lama

lama (nominative singular)
lamat (nominative plural)
laman (accusative singular)
lamat (accusative plural)
laman (genitive singular)
lamadën (genitive plural)
lamoidën (genitive plural)
lamada (partitive singular)
lamoida (partitive plural)
lamassa (inessive singular)
lamahna (inessive singular)
lamoissa (inessive plural)
lamoihna (inessive plural)
lamasta (elative singular)
lamoista (elative plural)
lamahën (illative singular)
lamoihën (illative plural)
lamalla (adessive singular)
lamoilla (adessive plural)
lamalta (ablative singular)
lamoilta (ablative plural)
lamalën (allative singular)
lamalëk (allative singular)
lamoilën (allative plural)
lamoilëk (allative plural)
lamana (essive singular)
lamoina (essive plural)
lamaksi (singular translative)
lamoiksi (plural translative)
laman (instructive singular)
lamoin (instructive plural)
lamanëk (comitative singular)
lamoinëk (comitative plural)
lamatta (abessive singular)
lamoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ⇒ lamama/lamada

Finnish: lama

Ingrian: ⇒ lamakas

Karelian:

North Karelian: lama

South Karelian: lama

Livvi: lama

Ludian: lama

Veps: ⇒ lamak

Võro: ⇒ lammõma/lammõdaq

Votic: lama


visa

visa (nominative singular)
visat (nominative plural)
visan (accusative singular)
visat (accusative plural)
visan (genitive singular)
visadën (genitive plural)
visoidën (genitive plural)
visada (partitive singular)
visoida (partitive plural)
visassa (inessive singular)
visahna (inessive singular)
visoissa (inessive plural)
visoihna (inessive plural)
visasta (elative singular)
visoista (elative plural)
visahën (illative singular)
visoihën (illative plural)
visalla (adessive singular)
visoilla (adessive plural)
visalta (ablative singular)
visoilta (ablative plural)
visalën (allative singular)
visalëk (allative singular)
visoilën (allative plural)
visoilëk (allative plural)
visana (essive singular)
visoina (essive plural)
visaksi (singular translative)
visoiksi (plural translative)
visan (instructive singular)
visoin (instructive plural)
visanëk (comitative singular)
visoinëk (comitative plural)
visatta (abessive singular)
visoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: visa

Finnish: visa

Karelian:

North Karelian: viša

South Karelian: viža

Livonian: vizā

Võro: visa

Votic: visa


paksu

paksu (nominative singular)
paksut (nominative plural)
paksun (accusative singular)
paksut (accusative plural)
paksun (genitive singular)
paksudën (genitive plural)
paksuidën (genitive plural)
paksuda (partitive singular)
paksuida (partitive plural)
paksussa (inessive singular)
paksuhna (inessive singular)
paksuissa (inessive plural)
paksuihna (inessive plural)
paksusta (elative singular)
paksuista (elative plural)
paksuhën (illative singular)
paksuihën (illative plural)
paksulla (adessive singular)
paksuilla (adessive plural)
paksulta (ablative singular)
paksuilta (ablative plural)
paksulën (allative singular)
paksulëk (allative singular)
paksuilën (allative plural)
paksuilëk (allative plural)
paksuna (essive singular)
paksuina (essive plural)
paksuksi (singular translative)
paksuiksi (plural translative)
paksun (instructive singular)
paksuin (instructive plural)
paksunëk (comitative singular)
paksuinëk (comitative plural)
paksutta (abessive singular)
paksuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: paks

Finnish: paksu

Ingrian: paksu

Karelian: paksu

Livvi: puaksu

Ludian: puaks

Veps: paks

Võro: paks

Votic: paksu, (Kattila) pahsu

Possibly from Proto-Indo-Iranian, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰénǵʰus, but there are not that many parallels for a development into a form with *ks. Cognate with Ancient Greek παχύς (pakhús, “thick, large”).


vanha

vanha (nominative singular)
vanhat (nominative plural)
vanhan (accusative singular)
vanhat (accusative plural)
vanhan (genitive singular)
vanhadën (genitive plural)
vanhoidën (genitive plural)
vanhada (partitive singular)
vanhoida (partitive plural)
vanhassa (inessive singular)
vanhahna (inessive singular)
vanhoissa (inessive plural)
vanhoihna (inessive plural)
vanhasta (elative singular)
vanhoista (elative plural)
vanhahën (illative singular)
vanhoihën (illative plural)
vanhalla (adessive singular)
vanhoilla (adessive plural)
vanhalta (ablative singular)
vanhoilta (ablative plural)
vanhalën (allative singular)
vanhalëk (allative singular)
vanhoilën (allative plural)
vanhoilëk (allative plural)
vanhana (essive singular)
vanhoina (essive plural)
vanhaksi (singular translative)
vanhoiksi (plural translative)
vanhan (instructive singular)
vanhoin (instructive plural)
vanhanëk (comitative singular)
vanhoinëk (comitative plural)
vanhatta (abessive singular)
vanhoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vana

Finnish: vanha

Ingrian: vanha, (Ala-Laukaa) vana

Karelian:

North Karelian: vanha

South Karelian: vanha

Livonian: vanā

Livvi: vanhu, vahnu

Ludian: vahn

Veps: vanh

Võro: vana, vahn

Votic: vana

From Proto-Finno-Permic *wanša. Cognate with Proto-Permic *våž. In the past was also considered a possible borrowing from Proto-Germanic *wanhaz, *wanhą (“crooked, bent, bad”), but this is unlikely.


sininen

sininen (nominative singular)
sinicet (nominative plural)
sinicen (accusative singular)
sinicet (accusative plural)
sinicen (genitive singular)
sinicten (genitive plural)
siniciden (genitive plural)
sinictä (partitive singular)
sinicitä (partitive plural)
sinicessä (inessive singular)
sinicehnä (inessive singular)
sinicissä (inessive plural)
sinicihnä (inessive plural)
sinicestä (elative singular)
sinicistä (elative plural)
sinicesen (illative singular)
sinicisen (illative plural)
sinicellä (adessive singular)
sinicillä (adessive plural)
siniceltä (ablative singular)
siniciltä (ablative plural)
sinicelen (allative singular)
sinicelek (allative singular)
sinicilen (allative plural)
sinicilek (allative plural)
sininnä (essive singular)
sinicinä (essive plural)
siniceksi (singular translative)
siniciksi (plural translative)
sinicen (instructive singular)
sinicin (instructive plural)
sininnek (comitative singular)
sinicinek (comitative plural)
sinicettä (abessive singular)
sinicittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: sinine

Finnish: sininen

Ingrian: siniin

Karelian:

North Karelian: šinini

South Karelian: sinine

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: si’ņņi

Vidzeme Livonian: sinni

Ludian: siniine

Veps: sinine

Võro: sinine

Votic: sinin


pitkä

Estonian: pikk

Finnish: pitkä

Ingrian: pitkä, pitki

Karelian: pitkä

Livonian: pitka

Livvi: pitky

Ludian: pit'k

Veps: pit'k

Võro: pikk

Votic: pittše

From a stem *pit(e)- + *-kä, from Proto-Uralic *pide. Formally identical to Proto-Samoyedic *pirkä (“high”); other cognates include Hungarian fel, föl (“up”). Many of the derived terms are derived directly from the stem *pit(e)-.


musta

musta (nominative singular)
mustat (nominative plural)
mustan (accusative singular)
mustat (accusative plural)
mustan (genitive singular)
mustadën (genitive plural)
mustëidën (genitive plural)
mustada (partitive singular)
mustëida (partitive plural)
mustassa (inessive singular)
mustahna (inessive singular)
mustëissa (inessive plural)
mustëihna (inessive plural)
mustasta (elative singular)
mustëista (elative plural)
mustahën (illative singular)
mustëihën (illative plural)
mustalla (adessive singular)
mustëilla (adessive plural)
mustalta (ablative singular)
mustëilta (ablative plural)
mustalën (allative singular)
mustalëk (allative singular)
mustëilën (allative plural)
mustëilëk (allative plural)
mustana (essive singular)
mustëina (essive plural)
mustaksi (singular translative)
mustëiksi (plural translative)
mustan (instructive singular)
mustëin (instructive plural)
mustanëk (comitative singular)
mustëinëk (comitative plural)
mustatta (abessive singular)
mustëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: must

Finnish: musta

Ingrian: musta

Karelian:

North Karelian: mušta

South Karelian: mušta

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: mustā

Vidzeme Livonian: musta

Veps: must

Võro: must

Votic: mussõ

Unknown. Possibly a substrate loan from the pre-Finnic languages of the Baltic. A Germanic origin has been proposed, based on dialectal Norwegian Bokmål must (“steam, fume, mist”), but this etymology must be rejected, as the proposed Norwegian word appears to be a variant of a dialectal musk (cognate with dialectal Swedish musk, Icelandic musk, probably from Proto-Germanic *muskiz) inspired by most, a Latin loanword (ultimately from Latin mustum).


halpa

halpa (nominative singular)
halbat (nominative plural)
halban (accusative singular)
halbat (accusative plural)
halban (genitive singular)
halpadën (genitive plural)
halpoidën (genitive plural)
halpada (partitive singular)
halpoida (partitive plural)
halbassa (inessive singular)
halbahna (inessive singular)
halboissa (inessive plural)
halboihna (inessive plural)
halbasta (elative singular)
halboista (elative plural)
halpahën (illative singular)
halpoihën (illative plural)
halballa (adessive singular)
halboilla (adessive plural)
halbalta (ablative singular)
halboilta (ablative plural)
halpalën (allative singular)
halpalëk (allative singular)
halpoilën (allative plural)
halpoilëk (allative plural)
halpana (essive singular)
halpoina (essive plural)
halbaksi (singular translative)
halboiksi (plural translative)
halban (instructive singular)
halboin (instructive plural)
halpanëk (comitative singular)
halpoinëk (comitative plural)
halbatta (abessive singular)
halboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: halb (“bad”)

→ Livonian: alu (Salaca)

Finnish: halpa

Ingrian: halva

Võro: halv

Votic: (Kattila) alpõ

→? Proto-Germanic: *halbaz (“half”) (see there for further descendants)

Possibly, through earlier *šalpa, from Proto-Germanic *salwaz (“dirty”). An alternative theory suggests Uralic origin, from Proto-Finno-Permic *šalɜ, in which case the word may be cognate with Eastern Mari шулдо (šuldo).


ohut

ohut (nominative singular)
ohudët (nominative plural)
ohudën (accusative singular)
ohudët (accusative plural)
ohudën (genitive singular)
ohut'ën (genitive plural)
ohucidën (genitive plural)
ohutta (partitive singular)
ohucita (partitive plural)
ohudëssa (inessive singular)
ohudëhna (inessive singular)
ohucissa (inessive plural)
ohucihna (inessive plural)
ohudësta (elative singular)
ohucista (elative plural)
ohudësën (illative singular)
ohucisën (illative plural)
ohudëlla (adessive singular)
ohucilla (adessive plural)
ohudëlta (ablative singular)
ohucilta (ablative plural)
ohudëlën (allative singular)
ohudëlëk (allative singular)
ohucilën (allative plural)
ohucilëk (allative plural)
ohunna (essive singular)
ohucina (essive plural)
ohudëksi (singular translative)
ohuciksi (plural translative)
ohudën (instructive singular)
ohucin (instructive plural)
ohunnëk (comitative singular)
ohucinëk (comitative plural)
ohudëtta (abessive singular)
ohucitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: õhuke

Finnish: ohut

⇒ Ingrian: ohukkain

Võro: ohut, ohuq

Votic: (Kattila) õhud

Probably from Proto-Uralic *wokše + *-ut.


vahva

vahva (nominative singular)
vahvat (nominative plural)
vahvan (accusative singular)
vahvat (accusative plural)
vahvan (genitive singular)
vahvadën (genitive plural)
vahvoidën (genitive plural)
vahvada (partitive singular)
vahvoida (partitive plural)
vahvassa (inessive singular)
vahvahna (inessive singular)
vahvoissa (inessive plural)
vahvoihna (inessive plural)
vahvasta (elative singular)
vahvoista (elative plural)
vahvahën (illative singular)
vahvoihën (illative plural)
vahvalla (adessive singular)
vahvoilla (adessive plural)
vahvalta (ablative singular)
vahvoilta (ablative plural)
vahvalën (allative singular)
vahvalëk (allative singular)
vahvoilën (allative plural)
vahvoilëk (allative plural)
vahvana (essive singular)
vahvoina (essive plural)
vahvaksi (singular translative)
vahvoiksi (plural translative)
vahvan (instructive singular)
vahvoin (instructive plural)
vahvanëk (comitative singular)
vahvoinëk (comitative plural)
vahvatta (abessive singular)
vahvoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vahva

Finnish: vahva

Ingrian: vahva

Karelian: vahva

Livvi: vahvu

Veps: vahv

Votic: vahvõ


raskas

raskas (nominative singular)
raskahët (nominative plural)
raskahën (accusative singular)
raskahët (accusative plural)
raskahën (genitive singular)
raskastën (genitive plural)
raskahidën (genitive plural)
raskasta (partitive singular)
raskahita (partitive plural)
raskahëssa (inessive singular)
raskahëhna (inessive singular)
raskahissa (inessive plural)
raskahihna (inessive plural)
raskahësta (elative singular)
raskahista (elative plural)
raskahësën (illative singular)
raskahisën (illative plural)
raskahëlla (adessive singular)
raskahilla (adessive plural)
raskahëlta (ablative singular)
raskahilta (ablative plural)
raskahëlën (allative singular)
raskahëlëk (allative singular)
raskahilën (allative plural)
raskahilëk (allative plural)
raskassa (essive singular)
raskahina (essive plural)
raskahëksi (singular translative)
raskahiksi (plural translative)
raskahën (instructive singular)
raskahin (instructive plural)
raskassëk (comitative singular)
raskahinëk (comitative plural)
raskahëtta (abessive singular)
raskahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: raskas

Ingrian: raskas

Karelian: raskas

Votic: raskõz

Estonian: raske

From the root of *rasëda with a substitution of the adjective ending (from *-EdA to *-As, as in *veeras). The *-k- is more difficult to explain; it may be from *-kka (and the complete suffix be in fact *-k'as), which may have become ungeminated to prevent a phonotactically impossible **-skk-.


kaunis

kaunis (nominative singular)
kaunihët (nominative plural)
kaunihën (accusative singular)
kaunihët (accusative plural)
kaunihën (genitive singular)
kaunistën (genitive plural)
kaunihidën (genitive plural)
kaunista (partitive singular)
kaunihita (partitive plural)
kaunihëssa (inessive singular)
kaunihëhna (inessive singular)
kaunihissa (inessive plural)
kaunihihna (inessive plural)
kaunihësta (elative singular)
kaunihista (elative plural)
kaunihësën (illative singular)
kaunihisën (illative plural)
kaunihëlla (adessive singular)
kaunihilla (adessive plural)
kaunihëlta (ablative singular)
kaunihilta (ablative plural)
kaunihëlën (allative singular)
kaunihëlëk (allative singular)
kaunihilën (allative plural)
kaunihilëk (allative plural)
kaunissa (essive singular)
kaunihina (essive plural)
kaunihëksi (singular translative)
kaunihiksi (plural translative)
kaunihën (instructive singular)
kaunihin (instructive plural)
kaunissëk (comitative singular)
kaunihinëk (comitative plural)
kaunihëtta (abessive singular)
kaunihitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaunis

Finnish: kaunis

Ingrian: kaunis

Karelian: kaunis

Livvi: kauniš

Ludian: kauńiž

Votic: kauniz (“red”)


kallis

kallis (nominative singular)
kallihët (nominative plural)
kallihën (accusative singular)
kallihët (accusative plural)
kallihën (genitive singular)
kallistën (genitive plural)
kallihidën (genitive plural)
kallista (partitive singular)
kallihita (partitive plural)
kallihëssa (inessive singular)
kallihëhna (inessive singular)
kallihissa (inessive plural)
kallihihna (inessive plural)
kallihësta (elative singular)
kallihista (elative plural)
kallihësën (illative singular)
kallihisën (illative plural)
kallihëlla (adessive singular)
kallihilla (adessive plural)
kallihëlta (ablative singular)
kallihilta (ablative plural)
kallihëlën (allative singular)
kallihëlëk (allative singular)
kallihilën (allative plural)
kallihilëk (allative plural)
kallissa (essive singular)
kallihina (essive plural)
kallihëksi (singular translative)
kallihiksi (plural translative)
kallihën (instructive singular)
kallihin (instructive plural)
kallissëk (comitative singular)
kallihinëk (comitative plural)
kallihëtta (abessive singular)
kallihitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kallis

Finnish: kallis

Ingrian: kallis

Karelian:

North Karelian: kallis

South Karelian: kallis

Livonian: (Salaca) kaĺĺ

Livvi: kallis

Ludian: kalliž

Veps: kalliž

Võro: kallis

Votic: kalliz

The shape of the word suggests borrowing, but the exact origin remains unclear. Plötz (2013) suggests derivation either from some Baltic or Germanic descendant of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, protrude”) (compare Lithuanian kalnas (“hill”), Icelandic hallur (“cliff”)), through a meaning "high (in price)", or as a late loan from an Eastern Norse descendant of Proto-Germanic *haldiz (“rather, dear”) (compare Old Norse heldr).
Earlier other Germanic loan etymologies have been proposed, with problems either in semantics (compare Old Norse hallæri (“poor harvest”)) or phonetics (Proto-Germanic *alja- seen in Old Norse elja (“concubine”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-yo-).


ruma

ruma (nominative singular)
rumat (nominative plural)
ruman (accusative singular)
rumat (accusative plural)
ruman (genitive singular)
rumadën (genitive plural)
rumëidën (genitive plural)
rumada (partitive singular)
rumëida (partitive plural)
rumassa (inessive singular)
rumahna (inessive singular)
rumëissa (inessive plural)
rumëihna (inessive plural)
rumasta (elative singular)
rumëista (elative plural)
rumahën (illative singular)
rumëihën (illative plural)
rumalla (adessive singular)
rumëilla (adessive plural)
rumalta (ablative singular)
rumëilta (ablative plural)
rumalën (allative singular)
rumalëk (allative singular)
rumëilën (allative plural)
rumëilëk (allative plural)
rumana (essive singular)
rumëina (essive plural)
rumaksi (singular translative)
rumëiksi (plural translative)
ruman (instructive singular)
rumëin (instructive plural)
rumanëk (comitative singular)
rumëinëk (comitative plural)
rumatta (abessive singular)
rumëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: ruma

Ingrian: ruma

Karelian: ruma

Livvi: ruma

Ludian: ruma

Veps: ruma

Votic: ruma

→ Northern Sami: ropmi

Estonian: rumal

⇒ Livonian: rumāli, (Salaca) rumal

Võro: rummal'

Votic: (Jõgõperä) rumalõ

→ Latvian: rumulēt, rumelēt

Probably borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*hruma-) (whence Icelandic hrumur).


vino

vino (nominative singular)
vinot (nominative plural)
vinon (accusative singular)
vinot (accusative plural)
vinon (genitive singular)
vinodën (genitive plural)
vinoidën (genitive plural)
vinoda (partitive singular)
vinoida (partitive plural)
vinossa (inessive singular)
vinohna (inessive singular)
vinoissa (inessive plural)
vinoihna (inessive plural)
vinosta (elative singular)
vinoista (elative plural)
vinohën (illative singular)
vinoihën (illative plural)
vinolla (adessive singular)
vinoilla (adessive plural)
vinolta (ablative singular)
vinoilta (ablative plural)
vinolën (allative singular)
vinolëk (allative singular)
vinoilën (allative plural)
vinoilëk (allative plural)
vinona (essive singular)
vinoina (essive plural)
vinoksi (singular translative)
vinoiksi (plural translative)
vinon (instructive singular)
vinoin (instructive plural)
vinonëk (comitative singular)
vinoinëk (comitative plural)
vinotta (abessive singular)
vinoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: vino

Karelian:

North Karelian: vino (possibly borrowed from Finnish)

From earlier *wina-w, derived from Proto-Finno-Permic *wińa. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vëńē.


hidas

hidas (nominative singular)
hitahët (nominative plural)
hitahën (accusative singular)
hitahët (accusative plural)
hitahën (genitive singular)
hidastën (genitive plural)
hitahidën (genitive plural)
hidasta (partitive singular)
hitahita (partitive plural)
hitahëssa (inessive singular)
hitahëhna (inessive singular)
hitahissa (inessive plural)
hitahihna (inessive plural)
hitahësta (elative singular)
hitahista (elative plural)
hitahësën (illative singular)
hitahisën (illative plural)
hitahëlla (adessive singular)
hitahilla (adessive plural)
hitahëlta (ablative singular)
hitahilta (ablative plural)
hitahëlën (allative singular)
hitahëlëk (allative singular)
hitahilën (allative plural)
hitahilëk (allative plural)
hidassa (essive singular)
hitahina (essive plural)
hitahëksi (singular translative)
hitahiksi (plural translative)
hitahën (instructive singular)
hitahin (instructive plural)
hidassëk (comitative singular)
hitahinëk (comitative plural)
hitahëtta (abessive singular)
hitahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: hidas

Karelian:

South Karelian: hijaš

⇒ Livvi: hidažu

From earlier *šitas, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *sīþaz, *sīþuz


viisas

viisas (nominative singular)
viisahët (nominative plural)
viisahën (accusative singular)
viisahët (accusative plural)
viisahën (genitive singular)
viisastën (genitive plural)
viisahidën (genitive plural)
viisasta (partitive singular)
viisahita (partitive plural)
viisahëssa (inessive singular)
viisahëhna (inessive singular)
viisahissa (inessive plural)
viisahihna (inessive plural)
viisahësta (elative singular)
viisahista (elative plural)
viisahësën (illative singular)
viisahisën (illative plural)
viisahëlla (adessive singular)
viisahilla (adessive plural)
viisahëlta (ablative singular)
viisahilta (ablative plural)
viisahëlën (allative singular)
viisahëlëk (allative singular)
viisahilën (allative plural)
viisahilëk (allative plural)
viisassa (essive singular)
viisahina (essive plural)
viisahëksi (singular translative)
viisahiksi (plural translative)
viisahën (instructive singular)
viisahin (instructive plural)
viisassëk (comitative singular)
viisahinëk (comitative plural)
viisahëtta (abessive singular)
viisahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: viisas (dialectal)

Finnish: viisas

Ingrian: viisas

Karelian: viisas, viisaš, viizaš

Livvi: viizas

Ludian: viizaz

Votic: viizõz


laiha

laiha (nominative singular)
laihat (nominative plural)
laihan (accusative singular)
laihat (accusative plural)
laihan (genitive singular)
laihadën (genitive plural)
laihoidën (genitive plural)
laihada (partitive singular)
laihoida (partitive plural)
laihassa (inessive singular)
laihahna (inessive singular)
laihoissa (inessive plural)
laihoihna (inessive plural)
laihasta (elative singular)
laihoista (elative plural)
laihahën (illative singular)
laihoihën (illative plural)
laihalla (adessive singular)
laihoilla (adessive plural)
laihalta (ablative singular)
laihoilta (ablative plural)
laihalën (allative singular)
laihalëk (allative singular)
laihoilën (allative plural)
laihoilëk (allative plural)
laihana (essive singular)
laihoina (essive plural)
laihaksi (singular translative)
laihoiksi (plural translative)
laihan (instructive singular)
laihoin (instructive plural)
laihanëk (comitative singular)
laihoinëk (comitative plural)
laihatta (abessive singular)
laihoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lahja

Finnish: laiha

Ingrian: laiha

Karelian:

North Karelian: laiha

South Karelian: laiha

Livonian: lajā

Livvi: laihu

Ludian: laih

Veps: laih

Võro: laih

Votic: laihõ, laha

→ Proto-Samic: *lāššē (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *lajša, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *laisa- (whence Latvian liess, Lithuanian liesas).


kuuma

kuuma (nominative singular)
kuumat (nominative plural)
kuuman (accusative singular)
kuumat (accusative plural)
kuuman (genitive singular)
kuumadën (genitive plural)
kuumëidën (genitive plural)
kuumada (partitive singular)
kuumëida (partitive plural)
kuumassa (inessive singular)
kuumahna (inessive singular)
kuumëissa (inessive plural)
kuumëihna (inessive plural)
kuumasta (elative singular)
kuumëista (elative plural)
kuumahën (illative singular)
kuumëihën (illative plural)
kuumalla (adessive singular)
kuumëilla (adessive plural)
kuumalta (ablative singular)
kuumëilta (ablative plural)
kuumalën (allative singular)
kuumalëk (allative singular)
kuumëilën (allative plural)
kuumëilëk (allative plural)
kuumana (essive singular)
kuumëina (essive plural)
kuumaksi (singular translative)
kuumëiksi (plural translative)
kuuman (instructive singular)
kuumëin (instructive plural)
kuumanëk (comitative singular)
kuumëinëk (comitative plural)
kuumatta (abessive singular)
kuumëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuum

Finnish: kuuma

Ingrian: kuuma

Karelian: kuuma

Livonian: kūmi

Votic: kuumõ

Possibly akin to Erzya кумока (kumoka, “fever”), but a common proto-form proves difficult to reconstruct.


sairas

sairas (nominative singular)
sairahët (nominative plural)
sairahën (accusative singular)
sairahët (accusative plural)
sairahën (genitive singular)
sairastën (genitive plural)
sairahidën (genitive plural)
sairasta (partitive singular)
sairahita (partitive plural)
sairahëssa (inessive singular)
sairahëhna (inessive singular)
sairahissa (inessive plural)
sairahihna (inessive plural)
sairahësta (elative singular)
sairahista (elative plural)
sairahësën (illative singular)
sairahisën (illative plural)
sairahëlla (adessive singular)
sairahilla (adessive plural)
sairahëlta (ablative singular)
sairahilta (ablative plural)
sairahëlën (allative singular)
sairahëlëk (allative singular)
sairahilën (allative plural)
sairahilëk (allative plural)
sairassa (essive singular)
sairahina (essive plural)
sairahëksi (singular translative)
sairahiksi (plural translative)
sairahën (instructive singular)
sairahin (instructive plural)
sairassëk (comitative singular)
sairahinëk (comitative plural)
sairahëtta (abessive singular)
sairahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: sairas

→ Karelian: šairas

→ Votic: sairõz


suuri

suuri (nominative singular)
suurët (nominative plural)
suurën (accusative singular)
suurët (accusative plural)
suurën (genitive singular)
suurdën (genitive plural)
suuridën (genitive plural)
suurta (partitive singular)
suurida (partitive plural)
suurëssa (inessive singular)
suurëhna (inessive singular)
suurissa (inessive plural)
suurihna (inessive plural)
suurësta (elative singular)
suurista (elative plural)
suurëhën (illative singular)
suurihën (illative plural)
suurëlla (adessive singular)
suurilla (adessive plural)
suurëlta (ablative singular)
suurilta (ablative plural)
suurëlën (allative singular)
suurëlëk (allative singular)
suurilën (allative plural)
suurilëk (allative plural)
suurna (essive singular)
suurina (essive plural)
suurëksi (singular translative)
suuriksi (plural translative)
suurën (instructive singular)
suurin (instructive plural)
suurnëk (comitative singular)
suurinëk (comitative plural)
suurëtta (abessive singular)
suuritta (abessive plural)

Estonian: suur

Finnish: suuri, suur-

Ingrian: suur, suuri

Karelian: šuuri

Livonian: sūr

Livvi: suuri

Ludian: suur'

Veps: sur'

Votic: suuri

Borrowed from either early Proto-Germanic *stūraz (whence German stur, Dutch stoer) or from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stʰuHrás (compare Sanskrit स्थूर (sthūrá, “big, bulky, thick”)), in either case ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sth₂uh₂rós.
Not directly related with the more widespread Germanic root *stōraz (whence e.g. Swedish stor), which has *ō and not *ū as the root vowel.


märkä

Borrowed from a Baltic language, compare Latvian mērka (“soaked item, humidity”), Lithuanian merkti (“to water”).


väärä

väärä (nominative singular)
väärät (nominative plural)
väärän (accusative singular)
väärät (accusative plural)
väärän (genitive singular)
vääräden (genitive plural)
vääreiden (genitive plural)
väärädä (partitive singular)
vääreidä (partitive plural)
väärässä (inessive singular)
väärähnä (inessive singular)
vääreissä (inessive plural)
vääreihnä (inessive plural)
väärästä (elative singular)
vääreistä (elative plural)
väärähen (illative singular)
vääreihen (illative plural)
väärällä (adessive singular)
vääreillä (adessive plural)
väärältä (ablative singular)
vääreiltä (ablative plural)
väärälen (allative singular)
väärälek (allative singular)
vääreilen (allative plural)
vääreilek (allative plural)
vääränä (essive singular)
vääreinä (essive plural)
vääräksi (singular translative)
vääreiksi (plural translative)
väärän (instructive singular)
väärein (instructive plural)
vääränek (comitative singular)
vääreinek (comitative plural)
väärättä (abessive singular)
vääreittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: väär

Finnish: väärä

Ingrian: väärä

Karelian:

North Karelian: viärä

South Karelian: viärä

Livvi: viäry

Ludian: viär

Veps: vär

Votic: vääre

→ Proto-Samic: *vearē


kuiva

kuiva (nominative singular)
kuivat (nominative plural)
kuivan (accusative singular)
kuivat (accusative plural)
kuivan (genitive singular)
kuivadën (genitive plural)
kuivëidën (genitive plural)
kuivada (partitive singular)
kuivëida (partitive plural)
kuivassa (inessive singular)
kuivahna (inessive singular)
kuivëissa (inessive plural)
kuivëihna (inessive plural)
kuivasta (elative singular)
kuivëista (elative plural)
kuivahën (illative singular)
kuivëihën (illative plural)
kuivalla (adessive singular)
kuivëilla (adessive plural)
kuivalta (ablative singular)
kuivëilta (ablative plural)
kuivalën (allative singular)
kuivalëk (allative singular)
kuivëilën (allative plural)
kuivëilëk (allative plural)
kuivana (essive singular)
kuivëina (essive plural)
kuivaksi (singular translative)
kuivëiksi (plural translative)
kuivan (instructive singular)
kuivëin (instructive plural)
kuivanëk (comitative singular)
kuivëinëk (comitative plural)
kuivatta (abessive singular)
kuivëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuiv

Finnish: kuiva

Ingrian: kuiva

Karelian: kuiva

Livonian: kūja

Livvi: kuivu

Ludian: kuiv

Veps: kuiv

Võro: kuiv

Votic: kuivõ

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *kujwa, compare Northern Khanty [script needed] (χŏjəm-)


matala

matala (nominative singular)
matalat (nominative plural)
matalan (accusative singular)
matalat (accusative plural)
matalan (genitive singular)
mataladën (genitive plural)
mataloidën (genitive plural)
matalata (partitive singular)
mataloita (partitive plural)
matalassa (inessive singular)
matalahna (inessive singular)
mataloissa (inessive plural)
mataloihna (inessive plural)
matalasta (elative singular)
mataloista (elative plural)
matalasën (illative singular)
mataloisën (illative plural)
matalalla (adessive singular)
mataloilla (adessive plural)
matalalta (ablative singular)
mataloilta (ablative plural)
matalalën (allative singular)
matalalëk (allative singular)
mataloilën (allative plural)
mataloilëk (allative plural)
matalana (essive singular)
mataloina (essive plural)
matalaksi (singular translative)
mataloiksi (plural translative)
matalan (instructive singular)
mataloin (instructive plural)
matalanëk (comitative singular)
mataloinëk (comitative plural)
matalatta (abessive singular)
mataloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: madal

Finnish: matala

Ingrian: matala, (Soikkola) mattaala

Karelian: matala, madala

Livonian: madāl

Livvi: madal

Ludian: madal

Veps: madal

Võro: matal'

Votic: matalõ

Unknown; possibly *matadak (“to creep”) + *-la, though the semantic development is unclear.


kura

kura (nominative singular)
kurat (nominative plural)
kuran (accusative singular)
kurat (accusative plural)
kuran (genitive singular)
kuradën (genitive plural)
kurëidën (genitive plural)
kurada (partitive singular)
kurëida (partitive plural)
kurassa (inessive singular)
kurahna (inessive singular)
kurëissa (inessive plural)
kurëihna (inessive plural)
kurasta (elative singular)
kurëista (elative plural)
kurahën (illative singular)
kurëihën (illative plural)
kuralla (adessive singular)
kurëilla (adessive plural)
kuralta (ablative singular)
kurëilta (ablative plural)
kuralën (allative singular)
kuralëk (allative singular)
kurëilën (allative plural)
kurëilëk (allative plural)
kurana (essive singular)
kurëina (essive plural)
kuraksi (singular translative)
kurëiksi (plural translative)
kuran (instructive singular)
kurëin (instructive plural)
kuranëk (comitative singular)
kurëinëk (comitative plural)
kuratta (abessive singular)
kurëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kura

Finnish: (dialectal) kura

Ingrian: kura

Livonian: kurā

Võro: kura

Votic: kura

→ Northern Sami: gurut

From Proto-Uralic *kura (“bent, crooked”) .


coma

Finnic (Northern)
coma (nominative singular)
comat (nominative plural)
coman (accusative singular)
comat (accusative plural)
coman (genitive singular)
comadën (genitive plural)
comëidën (genitive plural)
comada (partitive singular)
comëida (partitive plural)
comassa (inessive singular)
comahna (inessive singular)
comëissa (inessive plural)
comëihna (inessive plural)
comasta (elative singular)
comëista (elative plural)
comahën (illative singular)
comëihën (illative plural)
comalla (adessive singular)
comëilla (adessive plural)
comalta (ablative singular)
comëilta (ablative plural)
comalën (allative singular)
comalëk (allative singular)
comëilën (allative plural)
comëilëk (allative plural)
comana (essive singular)
comëina (essive plural)
comaksi (singular translative)
comëiksi (plural translative)
coman (instructive singular)
comëin (instructive plural)
comanëk (comitative singular)
comëinëk (comitative plural)
comatta (abessive singular)
comëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: soma

→ Northern Sami: somá

Karelian:

North Karelian: šoma

South Karelian: šoma

Livvi: čoma

Ludian: čoma

Veps: čoma

→? Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: suopmat

In the past posited to derive from Proto-Germanic *sōmaz, *sōmiz, but this requires a reconstruction *soma.


paha

paha (nominative singular)
pahat (nominative plural)
pahan (accusative singular)
pahat (accusative plural)
pahan (genitive singular)
pahadën (genitive plural)
pahoidën (genitive plural)
pahada (partitive singular)
pahoida (partitive plural)
pahassa (inessive singular)
pahahna (inessive singular)
pahoissa (inessive plural)
pahoihna (inessive plural)
pahasta (elative singular)
pahoista (elative plural)
pahahën (illative singular)
pahoihën (illative plural)
pahalla (adessive singular)
pahoilla (adessive plural)
pahalta (ablative singular)
pahoilta (ablative plural)
pahalën (allative singular)
pahalëk (allative singular)
pahoilën (allative plural)
pahoilëk (allative plural)
pahana (essive singular)
pahoina (essive plural)
pahaksi (singular translative)
pahoiksi (plural translative)
pahan (instructive singular)
pahoin (instructive plural)
pahanëk (comitative singular)
pahoinëk (comitative plural)
pahatta (abessive singular)
pahoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: paha

Finnish: paha

Ingrian: paha

Karelian:

North Karelian: paha

South Karelian: paha

q

from the comparative <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*pahëmpi</i>

⇒ Livonian: pō’mi (from the comparative *pahëmpi)

Livvi: paha

Ludian: paha

Veps: paha

Votic: paha

→ Proto-Samic: *puošē

Uncertain. Possibly from earlier *paša, or borrowed from Northwest Germanic *bāga-, from Proto-Germanic *bēgaz, whence also Icelandic bágur.


sala

sala (nominative singular)
salat (nominative plural)
salan (accusative singular)
salat (accusative plural)
salan (genitive singular)
saladën (genitive plural)
saloidën (genitive plural)
salada (partitive singular)
saloida (partitive plural)
salassa (inessive singular)
salahna (inessive singular)
saloissa (inessive plural)
saloihna (inessive plural)
salasta (elative singular)
saloista (elative plural)
salahën (illative singular)
saloihën (illative plural)
salalla (adessive singular)
saloilla (adessive plural)
salalta (ablative singular)
saloilta (ablative plural)
salalën (allative singular)
salalëk (allative singular)
saloilën (allative plural)
saloilëk (allative plural)
salana (essive singular)
saloina (essive plural)
salaksi (singular translative)
saloiksi (plural translative)
salan (instructive singular)
saloin (instructive plural)
salanëk (comitative singular)
saloinëk (comitative plural)
salatta (abessive singular)
saloitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: sala

Ingrian: sala

Livonian: salā

Võro: sala (“spy, thief”)

Votic: sala-

Estonian: sala

Finnish: salaa

From Proto-Uralic *sala (“to hide, to steal, thief”).


avara

avara (nominative singular)
avarat (nominative plural)
avaran (accusative singular)
avarat (accusative plural)
avaran (genitive singular)
avaradën (genitive plural)
avaroidën (genitive plural)
avarata (partitive singular)
avaroita (partitive plural)
avarassa (inessive singular)
avarahna (inessive singular)
avaroissa (inessive plural)
avaroihna (inessive plural)
avarasta (elative singular)
avaroista (elative plural)
avarasën (illative singular)
avaroisën (illative plural)
avaralla (adessive singular)
avaroilla (adessive plural)
avaralta (ablative singular)
avaroilta (ablative plural)
avaralën (allative singular)
avaralëk (allative singular)
avaroilën (allative plural)
avaroilëk (allative plural)
avarana (essive singular)
avaroina (essive plural)
avaraksi (singular translative)
avaroiksi (plural translative)
avaran (instructive singular)
avaroin (instructive plural)
avaranëk (comitative singular)
avaroinëk (comitative plural)
avaratta (abessive singular)
avaroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: avar

→? Votic: avaro

Finnish: avara

Ingrian: avaro

Karelian:

North Karelian: avara

Livonian: ovār

Veps: avar

Võro: avvar'


varma

varma (nominative singular)
varmat (nominative plural)
varman (accusative singular)
varmat (accusative plural)
varman (genitive singular)
varmadën (genitive plural)
varmoidën (genitive plural)
varmada (partitive singular)
varmoida (partitive plural)
varmassa (inessive singular)
varmahna (inessive singular)
varmoissa (inessive plural)
varmoihna (inessive plural)
varmasta (elative singular)
varmoista (elative plural)
varmahën (illative singular)
varmoihën (illative plural)
varmalla (adessive singular)
varmoilla (adessive plural)
varmalta (ablative singular)
varmoilta (ablative plural)
varmalën (allative singular)
varmalëk (allative singular)
varmoilën (allative plural)
varmoilëk (allative plural)
varmana (essive singular)
varmoina (essive plural)
varmaksi (singular translative)
varmoiksi (plural translative)
varman (instructive singular)
varmoin (instructive plural)
varmanëk (comitative singular)
varmoinëk (comitative plural)
varmatta (abessive singular)
varmoitta (abessive plural)

desc

⇒ Estonian: varmas (“quick, brisk; strong, sturdy”)

Finnish: varma (“sure”)

Ingrian: varma

Karelian:

North Karelian: varma (“sure; brisk”)

South Karelian: varma (“sure; brisk”)

⇒ Veps: varmed

Votic: varmõ


kova

kova (nominative singular)
kovat (nominative plural)
kovan (accusative singular)
kovat (accusative plural)
kovan (genitive singular)
kovadën (genitive plural)
kovëidën (genitive plural)
kovada (partitive singular)
kovëida (partitive plural)
kovassa (inessive singular)
kovahna (inessive singular)
kovëissa (inessive plural)
kovëihna (inessive plural)
kovasta (elative singular)
kovëista (elative plural)
kovahën (illative singular)
kovëihën (illative plural)
kovalla (adessive singular)
kovëilla (adessive plural)
kovalta (ablative singular)
kovëilta (ablative plural)
kovalën (allative singular)
kovalëk (allative singular)
kovëilën (allative plural)
kovëilëk (allative plural)
kovana (essive singular)
kovëina (essive plural)
kovaksi (singular translative)
kovëiksi (plural translative)
kovan (instructive singular)
kovëin (instructive plural)
kovanëk (comitative singular)
kovëinëk (comitative plural)
kovatta (abessive singular)
kovëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kõva

Finnish: kova

Ingrian: kova

Karelian:

North Karelian: kova

South Karelian: kova

Livonian: kõvā

Livvi: kova

Ludian: kova

Veps: kova

Võro: kõva

Votic: kõva


koko

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?] (whence Eastern Mari кугу (kugu, “big”)).


oma

oma (nominative singular)
omat (nominative plural)
oman (accusative singular)
omat (accusative plural)
oman (genitive singular)
omadën (genitive plural)
omëidën (genitive plural)
omada (partitive singular)
omëida (partitive plural)
omassa (inessive singular)
omahna (inessive singular)
omëissa (inessive plural)
omëihna (inessive plural)
omasta (elative singular)
omëista (elative plural)
omahën (illative singular)
omëihën (illative plural)
omalla (adessive singular)
omëilla (adessive plural)
omalta (ablative singular)
omëilta (ablative plural)
omalën (allative singular)
omalëk (allative singular)
omëilën (allative plural)
omëilëk (allative plural)
omana (essive singular)
omëina (essive plural)
omaksi (singular translative)
omëiksi (plural translative)
oman (instructive singular)
omëin (instructive plural)
omanëk (comitative singular)
omëinëk (comitative plural)
omatta (abessive singular)
omëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: oma

Finnish: oma

Ingrian: oma

Karelian:

North Karelian: oma

South Karelian: oma

Livonian: u'mmi (Courland), umm (Salaca)

Livvi: oma

Ludian: oma

⇒ Veps: omaluine

Võro: uma

Votic: õma

Possibly from a root *o- (whence *oldak) + *-ma.


eri

eri (nominative singular)
erit (nominative plural)
erin (accusative singular)
erit (accusative plural)
erin (genitive singular)
eriden (genitive plural)
erejiden (genitive plural)
eridä (partitive singular)
erejitä (partitive plural)
erissä (inessive singular)
erihnä (inessive singular)
erejissä (inessive plural)
erejihnä (inessive plural)
eristä (elative singular)
erejistä (elative plural)
erihen (illative singular)
erejisen (illative plural)
erillä (adessive singular)
erejillä (adessive plural)
eriltä (ablative singular)
erejiltä (ablative plural)
erilen (allative singular)
erilek (allative singular)
erejilen (allative plural)
erejilek (allative plural)
erinä (essive singular)
erejinä (essive plural)
eriksi (singular translative)
erejiksi (plural translative)
erin (instructive singular)
erejin (instructive plural)
erinek (comitative singular)
erejinek (comitative plural)
erittä (abessive singular)
erejittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: eri

Finnish: eri

Ingrian: eri

Karelian:

North Karelian: eri

South Karelian: eri

Livvi: eri

Ludian: er'i

Votic: eri


pika

pika (nominative singular)
pigat (nominative plural)
pigan (accusative singular)
pigat (accusative plural)
pigan (genitive singular)
pikadën (genitive plural)
pikoidën (genitive plural)
pikada (partitive singular)
pikoida (partitive plural)
pigassa (inessive singular)
pigahna (inessive singular)
pigoissa (inessive plural)
pigoihna (inessive plural)
pigasta (elative singular)
pigoista (elative plural)
pikahën (illative singular)
pikoihën (illative plural)
pigalla (adessive singular)
pigoilla (adessive plural)
pigalta (ablative singular)
pigoilta (ablative plural)
pikalën (allative singular)
pikalëk (allative singular)
pikoilën (allative plural)
pikoilëk (allative plural)
pikana (essive singular)
pikoina (essive plural)
pigaksi (singular translative)
pigoiksi (plural translative)
pigan (instructive singular)
pigoin (instructive plural)
pikanëk (comitative singular)
pikoinëk (comitative plural)
pigatta (abessive singular)
pigoitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: pea (“soon; almost”), pigem (“rather”)

Finnish: pika-, ⇒ pian (“soon”), pikemmin (“rather”)

⇒ Ingrian: pikastua (“to suddenly get angry”)

Livvi: pika (“short-tempered”)

⇒ Livonian: pigā (“soon”)

⇒ Veps: pigei (“soon”)

⇒ Votic: pigaa (“soon”) (Pummala)

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *fiką (compare Danish fige, Swedish fika (“to strive (for)”)).


kumma

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *kumma (“shady”).


kuma

Uncertain. Possibly from the same root as *kumistak.


tasa

tasa (nominative singular)
tasat (nominative plural)
tasan (accusative singular)
tasat (accusative plural)
tasan (genitive singular)
tasadën (genitive plural)
tasoidën (genitive plural)
tasada (partitive singular)
tasoida (partitive plural)
tasassa (inessive singular)
tasahna (inessive singular)
tasoissa (inessive plural)
tasoihna (inessive plural)
tasasta (elative singular)
tasoista (elative plural)
tasahën (illative singular)
tasoihën (illative plural)
tasalla (adessive singular)
tasoilla (adessive plural)
tasalta (ablative singular)
tasoilta (ablative plural)
tasalën (allative singular)
tasalëk (allative singular)
tasoilën (allative plural)
tasoilëk (allative plural)
tasana (essive singular)
tasoina (essive plural)
tasaksi (singular translative)
tasoiksi (plural translative)
tasan (instructive singular)
tasoin (instructive plural)
tasanëk (comitative singular)
tasoinëk (comitative plural)
tasatta (abessive singular)
tasoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tasa

Finnish: tasa

Ingrian: tasa

Karelian:

North Karelian: taša

South Karelian: taža

Livonian: tazā

Livvi: taza

Veps: taza, tazo

Võro: tasa

Votic: tasa

Perhaps akin to Tundra Nenets тас (tas°, “even”), suggesting Proto-Uralic *taśa.


tarkka

tarkka (nominative singular)
tark'at (nominative plural)
tark'an (accusative singular)
tark'at (accusative plural)
tark'an (genitive singular)
tarkkadën (genitive plural)
tarkkoidën (genitive plural)
tarkkada (partitive singular)
tarkkoida (partitive plural)
tark'assa (inessive singular)
tark'ahna (inessive singular)
tark'oissa (inessive plural)
tark'oihna (inessive plural)
tark'asta (elative singular)
tark'oista (elative plural)
tarkkahën (illative singular)
tarkkoihën (illative plural)
tark'alla (adessive singular)
tark'oilla (adessive plural)
tark'alta (ablative singular)
tark'oilta (ablative plural)
tarkkalën (allative singular)
tarkkalëk (allative singular)
tarkkoilën (allative plural)
tarkkoilëk (allative plural)
tarkkana (essive singular)
tarkkoina (essive plural)
tark'aksi (singular translative)
tark'oiksi (plural translative)
tark'an (instructive singular)
tark'oin (instructive plural)
tarkkanëk (comitative singular)
tarkkoinëk (comitative plural)
tark'atta (abessive singular)
tark'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tark

Finnish: tarkka

Ingrian: tarkka

Karelian: tarkka

Livvi: tarku

Ludian: tark

Veps: tark

Võro: tark

Votic: tarkkõ

Original sense "sharp". Has the variant *tarkëda, *tärkedä. If related to Erzya тарка (tarka, “place”) and Erzya тарго (targo, “week”), possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *tarka, but this is uncertain due to the semantic gap. Has also been compared with Proto-Germanic *starkuz, but the semantic and phonetic differences seem insuperable. More recently, another Germanic word has also been put forward as a potential origin: Proto-Germanic *strakaz.


hullu

hullu (nominative singular)
hullut (nominative plural)
hullun (accusative singular)
hullut (accusative plural)
hullun (genitive singular)
hulludën (genitive plural)
hulluidën (genitive plural)
hulluda (partitive singular)
hulluida (partitive plural)
hullussa (inessive singular)
hulluhna (inessive singular)
hulluissa (inessive plural)
hulluihna (inessive plural)
hullusta (elative singular)
hulluista (elative plural)
hulluhën (illative singular)
hulluihën (illative plural)
hullulla (adessive singular)
hulluilla (adessive plural)
hullulta (ablative singular)
hulluilta (ablative plural)
hullulën (allative singular)
hullulëk (allative singular)
hulluilën (allative plural)
hulluilëk (allative plural)
hulluna (essive singular)
hulluina (essive plural)
hulluksi (singular translative)
hulluiksi (plural translative)
hullun (instructive singular)
hulluin (instructive plural)
hullunëk (comitative singular)
hulluinëk (comitative plural)
hullutta (abessive singular)
hulluitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hull

Finnish: hullu

→ Votic: hullu

Ingrian: hullu

Karelian:

North Karelian: hullu

South Karelian: hullu

Livonian: ul

Võro: hull

Votic: (Kattila) ullu

Unknown. Possibly related to Proto-Samic *jëllë, or alternatively, possibly imitative.


valta

valta (nominative singular)
valdat (nominative plural)
valdan (accusative singular)
valdat (accusative plural)
valdan (genitive singular)
valtadën (genitive plural)
valtoidën (genitive plural)
valtada (partitive singular)
valtoida (partitive plural)
valdassa (inessive singular)
valdahna (inessive singular)
valdoissa (inessive plural)
valdoihna (inessive plural)
valdasta (elative singular)
valdoista (elative plural)
valtahën (illative singular)
valtoihën (illative plural)
valdalla (adessive singular)
valdoilla (adessive plural)
valdalta (ablative singular)
valdoilta (ablative plural)
valtalën (allative singular)
valtalëk (allative singular)
valtoilën (allative plural)
valtoilëk (allative plural)
valtana (essive singular)
valtoina (essive plural)
valdaksi (singular translative)
valdoiksi (plural translative)
valdan (instructive singular)
valdoin (instructive plural)
valtanëk (comitative singular)
valtoinëk (comitative plural)
valdatta (abessive singular)
valdoitta (abessive plural)

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: vālda

Vidzeme Livonian: valda, vald

A variant of *vaalëda or *valkëda, akin to Erzya валдо (valdo), Moksha валда (valda).


mätä

mätä (nominative singular)
mädät (nominative plural)
mädän (accusative singular)
mädät (accusative plural)
mädän (genitive singular)
mätäden (genitive plural)
mäteiden (genitive plural)
mätädä (partitive singular)
mäteidä (partitive plural)
mädässä (inessive singular)
mädähnä (inessive singular)
mädeissä (inessive plural)
mädeihnä (inessive plural)
mädästä (elative singular)
mädeistä (elative plural)
mätähen (illative singular)
mäteihen (illative plural)
mädällä (adessive singular)
mädeillä (adessive plural)
mädältä (ablative singular)
mädeiltä (ablative plural)
mätälen (allative singular)
mätälek (allative singular)
mäteilen (allative plural)
mäteilek (allative plural)
mätänä (essive singular)
mäteinä (essive plural)
mädäksi (singular translative)
mädeiksi (plural translative)
mädän (instructive singular)
mädein (instructive plural)
mätänek (comitative singular)
mäteinek (comitative plural)
mädättä (abessive singular)
mädeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: mäda

Finnish: mätä

Ingrian: mätä

Võro: mädä

Votic: mätä


paras

paras (nominative singular)
parahët (nominative plural)
parahën (accusative singular)
parahët (accusative plural)
parahën (genitive singular)
parastën (genitive plural)
parahidën (genitive plural)
parasta (partitive singular)
parahita (partitive plural)
parahëssa (inessive singular)
parahëhna (inessive singular)
parahissa (inessive plural)
parahihna (inessive plural)
parahësta (elative singular)
parahista (elative plural)
parahësën (illative singular)
parahisën (illative plural)
parahëlla (adessive singular)
parahilla (adessive plural)
parahëlta (ablative singular)
parahilta (ablative plural)
parahëlën (allative singular)
parahëlëk (allative singular)
parahilën (allative plural)
parahilëk (allative plural)
parassa (essive singular)
parahina (essive plural)
parahëksi (singular translative)
parahiksi (plural translative)
parahën (instructive singular)
parahin (instructive plural)
parassëk (comitative singular)
parahinëk (comitative plural)
parahëtta (abessive singular)
parahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: paras

Finnish: paras

Ingrian: paras

Karelian:

North Karelian: paras

South Karelian: paras

Livonian: parāz

Livvi: paras

Ludian: paraz

Veps: paraz

Võro: paras

Votic: paraz

From Proto-Finno-Permic *para. Cognates include Proto-Samic *puorē and Proto-Permic *bur.

(Northern Finnic) superlative degree of *hüvä


sula

sula (nominative singular)
sulat (nominative plural)
sulan (accusative singular)
sulat (accusative plural)
sulan (genitive singular)
suladën (genitive plural)
sulëidën (genitive plural)
sulada (partitive singular)
sulëida (partitive plural)
sulassa (inessive singular)
sulahna (inessive singular)
sulëissa (inessive plural)
sulëihna (inessive plural)
sulasta (elative singular)
sulëista (elative plural)
sulahën (illative singular)
sulëihën (illative plural)
sulalla (adessive singular)
sulëilla (adessive plural)
sulalta (ablative singular)
sulëilta (ablative plural)
sulalën (allative singular)
sulalëk (allative singular)
sulëilën (allative plural)
sulëilëk (allative plural)
sulana (essive singular)
sulëina (essive plural)
sulaksi (singular translative)
sulëiksi (plural translative)
sulan (instructive singular)
sulëin (instructive plural)
sulanëk (comitative singular)
sulëinëk (comitative plural)
sulatta (abessive singular)
sulëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sula

Finnish: sula

Ingrian: sula

Karelian:

North Karelian: šula

South Karelian: šula

Livonian: sulā

Livvi: sula

Ludian: sula

Veps: sula

Võro: sula

Votic: sula


vaka

vaka (nominative singular)
vagat (nominative plural)
vagan (accusative singular)
vagat (accusative plural)
vagan (genitive singular)
vakadën (genitive plural)
vakoidën (genitive plural)
vakada (partitive singular)
vakoida (partitive plural)
vagassa (inessive singular)
vagahna (inessive singular)
vagoissa (inessive plural)
vagoihna (inessive plural)
vagasta (elative singular)
vagoista (elative plural)
vakahën (illative singular)
vakoihën (illative plural)
vagalla (adessive singular)
vagoilla (adessive plural)
vagalta (ablative singular)
vagoilta (ablative plural)
vakalën (allative singular)
vakalëk (allative singular)
vakoilën (allative plural)
vakoilëk (allative plural)
vakana (essive singular)
vakoina (essive plural)
vagaksi (singular translative)
vagoiksi (plural translative)
vagan (instructive singular)
vagoin (instructive plural)
vakanëk (comitative singular)
vakoinëk (comitative plural)
vagatta (abessive singular)
vagoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vaga

Finnish: vakaa, (archaic) vaka

Ingrian: vaka

Livonian: vagā

Võro: vaga

Votic: vaka

From earlier *waka. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vuokē.


ava

ava (nominative singular)
avat (nominative plural)
avan (accusative singular)
avat (accusative plural)
avan (genitive singular)
avadën (genitive plural)
avoidën (genitive plural)
avada (partitive singular)
avoida (partitive plural)
avassa (inessive singular)
avahna (inessive singular)
avoissa (inessive plural)
avoihna (inessive plural)
avasta (elative singular)
avoista (elative plural)
avahën (illative singular)
avoihën (illative plural)
avalla (adessive singular)
avoilla (adessive plural)
avalta (ablative singular)
avoilta (ablative plural)
avalën (allative singular)
avalëk (allative singular)
avoilën (allative plural)
avoilëk (allative plural)
avana (essive singular)
avoina (essive plural)
avaksi (singular translative)
avoiksi (plural translative)
avan (instructive singular)
avoin (instructive plural)
avanëk (comitative singular)
avoinëk (comitative plural)
avatta (abessive singular)
avoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ava

Finnish: ava (dialectal), ⇒ avo-

⇒ Ingrian: avollaa


varas

varas (nominative singular)
varahët (nominative plural)
varahën (accusative singular)
varahët (accusative plural)
varahën (genitive singular)
varastën (genitive plural)
varahidën (genitive plural)
varasta (partitive singular)
varahita (partitive plural)
varahëssa (inessive singular)
varahëhna (inessive singular)
varahissa (inessive plural)
varahihna (inessive plural)
varahësta (elative singular)
varahista (elative plural)
varahësën (illative singular)
varahisën (illative plural)
varahëlla (adessive singular)
varahilla (adessive plural)
varahëlta (ablative singular)
varahilta (ablative plural)
varahëlën (allative singular)
varahëlëk (allative singular)
varahilën (allative plural)
varahilëk (allative plural)
varassa (essive singular)
varahina (essive plural)
varahëksi (singular translative)
varahiksi (plural translative)
varahën (instructive singular)
varahin (instructive plural)
varassëk (comitative singular)
varahinëk (comitative plural)
varahëtta (abessive singular)
varahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vara

Finnish: (dialectal) varas, ⇒ varhain

Livonian: varāz

Veps: varaz

Votic: varaz

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic *vāras (whence Lithuanian voras (“old”) and Old Prussian urs (“old”)).


maho

maho (nominative singular)
mahot (nominative plural)
mahon (accusative singular)
mahot (accusative plural)
mahon (genitive singular)
mahodën (genitive plural)
mahoidën (genitive plural)
mahoda (partitive singular)
mahoida (partitive plural)
mahossa (inessive singular)
mahohna (inessive singular)
mahoissa (inessive plural)
mahoihna (inessive plural)
mahosta (elative singular)
mahoista (elative plural)
mahohën (illative singular)
mahoihën (illative plural)
maholla (adessive singular)
mahoilla (adessive plural)
maholta (ablative singular)
mahoilta (ablative plural)
maholën (allative singular)
maholëk (allative singular)
mahoilën (allative plural)
mahoilëk (allative plural)
mahona (essive singular)
mahoina (essive plural)
mahoksi (singular translative)
mahoiksi (plural translative)
mahon (instructive singular)
mahoin (instructive plural)
mahonëk (comitative singular)
mahoinëk (comitative plural)
mahotta (abessive singular)
mahoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: maho

Ingrian: maho

Karelian:

North Karelian: maho

South Karelian: maho

Livvi: maho

Ludian: maho

Veps: maho

Votic: maho


laiska

laiska (nominative singular)
laiskat (nominative plural)
laiskan (accusative singular)
laiskat (accusative plural)
laiskan (genitive singular)
laiskadën (genitive plural)
laiskoidën (genitive plural)
laiskada (partitive singular)
laiskoida (partitive plural)
laiskassa (inessive singular)
laiskahna (inessive singular)
laiskoissa (inessive plural)
laiskoihna (inessive plural)
laiskasta (elative singular)
laiskoista (elative plural)
laiskahën (illative singular)
laiskoihën (illative plural)
laiskalla (adessive singular)
laiskoilla (adessive plural)
laiskalta (ablative singular)
laiskoilta (ablative plural)
laiskalën (allative singular)
laiskalëk (allative singular)
laiskoilën (allative plural)
laiskoilëk (allative plural)
laiskana (essive singular)
laiskoina (essive plural)
laiskaksi (singular translative)
laiskoiksi (plural translative)
laiskan (instructive singular)
laiskoin (instructive plural)
laiskanëk (comitative singular)
laiskoinëk (comitative plural)
laiskatta (abessive singular)
laiskoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: laisk

Finnish: laiska

Ingrian: laiska

Karelian:

North Karelian: laiska

South Karelian: laiška

Livonian: lāiska

Livvi: lašku

Ludian: lašk

Veps: lašk

Võro: laisk

Votic: laiskõ

→? Latvian: laĩsks

→ Proto-Samic: *lāškē (see there for further descendants)

Unclear. Likely akin to Latvian laĩsks (“lazy”), though the direction of the borrowing is unclear.


kurja

kurja (nominative singular)
kurjat (nominative plural)
kurjan (accusative singular)
kurjat (accusative plural)
kurjan (genitive singular)
kurjadën (genitive plural)
kurjëidën (genitive plural)
kurjada (partitive singular)
kurjëida (partitive plural)
kurjassa (inessive singular)
kurjahna (inessive singular)
kurjëissa (inessive plural)
kurjëihna (inessive plural)
kurjasta (elative singular)
kurjëista (elative plural)
kurjahën (illative singular)
kurjëihën (illative plural)
kurjalla (adessive singular)
kurjëilla (adessive plural)
kurjalta (ablative singular)
kurjëilta (ablative plural)
kurjalën (allative singular)
kurjalëk (allative singular)
kurjëilën (allative plural)
kurjëilëk (allative plural)
kurjana (essive singular)
kurjëina (essive plural)
kurjaksi (singular translative)
kurjëiksi (plural translative)
kurjan (instructive singular)
kurjëin (instructive plural)
kurjanëk (comitative singular)
kurjëinëk (comitative plural)
kurjatta (abessive singular)
kurjëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuri

Finnish: kurja

Ingrian: kurja

Karelian: kurja

Livonian:

Vidzeme Livonian: kure

⇒ Livonian: kuŗē (Courland)

Livvi: kurju

⇒ Ludian: kurd'aine

Võro: kuri

Votic: kurjõ


hoikka

hoikka (nominative singular)
hoik'at (nominative plural)
hoik'an (accusative singular)
hoik'at (accusative plural)
hoik'an (genitive singular)
hoikkadën (genitive plural)
hoikkëidën (genitive plural)
hoikkada (partitive singular)
hoikkëida (partitive plural)
hoik'assa (inessive singular)
hoik'ahna (inessive singular)
hoik'ëissa (inessive plural)
hoik'ëihna (inessive plural)
hoik'asta (elative singular)
hoik'ëista (elative plural)
hoikkahën (illative singular)
hoikkëihën (illative plural)
hoik'alla (adessive singular)
hoik'ëilla (adessive plural)
hoik'alta (ablative singular)
hoik'ëilta (ablative plural)
hoikkalën (allative singular)
hoikkalëk (allative singular)
hoikkëilën (allative plural)
hoikkëilëk (allative plural)
hoikkana (essive singular)
hoikkëina (essive plural)
hoik'aksi (singular translative)
hoik'ëiksi (plural translative)
hoik'an (instructive singular)
hoik'ëin (instructive plural)
hoikkanëk (comitative singular)
hoikkëinëk (comitative plural)
hoik'atta (abessive singular)
hoik'ëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: hoikka

Ingrian: hoikka

→ Votic: hoikkõ

Karelian: hoikka

Livonian: voik, oik

Livvi: hoikku

Ludian: hoik

Veps: hoik

Votic: (Kattila, Pummala) oikka


armas

armas (nominative singular)
armahët (nominative plural)
armahën (accusative singular)
armahët (accusative plural)
armahën (genitive singular)
armastën (genitive plural)
armahidën (genitive plural)
armasta (partitive singular)
armahita (partitive plural)
armahëssa (inessive singular)
armahëhna (inessive singular)
armahissa (inessive plural)
armahihna (inessive plural)
armahësta (elative singular)
armahista (elative plural)
armahësën (illative singular)
armahisën (illative plural)
armahëlla (adessive singular)
armahilla (adessive plural)
armahëlta (ablative singular)
armahilta (ablative plural)
armahëlën (allative singular)
armahëlëk (allative singular)
armahilën (allative plural)
armahilëk (allative plural)
armassa (essive singular)
armahina (essive plural)
armahëksi (singular translative)
armahiksi (plural translative)
armahën (instructive singular)
armahin (instructive plural)
armassëk (comitative singular)
armahinëk (comitative plural)
armahëtta (abessive singular)
armahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: armas

Finnish: armas

Ingrian: armas

Karelian:

North Karelian: armaš

South Karelian: armaš

Livonian: ārmaz

Livvi: armas

Ludian: armaz

Veps: armaz

Võro: armas, armsa (with metathesis)

Votic: armõz

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“pitiful, poor”), with later ameliorative semantic development. In the modern Finnic languages, the meaning "pitiful" survives only dialectally in Estonian, and in the derivatives *armahtadak, *armastadak.


jalo

jalo (nominative singular)
jalot (nominative plural)
jalon (accusative singular)
jalot (accusative plural)
jalon (genitive singular)
jalodën (genitive plural)
jaloidën (genitive plural)
jaloda (partitive singular)
jaloida (partitive plural)
jalossa (inessive singular)
jalohna (inessive singular)
jaloissa (inessive plural)
jaloihna (inessive plural)
jalosta (elative singular)
jaloista (elative plural)
jalohën (illative singular)
jaloihën (illative plural)
jalolla (adessive singular)
jaloilla (adessive plural)
jalolta (ablative singular)
jaloilta (ablative plural)
jalolën (allative singular)
jalolëk (allative singular)
jaloilën (allative plural)
jaloilëk (allative plural)
jalona (essive singular)
jaloina (essive plural)
jaloksi (singular translative)
jaloiksi (plural translative)
jalon (instructive singular)
jaloin (instructive plural)
jalonëk (comitative singular)
jaloinëk (comitative plural)
jalotta (abessive singular)
jaloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal, archaic) jalu

Finnish: jalo

→ Northern Sami: jállu

Karelian:

North Karelian: jalo

South Karelian: jalo

Livvi: jalo

Ludian: d'alo

Veps: jalo

From earlier *jala-w, probably a cognate with Proto-Samic *juolē.


outo

outo (nominative singular)
oudot (nominative plural)
oudon (accusative singular)
oudot (accusative plural)
oudon (genitive singular)
outodën (genitive plural)
outoidën (genitive plural)
outoda (partitive singular)
outoida (partitive plural)
oudossa (inessive singular)
oudohna (inessive singular)
oudoissa (inessive plural)
oudoihna (inessive plural)
oudosta (elative singular)
oudoista (elative plural)
outohën (illative singular)
outoihën (illative plural)
oudolla (adessive singular)
oudoilla (adessive plural)
oudolta (ablative singular)
oudoilta (ablative plural)
outolën (allative singular)
outolëk (allative singular)
outoilën (allative plural)
outoilëk (allative plural)
outona (essive singular)
outoina (essive plural)
oudoksi (singular translative)
oudoiksi (plural translative)
oudon (instructive singular)
oudoin (instructive plural)
outonëk (comitative singular)
outoinëk (comitative plural)
oudotta (abessive singular)
oudoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: õud, ⇒ õudne

Finnish: outo

Karelian:

North Karelian: outo

South Karelian: oudo

Livvi: oudo


luja

luja (nominative singular)
lujat (nominative plural)
lujan (accusative singular)
lujat (accusative plural)
lujan (genitive singular)
lujadën (genitive plural)
lujëidën (genitive plural)
lujada (partitive singular)
lujëida (partitive plural)
lujassa (inessive singular)
lujahna (inessive singular)
lujëissa (inessive plural)
lujëihna (inessive plural)
lujasta (elative singular)
lujëista (elative plural)
lujahën (illative singular)
lujëihën (illative plural)
lujalla (adessive singular)
lujëilla (adessive plural)
lujalta (ablative singular)
lujëilta (ablative plural)
lujalën (allative singular)
lujalëk (allative singular)
lujëilën (allative plural)
lujëilëk (allative plural)
lujana (essive singular)
lujëina (essive plural)
lujaksi (singular translative)
lujëiksi (plural translative)
lujan (instructive singular)
lujëin (instructive plural)
lujanëk (comitative singular)
lujëinëk (comitative plural)
lujatta (abessive singular)
lujëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: luja

Karelian:

North Karelian: luja

South Karelian: luja

Livvi: luja

Ludian: luja

Veps: luja

Cognate with Proto-Samic *lojē, further origin unknown.


harva

harva (nominative singular)
harvat (nominative plural)
harvan (accusative singular)
harvat (accusative plural)
harvan (genitive singular)
harvadën (genitive plural)
harvoidën (genitive plural)
harvada (partitive singular)
harvoida (partitive plural)
harvassa (inessive singular)
harvahna (inessive singular)
harvoissa (inessive plural)
harvoihna (inessive plural)
harvasta (elative singular)
harvoista (elative plural)
harvahën (illative singular)
harvoihën (illative plural)
harvalla (adessive singular)
harvoilla (adessive plural)
harvalta (ablative singular)
harvoilta (ablative plural)
harvalën (allative singular)
harvalëk (allative singular)
harvoilën (allative plural)
harvoilëk (allative plural)
harvana (essive singular)
harvoina (essive plural)
harvaksi (singular translative)
harvoiksi (plural translative)
harvan (instructive singular)
harvoin (instructive plural)
harvanëk (comitative singular)
harvoinëk (comitative plural)
harvatta (abessive singular)
harvoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: harv

Finnish: harva

→ Northern Sami: hárvi

Ingrian: harva

Karelian: harva

Livonian: ǭra

Livvi: harvu

Ludian: harv

Veps: harv

Võro: harv

Votic: arvõ


erä

erä (nominative singular)
erät (nominative plural)
erän (accusative singular)
erät (accusative plural)
erän (genitive singular)
eräden (genitive plural)
ereiden (genitive plural)
erädä (partitive singular)
ereidä (partitive plural)
erässä (inessive singular)
erähnä (inessive singular)
ereissä (inessive plural)
ereihnä (inessive plural)
erästä (elative singular)
ereistä (elative plural)
erähen (illative singular)
ereihen (illative plural)
erällä (adessive singular)
ereillä (adessive plural)
erältä (ablative singular)
ereiltä (ablative plural)
erälen (allative singular)
erälek (allative singular)
ereilen (allative plural)
ereilek (allative plural)
eränä (essive singular)
ereinä (essive plural)
eräksi (singular translative)
ereiksi (plural translative)
erän (instructive singular)
erein (instructive plural)
eränek (comitative singular)
ereinek (comitative plural)
erättä (abessive singular)
ereittä (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: ära (“away”, adverb)

erä<pos:noun><t:wilderness, hunting ground; game, catch; that which is separate from others, batch, piece>

Finnish: erä (“wilderness, hunting ground; game, catch; that which is separate from others, batch, piece”, noun), ⇒ erikseen (“separately”, adverb), erillään (“apart”, adverb), erata (“to diverge”, verb)

⇒ Ingrian: eriksee (“separately”, adverb), erillää (“apart”, adverb)

Karelian:

North Karelian: erä (“chick; game, prey”, noun), ⇒ erilläh (“apart”, adverb)

South Karelian: ⇒ erilläh (“apart”, adverb)

⇒ Livonian: jarā (“away”, adverb)

⇒ Livvi: eriže (“apart”, adverb)

⇒ Ludian: eriže (“apart”, adverb)

eragata<pos:verb><t:to diverge, go apart>

⇒ Veps: eragata (“to diverge, go apart”, verb)

Võro: erä (“separate, apart”, adjective)


hellä

hellä (nominative singular)
hellät (nominative plural)
hellän (accusative singular)
hellät (accusative plural)
hellän (genitive singular)
helläden (genitive plural)
helleiden (genitive plural)
hellädä (partitive singular)
helleidä (partitive plural)
hellässä (inessive singular)
hellähnä (inessive singular)
helleissä (inessive plural)
helleihnä (inessive plural)
hellästä (elative singular)
helleistä (elative plural)
hellähen (illative singular)
helleihen (illative plural)
hellällä (adessive singular)
helleillä (adessive plural)
hellältä (ablative singular)
helleiltä (ablative plural)
hellälen (allative singular)
hellälek (allative singular)
helleilen (allative plural)
helleilek (allative plural)
hellänä (essive singular)
helleinä (essive plural)
helläksi (singular translative)
helleiksi (plural translative)
hellän (instructive singular)
hellein (instructive plural)
hellänek (comitative singular)
helleinek (comitative plural)
hellättä (abessive singular)
helleittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: hell

Finnish: hellä

Ingrian: hellä

→ Votic: helle

Karelian: hellä

Livvi: helly

Võro: hell

Votic: (Kattila, Mati) ellä


arka

arka (nominative singular)
argat (nominative plural)
argan (accusative singular)
argat (accusative plural)
argan (genitive singular)
arkadën (genitive plural)
arkoidën (genitive plural)
arkada (partitive singular)
arkoida (partitive plural)
argassa (inessive singular)
argahna (inessive singular)
argoissa (inessive plural)
argoihna (inessive plural)
argasta (elative singular)
argoista (elative plural)
arkahën (illative singular)
arkoihën (illative plural)
argalla (adessive singular)
argoilla (adessive plural)
argalta (ablative singular)
argoilta (ablative plural)
arkalën (allative singular)
arkalëk (allative singular)
arkoilën (allative plural)
arkoilëk (allative plural)
arkana (essive singular)
arkoina (essive plural)
argaksi (singular translative)
argoiksi (plural translative)
argan (instructive singular)
argoin (instructive plural)
arkanëk (comitative singular)
arkoinëk (comitative plural)
argatta (abessive singular)
argoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: arg

Finnish: arka

Ingrian: arka

Karelian:

North Karelian: arka

South Karelian: arga

Livonian: ārga

Livvi: argu

Ludian: arg

Veps: arg

Võro: arg

Votic: arkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *ārkē (see there for further descendants)


laho

Probably borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*lāgō), from Proto-Germanic *lēgō (whence Old Norse lág, Swedish låga (“fallen tree lying on the ground”)), in which case a doublet of *lëëka and *lëëko.


rampa

rampa (nominative singular)
rambat (nominative plural)
ramban (accusative singular)
rambat (accusative plural)
ramban (genitive singular)
rampadën (genitive plural)
rampoidën (genitive plural)
rampada (partitive singular)
rampoida (partitive plural)
rambassa (inessive singular)
rambahna (inessive singular)
ramboissa (inessive plural)
ramboihna (inessive plural)
rambasta (elative singular)
ramboista (elative plural)
rampahën (illative singular)
rampoihën (illative plural)
ramballa (adessive singular)
ramboilla (adessive plural)
rambalta (ablative singular)
ramboilta (ablative plural)
rampalën (allative singular)
rampalëk (allative singular)
rampoilën (allative plural)
rampoilëk (allative plural)
rampana (essive singular)
rampoina (essive plural)
rambaksi (singular translative)
ramboiksi (plural translative)
ramban (instructive singular)
ramboin (instructive plural)
rampanëk (comitative singular)
rampoinëk (comitative plural)
rambatta (abessive singular)
ramboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ramb

Finnish: rampa

Ingrian: rampa

Karelian:

North Karelian: rampa

South Karelian: ramba

Livvi: rambu

Ludian: ramb

Veps: ramb

Võro: ramm

Votic: rampa

Uncertain. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *krampaz (compare Swedish krämpa (“ailment”)), or alternatively, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *ramba- (whence Lithuanian rambùs (“sluggish, slow”)).


hurskas

Finnic (Northern)
hurskas (nominative singular)
hurskahët (nominative plural)
hurskahën (accusative singular)
hurskahët (accusative plural)
hurskahën (genitive singular)
hurskastën (genitive plural)
hurskahidën (genitive plural)
hurskasta (partitive singular)
hurskahita (partitive plural)
hurskahëssa (inessive singular)
hurskahëhna (inessive singular)
hurskahissa (inessive plural)
hurskahihna (inessive plural)
hurskahësta (elative singular)
hurskahista (elative plural)
hurskahësën (illative singular)
hurskahisën (illative plural)
hurskahëlla (adessive singular)
hurskahilla (adessive plural)
hurskahëlta (ablative singular)
hurskahilta (ablative plural)
hurskahëlën (allative singular)
hurskahëlëk (allative singular)
hurskahilën (allative plural)
hurskahilëk (allative plural)
hurskassa (essive singular)
hurskahina (essive plural)
hurskahëksi (singular translative)
hurskahiksi (plural translative)
hurskahën (instructive singular)
hurskahin (instructive plural)
hurskassëk (comitative singular)
hurskahinëk (comitative plural)
hurskahëtta (abessive singular)
hurskahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: hurskas

Karelian:

North Karelian: hurskas

South Karelian: hurskas


verinen

verinen (nominative singular)
vericet (nominative plural)
vericen (accusative singular)
vericet (accusative plural)
vericen (genitive singular)
vericten (genitive plural)
vericiden (genitive plural)
verictä (partitive singular)
vericitä (partitive plural)
vericessä (inessive singular)
vericehnä (inessive singular)
vericissä (inessive plural)
vericihnä (inessive plural)
vericestä (elative singular)
vericistä (elative plural)
vericesen (illative singular)
vericisen (illative plural)
vericellä (adessive singular)
vericillä (adessive plural)
vericeltä (ablative singular)
vericiltä (ablative plural)
vericelen (allative singular)
vericelek (allative singular)
vericilen (allative plural)
vericilek (allative plural)
verinnä (essive singular)
vericinä (essive plural)
vericeksi (singular translative)
vericiksi (plural translative)
vericen (instructive singular)
vericin (instructive plural)
verinnek (comitative singular)
vericinek (comitative plural)
vericettä (abessive singular)
vericittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: verine

Finnish: verinen

Karelian:

North Karelian: verine

South Karelian: verine

Livonian: ve’rri

Livvi: verine

Ludian: verine

Veps: verine

Võro: verine

Votic: verin


kauha

kauha (nominative singular)
kauhat (nominative plural)
kauhan (accusative singular)
kauhat (accusative plural)
kauhan (genitive singular)
kauhadën (genitive plural)
kauhëidën (genitive plural)
kauhada (partitive singular)
kauhëida (partitive plural)
kauhassa (inessive singular)
kauhahna (inessive singular)
kauhëissa (inessive plural)
kauhëihna (inessive plural)
kauhasta (elative singular)
kauhëista (elative plural)
kauhahën (illative singular)
kauhëihën (illative plural)
kauhalla (adessive singular)
kauhëilla (adessive plural)
kauhalta (ablative singular)
kauhëilta (ablative plural)
kauhalën (allative singular)
kauhalëk (allative singular)
kauhëilën (allative plural)
kauhëilëk (allative plural)
kauhana (essive singular)
kauhëina (essive plural)
kauhaksi (singular translative)
kauhëiksi (plural translative)
kauhan (instructive singular)
kauhëin (instructive plural)
kauhanëk (comitative singular)
kauhëinëk (comitative plural)
kauhatta (abessive singular)
kauhëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kahv, ⇒ kahvatu

Finnish: kauhea

Ingrian: kauhia

Karelian:

North Karelian: kauhie

South Karelian: kauhie

Livvi: kauhei

Ludian: kauhed


pilvinen

pilvinen (nominative singular)
pilvicet (nominative plural)
pilvicen (accusative singular)
pilvicet (accusative plural)
pilvicen (genitive singular)
pilvicten (genitive plural)
pilviciden (genitive plural)
pilvictä (partitive singular)
pilvicitä (partitive plural)
pilvicessä (inessive singular)
pilvicehnä (inessive singular)
pilvicissä (inessive plural)
pilvicihnä (inessive plural)
pilvicestä (elative singular)
pilvicistä (elative plural)
pilvicesen (illative singular)
pilvicisen (illative plural)
pilvicellä (adessive singular)
pilvicillä (adessive plural)
pilviceltä (ablative singular)
pilviciltä (ablative plural)
pilvicelen (allative singular)
pilvicelek (allative singular)
pilvicilen (allative plural)
pilvicilek (allative plural)
pilvinnä (essive singular)
pilvicinä (essive plural)
pilviceksi (singular translative)
pilviciksi (plural translative)
pilvicen (instructive singular)
pilvicin (instructive plural)
pilvinnek (comitative singular)
pilvicinek (comitative plural)
pilvicettä (abessive singular)
pilvicittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: pilvine

Finnish: pilvinen

Karelian: pilvine

Livonian: piļļi

Livvi: pilvine

Võro: pilvine


vaikka

vaikka (nominative singular)
vaik'at (nominative plural)
vaik'an (accusative singular)
vaik'at (accusative plural)
vaik'an (genitive singular)
vaikkadën (genitive plural)
vaikkoidën (genitive plural)
vaikkada (partitive singular)
vaikkoida (partitive plural)
vaik'assa (inessive singular)
vaik'ahna (inessive singular)
vaik'oissa (inessive plural)
vaik'oihna (inessive plural)
vaik'asta (elative singular)
vaik'oista (elative plural)
vaikkahën (illative singular)
vaikkoihën (illative plural)
vaik'alla (adessive singular)
vaik'oilla (adessive plural)
vaik'alta (ablative singular)
vaik'oilta (ablative plural)
vaikkalën (allative singular)
vaikkalëk (allative singular)
vaikkoilën (allative plural)
vaikkoilëk (allative plural)
vaikkana (essive singular)
vaikkoina (essive plural)
vaik'aksi (singular translative)
vaik'oiksi (plural translative)
vaik'an (instructive singular)
vaik'oin (instructive plural)
vaikkanëk (comitative singular)
vaikkoinëk (comitative plural)
vaik'atta (abessive singular)
vaik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vaik, ⇒ vaikne

Finnish: ⇒ vaieta, (dialectal) vaiketa

Ingrian: ⇒ vaiketa

Karelian: ⇒

South Karelian: vaikkane

Livvi: ⇒ vaikkaine

Ludian: ⇒ vaikkani

Veps: ⇒ vaikne

Võro: ⇒ vaiklik


muli

Possibly from earlier *mula- + *-i and borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence obsolete Latvian mūle (“hornless cow”) and Samogitian šmulas).


kavala

kavala (nominative singular)
kavalat (nominative plural)
kavalan (accusative singular)
kavalat (accusative plural)
kavalan (genitive singular)
kavaladën (genitive plural)
kavaloidën (genitive plural)
kavalata (partitive singular)
kavaloita (partitive plural)
kavalassa (inessive singular)
kavalahna (inessive singular)
kavaloissa (inessive plural)
kavaloihna (inessive plural)
kavalasta (elative singular)
kavaloista (elative plural)
kavalasën (illative singular)
kavaloisën (illative plural)
kavalalla (adessive singular)
kavaloilla (adessive plural)
kavalalta (ablative singular)
kavaloilta (ablative plural)
kavalalën (allative singular)
kavalalëk (allative singular)
kavaloilën (allative plural)
kavaloilëk (allative plural)
kavalana (essive singular)
kavaloina (essive plural)
kavalaksi (singular translative)
kavaloiksi (plural translative)
kavalan (instructive singular)
kavaloin (instructive plural)
kavalanëk (comitative singular)
kavaloinëk (comitative plural)
kavalatta (abessive singular)
kavaloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaval

Finnish: kavala

Ingrian: kavala

Karelian: kavala

Livonian: kovāl

Võro: kavval'

Votic: kavalõ


raju

Probably related to Finnish raivo (“fury, rage”).


raaka

raaka (nominative singular)
raagat (nominative plural)
raagan (accusative singular)
raagat (accusative plural)
raagan (genitive singular)
raakadën (genitive plural)
raakoidën (genitive plural)
raakada (partitive singular)
raakoida (partitive plural)
raagassa (inessive singular)
raagahna (inessive singular)
raagoissa (inessive plural)
raagoihna (inessive plural)
raagasta (elative singular)
raagoista (elative plural)
raakahën (illative singular)
raakoihën (illative plural)
raagalla (adessive singular)
raagoilla (adessive plural)
raagalta (ablative singular)
raagoilta (ablative plural)
raakalën (allative singular)
raakalëk (allative singular)
raakoilën (allative plural)
raakoilëk (allative plural)
raakana (essive singular)
raakoina (essive plural)
raagaksi (singular translative)
raagoiksi (plural translative)
raagan (instructive singular)
raagoin (instructive plural)
raakanëk (comitative singular)
raakoinëk (comitative plural)
raagatta (abessive singular)
raagoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: raag- (in compound: raagnahk)

Finnish: raaka

desc

→? Votic: raaka (“raw”) (rare, Jõgõperä)

Ingrian: raaka

Karelian:

North Karelian: roaka

South Karelian: ruaga

Livonian: rǭgõ- (in compound: rǭgõmīez)

Livvi: ruagu

Veps: rag


irta

irta (nominative singular)
irdat (nominative plural)
irdan (accusative singular)
irdat (accusative plural)
irdan (genitive singular)
irtadën (genitive plural)
irtoidën (genitive plural)
irtada (partitive singular)
irtoida (partitive plural)
irdassa (inessive singular)
irdahna (inessive singular)
irdoissa (inessive plural)
irdoihna (inessive plural)
irdasta (elative singular)
irdoista (elative plural)
irtahën (illative singular)
irtoihën (illative plural)
irdalla (adessive singular)
irdoilla (adessive plural)
irdalta (ablative singular)
irdoilta (ablative plural)
irtalën (allative singular)
irtalëk (allative singular)
irtoilën (allative plural)
irtoilëk (allative plural)
irtana (essive singular)
irtoina (essive plural)
irdaksi (singular translative)
irdoiksi (plural translative)
irdan (instructive singular)
irdoin (instructive plural)
irtanëk (comitative singular)
irtoinëk (comitative plural)
irdatta (abessive singular)
irdoitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Finnish: irti

⇒ Ingrian: irti

Karelian:

North Karelian: ⇒ irti

South Karelian: ⇒ ird́i

Veps: ird (“outside, surface”, noun), ⇒ irdal, irdas

⇒ Finnish: irto-, irtain

⇒ Ingrian: irtonain

Karelian:

North Karelian: ⇒ iralleh, irallah

South Karelian: ⇒ iralleh, irallah

⇒ Livvi: iralleh, irallah

Votic: irtää (Mati)

Borrowed from Baltic (compare Lithuanian irti (“to fall apart, to separate”)).


entinen

entinen (nominative singular)
enticet (nominative plural)
enticen (accusative singular)
enticet (accusative plural)
enticen (genitive singular)
endicten (genitive plural)
enticiden (genitive plural)
endictä (partitive singular)
enticitä (partitive plural)
enticessä (inessive singular)
enticehnä (inessive singular)
enticissä (inessive plural)
enticihnä (inessive plural)
enticestä (elative singular)
enticistä (elative plural)
enticesen (illative singular)
enticisen (illative plural)
enticellä (adessive singular)
enticillä (adessive plural)
enticeltä (ablative singular)
enticiltä (ablative plural)
enticelen (allative singular)
enticelek (allative singular)
enticilen (allative plural)
enticilek (allative plural)
endinnä (essive singular)
enticinä (essive plural)
enticeksi (singular translative)
enticiksi (plural translative)
enticen (instructive singular)
enticin (instructive plural)
endinnek (comitative singular)
enticinek (comitative plural)
enticettä (abessive singular)
enticittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: endine

Finnish: entinen

Ingrian: entiin

Karelian:

North Karelian: entine

South Karelian: endine

desc

Livonian: ändõst- (in compounds), (Salaca) endi

Livvi: endine

Ludian: endine

Veps: enzne, endzne

Votic: entin


avoin

avoin (nominative singular)
avoimët (nominative plural)
avoimën (accusative singular)
avoimët (accusative plural)
avoimën (genitive singular)
avoindën (genitive plural)
avoimidën (genitive plural)
avointa (partitive singular)
avoimita (partitive plural)
avoimëssa (inessive singular)
avoimëhna (inessive singular)
avoimissa (inessive plural)
avoimihna (inessive plural)
avoimësta (elative singular)
avoimista (elative plural)
avoimësën (illative singular)
avoimisën (illative plural)
avoimëlla (adessive singular)
avoimilla (adessive plural)
avoimëlta (ablative singular)
avoimilta (ablative plural)
avoimëlën (allative singular)
avoimëlëk (allative singular)
avoimilën (allative plural)
avoimilëk (allative plural)
avoimëna (essive singular)
avoimina (essive plural)
avoimëksi (singular translative)
avoimiksi (plural translative)
avoimën (instructive singular)
avoimin (instructive plural)
avoimënëk (comitative singular)
avoiminëk (comitative plural)
avoimëtta (abessive singular)
avoimitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: avoin

Karelian:

North Karelian: avoin

South Karelian: auvoin

Ludian: avoin

Veps: avoin'


hämärä

hämärä (nominative singular)
hämärät (nominative plural)
hämärän (accusative singular)
hämärät (accusative plural)
hämärän (genitive singular)
hämäräden (genitive plural)
hämäreiden (genitive plural)
hämärätä (partitive singular)
hämäreitä (partitive plural)
hämärässä (inessive singular)
hämärähnä (inessive singular)
hämäreissä (inessive plural)
hämäreihnä (inessive plural)
hämärästä (elative singular)
hämäreistä (elative plural)
hämäräsen (illative singular)
hämäreisen (illative plural)
hämärällä (adessive singular)
hämäreillä (adessive plural)
hämärältä (ablative singular)
hämäreiltä (ablative plural)
hämärälen (allative singular)
hämärälek (allative singular)
hämäreilen (allative plural)
hämäreilek (allative plural)
hämäränä (essive singular)
hämäreinä (essive plural)
hämäräksi (singular translative)
hämäreiksi (plural translative)
hämärän (instructive singular)
hämärein (instructive plural)
hämäränek (comitative singular)
hämäreinek (comitative plural)
hämärättä (abessive singular)
hämäreittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: hämar

Finnish: hämärä

Ingrian: hämärä

→ Votic: hämäre

Karelian:

North Karelian: hämärä

South Karelian: hämärä

Livonian: ämār

Ludian: hämär

Veps: hämär

Võro: hämmär

Votic: (Mati, Kattila) ämärä

From earlier *šämä, possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *sēmaz (whence Old Norse sámr) and extended with + *-rä.


liika

liika (nominative singular)
liigat (nominative plural)
liigan (accusative singular)
liigat (accusative plural)
liigan (genitive singular)
liikadën (genitive plural)
liikoidën (genitive plural)
liikada (partitive singular)
liikoida (partitive plural)
liigassa (inessive singular)
liigahna (inessive singular)
liigoissa (inessive plural)
liigoihna (inessive plural)
liigasta (elative singular)
liigoista (elative plural)
liikahën (illative singular)
liikoihën (illative plural)
liigalla (adessive singular)
liigoilla (adessive plural)
liigalta (ablative singular)
liigoilta (ablative plural)
liikalën (allative singular)
liikalëk (allative singular)
liikoilën (allative plural)
liikoilëk (allative plural)
liikana (essive singular)
liikoina (essive plural)
liigaksi (singular translative)
liigoiksi (plural translative)
liigan (instructive singular)
liigoin (instructive plural)
liikanëk (comitative singular)
liikoinëk (comitative plural)
liigatta (abessive singular)
liigoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: liig, ⇒ liiga

Finnish: liika

Ingrian: liika

Karelian: liika, liiga

Livvi: liigu

Ludian: liig

Veps: liig

Võro: liig

Votic: liikõ

→ Proto-Samic: *lijkē

From earlier *lëjka, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian lieks), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ-.


oiva

oiva (nominative singular)
oivat (nominative plural)
oivan (accusative singular)
oivat (accusative plural)
oivan (genitive singular)
oivadën (genitive plural)
oivëidën (genitive plural)
oivada (partitive singular)
oivëida (partitive plural)
oivassa (inessive singular)
oivahna (inessive singular)
oivëissa (inessive plural)
oivëihna (inessive plural)
oivasta (elative singular)
oivëista (elative plural)
oivahën (illative singular)
oivëihën (illative plural)
oivalla (adessive singular)
oivëilla (adessive plural)
oivalta (ablative singular)
oivëilta (ablative plural)
oivalën (allative singular)
oivalëk (allative singular)
oivëilën (allative plural)
oivëilëk (allative plural)
oivana (essive singular)
oivëina (essive plural)
oivaksi (singular translative)
oivëiksi (plural translative)
oivan (instructive singular)
oivëin (instructive plural)
oivanëk (comitative singular)
oivëinëk (comitative plural)
oivatta (abessive singular)
oivëitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: õevane (< *oivainën)

Finnish: oiva

Karelian: oiva

Livvi: oiva

Probably from Proto-Uralic *ojwa (“head”).


valmis

valmis (nominative singular)
valmihët (nominative plural)
valmihën (accusative singular)
valmihët (accusative plural)
valmihën (genitive singular)
valmistën (genitive plural)
valmihidën (genitive plural)
valmista (partitive singular)
valmihita (partitive plural)
valmihëssa (inessive singular)
valmihëhna (inessive singular)
valmihissa (inessive plural)
valmihihna (inessive plural)
valmihësta (elative singular)
valmihista (elative plural)
valmihësën (illative singular)
valmihisën (illative plural)
valmihëlla (adessive singular)
valmihilla (adessive plural)
valmihëlta (ablative singular)
valmihilta (ablative plural)
valmihëlën (allative singular)
valmihëlëk (allative singular)
valmihilën (allative plural)
valmihilëk (allative plural)
valmissa (essive singular)
valmihina (essive plural)
valmihëksi (singular translative)
valmihiksi (plural translative)
valmihën (instructive singular)
valmihin (instructive plural)
valmissëk (comitative singular)
valmihinëk (comitative plural)
valmihëtta (abessive singular)
valmihitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: valmis

Finnish: valmis

Ingrian: valmis

Karelian: valmis

Livonian: vaļmõz

Livvi: valmiš

Ludian: valmiž

Veps: vaumiž

Võro: valmis

Votic: valmiz


vähä

vähä (nominative singular)
vähät (nominative plural)
vähän (accusative singular)
vähät (accusative plural)
vähän (genitive singular)
vähäden (genitive plural)
väheiden (genitive plural)
vähädä (partitive singular)
väheidä (partitive plural)
vähässä (inessive singular)
vähähnä (inessive singular)
väheissä (inessive plural)
väheihnä (inessive plural)
vähästä (elative singular)
väheistä (elative plural)
vähähen (illative singular)
väheihen (illative plural)
vähällä (adessive singular)
väheillä (adessive plural)
vähältä (ablative singular)
väheiltä (ablative plural)
vähälen (allative singular)
vähälek (allative singular)
väheilen (allative plural)
väheilek (allative plural)
vähänä (essive singular)
väheinä (essive plural)
vähäksi (singular translative)
väheiksi (plural translative)
vähän (instructive singular)
vähein (instructive plural)
vähänek (comitative singular)
väheinek (comitative plural)
vähättä (abessive singular)
väheittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: vähe

Finnish: vähä

→ Northern Sami: veahá

Ingrian: vähä

Karelian: vähä

Livvi: vähä

Ludian: vähä

Veps: vähä

Võro: vähä

Votic: vähä

From Proto-Finno-Permic *wäšä. Cognate with Erzya вишка (viška), веженсь (vežeńś).


kumara

kumara (nominative singular)
kumarat (nominative plural)
kumaran (accusative singular)
kumarat (accusative plural)
kumaran (genitive singular)
kumaradën (genitive plural)
kumaroidën (genitive plural)
kumarata (partitive singular)
kumaroita (partitive plural)
kumarassa (inessive singular)
kumarahna (inessive singular)
kumaroissa (inessive plural)
kumaroihna (inessive plural)
kumarasta (elative singular)
kumaroista (elative plural)
kumarasën (illative singular)
kumaroisën (illative plural)
kumaralla (adessive singular)
kumaroilla (adessive plural)
kumaralta (ablative singular)
kumaroilta (ablative plural)
kumaralën (allative singular)
kumaralëk (allative singular)
kumaroilën (allative plural)
kumaroilëk (allative plural)
kumarana (essive singular)
kumaroina (essive plural)
kumaraksi (singular translative)
kumaroiksi (plural translative)
kumaran (instructive singular)
kumaroin (instructive plural)
kumaranëk (comitative singular)
kumaroinëk (comitative plural)
kumaratta (abessive singular)
kumaroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kumar, kummar

Finnish: kumara

Possibly from the same root as *kuma- + *-ra.


horna

horna (nominative singular)
hornat (nominative plural)
hornan (accusative singular)
hornat (accusative plural)
hornan (genitive singular)
hornadën (genitive plural)
hornëidën (genitive plural)
hornada (partitive singular)
hornëida (partitive plural)
hornassa (inessive singular)
hornahna (inessive singular)
hornëissa (inessive plural)
hornëihna (inessive plural)
hornasta (elative singular)
hornëista (elative plural)
hornahën (illative singular)
hornëihën (illative plural)
hornalla (adessive singular)
hornëilla (adessive plural)
hornalta (ablative singular)
hornëilta (ablative plural)
hornalën (allative singular)
hornalëk (allative singular)
hornëilën (allative plural)
hornëilëk (allative plural)
hornana (essive singular)
hornëina (essive plural)
hornaksi (singular translative)
hornëiksi (plural translative)
hornan (instructive singular)
hornëin (instructive plural)
hornanëk (comitative singular)
hornëinëk (comitative plural)
hornatta (abessive singular)
hornëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: õrn, (dialectal) hõrn

Finnish: (dialectal) horna

Karelian:

North Karelian: hornie

Livonian: vȱrna


herkkä

herkkä (nominative singular)
herk'ät (nominative plural)
herk'än (accusative singular)
herk'ät (accusative plural)
herk'än (genitive singular)
herkkäden (genitive plural)
herkkeiden (genitive plural)
herkkädä (partitive singular)
herkkeidä (partitive plural)
herk'ässä (inessive singular)
herk'ähnä (inessive singular)
herk'eissä (inessive plural)
herk'eihnä (inessive plural)
herk'ästä (elative singular)
herk'eistä (elative plural)
herkkähen (illative singular)
herkkeihen (illative plural)
herk'ällä (adessive singular)
herk'eillä (adessive plural)
herk'ältä (ablative singular)
herk'eiltä (ablative plural)
herkkälen (allative singular)
herkkälek (allative singular)
herkkeilen (allative plural)
herkkeilek (allative plural)
herkkänä (essive singular)
herkkeinä (essive plural)
herk'äksi (singular translative)
herk'eiksi (plural translative)
herk'än (instructive singular)
herk'ein (instructive plural)
herkkänek (comitative singular)
herkkeinek (comitative plural)
herk'ättä (abessive singular)
herk'eittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: herkkä

Ingrian: herkkä

→? Votic: herkkõ

Karelian: herkkä

Veps: herk

Estonian: erk

Livonian: erk


rankka

rankka (nominative singular)
rank'at (nominative plural)
rank'an (accusative singular)
rank'at (accusative plural)
rank'an (genitive singular)
rankkadën (genitive plural)
rankkoidën (genitive plural)
rankkada (partitive singular)
rankkoida (partitive plural)
rank'assa (inessive singular)
rank'ahna (inessive singular)
rank'oissa (inessive plural)
rank'oihna (inessive plural)
rank'asta (elative singular)
rank'oista (elative plural)
rankkahën (illative singular)
rankkoihën (illative plural)
rank'alla (adessive singular)
rank'oilla (adessive plural)
rank'alta (ablative singular)
rank'oilta (ablative plural)
rankkalën (allative singular)
rankkalëk (allative singular)
rankkoilën (allative plural)
rankkoilëk (allative plural)
rankkana (essive singular)
rankkoina (essive plural)
rank'aksi (singular translative)
rank'oiksi (plural translative)
rank'an (instructive singular)
rank'oin (instructive plural)
rankkanëk (comitative singular)
rankkoinëk (comitative plural)
rank'atta (abessive singular)
rank'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) rank

Finnish: rankka

Ingrian: rankka

Karelian:

North Karelian: rankka

South Karelian: rankka

Livvi: rankku

Votic: rankkõ

Estonian: ränk

Livonian: rǟnka

Võro: ränk

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *strangaz.


umpi

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *umbi. Alternatively possibly related to Komi-Zyrian об (ob).


karvas

karvas (nominative singular)
karvahët (nominative plural)
karvahën (accusative singular)
karvahët (accusative plural)
karvahën (genitive singular)
karvastën (genitive plural)
karvahidën (genitive plural)
karvasta (partitive singular)
karvahita (partitive plural)
karvahëssa (inessive singular)
karvahëhna (inessive singular)
karvahissa (inessive plural)
karvahihna (inessive plural)
karvahësta (elative singular)
karvahista (elative plural)
karvahësën (illative singular)
karvahisën (illative plural)
karvahëlla (adessive singular)
karvahilla (adessive plural)
karvahëlta (ablative singular)
karvahilta (ablative plural)
karvahëlën (allative singular)
karvahëlëk (allative singular)
karvahilën (allative plural)
karvahilëk (allative plural)
karvassa (essive singular)
karvahina (essive plural)
karvahëksi (singular translative)
karvahiksi (plural translative)
karvahën (instructive singular)
karvahin (instructive plural)
karvassëk (comitative singular)
karvahinëk (comitative plural)
karvahëtta (abessive singular)
karvahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: karvas

→? Karelian: karvas

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: kǭraz

Vidzeme Livonian: karas

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *harwaz (whence German herb) . Alternatively, and less likely, from the same root as *karkëda.

, *karkëda, *kirpedä


paljas

paljas (nominative singular)
paljahët (nominative plural)
paljahën (accusative singular)
paljahët (accusative plural)
paljahën (genitive singular)
paljastën (genitive plural)
paljahidën (genitive plural)
paljasta (partitive singular)
paljahita (partitive plural)
paljahëssa (inessive singular)
paljahëhna (inessive singular)
paljahissa (inessive plural)
paljahihna (inessive plural)
paljahësta (elative singular)
paljahista (elative plural)
paljahësën (illative singular)
paljahisën (illative plural)
paljahëlla (adessive singular)
paljahilla (adessive plural)
paljahëlta (ablative singular)
paljahilta (ablative plural)
paljahëlën (allative singular)
paljahëlëk (allative singular)
paljahilën (allative plural)
paljahilëk (allative plural)
paljassa (essive singular)
paljahina (essive plural)
paljahëksi (singular translative)
paljahiksi (plural translative)
paljahën (instructive singular)
paljahin (instructive plural)
paljassëk (comitative singular)
paljahinëk (comitative plural)
paljahëtta (abessive singular)
paljahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: paljas

Finnish: paljas

→ Northern Sami: báljis

Ingrian: paljas

Karelian: pal’l’aš

Livonian: pǭļaz

Livvi: pal'l'as

Ludian: pal'l'az

Veps: pal'l'az

Võro: pall'as, pal'as

Votic: palʹlʹõz

Unknown. Proto-Germanic *failijaz is probably not the origin due to semantic and phonetic issues.


kaita

kaita (nominative singular)
kaidat (nominative plural)
kaidan (accusative singular)
kaidat (accusative plural)
kaidan (genitive singular)
kaitadën (genitive plural)
kaitoidën (genitive plural)
kaitada (partitive singular)
kaitoida (partitive plural)
kaidassa (inessive singular)
kaidahna (inessive singular)
kaidoissa (inessive plural)
kaidoihna (inessive plural)
kaidasta (elative singular)
kaidoista (elative plural)
kaitahën (illative singular)
kaitoihën (illative plural)
kaidalla (adessive singular)
kaidoilla (adessive plural)
kaidalta (ablative singular)
kaidoilta (ablative plural)
kaitalën (allative singular)
kaitalëk (allative singular)
kaitoilën (allative plural)
kaitoilëk (allative plural)
kaitana (essive singular)
kaitoina (essive plural)
kaidaksi (singular translative)
kaidoiksi (plural translative)
kaidan (instructive singular)
kaidoin (instructive plural)
kaitanëk (comitative singular)
kaitoinëk (comitative plural)
kaidatta (abessive singular)
kaidoitta (abessive plural)

? Estonian: (dialectal) kaidur

Finnish: kaita

→ Votic: kaita (Mati)

Ingrian: kaita

Karelian: kaita, kaida

Livvi: kaidu

Ludian: kaid

Veps: kaid