hirnudak

hirnu- (stem)
hirnun (first-person present singular)
hirnuin (first-person past singular)
hirnugon (first-person optative singular)
hirnut (present second-person singular)
hirnuit (past second-person singular)
hirnuk (imperative second-person singular)
hirnugos (optative second-person singular)
hirnubi (present singular third-person)
hirnu (present singular third-person)
hirnui (past singular third-person)
hirnugasën (imperative singular third-person)
hirnugosën (optative singular third-person)
hirnukmëk (first-person plural present)
hirnukmak (first-person plural present)
hirnuimëk (first-person past plural)
hirnuimak (first-person past plural)
hirnugatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
hirnugatamak (first-person imperative plural)
hirnugotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
hirnugotamak (first-person optative plural)
hirnuktëk (plural present second-person)
hirnuktak (plural present second-person)
hirnuidëk (past plural second-person)
hirnuidak (past plural second-person)
hirnugatë (imperative plural second-person)
hirnugata (imperative plural second-person)
hirnugot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
hirnugotadak (optative plural second-person)
hirnubat (plural present third-person)
hirnu (plural present third-person)
hirnui (past plural third-person)
hirnugasën (imperative plural third-person)
hirnugosën (optative plural third-person)
hirnuksën (passive present)
hirnut'aksën (passive present)
hirnudisën (passive past)
hirnuttisën (passive past)
hirnudakahën (imperative passive)
hirnuttakahën (imperative passive)
hirnudakohën (optative passive)
hirnuttakohën (optative passive)
hirnuk (connegative present)
hirnugak (connegative imperative)
hirnugok (connegative optative)
hirnuktak (connegative passive present)
hirnudagak (connegative imperative passive)
hirnuttagak (connegative imperative passive)
hirnudagok (connegative optative passive)
hirnuttagok (connegative optative passive)
hirnukcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
hirnuicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
hirnunën (first-person potential singular)
hirnukcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
hirnuicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
hirnunët (potential second-person singular)
hirnukci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
hirnuici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
hirnuni (potential singular third-person)
hirnukcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
hirnukcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
hirnuicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
hirnuicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
hirnunëmëk (first-person plural potential)
hirnunëmak (first-person plural potential)
hirnukcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
hirnukcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
hirnuicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
hirnuicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
hirnunëdëk (plural potential second-person)
hirnunëdak (plural potential second-person)
hirnukci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
hirnuici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
hirnuni (plural potential third-person)
hirnudakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
hirnut'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
hirnudicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
hirnutticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
hirnudanëhën (passive potential)
hirnuttanëhën (passive potential)
hirnukcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
hirnuicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
hirnunëk (connegative potential)
hirnudakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
hirnut'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
hirnudicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
hirnutticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
hirnudanëk (connegative passive potential)
hirnuttanëk (connegative passive potential)
hirnudak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
hirnuba (active participle present)
hirnudapa (participle passive present)
hirnuttapa (participle passive present)
hirnudë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
hirnunut (active participle past)
hirnudu (participle passive past)
hirnuttu (participle passive past)
hirnuma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
hirnuminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: hirnuma/hirnuda

Finnish: hirnua

→ Northern Sami: hirdnut

Ingrian: hirnua, hernua

Karelian:

North Karelian: hirnuo

South Karelian: hirnuo

Livvi: hirnuo

Ludian: hirnuda

Veps: hirnuda

Võro: hirnma/hirnuq

Votic: irnua, (Mati) irnaa

From an onomatopoetic root with the suffix + *-udak.


karhëda

Estonian: kare

Finnish: karhea, karhi

Ingrian: karhia

→ Votic: karhia

Karelian:

North Karelian: karhie

South Karelian: karhie

Livonian: ka'rdõ

Livvi: karhei

Võro: kahre

Votic: (Pummala) karõa

Unknown, but apparently contains the suffix *-ëda.


matadak

Estonian: made (“stair; banister”)

Finnish: mataa, madella

→ Swedish: (Finland dialects) matela

Livonian: (Salaca) matt

Unknown. Relationship to Erzya мадамо (madamo, “bridge”) has been proposed.


ilkëda

Estonian: ilge

Finnish: ilkeä

→ Votic: hilkiä

Ingrian: ilkiä

Karelian: (Northern) ilkie, (Southern) ilgie

Livvi: ilgei

Votic: ilka

→ Northern Sami: ilgat

→ Inari Sami: ilgâd

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ilhijaz or *ilhilaz (whence Old Norse illr) and further derived with + *-ëda. Doublet with *elkedä.


valkama

valkama (nominative singular)
valkamat (nominative plural)
valkaman (accusative singular)
valkamat (accusative plural)
valkaman (genitive singular)
valkamadën (genitive plural)
valkamoidën (genitive plural)
valkamata (partitive singular)
valkamoita (partitive plural)
valkamassa (inessive singular)
valkamahna (inessive singular)
valkamoissa (inessive plural)
valkamoihna (inessive plural)
valkamasta (elative singular)
valkamoista (elative plural)
valkamasën (illative singular)
valkamoisën (illative plural)
valkamalla (adessive singular)
valkamoilla (adessive plural)
valkamalta (ablative singular)
valkamoilta (ablative plural)
valkamalën (allative singular)
valkamalëk (allative singular)
valkamoilën (allative plural)
valkamoilëk (allative plural)
valkamana (essive singular)
valkamoina (essive plural)
valkamaksi (singular translative)
valkamoiksi (plural translative)
valkaman (instructive singular)
valkamoin (instructive plural)
valkamanëk (comitative singular)
valkamoinëk (comitative plural)
valkamatta (abessive singular)
valkamoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: valgma

Finnish: valkama

Karelian:

North Karelian: valkamo

South Karelian: valgama, valgamo

Livonian: vālgam, vālgamō

Livvi: valgamo

Ludian: valgam

Veps: valdmad, vougma

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *wëlka- (“to descend, to go down”) + *-ma.


tarvas

tarvas (nominative singular)
tarvahët (nominative plural)
tarvahën (accusative singular)
tarvahët (accusative plural)
tarvahën (genitive singular)
tarvastën (genitive plural)
tarvahidën (genitive plural)
tarvasta (partitive singular)
tarvahita (partitive plural)
tarvahëssa (inessive singular)
tarvahëhna (inessive singular)
tarvahissa (inessive plural)
tarvahihna (inessive plural)
tarvahësta (elative singular)
tarvahista (elative plural)
tarvahësën (illative singular)
tarvahisën (illative plural)
tarvahëlla (adessive singular)
tarvahilla (adessive plural)
tarvahëlta (ablative singular)
tarvahilta (ablative plural)
tarvahëlën (allative singular)
tarvahëlëk (allative singular)
tarvahilën (allative plural)
tarvahilëk (allative plural)
tarvassa (essive singular)
tarvahina (essive plural)
tarvahëksi (singular translative)
tarvahiksi (plural translative)
tarvahën (instructive singular)
tarvahin (instructive plural)
tarvassëk (comitative singular)
tarvahinëk (comitative plural)
tarvahëtta (abessive singular)
tarvahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tarvas

Finnish: tarvas (archaic)

Võro: tarvas

From earlier *tawras, with metathesis of -wr- to -rv-; from Proto-Balto-Slavic *taurás, from Proto-Indo-European *táwros.


äkki

äkki (nominative singular)
äk'it (nominative plural)
äk'in (accusative singular)
äk'it (accusative plural)
äk'in (genitive singular)
äkkiden (genitive plural)
äkkejiden (genitive plural)
äkkidä (partitive singular)
äkkejitä (partitive plural)
äk'issä (inessive singular)
äk'ihnä (inessive singular)
äkkejissä (inessive plural)
äkkejihnä (inessive plural)
äk'istä (elative singular)
äkkejistä (elative plural)
äkkihen (illative singular)
äkkejisen (illative plural)
äk'illä (adessive singular)
äkkejillä (adessive plural)
äk'iltä (ablative singular)
äkkejiltä (ablative plural)
äkkilen (allative singular)
äkkilek (allative singular)
äkkejilen (allative plural)
äkkejilek (allative plural)
äkkinä (essive singular)
äkkejinä (essive plural)
äk'iksi (singular translative)
äkkejiksi (plural translative)
äk'in (instructive singular)
äkkejin (instructive plural)
äkkinek (comitative singular)
äkkejinek (comitative plural)
äk'ittä (abessive singular)
äkkejittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: äkki-

Ingrian: äkki

Votic: ättši

Estonian: äkki

Finnish: äkkiä

Ingrian: äkkiä

Karelian:

North Karelian: äkkie

South Karelian: äkkie

Veps: äkkid

Võro: äkki

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)eakkë (see there for further descendants)


salaja

salaja (nominative singular)
salajat (nominative plural)
salajan (accusative singular)
salajat (accusative plural)
salajan (genitive singular)
salajadën (genitive plural)
salajoidën (genitive plural)
salajata (partitive singular)
salajoita (partitive plural)
salajassa (inessive singular)
salajahna (inessive singular)
salajoissa (inessive plural)
salajoihna (inessive plural)
salajasta (elative singular)
salajoista (elative plural)
salajasën (illative singular)
salajoisën (illative plural)
salajalla (adessive singular)
salajoilla (adessive plural)
salajalta (ablative singular)
salajoilta (ablative plural)
salajalën (allative singular)
salajalëk (allative singular)
salajoilën (allative plural)
salajoilëk (allative plural)
salajana (essive singular)
salajoina (essive plural)
salajaksi (singular translative)
salajoiksi (plural translative)
salajan (instructive singular)
salajoin (instructive plural)
salajanëk (comitative singular)
salajoinëk (comitative plural)
salajatta (abessive singular)
salajoitta (abessive plural)

desc

Livonian: (Courland) salāj, salāji, (Salaca) salaji, salai

>? Võro: sallai, sala

From Proto-Uralic *salaja (“thief”) (whence also Moksha салай (salaj) and Nganasan [script needed] (tolɨǝ)), derived from Proto-Uralic *sala.


laipa

laipa (nominative singular)
laibat (nominative plural)
laiban (accusative singular)
laibat (accusative plural)
laiban (genitive singular)
laipadën (genitive plural)
laipoidën (genitive plural)
laipada (partitive singular)
laipoida (partitive plural)
laibassa (inessive singular)
laibahna (inessive singular)
laiboissa (inessive plural)
laiboihna (inessive plural)
laibasta (elative singular)
laiboista (elative plural)
laipahën (illative singular)
laipoihën (illative plural)
laiballa (adessive singular)
laiboilla (adessive plural)
laibalta (ablative singular)
laiboilta (ablative plural)
laipalën (allative singular)
laipalëk (allative singular)
laipoilën (allative plural)
laipoilëk (allative plural)
laipana (essive singular)
laipoina (essive plural)
laibaksi (singular translative)
laiboiksi (plural translative)
laiban (instructive singular)
laiboin (instructive plural)
laipanëk (comitative singular)
laipoinëk (comitative plural)
laibatta (abessive singular)
laiboitta (abessive plural)

desctree

Estonian: leib
→ Livonian: lēba
→ Võro: leib

Finnish: leipä

→ Inari Sami: leibi

→ Skolt Sami: leiʹbb

→ Akkala Sami: lejp

→ Kildin Sami: ле̄ййп (liejjp)

→ Ter Sami: [script needed] (lĭĕī̭ᵇpe)

Ingrian: leipä

Karelian:

North Karelian: leipä

South Karelian: leibä

Livonian: (Salaca) laibe

Livvi: leiby

Ludian: leib

Veps: leib

Võro: (Leivu dialect) laib

Votic: leipe

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz. Most descendants show a later shift *ai > *ei (compare e.g. *haina, *saisadak).


okci

okci (nominative singular)
oktët (nominative plural)
oktën (accusative singular)
oktët (accusative plural)
oktën (genitive singular)
oktën (genitive plural)
okcidën (genitive plural)
okta (partitive singular)
okcida (partitive plural)
oktëssa (inessive singular)
oktëhna (inessive singular)
okcissa (inessive plural)
okcihna (inessive plural)
oktësta (elative singular)
okcista (elative plural)
oktëhën (illative singular)
okcihën (illative plural)
oktëlla (adessive singular)
okcilla (adessive plural)
oktëlta (ablative singular)
okcilta (ablative plural)
oktëlën (allative singular)
oktëlëk (allative singular)
okcilën (allative plural)
okcilëk (allative plural)
oktëna (essive singular)
okcina (essive plural)
oktëksi (singular translative)
okciksi (plural translative)
oktën (instructive singular)
okcin (instructive plural)
oktënëk (comitative singular)
okcinëk (comitative plural)
oktëtta (abessive singular)
okcitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (only in placenames) oksi

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: okš

Vidzeme Livonian: oks

Võro: (obsolete) ots'

Estonian: ott (from a South Estonian dialect)

Finnish: ohto, otso

→ Karelian: (North Karelian) ohto

From earlier *oktë, akin to Erzya овто (ovto), Moksha офта (ofta).


suurus

suurus (nominative singular)
suuruksët (nominative plural)
suuruksën (accusative singular)
suuruksët (accusative plural)
suuruksën (genitive singular)
suurustën (genitive plural)
suuruksidën (genitive plural)
suurusta (partitive singular)
suuruksita (partitive plural)
suuruksëssa (inessive singular)
suuruksëhna (inessive singular)
suuruksissa (inessive plural)
suuruksihna (inessive plural)
suuruksësta (elative singular)
suuruksista (elative plural)
suuruksësën (illative singular)
suuruksisën (illative plural)
suuruksëlla (adessive singular)
suuruksilla (adessive plural)
suuruksëlta (ablative singular)
suuruksilta (ablative plural)
suuruksëlën (allative singular)
suuruksëlëk (allative singular)
suuruksilën (allative plural)
suuruksilëk (allative plural)
suurussa (essive singular)
suuruksina (essive plural)
suuruksëksi (singular translative)
suuruksiksi (plural translative)
suuruksën (instructive singular)
suuruksin (instructive plural)
suurussëk (comitative singular)
suuruksinëk (comitative plural)
suuruksëtta (abessive singular)
suuruksitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (archaic) suurus

Finnish: suurus

Ingrian: suurus

Karelian:

North Karelian: suurus

South Karelian: suurus

Livvi: suurus

Veps: suruz

Votic: suuruz


imehteldäk

Estonian: imetlema

Finnish: ihmetellä

→ Ingrian: ihmetellä

Votic: imehtelle

From *imeh (“wonder”) + *-tä- + *-(e)ldäk. The intermediate derivative *imehtädäk does not appear to be attested, although Karelian imehtie (“to wonder, to be happy”) and Ludian imehtuda (“to be delighted”) suggest parallel derivatives *imeh-t-i-, *imeh-t-u-.


soodak

soo- (stem)
soon (first-person present singular)
soin (first-person past singular)
soogon (first-person optative singular)
soot (present second-person singular)
soit (past second-person singular)
sook (imperative second-person singular)
soogos (optative second-person singular)
soopi (present singular third-person)
soo (present singular third-person)
soi (past singular third-person)
sookahën (imperative singular third-person)
sookohën (optative singular third-person)
sookmëk (first-person plural present)
sookmak (first-person plural present)
soimëk (first-person past plural)
soimak (first-person past plural)
sookadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
sookadamak (first-person imperative plural)
sookodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
sookodamak (first-person optative plural)
sooktëk (plural present second-person)
sooktak (plural present second-person)
soidëk (past plural second-person)
soidak (past plural second-person)
sookadë (imperative plural second-person)
sookada (imperative plural second-person)
soogot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
sookodadak (optative plural second-person)
soobat (plural present third-person)
soo (plural present third-person)
soi (past plural third-person)
sookahën (imperative plural third-person)
sookohën (optative plural third-person)
sooksën (passive present)
soot'aksën (passive present)
sootihën (passive past)
soottihën (passive past)
sootagasën (imperative passive)
soottagasën (imperative passive)
sootagosën (optative passive)
soottagosën (optative passive)
sook (connegative present)
soogak (connegative imperative)
soogok (connegative optative)
sooktak (connegative passive present)
sootagak (connegative imperative passive)
soottagak (connegative imperative passive)
sootagok (connegative optative passive)
soottagok (connegative optative passive)
sookcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
soicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
soonën (first-person potential singular)
sookcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
soicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
soonët (potential second-person singular)
sookci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
soici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
sooni (potential singular third-person)
sookcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
sookcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
soicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
soicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
soonëmëk (first-person plural potential)
soonëmak (first-person plural potential)
sookcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
sookcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
soicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
soicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
soonëdëk (plural potential second-person)
soonëdak (plural potential second-person)
sookci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
soici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
sooni (plural potential third-person)
soodakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
soot'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
sooticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
sootticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
sootanësën (passive potential)
soottanësën (passive potential)
sookcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
soicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
soonëk (connegative potential)
soodakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
soot'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
sooticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
sootticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
sootanëk (connegative passive potential)
soottanëk (connegative passive potential)
soodak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
soopa (active participle present)
sootaba (participle passive present)
soottaba (participle passive present)
sootë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
soonut (active participle past)
sootu (participle passive past)
soottu (participle passive past)
sooma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
soominen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: soovima

Finnish: suoda

→ Karelian: suuva

→ Lule Sami: suovvat

→ Northern Sami: suovvat

→ Inari Sami: suouvađ

Votic: soovia

From earlier *suwa-, possibly borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *suHáti, from Proto-Indo-European *sewh₁-. Possibly cognate with Erzya совамс (sovams).


laihna

laihna (nominative singular)
laihnat (nominative plural)
laihnan (accusative singular)
laihnat (accusative plural)
laihnan (genitive singular)
laihnadën (genitive plural)
laihnoidën (genitive plural)
laihnada (partitive singular)
laihnoida (partitive plural)
laihnassa (inessive singular)
laihnahna (inessive singular)
laihnoissa (inessive plural)
laihnoihna (inessive plural)
laihnasta (elative singular)
laihnoista (elative plural)
laihnahën (illative singular)
laihnoihën (illative plural)
laihnalla (adessive singular)
laihnoilla (adessive plural)
laihnalta (ablative singular)
laihnoilta (ablative plural)
laihnalën (allative singular)
laihnalëk (allative singular)
laihnoilën (allative plural)
laihnoilëk (allative plural)
laihnana (essive singular)
laihnoina (essive plural)
laihnaksi (singular translative)
laihnoiksi (plural translative)
laihnan (instructive singular)
laihnoin (instructive plural)
laihnanëk (comitative singular)
laihnoinëk (comitative plural)
laihnatta (abessive singular)
laihnoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: laen

Finnish: laina, laihna

Ingrian: laina

Karelian:

North Karelian: laihina

South Karelian: laihna

Livvi: laihin

Ludian: laihina

Võro: lain


keühä

keühä (nominative singular)
keühät (nominative plural)
keühän (accusative singular)
keühät (accusative plural)
keühän (genitive singular)
keühäden (genitive plural)
keüheiden (genitive plural)
keühädä (partitive singular)
keüheidä (partitive plural)
keühässä (inessive singular)
keühähnä (inessive singular)
keüheissä (inessive plural)
keüheihnä (inessive plural)
keühästä (elative singular)
keüheistä (elative plural)
keühähen (illative singular)
keüheihen (illative plural)
keühällä (adessive singular)
keüheillä (adessive plural)
keühältä (ablative singular)
keüheiltä (ablative plural)
keühälen (allative singular)
keühälek (allative singular)
keüheilen (allative plural)
keüheilek (allative plural)
keühänä (essive singular)
keüheinä (essive plural)
keühäksi (singular translative)
keüheiksi (plural translative)
keühän (instructive singular)
keühein (instructive plural)
keühänek (comitative singular)
keüheinek (comitative plural)
keühättä (abessive singular)
keüheittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kehv

Finnish: köyhä

Ingrian: köyhä

→ Votic: köühe

Karelian:

North Karelian: keyhä, köyhä

South Karelian: keyhä, köyhä

Livvi: keyhy

Ludian: köüh

Veps: köuh

Võro: kehv

Votic: (Kattila) tšöühä

→ Southern Sami: giehvie

→ Lule Sami: giehe

→ Northern Sami: geafi

→ Inari Sami: kieyhi

Likely borrowed from Proto-Germanic *skeuhaz (“shy, embarrassed, loathsome, odious”), despite the difference in meaning.


hardas

hardas (nominative singular)
hartahët (nominative plural)
hartahën (accusative singular)
hartahët (accusative plural)
hartahën (genitive singular)
hardastën (genitive plural)
hartahidën (genitive plural)
hardasta (partitive singular)
hartahita (partitive plural)
hartahëssa (inessive singular)
hartahëhna (inessive singular)
hartahissa (inessive plural)
hartahihna (inessive plural)
hartahësta (elative singular)
hartahista (elative plural)
hartahësën (illative singular)
hartahisën (illative plural)
hartahëlla (adessive singular)
hartahilla (adessive plural)
hartahëlta (ablative singular)
hartahilta (ablative plural)
hartahëlën (allative singular)
hartahëlëk (allative singular)
hartahilën (allative plural)
hartahilëk (allative plural)
hardassa (essive singular)
hartahina (essive plural)
hartahëksi (singular translative)
hartahiksi (plural translative)
hartahën (instructive singular)
hartahin (instructive plural)
hardassëk (comitative singular)
hartahinëk (comitative plural)
hartahëtta (abessive singular)
hartahitta (abessive plural)

>? Estonian: härras

Finnish: harras

→ Estonian: harras


liiva

liiva (nominative singular)
liivat (nominative plural)
liivan (accusative singular)
liivat (accusative plural)
liivan (genitive singular)
liivadën (genitive plural)
liivoidën (genitive plural)
liivada (partitive singular)
liivoida (partitive plural)
liivassa (inessive singular)
liivahna (inessive singular)
liivoissa (inessive plural)
liivoihna (inessive plural)
liivasta (elative singular)
liivoista (elative plural)
liivahën (illative singular)
liivoihën (illative plural)
liivalla (adessive singular)
liivoilla (adessive plural)
liivalta (ablative singular)
liivoilta (ablative plural)
liivalën (allative singular)
liivalëk (allative singular)
liivoilën (allative plural)
liivoilëk (allative plural)
liivana (essive singular)
liivoina (essive plural)
liivaksi (singular translative)
liivoiksi (plural translative)
liivan (instructive singular)
liivoin (instructive plural)
liivanëk (comitative singular)
liivoinëk (comitative plural)
liivatta (abessive singular)
liivoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: liiv

desc

→ Finnish: (dialectal) liiva (islands on the Gulf of Finland and Kymenlaakso coast)

Ingrian: liiva

Võro: liiv

Votic: liivõ

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gléiˀwāˀ (whence Latvian glīve, Lithuanian glyvas).


liiva

Finnish: (obsolete) liiva

⇒ Finnish: liivate

Karelian:

North Karelian: liiva

South Karelian: liiva

Livvi: liivu

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *slīwą (whence Icelandic slý).


liko

liko (nominative singular)
ligot (nominative plural)
ligon (accusative singular)
ligot (accusative plural)
ligon (genitive singular)
likodën (genitive plural)
likoidën (genitive plural)
likoda (partitive singular)
likoida (partitive plural)
ligossa (inessive singular)
ligohna (inessive singular)
ligoissa (inessive plural)
ligoihna (inessive plural)
ligosta (elative singular)
ligoista (elative plural)
likohën (illative singular)
likoihën (illative plural)
ligolla (adessive singular)
ligoilla (adessive plural)
ligolta (ablative singular)
ligoilta (ablative plural)
likolën (allative singular)
likolëk (allative singular)
likoilën (allative plural)
likoilëk (allative plural)
likona (essive singular)
likoina (essive plural)
ligoksi (singular translative)
ligoiksi (plural translative)
ligon (instructive singular)
ligoin (instructive plural)
likonëk (comitative singular)
likoinëk (comitative plural)
ligotta (abessive singular)
ligoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ligu

Finnish: liko

Ingrian: liko

Karelian:

North Karelian: liko

South Karelian: ligo

Livvi: ligo

Ludian: ligo

Veps: ligo

Võro: ligo

Votic: (Mati) liko

Possibly derived from *lika (“dirt, filth”).


aldas

Finnic (Northern)
aldas (nominative singular)
altahët (nominative plural)
altahën (accusative singular)
altahët (accusative plural)
altahën (genitive singular)
aldastën (genitive plural)
altahidën (genitive plural)
aldasta (partitive singular)
altahita (partitive plural)
altahëssa (inessive singular)
altahëhna (inessive singular)
altahissa (inessive plural)
altahihna (inessive plural)
altahësta (elative singular)
altahista (elative plural)
altahësën (illative singular)
altahisën (illative plural)
altahëlla (adessive singular)
altahilla (adessive plural)
altahëlta (ablative singular)
altahilta (ablative plural)
altahëlën (allative singular)
altahëlëk (allative singular)
altahilën (allative plural)
altahilëk (allative plural)
aldassa (essive singular)
altahina (essive plural)
altahëksi (singular translative)
altahiksi (plural translative)
altahën (instructive singular)
altahin (instructive plural)
aldassëk (comitative singular)
altahinëk (comitative plural)
altahëtta (abessive singular)
altahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: allas

→ Inari Sami: ääldis

Ingrian: allas

Karelian:

North Karelian: allaš

South Karelian: (dialectal) allaš

Proto-Germanic *aldǭ + *-(a)s; the ending is probably to align it with some other Germanic borrowings, as the reconstruction *aldaz is not supported by evidence in the Germanic languages.

, *künä, *ruuhi


jüvä

jüvä (nominative singular)
jüvät (nominative plural)
jüvän (accusative singular)
jüvät (accusative plural)
jüvän (genitive singular)
jüväden (genitive plural)
jüveiden (genitive plural)
jüvädä (partitive singular)
jüveidä (partitive plural)
jüvässä (inessive singular)
jüvähnä (inessive singular)
jüveissä (inessive plural)
jüveihnä (inessive plural)
jüvästä (elative singular)
jüveistä (elative plural)
jüvähen (illative singular)
jüveihen (illative plural)
jüvällä (adessive singular)
jüveillä (adessive plural)
jüvältä (ablative singular)
jüveiltä (ablative plural)
jüvälen (allative singular)
jüvälek (allative singular)
jüveilen (allative plural)
jüveilek (allative plural)
jüvänä (essive singular)
jüveinä (essive plural)
jüväksi (singular translative)
jüveiksi (plural translative)
jüvän (instructive singular)
jüvein (instructive plural)
jüvänek (comitative singular)
jüveinek (comitative plural)
jüvättä (abessive singular)
jüveittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: jyvä

→ Inari Sami: jiṿe

Ingrian: jyvä

→ Votic: jüvä

Karelian: jyvä

Livvi: jyvä

Ludian: düvä

Veps: jüvä

Võro: jüvä

Estonian: iva

Votic: (Mati) ivä

From Proto-Finno-Permic *jewä (whence also the variant *jivä), borrowed from an Indo-European language (compare Sanskrit यव (yava, “grain, cereal”)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yéwos.


pehmedä

Estonian: pehme

Finnish: pehmeä

Ingrian: pehmiä

Karelian: pehmei

Livonian: piemd

Livvi: pehmei

Ludian: pehmed

Veps: pehmed

Votic: pehmiä


lëuka

lëuka (nominative singular)
lëugat (nominative plural)
lëugan (accusative singular)
lëugat (accusative plural)
lëugan (genitive singular)
lëukadën (genitive plural)
lëukëidën (genitive plural)
lëukada (partitive singular)
lëukëida (partitive plural)
lëugassa (inessive singular)
lëugahna (inessive singular)
lëugëissa (inessive plural)
lëugëihna (inessive plural)
lëugasta (elative singular)
lëugëista (elative plural)
lëukahën (illative singular)
lëukëihën (illative plural)
lëugalla (adessive singular)
lëugëilla (adessive plural)
lëugalta (ablative singular)
lëugëilta (ablative plural)
lëukalën (allative singular)
lëukalëk (allative singular)
lëukëilën (allative plural)
lëukëilëk (allative plural)
lëukana (essive singular)
lëukëina (essive plural)
lëugaksi (singular translative)
lëugëiksi (plural translative)
lëugan (instructive singular)
lëugëin (instructive plural)
lëukanëk (comitative singular)
lëukëinëk (comitative plural)
lëugatta (abessive singular)
lëugëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lõug

Finnish: leuka

Ingrian: leuka

Karelian:

North Karelian: leuka

South Karelian: leuga

Livonian: lȭga

Livvi: leugu

Ludian: löug

Veps: löug

Võro: lõug

Votic: lõukõ

→ Lule Sami: leuke

Suggested to be a borrowing from early Proto-Baltic *leukā (“glands in an animal's neck”) (whence e.g. Lithuanian liauka (“gland”)). Several descendants (Ingrian, eastern dialects of Finnish, Karelian, Lule Sami) have a secondary meaning "part in a seine delineating the entrance to the bottommost section".


pakla

pakla (nominative singular)
paklat (nominative plural)
paklan (accusative singular)
paklat (accusative plural)
paklan (genitive singular)
pakladën (genitive plural)
pakloidën (genitive plural)
paklada (partitive singular)
pakloida (partitive plural)
paklassa (inessive singular)
paklahna (inessive singular)
pakloissa (inessive plural)
pakloihna (inessive plural)
paklasta (elative singular)
pakloista (elative plural)
paklahën (illative singular)
pakloihën (illative plural)
paklalla (adessive singular)
pakloilla (adessive plural)
paklalta (ablative singular)
pakloilta (ablative plural)
paklalën (allative singular)
paklalëk (allative singular)
pakloilën (allative plural)
pakloilëk (allative plural)
paklana (essive singular)
pakloina (essive plural)
paklaksi (singular translative)
pakloiksi (plural translative)
paklan (instructive singular)
pakloin (instructive plural)
paklanëk (comitative singular)
pakloinëk (comitative plural)
paklatta (abessive singular)
pakloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pael

Finnish: paula

Ingrian: pagla

Karelian: pakla, pagla

Livonian: pa’ggõl

Livvi: paglu

Ludian: pagl

Veps: pagl

Võro: pail

Votic: paglõ

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *fatilaz, whence German Fessel.


küpci

küpci (nominative singular)
küpcet (nominative plural)
küpcen (accusative singular)
küpcet (accusative plural)
küpcen (genitive singular)
kücten (genitive plural)
küpciden (genitive plural)
küctä (partitive singular)
küpcidä (partitive plural)
küpcessä (inessive singular)
küpcehnä (inessive singular)
küpcissä (inessive plural)
küpcihnä (inessive plural)
küpcestä (elative singular)
küpcistä (elative plural)
küpcehen (illative singular)
küpcihen (illative plural)
küpcellä (adessive singular)
küpcillä (adessive plural)
küpceltä (ablative singular)
küpciltä (ablative plural)
küpcelen (allative singular)
küpcelek (allative singular)
küpcilen (allative plural)
küpcilek (allative plural)
küpcenä (essive singular)
küpcinä (essive plural)
küpceksi (singular translative)
küpciksi (plural translative)
küpcen (instructive singular)
küpcin (instructive plural)
küpcenek (comitative singular)
küpcinek (comitative plural)
küpcettä (abessive singular)
küpcittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: küps

desc

Finnish: kypsä, kystä, (dialectal) kypsi

Ingrian: küpsi

Karelian: küpsü

Veps: küps

⇒ Votic: tšühseä

According to Koivulehto, from earlier *küpte- or *kepte-, from Baltic *kʷep-tá (which would suggest *küpci, stem *küpte-, analogically to shifted to a stem in *-pse- after the change *c > *s). Latter from the past participle of Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- (“to cook, become ripe”). The Indo-European root evidently had other variants, compare Proto-Italic *kʷekʷ-, Greek and Slavic *pekʷ- and Baltic *kʷep-.


liikkudak

liikku- (stem)
liik'un (first-person present singular)
liik'uin (first-person past singular)
liikkugon (first-person optative singular)
liik'ut (present second-person singular)
liik'uit (past second-person singular)
liik'uk (imperative second-person singular)
liikkugos (optative second-person singular)
liikkubi (present singular third-person)
liikku (present singular third-person)
liikkui (past singular third-person)
liikkugasën (imperative singular third-person)
liikkugosën (optative singular third-person)
liik'ukmëk (first-person plural present)
liik'ukmak (first-person plural present)
liikkuimëk (first-person past plural)
liikkuimak (first-person past plural)
liikkugatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
liikkugatamak (first-person imperative plural)
liikkugotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
liikkugotamak (first-person optative plural)
liik'uktëk (plural present second-person)
liik'uktak (plural present second-person)
liikkuidëk (past plural second-person)
liikkuidak (past plural second-person)
liikkugatë (imperative plural second-person)
liikkugata (imperative plural second-person)
liikkugot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
liikkugotadak (optative plural second-person)
liikkubat (plural present third-person)
liikku (plural present third-person)
liikkui (past plural third-person)
liikkugasën (imperative plural third-person)
liikkugosën (optative plural third-person)
liik'uksën (passive present)
liik'ut'aksën (passive present)
liikkudisën (passive past)
liik'uttisën (passive past)
liikkudakahën (imperative passive)
liik'uttakahën (imperative passive)
liikkudakohën (optative passive)
liik'uttakohën (optative passive)
liik'uk (connegative present)
liikkugak (connegative imperative)
liikkugok (connegative optative)
liik'uktak (connegative passive present)
liikkudagak (connegative imperative passive)
liik'uttagak (connegative imperative passive)
liikkudagok (connegative optative passive)
liik'uttagok (connegative optative passive)
liik'ukcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
liikkuicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
liikkunën (first-person potential singular)
liik'ukcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
liikkuicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
liikkunët (potential second-person singular)
liik'ukci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
liikkuici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
liikkuni (potential singular third-person)
liik'ukcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
liik'ukcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
liikkuicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
liikkuicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
liikkunëmëk (first-person plural potential)
liikkunëmak (first-person plural potential)
liik'ukcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
liik'ukcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
liikkuicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
liikkuicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
liikkunëdëk (plural potential second-person)
liikkunëdak (plural potential second-person)
liik'ukci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
liikkuici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
liikkuni (plural potential third-person)
liikkudakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
liik'ut'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
liikkudicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
liik'utticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
liikkudanëhën (passive potential)
liik'uttanëhën (passive potential)
liik'ukcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
liikkuicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
liikkunëk (connegative potential)
liikkudakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
liik'ut'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
liikkudicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
liik'utticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
liikkudanëk (connegative passive potential)
liik'uttanëk (connegative passive potential)
liikkudak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
liikkuba (active participle present)
liikkudapa (participle passive present)
liik'uttapa (participle passive present)
liikkudë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
liikkunut (active participle past)
liikkudu (participle passive past)
liik'uttu (participle passive past)
liikkuma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
liikkuminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: liikuma/liikuda

Finnish: liikkua

→ Northern Sami: lihkkat

Ingrian: liikkua

Karelian:

North Karelian: liikkuo

South Karelian: liikkuo

Livonian: likkõ

Livvi: liikkuo

Ludian: liikkuda

Veps: likuda

Võro: liikma/liikuq

Votic: liikkua

Probably from Proto-Uralic *likke-w-, with secondary lengthening of the initial vowel.


istudak

istu- (stem)
istun (first-person present singular)
istuin (first-person past singular)
istugon (first-person optative singular)
istut (present second-person singular)
istuit (past second-person singular)
istuk (imperative second-person singular)
istugos (optative second-person singular)
istubi (present singular third-person)
istu (present singular third-person)
istui (past singular third-person)
istugasën (imperative singular third-person)
istugosën (optative singular third-person)
istukmëk (first-person plural present)
istukmak (first-person plural present)
istuimëk (first-person past plural)
istuimak (first-person past plural)
istugatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
istugatamak (first-person imperative plural)
istugotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
istugotamak (first-person optative plural)
istuktëk (plural present second-person)
istuktak (plural present second-person)
istuidëk (past plural second-person)
istuidak (past plural second-person)
istugatë (imperative plural second-person)
istugata (imperative plural second-person)
istugot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
istugotadak (optative plural second-person)
istubat (plural present third-person)
istu (plural present third-person)
istui (past plural third-person)
istugasën (imperative plural third-person)
istugosën (optative plural third-person)
istuksën (passive present)
istut'aksën (passive present)
istudisën (passive past)
istuttisën (passive past)
istudakahën (imperative passive)
istuttakahën (imperative passive)
istudakohën (optative passive)
istuttakohën (optative passive)
istuk (connegative present)
istugak (connegative imperative)
istugok (connegative optative)
istuktak (connegative passive present)
istudagak (connegative imperative passive)
istuttagak (connegative imperative passive)
istudagok (connegative optative passive)
istuttagok (connegative optative passive)
istukcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
istuicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
istunën (first-person potential singular)
istukcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
istuicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
istunët (potential second-person singular)
istukci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
istuici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
istuni (potential singular third-person)
istukcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
istukcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
istuicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
istuicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
istunëmëk (first-person plural potential)
istunëmak (first-person plural potential)
istukcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
istukcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
istuicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
istuicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
istunëdëk (plural potential second-person)
istunëdak (plural potential second-person)
istukci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
istuici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
istuni (plural potential third-person)
istudakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
istut'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
istudicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
istutticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
istudanëhën (passive potential)
istuttanëhën (passive potential)
istukcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
istuicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
istunëk (connegative potential)
istudakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
istut'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
istudicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
istutticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
istudanëk (connegative passive potential)
istuttanëk (connegative passive potential)
istudak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
istuba (active participle present)
istudapa (participle passive present)
istuttapa (participle passive present)
istudë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
istunut (active participle past)
istudu (participle passive past)
istuttu (participle passive past)
istuma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
istuminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: istuma/istuda

Finnish: istua

Ingrian: istua

Karelian:

North Karelian: istuo

South Karelian: istuo

Livonian: istõ, (Salaca) ist

Livvi: istuo

Ludian: ištuda

Veps: ištta

Võro: istma/istuq

Votic: issua

From Proto-Finno-Permic *isɜ-, whence also Erzya озамс (ozams), + *-tudak.


kepjä

kepjä (nominative singular)
kepjät (nominative plural)
kepjän (accusative singular)
kepjät (accusative plural)
kepjän (genitive singular)
kepjäden (genitive plural)
kepjeiden (genitive plural)
kepjädä (partitive singular)
kepjeidä (partitive plural)
kepjässä (inessive singular)
kepjähnä (inessive singular)
kepjeissä (inessive plural)
kepjeihnä (inessive plural)
kepjästä (elative singular)
kepjeistä (elative plural)
kepjähen (illative singular)
kepjeihen (illative plural)
kepjällä (adessive singular)
kepjeillä (adessive plural)
kepjältä (ablative singular)
kepjeiltä (ablative plural)
kepjälen (allative singular)
kepjälek (allative singular)
kepjeilen (allative plural)
kepjeilek (allative plural)
kepjänä (essive singular)
kepjeinä (essive plural)
kepjäksi (singular translative)
kepjeiksi (plural translative)
kepjän (instructive singular)
kepjein (instructive plural)
kepjänek (comitative singular)
kepjeinek (comitative plural)
kepjättä (abessive singular)
kepjeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kebja

Finnish: keviä (> misinterpreted keveä)

Livonian: kievām

Livvi: kebjei

Ludian: kebď, kebďed

Veps: kebnei

Votic: (Lempola, Mati, Pummala) tšebjä


voori

voori (nominative singular)
voorët (nominative plural)
voorën (accusative singular)
voorët (accusative plural)
voorën (genitive singular)
voordën (genitive plural)
vooridën (genitive plural)
voorta (partitive singular)
voorida (partitive plural)
voorëssa (inessive singular)
voorëhna (inessive singular)
voorissa (inessive plural)
voorihna (inessive plural)
voorësta (elative singular)
voorista (elative plural)
voorëhën (illative singular)
voorihën (illative plural)
voorëlla (adessive singular)
voorilla (adessive plural)
voorëlta (ablative singular)
voorilta (ablative plural)
voorëlën (allative singular)
voorëlëk (allative singular)
voorilën (allative plural)
voorilëk (allative plural)
voorna (essive singular)
voorina (essive plural)
voorëksi (singular translative)
vooriksi (plural translative)
voorën (instructive singular)
voorin (instructive plural)
voornëk (comitative singular)
voorinëk (comitative plural)
voorëtta (abessive singular)
vooritta (abessive plural)

Finnish: vuori

→ Estonian: voor (“drumlin”)

→ Karelian: vuori

→ Livvi: vuori

From earlier *warë. This may be either from Proto-Uralic *wëre (whence e.g. Komi вӧр (vör, “forest”)) or from *wärä (whence Proto-Samic *vārē (“mountain”).


mura-

Estonian: murakas (< *mura-k'as); (dialectal) muuram (< *mura-mV)

→ Latvian: murene, muraka

Finnish: muurain (< *mura-in); (dialectal) muurama (< *mura-ma), muura

Ingrian: muuran, muurain (< *mura-in)

Karelian:

South Karelian: muuroi (< *mur-oi), muuroan (< *mura-in)

Livvi: muuroi (< *mur-oi)

Ludian: muuroi (< *mur-oi)

Veps: murašk, murik, murikeine (< *mura-ska?, *mur-ikka)

Võro: murahk, murak (< *mura-hka, *mura-kka)

Votic: muragõ, muragõz (< *mura-ka, *mura-gas)


soomu

soomu (nominative singular)
soomut (nominative plural)
soomun (accusative singular)
soomut (accusative plural)
soomun (genitive singular)
soomudën (genitive plural)
soomuidën (genitive plural)
soomuda (partitive singular)
soomuida (partitive plural)
soomussa (inessive singular)
soomuhna (inessive singular)
soomuissa (inessive plural)
soomuihna (inessive plural)
soomusta (elative singular)
soomuista (elative plural)
soomuhën (illative singular)
soomuihën (illative plural)
soomulla (adessive singular)
soomuilla (adessive plural)
soomulta (ablative singular)
soomuilta (ablative plural)
soomulën (allative singular)
soomulëk (allative singular)
soomuilën (allative plural)
soomuilëk (allative plural)
soomuna (essive singular)
soomuina (essive plural)
soomuksi (singular translative)
soomuiksi (plural translative)
soomun (instructive singular)
soomuin (instructive plural)
soomunëk (comitative singular)
soomuinëk (comitative plural)
soomutta (abessive singular)
soomuitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: suomu

Karelian:

North Karelian: šuomu

Estonian: soomus

Finnish: suomus (dialectal)

Ingrian: soomus

Karelian:

South Karelian: suomus

⇒ Livonian: sūoņgõz

Livvi: suomus

Ludian: suomuz

Veps: somuz

Võro: soomus

Votic: soomuz

From earlier *soomi, from Proto-Uralic *śëme. Cognate with Proto-Samic *čuomë.


jändek

jändek (nominative singular)
jänteget (nominative plural)
jäntegen (accusative singular)
jänteget (accusative plural)
jäntegen (genitive singular)
jändekten (genitive plural)
jäntegiden (genitive plural)
jändektä (partitive singular)
jäntegitä (partitive plural)
jäntegessä (inessive singular)
jäntegehnä (inessive singular)
jäntegissä (inessive plural)
jäntegihnä (inessive plural)
jäntegestä (elative singular)
jäntegistä (elative plural)
jäntegesen (illative singular)
jäntegisen (illative plural)
jäntegellä (adessive singular)
jäntegillä (adessive plural)
jäntegeltä (ablative singular)
jäntegiltä (ablative plural)
jäntegelen (allative singular)
jäntegelek (allative singular)
jäntegilen (allative plural)
jäntegilek (allative plural)
jäntegenä (essive singular)
jänteginä (essive plural)
jäntegeksi (singular translative)
jäntegiksi (plural translative)
jäntegen (instructive singular)
jäntegin (instructive plural)
jäntegenek (comitative singular)
jänteginek (comitative plural)
jäntegettä (abessive singular)
jäntegittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: jänne

Karelian: jänne

Veps: jände

Votic: (dialectal) jänsi


murtadak

murta- (stem)
murdan (first-person present singular)
murdëin (first-person past singular)
murtagon (first-person optative singular)
murdat (present second-person singular)
murdëit (past second-person singular)
murdak (imperative second-person singular)
murtagos (optative second-person singular)
murtabi (present singular third-person)
murta (present singular third-person)
murtëi (past singular third-person)
murtagasën (imperative singular third-person)
murtagosën (optative singular third-person)
murdakmëk (first-person plural present)
murdakmak (first-person plural present)
murtëimëk (first-person past plural)
murtëimak (first-person past plural)
murtagatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
murtagatamak (first-person imperative plural)
murtagotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
murtagotamak (first-person optative plural)
murdaktëk (plural present second-person)
murdaktak (plural present second-person)
murtëidëk (past plural second-person)
murtëidak (past plural second-person)
murtagatë (imperative plural second-person)
murtagata (imperative plural second-person)
murtagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
murtagotadak (optative plural second-person)
murtabat (plural present third-person)
murta (plural present third-person)
murtëi (past plural third-person)
murtagasën (imperative plural third-person)
murtagosën (optative plural third-person)
murdaksën (passive present)
murdat'aksën (passive present)
murtadisën (passive past)
murdattisën (passive past)
murtadakahën (imperative passive)
murdattakahën (imperative passive)
murtadakohën (optative passive)
murdattakohën (optative passive)
murdak (connegative present)
murtagak (connegative imperative)
murtagok (connegative optative)
murdaktak (connegative passive present)
murtadagak (connegative imperative passive)
murdattagak (connegative imperative passive)
murtadagok (connegative optative passive)
murdattagok (connegative optative passive)
murdakcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
murtëicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
murtanën (first-person potential singular)
murdakcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
murtëicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
murtanët (potential second-person singular)
murdakci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
murtëici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
murtani (potential singular third-person)
murdakcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
murdakcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
murtëicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
murtëicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
murtanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
murtanëmak (first-person plural potential)
murdakcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
murdakcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
murtëicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
murtëicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
murtanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
murtanëdak (plural potential second-person)
murdakci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
murtëici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
murtani (plural potential third-person)
murtadakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
murdat'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
murtadicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
murdatticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
murtadanëhën (passive potential)
murdattanëhën (passive potential)
murdakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
murtëicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
murtanëk (connegative potential)
murtadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
murdat'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
murtadicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
murdatticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
murtadanëk (connegative passive potential)
murdattanëk (connegative passive potential)
murtadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
murtaba (active participle present)
murtadapa (participle passive present)
murdattapa (participle passive present)
murtadë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
murtanut (active participle past)
murtadu (participle passive past)
murdattu (participle passive past)
murtama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
murtaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: murdma/murda

Finnish: murtaa

Ingrian: murtaa

Karelian: murtoa

Livonian: murdõ

Livvi: murtua

Ludian: muurta

Veps: murta

Võro: murdma/murdaq

Votic: murta


enä

enä (nominative singular)
enät (nominative plural)
enän (accusative singular)
enät (accusative plural)
enän (genitive singular)
enäden (genitive plural)
eneiden (genitive plural)
enädä (partitive singular)
eneidä (partitive plural)
enässä (inessive singular)
enähnä (inessive singular)
eneissä (inessive plural)
eneihnä (inessive plural)
enästä (elative singular)
eneistä (elative plural)
enähen (illative singular)
eneihen (illative plural)
enällä (adessive singular)
eneillä (adessive plural)
enältä (ablative singular)
eneiltä (ablative plural)
enälen (allative singular)
enälek (allative singular)
eneilen (allative plural)
eneilek (allative plural)
enänä (essive singular)
eneinä (essive plural)
enäksi (singular translative)
eneiksi (plural translative)
enän (instructive singular)
enein (instructive plural)
enänek (comitative singular)
eneinek (comitative plural)
enättä (abessive singular)
eneittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: enä (obsolete)

Finnish: enää

Ingrian: ennää

Livonian: je’nnõ


kustak

kusë- (stem)
kusën (first-person present singular)
kusin (first-person past singular)
kuskon (first-person optative singular)
kusët (present second-person singular)
kusit (past second-person singular)
kusëk (imperative second-person singular)
kuskos (optative second-person singular)
kusëbi (present singular third-person)
kusi (present singular third-person)
kusi (past singular third-person)
kuskahën (imperative singular third-person)
kuskohën (optative singular third-person)
kusëkmëk (first-person plural present)
kusëkmak (first-person plural present)
kusimëk (first-person past plural)
kusimak (first-person past plural)
kuskadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
kuskadamak (first-person imperative plural)
kuskodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
kuskodamak (first-person optative plural)
kusëktëk (plural present second-person)
kusëktak (plural present second-person)
kusidëk (past plural second-person)
kusidak (past plural second-person)
kuskadë (imperative plural second-person)
kuskada (imperative plural second-person)
kuskot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
kuskodadak (optative plural second-person)
kusëbat (plural present third-person)
kusi (plural present third-person)
kusi (past plural third-person)
kuskahën (imperative plural third-person)
kuskohën (optative plural third-person)
kusëksën (passive present)
kusët'aksën (passive present)
kustihën (passive past)
kusëttisën (passive past)
kustagasën (imperative passive)
kusëttakahën (imperative passive)
kustagosën (optative passive)
kusëttakohën (optative passive)
kusëk (connegative present)
kuskak (connegative imperative)
kuskok (connegative optative)
kusëktak (connegative passive present)
kustagak (connegative imperative passive)
kusëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
kustagok (connegative optative passive)
kusëttagok (connegative optative passive)
kusëkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
kusicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
kussën (first-person potential singular)
kusëkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
kusicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
kussët (potential second-person singular)
kusëkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
kusici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
kussi (potential singular third-person)
kusëkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kusëkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kusicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kusicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kussëmëk (first-person plural potential)
kussëmak (first-person plural potential)
kusëkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kusëkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kusicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kusicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kussëdëk (plural potential second-person)
kussëdak (plural potential second-person)
kusëkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
kusici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
kussi (plural potential third-person)
kustakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
kusët'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
kusticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kusëtticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kustanësën (passive potential)
kusëttanëhën (passive potential)
kusëkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
kusicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
kussëk (connegative potential)
kustakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kusët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kusticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kusëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kustanëk (connegative passive potential)
kusëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
kustak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
kusëba (active participle present)
kustaba (participle passive present)
kusëttapa (participle passive present)
kustë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
kussut (active participle past)
kustu (participle passive past)
kusëttu (participle passive past)
kusëma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
kusëminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: kusema/kusta

Finnish: kusta

Ingrian: kussa

Karelian:

North Karelian: kussa

South Karelian: kussa

Livonian: ku’zzõ

Livvi: kusta

Ludian: kusta

Veps: kusta

Võro: kusõma/kustaq

Votic: kussõ


unohtadak

unohta- (stem)
unohtan (first-person present singular)
unohtëin (first-person past singular)
unohtagon (first-person optative singular)
unohtat (present second-person singular)
unohtëit (past second-person singular)
unohtak (imperative second-person singular)
unohtagos (optative second-person singular)
unohtapi (present singular third-person)
unohta (present singular third-person)
unohtëi (past singular third-person)
unohtakahën (imperative singular third-person)
unohtakohën (optative singular third-person)
unohtakmëk (first-person plural present)
unohtakmak (first-person plural present)
unohtëimëk (first-person past plural)
unohtëimak (first-person past plural)
unohtakadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
unohtakadamak (first-person imperative plural)
unohtakodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
unohtakodamak (first-person optative plural)
unohtaktëk (plural present second-person)
unohtaktak (plural present second-person)
unohtëidëk (past plural second-person)
unohtëidak (past plural second-person)
unohtakadë (imperative plural second-person)
unohtakada (imperative plural second-person)
unohtagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
unohtakodadak (optative plural second-person)
unohtabat (plural present third-person)
unohta (plural present third-person)
unohtëi (past plural third-person)
unohtakahën (imperative plural third-person)
unohtakohën (optative plural third-person)
unohtaksën (passive present)
unohtat'aksën (passive present)
unohtatihën (passive past)
unohtattihën (passive past)
unohtatagasën (imperative passive)
unohtattagasën (imperative passive)
unohtatagosën (optative passive)
unohtattagosën (optative passive)
unohtak (connegative present)
unohtagak (connegative imperative)
unohtagok (connegative optative)
unohtaktak (connegative passive present)
unohtatagak (connegative imperative passive)
unohtattagak (connegative imperative passive)
unohtatagok (connegative optative passive)
unohtattagok (connegative optative passive)
unohtakcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
unohtëicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
unohtanën (first-person potential singular)
unohtakcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
unohtëicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
unohtanët (potential second-person singular)
unohtakci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
unohtëici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
unohtani (potential singular third-person)
unohtakcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
unohtakcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
unohtëicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
unohtëicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
unohtanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
unohtanëmak (first-person plural potential)
unohtakcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
unohtakcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
unohtëicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
unohtëicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
unohtanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
unohtanëdak (plural potential second-person)
unohtakci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
unohtëici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
unohtani (plural potential third-person)
unohtadakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
unohtat'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
unohtaticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
unohtatticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
unohtatanësën (passive potential)
unohtattanësën (passive potential)
unohtakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
unohtëicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
unohtanëk (connegative potential)
unohtadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
unohtat'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
unohtaticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
unohtatticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
unohtatanëk (connegative passive potential)
unohtattanëk (connegative passive potential)
unohtadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
unohtapa (active participle present)
unohtataba (participle passive present)
unohtattaba (participle passive present)
unohtatë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
unohtanut (active participle past)
unohtatu (participle passive past)
unohtattu (participle passive past)
unohtama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
unohtaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: unustama, unustada

Finnish: unohtaa

Ingrian: unohtaa

Karelian: unohtoa

Võro: unetama

Likely from *uni (“sleep”), suffixed with *-hta + *-dak.


poola

poola (nominative singular)
poolat (nominative plural)
poolan (accusative singular)
poolat (accusative plural)
poolan (genitive singular)
pooladën (genitive plural)
poolëidën (genitive plural)
poolada (partitive singular)
poolëida (partitive plural)
poolassa (inessive singular)
poolahna (inessive singular)
poolëissa (inessive plural)
poolëihna (inessive plural)
poolasta (elative singular)
poolëista (elative plural)
poolahën (illative singular)
poolëihën (illative plural)
poolalla (adessive singular)
poolëilla (adessive plural)
poolalta (ablative singular)
poolëilta (ablative plural)
poolalën (allative singular)
poolalëk (allative singular)
poolëilën (allative plural)
poolëilëk (allative plural)
poolana (essive singular)
poolëina (essive plural)
poolaksi (singular translative)
poolëiksi (plural translative)
poolan (instructive singular)
poolëin (instructive plural)
poolanëk (comitative singular)
poolëinëk (comitative plural)
poolatta (abessive singular)
poolëitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: pohl

Finnish: puola, ⇒ puolukka

Ingrian: poola

Karelian: puola

⇒ Livonian: būolgõz

Livvi: buolu

Ludian: buol

Veps: bol

⇒ Võro: palohk, palok

Votic: ⇒ poolõz, (Mati) poola


kecrä

kecrä (nominative singular)
kecrät (nominative plural)
kecrän (accusative singular)
kecrät (accusative plural)
kecrän (genitive singular)
kecräden (genitive plural)
kecreiden (genitive plural)
kecrädä (partitive singular)
kecreidä (partitive plural)
kecrässä (inessive singular)
kecrähnä (inessive singular)
kecreissä (inessive plural)
kecreihnä (inessive plural)
kecrästä (elative singular)
kecreistä (elative plural)
kecrähen (illative singular)
kecreihen (illative plural)
kecrällä (adessive singular)
kecreillä (adessive plural)
kecrältä (ablative singular)
kecreiltä (ablative plural)
kecrälen (allative singular)
kecrälek (allative singular)
kecreilen (allative plural)
kecreilek (allative plural)
kecränä (essive singular)
kecreinä (essive plural)
kecräksi (singular translative)
kecreiksi (plural translative)
kecrän (instructive singular)
kecrein (instructive plural)
kecränek (comitative singular)
kecreinek (comitative plural)
kecrättä (abessive singular)
kecreittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: keder

Finnish: kehrä, (Eastern) keträ

Karelian:

North Karelian: kesrä

South Karelian: kezrä

Livonian: kie'ddõr

Livvi: kezry

Ludian: kezr

Veps: kezr

Võro: ⇒ keeri

From earlier *kečrä, borrowed from early Indo-Iranian *ketstram (whence Sanskrit चात्त्र (cāttra), from *čatstram). The same word has been borrowed also to other Uralic languages: Proto-Samic *kearsē, Erzya шчире (ščiŕe), Moksha кштирь (kšťiŕ), Eastern Mari шӱдыр (šüdyr).


käveldäk

kävel- (stem)
kävelen (first-person present singular)
kävelin (first-person past singular)
kävelgon (first-person optative singular)
kävelet (present second-person singular)
kävelit (past second-person singular)
kävelek (imperative second-person singular)
kävelgos (optative second-person singular)
kävelepi (present singular third-person)
kävel (present singular third-person)
käveli (past singular third-person)
kävelkäsen (imperative singular third-person)
kävelkosen (optative singular third-person)
kävelekmek (first-person plural present)
kävelekmäk (first-person plural present)
kävelimek (first-person past plural)
kävelimäk (first-person past plural)
kävelkätemek (first-person imperative plural)
kävelkätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
kävelkotemek (first-person optative plural)
kävelkotämäk (first-person optative plural)
kävelektek (plural present second-person)
kävelektäk (plural present second-person)
kävelidek (past plural second-person)
kävelidäk (past plural second-person)
kävelkäte (imperative plural second-person)
kävelkätä (imperative plural second-person)
kävelgot'ek (optative plural second-person)
kävelkotädäk (optative plural second-person)
kävelebät (plural present third-person)
kävel (plural present third-person)
käveli (past plural third-person)
kävelkäsen (imperative plural third-person)
kävelkosen (optative plural third-person)
käveleksen (passive present)
kävelet'äksen (passive present)
käveltisen (passive past)
kävelettihen (passive past)
käveltäkähen (imperative passive)
kävelettägäsen (imperative passive)
käveltäkohen (optative passive)
kävelettägosen (optative passive)
kävelek (connegative present)
kävelgäk (connegative imperative)
kävelgok (connegative optative)
kävelektäk (connegative passive present)
käveltägäk (connegative imperative passive)
kävelettägäk (connegative imperative passive)
käveltägok (connegative optative passive)
kävelettägok (connegative optative passive)
kävelekcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
kävelicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
kävellen (first-person potential singular)
kävelekcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
kävelicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
kävellet (potential second-person singular)
kävelekci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
kävelici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
kävelli (potential singular third-person)
kävelekcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kävelekcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kävelicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kävelicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kävellemek (first-person plural potential)
kävellemäk (first-person plural potential)
kävelekcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kävelekcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kävelicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kävelicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kävelledek (plural potential second-person)
kävelledäk (plural potential second-person)
kävelekci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
kävelici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
kävelli (plural potential third-person)
käveldäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
kävelet'äkcisen (conditional conditional-i passive)
kävelticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
käveletticisen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
käveltänehen (passive potential)
kävelettänesen (passive potential)
kävelekcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
kävelicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
kävellek (connegative potential)
käveldäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kävelet'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kävelticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
käveletticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
käveltänek (connegative passive potential)
kävelettänek (connegative passive potential)
käveldäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
kävelepä (active participle present)
käveltäpä (participle passive present)
kävelettäbä (participle passive present)
kävelte- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
kävellüt (active participle past)
käveltü (participle passive past)
kävelettü (participle passive past)
kävelemä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
käveleminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Finnish: kävellä

Ingrian: kävellä

Karelian: kävellä

Ludian: kävelda

Veps: kävelta

Votic: (Rajo) tšävelle


noora

noora (nominative singular)
noorat (nominative plural)
nooran (accusative singular)
noorat (accusative plural)
nooran (genitive singular)
nooradën (genitive plural)
noorëidën (genitive plural)
noorada (partitive singular)
noorëida (partitive plural)
noorassa (inessive singular)
noorahna (inessive singular)
noorëissa (inessive plural)
noorëihna (inessive plural)
noorasta (elative singular)
noorëista (elative plural)
noorahën (illative singular)
noorëihën (illative plural)
nooralla (adessive singular)
noorëilla (adessive plural)
nooralta (ablative singular)
noorëilta (ablative plural)
nooralën (allative singular)
nooralëk (allative singular)
noorëilën (allative plural)
noorëilëk (allative plural)
noorana (essive singular)
noorëina (essive plural)
nooraksi (singular translative)
noorëiksi (plural translative)
nooran (instructive singular)
noorëin (instructive plural)
nooranëk (comitative singular)
noorëinëk (comitative plural)
nooratta (abessive singular)
noorëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: nuora

Ingrian: noora

Karelian:

North Karelian: nuora

South Karelian: nuora

Livvi: nuoru

Ludian: nuor

Veps: nor

Votic: noorõ

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *snōrō (whence German Schnur).


kiukasa

Finnish: (Southern Ostrobothnia) kiukas

Votic: (Mati) tšiukaz

(standard) Finnish: kiuas

→ Northern Sami: givgás, givggis

→ Inari Sami: kivkkâhâš

Votic:

Kukkuzi: kiugas

Finnish: (Eastern) kiukua (“kiukuva”)

→ Karelian: (Northern) kiukua, (Southern) kiugua

Ingrian: kiukaa

Univerbation of *kivi (“stone”) + *kasa (“pile”), with the first part being shortened. Most descendants shorten the second part as well, turning the word into an *-as-stem (either with or without consonant gradation of *-k-), in eastern varieties further generalized into an unalternating aa-stem.
Many sources assert instead *kota as the original second element, but Ylikoski (2016) argues that this does not match almost any of the descendants, and shows that no detailed argument for this reconstruction has ever been given. Pahomov (2017) on the contrary insists that some eastern Finnic words, such as Veps küudug and Ludian kiudug, do descend from this via regular metathesis, through the development *kiukuδa > *kivikota.


madëh

madëh (nominative singular)
matëhët (nominative plural)
matëhën (accusative singular)
matëhët (accusative plural)
matëhën (genitive singular)
madëhtën (genitive plural)
matëhidën (genitive plural)
madëhta (partitive singular)
matëhita (partitive plural)
matëhëssa (inessive singular)
matëhëhna (inessive singular)
matëhissa (inessive plural)
matëhihna (inessive plural)
matëhësta (elative singular)
matëhista (elative plural)
matëhësën (illative singular)
matëhisën (illative plural)
matëhëlla (adessive singular)
matëhilla (adessive plural)
matëhëlta (ablative singular)
matëhilta (ablative plural)
matëhëlën (allative singular)
matëhëlëk (allative singular)
matëhilën (allative plural)
matëhilëk (allative plural)
matëhëna (essive singular)
matëhina (essive plural)
matëhëksi (singular translative)
matëhiksi (plural translative)
matëhën (instructive singular)
matëhin (instructive plural)
matëhënëk (comitative singular)
matëhinëk (comitative plural)
matëhëtta (abessive singular)
matëhitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: made

→ Northern Sami: (dialectal) máđas

Ingrian: mae

Karelian:

North Karelian: moah

South Karelian: majeh

Livvi: majeh

Ludian: madeh

Veps: madeh, madez

Votic: maõ


kärmeh

Estonian: (dialectal) kärm, kärv

Finnish: käärme, kärmes

Ingrian: käärme

Karelian: kiärmis

Livonian: kīermõz

Ludian: kiärmeh

→ Northern Sami: gearpmaš

PIE word
 *kʷŕ̥mis
From earlier *kärmeš, borrowed from early Proto-Balto-Slavic *kr̥mis (“worm”) (later *kírmis), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷŕ̥mis.


enämpi

Estonian: enam

Finnish: enempi, (dialectal) enämpi

Ingrian: enemp

Karelian:

North Karelian: enämpi

South Karelian: enämbi

Livonian: jemīņ

Livvi: enämbi

Ludian: enämb

Veps: enamb

Võro: inämb

Votic: enäpi

Samic:

→? Kildin Sami: е̄намп (jienamp)

→? Akkala Sami: я̄нҍӓмп (jān’ämp)


paistudak

Estonian: (dialectal) pastuma/pastuda

Finnish: paistua

Ingrian: paistua

Karelian: paistuo

Ludian: paštuda

→ Livvi: pastuo

Veps: paštuda

Võro: paistma/paistuq

(intransitive) to bake, to roast, to fry


mehi

mehi (nominative singular)
mehet (nominative plural)
mehen (accusative singular)
mehet (accusative plural)
mehen (genitive singular)
mehten (genitive plural)
mehiden (genitive plural)
mehtä (partitive singular)
mehidä (partitive plural)
mehessä (inessive singular)
mehehnä (inessive singular)
mehissä (inessive plural)
mehihnä (inessive plural)
mehestä (elative singular)
mehistä (elative plural)
mehehen (illative singular)
mehihen (illative plural)
mehellä (adessive singular)
mehillä (adessive plural)
meheltä (ablative singular)
mehiltä (ablative plural)
mehelen (allative singular)
mehelek (allative singular)
mehilen (allative plural)
mehilek (allative plural)
mehenä (essive singular)
mehinä (essive plural)
meheksi (singular translative)
mehiksi (plural translative)
mehen (instructive singular)
mehin (instructive plural)
mehenek (comitative singular)
mehinek (comitative plural)
mehettä (abessive singular)
mehittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: (obsolete) mehi, ⇒ mehu

Ingrian: ⇒ mehetöin, mehestyä

Karelian:

South Karelian: mehi

Livvi: mehi

Ludian: mehi

>? Võro: mehi


koolëma

koolëma (nominative singular)
koolëmat (nominative plural)
koolëman (accusative singular)
koolëmat (accusative plural)
koolëman (genitive singular)
koolëmadën (genitive plural)
koolëmoidën (genitive plural)
koolëmata (partitive singular)
koolëmoita (partitive plural)
koolëmassa (inessive singular)
koolëmahna (inessive singular)
koolëmoissa (inessive plural)
koolëmoihna (inessive plural)
koolëmasta (elative singular)
koolëmoista (elative plural)
koolëmasën (illative singular)
koolëmoisën (illative plural)
koolëmalla (adessive singular)
koolëmoilla (adessive plural)
koolëmalta (ablative singular)
koolëmoilta (ablative plural)
koolëmalën (allative singular)
koolëmalëk (allative singular)
koolëmoilën (allative plural)
koolëmoilëk (allative plural)
koolëmana (essive singular)
koolëmoina (essive plural)
koolëmaksi (singular translative)
koolëmoiksi (plural translative)
koolëman (instructive singular)
koolëmoin (instructive plural)
koolëmanëk (comitative singular)
koolëmoinëk (comitative plural)
koolëmatta (abessive singular)
koolëmoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kuolema

Ingrian: koolema

Karelian:

North Karelian: kuoloma

South Karelian: kuolema

Livonian: kūolõm

Votic: koolõmõ


moskëdak

moskë- (stem)
moskën (first-person present singular)
moskin (first-person past singular)
moskëgon (first-person optative singular)
moskët (present second-person singular)
moskit (past second-person singular)
moskëk (imperative second-person singular)
moskëgos (optative second-person singular)
moskëbi (present singular third-person)
moski (present singular third-person)
moski (past singular third-person)
moskëgasën (imperative singular third-person)
moskëgosën (optative singular third-person)
moskëkmëk (first-person plural present)
moskëkmak (first-person plural present)
moskimëk (first-person past plural)
moskimak (first-person past plural)
moskëgatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
moskëgatamak (first-person imperative plural)
moskëgotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
moskëgotamak (first-person optative plural)
moskëktëk (plural present second-person)
moskëktak (plural present second-person)
moskidëk (past plural second-person)
moskidak (past plural second-person)
moskëgatë (imperative plural second-person)
moskëgata (imperative plural second-person)
moskëgot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
moskëgotadak (optative plural second-person)
moskëbat (plural present third-person)
moski (plural present third-person)
moski (past plural third-person)
moskëgasën (imperative plural third-person)
moskëgosën (optative plural third-person)
moskëksën (passive present)
moskët'aksën (passive present)
moskëdisën (passive past)
moskëttisën (passive past)
moskëdakahën (imperative passive)
moskëttakahën (imperative passive)
moskëdakohën (optative passive)
moskëttakohën (optative passive)
moskëk (connegative present)
moskëgak (connegative imperative)
moskëgok (connegative optative)
moskëktak (connegative passive present)
moskëdagak (connegative imperative passive)
moskëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
moskëdagok (connegative optative passive)
moskëttagok (connegative optative passive)
moskëkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
moskicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
moskënën (first-person potential singular)
moskëkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
moskicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
moskënët (potential second-person singular)
moskëkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
moskici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
moskëni (potential singular third-person)
moskëkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
moskëkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
moskicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
moskicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
moskënëmëk (first-person plural potential)
moskënëmak (first-person plural potential)
moskëkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
moskëkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
moskicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
moskicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
moskënëdëk (plural potential second-person)
moskënëdak (plural potential second-person)
moskëkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
moskici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
moskëni (plural potential third-person)
moskëdakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
moskët'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
moskëdicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
moskëtticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
moskëdanëhën (passive potential)
moskëttanëhën (passive potential)
moskëkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
moskicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
moskënëk (connegative potential)
moskëdakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
moskët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
moskëdicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
moskëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
moskëdanëk (connegative passive potential)
moskëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
moskëdak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
moskëba (active participle present)
moskëdapa (participle passive present)
moskëttapa (participle passive present)
moskëdë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
moskënut (active participle past)
moskëdu (participle passive past)
moskëttu (participle passive past)
moskëma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
moskëminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Võro: mõskma

From Proto-Uralic *mośke-. Continued in South Estonian only, replaced elsewhere by *pestäk.


putro

putro (nominative singular)
putrot (nominative plural)
putron (accusative singular)
putrot (accusative plural)
putron (genitive singular)
putrodën (genitive plural)
putroidën (genitive plural)
putroda (partitive singular)
putroida (partitive plural)
putrossa (inessive singular)
putrohna (inessive singular)
putroissa (inessive plural)
putroihna (inessive plural)
putrosta (elative singular)
putroista (elative plural)
putrohën (illative singular)
putroihën (illative plural)
putrolla (adessive singular)
putroilla (adessive plural)
putrolta (ablative singular)
putroilta (ablative plural)
putrolën (allative singular)
putrolëk (allative singular)
putroilën (allative plural)
putroilëk (allative plural)
putrona (essive singular)
putroina (essive plural)
putroksi (singular translative)
putroiksi (plural translative)
putron (instructive singular)
putroin (instructive plural)
putronëk (comitative singular)
putroinëk (comitative plural)
putrotta (abessive singular)
putroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: puder

desc

Finnish: puuro, (dialectal) putro, puiro

→ Northern Sami: buvru

Ingrian: pudro

Karelian:

North Karelian: putro

South Karelian: pudro

Livvi: pudro

Ludian: pudr

Veps: pudr

Võro: pudõr, pudyr', putr

Votic:

Krevinian: pudru

Borrowing from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian putra).


mëëkka

mëëkka (nominative singular)
mëëk'at (nominative plural)
mëëk'an (accusative singular)
mëëk'at (accusative plural)
mëëk'an (genitive singular)
mëëkkadën (genitive plural)
mëëkkoidën (genitive plural)
mëëkkada (partitive singular)
mëëkkoida (partitive plural)
mëëk'assa (inessive singular)
mëëk'ahna (inessive singular)
mëëk'oissa (inessive plural)
mëëk'oihna (inessive plural)
mëëk'asta (elative singular)
mëëk'oista (elative plural)
mëëkkahën (illative singular)
mëëkkoihën (illative plural)
mëëk'alla (adessive singular)
mëëk'oilla (adessive plural)
mëëk'alta (ablative singular)
mëëk'oilta (ablative plural)
mëëkkalën (allative singular)
mëëkkalëk (allative singular)
mëëkkoilën (allative plural)
mëëkkoilëk (allative plural)
mëëkkana (essive singular)
mëëkkoina (essive plural)
mëëk'aksi (singular translative)
mëëk'oiksi (plural translative)
mëëk'an (instructive singular)
mëëk'oin (instructive plural)
mëëkkanëk (comitative singular)
mëëkkoinëk (comitative plural)
mëëk'atta (abessive singular)
mëëk'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: mõõk

Finnish: miekka

→ Inari Sami: miekki

→ Northern Sami: miehkki

→ Akkala Sami: ме̄кь (m’ēk’)

→ Kildin Sami: мӣһкь (mīhk’)

Ingrian: meekka

Karelian:

North Karelian: miekka

South Karelian: miekka

Livonian: mȭk

Livvi: miekku

Ludian: miek

Veps: mek

Võro: myyk

Votic: mõõkkõ


minijä

minijä (nominative singular)
minijät (nominative plural)
minijän (accusative singular)
minijät (accusative plural)
minijän (genitive singular)
minijäden (genitive plural)
minijeiden (genitive plural)
minijätä (partitive singular)
minijeitä (partitive plural)
minijässä (inessive singular)
minijähnä (inessive singular)
minijeissä (inessive plural)
minijeihnä (inessive plural)
minijästä (elative singular)
minijeistä (elative plural)
minijäsen (illative singular)
minijeisen (illative plural)
minijällä (adessive singular)
minijeillä (adessive plural)
minijältä (ablative singular)
minijeiltä (ablative plural)
minijälen (allative singular)
minijälek (allative singular)
minijeilen (allative plural)
minijeilek (allative plural)
minijänä (essive singular)
minijeinä (essive plural)
minijäksi (singular translative)
minijeiksi (plural translative)
minijän (instructive singular)
minijein (instructive plural)
minijänek (comitative singular)
minijeinek (comitative plural)
minijättä (abessive singular)
minijeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: minia

Finnish: miniä

Ingrian: minjä, minja; minni

Karelian: min'n'a

Livonian: mīņa

Veps: minď

Võro: minnij

Votic: minʹdʹõ


lippi

lippi (nominative singular)
lip'it (nominative plural)
lip'in (accusative singular)
lip'it (accusative plural)
lip'in (genitive singular)
lippiden (genitive plural)
lippejiden (genitive plural)
lippidä (partitive singular)
lippejitä (partitive plural)
lip'issä (inessive singular)
lip'ihnä (inessive singular)
lippejissä (inessive plural)
lippejihnä (inessive plural)
lip'istä (elative singular)
lippejistä (elative plural)
lippihen (illative singular)
lippejisen (illative plural)
lip'illä (adessive singular)
lippejillä (adessive plural)
lip'iltä (ablative singular)
lippejiltä (ablative plural)
lippilen (allative singular)
lippilek (allative singular)
lippejilen (allative plural)
lippejilek (allative plural)
lippinä (essive singular)
lippejinä (essive plural)
lip'iksi (singular translative)
lippejiksi (plural translative)
lip'in (instructive singular)
lippejin (instructive plural)
lippinek (comitative singular)
lippejinek (comitative plural)
lip'ittä (abessive singular)
lippejittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: lipp

Finnish: lippi

Karelian:

North Karelian: lippi

South Karelian: lippi

Livvi: lippi

Võro: lipp'

Estonian: lipits

Karelian:

North Karelian: lipiččä

South Karelian: lipiččä

Livvi: lipiččy

Ludian: lipič

Veps: lipič

Võro: lipits

Votic: lipittsõ

Probably from *lip'at'ak (“to throw, to scoop”) + *-i.


peütä

peütä (nominative singular)
peüdät (nominative plural)
peüdän (accusative singular)
peüdät (accusative plural)
peüdän (genitive singular)
peütäden (genitive plural)
peüteiden (genitive plural)
peütädä (partitive singular)
peüteidä (partitive plural)
peüdässä (inessive singular)
peüdähnä (inessive singular)
peüdeissä (inessive plural)
peüdeihnä (inessive plural)
peüdästä (elative singular)
peüdeistä (elative plural)
peütähen (illative singular)
peüteihen (illative plural)
peüdällä (adessive singular)
peüdeillä (adessive plural)
peüdältä (ablative singular)
peüdeiltä (ablative plural)
peütälen (allative singular)
peütälek (allative singular)
peüteilen (allative plural)
peüteilek (allative plural)
peütänä (essive singular)
peüteinä (essive plural)
peüdäksi (singular translative)
peüdeiksi (plural translative)
peüdän (instructive singular)
peüdein (instructive plural)
peütänek (comitative singular)
peüteinek (comitative plural)
peüdättä (abessive singular)
peüdeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: pöid

Finnish: pöytä

→ Ingrian: pöytä

Karelian:

North Karelian: pöytä

Võro: pöüd

→ Inari Sami: pevdi

→ Lule Sami: bievdde

→ Northern Sami: beavdi


hooli

hooli (nominative singular)
hoolët (nominative plural)
hoolën (accusative singular)
hoolët (accusative plural)
hoolën (genitive singular)
hooldën (genitive plural)
hoolidën (genitive plural)
hoolta (partitive singular)
hoolida (partitive plural)
hoolëssa (inessive singular)
hoolëhna (inessive singular)
hoolissa (inessive plural)
hoolihna (inessive plural)
hoolësta (elative singular)
hoolista (elative plural)
hoolëhën (illative singular)
hoolihën (illative plural)
hoolëlla (adessive singular)
hoolilla (adessive plural)
hoolëlta (ablative singular)
hoolilta (ablative plural)
hoolëlën (allative singular)
hoolëlëk (allative singular)
hoolilën (allative plural)
hoolilëk (allative plural)
hoolla (essive singular)
hoolina (essive plural)
hoolëksi (singular translative)
hooliksi (plural translative)
hoolën (instructive singular)
hoolin (instructive plural)
hoollëk (comitative singular)
hoolinëk (comitative plural)
hoolëtta (abessive singular)
hoolitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hool

Finnish: huoli
Kven: huoli

Ingrian: hooli

→ Votic: hooli

Karelian:

North Karelian: huoli

South Karelian: huoli

Livonian: ūoļ

Livvi: huoli

Ludian: huol'

Veps: hol'

Võro: huul'

Votic: ooli

From earlier *šooli, possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Lithuanian žala (“damage, harm”)).


keüci

keüci (nominative singular)
keüdet (nominative plural)
keüden (accusative singular)
keüdet (accusative plural)
keüden (genitive singular)
keüt'en (genitive plural)
keüciden (genitive plural)
keüttä (partitive singular)
keücidä (partitive plural)
keüdessä (inessive singular)
keüdehnä (inessive singular)
keücissä (inessive plural)
keücihnä (inessive plural)
keüdestä (elative singular)
keücistä (elative plural)
keütehen (illative singular)
keücihen (illative plural)
keüdellä (adessive singular)
keücillä (adessive plural)
keüdeltä (ablative singular)
keüciltä (ablative plural)
keütelen (allative singular)
keütelek (allative singular)
keücilen (allative plural)
keücilek (allative plural)
keünnä (essive singular)
keücinä (essive plural)
keüdeksi (singular translative)
keüciksi (plural translative)
keüden (instructive singular)
keücin (instructive plural)
keünnek (comitative singular)
keücinek (comitative plural)
keüdettä (abessive singular)
keücittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: köis, (dialectal) köüs, keis

Finnish: köysi

Ingrian: köys

Karelian:

North Karelian: keyši

Livonian: kieuž

Võro: köüds'

Votic: (Jõgõperä) tšöüsi

From Proto-Uralic *käwde (whence also Proto-Samic *kievδë).


mäkrä

mäkrä (nominative singular)
mäkrät (nominative plural)
mäkrän (accusative singular)
mäkrät (accusative plural)
mäkrän (genitive singular)
mäkräden (genitive plural)
mäkreiden (genitive plural)
mäkrädä (partitive singular)
mäkreidä (partitive plural)
mäkrässä (inessive singular)
mäkrähnä (inessive singular)
mäkreissä (inessive plural)
mäkreihnä (inessive plural)
mäkrästä (elative singular)
mäkreistä (elative plural)
mäkrähen (illative singular)
mäkreihen (illative plural)
mäkrällä (adessive singular)
mäkreillä (adessive plural)
mäkrältä (ablative singular)
mäkreiltä (ablative plural)
mäkrälen (allative singular)
mäkrälek (allative singular)
mäkreilen (allative plural)
mäkreilek (allative plural)
mäkränä (essive singular)
mäkreinä (essive plural)
mäkräksi (singular translative)
mäkreiksi (plural translative)
mäkrän (instructive singular)
mäkrein (instructive plural)
mäkränek (comitative singular)
mäkreinek (comitative plural)
mäkrättä (abessive singular)
mäkreittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: mäger, (dialectal) määr

Finnish: mäyrä

Karelian:

North Karelian: mäkrä

South Karelian: mägrä

Livonian: mä’ggõrz

Livvi: mägry

Ludian: mägr

Veps: mägr

Unknown. Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *marþraz (“marten”), but this is unlikely for phonetic reasons.


kapja

kapja (nominative singular)
kapjat (nominative plural)
kapjan (accusative singular)
kapjat (accusative plural)
kapjan (genitive singular)
kapjadën (genitive plural)
kapjoidën (genitive plural)
kapjada (partitive singular)
kapjoida (partitive plural)
kapjassa (inessive singular)
kapjahna (inessive singular)
kapjoissa (inessive plural)
kapjoihna (inessive plural)
kapjasta (elative singular)
kapjoista (elative plural)
kapjahën (illative singular)
kapjoihën (illative plural)
kapjalla (adessive singular)
kapjoilla (adessive plural)
kapjalta (ablative singular)
kapjoilta (ablative plural)
kapjalën (allative singular)
kapjalëk (allative singular)
kapjoilën (allative plural)
kapjoilëk (allative plural)
kapjana (essive singular)
kapjoina (essive plural)
kapjaksi (singular translative)
kapjoiksi (plural translative)
kapjan (instructive singular)
kapjoin (instructive plural)
kapjanëk (comitative singular)
kapjoinëk (comitative plural)
kapjatta (abessive singular)
kapjoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kabi

Finnish: kavio, (dialectal) kapio, kapia

Ingrian: kapja

Karelian: kapie, kabia

Livonian: käbā

Livvi: kabju

Ludian: kabď, kabju, kabje

Veps: kabj

Võro: kabi

Votic: kabjõ

From earlier *kapaja, the root *kapa- is borrowed from pre-Germanic *kāpas or early Proto-Germanic *hāfaz (later *hōfaz), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱoph₂ós. The same root appears in Proto-Samic *kuopērē (“reindeer hoof”) (earlier *kapara), but with a different suffix.


ahku

ahku (nominative singular)
ahkut (nominative plural)
ahkun (accusative singular)
ahkut (accusative plural)
ahkun (genitive singular)
ahkudën (genitive plural)
ahkuidën (genitive plural)
ahkuda (partitive singular)
ahkuida (partitive plural)
ahkussa (inessive singular)
ahkuhna (inessive singular)
ahkuissa (inessive plural)
ahkuihna (inessive plural)
ahkusta (elative singular)
ahkuista (elative plural)
ahkuhën (illative singular)
ahkuihën (illative plural)
ahkulla (adessive singular)
ahkuilla (adessive plural)
ahkulta (ablative singular)
ahkuilta (ablative plural)
ahkulën (allative singular)
ahkulëk (allative singular)
ahkuilën (allative plural)
ahkuilëk (allative plural)
ahkuna (essive singular)
ahkuina (essive plural)
ahkuksi (singular translative)
ahkuiksi (plural translative)
ahkun (instructive singular)
ahkuin (instructive plural)
ahkunëk (comitative singular)
ahkuinëk (comitative plural)
ahkutta (abessive singular)
ahkuitta (abessive plural)

>? Estonian: (dialectal) ahk ("down (soft feather)")

Finnish: (dialectal, rare) ahku, aahku

Karelian:

North Karelian: ahku

South Karelian: ahku

Veps: ahkud

From earlier *ašku, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *askǭ.


launi

launi (nominative singular)
launit (nominative plural)
launin (accusative singular)
launit (accusative plural)
launin (genitive singular)
launidën (genitive plural)
launëjidën (genitive plural)
launida (partitive singular)
launëjita (partitive plural)
launissa (inessive singular)
launihna (inessive singular)
launëjissa (inessive plural)
launëjihna (inessive plural)
launista (elative singular)
launëjista (elative plural)
launihën (illative singular)
launëjisën (illative plural)
launilla (adessive singular)
launëjilla (adessive plural)
launilta (ablative singular)
launëjilta (ablative plural)
launilën (allative singular)
launilëk (allative singular)
launëjilën (allative plural)
launëjilëk (allative plural)
launina (essive singular)
launëjina (essive plural)
launiksi (singular translative)
launëjiksi (plural translative)
launin (instructive singular)
launëjin (instructive plural)
launinëk (comitative singular)
launëjinëk (comitative plural)
launitta (abessive singular)
launëjitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: launi

Karelian:

South Karelian: launi

Cognate with Proto-Samic *luovnë, further origin unknown.


kähärä

kähärä (nominative singular)
kähärät (nominative plural)
kähärän (accusative singular)
kähärät (accusative plural)
kähärän (genitive singular)
kähäräden (genitive plural)
kähäreiden (genitive plural)
kähärätä (partitive singular)
kähäreitä (partitive plural)
kähärässä (inessive singular)
kähärähnä (inessive singular)
kähäreissä (inessive plural)
kähäreihnä (inessive plural)
kähärästä (elative singular)
kähäreistä (elative plural)
kähäräsen (illative singular)
kähäreisen (illative plural)
kähärällä (adessive singular)
kähäreillä (adessive plural)
kähärältä (ablative singular)
kähäreiltä (ablative plural)
kähärälen (allative singular)
kähärälek (allative singular)
kähäreilen (allative plural)
kähäreilek (allative plural)
kähäränä (essive singular)
kähäreinä (essive plural)
kähäräksi (singular translative)
kähäreiksi (plural translative)
kähärän (instructive singular)
kähärein (instructive plural)
kähäränek (comitative singular)
kähäreinek (comitative plural)
kähärättä (abessive singular)
kähäreittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kähar

Finnish: kähärä

Ingrian: kähheerä

Karelian: kähärä, käherä

Livvi: kähär

Votic: (Kattila) tšäihärä