surdak

surë- (stem)
surën (first-person present singular)
surin (first-person past singular)
surgon (first-person optative singular)
surët (present second-person singular)
surit (past second-person singular)
surëk (imperative second-person singular)
surgos (optative second-person singular)
surëbi (present singular third-person)
suri (present singular third-person)
suri (past singular third-person)
surkahën (imperative singular third-person)
surkohën (optative singular third-person)
surëkmëk (first-person plural present)
surëkmak (first-person plural present)
surimëk (first-person past plural)
surimak (first-person past plural)
surkadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
surkadamak (first-person imperative plural)
surkodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
surkodamak (first-person optative plural)
surëktëk (plural present second-person)
surëktak (plural present second-person)
suridëk (past plural second-person)
suridak (past plural second-person)
surkadë (imperative plural second-person)
surkada (imperative plural second-person)
surgot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
surkodadak (optative plural second-person)
surëbat (plural present third-person)
suri (plural present third-person)
suri (past plural third-person)
surkahën (imperative plural third-person)
surkohën (optative plural third-person)
surëksën (passive present)
surët'aksën (passive present)
surtihën (passive past)
surëttisën (passive past)
surtagasën (imperative passive)
surëttakahën (imperative passive)
surtagosën (optative passive)
surëttakohën (optative passive)
surëk (connegative present)
surgak (connegative imperative)
surgok (connegative optative)
surëktak (connegative passive present)
surtagak (connegative imperative passive)
surëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
surtagok (connegative optative passive)
surëttagok (connegative optative passive)
surëkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
suricin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
surnën (first-person potential singular)
surëkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
suricit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
surnët (potential second-person singular)
surëkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
surici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
surni (potential singular third-person)
surëkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
surëkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
suricimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
suricimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
surnëmëk (first-person plural potential)
surnëmak (first-person plural potential)
surëkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
surëkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
suricidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
suricidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
surnëdëk (plural potential second-person)
surnëdak (plural potential second-person)
surëkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
surici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
surni (plural potential third-person)
surdakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
surët'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
surticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
surëtticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
surtanësën (passive potential)
surëttanëhën (passive potential)
surëkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
suricik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
surnëk (connegative potential)
surdakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
surët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
surticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
surëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
surtanëk (connegative passive potential)
surëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
surdak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
surëba (active participle present)
surtaba (participle passive present)
surëttapa (participle passive present)
surtë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
surnut (active participle past)
surtu (participle passive past)
surëttu (participle passive past)
surëma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
surëminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: surema/surra

Finnish: surra

Ingrian: surra

Karelian: surra

Ludian: surematoińe (from seeming *surëmat'oin)

Veps: surduda (from seeming *surtudak)

Votic: surrõ

→ Lule Sami: surrat

→ Inari Sami: suurrađ

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *śure-. Directly cognate with Eastern Khanty [Term?] (“to die”).


saictak

saicë- (stem)
saicën (first-person present singular)
saicin (first-person past singular)
saicëgon (first-person optative singular)
saicët (present second-person singular)
saicit (past second-person singular)
saicëk (imperative second-person singular)
saicëgos (optative second-person singular)
saicëbi (present singular third-person)
saici (present singular third-person)
saici (past singular third-person)
saicëgasën (imperative singular third-person)
saicëgosën (optative singular third-person)
saicëkmëk (first-person plural present)
saicëkmak (first-person plural present)
saicimëk (first-person past plural)
saicimak (first-person past plural)
saicëgatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
saicëgatamak (first-person imperative plural)
saicëgotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
saicëgotamak (first-person optative plural)
saicëktëk (plural present second-person)
saicëktak (plural present second-person)
saicidëk (past plural second-person)
saicidak (past plural second-person)
saicëgatë (imperative plural second-person)
saicëgata (imperative plural second-person)
saicëgot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
saicëgotadak (optative plural second-person)
saicëbat (plural present third-person)
saici (plural present third-person)
saici (past plural third-person)
saicëgasën (imperative plural third-person)
saicëgosën (optative plural third-person)
saicëksën (passive present)
saicët'aksën (passive present)
saictihën (passive past)
saicëttisën (passive past)
saictagasën (imperative passive)
saicëttakahën (imperative passive)
saictagosën (optative passive)
saicëttakohën (optative passive)
saicëk (connegative present)
saicëgak (connegative imperative)
saicëgok (connegative optative)
saicëktak (connegative passive present)
saictagak (connegative imperative passive)
saicëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
saictagok (connegative optative passive)
saicëttagok (connegative optative passive)
saicëkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
saicicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
sainnën (first-person potential singular)
saicëkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
saicicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
sainnët (potential second-person singular)
saicëkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
saicici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
sainni (potential singular third-person)
saicëkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
saicëkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
saicicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
saicicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
sainnëmëk (first-person plural potential)
sainnëmak (first-person plural potential)
saicëkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
saicëkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
saicicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
saicicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
sainnëdëk (plural potential second-person)
sainnëdak (plural potential second-person)
saicëkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
saicici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
sainni (plural potential third-person)
saictakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
saicët'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
saicticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
saicëtticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
saictanësën (passive potential)
saicëttanëhën (passive potential)
saicëkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
saicicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
sainnëk (connegative potential)
saictakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
saicët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
saicticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
saicëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
saictanëk (connegative passive potential)
saicëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
saictak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
saicëba (active participle present)
saictaba (participle passive present)
saicëttapa (participle passive present)
saictë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
sainnut (active participle past)
saictu (participle passive past)
saicëttu (participle passive past)
saicëma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
saicëminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: seisma/seista (stem now seisa-)

Finnish: seistä (suppletive with seisoa)

Ingrian: seissa (suppletive with seisoa)

Veps: seišta (suppletive stem seišu-)

Võro: saisma/saistaq (back vowel harmony)

Votic: sõissõ, sõisõa (back vowel harmony)

From Proto-Uralic *sańśa-, possibly partly from its front-vocalic variant *säńśä-.


pöörä

pöörä (nominative singular)
pöörät (nominative plural)
pöörän (accusative singular)
pöörät (accusative plural)
pöörän (genitive singular)
pööräden (genitive plural)
pööreiden (genitive plural)
pöörädä (partitive singular)
pööreidä (partitive plural)
pöörässä (inessive singular)
pöörähnä (inessive singular)
pööreissä (inessive plural)
pööreihnä (inessive plural)
pöörästä (elative singular)
pööreistä (elative plural)
pöörähen (illative singular)
pööreihen (illative plural)
pöörällä (adessive singular)
pööreillä (adessive plural)
pöörältä (ablative singular)
pööreiltä (ablative plural)
pöörälen (allative singular)
pöörälek (allative singular)
pööreilen (allative plural)
pööreilek (allative plural)
pööränä (essive singular)
pööreinä (essive plural)
pööräksi (singular translative)
pööreiksi (plural translative)
pöörän (instructive singular)
pöörein (instructive plural)
pööränek (comitative singular)
pööreinek (comitative plural)
pöörättä (abessive singular)
pööreittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: pöör

Finnish: pyörä

Ingrian: pöörä

Karelian: pyörä

Livonian: (Salaca) püör

Livvi: pyöry

Võro: püür

Votic: pööre


rakja

rakja (nominative singular)
rakjat (nominative plural)
rakjan (accusative singular)
rakjat (accusative plural)
rakjan (genitive singular)
rakjadën (genitive plural)
rakjoidën (genitive plural)
rakjada (partitive singular)
rakjoida (partitive plural)
rakjassa (inessive singular)
rakjahna (inessive singular)
rakjoissa (inessive plural)
rakjoihna (inessive plural)
rakjasta (elative singular)
rakjoista (elative plural)
rakjahën (illative singular)
rakjoihën (illative plural)
rakjalla (adessive singular)
rakjoilla (adessive plural)
rakjalta (ablative singular)
rakjoilta (ablative plural)
rakjalën (allative singular)
rakjalëk (allative singular)
rakjoilën (allative plural)
rakjoilëk (allative plural)
rakjana (essive singular)
rakjoina (essive plural)
rakjaksi (singular translative)
rakjoiksi (plural translative)
rakjan (instructive singular)
rakjoin (instructive plural)
rakjanëk (comitative singular)
rakjoinëk (comitative plural)
rakjatta (abessive singular)
rakjoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: raaja, ravio

Karelian: roakie

Livonian: raigā

Veps: ragj

Võro: rag'a, ragja

Akin to Proto-Samic *ruovjē (“limb”), possibly an old borrowing from a Germanic source akin to *rakjaną (“to straighten”), presuming a sense development "that which is straightened" > "limb".
Liukkonen (1999) proposes borrowing from Proto-Balto-Slavic *rankjā-, a variant of *ránkāˀ (“hand”) (whence e.g. Lithuanian ranka).


pürkidäk

pürki- (stem)
pürgin (first-person present singular)
pürkejin (first-person past singular)
pürkigon (first-person optative singular)
pürgit (present second-person singular)
pürkejit (past second-person singular)
pürgik (imperative second-person singular)
pürkigos (optative second-person singular)
pürkibi (present singular third-person)
pürki (present singular third-person)
pürkeji (past singular third-person)
pürkigäsen (imperative singular third-person)
pürkigosen (optative singular third-person)
pürgikmek (first-person plural present)
pürgikmäk (first-person plural present)
pürkejimek (first-person past plural)
pürkejimäk (first-person past plural)
pürkigätemek (first-person imperative plural)
pürkigätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
pürkigotemek (first-person optative plural)
pürkigotämäk (first-person optative plural)
pürgiktek (plural present second-person)
pürgiktäk (plural present second-person)
pürkejidek (past plural second-person)
pürkejidäk (past plural second-person)
pürkigäte (imperative plural second-person)
pürkigätä (imperative plural second-person)
pürkigot'ek (optative plural second-person)
pürkigotädäk (optative plural second-person)
pürkibät (plural present third-person)
pürki (plural present third-person)
pürkeji (past plural third-person)
pürkigäsen (imperative plural third-person)
pürkigosen (optative plural third-person)
pürgiksen (passive present)
pürgit'äksen (passive present)
pürkidisen (passive past)
pürgittisen (passive past)
pürkidäkähen (imperative passive)
pürgittäkähen (imperative passive)
pürkidäkohen (optative passive)
pürgittäkohen (optative passive)
pürgik (connegative present)
pürkigäk (connegative imperative)
pürkigok (connegative optative)
pürgiktäk (connegative passive present)
pürkidägäk (connegative imperative passive)
pürgittägäk (connegative imperative passive)
pürkidägok (connegative optative passive)
pürgittägok (connegative optative passive)
pürgikcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
pürkejicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
pürkinen (first-person potential singular)
pürgikcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
pürkejicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
pürkinet (potential second-person singular)
pürgikci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
pürkejici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
pürkini (potential singular third-person)
pürgikcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
pürgikcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
pürkejicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
pürkejicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
pürkinemek (first-person plural potential)
pürkinemäk (first-person plural potential)
pürgikcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
pürgikcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
pürkejicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
pürkejicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
pürkinedek (plural potential second-person)
pürkinedäk (plural potential second-person)
pürgikci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
pürkejici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
pürkini (plural potential third-person)
pürkidäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
pürgit'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
pürkidicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
pürgitticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
pürkidänehen (passive potential)
pürgittänehen (passive potential)
pürgikcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
pürkejicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
pürkinek (connegative potential)
pürkidäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
pürgit'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
pürkidicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
pürgitticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
pürkidänek (connegative passive potential)
pürgittänek (connegative passive potential)
pürkidäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
pürkibä (active participle present)
pürkidäpä (participle passive present)
pürgittäpä (participle passive present)
pürkide- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
pürkinüt (active participle past)
pürkidü (participle passive past)
pürgittü (participle passive past)
pürkimä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
pürkiminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Finnish: pyrkiä

Estonian: → pürgima (“to grub, to penetrate into”)

Ingrian: pyrkiä

Karelian: pyrkie

desc

Ludian: pür'gittädä (“to ask for something”)

Votic: pürtšiä

Akin to Proto-Samic *përkëtēk (“to work”), both possibly borrowings from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną. The substitution *w → *p would be for phonotactic reasons.


seetädäk

seetä- (stem)
seedän (first-person present singular)
seedein (first-person past singular)
seetägon (first-person optative singular)
seedät (present second-person singular)
seedeit (past second-person singular)
seedäk (imperative second-person singular)
seetägos (optative second-person singular)
seetäbi (present singular third-person)
seetä (present singular third-person)
seetei (past singular third-person)
seetägäsen (imperative singular third-person)
seetägosen (optative singular third-person)
seedäkmek (first-person plural present)
seedäkmäk (first-person plural present)
seeteimek (first-person past plural)
seeteimäk (first-person past plural)
seetägätemek (first-person imperative plural)
seetägätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
seetägotemek (first-person optative plural)
seetägotämäk (first-person optative plural)
seedäktek (plural present second-person)
seedäktäk (plural present second-person)
seeteidek (past plural second-person)
seeteidäk (past plural second-person)
seetägäte (imperative plural second-person)
seetägätä (imperative plural second-person)
seetägot'ek (optative plural second-person)
seetägotädäk (optative plural second-person)
seetäbät (plural present third-person)
seetä (plural present third-person)
seetei (past plural third-person)
seetägäsen (imperative plural third-person)
seetägosen (optative plural third-person)
seedäksen (passive present)
seedät'äksen (passive present)
seetädisen (passive past)
seedättisen (passive past)
seetädäkähen (imperative passive)
seedättäkähen (imperative passive)
seetädäkohen (optative passive)
seedättäkohen (optative passive)
seedäk (connegative present)
seetägäk (connegative imperative)
seetägok (connegative optative)
seedäktäk (connegative passive present)
seetädägäk (connegative imperative passive)
seedättägäk (connegative imperative passive)
seetädägok (connegative optative passive)
seedättägok (connegative optative passive)
seedäkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
seeteicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
seetänen (first-person potential singular)
seedäkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
seeteicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
seetänet (potential second-person singular)
seedäkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
seeteici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
seetäni (potential singular third-person)
seedäkcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
seedäkcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
seeteicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
seeteicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
seetänemek (first-person plural potential)
seetänemäk (first-person plural potential)
seedäkcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
seedäkcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
seeteicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
seeteicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
seetänedek (plural potential second-person)
seetänedäk (plural potential second-person)
seedäkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
seeteici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
seetäni (plural potential third-person)
seetädäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
seedät'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
seetädicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
seedätticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
seetädänehen (passive potential)
seedättänehen (passive potential)
seedäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
seeteicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
seetänek (connegative potential)
seetädäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
seedät'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
seetädicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
seedätticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
seetädänek (connegative passive potential)
seedättänek (connegative passive potential)
seetädäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
seetäbä (active participle present)
seetädäpä (participle passive present)
seedättäpä (participle passive present)
seetäde- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
seetänüt (active participle past)
seetädü (participle passive past)
seedättü (participle passive past)
seetämä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
seetäminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

? Estonian: seedima (“to digest”), seeduma (“to be digested”)

Finnish: sietää, (Southwestern dialects) siitää

Ingrian: siitää

Karelian: sieteä (“to stand, to tolerate”), siiteä (“to have to do”)

Likely a derivative *see + *-tädäk. The root has been proposed to be a borrowing from early Proto-Germanic *stē-, although the late Proto-Germanic form *stāną is not known to derive from such an earlier form. A variant form *siitä- appears to be indicated as well.


hootra

hootra (nominative singular)
hootrat (nominative plural)
hootran (accusative singular)
hootrat (accusative plural)
hootran (genitive singular)
hootradën (genitive plural)
hootrëidën (genitive plural)
hootrada (partitive singular)
hootrëida (partitive plural)
hootrassa (inessive singular)
hootrahna (inessive singular)
hootrëissa (inessive plural)
hootrëihna (inessive plural)
hootrasta (elative singular)
hootrëista (elative plural)
hootrahën (illative singular)
hootrëihën (illative plural)
hootralla (adessive singular)
hootrëilla (adessive plural)
hootralta (ablative singular)
hootrëilta (ablative plural)
hootralën (allative singular)
hootralëk (allative singular)
hootrëilën (allative plural)
hootrëilëk (allative plural)
hootrana (essive singular)
hootrëina (essive plural)
hootraksi (singular translative)
hootrëiksi (plural translative)
hootran (instructive singular)
hootrëin (instructive plural)
hootranëk (comitative singular)
hootrëinëk (comitative plural)
hootratta (abessive singular)
hootrëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: huotra

Ingrian: hoodra

Karelian: huotra, huodra

Livvi: huodru

Ludian: huodr

Veps: hodr


cilta

cilta (nominative singular)
cildat (nominative plural)
cildan (accusative singular)
cildat (accusative plural)
cildan (genitive singular)
ciltadën (genitive plural)
ciltoidën (genitive plural)
ciltada (partitive singular)
ciltoida (partitive plural)
cildassa (inessive singular)
cildahna (inessive singular)
cildoissa (inessive plural)
cildoihna (inessive plural)
cildasta (elative singular)
cildoista (elative plural)
ciltahën (illative singular)
ciltoihën (illative plural)
cildalla (adessive singular)
cildoilla (adessive plural)
cildalta (ablative singular)
cildoilta (ablative plural)
ciltalën (allative singular)
ciltalëk (allative singular)
ciltoilën (allative plural)
ciltoilëk (allative plural)
ciltana (essive singular)
ciltoina (essive plural)
cildaksi (singular translative)
cildoiksi (plural translative)
cildan (instructive singular)
cildoin (instructive plural)
ciltanëk (comitative singular)
ciltoinëk (comitative plural)
cildatta (abessive singular)
cildoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sild

Finnish: silta

Ingrian: silta

Karelian:

North Karelian: šilta

South Karelian: šilda

Livonian: sīlda

Livvi: sildu

Ludian: šild

Veps: sild, siud, süud

Võro: sild

Votic: siltõ

→ Proto-Samic: *šëltē (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *tilta, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *tílˀta (compare Latvian tilts, Lithuanian tiltas). A secondary meaning "floor" is found in Karelian, Ingrian, Votic and eastern dialects of Finnish, but this appears to be a late innovation.


kälü

kälü (nominative singular)
kälüt (nominative plural)
kälün (accusative singular)
kälüt (accusative plural)
kälün (genitive singular)
kälüden (genitive plural)
kälüiden (genitive plural)
kälüdä (partitive singular)
kälüidä (partitive plural)
kälüssä (inessive singular)
kälühnä (inessive singular)
kälüissä (inessive plural)
kälüihnä (inessive plural)
kälüstä (elative singular)
kälüistä (elative plural)
kälühen (illative singular)
kälüihen (illative plural)
kälüllä (adessive singular)
kälüillä (adessive plural)
kälültä (ablative singular)
kälüiltä (ablative plural)
kälülen (allative singular)
kälülek (allative singular)
kälüilen (allative plural)
kälüilek (allative plural)
kälünä (essive singular)
kälüinä (essive plural)
kälüksi (singular translative)
kälüiksi (plural translative)
kälün (instructive singular)
kälüin (instructive plural)
kälünek (comitative singular)
kälüinek (comitative plural)
kälüttä (abessive singular)
kälüittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: käli

Finnish: käly

Ingrian: käly

Karelian: käly

Livonian: kä'l

Livvi: käly

Ludian: kälü

Veps: kälü

Võro: kälü

Votic: tšälü

From Proto-Uralic *kälew. Cognates include Proto-Samic *kālōjeannē, Moksha кел (kel), Komi-Zyrian кев (kev, “sister-in-law”).

brother's wife, husband's brother's wife; sister-in-law


mukla

mukla (nominative singular)
muklat (nominative plural)
muklan (accusative singular)
muklat (accusative plural)
muklan (genitive singular)
mukladën (genitive plural)
muklëidën (genitive plural)
muklada (partitive singular)
muklëida (partitive plural)
muklassa (inessive singular)
muklahna (inessive singular)
muklëissa (inessive plural)
muklëihna (inessive plural)
muklasta (elative singular)
muklëista (elative plural)
muklahën (illative singular)
muklëihën (illative plural)
muklalla (adessive singular)
muklëilla (adessive plural)
muklalta (ablative singular)
muklëilta (ablative plural)
muklalën (allative singular)
muklalëk (allative singular)
muklëilën (allative plural)
muklëilëk (allative plural)
muklana (essive singular)
muklëina (essive plural)
muklaksi (singular translative)
muklëiksi (plural translative)
muklan (instructive singular)
muklëin (instructive plural)
muklanëk (comitative singular)
muklëinëk (comitative plural)
muklatta (abessive singular)
muklëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) mugel

Finnish: (dialectal) muula

Veps: mugl

Võro: mugõl, mukl, mugyl'

Borrowed from early Proto-Slavic *mūdla (later *mydlo).


kala-

Finnish: kalin

Estonian: kale

Veps: kaleg

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kala- (“to fish with a net”).


kenkidäk

kenki- (stem)
kengin (first-person present singular)
kenkejin (first-person past singular)
kenkigon (first-person optative singular)
kengit (present second-person singular)
kenkejit (past second-person singular)
kengik (imperative second-person singular)
kenkigos (optative second-person singular)
kenkibi (present singular third-person)
kenki (present singular third-person)
kenkeji (past singular third-person)
kenkigäsen (imperative singular third-person)
kenkigosen (optative singular third-person)
kengikmek (first-person plural present)
kengikmäk (first-person plural present)
kenkejimek (first-person past plural)
kenkejimäk (first-person past plural)
kenkigätemek (first-person imperative plural)
kenkigätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
kenkigotemek (first-person optative plural)
kenkigotämäk (first-person optative plural)
kengiktek (plural present second-person)
kengiktäk (plural present second-person)
kenkejidek (past plural second-person)
kenkejidäk (past plural second-person)
kenkigäte (imperative plural second-person)
kenkigätä (imperative plural second-person)
kenkigot'ek (optative plural second-person)
kenkigotädäk (optative plural second-person)
kenkibät (plural present third-person)
kenki (plural present third-person)
kenkeji (past plural third-person)
kenkigäsen (imperative plural third-person)
kenkigosen (optative plural third-person)
kengiksen (passive present)
kengit'äksen (passive present)
kenkidisen (passive past)
kengittisen (passive past)
kenkidäkähen (imperative passive)
kengittäkähen (imperative passive)
kenkidäkohen (optative passive)
kengittäkohen (optative passive)
kengik (connegative present)
kenkigäk (connegative imperative)
kenkigok (connegative optative)
kengiktäk (connegative passive present)
kenkidägäk (connegative imperative passive)
kengittägäk (connegative imperative passive)
kenkidägok (connegative optative passive)
kengittägok (connegative optative passive)
kengikcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
kenkejicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
kenkinen (first-person potential singular)
kengikcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
kenkejicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
kenkinet (potential second-person singular)
kengikci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
kenkejici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
kenkini (potential singular third-person)
kengikcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kengikcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kenkejicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kenkejicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kenkinemek (first-person plural potential)
kenkinemäk (first-person plural potential)
kengikcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kengikcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kenkejicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kenkejicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kenkinedek (plural potential second-person)
kenkinedäk (plural potential second-person)
kengikci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
kenkejici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
kenkini (plural potential third-person)
kenkidäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
kengit'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
kenkidicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kengitticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kenkidänehen (passive potential)
kengittänehen (passive potential)
kengikcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
kenkejicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
kenkinek (connegative potential)
kenkidäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kengit'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kenkidicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kengitticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kenkidänek (connegative passive potential)
kengittänek (connegative passive potential)
kenkidäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
kenkibä (active participle present)
kenkidäpä (participle passive present)
kengittäpä (participle passive present)
kenkide- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
kenkinüt (active participle past)
kenkidü (participle passive past)
kengittü (participle passive past)
kenkimä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
kenkiminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Finnish: kenkiä

Karelian: kenkie, kengie

Livonian: kengõ

Livvi: kengie

Ludian: kengida

Veps: kenkta

*kenkä (“shoe”) + *-i- (“applicative suffix”)


lakso

lakso (nominative singular)
laksot (nominative plural)
lakson (accusative singular)
laksot (accusative plural)
lakson (genitive singular)
laksodën (genitive plural)
laksoidën (genitive plural)
laksoda (partitive singular)
laksoida (partitive plural)
laksossa (inessive singular)
laksohna (inessive singular)
laksoissa (inessive plural)
laksoihna (inessive plural)
laksosta (elative singular)
laksoista (elative plural)
laksohën (illative singular)
laksoihën (illative plural)
laksolla (adessive singular)
laksoilla (adessive plural)
laksolta (ablative singular)
laksoilta (ablative plural)
laksolën (allative singular)
laksolëk (allative singular)
laksoilën (allative plural)
laksoilëk (allative plural)
laksona (essive singular)
laksoina (essive plural)
laksoksi (singular translative)
laksoiksi (plural translative)
lakson (instructive singular)
laksoin (instructive plural)
laksonëk (comitative singular)
laksoinëk (comitative plural)
laksotta (abessive singular)
laksoitta (abessive plural)

desc

Estonian: (dialectal, Martna) laks (“puddle”)

Finnish: laakso (“valley”), (dialectal) lakso

Ingrian: laksu (“glade, field”), lakso

→ Votic: laksu (“glade”), lakso

Karelian:

South Karelian: lakšu (“glen”)

Veps: laks (“ravine”)

According to Kallio (2022), possibly a more recent Baltic borrowing from the same source as *lakci (“bay, gulf”), specifically from a form like *lanktja- (borrowed into Early Proto-Finnic *lakća or Middle Proto-Finnic *lakca).


keerä

keerä (nominative singular)
keerät (nominative plural)
keerän (accusative singular)
keerät (accusative plural)
keerän (genitive singular)
keeräden (genitive plural)
keereiden (genitive plural)
keerädä (partitive singular)
keereidä (partitive plural)
keerässä (inessive singular)
keerähnä (inessive singular)
keereissä (inessive plural)
keereihnä (inessive plural)
keerästä (elative singular)
keereistä (elative plural)
keerähen (illative singular)
keereihen (illative plural)
keerällä (adessive singular)
keereillä (adessive plural)
keerältä (ablative singular)
keereiltä (ablative plural)
keerälen (allative singular)
keerälek (allative singular)
keereilen (allative plural)
keereilek (allative plural)
keeränä (essive singular)
keereinä (essive plural)
keeräksi (singular translative)
keereiksi (plural translative)
keerän (instructive singular)
keerein (instructive plural)
keeränek (comitative singular)
keereinek (comitative plural)
keerättä (abessive singular)
keereittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: kierä

Ingrian: keerrä

Karelian: kierä

Livvi: kierü

Ludian: kier

Veps: ker

→ Northern Sami: gierri

Estonian: keer

Finnish: kiero

Karelian: kiero

Livonian: kier

Estonian: keerama

Related to *keerdäk, either as a back-formation or derivative with *-ra (~ *kierrä, which some descendants appear to support).
Has also been compared with words in other Uralic languages, e.g. Hungarian kerül, but the long vowel cannot be inferred from the reconstructed Proto-Uralic form *kerä. Within Finnic contrast also *kerä (“ball of string”), *kääridäk (“to wrap”).


keertädäk

keertä- (stem)
keerdän (first-person present singular)
keerdein (first-person past singular)
keertägon (first-person optative singular)
keerdät (present second-person singular)
keerdeit (past second-person singular)
keerdäk (imperative second-person singular)
keertägos (optative second-person singular)
keertäbi (present singular third-person)
keertä (present singular third-person)
keertei (past singular third-person)
keertägäsen (imperative singular third-person)
keertägosen (optative singular third-person)
keerdäkmek (first-person plural present)
keerdäkmäk (first-person plural present)
keerteimek (first-person past plural)
keerteimäk (first-person past plural)
keertägätemek (first-person imperative plural)
keertägätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
keertägotemek (first-person optative plural)
keertägotämäk (first-person optative plural)
keerdäktek (plural present second-person)
keerdäktäk (plural present second-person)
keerteidek (past plural second-person)
keerteidäk (past plural second-person)
keertägäte (imperative plural second-person)
keertägätä (imperative plural second-person)
keertägot'ek (optative plural second-person)
keertägotädäk (optative plural second-person)
keertäbät (plural present third-person)
keertä (plural present third-person)
keertei (past plural third-person)
keertägäsen (imperative plural third-person)
keertägosen (optative plural third-person)
keerdäksen (passive present)
keerdät'äksen (passive present)
keertädisen (passive past)
keerdättisen (passive past)
keertädäkähen (imperative passive)
keerdättäkähen (imperative passive)
keertädäkohen (optative passive)
keerdättäkohen (optative passive)
keerdäk (connegative present)
keertägäk (connegative imperative)
keertägok (connegative optative)
keerdäktäk (connegative passive present)
keertädägäk (connegative imperative passive)
keerdättägäk (connegative imperative passive)
keertädägok (connegative optative passive)
keerdättägok (connegative optative passive)
keerdäkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
keerteicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
keertänen (first-person potential singular)
keerdäkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
keerteicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
keertänet (potential second-person singular)
keerdäkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
keerteici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
keertäni (potential singular third-person)
keerdäkcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
keerdäkcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
keerteicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
keerteicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
keertänemek (first-person plural potential)
keertänemäk (first-person plural potential)
keerdäkcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
keerdäkcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
keerteicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
keerteicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
keertänedek (plural potential second-person)
keertänedäk (plural potential second-person)
keerdäkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
keerteici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
keertäni (plural potential third-person)
keertädäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
keerdät'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
keertädicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
keerdätticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
keertädänehen (passive potential)
keerdättänehen (passive potential)
keerdäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
keerteicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
keertänek (connegative potential)
keertädäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
keerdät'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
keertädicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
keerdätticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
keertädänek (connegative passive potential)
keerdättänek (connegative passive potential)
keertädäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
keertäbä (active participle present)
keertädäpä (participle passive present)
keerdättäpä (participle passive present)
keertäde- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
keertänüt (active participle past)
keertädü (participle passive past)
keerdättü (participle passive past)
keertämä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
keertäminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Finnish: kiertää

Ingrian: keertää

Karelian: kierteä, kierdiä

Livonian: kier

Livvi: kierdiä

Ludian: kierta

Veps: kertta

Votic: tšeertä


koktu

Estonian: kõht

Finnish: kohtu

Karelian: kohtu

Livvi: kohtu

Ludian: kohtuine (“heavy”), kohtuštuda (“to become pregnant”)

Veps: koht

Võro: kõtt

Votic: (Rajo) kõhuz

→ Lule Sami: skoahto

→ Northern Sami: goaŧŧu

Possibly akin to Udmurt кӧт (köt, “belly, stomach, body cavity”), кӧто (köto, “pregnant”), Komi-Permyak кӧта (köta, “pregnant (of cow)”); a common Proto-Finno-Permic root *koktɜ could be reconstructed.


alaictik

Estonian: alasti

Finnish: alasti

Ingrian: alassin, alassi

Karelian:

North Karelian: alačči

South Karelian: alašti

Livvi: alasti

Ludian: alašt'

Veps: alasti

Votic: alassi, (Eastern Votic) alassig

From *alainën (“underwear”) + *-tik (“caritive suffix”).


alaictoin

alaictoin (nominative singular)
alaictoimët (nominative plural)
alaictoimën (accusative singular)
alaictoimët (accusative plural)
alaictoimën (genitive singular)
alaictoindën (genitive plural)
alaictoimidën (genitive plural)
alaictointa (partitive singular)
alaictoimida (partitive plural)
alaictoimëssa (inessive singular)
alaictoimëhna (inessive singular)
alaictoimissa (inessive plural)
alaictoimihna (inessive plural)
alaictoimësta (elative singular)
alaictoimista (elative plural)
alaictoimëhën (illative singular)
alaictoimihën (illative plural)
alaictoimëlla (adessive singular)
alaictoimilla (adessive plural)
alaictoimëlta (ablative singular)
alaictoimilta (ablative plural)
alaictoimëlën (allative singular)
alaictoimëlëk (allative singular)
alaictoimilën (allative plural)
alaictoimilëk (allative plural)
alaictoimëna (essive singular)
alaictoimina (essive plural)
alaictoimëksi (singular translative)
alaictoimiksi (plural translative)
alaictoimën (instructive singular)
alaictoimin (instructive plural)
alaictoimënëk (comitative singular)
alaictoiminëk (comitative plural)
alaictoimëtta (abessive singular)
alaictoimitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: alaston, (obsolete) alaiseton

Ingrian: alastoin

Karelian:

North Karelian: alačoin

South Karelian: alaššoin

Livvi: alastoi

Ludian: alastoine

Veps: alastoi

Võro: (Kodavere) alassine

From *alainën (“underwear”) + *-t'oin (“without”).


icek

Estonian: ise

Finnish: itse

Ingrian: itse

Karelian:

North Karelian: iče

South Karelian: iče

Livonian: ī’ž

Livvi: iče

Ludian: iče

Veps: iče

Võro: ess', es', esiq

Votic: ize

From Proto-Uralic *iće + *-ek. Related to Proto-Samic *jiečë, Proto-Mordvinic *eś.


-ëk

-ëk / *-ek (canonical)
-ëk (nominative singular)
-ëgët (nominative plural)
-ëgën (accusative singular)
-ëgët (accusative plural)
-ëgën (genitive singular)
-ëgëdën (genitive plural)
-ëgidën (genitive plural)
-ëgëta (partitive singular)
-ëgita (partitive plural)
-ëgëssa (inessive singular)
-ëgëhna (inessive singular)
-ëgissa (inessive plural)
-ëgihna (inessive plural)
-ëgësta (elative singular)
-ëgista (elative plural)
-ëgësën (illative singular)
-ëgisën (illative plural)
-ëgëlla (adessive singular)
-ëgilla (adessive plural)
-ëgëlta (ablative singular)
-ëgilta (ablative plural)
-ëgëlën (allative singular)
-ëgëlëk (allative singular)
-ëgilën (allative plural)
-ëgilëk (allative plural)
-ëgëna (essive singular)
-ëgina (essive plural)
-ëgëksi (singular translative)
-ëgiksi (plural translative)
-ëgën (instructive singular)
-ëgin (instructive plural)
-ëgënëk (comitative singular)
-ëginëk (comitative plural)
-ëgëtta (abessive singular)
-ëgitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -e

Finnish: -e

Ingrian: -e

Karelian: -e

Veps: -e, -eg

Võro: -e/-õ

Votic: -e/-õ


anodak

ano- (stem)
anon (first-person present singular)
anoin (first-person past singular)
anogon (first-person optative singular)
anot (present second-person singular)
anoit (past second-person singular)
anok (imperative second-person singular)
anogos (optative second-person singular)
anobi (present singular third-person)
ano (present singular third-person)
anoi (past singular third-person)
anogasën (imperative singular third-person)
anogosën (optative singular third-person)
anokmëk (first-person plural present)
anokmak (first-person plural present)
anoimëk (first-person past plural)
anoimak (first-person past plural)
anogatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
anogatamak (first-person imperative plural)
anogotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
anogotamak (first-person optative plural)
anoktëk (plural present second-person)
anoktak (plural present second-person)
anoidëk (past plural second-person)
anoidak (past plural second-person)
anogatë (imperative plural second-person)
anogata (imperative plural second-person)
anogot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
anogotadak (optative plural second-person)
anobat (plural present third-person)
ano (plural present third-person)
anoi (past plural third-person)
anogasën (imperative plural third-person)
anogosën (optative plural third-person)
anoksën (passive present)
anot'aksën (passive present)
anodisën (passive past)
anottisën (passive past)
anodakahën (imperative passive)
anottakahën (imperative passive)
anodakohën (optative passive)
anottakohën (optative passive)
anok (connegative present)
anogak (connegative imperative)
anogok (connegative optative)
anoktak (connegative passive present)
anodagak (connegative imperative passive)
anottagak (connegative imperative passive)
anodagok (connegative optative passive)
anottagok (connegative optative passive)
anokcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
anoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
anonën (first-person potential singular)
anokcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
anoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
anonët (potential second-person singular)
anokci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
anoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
anoni (potential singular third-person)
anokcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
anokcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
anoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
anoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
anonëmëk (first-person plural potential)
anonëmak (first-person plural potential)
anokcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
anokcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
anoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
anoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
anonëdëk (plural potential second-person)
anonëdak (plural potential second-person)
anokci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
anoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
anoni (plural potential third-person)
anodakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
anot'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
anodicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
anotticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
anodanëhën (passive potential)
anottanëhën (passive potential)
anokcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
anoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
anonëk (connegative potential)
anodakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
anot'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
anodicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
anotticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
anodanëk (connegative passive potential)
anottanëk (connegative passive potential)
anodak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
anoba (active participle present)
anodapa (participle passive present)
anottapa (participle passive present)
anodë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
anonut (active participle past)
anodu (participle passive past)
anottu (participle passive past)
anoma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
anominen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Finnish: anoa

→ Estonian: anuma

→? Votic: anoa (Rudja, rare)

Karelian:

North Karelian: (folk poetic) anuo

South Karelian: (folk poetic) anuo

→? Proto-Samic: *ānōtēk (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *ana + *-odak, from Proto-Finno-Permic *ana-, akin to Erzya анамс (anams, “to want, ask, beg”) and Moksha анамс (anams, “to want, ask, beg”). Proto-Samic *ānōtēk is possibly an early loan from Finnic.


neeldäk

neele- (stem)
neelen (first-person present singular)
neelin (first-person past singular)
neelgon (first-person optative singular)
neelet (present second-person singular)
neelit (past second-person singular)
neelek (imperative second-person singular)
neelgos (optative second-person singular)
neelebi (present singular third-person)
neeli (present singular third-person)
neeli (past singular third-person)
neelkähen (imperative singular third-person)
neelkohen (optative singular third-person)
neelekmek (first-person plural present)
neelekmäk (first-person plural present)
neelimek (first-person past plural)
neelimäk (first-person past plural)
neelkädemek (first-person imperative plural)
neelkädämäk (first-person imperative plural)
neelkodemek (first-person optative plural)
neelkodämäk (first-person optative plural)
neelektek (plural present second-person)
neelektäk (plural present second-person)
neelidek (past plural second-person)
neelidäk (past plural second-person)
neelkäde (imperative plural second-person)
neelkädä (imperative plural second-person)
neelgot'ek (optative plural second-person)
neelkodädäk (optative plural second-person)
neelebät (plural present third-person)
neeli (plural present third-person)
neeli (past plural third-person)
neelkähen (imperative plural third-person)
neelkohen (optative plural third-person)
neeleksen (passive present)
neelet'äksen (passive present)
neeltihen (passive past)
neelettisen (passive past)
neeltägäsen (imperative passive)
neelettäkähen (imperative passive)
neeltägosen (optative passive)
neelettäkohen (optative passive)
neelek (connegative present)
neelgäk (connegative imperative)
neelgok (connegative optative)
neelektäk (connegative passive present)
neeltägäk (connegative imperative passive)
neelettägäk (connegative imperative passive)
neeltägok (connegative optative passive)
neelettägok (connegative optative passive)
neelekcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
neelicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
neellen (first-person potential singular)
neelekcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
neelicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
neellet (potential second-person singular)
neelekci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
neelici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
neelli (potential singular third-person)
neelekcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
neelekcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
neelicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
neelicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
neellemek (first-person plural potential)
neellemäk (first-person plural potential)
neelekcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
neelekcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
neelicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
neelicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
neelledek (plural potential second-person)
neelledäk (plural potential second-person)
neelekci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
neelici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
neelli (plural potential third-person)
neeldäkcisen (conditional conditional-i passive)
neelet'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
neelticisen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
neeletticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
neeltänesen (passive potential)
neelettänehen (passive potential)
neelekcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
neelicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
neellek (connegative potential)
neeldäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
neelet'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
neelticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
neeletticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
neeltänek (connegative passive potential)
neelettänek (connegative passive potential)
neeldäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
neelebä (active participle present)
neeltäbä (participle passive present)
neelettäpä (participle passive present)
neelte- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
neellüt (active participle past)
neeltü (participle passive past)
neelettü (participle passive past)
neelemä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
neeleminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: neelama/neelata, neelma/neelda

Finnish: niellä

Karelian: niellä

>? Krevinian: neellä

Livonian: niel

Võro: niildma/neeldäq/niildäq

From Proto-Uralic *ńäle-. Cognates include Proto-Samic *ńielëtēk.


karttadak

kartta- (stem)
kart'an (first-person present singular)
kart'oin (first-person past singular)
karttagon (first-person optative singular)
kart'at (present second-person singular)
kart'oit (past second-person singular)
kart'ak (imperative second-person singular)
karttagos (optative second-person singular)
karttabi (present singular third-person)
kartta (present singular third-person)
karttoi (past singular third-person)
karttagasën (imperative singular third-person)
karttagosën (optative singular third-person)
kart'akmëk (first-person plural present)
kart'akmak (first-person plural present)
karttoimëk (first-person past plural)
karttoimak (first-person past plural)
karttagatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
karttagatamak (first-person imperative plural)
karttagotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
karttagotamak (first-person optative plural)
kart'aktëk (plural present second-person)
kart'aktak (plural present second-person)
karttoidëk (past plural second-person)
karttoidak (past plural second-person)
karttagatë (imperative plural second-person)
karttagata (imperative plural second-person)
karttagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
karttagotadak (optative plural second-person)
karttabat (plural present third-person)
kartta (plural present third-person)
karttoi (past plural third-person)
karttagasën (imperative plural third-person)
karttagosën (optative plural third-person)
kart'aksën (passive present)
kart'at'aksën (passive present)
karttadisën (passive past)
kart'attisën (passive past)
karttadakahën (imperative passive)
kart'attakahën (imperative passive)
karttadakohën (optative passive)
kart'attakohën (optative passive)
kart'ak (connegative present)
karttagak (connegative imperative)
karttagok (connegative optative)
kart'aktak (connegative passive present)
karttadagak (connegative imperative passive)
kart'attagak (connegative imperative passive)
karttadagok (connegative optative passive)
kart'attagok (connegative optative passive)
kart'akcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
karttoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
karttanën (first-person potential singular)
kart'akcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
karttoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
karttanët (potential second-person singular)
kart'akci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
karttoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
karttani (potential singular third-person)
kart'akcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kart'akcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
karttoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
karttoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
karttanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
karttanëmak (first-person plural potential)
kart'akcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kart'akcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
karttoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
karttoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
karttanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
karttanëdak (plural potential second-person)
kart'akci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
karttoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
karttani (plural potential third-person)
karttadakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
kart'at'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
karttadicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kart'atticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
karttadanëhën (passive potential)
kart'attanëhën (passive potential)
kart'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
karttoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
karttanëk (connegative potential)
karttadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kart'at'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
karttadicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kart'atticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
karttadanëk (connegative passive potential)
kart'attanëk (connegative passive potential)
karttadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
karttaba (active participle present)
karttadapa (participle passive present)
kart'attapa (participle passive present)
karttadë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
karttanut (active participle past)
karttadu (participle passive past)
kart'attu (participle passive past)
karttama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
karttaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: kartma/karta

Finnish: karttaa

Ingrian: karttaa

Livonian: kart

desc

Votic: (Lempola, Mati, Jõgõperä) karttaa

Possibly from *kaari, *kaar(e)-kta- > *kaar-tta- > *kartta-.


kiittädäk

kiittä- (stem)
kiit'än (first-person present singular)
kiit'ein (first-person past singular)
kiittägon (first-person optative singular)
kiit'ät (present second-person singular)
kiit'eit (past second-person singular)
kiit'äk (imperative second-person singular)
kiittägos (optative second-person singular)
kiittäbi (present singular third-person)
kiittä (present singular third-person)
kiittei (past singular third-person)
kiittägäsen (imperative singular third-person)
kiittägosen (optative singular third-person)
kiit'äkmek (first-person plural present)
kiit'äkmäk (first-person plural present)
kiitteimek (first-person past plural)
kiitteimäk (first-person past plural)
kiittägätemek (first-person imperative plural)
kiittägätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
kiittägotemek (first-person optative plural)
kiittägotämäk (first-person optative plural)
kiit'äktek (plural present second-person)
kiit'äktäk (plural present second-person)
kiitteidek (past plural second-person)
kiitteidäk (past plural second-person)
kiittägäte (imperative plural second-person)
kiittägätä (imperative plural second-person)
kiittägot'ek (optative plural second-person)
kiittägotädäk (optative plural second-person)
kiittäbät (plural present third-person)
kiittä (plural present third-person)
kiittei (past plural third-person)
kiittägäsen (imperative plural third-person)
kiittägosen (optative plural third-person)
kiit'äksen (passive present)
kiit'ät'äksen (passive present)
kiittädisen (passive past)
kiit'ättisen (passive past)
kiittädäkähen (imperative passive)
kiit'ättäkähen (imperative passive)
kiittädäkohen (optative passive)
kiit'ättäkohen (optative passive)
kiit'äk (connegative present)
kiittägäk (connegative imperative)
kiittägok (connegative optative)
kiit'äktäk (connegative passive present)
kiittädägäk (connegative imperative passive)
kiit'ättägäk (connegative imperative passive)
kiittädägok (connegative optative passive)
kiit'ättägok (connegative optative passive)
kiit'äkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
kiitteicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
kiittänen (first-person potential singular)
kiit'äkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
kiitteicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
kiittänet (potential second-person singular)
kiit'äkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
kiitteici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
kiittäni (potential singular third-person)
kiit'äkcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kiit'äkcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
kiitteicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kiitteicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
kiittänemek (first-person plural potential)
kiittänemäk (first-person plural potential)
kiit'äkcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kiit'äkcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
kiitteicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kiitteicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
kiittänedek (plural potential second-person)
kiittänedäk (plural potential second-person)
kiit'äkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
kiitteici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
kiittäni (plural potential third-person)
kiittädäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
kiit'ät'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
kiittädicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kiit'ätticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
kiittädänehen (passive potential)
kiit'ättänehen (passive potential)
kiit'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
kiitteicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
kiittänek (connegative potential)
kiittädäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kiit'ät'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
kiittädicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kiit'ätticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
kiittädänek (connegative passive potential)
kiit'ättänek (connegative passive potential)
kiittädäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
kiittäbä (active participle present)
kiittädäpä (participle passive present)
kiit'ättäpä (participle passive present)
kiittäde- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
kiittänüt (active participle past)
kiittädü (participle passive past)
kiit'ättü (participle passive past)
kiittämä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
kiittäminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: kiitma/kiita

Finnish: kiittää

Ingrian: kiittää

Karelian:

North Karelian: kiitteä

South Karelian: kiitteä

Livonian: kītõ

Livvi: kiittiä

Ludian: kiittädä

Veps: kitta

Võro: kitmä/kittäq

Votic: tšiittä

→ Proto-Samic: *kijttētēk

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Balto-Slavic *geyd-. Compare Lithuanian giedoti and Latvian dziedāt. Alternatively a borrowing from Proto-Slavic *čiti-. albeit this is less certain if the actual form is *čьtiti (which would result in a short -i- in Finnic).


-ëda

Estonian: -e

Finnish: -ea/-eä (dialectal forms: -ee, -ia/-iä)

Karelian: -ie

Livvi: -ei

Veps: -ed

Võro: -õ/-e

Votic: -õa/-eä


kanci

kanci (nominative singular)
kandët (nominative plural)
kandën (accusative singular)
kandët (accusative plural)
kandën (genitive singular)
kat'ën (genitive plural)
kancidën (genitive plural)
katta (partitive singular)
kancida (partitive plural)
kandëssa (inessive singular)
kandëhna (inessive singular)
kancissa (inessive plural)
kancihna (inessive plural)
kandësta (elative singular)
kancista (elative plural)
kantëhën (illative singular)
kancihën (illative plural)
kandëlla (adessive singular)
kancilla (adessive plural)
kandëlta (ablative singular)
kancilta (ablative plural)
kantëlën (allative singular)
kantëlëk (allative singular)
kancilën (allative plural)
kancilëk (allative plural)
kantëna (essive singular)
kancina (essive plural)
kandëksi (singular translative)
kanciksi (plural translative)
kandën (instructive singular)
kancin (instructive plural)
kantënëk (comitative singular)
kancinëk (comitative plural)
kandëtta (abessive singular)
kancitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaas

Finnish: kansi

Ingrian: kans

Karelian:

North Karelian: kanši

South Karelian: kanži

Võro: kaas'

Votic: (Kattila, Mati, Pummala) kaasi


sadëk

sadëk (nominative singular)
satëgët (nominative plural)
satëgën (accusative singular)
satëgët (accusative plural)
satëgën (genitive singular)
satëgëdën (genitive plural)
satëgidën (genitive plural)
satëgëta (partitive singular)
satëgita (partitive plural)
satëgëssa (inessive singular)
satëgëhna (inessive singular)
satëgissa (inessive plural)
satëgihna (inessive plural)
satëgësta (elative singular)
satëgista (elative plural)
satëgësën (illative singular)
satëgisën (illative plural)
satëgëlla (adessive singular)
satëgilla (adessive plural)
satëgëlta (ablative singular)
satëgilta (ablative plural)
satëgëlën (allative singular)
satëgëlëk (allative singular)
satëgilën (allative plural)
satëgilëk (allative plural)
satëgëna (essive singular)
satëgina (essive plural)
satëgëksi (singular translative)
satëgiksi (plural translative)
satëgën (instructive singular)
satëgin (instructive plural)
satëgënëk (comitative singular)
satëginëk (comitative plural)
satëgëtta (abessive singular)
satëgitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: sade

Ingrian: sae

Karelian:

North Karelian: šaje

Veps: sadeged pl

Votic: (Jõgõperä) saõ


sidek

sidek (nominative singular)
siteget (nominative plural)
sitegen (accusative singular)
siteget (accusative plural)
sitegen (genitive singular)
sidekten (genitive plural)
sitegiden (genitive plural)
sidektä (partitive singular)
sitegitä (partitive plural)
sitegessä (inessive singular)
sitegehnä (inessive singular)
sitegissä (inessive plural)
sitegihnä (inessive plural)
sitegestä (elative singular)
sitegistä (elative plural)
sitegesen (illative singular)
sitegisen (illative plural)
sitegellä (adessive singular)
sitegillä (adessive plural)
sitegeltä (ablative singular)
sitegiltä (ablative plural)
sitegelen (allative singular)
sitegelek (allative singular)
sitegilen (allative plural)
sitegilek (allative plural)
sitegenä (essive singular)
siteginä (essive plural)
sitegeksi (singular translative)
sitegiksi (plural translative)
sitegen (instructive singular)
sitegin (instructive plural)
sitegenek (comitative singular)
siteginek (comitative plural)
sitegettä (abessive singular)
sitegittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: side

Finnish: side

Ingrian: sie

Karelian: sije

Veps: sideg

Võro: sidõ

Votic: siõ


painëk

painëk (nominative singular)
painëgët (nominative plural)
painëgën (accusative singular)
painëgët (accusative plural)
painëgën (genitive singular)
painëgëdën (genitive plural)
painëgidën (genitive plural)
painëgëta (partitive singular)
painëgita (partitive plural)
painëgëssa (inessive singular)
painëgëhna (inessive singular)
painëgissa (inessive plural)
painëgihna (inessive plural)
painëgësta (elative singular)
painëgista (elative plural)
painëgësën (illative singular)
painëgisën (illative plural)
painëgëlla (adessive singular)
painëgilla (adessive plural)
painëgëlta (ablative singular)
painëgilta (ablative plural)
painëgëlën (allative singular)
painëgëlëk (allative singular)
painëgilën (allative plural)
painëgilëk (allative plural)
painëgëna (essive singular)
painëgina (essive plural)
painëgëksi (singular translative)
painëgiksi (plural translative)
painëgën (instructive singular)
painëgin (instructive plural)
painëgënëk (comitative singular)
painëginëk (comitative plural)
painëgëtta (abessive singular)
painëgitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: paine (“piece of wood used to press something, wooden pressing tool”)

Finnish: paine (“pressure; weight (object)”)

Ingrian: paine (“weight”)

Karelian: paine (“weight (object)”)

Livvi: paine

Veps: paine (“piece of wood used to press something, wooden pressing tool”)

Võro: painõq

Votic: (Rajo) painõ (“weight, burden”)


hamëh

hamëh (nominative singular)
hamëhët (nominative plural)
hamëhën (accusative singular)
hamëhët (accusative plural)
hamëhën (genitive singular)
hamëhtën (genitive plural)
hamëhidën (genitive plural)
hamëhta (partitive singular)
hamëhita (partitive plural)
hamëhëssa (inessive singular)
hamëhëhna (inessive singular)
hamëhissa (inessive plural)
hamëhihna (inessive plural)
hamëhësta (elative singular)
hamëhista (elative plural)
hamëhësën (illative singular)
hamëhisën (illative plural)
hamëhëlla (adessive singular)
hamëhilla (adessive plural)
hamëhëlta (ablative singular)
hamëhilta (ablative plural)
hamëhëlën (allative singular)
hamëhëlëk (allative singular)
hamëhilën (allative plural)
hamëhilëk (allative plural)
hamëhëna (essive singular)
hamëhina (essive plural)
hamëhëksi (singular translative)
hamëhiksi (plural translative)
hamëhën (instructive singular)
hamëhin (instructive plural)
hamëhënëk (comitative singular)
hamëhinëk (comitative plural)
hamëhëtta (abessive singular)
hamëhitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hame

Finnish: hame

Ingrian: hame

Karelian:

North Karelian: hameh

South Karelian: hameh

Livonian: a'm, (Salaca) amm

Võro: hamõh

Votic: (Mati) amõ

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hamiz (compare Old Norse hamr) or *hamisaz (compare Old Norse hams).


täüci

täüci (nominative singular)
täüdet (nominative plural)
täüden (accusative singular)
täüdet (accusative plural)
täüden (genitive singular)
täüt'en (genitive plural)
täüciden (genitive plural)
täüttä (partitive singular)
täücidä (partitive plural)
täüdessä (inessive singular)
täüdehnä (inessive singular)
täücissä (inessive plural)
täücihnä (inessive plural)
täüdestä (elative singular)
täücistä (elative plural)
täütehen (illative singular)
täücihen (illative plural)
täüdellä (adessive singular)
täücillä (adessive plural)
täüdeltä (ablative singular)
täüciltä (ablative plural)
täütelen (allative singular)
täütelek (allative singular)
täücilen (allative plural)
täücilek (allative plural)
täünnä (essive singular)
täücinä (essive plural)
täüdeksi (singular translative)
täüciksi (plural translative)
täüden (instructive singular)
täücin (instructive plural)
täünnek (comitative singular)
täücinek (comitative plural)
täüdettä (abessive singular)
täücittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: täis

Finnish: täysi

Ingrian: täys

Karelian:

North Karelian: täyši

South Karelian: täyži

Livonian: täuž

Livvi: täyzi

Ludian: täüz'

Veps: täuz'

Võro: täüs'

Votic: täüsi, täüz

From Proto-Uralic *täwde. Cognates include Hungarian tele (“full”). The word has also been compared with Proto-Samic *tievë (“full”), which is of Germanic origin, but morphologically an analysis as *täü-ci is not possible: no nominal derivative suffix **-ci exists.


täüttädäk

täüttä- (stem)
täüt'än (first-person present singular)
täüt'ein (first-person past singular)
täüttägon (first-person optative singular)
täüt'ät (present second-person singular)
täüt'eit (past second-person singular)
täüt'äk (imperative second-person singular)
täüttägos (optative second-person singular)
täüttäbi (present singular third-person)
täüttä (present singular third-person)
täüttei (past singular third-person)
täüttägäsen (imperative singular third-person)
täüttägosen (optative singular third-person)
täüt'äkmek (first-person plural present)
täüt'äkmäk (first-person plural present)
täütteimek (first-person past plural)
täütteimäk (first-person past plural)
täüttägätemek (first-person imperative plural)
täüttägätämäk (first-person imperative plural)
täüttägotemek (first-person optative plural)
täüttägotämäk (first-person optative plural)
täüt'äktek (plural present second-person)
täüt'äktäk (plural present second-person)
täütteidek (past plural second-person)
täütteidäk (past plural second-person)
täüttägäte (imperative plural second-person)
täüttägätä (imperative plural second-person)
täüttägot'ek (optative plural second-person)
täüttägotädäk (optative plural second-person)
täüttäbät (plural present third-person)
täüttä (plural present third-person)
täüttei (past plural third-person)
täüttägäsen (imperative plural third-person)
täüttägosen (optative plural third-person)
täüt'äksen (passive present)
täüt'ät'äksen (passive present)
täüttädisen (passive past)
täüt'ättisen (passive past)
täüttädäkähen (imperative passive)
täüt'ättäkähen (imperative passive)
täüttädäkohen (optative passive)
täüt'ättäkohen (optative passive)
täüt'äk (connegative present)
täüttägäk (connegative imperative)
täüttägok (connegative optative)
täüt'äktäk (connegative passive present)
täüttädägäk (connegative imperative passive)
täüt'ättägäk (connegative imperative passive)
täüttädägok (connegative optative passive)
täüt'ättägok (connegative optative passive)
täüt'äkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
täütteicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
täüttänen (first-person potential singular)
täüt'äkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
täütteicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
täüttänet (potential second-person singular)
täüt'äkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
täütteici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
täüttäni (potential singular third-person)
täüt'äkcimek (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
täüt'äkcimäk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
täütteicimek (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
täütteicimäk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
täüttänemek (first-person plural potential)
täüttänemäk (first-person plural potential)
täüt'äkcidek (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
täüt'äkcidäk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
täütteicidek (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
täütteicidäk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
täüttänedek (plural potential second-person)
täüttänedäk (plural potential second-person)
täüt'äkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
täütteici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
täüttäni (plural potential third-person)
täüttädäkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
täüt'ät'äkcihen (conditional conditional-i passive)
täüttädicihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
täüt'ätticihen (conditional conditional-ii passive)
täüttädänehen (passive potential)
täüt'ättänehen (passive potential)
täüt'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
täütteicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
täüttänek (connegative potential)
täüttädäkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
täüt'ät'äkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
täüttädicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
täüt'ätticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
täüttädänek (connegative passive potential)
täüt'ättänek (connegative passive potential)
täüttädäk (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
täüttäbä (active participle present)
täüttädäpä (participle passive present)
täüt'ättäpä (participle passive present)
täüttäde- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
täüttänüt (active participle past)
täüttädü (participle passive past)
täüt'ättü (participle passive past)
täüttämä (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
täüttäminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: täitma/täita

Finnish: täyttää

Karelian: täytteä

Veps: täutta

Võro: täitämä/täitäq

Votic: täüttä


-ldak

-ldak / *-ldäk (canonical)
-lë- / *-le- (stem)
-len (first-person present singular)
-lin (first-person past singular)
-lgon (first-person optative singular)
-let (present second-person singular)
-lit (past second-person singular)
-lek (imperative second-person singular)
-lgos (optative second-person singular)
-lepi (present singular third-person)
-l (present singular third-person)
-li (past singular third-person)
-lkasën (imperative singular third-person)
-lkosën (optative singular third-person)
-lekmëk (first-person plural present)
-lekmak (first-person plural present)
-limëk (first-person past plural)
-limak (first-person past plural)
-lkatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
-lkatamak (first-person imperative plural)
-lkotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
-lkotamak (first-person optative plural)
-lektëk (plural present second-person)
-lektak (plural present second-person)
-lidëk (past plural second-person)
-lidak (past plural second-person)
-lkatë (imperative plural second-person)
-lkata (imperative plural second-person)
-lgot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
-lkotadak (optative plural second-person)
-lebat (plural present third-person)
-l (plural present third-person)
-li (past plural third-person)
-lkasën (imperative plural third-person)
-lkosën (optative plural third-person)
-leksën (passive present)
-let'aksën (passive present)
-ltisën (passive past)
-lettihën (passive past)
-ltakahën (imperative passive)
-lettagasën (imperative passive)
-ltakohën (optative passive)
-lettagosën (optative passive)
-lek (connegative present)
-lgak (connegative imperative)
-lgok (connegative optative)
-lektak (connegative passive present)
-ltagak (connegative imperative passive)
-lettagak (connegative imperative passive)
-ltagok (connegative optative passive)
-lettagok (connegative optative passive)
-lekcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-licin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-llën (first-person potential singular)
-lekcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-licit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-llët (potential second-person singular)
-lekci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-lici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-lli (potential singular third-person)
-lekcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-lekcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-licimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-licimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-llëmëk (first-person plural potential)
-llëmak (first-person plural potential)
-lekcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-lekcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-licidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-licidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-llëdëk (plural potential second-person)
-llëdak (plural potential second-person)
-lekci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-lici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-lli (plural potential third-person)
-ldakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-let'akcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
-lticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-letticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
-ltanëhën (passive potential)
-lettanësën (passive potential)
-lekcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-licik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-llëk (connegative potential)
-ldakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-let'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
-lticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-letticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
-ltanëk (connegative passive potential)
-lettanëk (connegative passive potential)
-ldak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
-lepa (active participle present)
-ltapa (participle passive present)
-lettaba (participle passive present)
-ltë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
-llut (active participle past)
-ltu (participle passive past)
-lettu (participle passive past)
-lema (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
-leminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: -lema/-leda

Finnish: -ella

Ingrian: -ella

From Proto-Uralic *-le-. Cognates include Proto-Samic *-ëlëtēk, Proto-Mordvinic *-ĺə, Proto-Permic *-alni, Hungarian -l. In Finnic, the suffix consistently induces a stem vowel change *-A- > *-e-; this appears to be some kind of a regular change also found with some other suffixes, such as the comparative suffix *-mpi (see for more) and the translative verb suffix *-t'ak.


tuuldak

tuulë- (stem)
tuulën (first-person present singular)
tuulin (first-person past singular)
tuulgon (first-person optative singular)
tuulët (present second-person singular)
tuulit (past second-person singular)
tuulëk (imperative second-person singular)
tuulgos (optative second-person singular)
tuulëbi (present singular third-person)
tuuli (present singular third-person)
tuuli (past singular third-person)
tuulkahën (imperative singular third-person)
tuulkohën (optative singular third-person)
tuulëkmëk (first-person plural present)
tuulëkmak (first-person plural present)
tuulimëk (first-person past plural)
tuulimak (first-person past plural)
tuulkadëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
tuulkadamak (first-person imperative plural)
tuulkodëmëk (first-person optative plural)
tuulkodamak (first-person optative plural)
tuulëktëk (plural present second-person)
tuulëktak (plural present second-person)
tuulidëk (past plural second-person)
tuulidak (past plural second-person)
tuulkadë (imperative plural second-person)
tuulkada (imperative plural second-person)
tuulgot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
tuulkodadak (optative plural second-person)
tuulëbat (plural present third-person)
tuuli (plural present third-person)
tuuli (past plural third-person)
tuulkahën (imperative plural third-person)
tuulkohën (optative plural third-person)
tuulëksën (passive present)
tuulët'aksën (passive present)
tuultihën (passive past)
tuulëttisën (passive past)
tuultagasën (imperative passive)
tuulëttakahën (imperative passive)
tuultagosën (optative passive)
tuulëttakohën (optative passive)
tuulëk (connegative present)
tuulgak (connegative imperative)
tuulgok (connegative optative)
tuulëktak (connegative passive present)
tuultagak (connegative imperative passive)
tuulëttagak (connegative imperative passive)
tuultagok (connegative optative passive)
tuulëttagok (connegative optative passive)
tuulëkcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
tuulicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
tuullën (first-person potential singular)
tuulëkcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
tuulicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
tuullët (potential second-person singular)
tuulëkci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
tuulici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
tuulli (potential singular third-person)
tuulëkcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
tuulëkcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
tuulicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
tuulicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
tuullëmëk (first-person plural potential)
tuullëmak (first-person plural potential)
tuulëkcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
tuulëkcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
tuulicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
tuulicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
tuullëdëk (plural potential second-person)
tuullëdak (plural potential second-person)
tuulëkci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
tuulici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
tuulli (plural potential third-person)
tuuldakcisën (conditional conditional-i passive)
tuulët'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
tuulticisën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
tuulëtticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
tuultanësën (passive potential)
tuulëttanëhën (passive potential)
tuulëkcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
tuulicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
tuullëk (connegative potential)
tuuldakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
tuulët'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
tuulticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
tuulëtticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
tuultanëk (connegative passive potential)
tuulëttanëk (connegative passive potential)
tuuldak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
tuulëba (active participle present)
tuultaba (participle passive present)
tuulëttapa (participle passive present)
tuultë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
tuullut (active participle past)
tuultu (participle passive past)
tuulëttu (participle passive past)
tuulëma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
tuulëminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Finnish: tuulla

Ingrian: tuulla

→? Votic: tuullõ

Karelian: tuulla


sitodak

sito- (stem)
sidon (first-person present singular)
sidoin (first-person past singular)
sitogon (first-person optative singular)
sidot (present second-person singular)
sidoit (past second-person singular)
sidok (imperative second-person singular)
sitogos (optative second-person singular)
sitobi (present singular third-person)
sito (present singular third-person)
sitoi (past singular third-person)
sitogasën (imperative singular third-person)
sitogosën (optative singular third-person)
sidokmëk (first-person plural present)
sidokmak (first-person plural present)
sitoimëk (first-person past plural)
sitoimak (first-person past plural)
sitogatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
sitogatamak (first-person imperative plural)
sitogotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
sitogotamak (first-person optative plural)
sidoktëk (plural present second-person)
sidoktak (plural present second-person)
sitoidëk (past plural second-person)
sitoidak (past plural second-person)
sitogatë (imperative plural second-person)
sitogata (imperative plural second-person)
sitogot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
sitogotadak (optative plural second-person)
sitobat (plural present third-person)
sito (plural present third-person)
sitoi (past plural third-person)
sitogasën (imperative plural third-person)
sitogosën (optative plural third-person)
sidoksën (passive present)
sidot'aksën (passive present)
sitodisën (passive past)
sidottisën (passive past)
sitodakahën (imperative passive)
sidottakahën (imperative passive)
sitodakohën (optative passive)
sidottakohën (optative passive)
sidok (connegative present)
sitogak (connegative imperative)
sitogok (connegative optative)
sidoktak (connegative passive present)
sitodagak (connegative imperative passive)
sidottagak (connegative imperative passive)
sitodagok (connegative optative passive)
sidottagok (connegative optative passive)
sidokcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
sitoicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
sitonën (first-person potential singular)
sidokcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
sitoicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
sitonët (potential second-person singular)
sidokci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
sitoici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
sitoni (potential singular third-person)
sidokcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
sidokcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
sitoicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
sitoicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
sitonëmëk (first-person plural potential)
sitonëmak (first-person plural potential)
sidokcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
sidokcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
sitoicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
sitoicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
sitonëdëk (plural potential second-person)
sitonëdak (plural potential second-person)
sidokci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
sitoici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
sitoni (plural potential third-person)
sitodakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
sidot'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
sitodicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
sidotticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
sitodanëhën (passive potential)
sidottanëhën (passive potential)
sidokcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
sitoicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
sitonëk (connegative potential)
sitodakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
sidot'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
sitodicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
sidotticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
sitodanëk (connegative passive potential)
sidottanëk (connegative passive potential)
sitodak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
sitoba (active participle present)
sitodapa (participle passive present)
sidottapa (participle passive present)
sitodë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
sitonut (active participle past)
sitodu (participle passive past)
sidottu (participle passive past)
sitoma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
sitominen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: siduma/siduda

Finnish: sitoa

Ingrian: sittoa

Karelian: šituo

Livonian: sidd

Ludian: sidoda

Veps: sidoda

Votic: sittoa

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *sita-(w-), compare Erzya содомс (sodoms).


jauhadak

jauha- (stem)
jauhan (first-person present singular)
jauhëin (first-person past singular)
jauhagon (first-person optative singular)
jauhat (present second-person singular)
jauhëit (past second-person singular)
jauhak (imperative second-person singular)
jauhagos (optative second-person singular)
jauhabi (present singular third-person)
jauha (present singular third-person)
jauhëi (past singular third-person)
jauhagasën (imperative singular third-person)
jauhagosën (optative singular third-person)
jauhakmëk (first-person plural present)
jauhakmak (first-person plural present)
jauhëimëk (first-person past plural)
jauhëimak (first-person past plural)
jauhagatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
jauhagatamak (first-person imperative plural)
jauhagotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
jauhagotamak (first-person optative plural)
jauhaktëk (plural present second-person)
jauhaktak (plural present second-person)
jauhëidëk (past plural second-person)
jauhëidak (past plural second-person)
jauhagatë (imperative plural second-person)
jauhagata (imperative plural second-person)
jauhagot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
jauhagotadak (optative plural second-person)
jauhabat (plural present third-person)
jauha (plural present third-person)
jauhëi (past plural third-person)
jauhagasën (imperative plural third-person)
jauhagosën (optative plural third-person)
jauhaksën (passive present)
jauhat'aksën (passive present)
jauhadisën (passive past)
jauhattisën (passive past)
jauhadakahën (imperative passive)
jauhattakahën (imperative passive)
jauhadakohën (optative passive)
jauhattakohën (optative passive)
jauhak (connegative present)
jauhagak (connegative imperative)
jauhagok (connegative optative)
jauhaktak (connegative passive present)
jauhadagak (connegative imperative passive)
jauhattagak (connegative imperative passive)
jauhadagok (connegative optative passive)
jauhattagok (connegative optative passive)
jauhakcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
jauhëicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
jauhanën (first-person potential singular)
jauhakcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
jauhëicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
jauhanët (potential second-person singular)
jauhakci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
jauhëici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
jauhani (potential singular third-person)
jauhakcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
jauhakcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
jauhëicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
jauhëicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
jauhanëmëk (first-person plural potential)
jauhanëmak (first-person plural potential)
jauhakcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
jauhakcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
jauhëicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
jauhëicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
jauhanëdëk (plural potential second-person)
jauhanëdak (plural potential second-person)
jauhakci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
jauhëici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
jauhani (plural potential third-person)
jauhadakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
jauhat'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
jauhadicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
jauhatticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
jauhadanëhën (passive potential)
jauhattanëhën (passive potential)
jauhakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
jauhëicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
jauhanëk (connegative potential)
jauhadakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
jauhat'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
jauhadicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
jauhatticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
jauhadanëk (connegative passive potential)
jauhattanëk (connegative passive potential)
jauhadak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
jauhaba (active participle present)
jauhadapa (participle passive present)
jauhattapa (participle passive present)
jauhadë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
jauhanut (active participle past)
jauhadu (participle passive past)
jauhattu (participle passive past)
jauhama (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
jauhaminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: (dialectal) jahvama/jahvada, jauhama/jauhada

Finnish: jauhaa

Ingrian: jauhaa

Livonian: jo'vvõ

Võro: jauhma/jauhaq

Votic: javva

Ingrian: jauhoa

Karelian: jauhuo

Livvi: jauhuo

Ludian: ďauhuo

Veps: jauhta

From earlier *jaušatak, from Proto-Finno-Permic *jaŋša-.


puhudak

puhu- (stem)
puhun (first-person present singular)
puhuin (first-person past singular)
puhugon (first-person optative singular)
puhut (present second-person singular)
puhuit (past second-person singular)
puhuk (imperative second-person singular)
puhugos (optative second-person singular)
puhubi (present singular third-person)
puhu (present singular third-person)
puhui (past singular third-person)
puhugasën (imperative singular third-person)
puhugosën (optative singular third-person)
puhukmëk (first-person plural present)
puhukmak (first-person plural present)
puhuimëk (first-person past plural)
puhuimak (first-person past plural)
puhugatëmëk (first-person imperative plural)
puhugatamak (first-person imperative plural)
puhugotëmëk (first-person optative plural)
puhugotamak (first-person optative plural)
puhuktëk (plural present second-person)
puhuktak (plural present second-person)
puhuidëk (past plural second-person)
puhuidak (past plural second-person)
puhugatë (imperative plural second-person)
puhugata (imperative plural second-person)
puhugot'ëk (optative plural second-person)
puhugotadak (optative plural second-person)
puhubat (plural present third-person)
puhu (plural present third-person)
puhui (past plural third-person)
puhugasën (imperative plural third-person)
puhugosën (optative plural third-person)
puhuksën (passive present)
puhut'aksën (passive present)
puhudisën (passive past)
puhuttisën (passive past)
puhudakahën (imperative passive)
puhuttakahën (imperative passive)
puhudakohën (optative passive)
puhuttakohën (optative passive)
puhuk (connegative present)
puhugak (connegative imperative)
puhugok (connegative optative)
puhuktak (connegative passive present)
puhudagak (connegative imperative passive)
puhuttagak (connegative imperative passive)
puhudagok (connegative optative passive)
puhuttagok (connegative optative passive)
puhukcin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
puhuicin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
puhunën (first-person potential singular)
puhukcit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
puhuicit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
puhunët (potential second-person singular)
puhukci (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
puhuici (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
puhuni (potential singular third-person)
puhukcimëk (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
puhukcimak (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
puhuicimëk (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
puhuicimak (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
puhunëmëk (first-person plural potential)
puhunëmak (first-person plural potential)
puhukcidëk (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
puhukcidak (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
puhuicidëk (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
puhuicidak (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
puhunëdëk (plural potential second-person)
puhunëdak (plural potential second-person)
puhukci (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
puhuici (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
puhuni (plural potential third-person)
puhudakcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
puhut'akcihën (conditional conditional-i passive)
puhudicihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
puhutticihën (conditional conditional-ii passive)
puhudanëhën (passive potential)
puhuttanëhën (passive potential)
puhukcik (conditional conditional-i connegative)
puhuicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
puhunëk (connegative potential)
puhudakcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
puhut'akcik (conditional conditional-i connegative passive)
puhudicik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
puhutticik (conditional conditional-ii connegative passive)
puhudanëk (connegative passive potential)
puhuttanëk (connegative passive potential)
puhudak (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-i)
puhuba (active participle present)
puhudapa (participle passive present)
puhuttapa (participle passive present)
puhudë- (conditional conditional-i infinitive infinitive-ii)
puhunut (active participle past)
puhudu (participle passive past)
puhuttu (participle passive past)
puhuma (conditional conditional-i gerund supine)
puhuminen (conditional conditional-i noun-from-verb)

Estonian: puhuma/puhuda

Finnish: puhua (“to talk, speak”)

⇒ Finnish: puhaltaa (“to blow”)

Ingrian: puhhua

Karelian: puhuo (“to blow”)

Veps: puhuda

Votic: puhhua

Livonian: pūškõ (“to blow, to hiss”)

⇒ Livonian: pūgõ (“to blow”)

From earlier *pušë- + *-udak, from Proto-Uralic *puše-. Cognates include Proto-Samic *posōtēk.