mi

qualifier

Estonian: mis (genitive mille, partitive mida; nominative -s from see; the stem is extended to mill- in most forms); miks

Finnish: mikä (genitive minkä, partitive mitä)

Ingrian: mikä (genitive minen, partitive mitä); mi (rare), min

Karelian:

North Karelian: mi

South Karelian: mi

Livvi: mi

Ludian: mi

Veps: mi

Võro: miä (genitive mink, partitive midä/mitä)

Votic: mi, mikä


too

From Proto-Uralic *to. Compare Erzya тона (tona).


sama

sama (nominative singular)
samat (nominative plural)
saman (accusative singular)
samat (accusative plural)
saman (genitive singular)
samadën (genitive plural)
samoidën (genitive plural)
samada (partitive singular)
samoida (partitive plural)
samassa (inessive singular)
samahna (inessive singular)
samoissa (inessive plural)
samoihna (inessive plural)
samasta (elative singular)
samoista (elative plural)
samahën (illative singular)
samoihën (illative plural)
samalla (adessive singular)
samoilla (adessive plural)
samalta (ablative singular)
samoilta (ablative plural)
samalën (allative singular)
samalëk (allative singular)
samoilën (allative plural)
samoilëk (allative plural)
samana (essive singular)
samoina (essive plural)
samaksi (singular translative)
samoiksi (plural translative)
saman (instructive singular)
samoin (instructive plural)
samanëk (comitative singular)
samoinëk (comitative plural)
samatta (abessive singular)
samoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sama

Finnish: sama

Ingrian: sama

Karelian:

North Karelian: šama

South Karelian: šama

Livvi: sama

Ludian: sama

Võro: sama

Votic: sama


hän

hän (nominative singular)
hänen (accusative singular)
hänen (genitive singular)
häntä (partitive singular)
hänessä (inessive singular)
hänehnä (inessive singular)
hänestä (elative singular)
hänehen (illative singular)
hänellä (adessive singular)
häneltä (ablative singular)
hänelen (allative singular)
hänelek (allative singular)
hännä (essive singular)
häneksi (singular translative)
hänen (instructive singular)
hännek (comitative singular)
hänettä (abessive singular)

desc

< partitive singular <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*häntä</i>, later reanalyzed

< genitive singular + possessive suffix, <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*hänensäk</i>

⇒ Estonian: enda (< partitive singular *häntä, later reanalyzed), enese (< genitive singular + possessive suffix, *hänensäk)

Finnish: hän

Kven: hän

Ingrian: hää, (dialectal) hän, hään

→ Votic: hän, hään

Karelian:

North Karelian: hiän

South Karelian: hiän

q

< with partitive and possessive endings, <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*häntänsäk</i>

⇒ Livonian: eņtš (< with partitive and possessive endings, *häntänsäk)

Livvi: häi

Ludian: häin

Veps: hän

< with partitive and inessive endings, <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*häntähen</i>, later reanalyzed

⇒ Võro: hindä (< with partitive and inessive endings, *häntähen, later reanalyzed)

Votic: (inflected forms of ize) ene

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *sän, *sen. The initial sound change *s > *h is irregular; a similar sound change is regular between the second and third syllables, and the relative lack of sentence stress given to personal pronouns appears to have motivated a similar change (also seen in *hek). Cognate with Proto-Samic *sonë.


ken

desc

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*ken se</i>

⇒ Estonian: kes (from *ken se)

Finnish: ken (nominative singular form dated or poetic)

Ingrian: ken

Karelian:

North Karelian: ken

South Karelian: ken

Livvi: ken

Veps: ken

Võro: kiä

Votic: tšen


minä

minä (nominative singular)
minun (accusative singular)
minun (genitive singular)
minuda (partitive singular)
minussa (inessive singular)
minuhna (inessive singular)
minusta (elative singular)
minuhën (illative singular)
minulla (adessive singular)
minulta (ablative singular)
minulën (allative singular)
minulëk (allative singular)
minuna (essive singular)
minuksi (singular translative)
minun (instructive singular)
minunëk (comitative singular)
minutta (abessive singular)

Estonian: mina, ma

Finnish: minä, (colloquial/dialectal) mä, mää, miä, mie, mnää

Kven: mie

Ingrian: miä

Karelian:

North Karelian: mie

South Karelian: mie

Livonian: minā, ma

Livvi: minä

Ludian: minä

Veps: minä

Võro: ma, maq

Votic: miä

From Proto-Uralic *minä.
The exact development of the nominative form *minA and the inflected stem *minu- is unclear. Traditionally, it has been thought that the *-u in oblique forms originates from a dual inflection, which has otherwise been lost (compare the Proto-Samic first-person dual pronoun *monōj). More recently, however, this has been questioned. Kallio (2021) points out that in South Estonian (including Võro), the nominative vowel is in fact a back vowel *a, unlike in most other Finnic languages where it is *ä, and the inflection stem vowel is *-o- instead of *-u-. He considers *-u- primary, but doesn't leave out the possibility that *a is primary, or that the original form may have even been *min. This ties in to wider discussion about the exact form this pronoun had in Proto-Uralic as well.


tämä

From Proto-Uralic *tä + *-mä (the suffix is only present in otherwise monosyllabic forms).


nämä

From Proto-Uralic *nä + *-mä (the suffix is only present in otherwise monosyllabic forms).


joka

Finnish: joka, ⇒ jokin (“something”), joku (“someone”)

From Proto-Finno-Permic *jo + *-ka, although the bare root surfaces in derived forms and potentially certain inflected forms of the pronoun. Cognate with Northern Sami juohke, Erzya ю- (ju-) in юза-тоза (juza-toza, “back and forth”), Eastern Mari южо (južo, “some”) and Western Mari юж (juž, “some”). Not related to *jo (“already”).


ku

⇒ Estonian: kui, kuid, kuidas, kuna, kunagi, kus, kuhu, kust, kuni

⇒ Finnish: kuka (nominative singular form, other forms archaic), kun, kuin, kuinka, kukin, kukaan, kulloin, kuten

Ingrian: ku, ⇒ kuka, kuin, kunis

Karelian:

North Karelian: ku

South Karelian: ku

⇒ Veps: kuna, kunasai, kuhusai, kus, kuspäi, kut, kuti

⇒ Võro: kua, kuas

⇒ Votic: ku, kuall, kualtõ, kuhan, kuhõõ, kui, kuile, kuimõnd, kuini, kuippäi, kuika, kuhõz (Kattila), kuibõ (Kattila)

From Proto-Uralic *ku or Proto-Uralic *ko-. Finnish and Ingrian show a pattern of suffixing the nominative singular with *-ka (compare *mi and possibly *joka).


muu

muu (nominative singular)
muut (nominative plural)
muun (accusative singular)
muut (accusative plural)
muun (genitive singular)
muudën (genitive plural)
muidën (genitive plural)
muuta (partitive singular)
muita (partitive plural)
muussa (inessive singular)
muuhna (inessive singular)
muissa (inessive plural)
muihna (inessive plural)
muusta (elative singular)
muista (elative plural)
muusën (illative singular)
muisën (illative plural)
muulla (adessive singular)
muilla (adessive plural)
muulta (ablative singular)
muilta (ablative plural)
muulën (allative singular)
muulëk (allative singular)
muilën (allative plural)
muilëk (allative plural)
muuna (essive singular)
muina (essive plural)
muuksi (singular translative)
muiksi (plural translative)
muun (instructive singular)
muin (instructive plural)
muunëk (comitative singular)
muinëk (comitative plural)
muutta (abessive singular)
muitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: muu

Finnish: muu

Ingrian: muu

Karelian:

North Karelian: muu

South Karelian: muu

Livonian: mū

Livvi: muu

Ludian: muu

Votic: muu

Võro: muu


taa

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *ta, probably a variant of Proto-Uralic *to, or alternatively borrowed from Proto-Baltic *tas (compare Latvian tas, Lithuanian tàs).


töö

te (nominative plural)
töö (nominative plural)
tedet (accusative plural)
teidet (accusative plural)
teden (genitive plural)
teiden (genitive plural)
teitä (partitive plural)
teissä (inessive plural)
teihnä (inessive plural)
teistä (elative plural)
teisen (illative plural)
teillä (adessive plural)
teiltä (ablative plural)
teilen (allative plural)
teilek (allative plural)
teinä (essive plural)
teiksi (plural translative)
tein (instructive plural)
teinek (comitative plural)
teittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal) työ

Ingrian: töö

Karelian:

North Karelian: työ

South Karelian: työ

>? Livonian: tēg

Livvi: työ

Ludian: tüö

Veps: tö

Votic: tüü, töö


kaikki

kaikki (nominative singular)
kaik'ët (nominative plural)
kaik'ën (accusative singular)
kaik'ët (accusative plural)
kaik'ën (genitive singular)
kaikkëdën (genitive plural)
kaikkidën (genitive plural)
kaikkëda (partitive singular)
kaikkida (partitive plural)
kaik'ëssa (inessive singular)
kaik'ëhna (inessive singular)
kaik'issa (inessive plural)
kaik'ihna (inessive plural)
kaik'ësta (elative singular)
kaik'ista (elative plural)
kaikkëhën (illative singular)
kaikkihën (illative plural)
kaik'ëlla (adessive singular)
kaik'illa (adessive plural)
kaik'ëlta (ablative singular)
kaik'ilta (ablative plural)
kaikkëlën (allative singular)
kaikkëlëk (allative singular)
kaikkilën (allative plural)
kaikkilëk (allative plural)
kaikkëna (essive singular)
kaikkina (essive plural)
kaik'ëksi (singular translative)
kaik'iksi (plural translative)
kaik'ën (instructive singular)
kaik'in (instructive plural)
kaikkënëk (comitative singular)
kaikkinëk (comitative plural)
kaik'ëtta (abessive singular)
kaik'itta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kõik

Finnish: kaikki

Ingrian: kaik, ⇒ kaikkinee

Karelian:

North Karelian: kaikki

South Karelian: kaikki

Livvi: kai

Ludian: kai

Veps: kaik

Võro: kyik

Votic: kõig, kõikki

From earlier *kajëkki (compare *aisa, *aika, *aitta), borrowed from Proto-Baltic *kajakei, plural of *kajakas (whence Lithuanian kiek (“how many”) and Latvian cik (“how many”)).


mek

me (nominative plural)
möö (nominative plural)
medet (accusative plural)
meidet (accusative plural)
meden (genitive plural)
meiden (genitive plural)
meitä (partitive plural)
meissä (inessive plural)
meihnä (inessive plural)
meistä (elative plural)
meisen (illative plural)
meillä (adessive plural)
meiltä (ablative plural)
meilen (allative plural)
meilek (allative plural)
meinä (essive plural)
meiksi (plural translative)
mein (instructive plural)
meinek (comitative plural)
meittä (abessive plural)
*möö (alternative)

Estonian: me, meie (from the genitive)

Finnish: me

Kven: met

Livonian: meg

Võro: mi, miiq


tek

te (nominative plural)
töö (nominative plural)
tedet (accusative plural)
teidet (accusative plural)
teden (genitive plural)
teiden (genitive plural)
teitä (partitive plural)
teissä (inessive plural)
teihnä (inessive plural)
teistä (elative plural)
teisen (illative plural)
teillä (adessive plural)
teiltä (ablative plural)
teilen (allative plural)
teilek (allative plural)
teinä (essive plural)
teiksi (plural translative)
tein (instructive plural)
teinek (comitative plural)
teittä (abessive plural)
*töö (alternative)

Estonian: teie, te

Finnish: te

Livonian: tēg, teg

Võro: ti, tiiq


naa

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Ugric *na; alternatively, see *taa, from which by analogy with *tämä ~ *nämä, *too ~ *noo.


kumpi

Estonian: kumb

Finnish: kumpi, kumpainen

Ingrian: kumpa, kumpain

Karelian:

North Karelian: kumpi

qualifier

with extended stem <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*kuta-</i>

Veps: kudamb (with extended stem *kuta-)

Võro: kumb

Votic: kumpõ

From *ku + *-mpi. Compare Erzya омбо (ombo, “other”).

which (of two alternatives, interrogative)


hek

Finnish: he

Veps: he

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *sej (whence also Northern Sami sii, Erzya сынь (sïń)). The initial change *s > *h is shared with the corresponding singular pronoun *hän (see for more details).


möö

me (nominative plural)
möö (nominative plural)
medet (accusative plural)
meidet (accusative plural)
meden (genitive plural)
meiden (genitive plural)
meitä (partitive plural)
meissä (inessive plural)
meihnä (inessive plural)
meistä (elative plural)
meisen (illative plural)
meillä (adessive plural)
meiltä (ablative plural)
meilen (allative plural)
meilek (allative plural)
meinä (essive plural)
meiksi (plural translative)
mein (instructive plural)
meinek (comitative plural)
meittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: myö (dialectal)

Ingrian: möö

Karelian:

North Karelian: myö

South Karelian: myö

Livvi: myö

Ludian: müö

Veps: mö

Votic: müü, möö


cinä

cinä (nominative singular)
cinun (accusative singular)
cinun (genitive singular)
cinuda (partitive singular)
cinussa (inessive singular)
cinuhna (inessive singular)
cinusta (elative singular)
cinuhën (illative singular)
cinulla (adessive singular)
cinulta (ablative singular)
cinulën (allative singular)
cinulëk (allative singular)
cinuna (essive singular)
cinuksi (singular translative)
cinun (instructive singular)
cinunëk (comitative singular)
cinutta (abessive singular)

Estonian: sina, sa

desc

Finnish: sinä, (colloquial/dialectal) sä, sää, siä, sie

Kven: sie

Ingrian: siä

Karelian:

North Karelian: šie

South Karelian: šie

Livonian: sinā, sa

Livvi: sinä

Ludian: sina

Veps: sinä

Võro: sa, saq

Votic: siä

From Proto-Uralic *tinä.
The exact development of the nominative form *cinA and the inflected stem *cinu- is unclear. Traditionally, it has been thought that the *-u in oblique forms originates from a dual inflection, which has otherwise been lost (compare the Proto-Samic second-person dual pronoun *tonōj). More recently, however, this has been questioned. Kallio (2021) points out that in South Estonian (including Võro), the nominative vowel is in fact a back vowel *a, unlike in most other Finnic languages where it is *ä, and the inflection stem vowel is *-o- instead of *-u-. He considers *-u- primary, but doesn't leave out the possibility that *a is primary, or that the original form may have even been *cin. This ties in to wider discussion about the exact form this pronoun had in Proto-Uralic as well.


icek

Estonian: ise

Finnish: itse

Ingrian: itse

Karelian:

North Karelian: iče

South Karelian: iče

Livonian: ī’ž

Livvi: iče

Ludian: iče

Veps: iče

Võro: ess', es', esiq

Votic: ize

From Proto-Uralic *iće + *-ek. Related to Proto-Samic *jiečë, Proto-Mordvinic *eś.
With regards to the variation of *icek ~ *iccek ~ *isek, at least some of this variation might be older than Proto-Finnic, but there is still some debate about the nature of *ś and *ć in Proto-Uralic, specifically whether both consonants existed. The long *cc, however, is likely to be a secondary development. Some of this variation is likely to be tied to consonant gradation (see Kallio 2007, p. 238), while some of it is merely an artifact of differing reconstructions.

*isek (alternative)
*ic'ek (alternative)


höö

Finnish: (dialectal) hyö

Ingrian: höö

Karelian:

North Karelian: hyö

South Karelian: hyö

Livvi: hyö

Ludian: hüö

Veps: hö


mo-

Finnish: moinen (“such, like (that)”)

Ingrian: -moin

Karelian:

North Karelian: moini (“such, like (that)”)

South Karelian: moine (“such, like (that)”)

Livvi: moine (“such, like (that)”)

Ludian: moine (“such, like (that)”)

Finnish: mokoma (“such”) (negative or neutral)

Ingrian: mokoma (“such”)

Karelian:

South Karelian: mugoma (“such”)

Ludian: mogom (“such”)

Ingrian: moen (“such, like (that)”) (dialectal) (← *mo-gën?)

From Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?] (compare Komi-Zyrian мыд (myd), Udmurt мыд (myd), Eastern Mari моло (molo)), perhaps a variant of *mu (whence *muu (“other”)).

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include: that? other?


molëmpi

Finnish: molempi

Estonian: mõlema, mõlemad

Finnish: molemmat

Ingrian: molommat, molemmat

Karelian:

North Karelian: molommat

South Karelian: molommat, molemmat

Livonian: mȯ’lmõd

Livvi: mollembat

Ludian: molembad

Veps: molembad

Võro: mõlõmbaq

Votic: mõlõpõd

From *mo- + *-mpi. The nature of the middle component *-lV- is uncertain.