uskodak

usko- (stem)
uskon (first-person present singular)
uskoin (first-person past singular)
uskogon (first-person optative singular)
uskot (present second-person singular)
uskoit (past second-person singular)
uskok (imperative second-person singular)
uskogos (optative second-person singular)
uskobi (present singular third-person)
usko (present singular third-person)
uskoi (past singular third-person)
uskogasën (imperative singular third-person)
uskogosën (optative singular third-person)
uskokmëk (first-person plural present)
uskokmak (first-person plural present)
uskoimëk (first-person past plural)
uskoimak (first-person past plural)
uskogatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
uskogatamak (first-person imperative plural)
uskogotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
uskogotamak (first-person optative plural)
uskoktëk (plural present second-person)
uskoktak (plural present second-person)
uskoidëk (past plural second-person)
uskoidak (past plural second-person)
uskogatë (imperative plural second-person)
uskogata (imperative plural second-person)
uskogot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
uskogotadak (optative plural second-person)
uskobat (plural present third-person)
usko (plural present third-person)
uskoi (past plural third-person)
uskogasën (imperative plural third-person)
uskogosën (optative plural third-person)
uskoksën (passive present)
uskot'aksën (passive present)
uskodisën (passive past)
uskottisën (passive past)
uskodakahën (imperative passive)
uskottakahën (imperative passive)
uskodakohën (optative passive)
uskottakohën (optative passive)
uskok (connegative present)
uskogak (connegative imperative)
uskogok (connegative optative)
uskoktak (connegative passive present)
uskodagak (connegative imperative passive)
uskottagak (connegative imperative passive)
uskodagok (connegative optative passive)
uskottagok (connegative optative passive)
uskokcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
uskoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
uskonën (first-person potential singular)
uskokcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
uskoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
uskonët (potential second-person singular)
uskokci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
uskoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
uskoni (potential singular third-person)
uskokcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
uskokcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
uskoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
uskoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
uskonëmëk (first-person plural potential)
uskonëmak (first-person plural potential)
uskokcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
uskokcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
uskoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
uskoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
uskonëdëk (plural potential second-person)
uskonëdak (plural potential second-person)
uskokci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
uskoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
uskoni (plural potential third-person)
uskodakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
uskot'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
uskodicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
uskotticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
uskodanëhën (passive potential)
uskottanëhën (passive potential)
uskokcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
uskoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
uskonëk (connegative potential)
uskodakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
uskot'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
uskodicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
uskotticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
uskodanëk (connegative passive potential)
uskottanëk (connegative passive potential)
uskodak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
uskoba (active participle present)
uskodapa (participle passive present)
uskottapa (participle passive present)
uskodë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
uskonut (active participle past)
uskodu (participle passive past)
uskottu (participle passive past)
uskoma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
uskominen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: uskuma/uskuda

Finnish: uskoa

Ingrian: uskoa

Karelian:

North Karelian: uskuo

South Karelian: uskuo

Livonian: (Courland) uskõ, (Salaca) usk

Livvi: uskuo

Ludian: uskoda

Veps: uskta

Võro: uskma/uskuq

Votic: uskoa

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *wunskijaną. From the same source as Proto-Samic *oskōtēk. Alternatively related to Erzya озкс (ozks, “prayer”); Proto-Permic *ɛskini, Eastern Khanty [Term?], all from Proto-Finno-Ugric *iske, but the initial vowel is problematic.


mardas

mardas (nominative singular)
martahët (nominative plural)
martahën (accusative singular)
martahët (accusative plural)
martahën (genitive singular)
mardastën (genitive plural)
martahidën (genitive plural)
mardasta (partitive singular)
martahita (partitive plural)
martahëssa (inessive singular)
martahëhna (inessive singular)
martahissa (inessive plural)
martahihna (inessive plural)
martahësta (elative singular)
martahista (elative plural)
martahësën (illative singular)
martahisën (illative plural)
martahëlla (adessive singular)
martahilla (adessive plural)
martahëlta (ablative singular)
martahilta (ablative plural)
martahëlën (allative singular)
martahëlëk (allative singular)
martahilën (allative plural)
martahilëk (allative plural)
mardassa (essive singular)
martahina (essive plural)
martahëksi (singular translative)
martahiksi (plural translative)
martahën (instructive singular)
martahin (instructive plural)
mardassëk (comitative singular)
martahinëk (comitative plural)
martahëtta (abessive singular)
martahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: marras (“brittle, fragile”)

Finnish: marras

Ingrian: marras

Karelian: marras

Borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥tás (“dead”), from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós.


nooli

nooli (nominative singular)
noolët (nominative plural)
noolën (accusative singular)
noolët (accusative plural)
noolën (genitive singular)
nooldën (genitive plural)
noolidën (genitive plural)
noolta (partitive singular)
noolida (partitive plural)
noolëssa (inessive singular)
noolëhna (inessive singular)
noolissa (inessive plural)
noolihna (inessive plural)
noolësta (elative singular)
noolista (elative plural)
noolëhën (illative singular)
noolihën (illative plural)
noolëlla (adessive singular)
noolilla (adessive plural)
noolëlta (ablative singular)
noolilta (ablative plural)
noolëlën (allative singular)
noolëlëk (allative singular)
noolilën (allative plural)
noolilëk (allative plural)
noolla (essive singular)
noolina (essive plural)
noolëksi (singular translative)
nooliksi (plural translative)
noolën (instructive singular)
noolin (instructive plural)
noollëk (comitative singular)
noolinëk (comitative plural)
noolëtta (abessive singular)
noolitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nool

Finnish: nuoli

Ingrian: nooli

Karelian: nuoli

Livonian: nūoļ

Veps: nol (from *noola)

Võro: nuul'

From Proto-Uralic *ńële. The Finnic term is attested since an early date; it is found twice in Birch bark letter no. 292 from the 1200s, as нуоли (nuoli) and ноули (nouli).


süci

süci (nominative singular)
südet (nominative plural)
süden (accusative singular)
südet (accusative plural)
süden (genitive singular)
süt'en (genitive plural)
süciden (genitive plural)
süttä (partitive singular)
sücidä (partitive plural)
südessä (inessive singular)
südehnä (inessive singular)
sücissä (inessive plural)
sücihnä (inessive plural)
südestä (elative singular)
sücistä (elative plural)
sütehen (illative singular)
sücihen (illative plural)
südellä (adessive singular)
sücillä (adessive plural)
südeltä (ablative singular)
süciltä (ablative plural)
sütelen (allative singular)
sütelek (allative singular)
sücilen (allative plural)
sücilek (allative plural)
sünnä (essive singular)
sücinä (essive plural)
südeksi (singular translative)
süciksi (plural translative)
süden (instructive singular)
sücin (instructive plural)
sünnek (comitative singular)
sücinek (comitative plural)
südettä (abessive singular)
sücittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: süsi

Finnish: sysi

Karelian: sysi

Võro: hüdsi? (seems to be from *hüci < Pre-Finnic *šüci)

Votic: süsi


tümä

tümä (nominative singular)
tümät (nominative plural)
tümän (accusative singular)
tümät (accusative plural)
tümän (genitive singular)
tümäden (genitive plural)
tümeiden (genitive plural)
tümädä (partitive singular)
tümeidä (partitive plural)
tümässä (inessive singular)
tümähnä (inessive singular)
tümeissä (inessive plural)
tümeihnä (inessive plural)
tümästä (elative singular)
tümeistä (elative plural)
tümähen (illative singular)
tümeihen (illative plural)
tümällä (adessive singular)
tümeillä (adessive plural)
tümältä (ablative singular)
tümeiltä (ablative plural)
tümälen (allative singular)
tümälek (allative singular)
tümeilen (allative plural)
tümeilek (allative plural)
tümänä (essive singular)
tümeinä (essive plural)
tümäksi (singular translative)
tümeiksi (plural translative)
tümän (instructive singular)
tümein (instructive plural)
tümänek (comitative singular)
tümeinek (comitative plural)
tümättä (abessive singular)
tümeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: tüma

Finnish: tymä

Ingrian: tymä

Karelian: ⇒

South Karelian: tymäkkä

Veps: tümä

Votic: tümä


hulpa

hulpa (nominative singular)
hulbat (nominative plural)
hulban (accusative singular)
hulbat (accusative plural)
hulban (genitive singular)
hulpadën (genitive plural)
hulpëidën (genitive plural)
hulpada (partitive singular)
hulpëida (partitive plural)
hulbassa (inessive singular)
hulbahna (inessive singular)
hulbëissa (inessive plural)
hulbëihna (inessive plural)
hulbasta (elative singular)
hulbëista (elative plural)
hulpahën (illative singular)
hulpëihën (illative plural)
hulballa (adessive singular)
hulbëilla (adessive plural)
hulbalta (ablative singular)
hulbëilta (ablative plural)
hulpalën (allative singular)
hulpalëk (allative singular)
hulpëilën (allative plural)
hulpëilëk (allative plural)
hulpana (essive singular)
hulpëina (essive plural)
hulbaksi (singular translative)
hulbëiksi (plural translative)
hulban (instructive singular)
hulbëin (instructive plural)
hulpanëk (comitative singular)
hulpëinëk (comitative plural)
hulbatta (abessive singular)
hulbëitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: ultus, (dialectal) ulbus

desc

⇒ Finnish: hulpio, (dialectal) hulpa, hulpilo

desctree

⇒ Ingrian: hulpelo, hulpela
→ Votic: hulpelo

Karelian: hulpa, hulpilo

⇒ Livvi: hurbilo

⇒ Ludian: hurbil

⇒ Veps: hulbe

⇒ Võro: hulbõq

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)olpē


-ttu

Estonian: -tud

Finnish: -ttu

Ingrian: -ttu

Karelian: -ttu

Veps: -tud

Võro: -duq, -tuq

Votic: -ttu

The passive marker *-tta- followed by *-u or possibly *-ut (see below)

(having been) -ed; forms the past (passive) participle, which is used as an adjective.


-k'as

Estonian: -kas

Finnish: -kas

Ingrian: -kas

Karelian: -kas

Ludian: -kaz

Veps: -kaz

Võro: -kas

Votic: -kaz

From *-kka (diminutive suffix) and *-s (adjective-forming suffix).

Forms adjectives from nouns, indicating a particular abundance or general possession.


tekejä

tekejä (nominative singular)
tekejät (nominative plural)
tekejän (accusative singular)
tekejät (accusative plural)
tekejän (genitive singular)
tekejäden (genitive plural)
tekejeiden (genitive plural)
tekejätä (partitive singular)
tekejeitä (partitive plural)
tekejässä (inessive singular)
tekejähnä (inessive singular)
tekejeissä (inessive plural)
tekejeihnä (inessive plural)
tekejästä (elative singular)
tekejeistä (elative plural)
tekejäsen (illative singular)
tekejeisen (illative plural)
tekejällä (adessive singular)
tekejeillä (adessive plural)
tekejältä (ablative singular)
tekejeiltä (ablative plural)
tekejälen (allative singular)
tekejälek (allative singular)
tekejeilen (allative plural)
tekejeilek (allative plural)
tekejänä (essive singular)
tekejeinä (essive plural)
tekejäksi (singular translative)
tekejeiksi (plural translative)
tekejän (instructive singular)
tekejein (instructive plural)
tekejänek (comitative singular)
tekejeinek (comitative plural)
tekejättä (abessive singular)
tekejeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: tegija

Finnish: tekijä

Ingrian: tekijä

Karelian: tekijä

Veps: tegii

Võro: tegijä, tekij

Votic: tetšeje, (Kattila) tetšijä


kuusikkoi

kuusikkoi (nominative singular)
kuusik'oit (nominative plural)
kuusik'oin (accusative singular)
kuusik'oit (accusative plural)
kuusik'oin (genitive singular)
kuusikkoidën (genitive plural)
kuusikkoita (partitive singular)
kuusikkoita (partitive plural)
kuusik'oissa (inessive singular)
kuusik'oihna (inessive singular)
kuusik'oissa (inessive plural)
kuusik'oihna (inessive plural)
kuusik'oista (elative singular)
kuusik'oista (elative plural)
kuusikkoisën (illative singular)
kuusikkoisën (illative plural)
kuusik'oilla (adessive singular)
kuusik'oilla (adessive plural)
kuusik'oilta (ablative singular)
kuusik'oilta (ablative plural)
kuusikkoilën (allative singular)
kuusikkoilëk (allative singular)
kuusikkoilën (allative plural)
kuusikkoilëk (allative plural)
kuusikkoina (essive singular)
kuusikkoina (essive plural)
kuusik'oiksi (singular translative)
kuusik'oiksi (plural translative)
kuusik'oin (instructive singular)
kuusik'oin (instructive plural)
kuusikkoinëk (comitative singular)
kuusikkoinëk (comitative plural)
kuusik'oitta (abessive singular)
kuusik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuusik

Finnish: kuusikko

Ingrian: kuusikko

Karelian: kuusikko

Votic: kuuzikko


lihaba

lihaba (nominative singular)
lihabat (nominative plural)
lihaban (accusative singular)
lihabat (accusative plural)
lihaban (genitive singular)
lihabadën (genitive plural)
lihaboidën (genitive plural)
lihabata (partitive singular)
lihaboita (partitive plural)
lihabassa (inessive singular)
lihabahna (inessive singular)
lihaboissa (inessive plural)
lihaboihna (inessive plural)
lihabasta (elative singular)
lihaboista (elative plural)
lihabasën (illative singular)
lihaboisën (illative plural)
lihaballa (adessive singular)
lihaboilla (adessive plural)
lihabalta (ablative singular)
lihaboilta (ablative plural)
lihabalën (allative singular)
lihabalëk (allative singular)
lihaboilën (allative plural)
lihaboilëk (allative plural)
lihabana (essive singular)
lihaboina (essive plural)
lihabaksi (singular translative)
lihaboiksi (plural translative)
lihaban (instructive singular)
lihaboin (instructive plural)
lihabanëk (comitative singular)
lihaboinëk (comitative plural)
lihabatta (abessive singular)
lihaboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lihav

Finnish: lihava

Ingrian: lihava

Karelian: lihava

Livonian: liebi

Livvi: lihau

Ludian: lihau

Veps: lihav

Võro: lihhav

Votic: lihavõ


-minën

-minën / *-minen (canonical)
-minën (nominative singular)
-micet (nominative plural)
-micen (accusative singular)
-micet (accusative plural)
-micen (genitive singular)
-mictën (genitive plural)
-micidën (genitive plural)
-micta (partitive singular)
-micida (partitive plural)
-micessa (inessive singular)
-micehna (inessive singular)
-micissa (inessive plural)
-micihna (inessive plural)
-micesta (elative singular)
-micista (elative plural)
-micehën (illative singular)
-micihën (illative plural)
-micella (adessive singular)
-micilla (adessive plural)
-micelta (ablative singular)
-micilta (ablative plural)
-micelën (allative singular)
-micelëk (allative singular)
-micilën (allative plural)
-micilëk (allative plural)
-minna (essive singular)
-micina (essive plural)
-miceksi (singular translative)
-miciksi (plural translative)
-micen (instructive singular)
-micin (instructive plural)
-minnëk (comitative singular)
-micinëk (comitative plural)
-micetta (abessive singular)
-micitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -mine

Finnish: -minen

Karelian: -mine

Veps: -mine

Võro: -minõ

Votic: -miin

Forms nouns from verbs, indicating the action of the verb itself.


viicikkoi

viicikkoi (nominative singular)
viicik'oit (nominative plural)
viicik'oin (accusative singular)
viicik'oit (accusative plural)
viicik'oin (genitive singular)
viicikkoidën (genitive plural)
viicikkoita (partitive singular)
viicikkoita (partitive plural)
viicik'oissa (inessive singular)
viicik'oihna (inessive singular)
viicik'oissa (inessive plural)
viicik'oihna (inessive plural)
viicik'oista (elative singular)
viicik'oista (elative plural)
viicikkoisën (illative singular)
viicikkoisën (illative plural)
viicik'oilla (adessive singular)
viicik'oilla (adessive plural)
viicik'oilta (ablative singular)
viicik'oilta (ablative plural)
viicikkoilën (allative singular)
viicikkoilëk (allative singular)
viicikkoilën (allative plural)
viicikkoilëk (allative plural)
viicikkoina (essive singular)
viicikkoina (essive plural)
viicik'oiksi (singular translative)
viicik'oiksi (plural translative)
viicik'oin (instructive singular)
viicik'oin (instructive plural)
viicikkoinëk (comitative singular)
viicikkoinëk (comitative plural)
viicik'oitta (abessive singular)
viicik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: viisik

Finnish: viisikko

Karelian: viisikkö

Võro: viisik

Votic: viizikko


-ikkoi

-ikkoi (nominative singular)
-ik'oit (nominative plural)
-ik'oin (accusative singular)
-ik'oit (accusative plural)
-ik'oin (genitive singular)
-ikkoidën (genitive plural)
-ikkoita (partitive singular)
-ikkoita (partitive plural)
-ik'oissa (inessive singular)
-ik'oihna (inessive singular)
-ik'oissa (inessive plural)
-ik'oihna (inessive plural)
-ik'oista (elative singular)
-ik'oista (elative plural)
-ikkoisën (illative singular)
-ikkoisën (illative plural)
-ik'oilla (adessive singular)
-ik'oilla (adessive plural)
-ik'oilta (ablative singular)
-ik'oilta (ablative plural)
-ikkoilën (allative singular)
-ikkoilëk (allative singular)
-ikkoilën (allative plural)
-ikkoilëk (allative plural)
-ikkoina (essive singular)
-ikkoina (essive plural)
-ik'oiksi (singular translative)
-ik'oiksi (plural translative)
-ik'oin (instructive singular)
-ik'oin (instructive plural)
-ikkoinëk (comitative singular)
-ikkoinëk (comitative plural)
-ik'oitta (abessive singular)
-ik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -ik

Finnish: -ikko

Ingrian: -ikko

Karelian: -ikko

Veps: -ik

Võro: -ik

Votic: -ikko

Forms nouns indicating a group of things.


ikäbä

ikäbä (nominative singular)
ikäbät (nominative plural)
ikäbän (accusative singular)
ikäbät (accusative plural)
ikäbän (genitive singular)
ikäbäden (genitive plural)
ikäbeiden (genitive plural)
ikäbätä (partitive singular)
ikäbeitä (partitive plural)
ikäbässä (inessive singular)
ikäbähnä (inessive singular)
ikäbeissä (inessive plural)
ikäbeihnä (inessive plural)
ikäbästä (elative singular)
ikäbeistä (elative plural)
ikäbäsen (illative singular)
ikäbeisen (illative plural)
ikäbällä (adessive singular)
ikäbeillä (adessive plural)
ikäbältä (ablative singular)
ikäbeiltä (ablative plural)
ikäbälen (allative singular)
ikäbälek (allative singular)
ikäbeilen (allative plural)
ikäbeilek (allative plural)
ikäbänä (essive singular)
ikäbeinä (essive plural)
ikäbäksi (singular translative)
ikäbeiksi (plural translative)
ikäbän (instructive singular)
ikäbein (instructive plural)
ikäbänek (comitative singular)
ikäbeinek (comitative plural)
ikäbättä (abessive singular)
ikäbeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: igav

Finnish: ikävä

→ Inari Sami: ahheev

Ingrian: ikävä

Karelian:

North Karelian: ikävä

South Karelian: igävä

Livonian: igāb

Livvi: igävy, igäy

Ludian: igäu

Võro: ikäv

Votic: itšäve


kuucikkoi

kuucikkoi (nominative singular)
kuucik'oit (nominative plural)
kuucik'oin (accusative singular)
kuucik'oit (accusative plural)
kuucik'oin (genitive singular)
kuucikkoidën (genitive plural)
kuucikkoita (partitive singular)
kuucikkoita (partitive plural)
kuucik'oissa (inessive singular)
kuucik'oihna (inessive singular)
kuucik'oissa (inessive plural)
kuucik'oihna (inessive plural)
kuucik'oista (elative singular)
kuucik'oista (elative plural)
kuucikkoisën (illative singular)
kuucikkoisën (illative plural)
kuucik'oilla (adessive singular)
kuucik'oilla (adessive plural)
kuucik'oilta (ablative singular)
kuucik'oilta (ablative plural)
kuucikkoilën (allative singular)
kuucikkoilëk (allative singular)
kuucikkoilën (allative plural)
kuucikkoilëk (allative plural)
kuucikkoina (essive singular)
kuucikkoina (essive plural)
kuucik'oiksi (singular translative)
kuucik'oiksi (plural translative)
kuucik'oin (instructive singular)
kuucik'oin (instructive plural)
kuucikkoinëk (comitative singular)
kuucikkoinëk (comitative plural)
kuucik'oitta (abessive singular)
kuucik'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kuusikko

Ingrian: kuusikko

Karelian: kuusikko

Votic: kuuzikko


kakcikkoi

kakcikkoi (nominative singular)
kakcik'oit (nominative plural)
kakcik'oin (accusative singular)
kakcik'oit (accusative plural)
kakcik'oin (genitive singular)
kakcikkoidën (genitive plural)
kakcikkoita (partitive singular)
kakcikkoita (partitive plural)
kakcik'oissa (inessive singular)
kakcik'oihna (inessive singular)
kakcik'oissa (inessive plural)
kakcik'oihna (inessive plural)
kakcik'oista (elative singular)
kakcik'oista (elative plural)
kakcikkoisën (illative singular)
kakcikkoisën (illative plural)
kakcik'oilla (adessive singular)
kakcik'oilla (adessive plural)
kakcik'oilta (ablative singular)
kakcik'oilta (ablative plural)
kakcikkoilën (allative singular)
kakcikkoilëk (allative singular)
kakcikkoilën (allative plural)
kakcikkoilëk (allative plural)
kakcikkoina (essive singular)
kakcikkoina (essive plural)
kakcik'oiksi (singular translative)
kakcik'oiksi (plural translative)
kakcik'oin (instructive singular)
kakcik'oin (instructive plural)
kakcikkoinëk (comitative singular)
kakcikkoinëk (comitative plural)
kakcik'oitta (abessive singular)
kakcik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaksik

Finnish: kaksikko

Ingrian: kaksikko

Karelian: kaksikko

Veps: kaksik

Võro: katsik

Votic: kahzikko


-nut

-nut / *-nüt (canonical)
-nut (nominative singular)
-nudët (nominative plural)
-nudën (accusative singular)
-nudët (accusative plural)
-nudën (genitive singular)
-nut'ën (genitive plural)
-nucidën (genitive plural)
-nutta (partitive singular)
-nucida (partitive plural)
-nudëssa (inessive singular)
-nudëhna (inessive singular)
-nucissa (inessive plural)
-nucihna (inessive plural)
-nudësta (elative singular)
-nucista (elative plural)
-nutëhën (illative singular)
-nucihën (illative plural)
-nudëlla (adessive singular)
-nucilla (adessive plural)
-nudëlta (ablative singular)
-nucilta (ablative plural)
-nutëlën (allative singular)
-nutëlëk (allative singular)
-nucilën (allative plural)
-nucilëk (allative plural)
-nunna (essive singular)
-nucina (essive plural)
-nudëksi (singular translative)
-nuciksi (plural translative)
-nudën (instructive singular)
-nucin (instructive plural)
-nunnëk (comitative singular)
-nucinëk (comitative plural)
-nudëtta (abessive singular)
-nucitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -nud

Finnish: -nut

Ingrian: -nt, -nut

Karelian: -nut

Livvi: -nuh

Veps: -nud

Võro: -nuq

Votic: -nut

The final *-Ut may be the same as the adjectival suffix *-ut, and possibly also be shared with *-ttu, especially if it was originally *-t'ut as more recent evidence would suggest. If so, the suffix is *-n(V)-ut. The origin of the initial part is not known, but it is not impossible that it is simply, or is related to, the suffix *-na, either in the locative or diminutive sense, or to the genitive ending *-n (the Uralic genitive ending may have had multiple uses as an adjectival and adverbial suffix).

(having) -ed; forms the past (active) participle, which is used as an adjective.


kolmikkoi

kolmikkoi (nominative singular)
kolmik'oit (nominative plural)
kolmik'oin (accusative singular)
kolmik'oit (accusative plural)
kolmik'oin (genitive singular)
kolmikkoidën (genitive plural)
kolmikkoita (partitive singular)
kolmikkoita (partitive plural)
kolmik'oissa (inessive singular)
kolmik'oihna (inessive singular)
kolmik'oissa (inessive plural)
kolmik'oihna (inessive plural)
kolmik'oista (elative singular)
kolmik'oista (elative plural)
kolmikkoisën (illative singular)
kolmikkoisën (illative plural)
kolmik'oilla (adessive singular)
kolmik'oilla (adessive plural)
kolmik'oilta (ablative singular)
kolmik'oilta (ablative plural)
kolmikkoilën (allative singular)
kolmikkoilëk (allative singular)
kolmikkoilën (allative plural)
kolmikkoilëk (allative plural)
kolmikkoina (essive singular)
kolmikkoina (essive plural)
kolmik'oiksi (singular translative)
kolmik'oiksi (plural translative)
kolmik'oin (instructive singular)
kolmik'oin (instructive plural)
kolmikkoinëk (comitative singular)
kolmikkoinëk (comitative plural)
kolmik'oitta (abessive singular)
kolmik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kolmik

Finnish: kolmikko

Karelian: kolmikko

Veps: koumik

Võro: kolmik

Votic: kõlmikko


neljikkoi

neljikkoi (nominative singular)
neljik'oit (nominative plural)
neljik'oin (accusative singular)
neljik'oit (accusative plural)
neljik'oin (genitive singular)
neljikkoidën (genitive plural)
neljikkoita (partitive singular)
neljikkoita (partitive plural)
neljik'oissa (inessive singular)
neljik'oihna (inessive singular)
neljik'oissa (inessive plural)
neljik'oihna (inessive plural)
neljik'oista (elative singular)
neljik'oista (elative plural)
neljikkoisën (illative singular)
neljikkoisën (illative plural)
neljik'oilla (adessive singular)
neljik'oilla (adessive plural)
neljik'oilta (ablative singular)
neljik'oilta (ablative plural)
neljikkoilën (allative singular)
neljikkoilëk (allative singular)
neljikkoilën (allative plural)
neljikkoilëk (allative plural)
neljikkoina (essive singular)
neljikkoina (essive plural)
neljik'oiksi (singular translative)
neljik'oiksi (plural translative)
neljik'oin (instructive singular)
neljik'oin (instructive plural)
neljikkoinëk (comitative singular)
neljikkoinëk (comitative plural)
neljik'oitta (abessive singular)
neljik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nelik

Finnish: nelikko, nelikkö

Karelian: neljikkö

Veps: nellik

Võro: nelik, nellik

Votic: nelʹlʹikko


-ut

-ut / *-üt (canonical)
-ut (nominative singular)
-udët (nominative plural)
-udën (accusative singular)
-udët (accusative plural)
-udën (genitive singular)
-ut'ën (genitive plural)
-ucidën (genitive plural)
-utta (partitive singular)
-ucita (partitive plural)
-udëssa (inessive singular)
-udëhna (inessive singular)
-ucissa (inessive plural)
-ucihna (inessive plural)
-udësta (elative singular)
-ucista (elative plural)
-udësën (illative singular)
-ucisën (illative plural)
-udëlla (adessive singular)
-ucilla (adessive plural)
-udëlta (ablative singular)
-ucilta (ablative plural)
-udëlën (allative singular)
-udëlëk (allative singular)
-ucilën (allative plural)
-ucilëk (allative plural)
-unna (essive singular)
-ucina (essive plural)
-udëksi (singular translative)
-uciksi (plural translative)
-udën (instructive singular)
-ucin (instructive plural)
-unnëk (comitative singular)
-ucinëk (comitative plural)
-udëtta (abessive singular)
-ucitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: -ut

Ingrian: -ut

Originally an adjectival suffix, from earlier *-wta, roughly equivalent to *-u + *-(e)ta. Later turned into a consonant stem, as the final *a was lost (like in *-in) and the affix became an e-stem in most descendants by analogy with other consonant stems: an earlier *-ute would have regularly gone through *-ute > *-uti > *-uci > *-uc. The original vowel is further shown in e.g. Estonian lühida and dialectal Finnish lyhvä, lyhyvä, lyhyä. Usage as a diminutive suffix is more recent.


oncca

oncca (nominative singular)
onc'at (nominative plural)
onc'an (accusative singular)
onc'at (accusative plural)
onc'an (genitive singular)
onccadën (genitive plural)
onccëidën (genitive plural)
onccada (partitive singular)
onccëida (partitive plural)
onc'assa (inessive singular)
onc'ahna (inessive singular)
onc'ëissa (inessive plural)
onc'ëihna (inessive plural)
onc'asta (elative singular)
onc'ëista (elative plural)
onccahën (illative singular)
onccëihën (illative plural)
onc'alla (adessive singular)
onc'ëilla (adessive plural)
onc'alta (ablative singular)
onc'ëilta (ablative plural)
onccalën (allative singular)
onccalëk (allative singular)
onccëilën (allative plural)
onccëilëk (allative plural)
onccana (essive singular)
onccëina (essive plural)
onc'aksi (singular translative)
onc'ëiksi (plural translative)
onc'an (instructive singular)
onc'ëin (instructive plural)
onccanëk (comitative singular)
onccëinëk (comitative plural)
onc'atta (abessive singular)
onc'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ots

Finnish: otsa

Ingrian: otsa

Karelian:

North Karelian: očča

South Karelian: očča

Livonian: vȱntsa

Livvi: očču

Ludian: occ

Veps: oc

Võro: ots

Votic: õttsõ

→ Sami:

Akkala Sami: [script needed] (oats)

Kildin Sami: вуэһць (vuehc’)

desc

ᵛi̮ə̑ɔ̄t̜s̜ɛ

Ter Sami: [script needed] (ᵛi̮ə̑ɔ̄t̜s̜ɛ)

Uncertain. Possibly related to Eastern Mari [script needed] (ońt́śəl), Komi-Zyrian водз (vodź) and Udmurt азь (aź). The word has also been considered a possible Germanic loan from Proto-Germanic *anþiją (compare Old High German endi (“forehead”)), in which case the borrowing would have to be very early (among the earliest Germanic loans), with borrowing from early Proto-Finnic into more eastern Uralic languages. In the past the word has also been considered a cognate of Hungarian agy, but this comparison is no longer held to be correct.


tüt'är

tüt'är (nominative singular)
tüttäret (nominative plural)
tüttären (accusative singular)
tüttäret (accusative plural)
tüttären (genitive singular)
tüt'ärden (genitive plural)
tüttäriden (genitive plural)
tüt'ärtä (partitive singular)
tüttäritä (partitive plural)
tüttäressä (inessive singular)
tüttärehnä (inessive singular)
tüttärissä (inessive plural)
tüttärihnä (inessive plural)
tüttärestä (elative singular)
tüttäristä (elative plural)
tüttäresen (illative singular)
tüttärisen (illative plural)
tüttärellä (adessive singular)
tüttärillä (adessive plural)
tüttäreltä (ablative singular)
tüttäriltä (ablative plural)
tüttärelen (allative singular)
tüttärelek (allative singular)
tüttärilen (allative plural)
tüttärilek (allative plural)
tüt'ärnä (essive singular)
tüttärinä (essive plural)
tüttäreksi (singular translative)
tüttäriksi (plural translative)
tüttären (instructive singular)
tüttärin (instructive plural)
tüt'ärnek (comitative singular)
tüttärinek (comitative plural)
tüttärettä (abessive singular)
tüttärittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: tütar

Finnish: tytär

Ingrian: tytär, (dialectal) tyär

Karelian:

North Karelian: tytär

South Karelian: tytär

Livonian: tidār

Livvi: tytär

Ludian: ťüťär

Veps: tütär

Võro: tütär'

Votic: tütär

Borrowed from Proto-Balto-Slavic *duktḗ (or a descendant from a Baltic language). Cognate with Proto-Samic *tëktēr.


teeto

teeto (nominative singular)
teedot (nominative plural)
teedon (accusative singular)
teedot (accusative plural)
teedon (genitive singular)
teetodën (genitive plural)
teetoidën (genitive plural)
teetoda (partitive singular)
teetoida (partitive plural)
teedossa (inessive singular)
teedohna (inessive singular)
teedoissa (inessive plural)
teedoihna (inessive plural)
teedosta (elative singular)
teedoista (elative plural)
teetohën (illative singular)
teetoihën (illative plural)
teedolla (adessive singular)
teedoilla (adessive plural)
teedolta (ablative singular)
teedoilta (ablative plural)
teetolën (allative singular)
teetolëk (allative singular)
teetoilën (allative plural)
teetoilëk (allative plural)
teetona (essive singular)
teetoina (essive plural)
teedoksi (singular translative)
teedoiksi (plural translative)
teedon (instructive singular)
teedoin (instructive plural)
teetonëk (comitative singular)
teetoinëk (comitative plural)
teedotta (abessive singular)
teedoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tead

Finnish: tieto

Ingrian: tiito

Karelian: tieto

Ludian: tied

Veps: tedo

Votic: (Jõgõperä) tääto


kankëda

Estonian: kange

Finnish: kankea

Ingrian: kankia

Karelian: kankie

Livonian: kangtõ

Veps: kanged

Võro: kangõ

Votic: kankia

Probably from earlier *kënke-ta (with the suffix *-ëda), from Proto-Uralic *kënka-, *kënke- (“to climb, crawl”). The derivative *kangërtadak has stayed closer to the original meaning.


makëda

Estonian: mage

Finnish: makea

Ingrian: makkia

Karelian: (Northern) makie, (Southern) magie

Livonian: magd

Livvi: magei

Ludian: maged

Veps: maged

Võro: makõ

Votic: makkia


karkëda

Estonian: karge

Finnish: karkea

Ingrian: karkia

Karelian: karkie, kargie

Livvi: kargei

Ludian: karged

Veps: karged

Votic: karka

→ Proto-Samic: *kārkkë

Northern Sami: gárkkis

Skolt Sami: [Term?] (kar̀ʿkkɐ̑ᴅ)

Akkala Sami: [script needed] (kark̄eđ)

Kildin Sami: коа̄ҏҏкэ (kåår̥r̥ke) (obsolete)

Ter Sami: [script needed] (kārhki̊ᵢt)

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *karketa, akin to Komi курыд (kuryd, “bitter”), Udmurt курыт (kuryt, “bitter”). Derivation as *karvas (“bitter”) + *-këda may also be possible.


tärkedä

tärkedä (nominative singular)
tärkedät (nominative plural)
tärkedän (accusative singular)
tärkedät (accusative plural)
tärkedän (genitive singular)
tärkedäden (genitive plural)
tärkedeiden (genitive plural)
tärkedätä (partitive singular)
tärkedeitä (partitive plural)
tärkedässä (inessive singular)
tärkedähnä (inessive singular)
tärkedeissä (inessive plural)
tärkedeihnä (inessive plural)
tärkedästä (elative singular)
tärkedeistä (elative plural)
tärkedäsen (illative singular)
tärkedeisen (illative plural)
tärkedällä (adessive singular)
tärkedeillä (adessive plural)
tärkedältä (ablative singular)
tärkedeiltä (ablative plural)
tärkedälen (allative singular)
tärkedälek (allative singular)
tärkedeilen (allative plural)
tärkedeilek (allative plural)
tärkedänä (essive singular)
tärkedeinä (essive plural)
tärkedäksi (singular translative)
tärkedeiksi (plural translative)
tärkedän (instructive singular)
tärkedein (instructive plural)
tärkedänek (comitative singular)
tärkedeinek (comitative plural)
tärkedättä (abessive singular)
tärkedeittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: tärkeä

Karelian: tärkie

Veps: tärged

Fronted variant of *tarkëda (whence Finnish tarkea, Karelian tarkie), which is akin to *tarkka (the adjective ending has been swapped; *-ëda/*-këda ~ *-kka).


sakëda

sakëda (nominative singular)
sakëdat (nominative plural)
sakëdan (accusative singular)
sakëdat (accusative plural)
sakëdan (genitive singular)
sakëdadën (genitive plural)
sakëdëidën (genitive plural)
sakëdata (partitive singular)
sakëdëita (partitive plural)
sakëdassa (inessive singular)
sakëdahna (inessive singular)
sakëdëissa (inessive plural)
sakëdëihna (inessive plural)
sakëdasta (elative singular)
sakëdëista (elative plural)
sakëdasën (illative singular)
sakëdëisën (illative plural)
sakëdalla (adessive singular)
sakëdëilla (adessive plural)
sakëdalta (ablative singular)
sakëdëilta (ablative plural)
sakëdalën (allative singular)
sakëdalëk (allative singular)
sakëdëilën (allative plural)
sakëdëilëk (allative plural)
sakëdana (essive singular)
sakëdëina (essive plural)
sakëdaksi (singular translative)
sakëdëiksi (plural translative)
sakëdan (instructive singular)
sakëdëin (instructive plural)
sakëdanëk (comitative singular)
sakëdëinëk (comitative plural)
sakëdatta (abessive singular)
sakëdëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sage

Finnish: sakea

Ingrian: sakkia

Karelian: (Northern) šakie, (Southern) šagie

Livvi: sagei

Ludian: saged

Veps: saged

Võro: sakõ

Votic: sakka

Proto-Finno-Permic *sake + *-ëda. Cognate to Proto-Samic *suokëtē (“thick, fat”) and Proto-Permic *suk. Also related to *sakka.


sokëda

sokëda (nominative singular)
sokëdat (nominative plural)
sokëdan (accusative singular)
sokëdat (accusative plural)
sokëdan (genitive singular)
sokëdadën (genitive plural)
sokëdëidën (genitive plural)
sokëdata (partitive singular)
sokëdëita (partitive plural)
sokëdassa (inessive singular)
sokëdahna (inessive singular)
sokëdëissa (inessive plural)
sokëdëihna (inessive plural)
sokëdasta (elative singular)
sokëdëista (elative plural)
sokëdasën (illative singular)
sokëdëisën (illative plural)
sokëdalla (adessive singular)
sokëdëilla (adessive plural)
sokëdalta (ablative singular)
sokëdëilta (ablative plural)
sokëdalën (allative singular)
sokëdalëk (allative singular)
sokëdëilën (allative plural)
sokëdëilëk (allative plural)
sokëdana (essive singular)
sokëdëina (essive plural)
sokëdaksi (singular translative)
sokëdëiksi (plural translative)
sokëdan (instructive singular)
sokëdëin (instructive plural)
sokëdanëk (comitative singular)
sokëdëinëk (comitative plural)
sokëdatta (abessive singular)
sokëdëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sõge

Finnish: sokea, sokko

Ingrian: sokkia

Karelian: (Northern) šokie, (Southern) šogie

Livonian: sogd

Livvi: sogei

Veps: soged

Võro: sõkõ

Votic: sõkka

Unknown, but apparently contains the suffix *-ëda. At times a root *soka (“filth”) has been posited. For the semantics "filth" > "blind", compare how Proto-Germanic *blindaz (“blind”) was derived from *blandaną (“to make murky”).


selkedä

selkedä (nominative singular)
selkedät (nominative plural)
selkedän (accusative singular)
selkedät (accusative plural)
selkedän (genitive singular)
selkedäden (genitive plural)
selkedeiden (genitive plural)
selkedätä (partitive singular)
selkedeitä (partitive plural)
selkedässä (inessive singular)
selkedähnä (inessive singular)
selkedeissä (inessive plural)
selkedeihnä (inessive plural)
selkedästä (elative singular)
selkedeistä (elative plural)
selkedäsen (illative singular)
selkedeisen (illative plural)
selkedällä (adessive singular)
selkedeillä (adessive plural)
selkedältä (ablative singular)
selkedeiltä (ablative plural)
selkedälen (allative singular)
selkedälek (allative singular)
selkedeilen (allative plural)
selkedeilek (allative plural)
selkedänä (essive singular)
selkedeinä (essive plural)
selkedäksi (singular translative)
selkedeiksi (plural translative)
selkedän (instructive singular)
selkedein (instructive plural)
selkedänek (comitative singular)
selkedeinek (comitative plural)
selkedättä (abessive singular)
selkedeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: selge

Finnish: selkeä

Ingrian: selkiä

Karelian:

North Karelian: šelkie

South Karelian: šelgie, selgie

Livvi: selgei

Veps: sel'ged

Võro: selge

Votic: seltšiä

Unknown, but apparently contains the suffix *-ëda. Related to Proto-Samic *čielkë. Compare *selvä, which may be derived from the same root. Has been compared with Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- as well.


jutta

jutta (nominative singular)
jut'at (nominative plural)
jut'an (accusative singular)
jut'at (accusative plural)
jut'an (genitive singular)
juttadën (genitive plural)
juttëidën (genitive plural)
juttada (partitive singular)
juttëida (partitive plural)
jut'assa (inessive singular)
jut'ahna (inessive singular)
jut'ëissa (inessive plural)
jut'ëihna (inessive plural)
jut'asta (elative singular)
jut'ëista (elative plural)
juttahën (illative singular)
juttëihën (illative plural)
jut'alla (adessive singular)
jut'ëilla (adessive plural)
jut'alta (ablative singular)
jut'ëilta (ablative plural)
juttalën (allative singular)
juttalëk (allative singular)
juttëilën (allative plural)
juttëilëk (allative plural)
juttana (essive singular)
juttëina (essive plural)
jut'aksi (singular translative)
jut'ëiksi (plural translative)
jut'an (instructive singular)
jut'ëin (instructive plural)
juttanëk (comitative singular)
juttëinëk (comitative plural)
jut'atta (abessive singular)
jut'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: jutt

Finnish: jutta

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic *jutas (compare Latvian jūtis, Lithuanian jautis).


jutta

Finnish: jutta

Livonian: jutā

Estonian: jutt

Võro: jutt'


kokta

kokta (nominative singular)
koktat (nominative plural)
koktan (accusative singular)
koktat (accusative plural)
koktan (genitive singular)
koktadën (genitive plural)
koktëidën (genitive plural)
koktada (partitive singular)
koktëida (partitive plural)
koktassa (inessive singular)
koktahna (inessive singular)
koktëissa (inessive plural)
koktëihna (inessive plural)
koktasta (elative singular)
koktëista (elative plural)
koktahën (illative singular)
koktëihën (illative plural)
koktalla (adessive singular)
koktëilla (adessive plural)
koktalta (ablative singular)
koktëilta (ablative plural)
koktalën (allative singular)
koktalëk (allative singular)
koktëilën (allative plural)
koktëilëk (allative plural)
koktana (essive singular)
koktëina (essive plural)
koktaksi (singular translative)
koktëiksi (plural translative)
koktan (instructive singular)
koktëin (instructive plural)
koktanëk (comitative singular)
koktëinëk (comitative plural)
koktatta (abessive singular)
koktëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: koht

Finnish: kohta

Ingrian: kohta

Karelian:

North Karelian: kohta

South Karelian: kohta

⇒ Livonian: kū’oḑi

Livvi: kohtu

Ludian: koht

Veps: koht

⇒ Võro: kotus

Votic: kõhtõ

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *kopta. Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic *kokta (whence Latvian kakts (“corner, nook”), Lithuanian kakta (“forehead”)).


sööttädäk

sööttä- (stem)
sööt'än (first-person present singular)
sööt'ein (first-person past singular)
sööttägon (first-person optative singular)
sööt'ät (present second-person singular)
sööt'eit (past second-person singular)
sööt'äk (imperative second-person singular)
sööttägos (optative second-person singular)
sööttäbi (present singular third-person)
sööttä (present singular third-person)
sööttei (past singular third-person)
sööttägäsen (imperative singular third-person)
sööttägosen (optative singular third-person)
sööt'äkmek (first-person plural present)
sööt'äkmäk (first-person plural present)
söötteimek (first-person past plural)
söötteimäk (first-person past plural)
sööttägätemek (first-person imperative plural)
sööttägätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
sööttägotemek (first-person optative plural)
sööttägotämäk (first-person optative plural)
sööt'äktek (plural present second-person)
sööt'äktäk (plural present second-person)
söötteidek (past plural second-person)
söötteidäk (past plural second-person)
sööttägäte (imperative plural second-person)
sööttägätä (imperative plural second-person)
sööttägot'ek (optative plural second-person)
sööttägotädäk (optative plural second-person)
sööttäbät (plural present third-person)
sööttä (plural present third-person)
sööttei (past plural third-person)
sööttägäsen (imperative plural third-person)
sööttägosen (optative plural third-person)
sööt'äksen (passive present)
sööt'ät'äksen (passive present)
sööttädisen (passive past)
sööt'ättisen (passive past)
sööttädäkähen (imperative passive)
sööt'ättäkähen (imperative passive)
sööttädäkohen (optative passive)
sööt'ättäkohen (optative passive)
sööt'äk (connegative present)
sööttägäk (connegative imperative)
sööttägok (connegative optative)
sööt'äktäk (connegative passive present)
sööttädägäk (connegative imperative passive)
sööt'ättägäk (connegative imperative passive)
sööttädägok (connegative optative passive)
sööt'ättägok (connegative optative passive)
sööt'äkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
söötteicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
sööttänen (first-person potential singular)
sööt'äkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
söötteicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
sööttänet (potential second-person singular)
sööt'äkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
söötteici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
sööttäni (potential singular third-person)
sööt'äkcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
sööt'äkcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
söötteicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
söötteicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
sööttänemek (first-person plural potential)
sööttänemäk (first-person plural potential)
sööt'äkcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
sööt'äkcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
söötteicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
söötteicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
sööttänedek (plural potential second-person)
sööttänedäk (plural potential second-person)
sööt'äkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
söötteici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
sööttäni (plural potential third-person)
sööttädäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
sööt'ät'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
sööttädicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
sööt'ätticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
sööttädänehen (passive potential)
sööt'ättänehen (passive potential)
sööt'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
söötteicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
sööttänek (connegative potential)
sööttädäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
sööt'ät'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
sööttädicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
sööt'ätticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
sööttädänek (connegative passive potential)
sööt'ättänek (connegative passive potential)
sööttädäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
sööttäbä (active participle present)
sööttädäpä (participle passive present)
sööt'ättäpä (participle passive present)
sööttäde- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
sööttänüt (active participle past)
sööttädü (participle passive past)
sööt'ättü (participle passive past)
sööttämä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
sööttäminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: söötma/sööta

Finnish: syöttää

Ingrian: sööttää

Karelian: syötteä

Veps: sötta

Võro: süütmä/süütäq

Votic: süüttä


voitadak

voita- (stem)
voidan (first-person present singular)
voidëin (first-person past singular)
voitagon (first-person optative singular)
voidat (present second-person singular)
voidëit (past second-person singular)
voidak (imperative second-person singular)
voitagos (optative second-person singular)
voitabi (present singular third-person)
voita (present singular third-person)
voitëi (past singular third-person)
voitagasën (imperative singular third-person)
voitagosën (optative singular third-person)
voidakmëk (first-person plural present)
voidakmak (first-person plural present)
voitëimëk (first-person past plural)
voitëimak (first-person past plural)
voitagatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
voitagatamak (first-person imperative plural)
voitagotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
voitagotamak (first-person optative plural)
voidaktëk (plural present second-person)
voidaktak (plural present second-person)
voitëidëk (past plural second-person)
voitëidak (past plural second-person)
voitagatë (imperative plural second-person)
voitagata (imperative plural second-person)
voitagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
voitagotadak (optative plural second-person)
voitabat (plural present third-person)
voita (plural present third-person)
voitëi (past plural third-person)
voitagasën (imperative plural third-person)
voitagosën (optative plural third-person)
voidaksën (passive present)
voidat'aksën (passive present)
voitadisën (passive past)
voidattisën (passive past)
voitadakahën (imperative passive)
voidattakahën (imperative passive)
voitadakohën (optative passive)
voidattakohën (optative passive)
voidak (connegative present)
voitagak (connegative imperative)
voitagok (connegative optative)
voidaktak (connegative passive present)
voitadagak (connegative imperative passive)
voidattagak (connegative imperative passive)
voitadagok (connegative optative passive)
voidattagok (connegative optative passive)
voidakcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
voitëicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
voitanën (first-person potential singular)
voidakcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
voitëicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
voitanët (potential second-person singular)
voidakci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
voitëici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
voitani (potential singular third-person)
voidakcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
voidakcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
voitëicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
voitëicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
voitanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
voitanëmak (first-person plural potential)
voidakcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
voidakcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
voitëicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
voitëicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
voitanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
voitanëdak (plural potential second-person)
voidakci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
voitëici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
voitani (plural potential third-person)
voitadakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
voidat'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
voitadicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
voidatticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
voitadanëhën (passive potential)
voidattanëhën (passive potential)
voidakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
voitëicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
voitanëk (connegative potential)
voitadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
voidat'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
voitadicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
voidatticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
voitadanëk (connegative passive potential)
voidattanëk (connegative passive potential)
voitadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
voitaba (active participle present)
voitadapa (participle passive present)
voidattapa (participle passive present)
voitadë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
voitanut (active participle past)
voitadu (participle passive past)
voidattu (participle passive past)
voitama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
voitaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: võidma/võida

Finnish: voitaa (obsolete)

Ingrian: voitaa

Karelian: voitoa

Ludian: voita

Veps: voita

Võro: võidma/võidaq

Votic: võita

From *voi + *-tadak. Cognate to Proto-Samic *vuojtëtēk.


up'ot'ak

uppoda- (stem)
uppodan (first-person present singular)
uppocin (first-person past singular)
up'otkon (first-person optative singular)
uppodat (present second-person singular)
uppocit (past second-person singular)
uppodak (imperative second-person singular)
up'otkos (optative second-person singular)
uppodapi (present singular third-person)
up'ot (present singular third-person)
uppoci (past singular third-person)
up'otkasën (imperative singular third-person)
up'otkosën (optative singular third-person)
uppodakmëk (first-person plural present)
uppodakmak (first-person plural present)
uppocimëk (first-person past plural)
uppocimak (first-person past plural)
up'otkatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
up'otkatamak (first-person imperative plural)
up'otkotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
up'otkotamak (first-person optative plural)
uppodaktëk (plural present second-person)
uppodaktak (plural present second-person)
uppocidëk (past plural second-person)
uppocidak (past plural second-person)
up'otkatë (imperative plural second-person)
up'otkata (imperative plural second-person)
up'otkot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
up'otkotadak (optative plural second-person)
uppodabat (plural present third-person)
up'ot (plural present third-person)
uppoci (past plural third-person)
up'otkasën (imperative plural third-person)
up'otkosën (optative plural third-person)
uppodaksën (passive present)
uppodat'aksën (passive present)
up'ottisën (passive past)
uppodattihën (passive past)
up'ottakahën (imperative passive)
uppodattagasën (imperative passive)
up'ottakohën (optative passive)
uppodattagosën (optative passive)
uppodak (connegative present)
up'otkak (connegative imperative)
up'otkok (connegative optative)
uppodaktak (connegative passive present)
up'ottagak (connegative imperative passive)
uppodattagak (connegative imperative passive)
up'ottagok (connegative optative passive)
uppodattagok (connegative optative passive)
uppodakcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
uppocicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
up'onnën (first-person potential singular)
uppodakcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
uppocicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
up'onnët (potential second-person singular)
uppodakci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
uppocici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
up'onni (potential singular third-person)
uppodakcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
uppodakcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
uppocicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
uppocicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
up'onnëmëk (first-person plural potential)
up'onnëmak (first-person plural potential)
uppodakcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
uppodakcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
uppocicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
uppocicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
up'onnëdëk (plural potential second-person)
up'onnëdak (plural potential second-person)
uppodakci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
uppocici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
up'onni (plural potential third-person)
up'ot'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
uppodat'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
up'otticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
uppodatticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
up'ottanëhën (passive potential)
uppodattanësën (passive potential)
uppodakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
uppocicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
up'onnëk (connegative potential)
up'ot'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
uppodat'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
up'otticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
uppodatticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
up'ottanëk (connegative passive potential)
uppodattanëk (connegative passive potential)
up'ot'ak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
uppodapa (active participle present)
up'ottapa (participle passive present)
uppodattaba (participle passive present)
up'ottë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
up'onnut (active participle past)
up'ottu (participle passive past)
uppodattu (participle passive past)
uppodama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
uppodaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: uppuma/uppuda

Finnish: upota

Ingrian: upota

Karelian:

North Karelian: upota

South Karelian: upota

Livonian: ⇒ upāndõ

Livvi: upota

Ludian: upota

Veps: upota

Võro: uppuma/uppudaq

Votic: upotõ

Probably from Proto-Finno-Permic *uppa/*wuppa (“suffocating”) (whence Erzya опамомс (opamoms, “to suffocate”)) with semantic development "to suffocate" > "to drown" > "to sink", with the suffix *-ot'ak. The sense "to suffocate" survives in Karelian upehtuo and Veps upehtuda.


ahtas

ahtas (nominative singular)
ahtahët (nominative plural)
ahtahën (accusative singular)
ahtahët (accusative plural)
ahtahën (genitive singular)
ahtastën (genitive plural)
ahtahidën (genitive plural)
ahtasta (partitive singular)
ahtahita (partitive plural)
ahtahëssa (inessive singular)
ahtahëhna (inessive singular)
ahtahissa (inessive plural)
ahtahihna (inessive plural)
ahtahësta (elative singular)
ahtahista (elative plural)
ahtahësën (illative singular)
ahtahisën (illative plural)
ahtahëlla (adessive singular)
ahtahilla (adessive plural)
ahtahëlta (ablative singular)
ahtahilta (ablative plural)
ahtahëlën (allative singular)
ahtahëlëk (allative singular)
ahtahilën (allative plural)
ahtahilëk (allative plural)
ahtassa (essive singular)
ahtahina (essive plural)
ahtahëksi (singular translative)
ahtahiksi (plural translative)
ahtahën (instructive singular)
ahtahin (instructive plural)
ahtassëk (comitative singular)
ahtahinëk (comitative plural)
ahtahëtta (abessive singular)
ahtahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ahas

Finnish: ahdas

Ingrian: ahas

Karelian:

North Karelian: ahaš

South Karelian: ahaš

Livvi: ahtas

Ludian: ahtaz

Veps: ahtaz

Votic: ahaz

From earlier *aštas, borrowed from Proto-Balto-Slavic *anśtas (compare Lithuanian ankštas), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énǵʰus.


asja

asja (nominative singular)
asjat (nominative plural)
asjan (accusative singular)
asjat (accusative plural)
asjan (genitive singular)
asjadën (genitive plural)
asjoidën (genitive plural)
asjada (partitive singular)
asjoida (partitive plural)
asjassa (inessive singular)
asjahna (inessive singular)
asjoissa (inessive plural)
asjoihna (inessive plural)
asjasta (elative singular)
asjoista (elative plural)
asjahën (illative singular)
asjoihën (illative plural)
asjalla (adessive singular)
asjoilla (adessive plural)
asjalta (ablative singular)
asjoilta (ablative plural)
asjalën (allative singular)
asjalëk (allative singular)
asjoilën (allative plural)
asjoilëk (allative plural)
asjana (essive singular)
asjoina (essive plural)
asjaksi (singular translative)
asjoiksi (plural translative)
asjan (instructive singular)
asjoin (instructive plural)
asjanëk (comitative singular)
asjoinëk (comitative plural)
asjatta (abessive singular)
asjoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: asi

Finnish: asia, (dialectal: Southwestern Finnish, South Karelia, Ingria) asja

Ingrian: assia

Karelian:

North Karelian: asie

South Karelian: azie

Livonian: ažā

Livvi: azii, uadžu

Ludian: uadž

Veps: azj

Võro: asi

Votic: azʹzʹõ

→ Proto-Samic: *āššē (see there for further descendants)

Perhaps derived from *asëdak (“to live”) (potentially with + *-ja) and ultimately from Proto-Uralic *ëśe-. Alternatively possibly:
* Derivative from a Proto-Uralic root *ate + *-ja (implying *acja), compare Eastern Khanty от (ot).
* Borrowing from Proto-Germanic *(uz)andiją (implying *acja), for which there appears to be little evidence however; the proposed descendant Swedish ärende (“task, errand”) is from Proto-Germanic *airundiją.
* As per Vershinin, relation to Erzya азкс (azks, “story”) (from азомс (azoms, “to offer; tell; curse; promise”)), which is not compatible with any of these.


kirjoittadak

kirjoitta- (stem)
kirjoit'an (first-person present singular)
kirjoit'ëin (first-person past singular)
kirjoittagon (first-person optative singular)
kirjoit'at (present second-person singular)
kirjoit'ëit (past second-person singular)
kirjoit'ak (imperative second-person singular)
kirjoittagos (optative second-person singular)
kirjoittapi (present singular third-person)
kirjoitta (present singular third-person)
kirjoittëi (past singular third-person)
kirjoittakahën (imperative singular third-person)
kirjoittakohën (optative singular third-person)
kirjoit'akmëk (first-person plural present)
kirjoit'akmak (first-person plural present)
kirjoittëimëk (first-person past plural)
kirjoittëimak (first-person past plural)
kirjoittakadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
kirjoittakadamak (first-person imperative plural)
kirjoittakodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
kirjoittakodamak (first-person optative plural)
kirjoit'aktëk (plural present second-person)
kirjoit'aktak (plural present second-person)
kirjoittëidëk (past plural second-person)
kirjoittëidak (past plural second-person)
kirjoittakadë (imperative plural second-person)
kirjoittakada (imperative plural second-person)
kirjoittagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
kirjoittakodadak (optative plural second-person)
kirjoittabat (plural present third-person)
kirjoitta (plural present third-person)
kirjoittëi (past plural third-person)
kirjoittakahën (imperative plural third-person)
kirjoittakohën (optative plural third-person)
kirjoit'aksën (passive present)
kirjoit'at'aksën (passive present)
kirjoittatihën (passive past)
kirjoit'attihën (passive past)
kirjoittatagasën (imperative passive)
kirjoit'attagasën (imperative passive)
kirjoittatagosën (optative passive)
kirjoit'attagosën (optative passive)
kirjoit'ak (connegative present)
kirjoittagak (connegative imperative)
kirjoittagok (connegative optative)
kirjoit'aktak (connegative passive present)
kirjoittatagak (connegative imperative passive)
kirjoit'attagak (connegative imperative passive)
kirjoittatagok (connegative optative passive)
kirjoit'attagok (connegative optative passive)
kirjoit'akcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
kirjoittëicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
kirjoittanën (first-person potential singular)
kirjoit'akcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
kirjoittëicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
kirjoittanët (potential second-person singular)
kirjoit'akci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
kirjoittëici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
kirjoittani (potential singular third-person)
kirjoit'akcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kirjoit'akcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kirjoittëicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kirjoittëicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kirjoittanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
kirjoittanëmak (first-person plural potential)
kirjoit'akcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kirjoit'akcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kirjoittëicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kirjoittëicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kirjoittanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
kirjoittanëdak (plural potential second-person)
kirjoit'akci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
kirjoittëici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
kirjoittani (plural potential third-person)
kirjoittadakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
kirjoit'at'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
kirjoittaticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kirjoit'atticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kirjoittatanësën (passive potential)
kirjoit'attanësën (passive potential)
kirjoit'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
kirjoittëicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
kirjoittanëk (connegative potential)
kirjoittadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kirjoit'at'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kirjoittaticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kirjoit'atticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kirjoittatanëk (connegative passive potential)
kirjoit'attanëk (connegative passive potential)
kirjoittadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
kirjoittapa (active participle present)
kirjoittataba (participle passive present)
kirjoit'attaba (participle passive present)
kirjoittatë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
kirjoittanut (active participle past)
kirjoittatu (participle passive past)
kirjoit'attu (participle passive past)
kirjoittama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
kirjoittaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: kirjutama/kirjutada

Finnish: kirjoittaa

Ingrian: kirjuttaa

Karelian: kirjoittoa, kirjuttoa

Livvi: kirjuttua

Veps: kirjutada

Võro: kirotama/kirotaq

Votic: tširjotta

From the plural stem of *kirja, *kirjoi- + *-ttadak.

to embroider, to decorate with embroidery


lühüt

lühüt (nominative singular)
lühüdet (nominative plural)
lühüden (accusative singular)
lühüdet (accusative plural)
lühüden (genitive singular)
lühüt'en (genitive plural)
lühüciden (genitive plural)
lühüttä (partitive singular)
lühücitä (partitive plural)
lühüdessä (inessive singular)
lühüdehnä (inessive singular)
lühücissä (inessive plural)
lühücihnä (inessive plural)
lühüdestä (elative singular)
lühücistä (elative plural)
lühüdesen (illative singular)
lühücisen (illative plural)
lühüdellä (adessive singular)
lühücillä (adessive plural)
lühüdeltä (ablative singular)
lühüciltä (ablative plural)
lühüdelen (allative singular)
lühüdelek (allative singular)
lühücilen (allative plural)
lühücilek (allative plural)
lühünnä (essive singular)
lühücinä (essive plural)
lühüdeksi (singular translative)
lühüciksi (plural translative)
lühüden (instructive singular)
lühücin (instructive plural)
lühünnek (comitative singular)
lühücinek (comitative plural)
lühüdettä (abessive singular)
lühücittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: lühi-, lühike, lühida

Finnish: lyhyt

Ingrian: lyhyt

Karelian: lyhyt

Livonian: līt

Ludian: lühüd

Veps: lühüd

Võro: lühüq, lühüt

Votic: lühüd

Unknown root *lühV- + *-üt (compare *ohut).


ümbärtädäk

ümbärtä- (stem)
ümbärdän (first-person present singular)
ümbärdein (first-person past singular)
ümbärtägon (first-person optative singular)
ümbärdät (present second-person singular)
ümbärdeit (past second-person singular)
ümbärdäk (imperative second-person singular)
ümbärtägos (optative second-person singular)
ümbärtäpi (present singular third-person)
ümbärtä (present singular third-person)
ümbärtei (past singular third-person)
ümbärtäkähen (imperative singular third-person)
ümbärtäkohen (optative singular third-person)
ümbärdäkmek (first-person plural present)
ümbärdäkmäk (first-person plural present)
ümbärteimek (first-person past plural)
ümbärteimäk (first-person past plural)
ümbärtäkädemek (first-person imperative plural)
ümbärtäkädämäk (first-person imperative plural)
ümbärtäkodemek (first-person optative plural)
ümbärtäkodämäk (first-person optative plural)
ümbärdäktek (plural present second-person)
ümbärdäktäk (plural present second-person)
ümbärteidek (past plural second-person)
ümbärteidäk (past plural second-person)
ümbärtäkäde (imperative plural second-person)
ümbärtäkädä (imperative plural second-person)
ümbärtägot'ek (optative plural second-person)
ümbärtäkodädäk (optative plural second-person)
ümbärtäbät (plural present third-person)
ümbärtä (plural present third-person)
ümbärtei (past plural third-person)
ümbärtäkähen (imperative plural third-person)
ümbärtäkohen (optative plural third-person)
ümbärdäksen (passive present)
ümbärdät'äksen (passive present)
ümbärtätihen (passive past)
ümbärdättihen (passive past)
ümbärtätägäsen (imperative passive)
ümbärdättägäsen (imperative passive)
ümbärtätägosen (optative passive)
ümbärdättägosen (optative passive)
ümbärdäk (connegative present)
ümbärtägäk (connegative imperative)
ümbärtägok (connegative optative)
ümbärdäktäk (connegative passive present)
ümbärtätägäk (connegative imperative passive)
ümbärdättägäk (connegative imperative passive)
ümbärtätägok (connegative optative passive)
ümbärdättägok (connegative optative passive)
ümbärdäkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
ümbärteicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
ümbärtänen (first-person potential singular)
ümbärdäkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
ümbärteicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
ümbärtänet (potential second-person singular)
ümbärdäkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
ümbärteici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
ümbärtäni (potential singular third-person)
ümbärdäkcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
ümbärdäkcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
ümbärteicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
ümbärteicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
ümbärtänemek (first-person plural potential)
ümbärtänemäk (first-person plural potential)
ümbärdäkcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
ümbärdäkcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
ümbärteicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
ümbärteicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
ümbärtänedek (plural potential second-person)
ümbärtänedäk (plural potential second-person)
ümbärdäkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
ümbärteici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
ümbärtäni (plural potential third-person)
ümbärtädäkcisen (conditional conditional-i passive)
ümbärdät'äkcisen (conditional conditional-i passive)
ümbärtäticisen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
ümbärdätticisen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
ümbärtätänesen (passive potential)
ümbärdättänesen (passive potential)
ümbärdäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
ümbärteicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
ümbärtänek (connegative potential)
ümbärtädäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
ümbärdät'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
ümbärtäticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
ümbärdätticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
ümbärtätänek (connegative passive potential)
ümbärdättänek (connegative passive potential)
ümbärtädäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
ümbärtäpä (active participle present)
ümbärtätäbä (participle passive present)
ümbärdättäbä (participle passive present)
ümbärtäte- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
ümbärtänüt (active participle past)
ümbärtätü (participle passive past)
ümbärdättü (participle passive past)
ümbärtämä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
ümbärtäminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: ümmardama/ümmardada (“to serve, be a servant”)

Finnish: ymmärtää (“to understand”)

Ingrian: ymmärtää (“to understand”)

→ Votic: (Jõgõperä) ümmertä (“to understand”)

Karelian: ymmärteä (“to understand; go around; serve, be a servant”)

q

Livonian: immõrtõ (“to surround; to serve, be a servant”) (possibly from Estonian, at least in part)

desc

Veps: ümbärta (“to go around, surround”)


hämä

hämä (nominative singular)
hämät (nominative plural)
hämän (accusative singular)
hämät (accusative plural)
hämän (genitive singular)
hämäden (genitive plural)
hämeiden (genitive plural)
hämädä (partitive singular)
hämeidä (partitive plural)
hämässä (inessive singular)
hämähnä (inessive singular)
hämeissä (inessive plural)
hämeihnä (inessive plural)
hämästä (elative singular)
hämeistä (elative plural)
hämähen (illative singular)
hämeihen (illative plural)
hämällä (adessive singular)
hämeillä (adessive plural)
hämältä (ablative singular)
hämeiltä (ablative plural)
hämälen (allative singular)
hämälek (allative singular)
hämeilen (allative plural)
hämeilek (allative plural)
hämänä (essive singular)
hämeinä (essive plural)
hämäksi (singular translative)
hämeiksi (plural translative)
hämän (instructive singular)
hämein (instructive plural)
hämänek (comitative singular)
hämeinek (comitative plural)
hämättä (abessive singular)
hämeittä (abessive plural)

⇒ Finnish: Häme, hämäläinen

→ Russian: ямь (jamʹ, “Tavastian”)

→ Finnish: jäämi (“Tavastian”)

Traditionally considered to be from Pre-Proto-Finnic *šämä (akin to Proto-Samic *sāmē). More recently it has however been demonstrated that both Proto-Samic *sāmē and Proto-Finnic *soomi go back to a common proto-form *sämä, in which case *hämä may instead be borrowed from an early form of Proto-Samic *sāmē (which could have yielded *šämä).

A person living in or originating from the area of the historical province of Häme, sometimes called Tavastian or Tavastlander in English texts.


ektä

ektä (nominative singular)
ektät (nominative plural)
ektän (accusative singular)
ektät (accusative plural)
ektän (genitive singular)
ektäden (genitive plural)
ekteiden (genitive plural)
ektädä (partitive singular)
ekteidä (partitive plural)
ektässä (inessive singular)
ektähnä (inessive singular)
ekteissä (inessive plural)
ekteihnä (inessive plural)
ektästä (elative singular)
ekteistä (elative plural)
ektähen (illative singular)
ekteihen (illative plural)
ektällä (adessive singular)
ekteillä (adessive plural)
ektältä (ablative singular)
ekteiltä (ablative plural)
ektälen (allative singular)
ektälek (allative singular)
ekteilen (allative plural)
ekteilek (allative plural)
ektänä (essive singular)
ekteinä (essive plural)
ektäksi (singular translative)
ekteiksi (plural translative)
ektän (instructive singular)
ektein (instructive plural)
ektänek (comitative singular)
ekteinek (comitative plural)
ektättä (abessive singular)
ekteittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: eha, (dialectal) õha

Finnish: (dialectal) ehtä, ehta

Karelian: ehtä

Livvi: ehty

Ludian: eht

Veps: eht

Related to Proto-Samic [Term?] (compare Northern Sami ikte, which may be a Finnic loan.


hoomën

hoomën (nominative singular)
hoomënët (nominative plural)
hoomënën (accusative singular)
hoomënët (accusative plural)
hoomënën (genitive singular)
hoomëndën (genitive plural)
hoomënidën (genitive plural)
hoomënta (partitive singular)
hoomënita (partitive plural)
hoomënëssa (inessive singular)
hoomënëhna (inessive singular)
hoomënissa (inessive plural)
hoomënihna (inessive plural)
hoomënësta (elative singular)
hoomënista (elative plural)
hoomënësën (illative singular)
hoomënisën (illative plural)
hoomënëlla (adessive singular)
hoomënilla (adessive plural)
hoomënëlta (ablative singular)
hoomënilta (ablative plural)
hoomënëlën (allative singular)
hoomënëlëk (allative singular)
hoomënilën (allative plural)
hoomënilëk (allative plural)
hoomënna (essive singular)
hoomënina (essive plural)
hoomënëksi (singular translative)
hoomëniksi (plural translative)
hoomënën (instructive singular)
hoomënin (instructive plural)
hoomënnëk (comitative singular)
hoomëninëk (comitative plural)
hoomënëtta (abessive singular)
hoomënitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: homme, also the derived noun hommik

Finnish: huomen

Ingrian: hoomeen, also the derived nouns hoomus/hoomnikko

Karelian: huomen

Veps: homen

Võro: hummõn', also the derived noun hummong/hummok

Votic: Only in derived forms, e.g. oomõnna (essive), oomõnikko/oomnikko

Unknown. Probably from an older *hoomV-ne with a diminutive suffix. The root has sometimes been compared with Finnish huoma, but a relationship is unlikely.


püvi

püvi (nominative singular)
püvet (nominative plural)
püven (accusative singular)
püvet (accusative plural)
püven (genitive singular)
püveden (genitive plural)
püviden (genitive plural)
püvedä (partitive singular)
püvidä (partitive plural)
püvessä (inessive singular)
püvehnä (inessive singular)
püvissä (inessive plural)
püvihnä (inessive plural)
püvestä (elative singular)
püvistä (elative plural)
püvehen (illative singular)
püvihen (illative plural)
püvellä (adessive singular)
püvillä (adessive plural)
püveltä (ablative singular)
püviltä (ablative plural)
püvelen (allative singular)
püvelek (allative singular)
püvilen (allative plural)
püvilek (allative plural)
püvenä (essive singular)
püvinä (essive plural)
püveksi (singular translative)
püviksi (plural translative)
püven (instructive singular)
püvin (instructive plural)
püvenek (comitative singular)
püvinek (comitative plural)
püvettä (abessive singular)
püvittä (abessive plural)

Võro: püvi


votto

votto (nominative singular)
vot'ot (nominative plural)
vot'on (accusative singular)
vot'ot (accusative plural)
vot'on (genitive singular)
vottodën (genitive plural)
vottoidën (genitive plural)
vottoda (partitive singular)
vottoida (partitive plural)
vot'ossa (inessive singular)
vot'ohna (inessive singular)
vot'oissa (inessive plural)
vot'oihna (inessive plural)
vot'osta (elative singular)
vot'oista (elative plural)
vottohën (illative singular)
vottoihën (illative plural)
vot'olla (adessive singular)
vot'oilla (adessive plural)
vot'olta (ablative singular)
vot'oilta (ablative plural)
vottolën (allative singular)
vottolëk (allative singular)
vottoilën (allative plural)
vottoilëk (allative plural)
vottona (essive singular)
vottoina (essive plural)
vot'oksi (singular translative)
vot'oiksi (plural translative)
vot'on (instructive singular)
vot'oin (instructive plural)
vottonëk (comitative singular)
vottoinëk (comitative plural)
vot'otta (abessive singular)
vot'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: võtt

Finnish: otto

Karelian: otto

Veps: ot

Votic: (Kattila) võtto


küü

küü (nominative singular)
küüt (nominative plural)
küün (accusative singular)
küüt (accusative plural)
küün (genitive singular)
küüden (genitive plural)
küiden (genitive plural)
küütä (partitive singular)
küitä (partitive plural)
küüssä (inessive singular)
küühnä (inessive singular)
küissä (inessive plural)
küihnä (inessive plural)
küüstä (elative singular)
küistä (elative plural)
küüsen (illative singular)
küisen (illative plural)
küüllä (adessive singular)
küillä (adessive plural)
küültä (ablative singular)
küiltä (ablative plural)
küülen (allative singular)
küülek (allative singular)
küilen (allative plural)
küilek (allative plural)
küünä (essive singular)
küinä (essive plural)
küüksi (singular translative)
küiksi (plural translative)
küün (instructive singular)
küin (instructive plural)
küünek (comitative singular)
küinek (comitative plural)
küüttä (abessive singular)
küittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: küü

Finnish: kyy

Karelian: kyy

Livonian: kī

Veps: kü

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Ugric *küje, but the form *kije fits other descendants better and would have given **kii in Finnic.
Alternatively, the word may be extracted from an old compound *küü-kärmeh, itself a shortening of *kivi-kärmeh (literally “rock snake”), as the snake is known to live near rocky areas to keep itself warm during spring


tüven

tüven (nominative singular)
tüvenet (nominative plural)
tüvenen (accusative singular)
tüvenet (accusative plural)
tüvenen (genitive singular)
tüvenden (genitive plural)
tüveniden (genitive plural)
tüventä (partitive singular)
tüvenitä (partitive plural)
tüvenessä (inessive singular)
tüvenehnä (inessive singular)
tüvenissä (inessive plural)
tüvenihnä (inessive plural)
tüvenestä (elative singular)
tüvenistä (elative plural)
tüvenesen (illative singular)
tüvenisen (illative plural)
tüvenellä (adessive singular)
tüvenillä (adessive plural)
tüveneltä (ablative singular)
tüveniltä (ablative plural)
tüvenelen (allative singular)
tüvenelek (allative singular)
tüvenilen (allative plural)
tüvenilek (allative plural)
tüvennä (essive singular)
tüveninä (essive plural)
tüveneksi (singular translative)
tüveniksi (plural translative)
tüvenen (instructive singular)
tüvenin (instructive plural)
tüvennek (comitative singular)
tüveninek (comitative plural)
tüvenettä (abessive singular)
tüvenittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: tyven


tüüni

tüüni (nominative singular)
tüünet (nominative plural)
tüünen (accusative singular)
tüünet (accusative plural)
tüünen (genitive singular)
tüünden (genitive plural)
tüüniden (genitive plural)
tüüntä (partitive singular)
tüünidä (partitive plural)
tüünessä (inessive singular)
tüünehnä (inessive singular)
tüünissä (inessive plural)
tüünihnä (inessive plural)
tüünestä (elative singular)
tüünistä (elative plural)
tüünehen (illative singular)
tüünihen (illative plural)
tüünellä (adessive singular)
tüünillä (adessive plural)
tüüneltä (ablative singular)
tüüniltä (ablative plural)
tüünelen (allative singular)
tüünelek (allative singular)
tüünilen (allative plural)
tüünilek (allative plural)
tüünnä (essive singular)
tüüninä (essive plural)
tüüneksi (singular translative)
tüüniksi (plural translative)
tüünen (instructive singular)
tüünin (instructive plural)
tüünnek (comitative singular)
tüüninek (comitative plural)
tüünettä (abessive singular)
tüünittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: tüüne, tüün

Finnish: tyyni

Ingrian: tyyni

Karelian: tyyni

Veps: tün' (reformed as an ä-stem)

Votic: tüüni

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *tiwä-ni, cognate with Northern Khanty тевән (tjewən).


taloi

taloi (nominative singular)
taloit (nominative plural)
taloin (accusative singular)
taloit (accusative plural)
taloin (genitive singular)
taloidën (genitive plural)
taloida (partitive singular)
taloida (partitive plural)
taloissa (inessive singular)
taloihna (inessive singular)
taloissa (inessive plural)
taloihna (inessive plural)
taloista (elative singular)
taloista (elative plural)
taloihën (illative singular)
taloihën (illative plural)
taloilla (adessive singular)
taloilla (adessive plural)
taloilta (ablative singular)
taloilta (ablative plural)
taloilën (allative singular)
taloilëk (allative singular)
taloilën (allative plural)
taloilëk (allative plural)
taloina (essive singular)
taloina (essive plural)
taloiksi (singular translative)
taloiksi (plural translative)
taloin (instructive singular)
taloin (instructive plural)
taloinëk (comitative singular)
taloinëk (comitative plural)
taloitta (abessive singular)
taloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: talu

Finnish: talo

→ Inari Sami: táálu

→ Northern Sami: dállu

Ingrian: talo, (dialectal) taloi

Karelian:

North Karelian: talo

South Karelian: talo, taloi

Livonian: ta’l

Livvi: taloi

Ludian: taloi

Võro: talo

Votic: talo

Of disputed origin.
* Possibly borrowed from another language, but which source is correct is not certain:
** Proto-Baltic *talˀa-; compare Old Prussian talas and the latter component of Lithuanian pãtalas.
** Proto-Indo-Iranian *tálas; compare Sanskrit तल (tala).
** Proto-Germanic *stallaz; compare Old Norse stallr, English stall (the least likely due to **-ll- being expected, not *-l-)
* Alternatively from Proto-Finno-Permic *tala. Compare Udmurt тылыс (tylys, “a simple wooden hut, hovel”).
In any of these cases, the stem *tala(s)- was then further derived with + *-oi.


muju

Finnic (Northern)
muju (nominative singular)
mujut (nominative plural)
mujun (accusative singular)
mujut (accusative plural)
mujun (genitive singular)
mujudën (genitive plural)
mujuidën (genitive plural)
mujuda (partitive singular)
mujuida (partitive plural)
mujussa (inessive singular)
mujuhna (inessive singular)
mujuissa (inessive plural)
mujuihna (inessive plural)
mujusta (elative singular)
mujuista (elative plural)
mujuhën (illative singular)
mujuihën (illative plural)
mujulla (adessive singular)
mujuilla (adessive plural)
mujulta (ablative singular)
mujuilta (ablative plural)
mujulën (allative singular)
mujulëk (allative singular)
mujuilën (allative plural)
mujuilëk (allative plural)
mujuna (essive singular)
mujuina (essive plural)
mujuksi (singular translative)
mujuiksi (plural translative)
mujun (instructive singular)
mujuin (instructive plural)
mujunëk (comitative singular)
mujuinëk (comitative plural)
mujutta (abessive singular)
mujuitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: muju

Karelian:

North Karelian: muju

South Karelian: muju

Livvi: muju

Ludian: muju

Veps: muju


keci

keci (nominative singular)
kedet (nominative plural)
keden (accusative singular)
kedet (accusative plural)
keden (genitive singular)
ket'en (genitive plural)
keciden (genitive plural)
kettä (partitive singular)
kecidä (partitive plural)
kedessä (inessive singular)
kedehnä (inessive singular)
kecissä (inessive plural)
kecihnä (inessive plural)
kedestä (elative singular)
kecistä (elative plural)
ketehen (illative singular)
kecihen (illative plural)
kedellä (adessive singular)
kecillä (adessive plural)
kedeltä (ablative singular)
keciltä (ablative plural)
ketelen (allative singular)
ketelek (allative singular)
kecilen (allative plural)
kecilek (allative plural)
kennä (essive singular)
kecinä (essive plural)
kedeksi (singular translative)
keciksi (plural translative)
keden (instructive singular)
kecin (instructive plural)
kennek (comitative singular)
kecinek (comitative plural)
kedettä (abessive singular)
kecittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kesi

Finnish: kesi

Livonian: kež

Veps: kezi

Võro: kesi

From Proto-Uralic *kete. Cognates include Erzya кедь (keď, “skin, hide”) and Proto-Samoyedic *ket.


rëngas

rëngas (nominative singular)
rëngahët (nominative plural)
rëngahën (accusative singular)
rëngahët (accusative plural)
rëngahën (genitive singular)
rëngastën (genitive plural)
rëngahidën (genitive plural)
rëngasta (partitive singular)
rëngahita (partitive plural)
rëngahëssa (inessive singular)
rëngahëhna (inessive singular)
rëngahissa (inessive plural)
rëngahihna (inessive plural)
rëngahësta (elative singular)
rëngahista (elative plural)
rëngahësën (illative singular)
rëngahisën (illative plural)
rëngahëlla (adessive singular)
rëngahilla (adessive plural)
rëngahëlta (ablative singular)
rëngahilta (ablative plural)
rëngahëlën (allative singular)
rëngahëlëk (allative singular)
rëngahilën (allative plural)
rëngahilëk (allative plural)
rëngassa (essive singular)
rëngahina (essive plural)
rëngahëksi (singular translative)
rëngahiksi (plural translative)
rëngahën (instructive singular)
rëngahin (instructive plural)
rëngassëk (comitative singular)
rëngahinëk (comitative plural)
rëngahëtta (abessive singular)
rëngahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: rõngas

Finnish: rengas

Ingrian: rengas

Karelian: (Northern) renkas, (Southern) rengas

Livvi: rengas

Ludian: rengaz

⇒ Veps: renkhaine

Votic: rõngõz

Borrowing from early Proto-Germanic *hrengaz (“ring”) (later *hringaz).


hap'oin

Estonian: hapu

Finnish: hapan, earlier hapoinen

Ingrian: hapan

Karelian:

North Karelian: hapan

South Karelian: hapan

Livonian: appõn

Veps: hapan- (only in compounds, e.g. hapanmaid)

Võro: hapu

Votic: (Kattila) apoo

From earlier *šap'oin, from Proto-Finno-Permic *šappa(-ma), possibly borrowed from a substrate language.


valgët'ak

valkënë- (stem)
valkënën (first-person present singular)
valkënin (first-person past singular)
valgëtkon (first-person optative singular)
valkënët (present second-person singular)
valkënit (past second-person singular)
valkënëk (imperative second-person singular)
valgëtkos (optative second-person singular)
valkënëpi (present singular third-person)
valgën (present singular third-person)
valkëni (past singular third-person)
valgëtkasën (imperative singular third-person)
valgëtkosën (optative singular third-person)
valkënëkmëk (first-person plural present)
valkënëkmak (first-person plural present)
valkënimëk (first-person past plural)
valkënimak (first-person past plural)
valgëtkatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
valgëtkatamak (first-person imperative plural)
valgëtkotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
valgëtkotamak (first-person optative plural)
valkënëktëk (plural present second-person)
valkënëktak (plural present second-person)
valkënidëk (past plural second-person)
valkënidak (past plural second-person)
valgëtkatë (imperative plural second-person)
valgëtkata (imperative plural second-person)
valgëtkot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
valgëtkotadak (optative plural second-person)
valkënëbat (plural present third-person)
valgën (plural present third-person)
valkëni (past plural third-person)
valgëtkasën (imperative plural third-person)
valgëtkosën (optative plural third-person)
valkënëksën (passive present)
valkënët'aksën (passive present)
valgëttisën (passive past)
valkënëttihën (passive past)
valgëttakahën (imperative passive)
valkënëttagasën (imperative passive)
valgëttakohën (optative passive)
valkënëttagosën (optative passive)
valkënëk (connegative present)
valgëtkak (connegative imperative)
valgëtkok (connegative optative)
valkënëktak (connegative passive present)
valgëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
valkënëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
valgëttagok (connegative optative passive)
valkënëttagok (connegative optative passive)
valkënëkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
valkënicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
valgënnën (first-person potential singular)
valkënëkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
valkënicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
valgënnët (potential second-person singular)
valkënëkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
valkënici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
valgënni (potential singular third-person)
valkënëkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
valkënëkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
valkënicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
valkënicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
valgënnëmëk (first-person plural potential)
valgënnëmak (first-person plural potential)
valkënëkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
valkënëkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
valkënicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
valkënicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
valgënnëdëk (plural potential second-person)
valgënnëdak (plural potential second-person)
valkënëkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
valkënici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
valgënni (plural potential third-person)
valgët'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
valkënët'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
valgëtticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
valkënëtticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
valgëttanëhën (passive potential)
valkënëttanësën (passive potential)
valkënëkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
valkënicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
valgënnëk (connegative potential)
valgët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
valkënët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
valgëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
valkënëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
valgëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
valkënëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
valgët'ak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
valkënëpa (active participle present)
valgëttapa (participle passive present)
valkënëttaba (participle passive present)
valgëttë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
valgënnut (active participle past)
valgëttu (participle passive past)
valkënëttu (participle passive past)
valkënëma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
valkënëminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Finnish: valjeta

Ingrian: valeta

Ludian: valgeta

Veps: vaugneda


ailas

Finnic (Northern)
ailas (nominative singular)
ailahët (nominative plural)
ailahën (accusative singular)
ailahët (accusative plural)
ailahën (genitive singular)
ailastën (genitive plural)
ailahidën (genitive plural)
ailasta (partitive singular)
ailahita (partitive plural)
ailahëssa (inessive singular)
ailahëhna (inessive singular)
ailahissa (inessive plural)
ailahihna (inessive plural)
ailahësta (elative singular)
ailahista (elative plural)
ailahësën (illative singular)
ailahisën (illative plural)
ailahëlla (adessive singular)
ailahilla (adessive plural)
ailahëlta (ablative singular)
ailahilta (ablative plural)
ailahëlën (allative singular)
ailahëlëk (allative singular)
ailahilën (allative plural)
ailahilëk (allative plural)
ailassa (essive singular)
ailahina (essive plural)
ailahëksi (singular translative)
ailahiksi (plural translative)
ailahën (instructive singular)
ailahin (instructive plural)
ailassëk (comitative singular)
ailahinëk (comitative plural)
ailahëtta (abessive singular)
ailahitta (abessive plural)

desc

Finnish: (rare, poetic) ailas, ⇒? ailahtaa

Karelian:

South Karelian: ailaš

Livvi: ailas

Ludian: ailaz

Veps: ailaz

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ailą, *aildaz.


leevä

Estonian: (obsolete) leev, leeb


leevä

Finnish: lievä

Ingrian: lievä

Karelian: lievä

Ludian: ľiev

Veps: lev, leb

Uncertain. Possibly but not certainly a semantic development from etymology 1.


vannodak

Estonian: vannutada, (backformation) vanduma

Finnish: vannoa

Karelian: vannuo

Livonian: (Courland) vannõ, (Salaca) vann

Võro: vanma/vannuq

Votic: (Mati) vannota

Ingrian: vannua

Votic: vannua

Unknown, but most likely akin to Proto-Samic *vuornōtēk (< *varno-). Sammallahti (1998: 191) suggests assimilation from earlier *vatno-; but contrast the development in e.g. *litna, *vatnas.


roostëk

roostëk (nominative singular)
roostëgët (nominative plural)
roostëgën (accusative singular)
roostëgët (accusative plural)
roostëgën (genitive singular)
roostëgëdën (genitive plural)
roostëgidën (genitive plural)
roostëgëta (partitive singular)
roostëgita (partitive plural)
roostëgëssa (inessive singular)
roostëgëhna (inessive singular)
roostëgissa (inessive plural)
roostëgihna (inessive plural)
roostëgësta (elative singular)
roostëgista (elative plural)
roostëgësën (illative singular)
roostëgisën (illative plural)
roostëgëlla (adessive singular)
roostëgilla (adessive plural)
roostëgëlta (ablative singular)
roostëgilta (ablative plural)
roostëgëlën (allative singular)
roostëgëlëk (allative singular)
roostëgilën (allative plural)
roostëgilëk (allative plural)
roostëgëna (essive singular)
roostëgina (essive plural)
roostëgëksi (singular translative)
roostëgiksi (plural translative)
roostëgën (instructive singular)
roostëgin (instructive plural)
roostëgënëk (comitative singular)
roostëginëk (comitative plural)
roostëgëtta (abessive singular)
roostëgitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: rooste

Finnish: ruoste

Ingrian: roosse

Karelian: ruoste

Livonian: rūost

Livvi: ruoste

Ludian: ruoste

Veps: roste

Votic: roosõ

Through Northwest Germanic *rostaz from Proto-Germanic *rustaz, extended with the suffix + *-ëk. Long *oo has not been fully explained.


cööstäk

cöökse- (stem)
cööksen (first-person present singular)
cööksin (first-person past singular)
cööskon (first-person optative singular)
cöökset (present second-person singular)
cööksit (past second-person singular)
cööksek (imperative second-person singular)
cööskos (optative second-person singular)
cööksebi (present singular third-person)
cöös (present singular third-person)
cööksi (past singular third-person)
cööskähen (imperative singular third-person)
cööskohen (optative singular third-person)
cööksekmek (first-person plural present)
cööksekmäk (first-person plural present)
cööksimek (first-person past plural)
cööksimäk (first-person past plural)
cööskädemek (first-person imperative plural)
cööskädämäk (first-person imperative plural)
cööskodemek (first-person optative plural)
cööskodämäk (first-person optative plural)
cööksektek (plural present second-person)
cööksektäk (plural present second-person)
cööksidek (past plural second-person)
cööksidäk (past plural second-person)
cööskäde (imperative plural second-person)
cööskädä (imperative plural second-person)
cööskot'ek (optative plural second-person)
cööskodädäk (optative plural second-person)
cööksebät (plural present third-person)
cöös (plural present third-person)
cööksi (past plural third-person)
cööskähen (imperative plural third-person)
cööskohen (optative plural third-person)
cöökseksen (passive present)
cöökset'äksen (passive present)
cööstihen (passive past)
cööksettisen (passive past)
cööstägäsen (imperative passive)
cööksettäkähen (imperative passive)
cööstägosen (optative passive)
cööksettäkohen (optative passive)
cööksek (connegative present)
cööskäk (connegative imperative)
cööskok (connegative optative)
cööksektäk (connegative passive present)
cööstägäk (connegative imperative passive)
cööksettägäk (connegative imperative passive)
cööstägok (connegative optative passive)
cööksettägok (connegative optative passive)
cööksekcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
cööksicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
cöössen (first-person potential singular)
cööksekcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
cööksicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
cöösset (potential second-person singular)
cööksekci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
cööksici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
cöössi (potential singular third-person)
cööksekcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
cööksekcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
cööksicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
cööksicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
cöössemek (first-person plural potential)
cöössemäk (first-person plural potential)
cööksekcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
cööksekcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
cööksicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
cööksicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
cöössedek (plural potential second-person)
cöössedäk (plural potential second-person)
cööksekci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
cööksici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
cöössi (plural potential third-person)
cööstäkcisen (conditional conditional-i passive)
cöökset'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
cöösticisen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
cööksetticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
cööstänesen (passive potential)
cööksettänehen (passive potential)
cööksekcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
cööksicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
cöössek (connegative potential)
cööstäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
cöökset'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
cöösticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
cööksetticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
cööstänek (connegative passive potential)
cööksettänek (connegative passive potential)
cööstäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
cööksebä (active participle present)
cööstäbä (participle passive present)
cööksettäpä (participle passive present)
cööste- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
cöössüt (active participle past)
cööstü (participle passive past)
cööksettü (participle passive past)
cööksemä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
cöökseminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

⇒ Estonian: sööstma

Finnish: syöstä

Karelian: syöksie

Livonian: zȭöks (“to jump, to dance”)

*cöö- + *-stäk, as per Koivulehto (2009), who proposed that the root can be considered a contracted variant of *cüvä (“deep”) (compare e.g. *möötä). In the past, considered a derivative of *söödäk (“to eat”) (which would warrant the earlier reconstruction *sööstäk): the basic meaning would thus be "to plunge, to go deep into smth." rather than, as suggested by Kulonen (2000), "(of water) to eat a path for itself".


loppëdak

Estonian: lõppema/lõppeda

Finnish: loppea (archaic, dialectal)

⇒ Finnish: loppiainen

Ingrian: loppea

Karelian: loppie

Livonian: loppõ

Livvi: loppie

Ludian: loppida

Veps: lopta

to finish something, to reach the end of something


leeci

leeci (nominative singular)
leedet (nominative plural)
leeden (accusative singular)
leedet (accusative plural)
leeden (genitive singular)
leet'en (genitive plural)
leeciden (genitive plural)
leettä (partitive singular)
leecidä (partitive plural)
leedessä (inessive singular)
leedehnä (inessive singular)
leecissä (inessive plural)
leecihnä (inessive plural)
leedestä (elative singular)
leecistä (elative plural)
leetehen (illative singular)
leecihen (illative plural)
leedellä (adessive singular)
leecillä (adessive plural)
leedeltä (ablative singular)
leeciltä (ablative plural)
leetelen (allative singular)
leetelek (allative singular)
leecilen (allative plural)
leecilek (allative plural)
leennä (essive singular)
leecinä (essive plural)
leedeksi (singular translative)
leeciksi (plural translative)
leeden (instructive singular)
leecin (instructive plural)
leennek (comitative singular)
leecinek (comitative plural)
leedettä (abessive singular)
leecittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: lee

Finnish: liesi

Ingrian: leesi

Karelian: liijos

Livonian: līedõg

Veps: lezi

Votic: (Kattila) leesi

Proposed to be an old borrowing from Proto-Germanic *slēdaz or *slēdiz, reflected in Old High German slāt (Modern German Schlot (“chimney”)); however, this is uncertain, as no other Germanic cognates of this word are known.