kalbas

kalbas (nominative singular)
kalbahët (nominative plural)
kalbahën (accusative singular)
kalbahët (accusative plural)
kalbahën (genitive singular)
kalbastën (genitive plural)
kalbahidën (genitive plural)
kalbasta (partitive singular)
kalbahita (partitive plural)
kalbahëssa (inessive singular)
kalbahëhna (inessive singular)
kalbahissa (inessive plural)
kalbahihna (inessive plural)
kalbahësta (elative singular)
kalbahista (elative plural)
kalbahësën (illative singular)
kalbahisën (illative plural)
kalbahëlla (adessive singular)
kalbahilla (adessive plural)
kalbahëlta (ablative singular)
kalbahilta (ablative plural)
kalbahëlën (allative singular)
kalbahëlëk (allative singular)
kalbahilën (allative plural)
kalbahilëk (allative plural)
kalbassa (essive singular)
kalbahina (essive plural)
kalbahëksi (singular translative)
kalbahiksi (plural translative)
kalbahën (instructive singular)
kalbahin (instructive plural)
kalbassëk (comitative singular)
kalbahinëk (comitative plural)
kalbahëtta (abessive singular)
kalbahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kalvas

Finnish: kalpea

Karelian:

South Karelian: kalbie

Livvi: kalbei

Finnish: kalvakka

Karelian:

North Karelian: kalvakka

South Karelian: kalvakka

Livvi: kalpakko

Possibly an early loan from Indo-European language, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(H)albʰós, relying on the assertion that an initial Indo-European laryngeal could be reflected as a *k- when borrowed into Uralic or Finnic languages, which has been disputed.


ahnas

ahnas (nominative singular)
ahnahët (nominative plural)
ahnahën (accusative singular)
ahnahët (accusative plural)
ahnahën (genitive singular)
ahnastën (genitive plural)
ahnahidën (genitive plural)
ahnasta (partitive singular)
ahnahita (partitive plural)
ahnahëssa (inessive singular)
ahnahëhna (inessive singular)
ahnahissa (inessive plural)
ahnahihna (inessive plural)
ahnahësta (elative singular)
ahnahista (elative plural)
ahnahësën (illative singular)
ahnahisën (illative plural)
ahnahëlla (adessive singular)
ahnahilla (adessive plural)
ahnahëlta (ablative singular)
ahnahilta (ablative plural)
ahnahëlën (allative singular)
ahnahëlëk (allative singular)
ahnahilën (allative plural)
ahnahilëk (allative plural)
ahnassa (essive singular)
ahnahina (essive plural)
ahnahëksi (singular translative)
ahnahiksi (plural translative)
ahnahën (instructive singular)
ahnahin (instructive plural)
ahnassëk (comitative singular)
ahnahinëk (comitative plural)
ahnahëtta (abessive singular)
ahnahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: ahnas

Ingrian: ahnas

Karelian:

North Karelian: ahnaš

South Karelian: ahnaš

Livvi: ahnas

Ludian: ⇒ ahnak

desc

Veps: ⇒ (Northern) ažlak, (Southern) ahlak

Votic: ahnõz

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)ānēs (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)aćHnas (whence Sanskrit अश्न (aśna, “gluttonous”)).


raidis

raidis (nominative singular)
raitihët (nominative plural)
raitihën (accusative singular)
raitihët (accusative plural)
raitihën (genitive singular)
raidistën (genitive plural)
raitihidën (genitive plural)
raidista (partitive singular)
raitihita (partitive plural)
raitihëssa (inessive singular)
raitihëhna (inessive singular)
raitihissa (inessive plural)
raitihihna (inessive plural)
raitihësta (elative singular)
raitihista (elative plural)
raitihësën (illative singular)
raitihisën (illative plural)
raitihëlla (adessive singular)
raitihilla (adessive plural)
raitihëlta (ablative singular)
raitihilta (ablative plural)
raitihëlën (allative singular)
raitihëlëk (allative singular)
raitihilën (allative plural)
raitihilëk (allative plural)
raidissa (essive singular)
raitihina (essive plural)
raitihëksi (singular translative)
raitihiksi (plural translative)
raitihën (instructive singular)
raitihin (instructive plural)
raidissëk (comitative singular)
raitihinëk (comitative plural)
raitihëtta (abessive singular)
raitihitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (obsolete) raidis

Finnish: raitis

Karelian:

North Karelian: raitis

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *raidiz ~ *raidaz.


lauha

lauha (nominative singular)
lauhat (nominative plural)
lauhan (accusative singular)
lauhat (accusative plural)
lauhan (genitive singular)
lauhadën (genitive plural)
lauhëidën (genitive plural)
lauhada (partitive singular)
lauhëida (partitive plural)
lauhassa (inessive singular)
lauhahna (inessive singular)
lauhëissa (inessive plural)
lauhëihna (inessive plural)
lauhasta (elative singular)
lauhëista (elative plural)
lauhahën (illative singular)
lauhëihën (illative plural)
lauhalla (adessive singular)
lauhëilla (adessive plural)
lauhalta (ablative singular)
lauhëilta (ablative plural)
lauhalën (allative singular)
lauhalëk (allative singular)
lauhëilën (allative plural)
lauhëilëk (allative plural)
lauhana (essive singular)
lauhëina (essive plural)
lauhaksi (singular translative)
lauhëiksi (plural translative)
lauhan (instructive singular)
lauhëin (instructive plural)
lauhanëk (comitative singular)
lauhëinëk (comitative plural)
lauhatta (abessive singular)
lauhëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) lahva, ⇒ lahve

Finnish: lauha

Karelian:

North Karelian: lauha

South Karelian: lauha

→ Southern Sami: laahvoeh

→ Lule Sami: láho

→ Northern Sami: láfu

According to Schalin (2019) possibly borrowed from Northwest Proto-Germanic *hlāwaz (whence Old High German lāo, *hlāo), or from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*hlāwaz), with a substitution Germanic *VwV → Finnic *VuhV (cf. possibly a similar substitution in *rauha). Possibly doublet of *leevä.


leinä

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian kliens (“thin, withered”), Lithuanian klienas (“thin, skinny”)).


tuhma

tuhma (nominative singular)
tuhmat (nominative plural)
tuhman (accusative singular)
tuhmat (accusative plural)
tuhman (genitive singular)
tuhmadën (genitive plural)
tuhmëidën (genitive plural)
tuhmada (partitive singular)
tuhmëida (partitive plural)
tuhmassa (inessive singular)
tuhmahna (inessive singular)
tuhmëissa (inessive plural)
tuhmëihna (inessive plural)
tuhmasta (elative singular)
tuhmëista (elative plural)
tuhmahën (illative singular)
tuhmëihën (illative plural)
tuhmalla (adessive singular)
tuhmëilla (adessive plural)
tuhmalta (ablative singular)
tuhmëilta (ablative plural)
tuhmalën (allative singular)
tuhmalëk (allative singular)
tuhmëilën (allative plural)
tuhmëilëk (allative plural)
tuhmana (essive singular)
tuhmëina (essive plural)
tuhmaksi (singular translative)
tuhmëiksi (plural translative)
tuhman (instructive singular)
tuhmëin (instructive plural)
tuhmanëk (comitative singular)
tuhmëinëk (comitative plural)
tuhmatta (abessive singular)
tuhmëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tuhm

Finnish: tuhma

→ Northern Sami: došmi

Ingrian: tuhma

Karelian:

North Karelian: tuhma

South Karelian: tuhma

Livvi: tuhmu

Ludian: tuhm

Veps: tuhm

Võro: tuhm'

Votic: tuhmõ

Estonian: (dialectal) tühm

Finnish: tyhmä

→ Northern Sami: diihmi

Karelian:

North Karelian: tyhmä

⇒ Ludian: tühmäk

From earlier *tušma (whence also Proto-Samic *tosmē), possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *tušma (whence Komi-Zyrian дыш (dyš)). Alternatively, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *dusmaz (whence Danish dosmer, Norwegian Nynorsk dosmar).


vetelä

vetelä (nominative singular)
vetelät (nominative plural)
vetelän (accusative singular)
vetelät (accusative plural)
vetelän (genitive singular)
veteläden (genitive plural)
veteleiden (genitive plural)
vetelätä (partitive singular)
veteleitä (partitive plural)
vetelässä (inessive singular)
vetelähnä (inessive singular)
veteleissä (inessive plural)
veteleihnä (inessive plural)
vetelästä (elative singular)
veteleistä (elative plural)
veteläsen (illative singular)
veteleisen (illative plural)
vetelällä (adessive singular)
veteleillä (adessive plural)
vetelältä (ablative singular)
veteleiltä (ablative plural)
vetelälen (allative singular)
vetelälek (allative singular)
veteleilen (allative plural)
veteleilek (allative plural)
vetelänä (essive singular)
veteleinä (essive plural)
veteläksi (singular translative)
veteleiksi (plural translative)
vetelän (instructive singular)
vetelein (instructive plural)
vetelänek (comitative singular)
veteleinek (comitative plural)
vetelättä (abessive singular)
veteleittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: vedel

Finnish: vetelä

Ingrian: vetelä

Karelian:

North Karelian: vetelä

South Karelian: vedelä

Livonian: vie’ddõl

Livvi: vedel

Ludian: vedel

Võro: vetel'

Votic: vetele


laaka

laaka (nominative singular)
laagat (nominative plural)
laagan (accusative singular)
laagat (accusative plural)
laagan (genitive singular)
laakadën (genitive plural)
laakoidën (genitive plural)
laakada (partitive singular)
laakoida (partitive plural)
laagassa (inessive singular)
laagahna (inessive singular)
laagoissa (inessive plural)
laagoihna (inessive plural)
laagasta (elative singular)
laagoista (elative plural)
laakahën (illative singular)
laakoihën (illative plural)
laagalla (adessive singular)
laagoilla (adessive plural)
laagalta (ablative singular)
laagoilta (ablative plural)
laakalën (allative singular)
laakalëk (allative singular)
laakoilën (allative plural)
laakoilëk (allative plural)
laakana (essive singular)
laakoina (essive plural)
laagaksi (singular translative)
laagoiksi (plural translative)
laagan (instructive singular)
laagoin (instructive plural)
laakanëk (comitative singular)
laakoinëk (comitative plural)
laagatta (abessive singular)
laagoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: laaka

⇒ Ingrian: laaku

Votic: (Mati) laaka

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*lāgaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *lēgaz.


nuti

nuti (nominative singular)
nudit (nominative plural)
nudin (accusative singular)
nudit (accusative plural)
nudin (genitive singular)
nutidën (genitive plural)
nutëjidën (genitive plural)
nutida (partitive singular)
nutëjita (partitive plural)
nudissa (inessive singular)
nudihna (inessive singular)
nutëjissa (inessive plural)
nutëjihna (inessive plural)
nudista (elative singular)
nutëjista (elative plural)
nutihën (illative singular)
nutëjisën (illative plural)
nudilla (adessive singular)
nutëjilla (adessive plural)
nudilta (ablative singular)
nutëjilta (ablative plural)
nutilën (allative singular)
nutilëk (allative singular)
nutëjilën (allative plural)
nutëjilëk (allative plural)
nutina (essive singular)
nutëjina (essive plural)
nudiksi (singular translative)
nutëjiksi (plural translative)
nudin (instructive singular)
nutëjin (instructive plural)
nutinëk (comitative singular)
nutëjinëk (comitative plural)
nuditta (abessive singular)
nutëjitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nudi

Finnish: nuti

Võro: nudi


vilu

Unknown. May be derived from a front-vocalic root *vilä- or *vile- + *-u, given the likely derivatives Finnish viileä, Ingrian viiliä and Karelian viilie.


tuima

tuima (nominative singular)
tuimat (nominative plural)
tuiman (accusative singular)
tuimat (accusative plural)
tuiman (genitive singular)
tuimadën (genitive plural)
tuimëidën (genitive plural)
tuimada (partitive singular)
tuimëida (partitive plural)
tuimassa (inessive singular)
tuimahna (inessive singular)
tuimëissa (inessive plural)
tuimëihna (inessive plural)
tuimasta (elative singular)
tuimëista (elative plural)
tuimahën (illative singular)
tuimëihën (illative plural)
tuimalla (adessive singular)
tuimëilla (adessive plural)
tuimalta (ablative singular)
tuimëilta (ablative plural)
tuimalën (allative singular)
tuimalëk (allative singular)
tuimëilën (allative plural)
tuimëilëk (allative plural)
tuimana (essive singular)
tuimëina (essive plural)
tuimaksi (singular translative)
tuimëiksi (plural translative)
tuiman (instructive singular)
tuimëin (instructive plural)
tuimanëk (comitative singular)
tuimëinëk (comitative plural)
tuimatta (abessive singular)
tuimëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tuim

Finnish: tuima

Ingrian: tuima

Karelian: tuima

Livonian: tūima

Livvi: tuimu

Võro: tuim

Votic: tuimõ


valju

valju (nominative singular)
valjut (nominative plural)
valjun (accusative singular)
valjut (accusative plural)
valjun (genitive singular)
valjudën (genitive plural)
valjuidën (genitive plural)
valjuda (partitive singular)
valjuida (partitive plural)
valjussa (inessive singular)
valjuhna (inessive singular)
valjuissa (inessive plural)
valjuihna (inessive plural)
valjusta (elative singular)
valjuista (elative plural)
valjuhën (illative singular)
valjuihën (illative plural)
valjulla (adessive singular)
valjuilla (adessive plural)
valjulta (ablative singular)
valjuilta (ablative plural)
valjulën (allative singular)
valjulëk (allative singular)
valjuilën (allative plural)
valjuilëk (allative plural)
valjuna (essive singular)
valjuina (essive plural)
valjuksi (singular translative)
valjuiksi (plural translative)
valjun (instructive singular)
valjuin (instructive plural)
valjunëk (comitative singular)
valjuinëk (comitative plural)
valjutta (abessive singular)
valjuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vali

Finnish: valju

Ingrian: valju

Votic: valʹlʹu

From the same root *val- as *valkëda and *valo.


raavas

Finnic (Northern)
raavas (nominative singular)
raavahët (nominative plural)
raavahën (accusative singular)
raavahët (accusative plural)
raavahën (genitive singular)
raavastën (genitive plural)
raavahidën (genitive plural)
raavasta (partitive singular)
raavahita (partitive plural)
raavahëssa (inessive singular)
raavahëhna (inessive singular)
raavahissa (inessive plural)
raavahihna (inessive plural)
raavahësta (elative singular)
raavahista (elative plural)
raavahësën (illative singular)
raavahisën (illative plural)
raavahëlla (adessive singular)
raavahilla (adessive plural)
raavahëlta (ablative singular)
raavahilta (ablative plural)
raavahëlën (allative singular)
raavahëlëk (allative singular)
raavahilën (allative plural)
raavahilëk (allative plural)
raavassa (essive singular)
raavahina (essive plural)
raavahëksi (singular translative)
raavahiksi (plural translative)
raavahën (instructive singular)
raavahin (instructive plural)
raavassëk (comitative singular)
raavahinëk (comitative plural)
raavahëtta (abessive singular)
raavahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: raavas

Ingrian: raavas

Karelian:

North Karelian: ruavas

South Karelian: ruavaš

Livvi: ruavas

Ludian: ruavaz

Veps: ravaz (“old”)

→ Northern Sami: rávis

→ Inari Sami: räävis

→ Skolt Sami: rää´ves

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *þrawwaz (“full-grown”) (in which case doublet of *rahvas), or alternatively, according to Aikio (2019) borrowed from Northwest Proto-Germanic *grāwaz.


hupa

hupa (nominative singular)
hubat (nominative plural)
huban (accusative singular)
hubat (accusative plural)
huban (genitive singular)
hupadën (genitive plural)
hupëidën (genitive plural)
hupada (partitive singular)
hupëida (partitive plural)
hubassa (inessive singular)
hubahna (inessive singular)
hubëissa (inessive plural)
hubëihna (inessive plural)
hubasta (elative singular)
hubëista (elative plural)
hupahën (illative singular)
hupëihën (illative plural)
huballa (adessive singular)
hubëilla (adessive plural)
hubalta (ablative singular)
hubëilta (ablative plural)
hupalën (allative singular)
hupalëk (allative singular)
hupëilën (allative plural)
hupëilëk (allative plural)
hupana (essive singular)
hupëina (essive plural)
hubaksi (singular translative)
hubëiksi (plural translative)
huban (instructive singular)
hubëin (instructive plural)
hupanëk (comitative singular)
hupëinëk (comitative plural)
hubatta (abessive singular)
hubëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) huba

Finnish: hupa

→ Northern Sami: hohpi

Ingrian: hupa

Karelian:

North Karelian: hupa

South Karelian: huba

Livvi: huba

Ludian: huba

Veps: huba

Võro: huba


täpärä

täpärä (nominative singular)
täpärät (nominative plural)
täpärän (accusative singular)
täpärät (accusative plural)
täpärän (genitive singular)
täpäräden (genitive plural)
täpäreiden (genitive plural)
täpärätä (partitive singular)
täpäreitä (partitive plural)
täpärässä (inessive singular)
täpärähnä (inessive singular)
täpäreissä (inessive plural)
täpäreihnä (inessive plural)
täpärästä (elative singular)
täpäreistä (elative plural)
täpäräsen (illative singular)
täpäreisen (illative plural)
täpärällä (adessive singular)
täpäreillä (adessive plural)
täpärältä (ablative singular)
täpäreiltä (ablative plural)
täpärälen (allative singular)
täpärälek (allative singular)
täpäreilen (allative plural)
täpäreilek (allative plural)
täpäränä (essive singular)
täpäreinä (essive plural)
täpäräksi (singular translative)
täpäreiksi (plural translative)
täpärän (instructive singular)
täpärein (instructive plural)
täpäränek (comitative singular)
täpäreinek (comitative plural)
täpärättä (abessive singular)
täpäreittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: täbar

Finnish: täpärä

Karelian:

North Karelian: täperä

South Karelian: täberä

Võro: täpär'

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?] (whence Icelandic tæpur).


veres

veres (nominative singular)
verekset (nominative plural)
vereksen (accusative singular)
verekset (accusative plural)
vereksen (genitive singular)
veresten (genitive plural)
vereksiden (genitive plural)
verestä (partitive singular)
vereksitä (partitive plural)
vereksessä (inessive singular)
vereksehnä (inessive singular)
vereksissä (inessive plural)
vereksihnä (inessive plural)
vereksestä (elative singular)
vereksistä (elative plural)
vereksesen (illative singular)
vereksisen (illative plural)
vereksellä (adessive singular)
vereksillä (adessive plural)
verekseltä (ablative singular)
vereksiltä (ablative plural)
verekselen (allative singular)
verekselek (allative singular)
vereksilen (allative plural)
vereksilek (allative plural)
veressä (essive singular)
vereksinä (essive plural)
verekseksi (singular translative)
vereksiksi (plural translative)
vereksen (instructive singular)
vereksin (instructive plural)
veressek (comitative singular)
vereksinek (comitative plural)
vereksettä (abessive singular)
vereksittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: veres

Karelian:

North Karelian: veres

South Karelian: veres

Livvi: veres

Ludian: verez

Veps: verez

From *vere + *-s. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vërës.


ruja

ruja (nominative singular)
rujat (nominative plural)
rujan (accusative singular)
rujat (accusative plural)
rujan (genitive singular)
rujadën (genitive plural)
rujëidën (genitive plural)
rujada (partitive singular)
rujëida (partitive plural)
rujassa (inessive singular)
rujahna (inessive singular)
rujëissa (inessive plural)
rujëihna (inessive plural)
rujasta (elative singular)
rujëista (elative plural)
rujahën (illative singular)
rujëihën (illative plural)
rujalla (adessive singular)
rujëilla (adessive plural)
rujalta (ablative singular)
rujëilta (ablative plural)
rujalën (allative singular)
rujalëk (allative singular)
rujëilën (allative plural)
rujëilëk (allative plural)
rujana (essive singular)
rujëina (essive plural)
rujaksi (singular translative)
rujëiksi (plural translative)
rujan (instructive singular)
rujëin (instructive plural)
rujanëk (comitative singular)
rujëinëk (comitative plural)
rujatta (abessive singular)
rujëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal) ruja

Livonian: rujā

Estonian: (dialectal) ruju

Finnish: rujo

Karelian:

North Karelian: rujo

South Karelian: rujo

Livvi: rujo

Ludian: rujo

Veps: rujo

>? Võro: rujo

Possibly sound-symbolic and related to Northern Sami rojas (“unwell, sickly looking”).


haljas

haljas (nominative singular)
haljahët (nominative plural)
haljahën (accusative singular)
haljahët (accusative plural)
haljahën (genitive singular)
haljastën (genitive plural)
haljahidën (genitive plural)
haljasta (partitive singular)
haljahita (partitive plural)
haljahëssa (inessive singular)
haljahëhna (inessive singular)
haljahissa (inessive plural)
haljahihna (inessive plural)
haljahësta (elative singular)
haljahista (elative plural)
haljahësën (illative singular)
haljahisën (illative plural)
haljahëlla (adessive singular)
haljahilla (adessive plural)
haljahëlta (ablative singular)
haljahilta (ablative plural)
haljahëlën (allative singular)
haljahëlëk (allative singular)
haljahilën (allative plural)
haljahilëk (allative plural)
haljassa (essive singular)
haljahina (essive plural)
haljahëksi (singular translative)
haljahiksi (plural translative)
haljahën (instructive singular)
haljahin (instructive plural)
haljassëk (comitative singular)
haljahinëk (comitative plural)
haljahëtta (abessive singular)
haljahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: haljas

→? Finnish: haljas

Ingrian: haljas

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: ǭļaz

Vidzeme Livonian: ales

Võro: hal'as

Votic: alʹlʹaz

From earlier *šaljas, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian zaļš, Lithuanian žalias).


vihanta

vihanta (nominative singular)
vihandat (nominative plural)
vihandan (accusative singular)
vihandat (accusative plural)
vihandan (genitive singular)
vihantadën (genitive plural)
vihantoidën (genitive plural)
vihantata (partitive singular)
vihantoita (partitive plural)
vihandassa (inessive singular)
vihandahna (inessive singular)
vihandoissa (inessive plural)
vihandoihna (inessive plural)
vihandasta (elative singular)
vihandoista (elative plural)
vihantasën (illative singular)
vihantoisën (illative plural)
vihandalla (adessive singular)
vihandoilla (adessive plural)
vihandalta (ablative singular)
vihandoilta (ablative plural)
vihantalën (allative singular)
vihantalëk (allative singular)
vihantoilën (allative plural)
vihantoilëk (allative plural)
vihantana (essive singular)
vihantoina (essive plural)
vihandaksi (singular translative)
vihandoiksi (plural translative)
vihandan (instructive singular)
vihandoin (instructive plural)
vihantanëk (comitative singular)
vihantoinëk (comitative plural)
vihandatta (abessive singular)
vihandoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: vihanta

Ingrian: vihanta

Karelian:

North Karelian: vihanta

South Karelian: vihanda

Livvi: vihandu

Ludian: vihand

Veps: vihand


pullas

Estonian: (dialectal) pullas

Finnish: pullea

Estonian: (Insular dialects) pullakas

Finnish: pullakka, pullukka

Karelian: pullakka

Finnish: (dialectal) pullo (“downwards curved”); pulloposki

Finnish: pullistaa, pullistua

Karelian: pullistoa, pullistuo

Finnish: pullottaa

Karelian: pullottoa

desc

Finnish: pullollaan, (dialectal) pulleva, pullillaan

Ingrian: pullillaa

Karelian: pullallah

Borrowing from Proto-Germanic *fullaz or earlier *pulnas (the assimilation *ln > *ll has taken place in both Finnic and Germanic), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós. Most descendants show later reshaping.


haja-

haja (nominative singular)
hajat (nominative plural)
hajan (accusative singular)
hajat (accusative plural)
hajan (genitive singular)
hajadën (genitive plural)
hajoidën (genitive plural)
hajada (partitive singular)
hajoida (partitive plural)
hajassa (inessive singular)
hajahna (inessive singular)
hajoissa (inessive plural)
hajoihna (inessive plural)
hajasta (elative singular)
hajoista (elative plural)
hajahën (illative singular)
hajoihën (illative plural)
hajalla (adessive singular)
hajoilla (adessive plural)
hajalta (ablative singular)
hajoilta (ablative plural)
hajalën (allative singular)
hajalëk (allative singular)
hajoilën (allative plural)
hajoilëk (allative plural)
hajana (essive singular)
hajoina (essive plural)
hajaksi (singular translative)
hajoiksi (plural translative)
hajan (instructive singular)
hajoin (instructive plural)
hajanëk (comitative singular)
hajoinëk (comitative plural)
hajatta (abessive singular)
hajoitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: hajuma

Finnish: haja-, ⇒ hajallaan

⇒ Ingrian: haijoissa

Karelian:

North Karelian: ⇒ hajallah

South Karelian: ⇒ hajallah

⇒ Livvi: hajallah

⇒ Ludian: hajeta, hajota, hajottada

⇒ Veps: hajeta

⇒ Võro: hajoma, hajonõma

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *sājan-, *sēaną (compare Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽 (saian), Swedish så).


noori

noori (nominative singular)
noorët (nominative plural)
noorën (accusative singular)
noorët (accusative plural)
noorën (genitive singular)
noordën (genitive plural)
nooridën (genitive plural)
noorta (partitive singular)
noorida (partitive plural)
noorëssa (inessive singular)
noorëhna (inessive singular)
noorissa (inessive plural)
noorihna (inessive plural)
noorësta (elative singular)
noorista (elative plural)
noorëhën (illative singular)
noorihën (illative plural)
noorëlla (adessive singular)
noorilla (adessive plural)
noorëlta (ablative singular)
noorilta (ablative plural)
noorëlën (allative singular)
noorëlëk (allative singular)
noorilën (allative plural)
noorilëk (allative plural)
noorna (essive singular)
noorina (essive plural)
noorëksi (singular translative)
nooriksi (plural translative)
noorën (instructive singular)
noorin (instructive plural)
noornëk (comitative singular)
noorinëk (comitative plural)
noorëtta (abessive singular)
nooritta (abessive plural)

Estonian: noor

Finnish: nuori

Ingrian: noori

Karelian: nuori

Livonian: nūoŗ

⇒ Livonian: nōra (“mermaid”)

→ Latvian: nāra (“mermaid”)

Livvi: nuori

Ludian: nuor'

Veps: nor'

Võro: nuur'

Votic: noori

→ Proto-Samic: *nuorë (see there for further descendants)

Probably from Proto-Uralic *ńëre (“moist, wet”).


paljo

paljo (nominative singular)
paljot (nominative plural)
paljon (accusative singular)
paljot (accusative plural)
paljon (genitive singular)
paljodën (genitive plural)
paljoidën (genitive plural)
paljoda (partitive singular)
paljoida (partitive plural)
paljossa (inessive singular)
paljohna (inessive singular)
paljoissa (inessive plural)
paljoihna (inessive plural)
paljosta (elative singular)
paljoista (elative plural)
paljohën (illative singular)
paljoihën (illative plural)
paljolla (adessive singular)
paljoilla (adessive plural)
paljolta (ablative singular)
paljoilta (ablative plural)
paljolën (allative singular)
paljolëk (allative singular)
paljoilën (allative plural)
paljoilëk (allative plural)
paljona (essive singular)
paljoina (essive plural)
paljoksi (singular translative)
paljoiksi (plural translative)
paljon (instructive singular)
paljoin (instructive plural)
paljonëk (comitative singular)
paljoinëk (comitative plural)
paljotta (abessive singular)
paljoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: palju

Finnish: paljo

Ingrian: paljo

Võro: pall'o

Votic: palʹlʹo

Unknown. Possibly a borrowing from Proto-Germanic *felu (compare German viel, Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu)), a borrowing from Proto-Slavic *boľьjь or an inherited word from Proto-Uralic *paljɜ (compare Eastern Mari [script needed] (pülä), Eastern Mansi [script needed] (pőĺ), Tundra Nenets [script needed] (paĺ)). None of the aforementioned theories is certain.


oikëda

Estonian: õige

Finnish: oikea

Ingrian: oikia

Karelian: (Northern) oikie, (Southern) oigie

Livvi: oigei

Ludian: oiged

Veps: oiged

Võro: õigõ

Votic: õika

From Proto-Finno-Permic *wojketa. Cognate with Proto-Mordvinic *vijəďə.


korkëda

korkëda (nominative singular)
korkëdat (nominative plural)
korkëdan (accusative singular)
korkëdat (accusative plural)
korkëdan (genitive singular)
korkëdadën (genitive plural)
korkëdëidën (genitive plural)
korkëdata (partitive singular)
korkëdëita (partitive plural)
korkëdassa (inessive singular)
korkëdahna (inessive singular)
korkëdëissa (inessive plural)
korkëdëihna (inessive plural)
korkëdasta (elative singular)
korkëdëista (elative plural)
korkëdasën (illative singular)
korkëdëisën (illative plural)
korkëdalla (adessive singular)
korkëdëilla (adessive plural)
korkëdalta (ablative singular)
korkëdëilta (ablative plural)
korkëdalën (allative singular)
korkëdalëk (allative singular)
korkëdëilën (allative plural)
korkëdëilëk (allative plural)
korkëdana (essive singular)
korkëdëina (essive plural)
korkëdaksi (singular translative)
korkëdëiksi (plural translative)
korkëdan (instructive singular)
korkëdëin (instructive plural)
korkëdanëk (comitative singular)
korkëdëinëk (comitative plural)
korkëdatta (abessive singular)
korkëdëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kõrge

Finnish: korkea

Ingrian: korkia

Karelian:

North Karelian: korkie

South Karelian: korgie

Livonian: kuord

Livvi: korgei

Ludian: korged

Veps: korged

Võro: korgõ

Votic: kõrka

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?] if akin to Moksha кърхка (kərhka, “deep”), with the suffix *-ëda.


pimedä

pimedä (nominative singular)
pimedät (nominative plural)
pimedän (accusative singular)
pimedät (accusative plural)
pimedän (genitive singular)
pimedäden (genitive plural)
pimedeiden (genitive plural)
pimedätä (partitive singular)
pimedeitä (partitive plural)
pimedässä (inessive singular)
pimedähnä (inessive singular)
pimedeissä (inessive plural)
pimedeihnä (inessive plural)
pimedästä (elative singular)
pimedeistä (elative plural)
pimedäsen (illative singular)
pimedeisen (illative plural)
pimedällä (adessive singular)
pimedeillä (adessive plural)
pimedältä (ablative singular)
pimedeiltä (ablative plural)
pimedälen (allative singular)
pimedälek (allative singular)
pimedeilen (allative plural)
pimedeilek (allative plural)
pimedänä (essive singular)
pimedeinä (essive plural)
pimedäksi (singular translative)
pimedeiksi (plural translative)
pimedän (instructive singular)
pimedein (instructive plural)
pimedänek (comitative singular)
pimedeinek (comitative plural)
pimedättä (abessive singular)
pimedeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: pime

Finnish: pimeä

Ingrian: pimmiä

Karelian:

North Karelian: pimie

South Karelian: pimie

Livvi: pimei

Livonian: pi'mdõ, (Salaca) pimd

Ludian: pimed

Veps: pimed

>? Võro: pümme

Votic: pimmiä

From Proto-Uralic *piľme with the suffix *-ëda. The form is somewhat irregular; *pilmedä would be expected.


uuci

uuci (nominative singular)
uudët (nominative plural)
uudën (accusative singular)
uudët (accusative plural)
uudën (genitive singular)
uut'ën (genitive plural)
uucidën (genitive plural)
uutta (partitive singular)
uucida (partitive plural)
uudëssa (inessive singular)
uudëhna (inessive singular)
uucissa (inessive plural)
uucihna (inessive plural)
uudësta (elative singular)
uucista (elative plural)
uutëhën (illative singular)
uucihën (illative plural)
uudëlla (adessive singular)
uucilla (adessive plural)
uudëlta (ablative singular)
uucilta (ablative plural)
uutëlën (allative singular)
uutëlëk (allative singular)
uucilën (allative plural)
uucilëk (allative plural)
uunna (essive singular)
uucina (essive plural)
uudëksi (singular translative)
uuciksi (plural translative)
uudën (instructive singular)
uucin (instructive plural)
uunnëk (comitative singular)
uucinëk (comitative plural)
uudëtta (abessive singular)
uucitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: uus

Finnish: uusi

Ingrian: uus

Karelian: uuzi

Livonian: ūž

Ludian: uuz'

Veps: uz'

Votic: uusi

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *wuďe (“new”) (whence also e.g. Proto-Samic *oδës, Hungarian új). The long vowel is unexpected, but may result from an irregular vocalization of initial *w-.


terveh

terveh (nominative singular)
tervehet (nominative plural)
tervehen (accusative singular)
tervehet (accusative plural)
tervehen (genitive singular)
tervehten (genitive plural)
tervehiden (genitive plural)
tervehtä (partitive singular)
tervehitä (partitive plural)
tervehessä (inessive singular)
tervehehnä (inessive singular)
tervehissä (inessive plural)
tervehihnä (inessive plural)
tervehestä (elative singular)
tervehistä (elative plural)
tervehesen (illative singular)
tervehisen (illative plural)
tervehellä (adessive singular)
tervehillä (adessive plural)
terveheltä (ablative singular)
tervehiltä (ablative plural)
tervehelen (allative singular)
tervehelek (allative singular)
tervehilen (allative plural)
tervehilek (allative plural)
tervehenä (essive singular)
tervehinä (essive plural)
terveheksi (singular translative)
tervehiksi (plural translative)
tervehen (instructive singular)
tervehin (instructive plural)
tervehenek (comitative singular)
tervehinek (comitative plural)
tervehettä (abessive singular)
tervehittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: terve, tere

Finnish: terve

Ingrian: terve, tere

Karelian: terveh

Livonian: tīera

Livvi: terveh

Ludian: terveh

Veps: terveh

Võro: terveh, terveq

Votic: terve

→ Proto-Samic:

Western Sami:

Northern Sami: dearvvaš

Eastern Sami:

Inari Sami: tiervâs

Skolt Sami: tiõrvâs

Kildin Sami: тӣрвас (tīrvas)

Ter Sami: [script needed] (tīru̯ʿs)

*tërva + *-ëh. The traditional derivation from *tërva (“tar, tarry wood”) is unlikely due to semantically weak explanation. More likely is a very old loan from Indo-Iranian, in which case it has the same origin as Avestan 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬎𐬎𐬁 (dərəuuā, “healthy”).


toinën

toinën (nominative singular)
toicët (nominative plural)
toicën (accusative singular)
toicët (accusative plural)
toicën (genitive singular)
toictën (genitive plural)
toicidën (genitive plural)
toicta (partitive singular)
toicida (partitive plural)
toicëssa (inessive singular)
toicëhna (inessive singular)
toicissa (inessive plural)
toicihna (inessive plural)
toicësta (elative singular)
toicista (elative plural)
toicëhën (illative singular)
toicihën (illative plural)
toicëlla (adessive singular)
toicilla (adessive plural)
toicëlta (ablative singular)
toicilta (ablative plural)
toicëlën (allative singular)
toicëlëk (allative singular)
toicilën (allative plural)
toicilëk (allative plural)
toinna (essive singular)
toicina (essive plural)
toicëksi (singular translative)
toiciksi (plural translative)
toicën (instructive singular)
toicin (instructive plural)
toinnëk (comitative singular)
toicinëk (comitative plural)
toicëtta (abessive singular)
toicitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: teine

Finnish: toinen

Ingrian: toin

Karelian:

North Karelian: toini

South Karelian: toine

Livvi: toine

Livonian: tuoi

Ludian: toine

Veps: toine

Võro: tõõnõ, tynõ

Votic: tõin, tõinõ


hopëda

hopëda (nominative singular)
hopëdat (nominative plural)
hopëdan (accusative singular)
hopëdat (accusative plural)
hopëdan (genitive singular)
hopëdadën (genitive plural)
hopëdëidën (genitive plural)
hopëdata (partitive singular)
hopëdëita (partitive plural)
hopëdassa (inessive singular)
hopëdahna (inessive singular)
hopëdëissa (inessive plural)
hopëdëihna (inessive plural)
hopëdasta (elative singular)
hopëdëista (elative plural)
hopëdasën (illative singular)
hopëdëisën (illative plural)
hopëdalla (adessive singular)
hopëdëilla (adessive plural)
hopëdalta (ablative singular)
hopëdëilta (ablative plural)
hopëdalën (allative singular)
hopëdalëk (allative singular)
hopëdëilën (allative plural)
hopëdëilëk (allative plural)
hopëdana (essive singular)
hopëdëina (essive plural)
hopëdaksi (singular translative)
hopëdëiksi (plural translative)
hopëdan (instructive singular)
hopëdëin (instructive plural)
hopëdanëk (comitative singular)
hopëdëinëk (comitative plural)
hopëdatta (abessive singular)
hopëdëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hõbe

Finnish: hopea

Ingrian: hoppia

Karelian:

North Karelian: hopie

South Karelian: hobie

Livonian: õ’bdõ

Livvi: hobju

Ludian: hobed

Veps: hobed

Võro: hõpõ

Votic: õppa

From earlier *šopëta (“soft”); cognate with Proto-Samic *suopētē. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *samftijaz (“soft”) and nativized with the suffix + *-ëda. The sense "silver" derives from the fact that silver is softer than copper, which was the first main metal known by (early) Finnic speakers.


hüvä

hüvä (nominative singular)
hüvät (nominative plural)
hüvän (accusative singular)
hüvät (accusative plural)
hüvän (genitive singular)
hüväden (genitive plural)
hüveiden (genitive plural)
hüvädä (partitive singular)
hüveidä (partitive plural)
hüvässä (inessive singular)
hüvähnä (inessive singular)
hüveissä (inessive plural)
hüveihnä (inessive plural)
hüvästä (elative singular)
hüveistä (elative plural)
hüvähen (illative singular)
hüveihen (illative plural)
hüvällä (adessive singular)
hüveillä (adessive plural)
hüvältä (ablative singular)
hüveiltä (ablative plural)
hüvälen (allative singular)
hüvälek (allative singular)
hüveilen (allative plural)
hüveilek (allative plural)
hüvänä (essive singular)
hüveinä (essive plural)
hüväksi (singular translative)
hüveiksi (plural translative)
hüvän (instructive singular)
hüvein (instructive plural)
hüvänek (comitative singular)
hüveinek (comitative plural)
hüvättä (abessive singular)
hüveittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: hea, hüva, (dialectal) hää

Finnish: hyvä

⇒ Finnish: hyvin

→ Swedish: hyvens

Ingrian: hyvä

Karelian:

North Karelian: hyvä

South Karelian: hyvä

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: juva, jõvā

Vidzeme Livonian: jua

Ludian: hüvä

Veps: hüvä

Võro: hüvä, hüä, hää

Votic: üvä

Probably related to Northern Sami savvit (“to heal”), from common *šiwä, *šüwä. Has been proposed by Koivulehto (2009) to be an Indo-Iranian loan (compare Sanskrit शिव (śiva, “auspicious, favorable”)), but Holopainen (2019) rejects this etymology. Further often compared to Erzya чив (čiv, “good”), but according to Holopainen (2019), this must derive from earlier *čewä, which proves an obstacle (but compare *jüvä < earlier *jewä).


hilja

hilja (nominative singular)
hiljat (nominative plural)
hiljan (accusative singular)
hiljat (accusative plural)
hiljan (genitive singular)
hiljadën (genitive plural)
hiljoidën (genitive plural)
hiljada (partitive singular)
hiljoida (partitive plural)
hiljassa (inessive singular)
hiljahna (inessive singular)
hiljoissa (inessive plural)
hiljoihna (inessive plural)
hiljasta (elative singular)
hiljoista (elative plural)
hiljahën (illative singular)
hiljoihën (illative plural)
hiljalla (adessive singular)
hiljoilla (adessive plural)
hiljalta (ablative singular)
hiljoilta (ablative plural)
hiljalën (allative singular)
hiljalëk (allative singular)
hiljoilën (allative plural)
hiljoilëk (allative plural)
hiljana (essive singular)
hiljoina (essive plural)
hiljaksi (singular translative)
hiljoiksi (plural translative)
hiljan (instructive singular)
hiljoin (instructive plural)
hiljanëk (comitative singular)
hiljoinëk (comitative plural)
hiljatta (abessive singular)
hiljoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: hilja (dialectal)

Karelian: hil’l’a

Livvi: hil'l'u

Ludian: hill'

Veps: hil'l'

Estonian: hilja

Finnish: hiljaa

Ingrian: hiljaa

Ludian: hil'l'aa

? Veps: hillei

Votic: ilʹlʹa

Finnish: hiljakseen

Ingrian: hiljaksee

⇒ Ingrian: hiljakaistaa

From earlier *šilja, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *silāną (“to be silent”).
The partitive singular *hiljada has become an adverb meaning 'quietly' in several descendants.


punainën

punainën (nominative singular)
punaicët (nominative plural)
punaicën (accusative singular)
punaicët (accusative plural)
punaicën (genitive singular)
punaictën (genitive plural)
punaicidën (genitive plural)
punaicta (partitive singular)
punaicita (partitive plural)
punaicëssa (inessive singular)
punaicëhna (inessive singular)
punaicissa (inessive plural)
punaicihna (inessive plural)
punaicësta (elative singular)
punaicista (elative plural)
punaicësën (illative singular)
punaicisën (illative plural)
punaicëlla (adessive singular)
punaicilla (adessive plural)
punaicëlta (ablative singular)
punaicilta (ablative plural)
punaicëlën (allative singular)
punaicëlëk (allative singular)
punaicilën (allative plural)
punaicilëk (allative plural)
punainna (essive singular)
punaicina (essive plural)
punaicëksi (singular translative)
punaiciksi (plural translative)
punaicën (instructive singular)
punaicin (instructive plural)
punainnëk (comitative singular)
punaicinëk (comitative plural)
punaicëtta (abessive singular)
punaicitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: punane

Finnish: punainen

Ingrian: punain, (Soikkola) punnain

Karelian:

North Karelian: punani

South Karelian: punane

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: pu’nni

Vidzeme Livonian: punni

Votic: (Kattila) punanõ


valkëda

valkëda (nominative singular)
valkëdat (nominative plural)
valkëdan (accusative singular)
valkëdat (accusative plural)
valkëdan (genitive singular)
valkëdadën (genitive plural)
valkëdëidën (genitive plural)
valkëdata (partitive singular)
valkëdëita (partitive plural)
valkëdassa (inessive singular)
valkëdahna (inessive singular)
valkëdëissa (inessive plural)
valkëdëihna (inessive plural)
valkëdasta (elative singular)
valkëdëista (elative plural)
valkëdasën (illative singular)
valkëdëisën (illative plural)
valkëdalla (adessive singular)
valkëdëilla (adessive plural)
valkëdalta (ablative singular)
valkëdëilta (ablative plural)
valkëdalën (allative singular)
valkëdalëk (allative singular)
valkëdëilën (allative plural)
valkëdëilëk (allative plural)
valkëdana (essive singular)
valkëdëina (essive plural)
valkëdaksi (singular translative)
valkëdëiksi (plural translative)
valkëdan (instructive singular)
valkëdëin (instructive plural)
valkëdanëk (comitative singular)
valkëdëinëk (comitative plural)
valkëdatta (abessive singular)
valkëdëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: valge

Finnish: valkea

Ingrian: valkia

Karelian: valkie, valgie

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: vālda

Vidzeme Livonian: valda, vald

Livvi: valgei

Ludian: valged

Veps: vauged

Võro: valgõ

Votic: valka

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *wëlketa. Cognates include Erzya валдо (valdo, “light”), Eastern Mari волгыдо (volgydo, “light”) and Proto-Samic *vielkëtē.


parëmpi

parëmpa (nominative singular)
parëmbat (nominative plural)
parëmban (accusative singular)
parëmbat (accusative plural)
parëmban (genitive singular)
parëmpadën (genitive plural)
parëmpoidën (genitive plural)
parëmpata (partitive singular)
parëmpoita (partitive plural)
parëmbassa (inessive singular)
parëmbahna (inessive singular)
parëmboissa (inessive plural)
parëmboihna (inessive plural)
parëmbasta (elative singular)
parëmboista (elative plural)
parëmpasën (illative singular)
parëmpoisën (illative plural)
parëmballa (adessive singular)
parëmboilla (adessive plural)
parëmbalta (ablative singular)
parëmboilta (ablative plural)
parëmpalën (allative singular)
parëmpalëk (allative singular)
parëmpoilën (allative plural)
parëmpoilëk (allative plural)
parëmpana (essive singular)
parëmpoina (essive plural)
parëmbaksi (singular translative)
parëmboiksi (plural translative)
parëmban (instructive singular)
parëmboin (instructive plural)
parëmpanëk (comitative singular)
parëmpoinëk (comitative plural)
parëmbatta (abessive singular)
parëmboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: parem

Finnish: parempi

Ingrian: paremp

Karelian:

North Karelian: parempi

South Karelian: parembi

Livonian: paŗīm

Livvi: parembi

Ludian: paremb

Veps: paremb

Võro: parõmb

Votic: parõpi


sadanci

sadac (nominative singular)
sadandët (nominative plural)
sadandën (accusative singular)
sadandët (accusative plural)
sadandën (genitive singular)
sadat'ën (genitive plural)
sadancidën (genitive plural)
sadatta (partitive singular)
sadancita (partitive plural)
sadandëssa (inessive singular)
sadandëhna (inessive singular)
sadancissa (inessive plural)
sadancihna (inessive plural)
sadandësta (elative singular)
sadancista (elative plural)
sadantësën (illative singular)
sadancisën (illative plural)
sadandëlla (adessive singular)
sadancilla (adessive plural)
sadandëlta (ablative singular)
sadancilta (ablative plural)
sadantëlën (allative singular)
sadantëlëk (allative singular)
sadancilën (allative plural)
sadancilëk (allative plural)
sadantëna (essive singular)
sadancina (essive plural)
sadandëksi (singular translative)
sadanciksi (plural translative)
sadandën (instructive singular)
sadancin (instructive plural)
sadantënëk (comitative singular)
sadancinëk (comitative plural)
sadandëtta (abessive singular)
sadancitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sajas

Finnish: sadas

Ingrian: sattais

Karelian: šuaš

Livonian: sadāz

Veps: sadanz'


neljänci

neljäc (nominative singular)
neljändet (nominative plural)
neljänden (accusative singular)
neljändet (accusative plural)
neljänden (genitive singular)
neljät'en (genitive plural)
neljänciden (genitive plural)
neljättä (partitive singular)
neljäncitä (partitive plural)
neljändessä (inessive singular)
neljändehnä (inessive singular)
neljäncissä (inessive plural)
neljäncihnä (inessive plural)
neljändestä (elative singular)
neljäncistä (elative plural)
neljäntesen (illative singular)
neljäncisen (illative plural)
neljändellä (adessive singular)
neljäncillä (adessive plural)
neljändeltä (ablative singular)
neljänciltä (ablative plural)
neljäntelen (allative singular)
neljäntelek (allative singular)
neljäncilen (allative plural)
neljäncilek (allative plural)
neljännä (essive singular)
neljäncinä (essive plural)
neljändeksi (singular translative)
neljänciksi (plural translative)
neljänden (instructive singular)
neljäncin (instructive plural)
neljännek (comitative singular)
neljäncinek (comitative plural)
neljändettä (abessive singular)
neljäncittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: neljas

Finnish: neljäs

Ingrian: neljäs

Karelian: neljäs

Livonian: neļļõz

Veps: nellänz'

Võro: nelläs

Votic: nelʹlʹez


kolmanci

kolmac (nominative singular)
kolmandët (nominative plural)
kolmandën (accusative singular)
kolmandët (accusative plural)
kolmandën (genitive singular)
kolmat'ën (genitive plural)
kolmancidën (genitive plural)
kolmatta (partitive singular)
kolmancita (partitive plural)
kolmandëssa (inessive singular)
kolmandëhna (inessive singular)
kolmancissa (inessive plural)
kolmancihna (inessive plural)
kolmandësta (elative singular)
kolmancista (elative plural)
kolmantësën (illative singular)
kolmancisën (illative plural)
kolmandëlla (adessive singular)
kolmancilla (adessive plural)
kolmandëlta (ablative singular)
kolmancilta (ablative plural)
kolmantëlën (allative singular)
kolmantëlëk (allative singular)
kolmancilën (allative plural)
kolmancilëk (allative plural)
kolmantëna (essive singular)
kolmancina (essive plural)
kolmandëksi (singular translative)
kolmanciksi (plural translative)
kolmandën (instructive singular)
kolmancin (instructive plural)
kolmantënëk (comitative singular)
kolmancinëk (comitative plural)
kolmandëtta (abessive singular)
kolmancitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kolmas

Ingrian: kolmas, (Hevaha) kolmans

Finnish: kolmas

Karelian: kolmaš

Livonian: kuolmõz

Veps: koumanz'

Võro: kolmas

From Proto-Finno-Permic *kolmamte, cognate to Proto-Samic *koalmāmtë, Komi-Zyrian коймӧд (kojmöd), Udmurt куиньмети (kuińmeťi). Roughly equivalent to *kolmi + *-nci (for the *-a-, see the Proto-Finno-Permic entry).


kuudënci

kuudëc (nominative singular)
kuudëndët (nominative plural)
kuudëndën (accusative singular)
kuudëndët (accusative plural)
kuudëndën (genitive singular)
kuudët'ën (genitive plural)
kuudëncidën (genitive plural)
kuudëtta (partitive singular)
kuudëncita (partitive plural)
kuudëndëssa (inessive singular)
kuudëndëhna (inessive singular)
kuudëncissa (inessive plural)
kuudëncihna (inessive plural)
kuudëndësta (elative singular)
kuudëncista (elative plural)
kuudëntësën (illative singular)
kuudëncisën (illative plural)
kuudëndëlla (adessive singular)
kuudëncilla (adessive plural)
kuudëndëlta (ablative singular)
kuudëncilta (ablative plural)
kuudëntëlën (allative singular)
kuudëntëlëk (allative singular)
kuudëncilën (allative plural)
kuudëncilëk (allative plural)
kuudëntëna (essive singular)
kuudëncina (essive plural)
kuudëndëksi (singular translative)
kuudënciksi (plural translative)
kuudëndën (instructive singular)
kuudëncin (instructive plural)
kuudëntënëk (comitative singular)
kuudëncinëk (comitative plural)
kuudëndëtta (abessive singular)
kuudëncitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuues

Finnish: kuudes

Ingrian: kuuvves

Karelian: kuuves

Livonian: kūdõz

Veps: kudenz'

Võro: kuvvõs


säiccemenci

säiccemec (nominative singular)
säiccemendet (nominative plural)
säiccemenden (accusative singular)
säiccemendet (accusative plural)
säiccemenden (genitive singular)
säiccemet'en (genitive plural)
säiccemenciden (genitive plural)
säiccemettä (partitive singular)
säiccemencidä (partitive plural)
säiccemendessä (inessive singular)
säiccemendehnä (inessive singular)
säiccemencissä (inessive plural)
säiccemencihnä (inessive plural)
säiccemendestä (elative singular)
säiccemencistä (elative plural)
säiccementehen (illative singular)
säiccemencihen (illative plural)
säiccemendellä (adessive singular)
säiccemencillä (adessive plural)
säiccemendeltä (ablative singular)
säiccemenciltä (ablative plural)
säiccementelen (allative singular)
säiccementelek (allative singular)
säiccemencilen (allative plural)
säiccemencilek (allative plural)
säiccemennä (essive singular)
säiccemencinä (essive plural)
säiccemendeksi (singular translative)
säiccemenciksi (plural translative)
säiccemenden (instructive singular)
säiccemencin (instructive plural)
säiccemennek (comitative singular)
säiccemencinek (comitative plural)
säiccemendettä (abessive singular)
säiccemencittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: seitsmes

Finnish: seitsemäs

Ingrian: seitsemäs

Karelian: seiččemes

Livonian: seismõz

Veps: seičemenz'

Võro: säitsmes


ükteksänci

ükteksäc (nominative singular)
ükteksändet (nominative plural)
ükteksänden (accusative singular)
ükteksändet (accusative plural)
ükteksänden (genitive singular)
ükteksät'en (genitive plural)
ükteksänciden (genitive plural)
ükteksättä (partitive singular)
ükteksäncidä (partitive plural)
ükteksändessä (inessive singular)
ükteksändehnä (inessive singular)
ükteksäncissä (inessive plural)
ükteksäncihnä (inessive plural)
ükteksändestä (elative singular)
ükteksäncistä (elative plural)
ükteksäntehen (illative singular)
ükteksäncihen (illative plural)
ükteksändellä (adessive singular)
ükteksäncillä (adessive plural)
ükteksändeltä (ablative singular)
ükteksänciltä (ablative plural)
ükteksäntelen (allative singular)
ükteksäntelek (allative singular)
ükteksäncilen (allative plural)
ükteksäncilek (allative plural)
ükteksännä (essive singular)
ükteksäncinä (essive plural)
ükteksändeksi (singular translative)
ükteksänciksi (plural translative)
ükteksänden (instructive singular)
ükteksäncin (instructive plural)
ükteksännek (comitative singular)
ükteksäncinek (comitative plural)
ükteksändettä (abessive singular)
ükteksäncittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: üheksas

Finnish: yhdeksäs

Ingrian: yheksäs

Karelian: yheksäs

Livonian: īdõksmõz

Veps: ühesanz'

Võro: ütsäs


kümmenenci

kümmenec (nominative singular)
kümmenendet (nominative plural)
kümmenenden (accusative singular)
kümmenendet (accusative plural)
kümmenenden (genitive singular)
kümmenet'en (genitive plural)
kümmenenciden (genitive plural)
kümmenettä (partitive singular)
kümmenencidä (partitive plural)
kümmenendessä (inessive singular)
kümmenendehnä (inessive singular)
kümmenencissä (inessive plural)
kümmenencihnä (inessive plural)
kümmenendestä (elative singular)
kümmenencistä (elative plural)
kümmenentehen (illative singular)
kümmenencihen (illative plural)
kümmenendellä (adessive singular)
kümmenencillä (adessive plural)
kümmenendeltä (ablative singular)
kümmenenciltä (ablative plural)
kümmenentelen (allative singular)
kümmenentelek (allative singular)
kümmenencilen (allative plural)
kümmenencilek (allative plural)
kümmenennä (essive singular)
kümmenencinä (essive plural)
kümmenendeksi (singular translative)
kümmenenciksi (plural translative)
kümmenenden (instructive singular)
kümmenencin (instructive plural)
kümmenennek (comitative singular)
kümmenencinek (comitative plural)
kümmenendettä (abessive singular)
kümmenencittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kümnes

Finnish: kymmenes

Ingrian: kymmenäs

Karelian: kymmenes

Livonian: kimmõz

Veps: kümnenz'

Võro: kümnes


viidenci

viidec (nominative singular)
viidendet (nominative plural)
viidenden (accusative singular)
viidendet (accusative plural)
viidenden (genitive singular)
viidet'en (genitive plural)
viidenciden (genitive plural)
viidettä (partitive singular)
viidencitä (partitive plural)
viidendessä (inessive singular)
viidendehnä (inessive singular)
viidencissä (inessive plural)
viidencihnä (inessive plural)
viidendestä (elative singular)
viidencistä (elative plural)
viidentesen (illative singular)
viidencisen (illative plural)
viidendellä (adessive singular)
viidencillä (adessive plural)
viidendeltä (ablative singular)
viidenciltä (ablative plural)
viidentelen (allative singular)
viidentelek (allative singular)
viidencilen (allative plural)
viidencilek (allative plural)
viidennä (essive singular)
viidencinä (essive plural)
viidendeksi (singular translative)
viidenciksi (plural translative)
viidenden (instructive singular)
viidencin (instructive plural)
viidennek (comitative singular)
viidencinek (comitative plural)
viidendettä (abessive singular)
viidencittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: viies

Finnish: viides

Ingrian: viijes

Karelian: viijes

Livonian: vīdõz

Veps: videnz'

Võro: viies


kaktëksanci

kaktëksac (nominative singular)
kaktëksandët (nominative plural)
kaktëksandën (accusative singular)
kaktëksandët (accusative plural)
kaktëksandën (genitive singular)
kaktëksat'ën (genitive plural)
kaktëksancidën (genitive plural)
kaktëksatta (partitive singular)
kaktëksancida (partitive plural)
kaktëksandëssa (inessive singular)
kaktëksandëhna (inessive singular)
kaktëksancissa (inessive plural)
kaktëksancihna (inessive plural)
kaktëksandësta (elative singular)
kaktëksancista (elative plural)
kaktëksantëhën (illative singular)
kaktëksancihën (illative plural)
kaktëksandëlla (adessive singular)
kaktëksancilla (adessive plural)
kaktëksandëlta (ablative singular)
kaktëksancilta (ablative plural)
kaktëksantëlën (allative singular)
kaktëksantëlëk (allative singular)
kaktëksancilën (allative plural)
kaktëksancilëk (allative plural)
kaktëksantëna (essive singular)
kaktëksancina (essive plural)
kaktëksandëksi (singular translative)
kaktëksanciksi (plural translative)
kaktëksandën (instructive singular)
kaktëksancin (instructive plural)
kaktëksantënëk (comitative singular)
kaktëksancinëk (comitative plural)
kaktëksandëtta (abessive singular)
kaktëksancitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaheksas

Finnish: kahdeksas

Ingrian: kaheksas

Karelian: kaheksas

Livonian: kōdõksmõz

Veps: kahesanz'

Võro: katsas


tuhandënci

tuhandëc (nominative singular)
tuhandëndët (nominative plural)
tuhandëndën (accusative singular)
tuhandëndët (accusative plural)
tuhandëndën (genitive singular)
tuhandët'ën (genitive plural)
tuhandëncidën (genitive plural)
tuhandëtta (partitive singular)
tuhandëncida (partitive plural)
tuhandëndëssa (inessive singular)
tuhandëndëhna (inessive singular)
tuhandëncissa (inessive plural)
tuhandëncihna (inessive plural)
tuhandëndësta (elative singular)
tuhandëncista (elative plural)
tuhandëntëhën (illative singular)
tuhandëncihën (illative plural)
tuhandëndëlla (adessive singular)
tuhandëncilla (adessive plural)
tuhandëndëlta (ablative singular)
tuhandëncilta (ablative plural)
tuhandëntëlën (allative singular)
tuhandëntëlëk (allative singular)
tuhandëncilën (allative plural)
tuhandëncilëk (allative plural)
tuhandëntëna (essive singular)
tuhandëncina (essive plural)
tuhandëndëksi (singular translative)
tuhandënciksi (plural translative)
tuhandëndën (instructive singular)
tuhandëncin (instructive plural)
tuhandëntënëk (comitative singular)
tuhandëncinëk (comitative plural)
tuhandëndëtta (abessive singular)
tuhandëncitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tuhandes

Finnish: tuhannes

Karelian: tuhannes

Livonian: tūontõz


meelet'oin

meelet'oin (nominative singular)
meelettoimët (nominative plural)
meelettoimën (accusative singular)
meelettoimët (accusative plural)
meelettoimën (genitive singular)
meelet'oindën (genitive plural)
meelettoimidën (genitive plural)
meelet'ointa (partitive singular)
meelettoimida (partitive plural)
meelettoimëssa (inessive singular)
meelettoimëhna (inessive singular)
meelettoimissa (inessive plural)
meelettoimihna (inessive plural)
meelettoimësta (elative singular)
meelettoimista (elative plural)
meelettoimëhën (illative singular)
meelettoimihën (illative plural)
meelettoimëlla (adessive singular)
meelettoimilla (adessive plural)
meelettoimëlta (ablative singular)
meelettoimilta (ablative plural)
meelettoimëlën (allative singular)
meelettoimëlëk (allative singular)
meelettoimilën (allative plural)
meelettoimilëk (allative plural)
meelettoimëna (essive singular)
meelettoimina (essive plural)
meelettoimëksi (singular translative)
meelettoimiksi (plural translative)
meelettoimën (instructive singular)
meelettoimin (instructive plural)
meelettoimënëk (comitative singular)
meelettoiminëk (comitative plural)
meelettoimëtta (abessive singular)
meelettoimitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: meeletu

Finnish: mieletön

Ingrian: meeletöin

Karelian: mieletöin

Veps: meletoi

Võro: meeledü

Votic: meeleto


lämbin

lämbin (nominative singular)
lämpimet (nominative plural)
lämpimen (accusative singular)
lämpimet (accusative plural)
lämpimen (genitive singular)
lämbinden (genitive plural)
lämpimiden (genitive plural)
lämbintä (partitive singular)
lämpimitä (partitive plural)
lämpimessä (inessive singular)
lämpimehnä (inessive singular)
lämpimissä (inessive plural)
lämpimihnä (inessive plural)
lämpimestä (elative singular)
lämpimistä (elative plural)
lämpimesen (illative singular)
lämpimisen (illative plural)
lämpimellä (adessive singular)
lämpimillä (adessive plural)
lämpimeltä (ablative singular)
lämpimiltä (ablative plural)
lämpimelen (allative singular)
lämpimelek (allative singular)
lämpimilen (allative plural)
lämpimilek (allative plural)
lämpimenä (essive singular)
lämpiminä (essive plural)
lämpimeksi (singular translative)
lämpimiksi (plural translative)
lämpimen (instructive singular)
lämpimin (instructive plural)
lämpimenek (comitative singular)
lämpiminek (comitative plural)
lämpimettä (abessive singular)
lämpimittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: lämmi

Finnish: lämmin

Ingrian: lämmin

Karelian: lämmin

Livonian: lem

Ludian: lämm

Veps: läm'

Võro: lämmi

Votic: lämmi


külmä

külmä (nominative singular)
külmät (nominative plural)
külmän (accusative singular)
külmät (accusative plural)
külmän (genitive singular)
külmäden (genitive plural)
külmeiden (genitive plural)
külmädä (partitive singular)
külmeidä (partitive plural)
külmässä (inessive singular)
külmähnä (inessive singular)
külmeissä (inessive plural)
külmeihnä (inessive plural)
külmästä (elative singular)
külmeistä (elative plural)
külmähen (illative singular)
külmeihen (illative plural)
külmällä (adessive singular)
külmeillä (adessive plural)
külmältä (ablative singular)
külmeiltä (ablative plural)
külmälen (allative singular)
külmälek (allative singular)
külmeilen (allative plural)
külmeilek (allative plural)
külmänä (essive singular)
külmeinä (essive plural)
külmäksi (singular translative)
külmeiksi (plural translative)
külmän (instructive singular)
külmein (instructive plural)
külmänek (comitative singular)
külmeinek (comitative plural)
külmättä (abessive singular)
külmeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: külm

Finnish: kylmä

Ingrian: kylmä

Karelian: kylmä

Livonian: kīlma

Livvi: kylmy

Veps: kül'm

Võro: külm

Votic: tšülme

From Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä, possibly borrowed from Baltic (compare Lithuanian geluma), and if so, ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Cognates include Komi-Permyak кын (kyn) and Proto-Samic *këlmētēk (“to be cold”).


imä

imä (nominative singular)
imät (nominative plural)
imän (accusative singular)
imät (accusative plural)
imän (genitive singular)
imäden (genitive plural)
imeiden (genitive plural)
imädä (partitive singular)
imeidä (partitive plural)
imässä (inessive singular)
imähnä (inessive singular)
imeissä (inessive plural)
imeihnä (inessive plural)
imästä (elative singular)
imeistä (elative plural)
imähen (illative singular)
imeihen (illative plural)
imällä (adessive singular)
imeillä (adessive plural)
imältä (ablative singular)
imeiltä (ablative plural)
imälen (allative singular)
imälek (allative singular)
imeilen (allative plural)
imeilek (allative plural)
imänä (essive singular)
imeinä (essive plural)
imäksi (singular translative)
imeiksi (plural translative)
imän (instructive singular)
imein (instructive plural)
imänek (comitative singular)
imeinek (comitative plural)
imättä (abessive singular)
imeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) ima, ⇒ imal

Livonian: ⇒ imāb

Võro: ⇒ imähtämä/imähtäq

Votic: ⇒ imiä

Finnish: imelä

Ingrian: immeelä

Karelian:

North Karelian: imelä

South Karelian: imelä

Livvi: imely

Ludian: imel

Veps: imel'

Possibly related to Northern Sami amiidit.


coora

coora (nominative singular)
coorat (nominative plural)
cooran (accusative singular)
coorat (accusative plural)
cooran (genitive singular)
cooradën (genitive plural)
coorëidën (genitive plural)
coorada (partitive singular)
coorëida (partitive plural)
coorassa (inessive singular)
coorahna (inessive singular)
coorëissa (inessive plural)
coorëihna (inessive plural)
coorasta (elative singular)
coorëista (elative plural)
coorahën (illative singular)
coorëihën (illative plural)
cooralla (adessive singular)
coorëilla (adessive plural)
cooralta (ablative singular)
coorëilta (ablative plural)
cooralën (allative singular)
cooralëk (allative singular)
coorëilën (allative plural)
coorëilëk (allative plural)
coorana (essive singular)
coorëina (essive plural)
cooraksi (singular translative)
coorëiksi (plural translative)
cooran (instructive singular)
coorëin (instructive plural)
cooranëk (comitative singular)
coorëinëk (comitative plural)
cooratta (abessive singular)
coorëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (obsolete) soora (“straight”) (adverb, from *coorahën)

Finnish: suora

→ Votic: soora

Ingrian: soora

Karelian:

North Karelian: šuora

South Karelian: šuora

Livonian: *coortadak > sūortõ

Ludian: *coorëda > suored

Veps: *coorëda > soŕed

Unknown. Possibly a derivative *coo- + *-ra from an otherwise unattested root, possibly loaned from Proto-Germanic *stā-, *stō- (“to stand”). In this case the earliest meaning would have been "free-standing, erect", as is suggested by the further derivative *cooro (“penis of domesticated animal”). The Germanic etymology is however rejected by LÄGLOS on semantic grounds.


ruskëda

Estonian: ruske

Finnish: ruskea

Ingrian: ruskia

Karelian:

North Karelian: ruškie

South Karelian: ruškie

Livvi: ruskei

Ludian: rusked

Veps: rusked

Votic: ruska

Related to *rusko and Proto-Samic *ručkëtē. Of ultimately unclear origin, but derived with the suffix *-ëda; the root could possibly ultimately be borrowed from either Proto-Slavic *rusъ, Baltic (compare Lithuanian rùdskis) or Germanic, but none of these theories is certain.


pühä

pühä (nominative singular)
pühät (nominative plural)
pühän (accusative singular)
pühät (accusative plural)
pühän (genitive singular)
pühäden (genitive plural)
püheiden (genitive plural)
pühädä (partitive singular)
püheidä (partitive plural)
pühässä (inessive singular)
pühähnä (inessive singular)
püheissä (inessive plural)
püheihnä (inessive plural)
pühästä (elative singular)
püheistä (elative plural)
pühähen (illative singular)
püheihen (illative plural)
pühällä (adessive singular)
püheillä (adessive plural)
pühältä (ablative singular)
püheiltä (ablative plural)
pühälen (allative singular)
pühälek (allative singular)
püheilen (allative plural)
püheilek (allative plural)
pühänä (essive singular)
püheinä (essive plural)
pühäksi (singular translative)
püheiksi (plural translative)
pühän (instructive singular)
pühein (instructive plural)
pühänek (comitative singular)
püheinek (comitative plural)
pühättä (abessive singular)
püheittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: püha

Finnish: pyhä

Ingrian: pyhä

Karelian: pyhä

Livonian: pivā, (Salaca) püä

Livvi: pyhä

Ludian: pühä

Veps: pühä

Võro: pühä

Votic: pühä

From Proto-Finno-Permic *pišä. Cognate with Proto-Samic *pësē (“sacred”), probably also Erzya пежеть (pežeť, “sin”), Moksha пеже (peže, “sin”), Komi пеж (pež, “unholy, heathen, dirty”) and Udmurt пож (pož, “dirty, foul”). Derivation from Proto-Germanic has been proposed (compare German weihen (“to consecrate”), from earlier *wīhaną), but this is difficult to reconcile with the Mordvinic and Permic cognates.


pooli

pooli (nominative singular)
poolët (nominative plural)
poolën (accusative singular)
poolët (accusative plural)
poolën (genitive singular)
pooldën (genitive plural)
poolidën (genitive plural)
poolta (partitive singular)
poolida (partitive plural)
poolëssa (inessive singular)
poolëhna (inessive singular)
poolissa (inessive plural)
poolihna (inessive plural)
poolësta (elative singular)
poolista (elative plural)
poolëhën (illative singular)
poolihën (illative plural)
poolëlla (adessive singular)
poolilla (adessive plural)
poolëlta (ablative singular)
poolilta (ablative plural)
poolëlën (allative singular)
poolëlëk (allative singular)
poolilën (allative plural)
poolilëk (allative plural)
poolla (essive singular)
poolina (essive plural)
poolëksi (singular translative)
pooliksi (plural translative)
poolën (instructive singular)
poolin (instructive plural)
poollëk (comitative singular)
poolinëk (comitative plural)
poolëtta (abessive singular)
poolitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pool

Finnish: puoli

Ingrian: pooli, (Ala-Laukaa) pool

Karelian: puoli

Livonian: pūoļ

Livvi: puoli

Ludian: puol'

Veps: pol'

Via earlier *pale from Proto-Uralic *pälä (“half”). The development is regular, according to Aikio (2012) and Zhivlov (2014); compare e.g. *loomi from Proto-Uralic *lämä, *talvi from Proto-Uralic *tälwä.
The word has also been compared to Slavic *polъ (“half”), presuming an irregular stem-type shift *pola > *pooli after loaning. According to Aikio (2013, 2016), previously proposed examples of this change in inherited vocabulary are to be explained otherwise, however (compare e.g. *kooldak).


peeni

peeni (nominative singular)
peenet (nominative plural)
peenen (accusative singular)
peenet (accusative plural)
peenen (genitive singular)
peenden (genitive plural)
peeniden (genitive plural)
peentä (partitive singular)
peenidä (partitive plural)
peenessä (inessive singular)
peenehnä (inessive singular)
peenissä (inessive plural)
peenihnä (inessive plural)
peenestä (elative singular)
peenistä (elative plural)
peenehen (illative singular)
peenihen (illative plural)
peenellä (adessive singular)
peenillä (adessive plural)
peeneltä (ablative singular)
peeniltä (ablative plural)
peenelen (allative singular)
peenelek (allative singular)
peenilen (allative plural)
peenilek (allative plural)
peennä (essive singular)
peeninä (essive plural)
peeneksi (singular translative)
peeniksi (plural translative)
peenen (instructive singular)
peenin (instructive plural)
peennek (comitative singular)
peeninek (comitative plural)
peenettä (abessive singular)
peenittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: peen

Finnish: pieni

Ingrian: peeni, peen

Karelian: pieni

Livonian: pien

Ludian: pien'

Veps: pen'

Votic: peeni

Unknown. Borrowing from Proto-Germanic *spēnuz, as once proposed, is not possible due to semantic and phonetic issues (it, however, was probably borrowed into Finnic as *pëëna). If the Finnic word goes back to earlier *päne, it could be related to Proto-Uralic *pänɜ- (“to grind”) (akin to Proto-Uralic *pänɜ (“grindstone”), whence e.g. Hungarian fen), through a development like "to grind (fine)" > "fine" > "small", although this kind of zero derivation of an adjective from a verb has no known parallels.


viherä

viherä (nominative singular)
viherät (nominative plural)
viherän (accusative singular)
viherät (accusative plural)
viherän (genitive singular)
viheräden (genitive plural)
vihereiden (genitive plural)
viherätä (partitive singular)
vihereitä (partitive plural)
viherässä (inessive singular)
viherähnä (inessive singular)
vihereissä (inessive plural)
vihereihnä (inessive plural)
viherästä (elative singular)
vihereistä (elative plural)
viheräsen (illative singular)
vihereisen (illative plural)
viherällä (adessive singular)
vihereillä (adessive plural)
viherältä (ablative singular)
vihereiltä (ablative plural)
viherälen (allative singular)
viherälek (allative singular)
vihereilen (allative plural)
vihereilek (allative plural)
viheränä (essive singular)
vihereinä (essive plural)
viheräksi (singular translative)
vihereiksi (plural translative)
viherän (instructive singular)
viherein (instructive plural)
viheränek (comitative singular)
vihereinek (comitative plural)
viherättä (abessive singular)
vihereittä (abessive plural)

desc

Finnish: vihreä, viher-, (dialectal) viherä

Ingrian: viherä

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: vī’ri ("yellow")

Vidzeme Livonian: vīri ("yellow")

Veps: viher

Votic: vihere

From *viha (“greenness”) + *-rä. The shift *a > *e in the stem is unclear.


keerä

keerä (nominative singular)
keerät (nominative plural)
keerän (accusative singular)
keerät (accusative plural)
keerän (genitive singular)
keeräden (genitive plural)
keereiden (genitive plural)
keerädä (partitive singular)
keereidä (partitive plural)
keerässä (inessive singular)
keerähnä (inessive singular)
keereissä (inessive plural)
keereihnä (inessive plural)
keerästä (elative singular)
keereistä (elative plural)
keerähen (illative singular)
keereihen (illative plural)
keerällä (adessive singular)
keereillä (adessive plural)
keerältä (ablative singular)
keereiltä (ablative plural)
keerälen (allative singular)
keerälek (allative singular)
keereilen (allative plural)
keereilek (allative plural)
keeränä (essive singular)
keereinä (essive plural)
keeräksi (singular translative)
keereiksi (plural translative)
keerän (instructive singular)
keerein (instructive plural)
keeränek (comitative singular)
keereinek (comitative plural)
keerättä (abessive singular)
keereittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: kierä

Ingrian: keerrä

Karelian: kierä

Livvi: kierü

Ludian: kier

Veps: ker

→ Northern Sami: gierri

Estonian: keer

Finnish: kiero

Karelian: kiero

Livonian: kier

Estonian: keerama

Related to *keerdäk, either as a back-formation or derivative with *-ra (~ *kierrä, which some descendants appear to support).
Has also been compared with words in other Uralic languages, e.g. Hungarian kerül, but the long vowel cannot be inferred from the reconstructed Proto-Uralic form *kerä. Within Finnic contrast also *kerä (“ball of string”), *kääridäk (“to wrap”).


alaictoin

alaictoin (nominative singular)
alaictoimët (nominative plural)
alaictoimën (accusative singular)
alaictoimët (accusative plural)
alaictoimën (genitive singular)
alaictoindën (genitive plural)
alaictoimidën (genitive plural)
alaictointa (partitive singular)
alaictoimida (partitive plural)
alaictoimëssa (inessive singular)
alaictoimëhna (inessive singular)
alaictoimissa (inessive plural)
alaictoimihna (inessive plural)
alaictoimësta (elative singular)
alaictoimista (elative plural)
alaictoimëhën (illative singular)
alaictoimihën (illative plural)
alaictoimëlla (adessive singular)
alaictoimilla (adessive plural)
alaictoimëlta (ablative singular)
alaictoimilta (ablative plural)
alaictoimëlën (allative singular)
alaictoimëlëk (allative singular)
alaictoimilën (allative plural)
alaictoimilëk (allative plural)
alaictoimëna (essive singular)
alaictoimina (essive plural)
alaictoimëksi (singular translative)
alaictoimiksi (plural translative)
alaictoimën (instructive singular)
alaictoimin (instructive plural)
alaictoimënëk (comitative singular)
alaictoiminëk (comitative plural)
alaictoimëtta (abessive singular)
alaictoimitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: alaston, (obsolete) alaiseton

Ingrian: alastoin

Karelian:

North Karelian: alačoin

South Karelian: alaššoin

Livvi: alastoi

Ludian: alastoine

Veps: alastoi

Võro: (Kodavere) alassine

From *alainën (“underwear”) + *-t'oin (“without”).


täüci

täüci (nominative singular)
täüdet (nominative plural)
täüden (accusative singular)
täüdet (accusative plural)
täüden (genitive singular)
täüt'en (genitive plural)
täüciden (genitive plural)
täüttä (partitive singular)
täücidä (partitive plural)
täüdessä (inessive singular)
täüdehnä (inessive singular)
täücissä (inessive plural)
täücihnä (inessive plural)
täüdestä (elative singular)
täücistä (elative plural)
täütehen (illative singular)
täücihen (illative plural)
täüdellä (adessive singular)
täücillä (adessive plural)
täüdeltä (ablative singular)
täüciltä (ablative plural)
täütelen (allative singular)
täütelek (allative singular)
täücilen (allative plural)
täücilek (allative plural)
täünnä (essive singular)
täücinä (essive plural)
täüdeksi (singular translative)
täüciksi (plural translative)
täüden (instructive singular)
täücin (instructive plural)
täünnek (comitative singular)
täücinek (comitative plural)
täüdettä (abessive singular)
täücittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: täis

Finnish: täysi

Ingrian: täys

Karelian:

North Karelian: täyši

South Karelian: täyži

Livonian: täuž

Livvi: täyzi

Ludian: täüz'

Veps: täuz'

Võro: täüs'

Votic: täüsi, täüz

From Proto-Uralic *täwde. Cognates include Hungarian tele (“full”). The word has also been compared with Proto-Samic *tievë (“full”), which is of Germanic origin, but morphologically an analysis as *täü-ci is not possible: no nominal derivative suffix **-ci exists.


enci

enci (nominative singular)
endet (nominative plural)
enden (accusative singular)
endet (accusative plural)
enden (genitive singular)
et'en (genitive plural)
enciden (genitive plural)
että (partitive singular)
encidä (partitive plural)
endessä (inessive singular)
endehnä (inessive singular)
encissä (inessive plural)
encihnä (inessive plural)
endestä (elative singular)
encistä (elative plural)
entehen (illative singular)
encihen (illative plural)
endellä (adessive singular)
encillä (adessive plural)
endeltä (ablative singular)
enciltä (ablative plural)
entelen (allative singular)
entelek (allative singular)
encilen (allative plural)
encilek (allative plural)
ennä (essive singular)
encinä (essive plural)
endeksi (singular translative)
enciksi (plural translative)
enden (instructive singular)
encin (instructive plural)
ennek (comitative singular)
encinek (comitative plural)
endettä (abessive singular)
encittä (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: enne

Finnish: ensi, ⇒ ensi-, ennen

desc

Ingrian: ensi-, ⇒ ensiks, ensin, enstää, ensikää, entoaika, ennen

Karelian:

North Karelian: enši, enši-, (derived) ennen

South Karelian: enzi, enzi-, (derived) ennen

⇒ Livonian: ändi (Courland), enst (Salaca)

Livvi: enzi, enzi-, ⇒ enne

⇒ Ludian: ende

⇒ Veps: ende

⇒ Võro: inne

⇒ Votic: enne, eeste

Likely from *e- + *-nci, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *e- (“this”). Alternatively from Proto-Finno-Permic *eŋte (and cognate with Proto-Samic *ëvtë). In the past also connected with *eci.


mardas

mardas (nominative singular)
martahët (nominative plural)
martahën (accusative singular)
martahët (accusative plural)
martahën (genitive singular)
mardastën (genitive plural)
martahidën (genitive plural)
mardasta (partitive singular)
martahita (partitive plural)
martahëssa (inessive singular)
martahëhna (inessive singular)
martahissa (inessive plural)
martahihna (inessive plural)
martahësta (elative singular)
martahista (elative plural)
martahësën (illative singular)
martahisën (illative plural)
martahëlla (adessive singular)
martahilla (adessive plural)
martahëlta (ablative singular)
martahilta (ablative plural)
martahëlën (allative singular)
martahëlëk (allative singular)
martahilën (allative plural)
martahilëk (allative plural)
mardassa (essive singular)
martahina (essive plural)
martahëksi (singular translative)
martahiksi (plural translative)
martahën (instructive singular)
martahin (instructive plural)
mardassëk (comitative singular)
martahinëk (comitative plural)
martahëtta (abessive singular)
martahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: marras (“brittle, fragile”)

Finnish: marras

Ingrian: marras

Karelian: marras

Borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥tás (“dead”), from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós.


lihaba

lihaba (nominative singular)
lihabat (nominative plural)
lihaban (accusative singular)
lihabat (accusative plural)
lihaban (genitive singular)
lihabadën (genitive plural)
lihaboidën (genitive plural)
lihabata (partitive singular)
lihaboita (partitive plural)
lihabassa (inessive singular)
lihabahna (inessive singular)
lihaboissa (inessive plural)
lihaboihna (inessive plural)
lihabasta (elative singular)
lihaboista (elative plural)
lihabasën (illative singular)
lihaboisën (illative plural)
lihaballa (adessive singular)
lihaboilla (adessive plural)
lihabalta (ablative singular)
lihaboilta (ablative plural)
lihabalën (allative singular)
lihabalëk (allative singular)
lihaboilën (allative plural)
lihaboilëk (allative plural)
lihabana (essive singular)
lihaboina (essive plural)
lihabaksi (singular translative)
lihaboiksi (plural translative)
lihaban (instructive singular)
lihaboin (instructive plural)
lihabanëk (comitative singular)
lihaboinëk (comitative plural)
lihabatta (abessive singular)
lihaboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lihav

Finnish: lihava

Ingrian: lihava

Karelian: lihava

Livonian: liebi

Livvi: lihau

Ludian: lihau

Veps: lihav

Võro: lihhav

Votic: lihavõ


ikäbä

ikäbä (nominative singular)
ikäbät (nominative plural)
ikäbän (accusative singular)
ikäbät (accusative plural)
ikäbän (genitive singular)
ikäbäden (genitive plural)
ikäbeiden (genitive plural)
ikäbätä (partitive singular)
ikäbeitä (partitive plural)
ikäbässä (inessive singular)
ikäbähnä (inessive singular)
ikäbeissä (inessive plural)
ikäbeihnä (inessive plural)
ikäbästä (elative singular)
ikäbeistä (elative plural)
ikäbäsen (illative singular)
ikäbeisen (illative plural)
ikäbällä (adessive singular)
ikäbeillä (adessive plural)
ikäbältä (ablative singular)
ikäbeiltä (ablative plural)
ikäbälen (allative singular)
ikäbälek (allative singular)
ikäbeilen (allative plural)
ikäbeilek (allative plural)
ikäbänä (essive singular)
ikäbeinä (essive plural)
ikäbäksi (singular translative)
ikäbeiksi (plural translative)
ikäbän (instructive singular)
ikäbein (instructive plural)
ikäbänek (comitative singular)
ikäbeinek (comitative plural)
ikäbättä (abessive singular)
ikäbeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: igav

Finnish: ikävä

→ Inari Sami: ahheev

Ingrian: ikävä

Karelian:

North Karelian: ikävä

South Karelian: igävä

Livonian: igāb

Livvi: igävy, igäy

Ludian: igäu

Võro: ikäv

Votic: itšäve


kankëda

Estonian: kange

Finnish: kankea

Ingrian: kankia

Karelian: kankie

Livonian: kangtõ

Veps: kanged

Võro: kangõ

Votic: kankia

Probably from earlier *kënke-ta (with the suffix *-ëda), from Proto-Uralic *kënka-, *kënke- (“to climb, crawl”). The derivative *kangërtadak has stayed closer to the original meaning.


makëda

Estonian: mage

Finnish: makea

Ingrian: makkia

Karelian: (Northern) makie, (Southern) magie

Livonian: magd

Livvi: magei

Ludian: maged

Veps: maged

Võro: makõ

Votic: makkia


tärkedä

tärkedä (nominative singular)
tärkedät (nominative plural)
tärkedän (accusative singular)
tärkedät (accusative plural)
tärkedän (genitive singular)
tärkedäden (genitive plural)
tärkedeiden (genitive plural)
tärkedätä (partitive singular)
tärkedeitä (partitive plural)
tärkedässä (inessive singular)
tärkedähnä (inessive singular)
tärkedeissä (inessive plural)
tärkedeihnä (inessive plural)
tärkedästä (elative singular)
tärkedeistä (elative plural)
tärkedäsen (illative singular)
tärkedeisen (illative plural)
tärkedällä (adessive singular)
tärkedeillä (adessive plural)
tärkedältä (ablative singular)
tärkedeiltä (ablative plural)
tärkedälen (allative singular)
tärkedälek (allative singular)
tärkedeilen (allative plural)
tärkedeilek (allative plural)
tärkedänä (essive singular)
tärkedeinä (essive plural)
tärkedäksi (singular translative)
tärkedeiksi (plural translative)
tärkedän (instructive singular)
tärkedein (instructive plural)
tärkedänek (comitative singular)
tärkedeinek (comitative plural)
tärkedättä (abessive singular)
tärkedeittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: tärkeä

Karelian: tärkie

Veps: tärged

Fronted variant of *tarkëda (whence Finnish tarkea, Karelian tarkie), which is akin to *tarkka (the adjective ending has been swapped; *-ëda/*-këda ~ *-kka).


sakëda

sakëda (nominative singular)
sakëdat (nominative plural)
sakëdan (accusative singular)
sakëdat (accusative plural)
sakëdan (genitive singular)
sakëdadën (genitive plural)
sakëdëidën (genitive plural)
sakëdata (partitive singular)
sakëdëita (partitive plural)
sakëdassa (inessive singular)
sakëdahna (inessive singular)
sakëdëissa (inessive plural)
sakëdëihna (inessive plural)
sakëdasta (elative singular)
sakëdëista (elative plural)
sakëdasën (illative singular)
sakëdëisën (illative plural)
sakëdalla (adessive singular)
sakëdëilla (adessive plural)
sakëdalta (ablative singular)
sakëdëilta (ablative plural)
sakëdalën (allative singular)
sakëdalëk (allative singular)
sakëdëilën (allative plural)
sakëdëilëk (allative plural)
sakëdana (essive singular)
sakëdëina (essive plural)
sakëdaksi (singular translative)
sakëdëiksi (plural translative)
sakëdan (instructive singular)
sakëdëin (instructive plural)
sakëdanëk (comitative singular)
sakëdëinëk (comitative plural)
sakëdatta (abessive singular)
sakëdëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sage

Finnish: sakea

Ingrian: sakkia

Karelian: (Northern) šakie, (Southern) šagie

Livvi: sagei

Ludian: saged

Veps: saged

Võro: sakõ

Votic: sakka

Proto-Finno-Permic *sake + *-ëda. Cognate to Proto-Samic *suokëtē (“thick, fat”) and Proto-Permic *suk. Also related to *sakka.


sokëda

sokëda (nominative singular)
sokëdat (nominative plural)
sokëdan (accusative singular)
sokëdat (accusative plural)
sokëdan (genitive singular)
sokëdadën (genitive plural)
sokëdëidën (genitive plural)
sokëdata (partitive singular)
sokëdëita (partitive plural)
sokëdassa (inessive singular)
sokëdahna (inessive singular)
sokëdëissa (inessive plural)
sokëdëihna (inessive plural)
sokëdasta (elative singular)
sokëdëista (elative plural)
sokëdasën (illative singular)
sokëdëisën (illative plural)
sokëdalla (adessive singular)
sokëdëilla (adessive plural)
sokëdalta (ablative singular)
sokëdëilta (ablative plural)
sokëdalën (allative singular)
sokëdalëk (allative singular)
sokëdëilën (allative plural)
sokëdëilëk (allative plural)
sokëdana (essive singular)
sokëdëina (essive plural)
sokëdaksi (singular translative)
sokëdëiksi (plural translative)
sokëdan (instructive singular)
sokëdëin (instructive plural)
sokëdanëk (comitative singular)
sokëdëinëk (comitative plural)
sokëdatta (abessive singular)
sokëdëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sõge

Finnish: sokea, sokko

Ingrian: sokkia

Karelian: (Northern) šokie, (Southern) šogie

Livonian: sogd

Livvi: sogei

Veps: soged

Võro: sõkõ

Votic: sõkka

Unknown, but apparently contains the suffix *-ëda. At times a root *soka (“filth”) has been posited. For the semantics "filth" > "blind", compare how Proto-Germanic *blindaz (“blind”) was derived from *blandaną (“to make murky”).


selkedä

selkedä (nominative singular)
selkedät (nominative plural)
selkedän (accusative singular)
selkedät (accusative plural)
selkedän (genitive singular)
selkedäden (genitive plural)
selkedeiden (genitive plural)
selkedätä (partitive singular)
selkedeitä (partitive plural)
selkedässä (inessive singular)
selkedähnä (inessive singular)
selkedeissä (inessive plural)
selkedeihnä (inessive plural)
selkedästä (elative singular)
selkedeistä (elative plural)
selkedäsen (illative singular)
selkedeisen (illative plural)
selkedällä (adessive singular)
selkedeillä (adessive plural)
selkedältä (ablative singular)
selkedeiltä (ablative plural)
selkedälen (allative singular)
selkedälek (allative singular)
selkedeilen (allative plural)
selkedeilek (allative plural)
selkedänä (essive singular)
selkedeinä (essive plural)
selkedäksi (singular translative)
selkedeiksi (plural translative)
selkedän (instructive singular)
selkedein (instructive plural)
selkedänek (comitative singular)
selkedeinek (comitative plural)
selkedättä (abessive singular)
selkedeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: selge

Finnish: selkeä

Ingrian: selkiä

Karelian:

North Karelian: šelkie

South Karelian: šelgie, selgie

Livvi: selgei

Veps: sel'ged

Võro: selge

Votic: seltšiä

Unknown, but apparently contains the suffix *-ëda. Related to Proto-Samic *čielkë. Compare *selvä, which may be derived from the same root. Has been compared with Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- as well.


karkëda

karkëda (nominative singular)
karkëdat (nominative plural)
karkëdan (accusative singular)
karkëdat (accusative plural)
karkëdan (genitive singular)
karkëdadën (genitive plural)
karkëdëidën (genitive plural)
karkëdata (partitive singular)
karkëdëita (partitive plural)
karkëdassa (inessive singular)
karkëdahna (inessive singular)
karkëdëissa (inessive plural)
karkëdëihna (inessive plural)
karkëdasta (elative singular)
karkëdëista (elative plural)
karkëdasën (illative singular)
karkëdëisën (illative plural)
karkëdalla (adessive singular)
karkëdëilla (adessive plural)
karkëdalta (ablative singular)
karkëdëilta (ablative plural)
karkëdalën (allative singular)
karkëdalëk (allative singular)
karkëdëilën (allative plural)
karkëdëilëk (allative plural)
karkëdana (essive singular)
karkëdëina (essive plural)
karkëdaksi (singular translative)
karkëdëiksi (plural translative)
karkëdan (instructive singular)
karkëdëin (instructive plural)
karkëdanëk (comitative singular)
karkëdëinëk (comitative plural)
karkëdatta (abessive singular)
karkëdëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: karge

Finnish: karkea

Ingrian: karkia

Karelian:

North Karelian: karkie

South Karelian: kargie

Livvi: kargei

Ludian: karged

Veps: karged

Votic: karka

→ Proto-Samic: *kārkkë

Northern Sami: gárkkis

Skolt Sami: [Term?] (kar̀ʿkkɐ̑ᴅ)

Akkala Sami: [script needed] (kark̄eđ)

Kildin Sami: коа̄ҏҏкэ (kåår̥r̥ke) (obsolete)

Ter Sami: [script needed] (kārhki̊ᵢt)

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *karketa, akin to Komi курыд (kuryd, “bitter”), Udmurt курыт (kuryt, “bitter”). Derivation as *karvas (“bitter”) + *-këda may also be possible.


ahtas

ahtas (nominative singular)
ahtahët (nominative plural)
ahtahën (accusative singular)
ahtahët (accusative plural)
ahtahën (genitive singular)
ahtastën (genitive plural)
ahtahidën (genitive plural)
ahtasta (partitive singular)
ahtahita (partitive plural)
ahtahëssa (inessive singular)
ahtahëhna (inessive singular)
ahtahissa (inessive plural)
ahtahihna (inessive plural)
ahtahësta (elative singular)
ahtahista (elative plural)
ahtahësën (illative singular)
ahtahisën (illative plural)
ahtahëlla (adessive singular)
ahtahilla (adessive plural)
ahtahëlta (ablative singular)
ahtahilta (ablative plural)
ahtahëlën (allative singular)
ahtahëlëk (allative singular)
ahtahilën (allative plural)
ahtahilëk (allative plural)
ahtassa (essive singular)
ahtahina (essive plural)
ahtahëksi (singular translative)
ahtahiksi (plural translative)
ahtahën (instructive singular)
ahtahin (instructive plural)
ahtassëk (comitative singular)
ahtahinëk (comitative plural)
ahtahëtta (abessive singular)
ahtahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ahas

Finnish: ahdas

Ingrian: ahas

Karelian:

North Karelian: ahaš

South Karelian: ahaš

Livvi: ahtas

Ludian: ahtaz

Veps: ahtaz

Votic: ahaz

From earlier *aštas, borrowed from Proto-Balto-Slavic *anśtas (compare Lithuanian ankštas), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰus.


lühüt

lühüt (nominative singular)
lühüdet (nominative plural)
lühüden (accusative singular)
lühüdet (accusative plural)
lühüden (genitive singular)
lühüt'en (genitive plural)
lühüciden (genitive plural)
lühüttä (partitive singular)
lühücitä (partitive plural)
lühüdessä (inessive singular)
lühüdehnä (inessive singular)
lühücissä (inessive plural)
lühücihnä (inessive plural)
lühüdestä (elative singular)
lühücistä (elative plural)
lühüdesen (illative singular)
lühücisen (illative plural)
lühüdellä (adessive singular)
lühücillä (adessive plural)
lühüdeltä (ablative singular)
lühüciltä (ablative plural)
lühüdelen (allative singular)
lühüdelek (allative singular)
lühücilen (allative plural)
lühücilek (allative plural)
lühünnä (essive singular)
lühücinä (essive plural)
lühüdeksi (singular translative)
lühüciksi (plural translative)
lühüden (instructive singular)
lühücin (instructive plural)
lühünnek (comitative singular)
lühücinek (comitative plural)
lühüdettä (abessive singular)
lühücittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: lühi-, lühike, lühida

Finnish: lyhyt

Ingrian: lyhyt

Karelian: lyhyt

Livonian: līt

Ludian: lühüd

Veps: lühüd

Võro: lühüq, lühüt

Votic: lühüd

Unknown root *lühV- + *-üt (compare *ohut).


tüüni

tüüni (nominative singular)
tüünet (nominative plural)
tüünen (accusative singular)
tüünet (accusative plural)
tüünen (genitive singular)
tüünden (genitive plural)
tüüniden (genitive plural)
tüüntä (partitive singular)
tüünidä (partitive plural)
tüünessä (inessive singular)
tüünehnä (inessive singular)
tüünissä (inessive plural)
tüünihnä (inessive plural)
tüünestä (elative singular)
tüünistä (elative plural)
tüünehen (illative singular)
tüünihen (illative plural)
tüünellä (adessive singular)
tüünillä (adessive plural)
tüüneltä (ablative singular)
tüüniltä (ablative plural)
tüünelen (allative singular)
tüünelek (allative singular)
tüünilen (allative plural)
tüünilek (allative plural)
tüünnä (essive singular)
tüüninä (essive plural)
tüüneksi (singular translative)
tüüniksi (plural translative)
tüünen (instructive singular)
tüünin (instructive plural)
tüünnek (comitative singular)
tüüninek (comitative plural)
tüünettä (abessive singular)
tüünittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: tüüne, tüün

Finnish: tyyni

Ingrian: tyyni

Karelian: tyyni

Veps: tün' (reformed as an ä-stem)

Votic: tüüni

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *tiwä-ni, cognate with Northern Khanty тевән (tjewən).


tüven

tüven (nominative singular)
tüvenet (nominative plural)
tüvenen (accusative singular)
tüvenet (accusative plural)
tüvenen (genitive singular)
tüvenden (genitive plural)
tüveniden (genitive plural)
tüventä (partitive singular)
tüvenitä (partitive plural)
tüvenessä (inessive singular)
tüvenehnä (inessive singular)
tüvenissä (inessive plural)
tüvenihnä (inessive plural)
tüvenestä (elative singular)
tüvenistä (elative plural)
tüvenesen (illative singular)
tüvenisen (illative plural)
tüvenellä (adessive singular)
tüvenillä (adessive plural)
tüveneltä (ablative singular)
tüveniltä (ablative plural)
tüvenelen (allative singular)
tüvenelek (allative singular)
tüvenilen (allative plural)
tüvenilek (allative plural)
tüvennä (essive singular)
tüveninä (essive plural)
tüveneksi (singular translative)
tüveniksi (plural translative)
tüvenen (instructive singular)
tüvenin (instructive plural)
tüvennek (comitative singular)
tüveninek (comitative plural)
tüvenettä (abessive singular)
tüvenittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: tyven


hap'oin

Estonian: hapu

Finnish: hapan, earlier hapoinen

Ingrian: hapan

Karelian:

North Karelian: hapan

South Karelian: hapan

Livonian: appõn

Veps: hapan- (only in compounds, e.g. hapanmaid)

Võro: hapu

Votic: (Kattila) apoo

From earlier *šap'oin, from Proto-Finno-Permic *šappa(-ma), possibly borrowed from a substrate language.


leevä

Estonian: (obsolete) leev, leeb


leevä

Finnish: lievä

Ingrian: lievä

Karelian: lievä

Ludian: ľiev

Veps: lev, leb

Uncertain. Possibly but not certainly a semantic development from etymology 1.


karhëda

Estonian: kare

Finnish: karhea, karhi

Ingrian: karhia

→ Votic: karhia

Karelian:

North Karelian: karhie

South Karelian: karhie

Livonian: ka'rdõ

Livvi: karhei

Võro: kahre

Votic: (Pummala) karõa

Unknown, but apparently contains the suffix *-ëda.


ilkëda

Estonian: ilge

Finnish: ilkeä

→ Votic: hilkiä

Ingrian: ilkiä

Karelian: (Northern) ilkie, (Southern) ilgie

Livvi: ilgei

Votic: ilka

→ Northern Sami: ilgat

→ Inari Sami: ilgâd

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ilhijaz or *ilhilaz (whence Old Norse illr) and further derived with + *-ëda. Doublet with *elkedä.


äkki

äkki (nominative singular)
äk'it (nominative plural)
äk'in (accusative singular)
äk'it (accusative plural)
äk'in (genitive singular)
äkkiden (genitive plural)
äkkejiden (genitive plural)
äkkidä (partitive singular)
äkkejitä (partitive plural)
äk'issä (inessive singular)
äk'ihnä (inessive singular)
äkkejissä (inessive plural)
äkkejihnä (inessive plural)
äk'istä (elative singular)
äkkejistä (elative plural)
äkkihen (illative singular)
äkkejisen (illative plural)
äk'illä (adessive singular)
äkkejillä (adessive plural)
äk'iltä (ablative singular)
äkkejiltä (ablative plural)
äkkilen (allative singular)
äkkilek (allative singular)
äkkejilen (allative plural)
äkkejilek (allative plural)
äkkinä (essive singular)
äkkejinä (essive plural)
äk'iksi (singular translative)
äkkejiksi (plural translative)
äk'in (instructive singular)
äkkejin (instructive plural)
äkkinek (comitative singular)
äkkejinek (comitative plural)
äk'ittä (abessive singular)
äkkejittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: äkki-

Ingrian: äkki

Votic: ättši

Estonian: äkki

Finnish: äkkiä

Ingrian: äkkiä

Karelian:

North Karelian: äkkie

South Karelian: äkkie

Veps: äkkid

Võro: äkki

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)eakkë (see there for further descendants)


keühä

keühä (nominative singular)
keühät (nominative plural)
keühän (accusative singular)
keühät (accusative plural)
keühän (genitive singular)
keühäden (genitive plural)
keüheiden (genitive plural)
keühädä (partitive singular)
keüheidä (partitive plural)
keühässä (inessive singular)
keühähnä (inessive singular)
keüheissä (inessive plural)
keüheihnä (inessive plural)
keühästä (elative singular)
keüheistä (elative plural)
keühähen (illative singular)
keüheihen (illative plural)
keühällä (adessive singular)
keüheillä (adessive plural)
keühältä (ablative singular)
keüheiltä (ablative plural)
keühälen (allative singular)
keühälek (allative singular)
keüheilen (allative plural)
keüheilek (allative plural)
keühänä (essive singular)
keüheinä (essive plural)
keühäksi (singular translative)
keüheiksi (plural translative)
keühän (instructive singular)
keühein (instructive plural)
keühänek (comitative singular)
keüheinek (comitative plural)
keühättä (abessive singular)
keüheittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kehv

Finnish: köyhä

Ingrian: köyhä

→ Votic: köühe

Karelian:

North Karelian: keyhä, köyhä

South Karelian: keyhä, köyhä

Livvi: keyhy

Ludian: köüh

Veps: köuh

Võro: kehv

Votic: (Kattila) tšöühä

→ Southern Sami: giehvie

→ Lule Sami: giehe

→ Northern Sami: geafi

→ Inari Sami: kieyhi

Likely borrowed from Proto-Germanic *skeuhaz (“shy, embarrassed, loathsome, odious”), despite the difference in meaning.


hardas

hardas (nominative singular)
hartahët (nominative plural)
hartahën (accusative singular)
hartahët (accusative plural)
hartahën (genitive singular)
hardastën (genitive plural)
hartahidën (genitive plural)
hardasta (partitive singular)
hartahita (partitive plural)
hartahëssa (inessive singular)
hartahëhna (inessive singular)
hartahissa (inessive plural)
hartahihna (inessive plural)
hartahësta (elative singular)
hartahista (elative plural)
hartahësën (illative singular)
hartahisën (illative plural)
hartahëlla (adessive singular)
hartahilla (adessive plural)
hartahëlta (ablative singular)
hartahilta (ablative plural)
hartahëlën (allative singular)
hartahëlëk (allative singular)
hartahilën (allative plural)
hartahilëk (allative plural)
hardassa (essive singular)
hartahina (essive plural)
hartahëksi (singular translative)
hartahiksi (plural translative)
hartahën (instructive singular)
hartahin (instructive plural)
hardassëk (comitative singular)
hartahinëk (comitative plural)
hartahëtta (abessive singular)
hartahitta (abessive plural)

>? Estonian: härras

Finnish: harras

→ Estonian: harras


pehmedä

Estonian: pehme

Finnish: pehmeä

Ingrian: pehmiä

Karelian: pehmei

Livonian: piemd

Livvi: pehmei

Ludian: pehmed

Veps: pehmed

Votic: pehmiä


küpci

küpci (nominative singular)
küpcet (nominative plural)
küpcen (accusative singular)
küpcet (accusative plural)
küpcen (genitive singular)
kücten (genitive plural)
küpciden (genitive plural)
küctä (partitive singular)
küpcidä (partitive plural)
küpcessä (inessive singular)
küpcehnä (inessive singular)
küpcissä (inessive plural)
küpcihnä (inessive plural)
küpcestä (elative singular)
küpcistä (elative plural)
küpcehen (illative singular)
küpcihen (illative plural)
küpcellä (adessive singular)
küpcillä (adessive plural)
küpceltä (ablative singular)
küpciltä (ablative plural)
küpcelen (allative singular)
küpcelek (allative singular)
küpcilen (allative plural)
küpcilek (allative plural)
küpcenä (essive singular)
küpcinä (essive plural)
küpceksi (singular translative)
küpciksi (plural translative)
küpcen (instructive singular)
küpcin (instructive plural)
küpcenek (comitative singular)
küpcinek (comitative plural)
küpcettä (abessive singular)
küpcittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: küps

desc

Finnish: kypsä, kystä, (dialectal) kypsi

Ingrian: küpsi

Karelian: küpsü

Veps: küps

⇒ Votic: tšühseä

According to Koivulehto, from earlier *küpte- or *kepte-, from Baltic *kʷep-tá (which would suggest *küpci, stem *küpte-, analogically to shifted to a stem in *-pse- after the change *c > *s). Latter from the past participle of Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- (“to cook, become ripe”). The Indo-European root evidently had other variants, compare Proto-Italic *kʷekʷ-, Greek and Slavic *pekʷ- and Baltic *kʷep-.


kepjä

kepjä (nominative singular)
kepjät (nominative plural)
kepjän (accusative singular)
kepjät (accusative plural)
kepjän (genitive singular)
kepjäden (genitive plural)
kepjeiden (genitive plural)
kepjädä (partitive singular)
kepjeidä (partitive plural)
kepjässä (inessive singular)
kepjähnä (inessive singular)
kepjeissä (inessive plural)
kepjeihnä (inessive plural)
kepjästä (elative singular)
kepjeistä (elative plural)
kepjähen (illative singular)
kepjeihen (illative plural)
kepjällä (adessive singular)
kepjeillä (adessive plural)
kepjältä (ablative singular)
kepjeiltä (ablative plural)
kepjälen (allative singular)
kepjälek (allative singular)
kepjeilen (allative plural)
kepjeilek (allative plural)
kepjänä (essive singular)
kepjeinä (essive plural)
kepjäksi (singular translative)
kepjeiksi (plural translative)
kepjän (instructive singular)
kepjein (instructive plural)
kepjänek (comitative singular)
kepjeinek (comitative plural)
kepjättä (abessive singular)
kepjeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kebja

Finnish: keviä (> misinterpreted keveä)

Livonian: kievām

Livvi: kebjei

Ludian: kebď, kebďed

Veps: kebnei

Votic: (Lempola, Mati, Pummala) tšebjä


enä

enä (nominative singular)
enät (nominative plural)
enän (accusative singular)
enät (accusative plural)
enän (genitive singular)
enäden (genitive plural)
eneiden (genitive plural)
enädä (partitive singular)
eneidä (partitive plural)
enässä (inessive singular)
enähnä (inessive singular)
eneissä (inessive plural)
eneihnä (inessive plural)
enästä (elative singular)
eneistä (elative plural)
enähen (illative singular)
eneihen (illative plural)
enällä (adessive singular)
eneillä (adessive plural)
enältä (ablative singular)
eneiltä (ablative plural)
enälen (allative singular)
enälek (allative singular)
eneilen (allative plural)
eneilek (allative plural)
enänä (essive singular)
eneinä (essive plural)
enäksi (singular translative)
eneiksi (plural translative)
enän (instructive singular)
enein (instructive plural)
enänek (comitative singular)
eneinek (comitative plural)
enättä (abessive singular)
eneittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: enä (obsolete)

Finnish: enää

Ingrian: ennää

Livonian: je’nnõ


enämpi

Estonian: enam

Finnish: enempi, (dialectal) enämpi

Ingrian: enemp

Karelian:

North Karelian: enämpi

South Karelian: enämbi

Livonian: jemīņ

Livvi: enämbi

Ludian: enämb

Veps: enamb

Võro: inämb

Votic: enäpi

Samic:

→? Kildin Sami: е̄намп (jienamp)

→? Akkala Sami: я̄нҍӓмп (jān’ämp)