last three derive from *-sën by levelling)

Livvi: -h

Ludian: -h, -he, -ze

Veps: -he, -ze

Võro: -he, -hV (in some cases transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

Votic: (illative case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change); -hV

Estonian: -sse

Finnish: -seen

Ingrian: -sse

Votic: -sõ

From an internal locative morpheme *-s- + epenthetic vowel + Proto-Uralic *-ŋ (lative suffix). Cognate with Proto-Samic [Term?].


-sën

Finnish: (dialectal, archaic) -he

Karelian:

North Karelian: -h

South Karelian: -h

Livvi: -h

Ludian: -ze

Veps: -se, -he

Finnish: -Vn

Ingrian: -V, >? -he

Karelian:

North Karelian: -h

South Karelian: -h

Livvi: -h

Veps: -ze, -nze

Most probably derived from or of the same origin as *hän.
The possessive suffix developed by analogy with the reflexive suffix from its original form of *-sa, *-sak (see more there), after the original vowel of that suffix became obscure.

(Northern Finnic) Third-person singular possessive suffix.


-nsak

Oblique form of *-sak (possessive ending)


-ndak

Oblique form of *-dak (possessive ending)


-sak

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-nsak</i>

Finnish: -nsa (< *-nsak), (dialectal) -sa

⇒ Estonian: enese (< *häne-nsäk)

⇒ Livonian: eņtš (< *häntä-nsäk)

From Proto-Uralic *-sa[t/k], *-nsa[t/k].

The third-person plural possessive ending.


-inëk

Finnish: -ne

>? Votic: (Jõgõperä) -nõõ, -nee

From Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?]. Cognate with Proto-Samic *-jnē and Proto-Mordvinic [Term?] (compare Erzya -нек (-nek)).


-ovëh

Finnish: -ue

Karelian:

North Karelian: -oveh

South Karelian: -oveh

Livvi: -oveh

Ludian: -oveh

Veps: -veh (non-productive)

From earlier *-w-eš {with labialization of the previous vowel, originally *-a-; compare *-o), equivalent to *-o + *-ëh.

Forms collective nouns from other nouns.


-skëldak

head

*-skëldak / *-skeldäk (stem *-skëlë- / *-skele-)

-skëldak / *-skeldäk (canonical)
-skëlë- / *-skele- (stem)
-skëlën (first-person present singular)
-skëlin (first-person past singular)
-skëlgon (first-person optative singular)
-skëlët (present second-person singular)
-skëlit (past second-person singular)
-skëlëk (imperative second-person singular)
-skëlgos (optative second-person singular)
-skëlëbi (present singular third-person)
-skël (present singular third-person)
-skëli (past singular third-person)
-skëlkahën (imperative singular third-person)
-skëlkohën (optative singular third-person)
-skëlëkmëk (first-person plural present)
-skëlëkmak (first-person plural present)
-skëlimëk (first-person past plural)
-skëlimak (first-person past plural)
-skëlkadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-skëlkadamak (first-person imperative plural)
-skëlkodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-skëlkodamak (first-person optative plural)
-skëlëktëk (plural present second-person)
-skëlëktak (plural present second-person)
-skëlidëk (past plural second-person)
-skëlidak (past plural second-person)
-skëlkadë (imperative plural second-person)
-skëlkada (imperative plural second-person)
-skëlgot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-skëlkodadak (optative plural second-person)
-skëlëbat (plural present third-person)
-skël (plural present third-person)
-skëli (past plural third-person)
-skëlkahën (imperative plural third-person)
-skëlkohën (optative plural third-person)
-skëlëksën (passive present)
-skëlët'aksën (passive present)
-skëltihën (passive past)
-skëlëttisën (passive past)
-skëltagasën (imperative passive)
-skëlëttakahën (imperative passive)
-skëltagosën (optative passive)
-skëlëttakohën (optative passive)
-skëlëk (connegative present)
-skëlgak (connegative imperative)
-skëlgok (connegative optative)
-skëlëktak (connegative passive present)
-skëltagak (connegative imperative passive)
-skëlëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
-skëltagok (connegative optative passive)
-skëlëttagok (connegative optative passive)
-skëlëkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-skëlicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-skëllën (first-person potential singular)
-skëlëkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-skëlicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-skëllët (potential second-person singular)
-skëlëkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-skëlici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-skëlli (potential singular third-person)
-skëlëkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-skëlëkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-skëlicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-skëlicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-skëllëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-skëllëmak (first-person plural potential)
-skëlëkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-skëlëkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-skëlicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-skëlicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-skëllëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-skëllëdak (plural potential second-person)
-skëlëkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-skëlici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-skëlli (plural potential third-person)
-skëldakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-skëlët'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-skëlticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-skëlëtticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-skëltanësën (passive potential)
-skëlëttanëhën (passive potential)
-skëlëkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-skëlicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-skëllëk (connegative potential)
-skëldakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-skëlët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-skëlticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-skëlëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-skëltanëk (connegative passive potential)
-skëlëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
-skëldak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-skëlëba (active participle present)
-skëltaba (participle passive present)
-skëlëttapa (participle passive present)
-skëltë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-skëllut (active participle past)
-skëltu (participle passive past)
-skëlëttu (participle passive past)
-skëlëma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-skëlëminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: -sklema/-skleda

desc

with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-ntë-</i>

Finnish: -skella, ⇒ -skennella (with *-ntë-)

Ingrian: -skella

⇒ Livvi: -skennella (with *-ntë-)

Veps: -skelda