vino

vino (nominative singular)
vinot (nominative plural)
vinon (accusative singular)
vinot (accusative plural)
vinon (genitive singular)
vinodën (genitive plural)
vinoidën (genitive plural)
vinoda (partitive singular)
vinoida (partitive plural)
vinossa (inessive singular)
vinohna (inessive singular)
vinoissa (inessive plural)
vinoihna (inessive plural)
vinosta (elative singular)
vinoista (elative plural)
vinohën (illative singular)
vinoihën (illative plural)
vinolla (adessive singular)
vinoilla (adessive plural)
vinolta (ablative singular)
vinoilta (ablative plural)
vinolën (allative singular)
vinolëk (allative singular)
vinoilën (allative plural)
vinoilëk (allative plural)
vinona (essive singular)
vinoina (essive plural)
vinoksi (singular translative)
vinoiksi (plural translative)
vinon (instructive singular)
vinoin (instructive plural)
vinonëk (comitative singular)
vinoinëk (comitative plural)
vinotta (abessive singular)
vinoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: vino

Karelian:

North Karelian: vino (possibly borrowed from Finnish)

From earlier *wina-w, derived from Proto-Finno-Permic *wińa. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vëńē.


joulu

joulu (nominative singular)
joulut (nominative plural)
joulun (accusative singular)
joulut (accusative plural)
joulun (genitive singular)
jouludën (genitive plural)
jouluidën (genitive plural)
jouluda (partitive singular)
jouluida (partitive plural)
joulussa (inessive singular)
jouluhna (inessive singular)
jouluissa (inessive plural)
jouluihna (inessive plural)
joulusta (elative singular)
jouluista (elative plural)
jouluhën (illative singular)
jouluihën (illative plural)
joululla (adessive singular)
jouluilla (adessive plural)
joululta (ablative singular)
jouluilta (ablative plural)
joululën (allative singular)
joululëk (allative singular)
jouluilën (allative plural)
jouluilëk (allative plural)
jouluna (essive singular)
jouluina (essive plural)
jouluksi (singular translative)
jouluiksi (plural translative)
joulun (instructive singular)
jouluin (instructive plural)
joulunëk (comitative singular)
jouluinëk (comitative plural)
joulutta (abessive singular)
jouluitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: jõulud pl, (dialectal) jõul

Finnish: joulu

→ Karelian:

North Karelian: joulu

South Karelian: joulu

Ingrian: Joulu

Võro: joul

Votic: jõulu

Borrowed from Proto-Norse *ᛃᛖᚢᛚᚢ (*jeulu), from Proto-Germanic *jehwlą, with a substitution *je- → *jo-, as Proto-Finnic didn't allow word-initial *je-. Doublet of *juhla.


lahja

lahja (nominative singular)
lahjat (nominative plural)
lahjan (accusative singular)
lahjat (accusative plural)
lahjan (genitive singular)
lahjadën (genitive plural)
lahjoidën (genitive plural)
lahjada (partitive singular)
lahjoida (partitive plural)
lahjassa (inessive singular)
lahjahna (inessive singular)
lahjoissa (inessive plural)
lahjoihna (inessive plural)
lahjasta (elative singular)
lahjoista (elative plural)
lahjahën (illative singular)
lahjoihën (illative plural)
lahjalla (adessive singular)
lahjoilla (adessive plural)
lahjalta (ablative singular)
lahjoilta (ablative plural)
lahjalën (allative singular)
lahjalëk (allative singular)
lahjoilën (allative plural)
lahjoilëk (allative plural)
lahjana (essive singular)
lahjoina (essive plural)
lahjaksi (singular translative)
lahjoiksi (plural translative)
lahjan (instructive singular)
lahjoin (instructive plural)
lahjanëk (comitative singular)
lahjoinëk (comitative plural)
lahjatta (abessive singular)
lahjoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: lahja

→ Northern Sami: láhji

Ingrian: lahja

→ Estonian: (dialectal) lahjad

Karelian:

North Karelian: lahja

South Karelian: lahja

Livvi: lahju

Ludian: lahd'

Veps: lahj

Votic: lahjõ

Borrowed from Proto-Norse *ᛒᛚᚨᚺᛃᛟ (*blahjo), from Proto-Germanic *blahjǭ (“cloth”), whence also Icelandic blæja and Swedish blöja.


kulma

kulma (nominative singular)
kulmat (nominative plural)
kulman (accusative singular)
kulmat (accusative plural)
kulman (genitive singular)
kulmadën (genitive plural)
kulmëidën (genitive plural)
kulmada (partitive singular)
kulmëida (partitive plural)
kulmassa (inessive singular)
kulmahna (inessive singular)
kulmëissa (inessive plural)
kulmëihna (inessive plural)
kulmasta (elative singular)
kulmëista (elative plural)
kulmahën (illative singular)
kulmëihën (illative plural)
kulmalla (adessive singular)
kulmëilla (adessive plural)
kulmalta (ablative singular)
kulmëilta (ablative plural)
kulmalën (allative singular)
kulmalëk (allative singular)
kulmëilën (allative plural)
kulmëilëk (allative plural)
kulmana (essive singular)
kulmëina (essive plural)
kulmaksi (singular translative)
kulmëiksi (plural translative)
kulman (instructive singular)
kulmëin (instructive plural)
kulmanëk (comitative singular)
kulmëinëk (comitative plural)
kulmatta (abessive singular)
kulmëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kulm

Finnish: kulma

Ingrian: kulma

Karelian: kulma

Livonian: gūlma

Livvi: kulmu

Ludian: kulm

Veps: kulm

Võro: kulm

desc

Votic: kulmõ, (Kattila, Mati, Pummala) kulmo

→ Proto-Samic: *kulmē


lintu

lintu (nominative singular)
lindut (nominative plural)
lindun (accusative singular)
lindut (accusative plural)
lindun (genitive singular)
lintudën (genitive plural)
lintuidën (genitive plural)
lintuda (partitive singular)
lintuida (partitive plural)
lindussa (inessive singular)
linduhna (inessive singular)
linduissa (inessive plural)
linduihna (inessive plural)
lindusta (elative singular)
linduista (elative plural)
lintuhën (illative singular)
lintuihën (illative plural)
lindulla (adessive singular)
linduilla (adessive plural)
lindulta (ablative singular)
linduilta (ablative plural)
lintulën (allative singular)
lintulëk (allative singular)
lintuilën (allative plural)
lintuilëk (allative plural)
lintuna (essive singular)
lintuina (essive plural)
linduksi (singular translative)
linduiksi (plural translative)
lindun (instructive singular)
linduin (instructive plural)
lintunëk (comitative singular)
lintuinëk (comitative plural)
lindutta (abessive singular)
linduitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lind

Finnish: lintu

Ingrian: lintu

Karelian:

North Karelian: lintu

South Karelian: lindu

Livonian: lind

Livvi: lindu

Veps: lind

Votic: lintu


jalka

jalka (nominative singular)
jalgat (nominative plural)
jalgan (accusative singular)
jalgat (accusative plural)
jalgan (genitive singular)
jalkadën (genitive plural)
jalkoidën (genitive plural)
jalkada (partitive singular)
jalkoida (partitive plural)
jalgassa (inessive singular)
jalgahna (inessive singular)
jalgoissa (inessive plural)
jalgoihna (inessive plural)
jalgasta (elative singular)
jalgoista (elative plural)
jalkahën (illative singular)
jalkoihën (illative plural)
jalgalla (adessive singular)
jalgoilla (adessive plural)
jalgalta (ablative singular)
jalgoilta (ablative plural)
jalkalën (allative singular)
jalkalëk (allative singular)
jalkoilën (allative plural)
jalkoilëk (allative plural)
jalkana (essive singular)
jalkoina (essive plural)
jalgaksi (singular translative)
jalgoiksi (plural translative)
jalgan (instructive singular)
jalgoin (instructive plural)
jalkanëk (comitative singular)
jalkoinëk (comitative plural)
jalgatta (abessive singular)
jalgoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: jalg

Finnish: jalka

Ingrian: jalka

Karelian:

North Karelian: jalka

South Karelian: jalga

Livonian: jālga

Livvi: jalgu

Veps: jaug

Võro: jalg

Votic: jalkõ

From Proto-Uralic *jalka. Cognate with Proto-Samic *juolkē, Erzya ялго (jalgo), Hungarian gyalog.


uni

uni (nominative singular)
unët (nominative plural)
unën (accusative singular)
unët (accusative plural)
unën (genitive singular)
undën (genitive plural)
unidën (genitive plural)
unta (partitive singular)
unida (partitive plural)
unëssa (inessive singular)
unëhna (inessive singular)
unissa (inessive plural)
unihna (inessive plural)
unësta (elative singular)
unista (elative plural)
unëhën (illative singular)
unihën (illative plural)
unëlla (adessive singular)
unilla (adessive plural)
unëlta (ablative singular)
unilta (ablative plural)
unëlën (allative singular)
unëlëk (allative singular)
unilën (allative plural)
unilëk (allative plural)
unna (essive singular)
unina (essive plural)
unëksi (singular translative)
uniksi (plural translative)
unën (instructive singular)
unin (instructive plural)
unnëk (comitative singular)
uninëk (comitative plural)
unëtta (abessive singular)
unitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: uni

Finnish: uni

Ingrian: uni

Karelian:

North Karelian: uni

South Karelian: uni

Livonian: u’ņ

Livvi: uni

Ludian: uni

Veps: uni

Võro: uni

Votic: uni


loma

loma (nominative singular)
lomat (nominative plural)
loman (accusative singular)
lomat (accusative plural)
loman (genitive singular)
lomadën (genitive plural)
lomëidën (genitive plural)
lomada (partitive singular)
lomëida (partitive plural)
lomassa (inessive singular)
lomahna (inessive singular)
lomëissa (inessive plural)
lomëihna (inessive plural)
lomasta (elative singular)
lomëista (elative plural)
lomahën (illative singular)
lomëihën (illative plural)
lomalla (adessive singular)
lomëilla (adessive plural)
lomalta (ablative singular)
lomëilta (ablative plural)
lomalën (allative singular)
lomalëk (allative singular)
lomëilën (allative plural)
lomëilëk (allative plural)
lomana (essive singular)
lomëina (essive plural)
lomaksi (singular translative)
lomëiksi (plural translative)
loman (instructive singular)
lomëin (instructive plural)
lomanëk (comitative singular)
lomëinëk (comitative plural)
lomatta (abessive singular)
lomëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: loma

Karelian: loma

From Proto-Finno-Permic *loma. Cognate with Proto-Samic *loamē, Erzya лув (luv) and Eastern Mari ло (lo).


hidas

hidas (nominative singular)
hitahët (nominative plural)
hitahën (accusative singular)
hitahët (accusative plural)
hitahën (genitive singular)
hidastën (genitive plural)
hitahidën (genitive plural)
hidasta (partitive singular)
hitahita (partitive plural)
hitahëssa (inessive singular)
hitahëhna (inessive singular)
hitahissa (inessive plural)
hitahihna (inessive plural)
hitahësta (elative singular)
hitahista (elative plural)
hitahësën (illative singular)
hitahisën (illative plural)
hitahëlla (adessive singular)
hitahilla (adessive plural)
hitahëlta (ablative singular)
hitahilta (ablative plural)
hitahëlën (allative singular)
hitahëlëk (allative singular)
hitahilën (allative plural)
hitahilëk (allative plural)
hidassa (essive singular)
hitahina (essive plural)
hitahëksi (singular translative)
hitahiksi (plural translative)
hitahën (instructive singular)
hitahin (instructive plural)
hidassëk (comitative singular)
hitahinëk (comitative plural)
hitahëtta (abessive singular)
hitahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: hidas

Karelian:

South Karelian: hijaš

⇒ Livvi: hidažu

From earlier *šitas, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *sīþaz, *sīþuz


viisas

viisas (nominative singular)
viisahët (nominative plural)
viisahën (accusative singular)
viisahët (accusative plural)
viisahën (genitive singular)
viisastën (genitive plural)
viisahidën (genitive plural)
viisasta (partitive singular)
viisahita (partitive plural)
viisahëssa (inessive singular)
viisahëhna (inessive singular)
viisahissa (inessive plural)
viisahihna (inessive plural)
viisahësta (elative singular)
viisahista (elative plural)
viisahësën (illative singular)
viisahisën (illative plural)
viisahëlla (adessive singular)
viisahilla (adessive plural)
viisahëlta (ablative singular)
viisahilta (ablative plural)
viisahëlën (allative singular)
viisahëlëk (allative singular)
viisahilën (allative plural)
viisahilëk (allative plural)
viisassa (essive singular)
viisahina (essive plural)
viisahëksi (singular translative)
viisahiksi (plural translative)
viisahën (instructive singular)
viisahin (instructive plural)
viisassëk (comitative singular)
viisahinëk (comitative plural)
viisahëtta (abessive singular)
viisahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: viisas (dialectal)

Finnish: viisas

Ingrian: viisas

Karelian: viisas, viisaš, viizaš

Livvi: viizas

Ludian: viizaz

Votic: viizõz


laiha

laiha (nominative singular)
laihat (nominative plural)
laihan (accusative singular)
laihat (accusative plural)
laihan (genitive singular)
laihadën (genitive plural)
laihoidën (genitive plural)
laihada (partitive singular)
laihoida (partitive plural)
laihassa (inessive singular)
laihahna (inessive singular)
laihoissa (inessive plural)
laihoihna (inessive plural)
laihasta (elative singular)
laihoista (elative plural)
laihahën (illative singular)
laihoihën (illative plural)
laihalla (adessive singular)
laihoilla (adessive plural)
laihalta (ablative singular)
laihoilta (ablative plural)
laihalën (allative singular)
laihalëk (allative singular)
laihoilën (allative plural)
laihoilëk (allative plural)
laihana (essive singular)
laihoina (essive plural)
laihaksi (singular translative)
laihoiksi (plural translative)
laihan (instructive singular)
laihoin (instructive plural)
laihanëk (comitative singular)
laihoinëk (comitative plural)
laihatta (abessive singular)
laihoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lahja

Finnish: laiha

Ingrian: laiha

Karelian:

North Karelian: laiha

South Karelian: laiha

Livonian: lajā

Livvi: laihu

Ludian: laih

Veps: laih

Võro: laih

Votic: laihõ, laha

→ Proto-Samic: *lāššē (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *lajša, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *laisa- (whence Latvian liess, Lithuanian liesas).


sairas

sairas (nominative singular)
sairahët (nominative plural)
sairahën (accusative singular)
sairahët (accusative plural)
sairahën (genitive singular)
sairastën (genitive plural)
sairahidën (genitive plural)
sairasta (partitive singular)
sairahita (partitive plural)
sairahëssa (inessive singular)
sairahëhna (inessive singular)
sairahissa (inessive plural)
sairahihna (inessive plural)
sairahësta (elative singular)
sairahista (elative plural)
sairahësën (illative singular)
sairahisën (illative plural)
sairahëlla (adessive singular)
sairahilla (adessive plural)
sairahëlta (ablative singular)
sairahilta (ablative plural)
sairahëlën (allative singular)
sairahëlëk (allative singular)
sairahilën (allative plural)
sairahilëk (allative plural)
sairassa (essive singular)
sairahina (essive plural)
sairahëksi (singular translative)
sairahiksi (plural translative)
sairahën (instructive singular)
sairahin (instructive plural)
sairassëk (comitative singular)
sairahinëk (comitative plural)
sairahëtta (abessive singular)
sairahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: sairas

→ Karelian: šairas

→ Votic: sairõz


kuuma

kuuma (nominative singular)
kuumat (nominative plural)
kuuman (accusative singular)
kuumat (accusative plural)
kuuman (genitive singular)
kuumadën (genitive plural)
kuumëidën (genitive plural)
kuumada (partitive singular)
kuumëida (partitive plural)
kuumassa (inessive singular)
kuumahna (inessive singular)
kuumëissa (inessive plural)
kuumëihna (inessive plural)
kuumasta (elative singular)
kuumëista (elative plural)
kuumahën (illative singular)
kuumëihën (illative plural)
kuumalla (adessive singular)
kuumëilla (adessive plural)
kuumalta (ablative singular)
kuumëilta (ablative plural)
kuumalën (allative singular)
kuumalëk (allative singular)
kuumëilën (allative plural)
kuumëilëk (allative plural)
kuumana (essive singular)
kuumëina (essive plural)
kuumaksi (singular translative)
kuumëiksi (plural translative)
kuuman (instructive singular)
kuumëin (instructive plural)
kuumanëk (comitative singular)
kuumëinëk (comitative plural)
kuumatta (abessive singular)
kuumëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuum

Finnish: kuuma

Ingrian: kuuma

Karelian: kuuma

Livonian: kūmi

Votic: kuumõ

Possibly akin to Erzya кумока (kumoka, “fever”), but a common proto-form proves difficult to reconstruct.


suuri

suuri (nominative singular)
suurët (nominative plural)
suurën (accusative singular)
suurët (accusative plural)
suurën (genitive singular)
suurdën (genitive plural)
suuridën (genitive plural)
suurta (partitive singular)
suurida (partitive plural)
suurëssa (inessive singular)
suurëhna (inessive singular)
suurissa (inessive plural)
suurihna (inessive plural)
suurësta (elative singular)
suurista (elative plural)
suurëhën (illative singular)
suurihën (illative plural)
suurëlla (adessive singular)
suurilla (adessive plural)
suurëlta (ablative singular)
suurilta (ablative plural)
suurëlën (allative singular)
suurëlëk (allative singular)
suurilën (allative plural)
suurilëk (allative plural)
suurna (essive singular)
suurina (essive plural)
suurëksi (singular translative)
suuriksi (plural translative)
suurën (instructive singular)
suurin (instructive plural)
suurnëk (comitative singular)
suurinëk (comitative plural)
suurëtta (abessive singular)
suuritta (abessive plural)

Estonian: suur

Finnish: suuri, suur-

Ingrian: suur, suuri

Karelian: šuuri

Livonian: sūr

Livvi: suuri

Ludian: suur'

Veps: sur'

Votic: suuri

Borrowed from either early Proto-Germanic *stūraz (whence German stur, Dutch stoer) or from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stʰuHrás (compare Sanskrit स्थूर (sthūrá, “big, bulky, thick”)), in either case ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sth₂uh₂rós.
Not directly related with the more widespread Germanic root *stōraz (whence e.g. Swedish stor), which has *ō and not *ū as the root vowel.


märkä

Borrowed from a Baltic language, compare Latvian mērka (“soaked item, humidity”), Lithuanian merkti (“to water”).


märkä

märkä (nominative singular)
märgät (nominative plural)
märgän (accusative singular)
märgät (accusative plural)
märgän (genitive singular)
märkäden (genitive plural)
märkeiden (genitive plural)
märkädä (partitive singular)
märkeidä (partitive plural)
märgässä (inessive singular)
märgähnä (inessive singular)
märgeissä (inessive plural)
märgeihnä (inessive plural)
märgästä (elative singular)
märgeistä (elative plural)
märkähen (illative singular)
märkeihen (illative plural)
märgällä (adessive singular)
märgeillä (adessive plural)
märgältä (ablative singular)
märgeiltä (ablative plural)
märkälen (allative singular)
märkälek (allative singular)
märkeilen (allative plural)
märkeilek (allative plural)
märkänä (essive singular)
märkeinä (essive plural)
märgäksi (singular translative)
märgeiksi (plural translative)
märgän (instructive singular)
märgein (instructive plural)
märkänek (comitative singular)
märkeinek (comitative plural)
märgättä (abessive singular)
märgeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: märg

Finnish: märkä

Ingrian: märkä

Karelian: märkä

Livonian: mǟrga

Livvi: märgy

Ludian: märg

Veps: märg

Votic: märtše


väärä

väärä (nominative singular)
väärät (nominative plural)
väärän (accusative singular)
väärät (accusative plural)
väärän (genitive singular)
vääräden (genitive plural)
vääreiden (genitive plural)
väärädä (partitive singular)
vääreidä (partitive plural)
väärässä (inessive singular)
väärähnä (inessive singular)
vääreissä (inessive plural)
vääreihnä (inessive plural)
väärästä (elative singular)
vääreistä (elative plural)
väärähen (illative singular)
vääreihen (illative plural)
väärällä (adessive singular)
vääreillä (adessive plural)
väärältä (ablative singular)
vääreiltä (ablative plural)
väärälen (allative singular)
väärälek (allative singular)
vääreilen (allative plural)
vääreilek (allative plural)
vääränä (essive singular)
vääreinä (essive plural)
vääräksi (singular translative)
vääreiksi (plural translative)
väärän (instructive singular)
väärein (instructive plural)
vääränek (comitative singular)
vääreinek (comitative plural)
väärättä (abessive singular)
vääreittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: väär

Finnish: väärä

Ingrian: väärä

Karelian:

North Karelian: viärä

South Karelian: viärä

Livvi: viäry

Ludian: viär

Veps: vär

Votic: vääre

→ Proto-Samic: *vearē


matala

matala (nominative singular)
matalat (nominative plural)
matalan (accusative singular)
matalat (accusative plural)
matalan (genitive singular)
mataladën (genitive plural)
mataloidën (genitive plural)
matalata (partitive singular)
mataloita (partitive plural)
matalassa (inessive singular)
matalahna (inessive singular)
mataloissa (inessive plural)
mataloihna (inessive plural)
matalasta (elative singular)
mataloista (elative plural)
matalasën (illative singular)
mataloisën (illative plural)
matalalla (adessive singular)
mataloilla (adessive plural)
matalalta (ablative singular)
mataloilta (ablative plural)
matalalën (allative singular)
matalalëk (allative singular)
mataloilën (allative plural)
mataloilëk (allative plural)
matalana (essive singular)
mataloina (essive plural)
matalaksi (singular translative)
mataloiksi (plural translative)
matalan (instructive singular)
mataloin (instructive plural)
matalanëk (comitative singular)
mataloinëk (comitative plural)
matalatta (abessive singular)
mataloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: madal

Finnish: matala

Ingrian: matala, (Soikkola) mattaala

Karelian: matala, madala

Livonian: madāl

Livvi: madal

Ludian: madal

Veps: madal

Võro: matal'

Votic: matalõ

Unknown; possibly *matadak (“to creep”) + *-la, though the semantic development is unclear.


kuiva

kuiva (nominative singular)
kuivat (nominative plural)
kuivan (accusative singular)
kuivat (accusative plural)
kuivan (genitive singular)
kuivadën (genitive plural)
kuivëidën (genitive plural)
kuivada (partitive singular)
kuivëida (partitive plural)
kuivassa (inessive singular)
kuivahna (inessive singular)
kuivëissa (inessive plural)
kuivëihna (inessive plural)
kuivasta (elative singular)
kuivëista (elative plural)
kuivahën (illative singular)
kuivëihën (illative plural)
kuivalla (adessive singular)
kuivëilla (adessive plural)
kuivalta (ablative singular)
kuivëilta (ablative plural)
kuivalën (allative singular)
kuivalëk (allative singular)
kuivëilën (allative plural)
kuivëilëk (allative plural)
kuivana (essive singular)
kuivëina (essive plural)
kuivaksi (singular translative)
kuivëiksi (plural translative)
kuivan (instructive singular)
kuivëin (instructive plural)
kuivanëk (comitative singular)
kuivëinëk (comitative plural)
kuivatta (abessive singular)
kuivëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuiv

Finnish: kuiva

Ingrian: kuiva

Karelian: kuiva

Livonian: kūja

Livvi: kuivu

Ludian: kuiv

Veps: kuiv

Võro: kuiv

Votic: kuivõ

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *kujwa, compare Northern Khanty [script needed] (χŏjəm-)


sukka

sukka (nominative singular)
suk'at (nominative plural)
suk'an (accusative singular)
suk'at (accusative plural)
suk'an (genitive singular)
sukkadën (genitive plural)
sukkëidën (genitive plural)
sukkada (partitive singular)
sukkëida (partitive plural)
suk'assa (inessive singular)
suk'ahna (inessive singular)
suk'ëissa (inessive plural)
suk'ëihna (inessive plural)
suk'asta (elative singular)
suk'ëista (elative plural)
sukkahën (illative singular)
sukkëihën (illative plural)
suk'alla (adessive singular)
suk'ëilla (adessive plural)
suk'alta (ablative singular)
suk'ëilta (ablative plural)
sukkalën (allative singular)
sukkalëk (allative singular)
sukkëilën (allative plural)
sukkëilëk (allative plural)
sukkana (essive singular)
sukkëina (essive plural)
suk'aksi (singular translative)
suk'ëiksi (plural translative)
suk'an (instructive singular)
suk'ëin (instructive plural)
sukkanëk (comitative singular)
sukkëinëk (comitative plural)
suk'atta (abessive singular)
suk'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sukk

Finnish: sukka

Ingrian: sukka

Karelian: šukka

Livonian: sukā

Livvi: sukku

Ludian: sukk

Võro: sukk

Votic: sukkõ

→ Proto-Samic:

Kildin Sami: суһк (suhk)


lumi

lumi (nominative singular)
lumët (nominative plural)
lumën (accusative singular)
lumët (accusative plural)
lumën (genitive singular)
lundën (genitive plural)
lumidën (genitive plural)
lunta (partitive singular)
lumida (partitive plural)
lumëssa (inessive singular)
lumëhna (inessive singular)
lumissa (inessive plural)
lumihna (inessive plural)
lumësta (elative singular)
lumista (elative plural)
lumëhën (illative singular)
lumihën (illative plural)
lumëlla (adessive singular)
lumilla (adessive plural)
lumëlta (ablative singular)
lumilta (ablative plural)
lumëlën (allative singular)
lumëlëk (allative singular)
lumilën (allative plural)
lumilëk (allative plural)
lumëna (essive singular)
lumina (essive plural)
lumëksi (singular translative)
lumiksi (plural translative)
lumën (instructive singular)
lumin (instructive plural)
lumënëk (comitative singular)
luminëk (comitative plural)
lumëtta (abessive singular)
lumitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lumi

Finnish: lumi

Ingrian: lumi

Karelian:

North Karelian: lumi

South Karelian: lumi

Livonian: lum

Veps: lumi

Võro: lumi

Votic: lumi


ilta

ilta (nominative singular)
ildat (nominative plural)
ildan (accusative singular)
ildat (accusative plural)
ildan (genitive singular)
iltadën (genitive plural)
iltoidën (genitive plural)
iltada (partitive singular)
iltoida (partitive plural)
ildassa (inessive singular)
ildahna (inessive singular)
ildoissa (inessive plural)
ildoihna (inessive plural)
ildasta (elative singular)
ildoista (elative plural)
iltahën (illative singular)
iltoihën (illative plural)
ildalla (adessive singular)
ildoilla (adessive plural)
ildalta (ablative singular)
ildoilta (ablative plural)
iltalën (allative singular)
iltalëk (allative singular)
iltoilën (allative plural)
iltoilëk (allative plural)
iltana (essive singular)
iltoina (essive plural)
ildaksi (singular translative)
ildoiksi (plural translative)
ildan (instructive singular)
ildoin (instructive plural)
iltanëk (comitative singular)
iltoinëk (comitative plural)
ildatta (abessive singular)
ildoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: ilta

→ Votic: iltõ

Ingrian: ilta

Karelian: ilta, ilda

Livvi: ildu

Ludian: ild

Võro: ilda ("late")


kura

kura (nominative singular)
kurat (nominative plural)
kuran (accusative singular)
kurat (accusative plural)
kuran (genitive singular)
kuradën (genitive plural)
kurëidën (genitive plural)
kurada (partitive singular)
kurëida (partitive plural)
kurassa (inessive singular)
kurahna (inessive singular)
kurëissa (inessive plural)
kurëihna (inessive plural)
kurasta (elative singular)
kurëista (elative plural)
kurahën (illative singular)
kurëihën (illative plural)
kuralla (adessive singular)
kurëilla (adessive plural)
kuralta (ablative singular)
kurëilta (ablative plural)
kuralën (allative singular)
kuralëk (allative singular)
kurëilën (allative plural)
kurëilëk (allative plural)
kurana (essive singular)
kurëina (essive plural)
kuraksi (singular translative)
kurëiksi (plural translative)
kuran (instructive singular)
kurëin (instructive plural)
kuranëk (comitative singular)
kurëinëk (comitative plural)
kuratta (abessive singular)
kurëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kura

Finnish: (dialectal) kura

Ingrian: kura

Livonian: kurā

Võro: kura

Votic: kura

→ Northern Sami: gurut

From Proto-Uralic *kura (“bent, crooked”) .


kura

Estonian: kura

Finnish: kura

Karelian:

South Karelian: kura

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gurą, or from Proto-Uralic *kura (“dirt, mud”).


kauppa

kauppa (nominative singular)
kaup'at (nominative plural)
kaup'an (accusative singular)
kaup'at (accusative plural)
kaup'an (genitive singular)
kauppadën (genitive plural)
kauppëidën (genitive plural)
kauppada (partitive singular)
kauppëida (partitive plural)
kaup'assa (inessive singular)
kaup'ahna (inessive singular)
kaup'ëissa (inessive plural)
kaup'ëihna (inessive plural)
kaup'asta (elative singular)
kaup'ëista (elative plural)
kauppahën (illative singular)
kauppëihën (illative plural)
kaup'alla (adessive singular)
kaup'ëilla (adessive plural)
kaup'alta (ablative singular)
kaup'ëilta (ablative plural)
kauppalën (allative singular)
kauppalëk (allative singular)
kauppëilën (allative plural)
kauppëilëk (allative plural)
kauppana (essive singular)
kauppëina (essive plural)
kaup'aksi (singular translative)
kaup'ëiksi (plural translative)
kaup'an (instructive singular)
kaup'ëin (instructive plural)
kauppanëk (comitative singular)
kauppëinëk (comitative plural)
kaup'atta (abessive singular)
kaup'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaup

Finnish: kauppa

→ Northern Sami: gávpi

Ingrian: kauppa

Karelian:

North Karelian: kauppa

South Karelian: kauppa

Livonian: kōp

Livvi: kauppu

Ludian: kaup

Võro: kaup

Votic: kauppõ

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], or from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (whence Old Norse & Icelandic kaup, German Kauf), ultimately from Latin caupō.


suu

suu (nominative singular)
suut (nominative plural)
suun (accusative singular)
suut (accusative plural)
suun (genitive singular)
suudën (genitive plural)
suidën (genitive plural)
suuta (partitive singular)
suita (partitive plural)
suussa (inessive singular)
suuhna (inessive singular)
suissa (inessive plural)
suihna (inessive plural)
suusta (elative singular)
suista (elative plural)
suusën (illative singular)
suisën (illative plural)
suulla (adessive singular)
suilla (adessive plural)
suulta (ablative singular)
suilta (ablative plural)
suulën (allative singular)
suulëk (allative singular)
suilën (allative plural)
suilëk (allative plural)
suuna (essive singular)
suina (essive plural)
suuksi (singular translative)
suiksi (plural translative)
suun (instructive singular)
suin (instructive plural)
suunëk (comitative singular)
suinëk (comitative plural)
suutta (abessive singular)
suitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: suu

Finnish: suu

Ingrian: suu

Karelian: šuu

Livonian: sū

Livvi: suu

Ludian: suu

Veps: su

Võro: suu

Votic: suu


jänis

jänis (nominative singular)
jänikset (nominative plural)
jäniksen (accusative singular)
jänikset (accusative plural)
jäniksen (genitive singular)
jänisten (genitive plural)
jäniksiden (genitive plural)
jänistä (partitive singular)
jäniksitä (partitive plural)
jäniksessä (inessive singular)
jäniksehnä (inessive singular)
jäniksissä (inessive plural)
jäniksihnä (inessive plural)
jäniksestä (elative singular)
jäniksistä (elative plural)
jäniksesen (illative singular)
jäniksisen (illative plural)
jäniksellä (adessive singular)
jäniksillä (adessive plural)
jänikseltä (ablative singular)
jäniksiltä (ablative plural)
jänikselen (allative singular)
jänikselek (allative singular)
jäniksilen (allative plural)
jäniksilek (allative plural)
jänissä (essive singular)
jäniksinä (essive plural)
jänikseksi (singular translative)
jäniksiksi (plural translative)
jäniksen (instructive singular)
jäniksin (instructive plural)
jänissek (comitative singular)
jäniksinek (comitative plural)
jäniksettä (abessive singular)
jäniksittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: jänis

Ingrian: jänis

Karelian:

North Karelian: jänis

South Karelian: jänisʹ

Ludian: d'äniž

Veps: jäniš

Estonian: jänes

Finnish: jänes (dialectal)

Livonian: jänds (Salaca)

Võro: jänes

Votic: jänez

Finnish: jänö

Ingrian: jänö

Karelian:

North Karelian: jänö

South Karelian: jänö

Livvi: jänöi

Ludian: d'änöi

Veps: jänoi

Unknown. Possibly a substrate loan from the pre-Finnic languages of the Baltic.


coma

Finnic (Northern)
coma (nominative singular)
comat (nominative plural)
coman (accusative singular)
comat (accusative plural)
coman (genitive singular)
comadën (genitive plural)
comëidën (genitive plural)
comada (partitive singular)
comëida (partitive plural)
comassa (inessive singular)
comahna (inessive singular)
comëissa (inessive plural)
comëihna (inessive plural)
comasta (elative singular)
comëista (elative plural)
comahën (illative singular)
comëihën (illative plural)
comalla (adessive singular)
comëilla (adessive plural)
comalta (ablative singular)
comëilta (ablative plural)
comalën (allative singular)
comalëk (allative singular)
comëilën (allative plural)
comëilëk (allative plural)
comana (essive singular)
comëina (essive plural)
comaksi (singular translative)
comëiksi (plural translative)
coman (instructive singular)
comëin (instructive plural)
comanëk (comitative singular)
comëinëk (comitative plural)
comatta (abessive singular)
comëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: soma

→ Northern Sami: somá

Karelian:

North Karelian: šoma

South Karelian: šoma

Livvi: čoma

Ludian: čoma

Veps: čoma

→? Proto-Samic:

Northern Sami: suopmat

In the past posited to derive from Proto-Germanic *sōmaz, *sōmiz, but this requires a reconstruction *soma.


laulu

laulu (nominative singular)
laulut (nominative plural)
laulun (accusative singular)
laulut (accusative plural)
laulun (genitive singular)
lauludën (genitive plural)
lauluidën (genitive plural)
lauluda (partitive singular)
lauluida (partitive plural)
laulussa (inessive singular)
lauluhna (inessive singular)
lauluissa (inessive plural)
lauluihna (inessive plural)
laulusta (elative singular)
lauluista (elative plural)
lauluhën (illative singular)
lauluihën (illative plural)
laululla (adessive singular)
lauluilla (adessive plural)
laululta (ablative singular)
lauluilta (ablative plural)
laululën (allative singular)
laululëk (allative singular)
lauluilën (allative plural)
lauluilëk (allative plural)
lauluna (essive singular)
lauluina (essive plural)
lauluksi (singular translative)
lauluiksi (plural translative)
laulun (instructive singular)
lauluin (instructive plural)
laulunëk (comitative singular)
lauluinëk (comitative plural)
laulutta (abessive singular)
lauluitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: laul

Finnish: laulu

Ingrian: laulu

Karelian: laulu

Livonian: loul

Livvi: laulu

Võro: laul

Votic: laulu


saari

saari (nominative singular)
saarët (nominative plural)
saarën (accusative singular)
saarët (accusative plural)
saarën (genitive singular)
saardën (genitive plural)
saaridën (genitive plural)
saarta (partitive singular)
saarida (partitive plural)
saarëssa (inessive singular)
saarëhna (inessive singular)
saarissa (inessive plural)
saarihna (inessive plural)
saarësta (elative singular)
saarista (elative plural)
saarëhën (illative singular)
saarihën (illative plural)
saarëlla (adessive singular)
saarilla (adessive plural)
saarëlta (ablative singular)
saarilta (ablative plural)
saarëlën (allative singular)
saarëlëk (allative singular)
saarilën (allative plural)
saarilëk (allative plural)
saarna (essive singular)
saarina (essive plural)
saarëksi (singular translative)
saariksi (plural translative)
saarën (instructive singular)
saarin (instructive plural)
saarnëk (comitative singular)
saarinëk (comitative plural)
saarëtta (abessive singular)
saaritta (abessive plural)

Estonian: saar

→ Latvian: sāris

Finnish: saari

Ingrian: saari

Karelian: soari

Livonian: sǭr

Livvi: suari

Ludian: suar'

Veps: sar'

Võro: saar'

Votic: saari


silmä

silmä (nominative singular)
silmät (nominative plural)
silmän (accusative singular)
silmät (accusative plural)
silmän (genitive singular)
silmäden (genitive plural)
silmeiden (genitive plural)
silmädä (partitive singular)
silmeidä (partitive plural)
silmässä (inessive singular)
silmähnä (inessive singular)
silmeissä (inessive plural)
silmeihnä (inessive plural)
silmästä (elative singular)
silmeistä (elative plural)
silmähen (illative singular)
silmeihen (illative plural)
silmällä (adessive singular)
silmeillä (adessive plural)
silmältä (ablative singular)
silmeiltä (ablative plural)
silmälen (allative singular)
silmälek (allative singular)
silmeilen (allative plural)
silmeilek (allative plural)
silmänä (essive singular)
silmeinä (essive plural)
silmäksi (singular translative)
silmeiksi (plural translative)
silmän (instructive singular)
silmein (instructive plural)
silmänek (comitative singular)
silmeinek (comitative plural)
silmättä (abessive singular)
silmeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: silm

Finnish: silmä

Ingrian: silmä

Karelian: silmä, šilmä

Livonian: sīlma

Livvi: silmy

Ludian: sil'm

Veps: sil'm

Võro: silm

Votic: silme

desc

→ Proto-Samic: *šëlmē (“eye of an axe blade”) (see there for further descendants)


karhu

karhu (nominative singular)
karhut (nominative plural)
karhun (accusative singular)
karhut (accusative plural)
karhun (genitive singular)
karhudën (genitive plural)
karhuidën (genitive plural)
karhuda (partitive singular)
karhuida (partitive plural)
karhussa (inessive singular)
karhuhna (inessive singular)
karhuissa (inessive plural)
karhuihna (inessive plural)
karhusta (elative singular)
karhuista (elative plural)
karhuhën (illative singular)
karhuihën (illative plural)
karhulla (adessive singular)
karhuilla (adessive plural)
karhulta (ablative singular)
karhuilta (ablative plural)
karhulën (allative singular)
karhulëk (allative singular)
karhuilën (allative plural)
karhuilëk (allative plural)
karhuna (essive singular)
karhuina (essive plural)
karhuksi (singular translative)
karhuiksi (plural translative)
karhun (instructive singular)
karhuin (instructive plural)
karhunëk (comitative singular)
karhuinëk (comitative plural)
karhutta (abessive singular)
karhuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: karu

→ Livonian: karū

Finnish: karhu

Ingrian: karhu

Karelian:

North Karelian: (archaic, poetic) karhu

South Karelian: (archaic, poetic) karhu

Võro: karh, kahr

Votic: karu

Most likely a euphemistic derivation from *karhëda (“rough, coarse”) + *-u. Alternatively (through earlier *karša-) a possible loan from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos.


paita

paita (nominative singular)
paidat (nominative plural)
paidan (accusative singular)
paidat (accusative plural)
paidan (genitive singular)
paitadën (genitive plural)
paitoidën (genitive plural)
paitada (partitive singular)
paitoida (partitive plural)
paidassa (inessive singular)
paidahna (inessive singular)
paidoissa (inessive plural)
paidoihna (inessive plural)
paidasta (elative singular)
paidoista (elative plural)
paitahën (illative singular)
paitoihën (illative plural)
paidalla (adessive singular)
paidoilla (adessive plural)
paidalta (ablative singular)
paidoilta (ablative plural)
paitalën (allative singular)
paitalëk (allative singular)
paitoilën (allative plural)
paitoilëk (allative plural)
paitana (essive singular)
paitoina (essive plural)
paidaksi (singular translative)
paidoiksi (plural translative)
paidan (instructive singular)
paidoin (instructive plural)
paitanëk (comitative singular)
paitoinëk (comitative plural)
paidatta (abessive singular)
paidoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: paita

→ Northern Sami: báidi

→ Old Norse: peita

Swedish: pajta, pajt (dialectal)

⇒ Swedish: pajrock

Ingrian: paita

Karelian:

North Karelian: paita

South Karelian: paida

Livvi: paidu

Ludian: paid

Veps: paid


paita

⇒ Finnish: mahapaita

⇒ Karelian:

North Karelian: paitarasva

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *faitaz.


vasara

vasara (nominative singular)
vasarat (nominative plural)
vasaran (accusative singular)
vasarat (accusative plural)
vasaran (genitive singular)
vasaradën (genitive plural)
vasaroidën (genitive plural)
vasarata (partitive singular)
vasaroita (partitive plural)
vasarassa (inessive singular)
vasarahna (inessive singular)
vasaroissa (inessive plural)
vasaroihna (inessive plural)
vasarasta (elative singular)
vasaroista (elative plural)
vasarasën (illative singular)
vasaroisën (illative plural)
vasaralla (adessive singular)
vasaroilla (adessive plural)
vasaralta (ablative singular)
vasaroilta (ablative plural)
vasaralën (allative singular)
vasaralëk (allative singular)
vasaroilën (allative plural)
vasaroilëk (allative plural)
vasarana (essive singular)
vasaroina (essive plural)
vasaraksi (singular translative)
vasaroiksi (plural translative)
vasaran (instructive singular)
vasaroin (instructive plural)
vasaranëk (comitative singular)
vasaroinëk (comitative plural)
vasaratta (abessive singular)
vasaroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vasar

Finnish: vasara

Ingrian: vasara, (dialectal) vassaara

Karelian:

North Karelian: vasara

South Karelian: vazara

Livonian: vazār

Livvi: vazar

Ludian: ⇒ vazarain

Veps: ⇒ vazaraine

Võro: vassar'

Votic: vasarõ

→ Latgalian: vasars

→ Latvian: veseris

From Proto-Finno-Permic *waśara, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wáȷ́ras. Akin also to Proto-Samic *veačērē, Erzya узере (uźeŕe, “axe”), Moksha узерь (uźeŕ, “axe”).


taivas

taivas (nominative singular)
taivahët (nominative plural)
taivahën (accusative singular)
taivahët (accusative plural)
taivahën (genitive singular)
taivastën (genitive plural)
taivahidën (genitive plural)
taivasta (partitive singular)
taivahita (partitive plural)
taivahëssa (inessive singular)
taivahëhna (inessive singular)
taivahissa (inessive plural)
taivahihna (inessive plural)
taivahësta (elative singular)
taivahista (elative plural)
taivahësën (illative singular)
taivahisën (illative plural)
taivahëlla (adessive singular)
taivahilla (adessive plural)
taivahëlta (ablative singular)
taivahilta (ablative plural)
taivahëlën (allative singular)
taivahëlëk (allative singular)
taivahilën (allative plural)
taivahilëk (allative plural)
taivassa (essive singular)
taivahina (essive plural)
taivahëksi (singular translative)
taivahiksi (plural translative)
taivahën (instructive singular)
taivahin (instructive plural)
taivassëk (comitative singular)
taivahinëk (comitative plural)
taivahëtta (abessive singular)
taivahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: taevas

Finnish: taivas
Kven: taivas

Ingrian: taivas

Karelian: taivas

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: tōvaz

Vidzeme Livonian: touvi

Livvi: taivas

Ludian: taivaz

Veps: taivaz

Võro: taivas

Votic: taivõz

Borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daywás, from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Alternatively less likely from Proto-Balto-Slavic *deiwás, but the vocalism matches Indo-Iranian better.


puu

puu (nominative singular)
puut (nominative plural)
puun (accusative singular)
puut (accusative plural)
puun (genitive singular)
puudën (genitive plural)
puidën (genitive plural)
puuta (partitive singular)
puita (partitive plural)
puussa (inessive singular)
puuhna (inessive singular)
puissa (inessive plural)
puihna (inessive plural)
puusta (elative singular)
puista (elative plural)
puusën (illative singular)
puisën (illative plural)
puulla (adessive singular)
puilla (adessive plural)
puulta (ablative singular)
puilta (ablative plural)
puulën (allative singular)
puulëk (allative singular)
puilën (allative plural)
puilëk (allative plural)
puuna (essive singular)
puina (essive plural)
puuksi (singular translative)
puiksi (plural translative)
puun (instructive singular)
puin (instructive plural)
puunëk (comitative singular)
puinëk (comitative plural)
puutta (abessive singular)
puitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: puu

Finnish: puu

Ingrian: puu

Karelian:

North Karelian: puu

South Karelian: puu

Livonian: pū

Livvi: puu

Ludian: puu

Veps: pu

Võro: puu

Votic: puu


nenä

nenä (nominative singular)
nenät (nominative plural)
nenän (accusative singular)
nenät (accusative plural)
nenän (genitive singular)
nenäden (genitive plural)
neneiden (genitive plural)
nenädä (partitive singular)
neneidä (partitive plural)
nenässä (inessive singular)
nenähnä (inessive singular)
neneissä (inessive plural)
neneihnä (inessive plural)
nenästä (elative singular)
neneistä (elative plural)
nenähen (illative singular)
neneihen (illative plural)
nenällä (adessive singular)
neneillä (adessive plural)
nenältä (ablative singular)
neneiltä (ablative plural)
nenälen (allative singular)
nenälek (allative singular)
neneilen (allative plural)
neneilek (allative plural)
nenänä (essive singular)
neneinä (essive plural)
nenäksi (singular translative)
neneiksi (plural translative)
nenän (instructive singular)
nenein (instructive plural)
nenänek (comitative singular)
neneinek (comitative plural)
nenättä (abessive singular)
neneittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: nina

Finnish: nenä

Ingrian: nenä

Karelian: nenä

Livvi: nenä

Veps: nena

Votic: nenä

Livonian: nana, nanā

Võro: nyna

A variant of *nana, probably from earlier *ńana (and cognate with Proto-Samic *ńunē). The further origin is unknown, as is the origin of the variation; it is possible that *nenä goes back to earlier *ńenä, which in turn could be a variant of *ńëna, from which *ńana could be descended from.


lippu

lippu (nominative singular)
lip'ut (nominative plural)
lip'un (accusative singular)
lip'ut (accusative plural)
lip'un (genitive singular)
lippudën (genitive plural)
lippuidën (genitive plural)
lippuda (partitive singular)
lippuida (partitive plural)
lip'ussa (inessive singular)
lip'uhna (inessive singular)
lip'uissa (inessive plural)
lip'uihna (inessive plural)
lip'usta (elative singular)
lip'uista (elative plural)
lippuhën (illative singular)
lippuihën (illative plural)
lip'ulla (adessive singular)
lip'uilla (adessive plural)
lip'ulta (ablative singular)
lip'uilta (ablative plural)
lippulën (allative singular)
lippulëk (allative singular)
lippuilën (allative plural)
lippuilëk (allative plural)
lippuna (essive singular)
lippuina (essive plural)
lip'uksi (singular translative)
lip'uiksi (plural translative)
lip'un (instructive singular)
lip'uin (instructive plural)
lippunëk (comitative singular)
lippuinëk (comitative plural)
lip'utta (abessive singular)
lip'uitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lipp

Finnish: lippu

→ Northern Sami: lihppu

Ingrian: lippu

Karelian:

North Karelian: lippu

South Karelian: lippu

Livonian: lip

→ Latvian: ļipa (or from Estonian)

Livvi: lippu

Võro: lipp

Votic: lippu


kirja

kirja (nominative singular)
kirjat (nominative plural)
kirjan (accusative singular)
kirjat (accusative plural)
kirjan (genitive singular)
kirjadën (genitive plural)
kirjoidën (genitive plural)
kirjada (partitive singular)
kirjoida (partitive plural)
kirjassa (inessive singular)
kirjahna (inessive singular)
kirjoissa (inessive plural)
kirjoihna (inessive plural)
kirjasta (elative singular)
kirjoista (elative plural)
kirjahën (illative singular)
kirjoihën (illative plural)
kirjalla (adessive singular)
kirjoilla (adessive plural)
kirjalta (ablative singular)
kirjoilta (ablative plural)
kirjalën (allative singular)
kirjalëk (allative singular)
kirjoilën (allative plural)
kirjoilëk (allative plural)
kirjana (essive singular)
kirjoina (essive plural)
kirjaksi (singular translative)
kirjoiksi (plural translative)
kirjan (instructive singular)
kirjoin (instructive plural)
kirjanëk (comitative singular)
kirjoinëk (comitative plural)
kirjatta (abessive singular)
kirjoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kiri (“writing, letter, pattern”)

Finnish: kirja (“book”)

Ingrian: kirja (“book, pattern, letter”)

Karelian:

North Karelian: kirja (“letter; pattern; book”)

South Karelian: kirja (“letter; pattern”)

Livvi: kirju (“book, list, pattern, literacy, education”)

Livonian: kēra (“pattern, writing, letter”)

Ludian: kirď (“pattern, letter (of the alphabet)”)

Veps: kirj (“book, writing, literacy, pattern, sign”)

Võro: kiri (“writing, letter”)

Votic: tširjõ (“book, writing, letter, literacy, document, colour”)

desctree

→ Proto-Samic: *kirjē (“spot, speck; book”)
Western Samic:
Southern Sami: girjie
Ume Sami: girjjie
Pite Sami: girrje
Lule Sami: girjje
Northern Sami: girji
Eastern Samic:
Inari Sami: kirje
Skolt Sami: ǩeʹrjj
Akkala Sami: киррьй (kirr’j, “pattern”)
Kildin Sami: кыррьй (kyrr’j)
Ter Sami: kërrʹje


pullo

pullo (nominative singular)
pullot (nominative plural)
pullon (accusative singular)
pullot (accusative plural)
pullon (genitive singular)
pullodën (genitive plural)
pulloidën (genitive plural)
pulloda (partitive singular)
pulloida (partitive plural)
pullossa (inessive singular)
pullohna (inessive singular)
pulloissa (inessive plural)
pulloihna (inessive plural)
pullosta (elative singular)
pulloista (elative plural)
pullohën (illative singular)
pulloihën (illative plural)
pullolla (adessive singular)
pulloilla (adessive plural)
pullolta (ablative singular)
pulloilta (ablative plural)
pullolën (allative singular)
pullolëk (allative singular)
pulloilën (allative plural)
pulloilëk (allative plural)
pullona (essive singular)
pulloina (essive plural)
pulloksi (singular translative)
pulloiksi (plural translative)
pullon (instructive singular)
pulloin (instructive plural)
pullonëk (comitative singular)
pulloinëk (comitative plural)
pullotta (abessive singular)
pulloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pull

Finnish: (dialectal) pullo

Ingrian: pullo

Karelian:

North Karelian: pullo

South Karelian: pullo

Livonian: bu’ļ

Livvi: pullo

Ludian: pull

Veps: pulo

Votic: pullo

Ingrian: pullu

Veps: pulu

Votic: pullu


ilma

ilma (nominative singular)
ilmat (nominative plural)
ilman (accusative singular)
ilmat (accusative plural)
ilman (genitive singular)
ilmadën (genitive plural)
ilmoidën (genitive plural)
ilmada (partitive singular)
ilmoida (partitive plural)
ilmassa (inessive singular)
ilmahna (inessive singular)
ilmoissa (inessive plural)
ilmoihna (inessive plural)
ilmasta (elative singular)
ilmoista (elative plural)
ilmahën (illative singular)
ilmoihën (illative plural)
ilmalla (adessive singular)
ilmoilla (adessive plural)
ilmalta (ablative singular)
ilmoilta (ablative plural)
ilmalën (allative singular)
ilmalëk (allative singular)
ilmoilën (allative plural)
ilmoilëk (allative plural)
ilmana (essive singular)
ilmoina (essive plural)
ilmaksi (singular translative)
ilmoiksi (plural translative)
ilman (instructive singular)
ilmoin (instructive plural)
ilmanëk (comitative singular)
ilmoinëk (comitative plural)
ilmatta (abessive singular)
ilmoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ilm

Finnish: ilma

Ingrian: ilma

Karelian:

North Karelian: ilma

South Karelian: ilma

Livonian: īlma

Livvi: ilmu

Ludian: ilm

Veps: il'm

Võro: ilm

Votic: ilmõ

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *ilma. The old religious sense "heaven" was mainly lost (save for the theonym *Ilmari), replaced by the Indo-European loanword *taivas.


veri

veri (nominative singular)
veret (nominative plural)
veren (accusative singular)
veret (accusative plural)
veren (genitive singular)
verden (genitive plural)
veriden (genitive plural)
vertä (partitive singular)
veridä (partitive plural)
veressä (inessive singular)
verehnä (inessive singular)
verissä (inessive plural)
verihnä (inessive plural)
verestä (elative singular)
veristä (elative plural)
verehen (illative singular)
verihen (illative plural)
verellä (adessive singular)
verillä (adessive plural)
vereltä (ablative singular)
veriltä (ablative plural)
verelen (allative singular)
verelek (allative singular)
verilen (allative plural)
verilek (allative plural)
vernä (essive singular)
verinä (essive plural)
vereksi (singular translative)
veriksi (plural translative)
veren (instructive singular)
verin (instructive plural)
vernek (comitative singular)
verinek (comitative plural)
verettä (abessive singular)
verittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: veri

Finnish: veri

Ingrian: veri

Karelian: veri

Livonian: (Courland) ve'r, vie'r, (Salaca) ver

Livvi: veri

Ludian: veri

Veps: veri

Võro: veri

Votic: veri


nimi

nimi (nominative singular)
nimet (nominative plural)
nimen (accusative singular)
nimet (accusative plural)
nimen (genitive singular)
ninden (genitive plural)
nimiden (genitive plural)
nintä (partitive singular)
nimidä (partitive plural)
nimessä (inessive singular)
nimehnä (inessive singular)
nimissä (inessive plural)
nimihnä (inessive plural)
nimestä (elative singular)
nimistä (elative plural)
nimehen (illative singular)
nimihen (illative plural)
nimellä (adessive singular)
nimillä (adessive plural)
nimeltä (ablative singular)
nimiltä (ablative plural)
nimelen (allative singular)
nimelek (allative singular)
nimilen (allative plural)
nimilek (allative plural)
nimenä (essive singular)
niminä (essive plural)
nimeksi (singular translative)
nimiksi (plural translative)
nimen (instructive singular)
nimin (instructive plural)
nimenek (comitative singular)
niminek (comitative plural)
nimettä (abessive singular)
nimittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: nimi

Finnish: nimi

Ingrian: nimi

Karelian:

North Karelian: nimi

South Karelian: nimi

Livonian: nim

Veps: nimi

Võro: nimi

Votic: nimi


kala

kala (nominative singular)
kalat (nominative plural)
kalan (accusative singular)
kalat (accusative plural)
kalan (genitive singular)
kaladën (genitive plural)
kaloidën (genitive plural)
kalada (partitive singular)
kaloida (partitive plural)
kalassa (inessive singular)
kalahna (inessive singular)
kaloissa (inessive plural)
kaloihna (inessive plural)
kalasta (elative singular)
kaloista (elative plural)
kalahën (illative singular)
kaloihën (illative plural)
kalalla (adessive singular)
kaloilla (adessive plural)
kalalta (ablative singular)
kaloilta (ablative plural)
kalalën (allative singular)
kalalëk (allative singular)
kaloilën (allative plural)
kaloilëk (allative plural)
kalana (essive singular)
kaloina (essive plural)
kalaksi (singular translative)
kaloiksi (plural translative)
kalan (instructive singular)
kaloin (instructive plural)
kalanëk (comitative singular)
kaloinëk (comitative plural)
kalatta (abessive singular)
kaloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kala

Finnish: kala

Ingrian: kala

Karelian:

North Karelian: kala

South Karelian: kala

Livonian: kalā

Livvi: kala

Veps: kala

Võro: kala

Votic: kala


kuva

kuva (nominative singular)
kuvat (nominative plural)
kuvan (accusative singular)
kuvat (accusative plural)
kuvan (genitive singular)
kuvadën (genitive plural)
kuvëidën (genitive plural)
kuvada (partitive singular)
kuvëida (partitive plural)
kuvassa (inessive singular)
kuvahna (inessive singular)
kuvëissa (inessive plural)
kuvëihna (inessive plural)
kuvasta (elative singular)
kuvëista (elative plural)
kuvahën (illative singular)
kuvëihën (illative plural)
kuvalla (adessive singular)
kuvëilla (adessive plural)
kuvalta (ablative singular)
kuvëilta (ablative plural)
kuvalën (allative singular)
kuvalëk (allative singular)
kuvëilën (allative plural)
kuvëilëk (allative plural)
kuvana (essive singular)
kuvëina (essive plural)
kuvaksi (singular translative)
kuvëiksi (plural translative)
kuvan (instructive singular)
kuvëin (instructive plural)
kuvanëk (comitative singular)
kuvëinëk (comitative plural)
kuvatta (abessive singular)
kuvëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kuva

→ Inari Sami: koṿe

→ Lule Sami: gåvvå

→ Northern Sami: govva

→ Estonian: kuva

Ingrian: kuva

Karelian:

North Karelian: kuva

South Karelian: kuva

Livvi: kuva

Ludian: kuva

Veps: kuva

Votic: kuva


paha

paha (nominative singular)
pahat (nominative plural)
pahan (accusative singular)
pahat (accusative plural)
pahan (genitive singular)
pahadën (genitive plural)
pahoidën (genitive plural)
pahada (partitive singular)
pahoida (partitive plural)
pahassa (inessive singular)
pahahna (inessive singular)
pahoissa (inessive plural)
pahoihna (inessive plural)
pahasta (elative singular)
pahoista (elative plural)
pahahën (illative singular)
pahoihën (illative plural)
pahalla (adessive singular)
pahoilla (adessive plural)
pahalta (ablative singular)
pahoilta (ablative plural)
pahalën (allative singular)
pahalëk (allative singular)
pahoilën (allative plural)
pahoilëk (allative plural)
pahana (essive singular)
pahoina (essive plural)
pahaksi (singular translative)
pahoiksi (plural translative)
pahan (instructive singular)
pahoin (instructive plural)
pahanëk (comitative singular)
pahoinëk (comitative plural)
pahatta (abessive singular)
pahoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: paha

Finnish: paha

Ingrian: paha

Karelian:

North Karelian: paha

South Karelian: paha

q

from the comparative <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*pahëmpi</i>

⇒ Livonian: pō’mi (from the comparative *pahëmpi)

Livvi: paha

Ludian: paha

Veps: paha

Votic: paha

→ Proto-Samic: *puošē

Uncertain. Possibly from earlier *paša, or borrowed from Northwest Germanic *bāga-, from Proto-Germanic *bēgaz, whence also Icelandic bágur.


ilo

ilo (nominative singular)
ilot (nominative plural)
ilon (accusative singular)
ilot (accusative plural)
ilon (genitive singular)
ilodën (genitive plural)
iloidën (genitive plural)
iloda (partitive singular)
iloida (partitive plural)
ilossa (inessive singular)
ilohna (inessive singular)
iloissa (inessive plural)
iloihna (inessive plural)
ilosta (elative singular)
iloista (elative plural)
ilohën (illative singular)
iloihën (illative plural)
ilolla (adessive singular)
iloilla (adessive plural)
ilolta (ablative singular)
iloilta (ablative plural)
ilolën (allative singular)
ilolëk (allative singular)
iloilën (allative plural)
iloilëk (allative plural)
ilona (essive singular)
iloina (essive plural)
iloksi (singular translative)
iloiksi (plural translative)
ilon (instructive singular)
iloin (instructive plural)
ilonëk (comitative singular)
iloinëk (comitative plural)
ilotta (abessive singular)
iloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ilu

Finnish: ilo

→ Northern Sami: illu

Ingrian: ilo

Karelian: ilo

>? Livonian: ilā

Livvi: ilo

Ludian: ilo

Veps: ilo

Võro: ilo

Votic: ilo

Unknown. Possibly related to Pite Sami âllo (“urge”).


ani

Finnish: ani

Karelian:

North Karelian: ani

South Karelian: ani

Livvi: ani

Veps: ani

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *an ~ *ana, whence Old Norse á, also used as intensifier for adjectives cf. Old Norse ámáttigr + *-i.


sampi

sampi (nominative singular)
sambët (nominative plural)
sambën (accusative singular)
sambët (accusative plural)
sambën (genitive singular)
sampëdën (genitive plural)
sampidën (genitive plural)
sampëda (partitive singular)
sampida (partitive plural)
sambëssa (inessive singular)
sambëhna (inessive singular)
sambissa (inessive plural)
sambihna (inessive plural)
sambësta (elative singular)
sambista (elative plural)
sampëhën (illative singular)
sampihën (illative plural)
sambëlla (adessive singular)
sambilla (adessive plural)
sambëlta (ablative singular)
sambilta (ablative plural)
sampëlën (allative singular)
sampëlëk (allative singular)
sampilën (allative plural)
sampilëk (allative plural)
sampëna (essive singular)
sampina (essive plural)
sambëksi (singular translative)
sambiksi (plural translative)
sambën (instructive singular)
sambin (instructive plural)
sampënëk (comitative singular)
sampinëk (comitative plural)
sambëtta (abessive singular)
sambitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: sampi

Estonian: samb

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Ugric *śampe (whence Southern Mansi шупу (šupu)). Alternatively, possibly derived from *sambas, or borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Lithuanian stambus (“large”)).


setä

setä (nominative singular)
sedät (nominative plural)
sedän (accusative singular)
sedät (accusative plural)
sedän (genitive singular)
setäden (genitive plural)
seteiden (genitive plural)
setädä (partitive singular)
seteidä (partitive plural)
sedässä (inessive singular)
sedähnä (inessive singular)
sedeissä (inessive plural)
sedeihnä (inessive plural)
sedästä (elative singular)
sedeistä (elative plural)
setähen (illative singular)
seteihen (illative plural)
sedällä (adessive singular)
sedeillä (adessive plural)
sedältä (ablative singular)
sedeiltä (ablative plural)
setälen (allative singular)
setälek (allative singular)
seteilen (allative plural)
seteilek (allative plural)
setänä (essive singular)
seteinä (essive plural)
sedäksi (singular translative)
sedeiksi (plural translative)
sedän (instructive singular)
sedein (instructive plural)
setänek (comitative singular)
seteinek (comitative plural)
sedättä (abessive singular)
sedeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: sedi

Finnish: setä

Ingrian: setä

Eastern Finnic: → *sedoit'ar

Karelian: sevoitar (“female cousin”)

desc

Ludian: sevoittareksed (“group of cousins”)


voima

voima (nominative singular)
voimat (nominative plural)
voiman (accusative singular)
voimat (accusative plural)
voiman (genitive singular)
voimadën (genitive plural)
voimëidën (genitive plural)
voimada (partitive singular)
voimëida (partitive plural)
voimassa (inessive singular)
voimahna (inessive singular)
voimëissa (inessive plural)
voimëihna (inessive plural)
voimasta (elative singular)
voimëista (elative plural)
voimahën (illative singular)
voimëihën (illative plural)
voimalla (adessive singular)
voimëilla (adessive plural)
voimalta (ablative singular)
voimëilta (ablative plural)
voimalën (allative singular)
voimalëk (allative singular)
voimëilën (allative plural)
voimëilëk (allative plural)
voimana (essive singular)
voimëina (essive plural)
voimaksi (singular translative)
voimëiksi (plural translative)
voiman (instructive singular)
voimëin (instructive plural)
voimanëk (comitative singular)
voimëinëk (comitative plural)
voimatta (abessive singular)
voimëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: võim

Finnish: voima

Ingrian: voima

Karelian: voima

Võro: võim

Votic: võimõ


täti

täti (nominative singular)
tädit (nominative plural)
tädin (accusative singular)
tädit (accusative plural)
tädin (genitive singular)
tätiden (genitive plural)
tätejiden (genitive plural)
tätidä (partitive singular)
tätejitä (partitive plural)
tädissä (inessive singular)
tädihnä (inessive singular)
tätejissä (inessive plural)
tätejihnä (inessive plural)
tädistä (elative singular)
tätejistä (elative plural)
tätihen (illative singular)
tätejisen (illative plural)
tädillä (adessive singular)
tätejillä (adessive plural)
tädiltä (ablative singular)
tätejiltä (ablative plural)
tätilen (allative singular)
tätilek (allative singular)
tätejilen (allative plural)
tätejilek (allative plural)
tätinä (essive singular)
tätejinä (essive plural)
tädiksi (singular translative)
tätejiksi (plural translative)
tädin (instructive singular)
tätejin (instructive plural)
tätinek (comitative singular)
tätejinek (comitative plural)
tädittä (abessive singular)
tätejittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: tädi

Finnish: täti

Ingrian: täti

Karelian:

North Karelian: täti

South Karelian: tädi

Livvi: tädi

Ludian: tädi

Veps: tädi

Võro: tädi

Votic: täti

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *tätä, ultimately probably from baby talk.


alto

alto (nominative singular)
aldot (nominative plural)
aldon (accusative singular)
aldot (accusative plural)
aldon (genitive singular)
altodën (genitive plural)
altoidën (genitive plural)
altoda (partitive singular)
altoida (partitive plural)
aldossa (inessive singular)
aldohna (inessive singular)
aldoissa (inessive plural)
aldoihna (inessive plural)
aldosta (elative singular)
aldoista (elative plural)
altohën (illative singular)
altoihën (illative plural)
aldolla (adessive singular)
aldoilla (adessive plural)
aldolta (ablative singular)
aldoilta (ablative plural)
altolën (allative singular)
altolëk (allative singular)
altoilën (allative plural)
altoilëk (allative plural)
altona (essive singular)
altoina (essive plural)
aldoksi (singular translative)
aldoiksi (plural translative)
aldon (instructive singular)
aldoin (instructive plural)
altonëk (comitative singular)
altoinëk (comitative plural)
aldotta (abessive singular)
aldoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) ald

Finnish: aalto, (dialectal) alto

Ingrian: alto

Karelian:

North Karelian: ualto

South Karelian: ualdo

Livvi: aldo

Ludian: aldo

Veps: ald

Borrowed from Proto-Norse *ᚨᛚᛞᛟ (*aldo), from Proto-Germanic *aldǭ, whence Old Norse alda (“wave”).


turkki

turkki (nominative singular)
turk'it (nominative plural)
turk'in (accusative singular)
turk'it (accusative plural)
turk'in (genitive singular)
turkkidën (genitive plural)
turkkëjidën (genitive plural)
turkkida (partitive singular)
turkkëjita (partitive plural)
turk'issa (inessive singular)
turk'ihna (inessive singular)
turkkëjissa (inessive plural)
turkkëjihna (inessive plural)
turk'ista (elative singular)
turkkëjista (elative plural)
turkkihën (illative singular)
turkkëjisën (illative plural)
turk'illa (adessive singular)
turkkëjilla (adessive plural)
turk'ilta (ablative singular)
turkkëjilta (ablative plural)
turkkilën (allative singular)
turkkilëk (allative singular)
turkkëjilën (allative plural)
turkkëjilëk (allative plural)
turkkina (essive singular)
turkkëjina (essive plural)
turk'iksi (singular translative)
turkkëjiksi (plural translative)
turk'in (instructive singular)
turkkëjin (instructive plural)
turkkinëk (comitative singular)
turkkëjinëk (comitative plural)
turk'itta (abessive singular)
turkkëjitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: turkki

Ingrian: turkki

→ Votic: turkki

Karelian: turkki

Livvi: turki

Ludian: turk

→ Inari Sami: turkkâ

→ Kildin Sami: то̄ҏҏк (tōr̥r̥k)

→ Northern Sami: dorka

→ Skolt Sami: torkk

→ Ter Sami: tor̄k

Probably of sound-symbolic origin and related to *turri.

fur (hairy coat of various mammal species)


poro

poro (nominative singular)
porot (nominative plural)
poron (accusative singular)
porot (accusative plural)
poron (genitive singular)
porodën (genitive plural)
poroidën (genitive plural)
poroda (partitive singular)
poroida (partitive plural)
porossa (inessive singular)
porohna (inessive singular)
poroissa (inessive plural)
poroihna (inessive plural)
porosta (elative singular)
poroista (elative plural)
porohën (illative singular)
poroihën (illative plural)
porolla (adessive singular)
poroilla (adessive plural)
porolta (ablative singular)
poroilta (ablative plural)
porolën (allative singular)
porolëk (allative singular)
poroilën (allative plural)
poroilëk (allative plural)
porona (essive singular)
poroina (essive plural)
poroksi (singular translative)
poroiksi (plural translative)
poron (instructive singular)
poroin (instructive plural)
poronëk (comitative singular)
poroinëk (comitative plural)
porotta (abessive singular)
poroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ⇒ pori

Finnish: poro

Ingrian: poro

Karelian:

North Karelian: poro

South Karelian: poro

Livvi: poro

Ludian: poro

Veps: poro

Votic: poro

⇒ Livonian: bo’ŗ

Võro: pora


nauta

Finnic (Northern)
nauta (nominative singular)
naudat (nominative plural)
naudan (accusative singular)
naudat (accusative plural)
naudan (genitive singular)
nautadën (genitive plural)
nautëidën (genitive plural)
nautada (partitive singular)
nautëida (partitive plural)
naudassa (inessive singular)
naudahna (inessive singular)
naudëissa (inessive plural)
naudëihna (inessive plural)
naudasta (elative singular)
naudëista (elative plural)
nautahën (illative singular)
nautëihën (illative plural)
naudalla (adessive singular)
naudëilla (adessive plural)
naudalta (ablative singular)
naudëilta (ablative plural)
nautalën (allative singular)
nautalëk (allative singular)
nautëilën (allative plural)
nautëilëk (allative plural)
nautana (essive singular)
nautëina (essive plural)
naudaksi (singular translative)
naudëiksi (plural translative)
naudan (instructive singular)
naudëin (instructive plural)
nautanëk (comitative singular)
nautëinëk (comitative plural)
naudatta (abessive singular)
naudëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: nauta


tora

tora (nominative singular)
torat (nominative plural)
toran (accusative singular)
torat (accusative plural)
toran (genitive singular)
toradën (genitive plural)
torëidën (genitive plural)
torada (partitive singular)
torëida (partitive plural)
torassa (inessive singular)
torahna (inessive singular)
torëissa (inessive plural)
torëihna (inessive plural)
torasta (elative singular)
torëista (elative plural)
torahën (illative singular)
torëihën (illative plural)
toralla (adessive singular)
torëilla (adessive plural)
toralta (ablative singular)
torëilta (ablative plural)
toralën (allative singular)
toralëk (allative singular)
torëilën (allative plural)
torëilëk (allative plural)
torana (essive singular)
torëina (essive plural)
toraksi (singular translative)
torëiksi (plural translative)
toran (instructive singular)
torëin (instructive plural)
toranëk (comitative singular)
torëinëk (comitative plural)
toratta (abessive singular)
torëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: tora

Ingrian: tora

Karelian: tora

Livvi: tora

Ludian: tora

Veps: tora

Võro: tõra


ruka

ruka (nominative singular)
rugat (nominative plural)
rugan (accusative singular)
rugat (accusative plural)
rugan (genitive singular)
rukadën (genitive plural)
rukëidën (genitive plural)
rukada (partitive singular)
rukëida (partitive plural)
rugassa (inessive singular)
rugahna (inessive singular)
rugëissa (inessive plural)
rugëihna (inessive plural)
rugasta (elative singular)
rugëista (elative plural)
rukahën (illative singular)
rukëihën (illative plural)
rugalla (adessive singular)
rugëilla (adessive plural)
rugalta (ablative singular)
rugëilta (ablative plural)
rukalën (allative singular)
rukalëk (allative singular)
rukëilën (allative plural)
rukëilëk (allative plural)
rukana (essive singular)
rukëina (essive plural)
rugaksi (singular translative)
rugëiksi (plural translative)
rugan (instructive singular)
rugëin (instructive plural)
rukanëk (comitative singular)
rukëinëk (comitative plural)
rugatta (abessive singular)
rugëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) ruga

Võro: ruga

Finnish: ruko

→ Northern Sami: ruhku

Karelian:

North Karelian: ruko

South Karelian: rugo

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hrūgǭ (whence Icelandic hrúga).


ruka

Finnic (Northern)
ruka (nominative singular)
rugat (nominative plural)
rugan (accusative singular)
rugat (accusative plural)
rugan (genitive singular)
rukadën (genitive plural)
rukëidën (genitive plural)
rukada (partitive singular)
rukëida (partitive plural)
rugassa (inessive singular)
rugahna (inessive singular)
rugëissa (inessive plural)
rugëihna (inessive plural)
rugasta (elative singular)
rugëista (elative plural)
rukahën (illative singular)
rukëihën (illative plural)
rugalla (adessive singular)
rugëilla (adessive plural)
rugalta (ablative singular)
rugëilta (ablative plural)
rukalën (allative singular)
rukalëk (allative singular)
rukëilën (allative plural)
rukëilëk (allative plural)
rukana (essive singular)
rukëina (essive plural)
rugaksi (singular translative)
rugëiksi (plural translative)
rugan (instructive singular)
rugëin (instructive plural)
rukanëk (comitative singular)
rukëinëk (comitative plural)
rugatta (abessive singular)
rugëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal) ruka

Ingrian: ruka

Karelian:

North Karelian: ruka

South Karelian: ruga

Livvi: ruga

Ludian: ruga

Veps: ruga


-ka

Forms certain nouns or adjectives; mostly non-productive by Proto-Finnic.


-ka

Finnish: -ka

A particle added to extend certain monosyllabic stems.


ikä

ikä (nominative singular)
igät (nominative plural)
igän (accusative singular)
igät (accusative plural)
igän (genitive singular)
ikäden (genitive plural)
ikeiden (genitive plural)
ikädä (partitive singular)
ikeidä (partitive plural)
igässä (inessive singular)
igähnä (inessive singular)
igeissä (inessive plural)
igeihnä (inessive plural)
igästä (elative singular)
igeistä (elative plural)
ikähen (illative singular)
ikeihen (illative plural)
igällä (adessive singular)
igeillä (adessive plural)
igältä (ablative singular)
igeiltä (ablative plural)
ikälen (allative singular)
ikälek (allative singular)
ikeilen (allative plural)
ikeilek (allative plural)
ikänä (essive singular)
ikeinä (essive plural)
igäksi (singular translative)
igeiksi (plural translative)
igän (instructive singular)
igein (instructive plural)
ikänek (comitative singular)
ikeinek (comitative plural)
igättä (abessive singular)
igeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: iga

Finnish: ikä

Ingrian: ikä

Karelian:

North Karelian: ikä

South Karelian: igä

Livonian: (Courland) igā, (Salaca) iga

Livvi: igä

Ludian: igä, iga

Veps: igä, iga

Võro: igä

Votic: itšä

→ Proto-Samic: *ëkē (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *ikä (“age, year”).


olut

olut (nominative singular)
oludët (nominative plural)
oludën (accusative singular)
oludët (accusative plural)
oludën (genitive singular)
olut'ën (genitive plural)
olucidën (genitive plural)
olutta (partitive singular)
olucita (partitive plural)
oludëssa (inessive singular)
oludëhna (inessive singular)
olucissa (inessive plural)
olucihna (inessive plural)
oludësta (elative singular)
olucista (elative plural)
oludësën (illative singular)
olucisën (illative plural)
oludëlla (adessive singular)
olucilla (adessive plural)
oludëlta (ablative singular)
olucilta (ablative plural)
oludëlën (allative singular)
oludëlëk (allative singular)
olucilën (allative plural)
olucilëk (allative plural)
olunna (essive singular)
olucina (essive plural)
oludëksi (singular translative)
oluciksi (plural translative)
oludën (instructive singular)
olucin (instructive plural)
olunnëk (comitative singular)
olucinëk (comitative plural)
oludëtta (abessive singular)
olucitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: õlu

Finnish: olut

Ingrian: olut

Karelian:

North Karelian: olut

South Karelian: olut

Livonian: vȯl

Livvi: olut

Veps: olut

Võro: oluq

Votic: õlud

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut- (“beer”), probably via Proto-Norse [script needed] (*oluþ-), or less likely via Proto-Balto-Slavic *alu or Proto-Germanic *alu.


ala

the place under or beneath something, the underside


ala

Estonian: ala-

Finnish: ala, ala-

Ingrian: ala-, ⇒ allaalle, allaal, allaalt, allaa, alemmaal, alemmas, alempain

Karelian:

North Karelian: ala-;

South Karelian: ala-; alah

Veps: ala-

Võro: ala-

Votic: ala-


e-

Estonian: ei

q

⇒ Estonian: pole (from dialectal ep; contraction of ep ole)

Finnish: ei

Ingrian: ei

Karelian: ei

Livonian: ä'b

Livvi: ei

Ludian: ei

Veps: ei

Votic: eb

Võro: ei, eiq

From Proto-Uralic *e- ~ *ä- ~ *a- (negative verb stem). Cognate with Proto-Samic *i- (whence Northern Sami ii). The imperative forms are from the Proto-Uralic negative imperative verb stem *älä-.


pinta

pinta (nominative singular)
pindat (nominative plural)
pindan (accusative singular)
pindat (accusative plural)
pindan (genitive singular)
pintadën (genitive plural)
pintoidën (genitive plural)
pintada (partitive singular)
pintoida (partitive plural)
pindassa (inessive singular)
pindahna (inessive singular)
pindoissa (inessive plural)
pindoihna (inessive plural)
pindasta (elative singular)
pindoista (elative plural)
pintahën (illative singular)
pintoihën (illative plural)
pindalla (adessive singular)
pindoilla (adessive plural)
pindalta (ablative singular)
pindoilta (ablative plural)
pintalën (allative singular)
pintalëk (allative singular)
pintoilën (allative plural)
pintoilëk (allative plural)
pintana (essive singular)
pintoina (essive plural)
pindaksi (singular translative)
pindoiksi (plural translative)
pindan (instructive singular)
pindoin (instructive plural)
pintanëk (comitative singular)
pintoinëk (comitative plural)
pindatta (abessive singular)
pindoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pind

Finnish: pinta

Ingrian: pinta

Karelian: pinta (Northern), pinda (Southern)

Livonian: pīnda

Livvi: pindu

Ludian: pind

Veps: pind

Votic: pintõ

→ Russian: пинда (pinda)

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *spindaz, compare Middle High German spint (“fat, lard, sapwood”) and Dutch spint (spinthout (“sapwood”)). Alternatively (but less likely) from Proto-Finno-Permic *pinta, if related to Moksha понда (ponda, “body”), Erzya пондакш (pondakš, “shaggy”), Udmurt педло (pedlo, “out”).


itä

itä (nominative singular)
idät (nominative plural)
idän (accusative singular)
idät (accusative plural)
idän (genitive singular)
itäden (genitive plural)
iteiden (genitive plural)
itädä (partitive singular)
iteidä (partitive plural)
idässä (inessive singular)
idähnä (inessive singular)
ideissä (inessive plural)
ideihnä (inessive plural)
idästä (elative singular)
ideistä (elative plural)
itähen (illative singular)
iteihen (illative plural)
idällä (adessive singular)
ideillä (adessive plural)
idältä (ablative singular)
ideiltä (ablative plural)
itälen (allative singular)
itälek (allative singular)
iteilen (allative plural)
iteilek (allative plural)
itänä (essive singular)
iteinä (essive plural)
idäksi (singular translative)
ideiksi (plural translative)
idän (instructive singular)
idein (instructive plural)
itänek (comitative singular)
iteinek (comitative plural)
idättä (abessive singular)
ideittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: ida

Finnish: itä

Ingrian: itä

Karelian: itä

Livonian: idā (“northeast”)

Votic: itä

From Proto-Uralic *itä- (“to appear”), as the Sun "appears" (rises) in the east.


mitta

mitta (nominative singular)
mit'at (nominative plural)
mit'an (accusative singular)
mit'at (accusative plural)
mit'an (genitive singular)
mittadën (genitive plural)
mittoidën (genitive plural)
mittada (partitive singular)
mittoida (partitive plural)
mit'assa (inessive singular)
mit'ahna (inessive singular)
mit'oissa (inessive plural)
mit'oihna (inessive plural)
mit'asta (elative singular)
mit'oista (elative plural)
mittahën (illative singular)
mittoihën (illative plural)
mit'alla (adessive singular)
mit'oilla (adessive plural)
mit'alta (ablative singular)
mit'oilta (ablative plural)
mittalën (allative singular)
mittalëk (allative singular)
mittoilën (allative plural)
mittoilëk (allative plural)
mittana (essive singular)
mittoina (essive plural)
mit'aksi (singular translative)
mit'oiksi (plural translative)
mit'an (instructive singular)
mit'oin (instructive plural)
mittanëk (comitative singular)
mittoinëk (comitative plural)
mit'atta (abessive singular)
mit'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: mitta

Ingrian: mitta

Karelian: mitta

Votic: mittõ

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *metaþs.


nämä

From Proto-Uralic *nä + *-mä (the suffix is only present in otherwise monosyllabic forms).


nämä

Finnish: nämä

Karelian:

North Karelian: nämä

South Karelian: nämä

Livvi: nämä

Ludian: nämä

Votic: nämä

Estonian: nemad

Finnish: (dialectal) nämät

Ingrian: nämät

Livvi: nämäd

Livonian: nämād

Ludian: nämäd

Võro: nimäq, niäq

Votic: nämäd


joka

Finnish: joka

Ingrian: joka

Karelian:

North Karelian: joka

South Karelian: joga

Livvi: joga

Veps: joga

Votic: jõka

>? Estonian: iga, ega

>? Ingrian: ikä

→ Votic: ikä

>? Livonian: jegā, jõgā

>? Võro: igä, ôga

Votic:

>? Kukkuzi: ikä

From Proto-Finno-Permic *jo + *-ka, although the bare root surfaces in derived forms and potentially certain inflected forms of the pronoun. Cognate with Northern Sami juohke, Erzya ю- (ju-) in юза-тоза (juza-toza, “back and forth”), Eastern Mari южо (južo, “some”) and Western Mari юж (juž, “some”). Not related to *jo (“already”).


joka

desc

Finnish: joka, ⇒ jokin (“something”), joku (“someone”)


-na

Finnish: -na


-na

Finnish: -na

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-nna</i>

Ingrian: -nna (< *-nna)

From Proto-Uralic *-na (locative suffix).


-u

-u / *-ü (canonical)
-u (nominative singular)
-ut (nominative plural)
-un (accusative singular)
-ut (accusative plural)
-un (genitive singular)
-udën (genitive plural)
-uidën (genitive plural)
-uda (partitive singular)
-uida (partitive plural)
-ussa (inessive singular)
-uhna (inessive singular)
-uissa (inessive plural)
-uihna (inessive plural)
-usta (elative singular)
-uista (elative plural)
-uhën (illative singular)
-uihën (illative plural)
-ulla (adessive singular)
-uilla (adessive plural)
-ulta (ablative singular)
-uilta (ablative plural)
-ulën (allative singular)
-ulëk (allative singular)
-uilën (allative plural)
-uilëk (allative plural)
-una (essive singular)
-uina (essive plural)
-uksi (singular translative)
-uiksi (plural translative)
-un (instructive singular)
-uin (instructive plural)
-unëk (comitative singular)
-uinëk (comitative plural)
-utta (abessive singular)
-uitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: -u

Finnish: -u

From Proto-Uralic *-w. Originally *-o was the result when the Proto-Uralic suffix was added to a-stems, like *-u was the result when added to stems with other vowels.

karhëda (“coarse”) + *-u → *karhu (“bear (originally euphemistic)”)

mäntä (“mixing utensil made of the top of a young pine")”) + *-u → *mäntü (“pine tree”)

itkedäk (“to cry, weep”) + *-u → *itku (“cry, weeping”)

Forms nouns from adjectives, nouns, and verbs, most commonly from e-stems.


tämä

From Proto-Uralic *tä + *-mä (the suffix is only present in otherwise monosyllabic forms).


tämä

Estonian: tema

Finnish: tämä

Kven: tämä

Ingrian: tämä

Karelian:

North Karelian: tämä

South Karelian: tämä

Livonian: tämā

Livvi: tämä

Ludian: tämä

desc

Veps: tämä (rare, only in some expressions)

Võro: timä

Votic: tämä


-ja

Estonian: -ja

Finnish: -ja

Livonian: -ji

Karelian: -ja

Veps: -i

Võro: -ja, -j

Votic: -ja

From Proto-Uralic *-ja, which was originally a participle ending in Proto-Uralic. Related to Proto-Samic *-jē.


-ja

q

>? Finnish: -ja (in toponyms like Kytäjä, Lohtaja, Ypäjä)

Estonian: -ja (in dialectal edaja < *etä-jäk), possibly the same suffix as -ja in salaja

Finnish: -ia (in kahtia, kotia...)

>? Livonian: -i (in kuodāi < *kota-jak, if not *kota-jën)

Finnish: -alla, -alle, -alta (probably at least partially)

Probably cognate with Komi-Zyrian -я (-ja) (in e.g. дыря (dyra)) and Udmurt -я (-ja) (in e.g. дыря (dyra)), in which case from Proto-Finno-Permic *-ja. Compare the illative suffix *-jen (found in e.g. some Estonian dialects and cognate with Proto-Samic *-jën).

Forms nouns, mainly place names or other locative nouns, from nominal stems.


pala

pala (nominative singular)
palat (nominative plural)
palan (accusative singular)
palat (accusative plural)
palan (genitive singular)
paladën (genitive plural)
paloidën (genitive plural)
palada (partitive singular)
paloida (partitive plural)
palassa (inessive singular)
palahna (inessive singular)
paloissa (inessive plural)
paloihna (inessive plural)
palasta (elative singular)
paloista (elative plural)
palahën (illative singular)
paloihën (illative plural)
palalla (adessive singular)
paloilla (adessive plural)
palalta (ablative singular)
paloilta (ablative plural)
palalën (allative singular)
palalëk (allative singular)
paloilën (allative plural)
paloilëk (allative plural)
palana (essive singular)
paloina (essive plural)
palaksi (singular translative)
paloiksi (plural translative)
palan (instructive singular)
paloin (instructive plural)
palanëk (comitative singular)
paloinëk (comitative plural)
palatta (abessive singular)
paloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pala

Finnish: pala

Ingrian: pala

Karelian: pala

Livonian: pala

Veps: pala

From Proto-Uralic *pala. Cognates include Proto-Samic *puolē, Proto-Mordvinic *palə, Hungarian fal (“devour”).


-in

-in (nominative singular)
-imet (nominative plural)
-imen (accusative singular)
-imet (accusative plural)
-imen (genitive singular)
-inden (genitive plural)
-imiden (genitive plural)
-intä (partitive singular)
-imitä (partitive plural)
-imessä (inessive singular)
-imehnä (inessive singular)
-imissä (inessive plural)
-imihnä (inessive plural)
-imestä (elative singular)
-imistä (elative plural)
-imesen (illative singular)
-imisen (illative plural)
-imellä (adessive singular)
-imillä (adessive plural)
-imeltä (ablative singular)
-imiltä (ablative plural)
-imelen (allative singular)
-imelek (allative singular)
-imilen (allative plural)
-imilek (allative plural)
-imenä (essive singular)
-iminä (essive plural)
-imeksi (singular translative)
-imiksi (plural translative)
-imen (instructive singular)
-imin (instructive plural)
-imenek (comitative singular)
-iminek (comitative plural)
-imettä (abessive singular)
-imittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: -i

Finnish: -in

Ingrian: -in

Karelian: -in

Livonian: -īm

Livvi: -in

Veps: -im

Võro: -i

Originally diminutive Proto-Uralic *-ma, *-i- extracted from other stems (or by epenthesis, cf. etymology 2), final vowel elided and suffix turned into an e-stem by analogy with other consonantal stems, final *-m > *-n is regular

Forms nouns from verbs, indicating instruments (tools) are used to perform that verb's action.


-in

Estonian: -im (no longer usually productive)

Finnish: -in

Karelian: -in

Veps: -im (no longer productive)

From earlier *-jmi < *-ma, through a change in the final vowel as in *-pi and *-mpi, and epenthesis. The final vowel was eventually elided. Ultimately from Proto-Uralic *-ma.


jos

Finnish: jos

Ingrian: jos

Karelian: jos

Livonian: aʼž, jaž, joz

Livvi: jos

Võro: jos

Votic: (Kattila, Mati) jos


laki

laki (nominative singular)
lagët (nominative plural)
lagën (accusative singular)
lagët (accusative plural)
lagën (genitive singular)
lakëdën (genitive plural)
lakidën (genitive plural)
lakëda (partitive singular)
lakida (partitive plural)
lagëssa (inessive singular)
lagëhna (inessive singular)
lagissa (inessive plural)
lagihna (inessive plural)
lagësta (elative singular)
lagista (elative plural)
lakëhën (illative singular)
lakihën (illative plural)
lagëlla (adessive singular)
lagilla (adessive plural)
lagëlta (ablative singular)
lagilta (ablative plural)
lakëlën (allative singular)
lakëlëk (allative singular)
lakilën (allative plural)
lakilëk (allative plural)
lakëna (essive singular)
lakina (essive plural)
lagëksi (singular translative)
lagiksi (plural translative)
lagën (instructive singular)
lagin (instructive plural)
lakënëk (comitative singular)
lakinëk (comitative plural)
lagëtta (abessive singular)
lagitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lagi

Finnish: laki

Ingrian: laki

→ Votic: laki

Karelian: laki (Northern), lagi (Southern)

Livonian: la’ggõz

Livvi: lagi

Ludian: lagi

Veps: lagi

Võro: lagi

Votic: (Kattila) latši

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (whence Old Norse flaki).


nikka

nikka (nominative singular)
nik'at (nominative plural)
nik'an (accusative singular)
nik'at (accusative plural)
nik'an (genitive singular)
nikkadën (genitive plural)
nikkoidën (genitive plural)
nikkada (partitive singular)
nikkoida (partitive plural)
nik'assa (inessive singular)
nik'ahna (inessive singular)
nik'oissa (inessive plural)
nik'oihna (inessive plural)
nik'asta (elative singular)
nik'oista (elative plural)
nikkahën (illative singular)
nikkoihën (illative plural)
nik'alla (adessive singular)
nik'oilla (adessive plural)
nik'alta (ablative singular)
nik'oilta (ablative plural)
nikkalën (allative singular)
nikkalëk (allative singular)
nikkoilën (allative plural)
nikkoilëk (allative plural)
nikkana (essive singular)
nikkoina (essive plural)
nik'aksi (singular translative)
nik'oiksi (plural translative)
nik'an (instructive singular)
nik'oin (instructive plural)
nikkanëk (comitative singular)
nikkoinëk (comitative plural)
nik'atta (abessive singular)
nik'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: nikka

Karelian:

North Karelian: nikka

Finnish: (dialectal) nikko

Ingrian: nikko

Karelian:

North Karelian: nikko

desc

⇒ Ludian: nikoittada (“to have hiccups”)

⇒ Veps: nikištoitta (“to have hiccups”)

⇒ Votic: nikotta (“to have hiccups”)

Onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Proto-Samic [Term?] (whence Inari Sami njihânjâš) and *ńëkkētēk ("to have hiccups").


arvo

arvo (nominative singular)
arvot (nominative plural)
arvon (accusative singular)
arvot (accusative plural)
arvon (genitive singular)
arvodën (genitive plural)
arvoidën (genitive plural)
arvoda (partitive singular)
arvoida (partitive plural)
arvossa (inessive singular)
arvohna (inessive singular)
arvoissa (inessive plural)
arvoihna (inessive plural)
arvosta (elative singular)
arvoista (elative plural)
arvohën (illative singular)
arvoihën (illative plural)
arvolla (adessive singular)
arvoilla (adessive plural)
arvolta (ablative singular)
arvoilta (ablative plural)
arvolën (allative singular)
arvolëk (allative singular)
arvoilën (allative plural)
arvoilëk (allative plural)
arvona (essive singular)
arvoina (essive plural)
arvoksi (singular translative)
arvoiksi (plural translative)
arvon (instructive singular)
arvoin (instructive plural)
arvonëk (comitative singular)
arvoinëk (comitative plural)
arvotta (abessive singular)
arvoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: arv, aru

Finnish: arvo

Ingrian: arvo

Karelian:

North Karelian: arvo

South Karelian: arvo

Livonian: ōra

Livvi: arvo

Ludian: arv

Veps: arv

Võro: arv

Votic: arvo

→ Proto-Samic: *ārvō (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *arwa-w, borrowed from a (likely Iranian) descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hargʰás (compare Sanskrit अर्घ (arghá, “worth, value”)), such as Alanic *arγa-. In the past assumed to have been inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric *arwa which in turn would have been borrowed from Indo-Iranian, and thus cognate with Hungarian ár, but the Hungarian word is more likely a parallel borrowing.


emä

emä (nominative singular)
emät (nominative plural)
emän (accusative singular)
emät (accusative plural)
emän (genitive singular)
emäden (genitive plural)
emeiden (genitive plural)
emädä (partitive singular)
emeidä (partitive plural)
emässä (inessive singular)
emähnä (inessive singular)
emeissä (inessive plural)
emeihnä (inessive plural)
emästä (elative singular)
emeistä (elative plural)
emähen (illative singular)
emeihen (illative plural)
emällä (adessive singular)
emeillä (adessive plural)
emältä (ablative singular)
emeiltä (ablative plural)
emälen (allative singular)
emälek (allative singular)
emeilen (allative plural)
emeilek (allative plural)
emänä (essive singular)
emeinä (essive plural)
emäksi (singular translative)
emeiksi (plural translative)
emän (instructive singular)
emein (instructive plural)
emänek (comitative singular)
emeinek (comitative plural)
emättä (abessive singular)
emeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: ema

Finnish: emä

Ingrian: emä

Karelian: emä

Livonian: jemā

Livvi: emä

Ludian: emä

Veps: ema

Võro: imä

Votic: emä


-s

-s (nominative singular)
-ksët (nominative plural)
-ksën (accusative singular)
-ksët (accusative plural)
-ksën (genitive singular)
-stën (genitive plural)
-ksidën (genitive plural)
-sta (partitive singular)
-ksita (partitive plural)
-ksëssa (inessive singular)
-ksëhna (inessive singular)
-ksissa (inessive plural)
-ksihna (inessive plural)
-ksësta (elative singular)
-ksista (elative plural)
-ksësën (illative singular)
-ksisën (illative plural)
-ksëlla (adessive singular)
-ksilla (adessive plural)
-ksëlta (ablative singular)
-ksilta (ablative plural)
-ksëlën (allative singular)
-ksëlëk (allative singular)
-ksilën (allative plural)
-ksilëk (allative plural)
-ssa (essive singular)
-ksina (essive plural)
-ksëksi (singular translative)
-ksiksi (plural translative)
-ksën (instructive singular)
-ksin (instructive plural)
-ssëk (comitative singular)
-ksinëk (comitative plural)
-ksëtta (abessive singular)
-ksitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: -s

Ingrian: -s


-s

-s (nominative singular)
-hët (nominative plural)
-hën (accusative singular)
-hët (accusative plural)
-hën (genitive singular)
-stën (genitive plural)
-hidën (genitive plural)
-sta (partitive singular)
-hita (partitive plural)
-hëssa (inessive singular)
-hëhna (inessive singular)
-hissa (inessive plural)
-hihna (inessive plural)
-hësta (elative singular)
-hista (elative plural)
-hësën (illative singular)
-hisën (illative plural)
-hëlla (adessive singular)
-hilla (adessive plural)
-hëlta (ablative singular)
-hilta (ablative plural)
-hëlën (allative singular)
-hëlëk (allative singular)
-hilën (allative plural)
-hilëk (allative plural)
-ssa (essive singular)
-hina (essive plural)
-hëksi (singular translative)
-hiksi (plural translative)
-hën (instructive singular)
-hin (instructive plural)
-ssëk (comitative singular)
-hinëk (comitative plural)
-hëtta (abessive singular)
-hitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: -as (with analogously re-extracted vowel)


-s

Finnish: -s

Either akin to the translative suffix *-ksi or alternatively from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-s (lative suffix).


lima

lima (nominative singular)
limat (nominative plural)
liman (accusative singular)
limat (accusative plural)
liman (genitive singular)
limadën (genitive plural)
limoidën (genitive plural)
limada (partitive singular)
limoida (partitive plural)
limassa (inessive singular)
limahna (inessive singular)
limoissa (inessive plural)
limoihna (inessive plural)
limasta (elative singular)
limoista (elative plural)
limahën (illative singular)
limoihën (illative plural)
limalla (adessive singular)
limoilla (adessive plural)
limalta (ablative singular)
limoilta (ablative plural)
limalën (allative singular)
limalëk (allative singular)
limoilën (allative plural)
limoilëk (allative plural)
limana (essive singular)
limoina (essive plural)
limaksi (singular translative)
limoiksi (plural translative)
liman (instructive singular)
limoin (instructive plural)
limanëk (comitative singular)
limoinëk (comitative plural)
limatta (abessive singular)
limoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lima

Finnish: lima

Ingrian: lima

Karelian: lima

Livonian: limā

Veps: nima

Võro: lima, limo

Votic: lima


-o

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-oi</i>

Finnish: -o (merged with *-oi)

Ingrian: -o

From Proto-Uralic *-w, originally specifically when attached to *-a- stems (as opposed to *-u), although the suffixes later came to be used more generally.

Forms mainly diminutive nouns from nominal stems.


jo

Estonian: ju

Finnish: jo

Ingrian: jo

Karelian:

North Karelian: jo

South Karelian: jo

Livonian: jo, ju

Livvi: jo

Ludian: d'o

Veps: jo

Võro: jo, joq

Votic: jo

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju. Not related to *joka.


tapa

tapa (nominative singular)
tabat (nominative plural)
taban (accusative singular)
tabat (accusative plural)
taban (genitive singular)
tapadën (genitive plural)
tapoidën (genitive plural)
tapada (partitive singular)
tapoida (partitive plural)
tabassa (inessive singular)
tabahna (inessive singular)
taboissa (inessive plural)
taboihna (inessive plural)
tabasta (elative singular)
taboista (elative plural)
tapahën (illative singular)
tapoihën (illative plural)
taballa (adessive singular)
taboilla (adessive plural)
tabalta (ablative singular)
taboilta (ablative plural)
tapalën (allative singular)
tapalëk (allative singular)
tapoilën (allative plural)
tapoilëk (allative plural)
tapana (essive singular)
tapoina (essive plural)
tabaksi (singular translative)
taboiksi (plural translative)
taban (instructive singular)
taboin (instructive plural)
tapanëk (comitative singular)
tapoinëk (comitative plural)
tabatta (abessive singular)
taboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tava

Finnish: tapa

→ Southern Sami: daepie

→ Lule Sami: dáhpe

→ Northern Sami: dáhpi

→ Inari Sami: tääpi

Ingrian: tapa

Karelian:

North Karelian: tapa

South Karelian: taba

Livonian: dabā

Livvi: taba

Ludian: taba

Veps: taba

Votic: tapa

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic *dabāˀ (whence Latvian daba, Lithuanian daba). Comparisons with Germanic have also been proposed.


mato

mato (nominative singular)
madot (nominative plural)
madon (accusative singular)
madot (accusative plural)
madon (genitive singular)
matodën (genitive plural)
matoidën (genitive plural)
matoda (partitive singular)
matoida (partitive plural)
madossa (inessive singular)
madohna (inessive singular)
madoissa (inessive plural)
madoihna (inessive plural)
madosta (elative singular)
madoista (elative plural)
matohën (illative singular)
matoihën (illative plural)
madolla (adessive singular)
madoilla (adessive plural)
madolta (ablative singular)
madoilta (ablative plural)
matolën (allative singular)
matolëk (allative singular)
matoilën (allative plural)
matoilëk (allative plural)
matona (essive singular)
matoina (essive plural)
madoksi (singular translative)
madoiksi (plural translative)
madon (instructive singular)
madoin (instructive plural)
matonëk (comitative singular)
matoinëk (comitative plural)
madotta (abessive singular)
madoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: madu

Finnish: mato

Ingrian: mato

Karelian:

North Karelian: mato

South Karelian: mado

Livvi: mado

Ludian: mado

Veps: mado

Võro: mado

Votic: mato

→ Proto-Samic: *mātō (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Finno-Permic *mača-w (compare Proto-Samic *muocē (“moth”)), probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mákš ~ *mačás (“midge, fly, bee”). The semantics are not entirely clear, but Häkkinen (2004) notes that these species have a larval stage, and the larvae resemble worms to some degree. If this theory is true, the word would be from the same origin as *mehiläinen, but a later borrowing.
The Finnic word has also been compared with Proto-Germanic *maþô (“worm, maggot”). Both directions of loaning have been suggested (the Germanic word has no solid Indo-European etymology). If the Finnic word is borrowed from Germanic, it cannot be related to the Samic word, since pre-Finnic *č and Germanic *þ cannot be reconciled.
Yet another theory proposes derivation from *matadak (“to crawl”) + *-o, but the suffix *-o is not otherwise known to form agent nouns.


-t

Estonian: -d

Finnish: -t

Ingrian: -t

Veps: -d

Votic: -d

From Proto-Uralic *-t (nominative plural marker).

inh

Ending of nominative and accusative plural.


rahi

rahi (nominative singular)
rahit (nominative plural)
rahin (accusative singular)
rahit (accusative plural)
rahin (genitive singular)
rahidën (genitive plural)
rahëjidën (genitive plural)
rahida (partitive singular)
rahëjita (partitive plural)
rahissa (inessive singular)
rahihna (inessive singular)
rahëjissa (inessive plural)
rahëjihna (inessive plural)
rahista (elative singular)
rahëjista (elative plural)
rahihën (illative singular)
rahëjisën (illative plural)
rahilla (adessive singular)
rahëjilla (adessive plural)
rahilta (ablative singular)
rahëjilta (ablative plural)
rahilën (allative singular)
rahilëk (allative singular)
rahëjilën (allative plural)
rahëjilëk (allative plural)
rahina (essive singular)
rahëjina (essive plural)
rahiksi (singular translative)
rahëjiksi (plural translative)
rahin (instructive singular)
rahëjin (instructive plural)
rahinëk (comitative singular)
rahëjinëk (comitative plural)
rahitta (abessive singular)
rahëjitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: rahi

Ingrian: rahi

Karelian: rahi

Livonian: ra'j


kives

Finnic (Northern)
kives (nominative singular)
kivekset (nominative plural)
kiveksen (accusative singular)
kivekset (accusative plural)
kiveksen (genitive singular)
kivesten (genitive plural)
kiveksiden (genitive plural)
kivestä (partitive singular)
kiveksitä (partitive plural)
kiveksessä (inessive singular)
kiveksehnä (inessive singular)
kiveksissä (inessive plural)
kiveksihnä (inessive plural)
kiveksestä (elative singular)
kiveksistä (elative plural)
kiveksesen (illative singular)
kiveksisen (illative plural)
kiveksellä (adessive singular)
kiveksillä (adessive plural)
kivekseltä (ablative singular)
kiveksiltä (ablative plural)
kivekselen (allative singular)
kivekselek (allative singular)
kiveksilen (allative plural)
kiveksilek (allative plural)
kivessä (essive singular)
kiveksinä (essive plural)
kivekseksi (singular translative)
kiveksiksi (plural translative)
kiveksen (instructive singular)
kiveksin (instructive plural)
kivessek (comitative singular)
kiveksinek (comitative plural)
kiveksettä (abessive singular)
kiveksittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: kives

Ingrian: kives

Karelian:

North Karelian: kives

South Karelian: kives

Livvi: kives

Ludian: kivez

Veps: kivez

stone inside birchbark, used as weight for a fishnet or a seine.