arpi

arpi (nominative singular)
arbët (nominative plural)
arbën (accusative singular)
arbët (accusative plural)
arbën (genitive singular)
arpëdën (genitive plural)
arpidën (genitive plural)
arpëda (partitive singular)
arpida (partitive plural)
arbëssa (inessive singular)
arbëhna (inessive singular)
arbissa (inessive plural)
arbihna (inessive plural)
arbësta (elative singular)
arbista (elative plural)
arpëhën (illative singular)
arpihën (illative plural)
arbëlla (adessive singular)
arbilla (adessive plural)
arbëlta (ablative singular)
arbilta (ablative plural)
arpëlën (allative singular)
arpëlëk (allative singular)
arpilën (allative plural)
arpilëk (allative plural)
arpëna (essive singular)
arpina (essive plural)
arbëksi (singular translative)
arbiksi (plural translative)
arbën (instructive singular)
arbin (instructive plural)
arpënëk (comitative singular)
arpinëk (comitative plural)
arbëtta (abessive singular)
arbitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: arm, (dialectal) arb

Finnish: arpi

Ingrian: arpi

Karelian:

North Karelian: arpi

South Karelian: (dialectal) arbi

Livonian: ärb

Samic:

→ Northern Sami: árpa

→ Kildin Sami: а̄ррьп (ārr’p)

→ Skolt Sami: arbb

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *arwaz or corresponding pre-Proto-Norse *arwiz (whence Old Norse ǫrr). May have displaced *loomi from this meaning.


jotta

Finnish: jotta

Karelian:

North Karelian: jotta

South Karelian: jotta

Votic: jotti, jotta

From *jo- + *-tta. Cognate with Proto-Samic *joktē (whence Southern Sami juktie).


kiuru

kiuru (nominative singular)
kiurut (nominative plural)
kiurun (accusative singular)
kiurut (accusative plural)
kiurun (genitive singular)
kiurudën (genitive plural)
kiuruidën (genitive plural)
kiuruda (partitive singular)
kiuruida (partitive plural)
kiurussa (inessive singular)
kiuruhna (inessive singular)
kiuruissa (inessive plural)
kiuruihna (inessive plural)
kiurusta (elative singular)
kiuruista (elative plural)
kiuruhën (illative singular)
kiuruihën (illative plural)
kiurulla (adessive singular)
kiuruilla (adessive plural)
kiurulta (ablative singular)
kiuruilta (ablative plural)
kiurulën (allative singular)
kiurulëk (allative singular)
kiuruilën (allative plural)
kiuruilëk (allative plural)
kiuruna (essive singular)
kiuruina (essive plural)
kiuruksi (singular translative)
kiuruiksi (plural translative)
kiurun (instructive singular)
kiuruin (instructive plural)
kiurunëk (comitative singular)
kiuruinëk (comitative plural)
kiurutta (abessive singular)
kiuruitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kiur

Finnish: kiuru

Ingrian: kiuru

Karelian: kiuru

Livvi: kiuru

Ludian: kiur, kiuroi

Votic: (rare) tšiuru

Probably onomatopoeic origin. Alternatively, possibly borrowed Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian cīrulis).


kiiski

kiiski (nominative singular)
kiisket (nominative plural)
kiisken (accusative singular)
kiisket (accusative plural)
kiisken (genitive singular)
kiiskeden (genitive plural)
kiiskiden (genitive plural)
kiiskedä (partitive singular)
kiiskidä (partitive plural)
kiiskessä (inessive singular)
kiiskehnä (inessive singular)
kiiskissä (inessive plural)
kiiskihnä (inessive plural)
kiiskestä (elative singular)
kiiskistä (elative plural)
kiiskehen (illative singular)
kiiskihen (illative plural)
kiiskellä (adessive singular)
kiiskillä (adessive plural)
kiiskeltä (ablative singular)
kiiskiltä (ablative plural)
kiiskelen (allative singular)
kiiskelek (allative singular)
kiiskilen (allative plural)
kiiskilek (allative plural)
kiiskenä (essive singular)
kiiskinä (essive plural)
kiiskeksi (singular translative)
kiiskiksi (plural translative)
kiisken (instructive singular)
kiiskin (instructive plural)
kiiskenek (comitative singular)
kiiskinek (comitative plural)
kiiskettä (abessive singular)
kiiskittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kiisk

Finnish: kiiski

Ingrian: kiiski

Karelian: kiiski

Livonian: kīš

→ Latvian: ķīsis

⇒ Livvi: kiiškoi

⇒ Ludian: kiiškine

Võro: kusk' ?

Gymnocephalus cernua
Gymnocephalus cernua


hurskas

Finnic (Northern)
hurskas (nominative singular)
hurskahët (nominative plural)
hurskahën (accusative singular)
hurskahët (accusative plural)
hurskahën (genitive singular)
hurskastën (genitive plural)
hurskahidën (genitive plural)
hurskasta (partitive singular)
hurskahita (partitive plural)
hurskahëssa (inessive singular)
hurskahëhna (inessive singular)
hurskahissa (inessive plural)
hurskahihna (inessive plural)
hurskahësta (elative singular)
hurskahista (elative plural)
hurskahësën (illative singular)
hurskahisën (illative plural)
hurskahëlla (adessive singular)
hurskahilla (adessive plural)
hurskahëlta (ablative singular)
hurskahilta (ablative plural)
hurskahëlën (allative singular)
hurskahëlëk (allative singular)
hurskahilën (allative plural)
hurskahilëk (allative plural)
hurskassa (essive singular)
hurskahina (essive plural)
hurskahëksi (singular translative)
hurskahiksi (plural translative)
hurskahën (instructive singular)
hurskahin (instructive plural)
hurskassëk (comitative singular)
hurskahinëk (comitative plural)
hurskahëtta (abessive singular)
hurskahitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: hurskas

Karelian:

North Karelian: hurskas

South Karelian: hurskas


verinen

verinen (nominative singular)
vericet (nominative plural)
vericen (accusative singular)
vericet (accusative plural)
vericen (genitive singular)
vericten (genitive plural)
vericiden (genitive plural)
verictä (partitive singular)
vericitä (partitive plural)
vericessä (inessive singular)
vericehnä (inessive singular)
vericissä (inessive plural)
vericihnä (inessive plural)
vericestä (elative singular)
vericistä (elative plural)
vericesen (illative singular)
vericisen (illative plural)
vericellä (adessive singular)
vericillä (adessive plural)
vericeltä (ablative singular)
vericiltä (ablative plural)
vericelen (allative singular)
vericelek (allative singular)
vericilen (allative plural)
vericilek (allative plural)
verinnä (essive singular)
vericinä (essive plural)
vericeksi (singular translative)
vericiksi (plural translative)
vericen (instructive singular)
vericin (instructive plural)
verinnek (comitative singular)
vericinek (comitative plural)
vericettä (abessive singular)
vericittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: verine

Finnish: verinen

Karelian:

North Karelian: verine

South Karelian: verine

Livonian: ve’rri

Livvi: verine

Ludian: verine

Veps: verine

Võro: verine

Votic: verin


naava

naava (nominative singular)
naavat (nominative plural)
naavan (accusative singular)
naavat (accusative plural)
naavan (genitive singular)
naavadën (genitive plural)
naavoidën (genitive plural)
naavada (partitive singular)
naavoida (partitive plural)
naavassa (inessive singular)
naavahna (inessive singular)
naavoissa (inessive plural)
naavoihna (inessive plural)
naavasta (elative singular)
naavoista (elative plural)
naavahën (illative singular)
naavoihën (illative plural)
naavalla (adessive singular)
naavoilla (adessive plural)
naavalta (ablative singular)
naavoilta (ablative plural)
naavalën (allative singular)
naavalëk (allative singular)
naavoilën (allative plural)
naavoilëk (allative plural)
naavana (essive singular)
naavoina (essive plural)
naavaksi (singular translative)
naavoiksi (plural translative)
naavan (instructive singular)
naavoin (instructive plural)
naavanëk (comitative singular)
naavoinëk (comitative plural)
naavatta (abessive singular)
naavoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: naava

Karelian:

North Karelian: noava

South Karelian: nuava

Livvi: nuavu

Ludian: nuav

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (*fnawwa-) (whence Swedish fnugg).

(Northern Finnic) beard moss, beard lichen


sulka

sulka (nominative singular)
sulgat (nominative plural)
sulgan (accusative singular)
sulgat (accusative plural)
sulgan (genitive singular)
sulkadën (genitive plural)
sulkëidën (genitive plural)
sulkada (partitive singular)
sulkëida (partitive plural)
sulgassa (inessive singular)
sulgahna (inessive singular)
sulgëissa (inessive plural)
sulgëihna (inessive plural)
sulgasta (elative singular)
sulgëista (elative plural)
sulkahën (illative singular)
sulkëihën (illative plural)
sulgalla (adessive singular)
sulgëilla (adessive plural)
sulgalta (ablative singular)
sulgëilta (ablative plural)
sulkalën (allative singular)
sulkalëk (allative singular)
sulkëilën (allative plural)
sulkëilëk (allative plural)
sulkana (essive singular)
sulkëina (essive plural)
sulgaksi (singular translative)
sulgëiksi (plural translative)
sulgan (instructive singular)
sulgëin (instructive plural)
sulkanëk (comitative singular)
sulkëinëk (comitative plural)
sulgatta (abessive singular)
sulgëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: sulka

Ingrian: sulka

Karelian:

North Karelian: šulka

South Karelian: šulga

Livonian: (Salaca) sulg

Livvi: sulgu

Ludian: sulg

Veps: suug

Votic: sulka

Estonian: sulg

Võro: sulg'

Likely from Proto-Uralic *tulka (if so, cognates include Hungarian toll), even though the initial *t > *s would be irregular (but may have parallels; compare *soo).


kauha

kauha (nominative singular)
kauhat (nominative plural)
kauhan (accusative singular)
kauhat (accusative plural)
kauhan (genitive singular)
kauhadën (genitive plural)
kauhëidën (genitive plural)
kauhada (partitive singular)
kauhëida (partitive plural)
kauhassa (inessive singular)
kauhahna (inessive singular)
kauhëissa (inessive plural)
kauhëihna (inessive plural)
kauhasta (elative singular)
kauhëista (elative plural)
kauhahën (illative singular)
kauhëihën (illative plural)
kauhalla (adessive singular)
kauhëilla (adessive plural)
kauhalta (ablative singular)
kauhëilta (ablative plural)
kauhalën (allative singular)
kauhalëk (allative singular)
kauhëilën (allative plural)
kauhëilëk (allative plural)
kauhana (essive singular)
kauhëina (essive plural)
kauhaksi (singular translative)
kauhëiksi (plural translative)
kauhan (instructive singular)
kauhëin (instructive plural)
kauhanëk (comitative singular)
kauhëinëk (comitative plural)
kauhatta (abessive singular)
kauhëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kahv

Finnish: kauha

Karelian:

North Karelian: kauha

South Karelian: kauha

Livvi: kauhu

Ludian: kauh

Veps: kauh

>? Võro: kauh

Votic: kavi

→ Ingrian: kaavi

From earlier *kauša, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *kauša (whence Latvian kauss, Lithuanian káušas).


kauha

Estonian: kahv, ⇒ kahvatu

Finnish: kauhea

Ingrian: kauhia

Karelian:

North Karelian: kauhie

South Karelian: kauhie

Livvi: kauhei

Ludian: kauhed


pilvinen

pilvinen (nominative singular)
pilvicet (nominative plural)
pilvicen (accusative singular)
pilvicet (accusative plural)
pilvicen (genitive singular)
pilvicten (genitive plural)
pilviciden (genitive plural)
pilvictä (partitive singular)
pilvicitä (partitive plural)
pilvicessä (inessive singular)
pilvicehnä (inessive singular)
pilvicissä (inessive plural)
pilvicihnä (inessive plural)
pilvicestä (elative singular)
pilvicistä (elative plural)
pilvicesen (illative singular)
pilvicisen (illative plural)
pilvicellä (adessive singular)
pilvicillä (adessive plural)
pilviceltä (ablative singular)
pilviciltä (ablative plural)
pilvicelen (allative singular)
pilvicelek (allative singular)
pilvicilen (allative plural)
pilvicilek (allative plural)
pilvinnä (essive singular)
pilvicinä (essive plural)
pilviceksi (singular translative)
pilviciksi (plural translative)
pilvicen (instructive singular)
pilvicin (instructive plural)
pilvinnek (comitative singular)
pilvicinek (comitative plural)
pilvicettä (abessive singular)
pilvicittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: pilvine

Finnish: pilvinen

Karelian: pilvine

Livonian: piļļi

Livvi: pilvine

Võro: pilvine


kuja

kuja (nominative singular)
kujat (nominative plural)
kujan (accusative singular)
kujat (accusative plural)
kujan (genitive singular)
kujadën (genitive plural)
kujëidën (genitive plural)
kujada (partitive singular)
kujëida (partitive plural)
kujassa (inessive singular)
kujahna (inessive singular)
kujëissa (inessive plural)
kujëihna (inessive plural)
kujasta (elative singular)
kujëista (elative plural)
kujahën (illative singular)
kujëihën (illative plural)
kujalla (adessive singular)
kujëilla (adessive plural)
kujalta (ablative singular)
kujëilta (ablative plural)
kujalën (allative singular)
kujalëk (allative singular)
kujëilën (allative plural)
kujëilëk (allative plural)
kujana (essive singular)
kujëina (essive plural)
kujaksi (singular translative)
kujëiksi (plural translative)
kujan (instructive singular)
kujëin (instructive plural)
kujanëk (comitative singular)
kujëinëk (comitative plural)
kujatta (abessive singular)
kujëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kuja

Ingrian: kuja

→? Estonian: (dialectal) kuja

Karelian:

North Karelian: kuja

Votic: kuja

Karelian:

North Karelian: kujo

South Karelian: kujo

Livvi: kujo

Ludian: kujo

Veps: kujo

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *kwījō (whence Old Norse kví).


närhi

närhi (nominative singular)
närhet (nominative plural)
närhen (accusative singular)
närhet (accusative plural)
närhen (genitive singular)
närheden (genitive plural)
närhiden (genitive plural)
närhedä (partitive singular)
närhidä (partitive plural)
närhessä (inessive singular)
närhehnä (inessive singular)
närhissä (inessive plural)
närhihnä (inessive plural)
närhestä (elative singular)
närhistä (elative plural)
närhehen (illative singular)
närhihen (illative plural)
närhellä (adessive singular)
närhillä (adessive plural)
närheltä (ablative singular)
närhiltä (ablative plural)
närhelen (allative singular)
närhelek (allative singular)
närhilen (allative plural)
närhilek (allative plural)
närhenä (essive singular)
närhinä (essive plural)
närheksi (singular translative)
närhiksi (plural translative)
närhen (instructive singular)
närhin (instructive plural)
närhenek (comitative singular)
närhinek (comitative plural)
närhettä (abessive singular)
närhittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: -näär

Finnish: närhi

Ingrian: näri (in compound: sittanäri)

Karelian: närhi

Livvi: närhi

⇒ Ludian: näröi

⇒ Veps: näriž

Votic: (Jõgõperä) näri, näre


nummi

nummi (nominative singular)
nummët (nominative plural)
nummën (accusative singular)
nummët (accusative plural)
nummën (genitive singular)
nummëdën (genitive plural)
nummidën (genitive plural)
nummëda (partitive singular)
nummida (partitive plural)
nummëssa (inessive singular)
nummëhna (inessive singular)
nummissa (inessive plural)
nummihna (inessive plural)
nummësta (elative singular)
nummista (elative plural)
nummëhën (illative singular)
nummihën (illative plural)
nummëlla (adessive singular)
nummilla (adessive plural)
nummëlta (ablative singular)
nummilta (ablative plural)
nummëlën (allative singular)
nummëlëk (allative singular)
nummilën (allative plural)
nummilëk (allative plural)
nummëna (essive singular)
nummina (essive plural)
nummëksi (singular translative)
nummiksi (plural translative)
nummën (instructive singular)
nummin (instructive plural)
nummënëk (comitative singular)
numminëk (comitative plural)
nummëtta (abessive singular)
nummitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nõmm

→ Ingrian: nommi (Rosona)

Finnish: nummi

Livonian: num

Votic: nõmmi


oksa

oksa (nominative singular)
oksat (nominative plural)
oksan (accusative singular)
oksat (accusative plural)
oksan (genitive singular)
oksadën (genitive plural)
oksëidën (genitive plural)
oksada (partitive singular)
oksëida (partitive plural)
oksassa (inessive singular)
oksahna (inessive singular)
oksëissa (inessive plural)
oksëihna (inessive plural)
oksasta (elative singular)
oksëista (elative plural)
oksahën (illative singular)
oksëihën (illative plural)
oksalla (adessive singular)
oksëilla (adessive plural)
oksalta (ablative singular)
oksëilta (ablative plural)
oksalën (allative singular)
oksalëk (allative singular)
oksëilën (allative plural)
oksëilëk (allative plural)
oksana (essive singular)
oksëina (essive plural)
oksaksi (singular translative)
oksëiksi (plural translative)
oksan (instructive singular)
oksëin (instructive plural)
oksanëk (comitative singular)
oksëinëk (comitative plural)
oksatta (abessive singular)
oksëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: oks

Finnish: oksa

Ingrian: oksa

Karelian: okša, oksa

Livonian: oksa

Livvi: oksu

Ludian: oks

Veps: oks

Võro: oss

Votic: õhsõ

From Proto-Finno-Permic *oksa. Cognates include Proto-Samic *oaksē.


suksi

suksi (nominative singular)
suksët (nominative plural)
suksën (accusative singular)
suksët (accusative plural)
suksën (genitive singular)
sustën (genitive plural)
suksidën (genitive plural)
susta (partitive singular)
suksida (partitive plural)
suksëssa (inessive singular)
suksëhna (inessive singular)
suksissa (inessive plural)
suksihna (inessive plural)
suksësta (elative singular)
suksista (elative plural)
suksëhën (illative singular)
suksihën (illative plural)
suksëlla (adessive singular)
suksilla (adessive plural)
suksëlta (ablative singular)
suksilta (ablative plural)
suksëlën (allative singular)
suksëlëk (allative singular)
suksilën (allative plural)
suksilëk (allative plural)
sussa (essive singular)
suksina (essive plural)
suksëksi (singular translative)
suksiksi (plural translative)
suksën (instructive singular)
suksin (instructive plural)
sussëk (comitative singular)
suksinëk (comitative plural)
suksëtta (abessive singular)
suksitta (abessive plural)

From *suksi

Finnish: suksi

Ingrian: suksi

Karelian: šukši

Livvi: suksi

Ludian: suks'

Veps: suks'

Votic: (Pummala, Eastern Votic) suhsi

From *suksa

Ingrian: suksa

From *suuksa

Võro: suus, suuss

From *suuska

Estonian: suusk


liki

Estonian: ligi

Finnish: liki

Ingrian: liki

⇒ Karelian:

South Karelian: ligilihah

Võro: ligi

Votic: litši

From Proto-Finno-Permic *like. Cognate with Proto-Samic *lëkë.


kohina

kohina (nominative singular)
kohinat (nominative plural)
kohinan (accusative singular)
kohinat (accusative plural)
kohinan (genitive singular)
kohinadën (genitive plural)
kohinoidën (genitive plural)
kohinata (partitive singular)
kohinoita (partitive plural)
kohinassa (inessive singular)
kohinahna (inessive singular)
kohinoissa (inessive plural)
kohinoihna (inessive plural)
kohinasta (elative singular)
kohinoista (elative plural)
kohinasën (illative singular)
kohinoisën (illative plural)
kohinalla (adessive singular)
kohinoilla (adessive plural)
kohinalta (ablative singular)
kohinoilta (ablative plural)
kohinalën (allative singular)
kohinalëk (allative singular)
kohinoilën (allative plural)
kohinoilëk (allative plural)
kohinana (essive singular)
kohinoina (essive plural)
kohinaksi (singular translative)
kohinoiksi (plural translative)
kohinan (instructive singular)
kohinoin (instructive plural)
kohinanëk (comitative singular)
kohinoinëk (comitative plural)
kohinatta (abessive singular)
kohinoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kohin

Finnish: kohina

Võro: kohhin

Votic: kohinõ

Karelian:

South Karelian: kohineh

Livvi: kohineh

Ludian: kohineh

murmur, susurrus or any similar continuous sound


lastu

lastu (nominative singular)
lastut (nominative plural)
lastun (accusative singular)
lastut (accusative plural)
lastun (genitive singular)
lastudën (genitive plural)
lastuidën (genitive plural)
lastuda (partitive singular)
lastuida (partitive plural)
lastussa (inessive singular)
lastuhna (inessive singular)
lastuissa (inessive plural)
lastuihna (inessive plural)
lastusta (elative singular)
lastuista (elative plural)
lastuhën (illative singular)
lastuihën (illative plural)
lastulla (adessive singular)
lastuilla (adessive plural)
lastulta (ablative singular)
lastuilta (ablative plural)
lastulën (allative singular)
lastulëk (allative singular)
lastuilën (allative plural)
lastuilëk (allative plural)
lastuna (essive singular)
lastuina (essive plural)
lastuksi (singular translative)
lastuiksi (plural translative)
lastun (instructive singular)
lastuin (instructive plural)
lastunëk (comitative singular)
lastuinëk (comitative plural)
lastutta (abessive singular)
lastuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: laast

Finnish: lastu

Ingrian: lastu

Karelian:

North Karelian: lastu

South Karelian: lastu

⇒ Livonian: lǭškõz

Livvi: lastu

Ludian: last

Võro: last

Votic: lassu

From *lasta + *-u. Cognate with Proto-Samic *luostō


karja

karja (nominative singular)
karjat (nominative plural)
karjan (accusative singular)
karjat (accusative plural)
karjan (genitive singular)
karjadën (genitive plural)
karjoidën (genitive plural)
karjada (partitive singular)
karjoida (partitive plural)
karjassa (inessive singular)
karjahna (inessive singular)
karjoissa (inessive plural)
karjoihna (inessive plural)
karjasta (elative singular)
karjoista (elative plural)
karjahën (illative singular)
karjoihën (illative plural)
karjalla (adessive singular)
karjoilla (adessive plural)
karjalta (ablative singular)
karjoilta (ablative plural)
karjalën (allative singular)
karjalëk (allative singular)
karjoilën (allative plural)
karjoilëk (allative plural)
karjana (essive singular)
karjoina (essive plural)
karjaksi (singular translative)
karjoiksi (plural translative)
karjan (instructive singular)
karjoin (instructive plural)
karjanëk (comitative singular)
karjoinëk (comitative plural)
karjatta (abessive singular)
karjoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kari

Finnish: karja

Ingrian: karja

Karelian: karja

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: kǭŗa

Vidzeme Livonian: kare

Livvi: karju

Ludian: karď

Veps: kard

Võro: kari

Votic: karjõ

Likely borrowed from Proto-Germanic *harjaz.


piha

piha (nominative singular)
pihat (nominative plural)
pihan (accusative singular)
pihat (accusative plural)
pihan (genitive singular)
pihadën (genitive plural)
pihoidën (genitive plural)
pihada (partitive singular)
pihoida (partitive plural)
pihassa (inessive singular)
pihahna (inessive singular)
pihoissa (inessive plural)
pihoihna (inessive plural)
pihasta (elative singular)
pihoista (elative plural)
pihahën (illative singular)
pihoihën (illative plural)
pihalla (adessive singular)
pihoilla (adessive plural)
pihalta (ablative singular)
pihoilta (ablative plural)
pihalën (allative singular)
pihalëk (allative singular)
pihoilën (allative plural)
pihoilëk (allative plural)
pihana (essive singular)
pihoina (essive plural)
pihaksi (singular translative)
pihoiksi (plural translative)
pihan (instructive singular)
pihoin (instructive plural)
pihanëk (comitative singular)
pihoinëk (comitative plural)
pihatta (abessive singular)
pihoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: piha

Karelian:

North Karelian: piha

South Karelian: piha

Livvi: piha

Ludian: piha

Veps: piha

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *pičča.


saksi

saksi (nominative singular)
saksët (nominative plural)
saksën (accusative singular)
saksët (accusative plural)
saksën (genitive singular)
sastën (genitive plural)
saksidën (genitive plural)
sasta (partitive singular)
saksida (partitive plural)
saksëssa (inessive singular)
saksëhna (inessive singular)
saksissa (inessive plural)
saksihna (inessive plural)
saksësta (elative singular)
saksista (elative plural)
saksëhën (illative singular)
saksihën (illative plural)
saksëlla (adessive singular)
saksilla (adessive plural)
saksëlta (ablative singular)
saksilta (ablative plural)
saksëlën (allative singular)
saksëlëk (allative singular)
saksilën (allative plural)
saksilëk (allative plural)
sassa (essive singular)
saksina (essive plural)
saksëksi (singular translative)
saksiksi (plural translative)
saksën (instructive singular)
saksin (instructive plural)
sassëk (comitative singular)
saksinëk (comitative plural)
saksëtta (abessive singular)
saksitta (abessive plural)

Karelian:

North Karelian: šuakši

South Karelian: suaksi

Livvi: suaksi

From Proto-Finno-Permic *säksä. Cognates include Proto-Samic *sāksē.


routa

routa (nominative singular)
roudat (nominative plural)
roudan (accusative singular)
roudat (accusative plural)
roudan (genitive singular)
routadën (genitive plural)
routëidën (genitive plural)
routada (partitive singular)
routëida (partitive plural)
roudassa (inessive singular)
roudahna (inessive singular)
roudëissa (inessive plural)
roudëihna (inessive plural)
roudasta (elative singular)
roudëista (elative plural)
routahën (illative singular)
routëihën (illative plural)
roudalla (adessive singular)
roudëilla (adessive plural)
roudalta (ablative singular)
roudëilta (ablative plural)
routalën (allative singular)
routalëk (allative singular)
routëilën (allative plural)
routëilëk (allative plural)
routana (essive singular)
routëina (essive plural)
roudaksi (singular translative)
roudëiksi (plural translative)
roudan (instructive singular)
roudëin (instructive plural)
routanëk (comitative singular)
routëinëk (comitative plural)
roudatta (abessive singular)
roudëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: routa

→ Estonian: (dialectal) rõud

Ingrian: routa

Karelian:

North Karelian: routa

South Karelian: rouda

Livvi: roudu

Ludian: roud

Veps: roud

Votic: routõ, (Kattila, Mati) rõuta

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Lithuanian grúodas (“frozen mud or earth”)).

cog

ground frost (frozen top layer of soil caused by cold weather in winter)


tuma

tuma (nominative singular)
tumat (nominative plural)
tuman (accusative singular)
tumat (accusative plural)
tuman (genitive singular)
tumadën (genitive plural)
tumëidën (genitive plural)
tumada (partitive singular)
tumëida (partitive plural)
tumassa (inessive singular)
tumahna (inessive singular)
tumëissa (inessive plural)
tumëihna (inessive plural)
tumasta (elative singular)
tumëista (elative plural)
tumahën (illative singular)
tumëihën (illative plural)
tumalla (adessive singular)
tumëilla (adessive plural)
tumalta (ablative singular)
tumëilta (ablative plural)
tumalën (allative singular)
tumalëk (allative singular)
tumëilën (allative plural)
tumëilëk (allative plural)
tumana (essive singular)
tumëina (essive plural)
tumaksi (singular translative)
tumëiksi (plural translative)
tuman (instructive singular)
tumëin (instructive plural)
tumanëk (comitative singular)
tumëinëk (comitative plural)
tumatta (abessive singular)
tumëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tuum

→ Votic: tuumi

Finnish: tuma, (dialectal) tuuma

Probably from Proto-Finno-Permic *tuŋa, although *-ŋ- > *-m- would be irregular.


onki

onki (nominative singular)
ongët (nominative plural)
ongën (accusative singular)
ongët (accusative plural)
ongën (genitive singular)
onkëdën (genitive plural)
onkidën (genitive plural)
onkëda (partitive singular)
onkida (partitive plural)
ongëssa (inessive singular)
ongëhna (inessive singular)
ongissa (inessive plural)
ongihna (inessive plural)
ongësta (elative singular)
ongista (elative plural)
onkëhën (illative singular)
onkihën (illative plural)
ongëlla (adessive singular)
ongilla (adessive plural)
ongëlta (ablative singular)
ongilta (ablative plural)
onkëlën (allative singular)
onkëlëk (allative singular)
onkilën (allative plural)
onkilëk (allative plural)
onkëna (essive singular)
onkina (essive plural)
ongëksi (singular translative)
ongiksi (plural translative)
ongën (instructive singular)
ongin (instructive plural)
onkënëk (comitative singular)
onkinëk (comitative plural)
ongëtta (abessive singular)
ongitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: õng

Finnish: onki

Ingrian: onki

→ Votic: õnki

Karelian:

North Karelian: onki

South Karelian: ongi

Livvi: ongi

Ludian: ong

Veps: ong

Võro: yng'

Votic: (Mati) õntši

From Proto-Finno-Permic *oŋke, borrowed from some Indo-European language, compare Proto-Germanic *angô (“hook, angle”) and Sanskrit अङ्क (aṅka, “hook”). Cognate with Proto-Samic *vuoŋkë.


seppä

seppä (nominative singular)
sep'ät (nominative plural)
sep'än (accusative singular)
sep'ät (accusative plural)
sep'än (genitive singular)
seppäden (genitive plural)
seppeiden (genitive plural)
seppädä (partitive singular)
seppeidä (partitive plural)
sep'ässä (inessive singular)
sep'ähnä (inessive singular)
sep'eissä (inessive plural)
sep'eihnä (inessive plural)
sep'ästä (elative singular)
sep'eistä (elative plural)
seppähen (illative singular)
seppeihen (illative plural)
sep'ällä (adessive singular)
sep'eillä (adessive plural)
sep'ältä (ablative singular)
sep'eiltä (ablative plural)
seppälen (allative singular)
seppälek (allative singular)
seppeilen (allative plural)
seppeilek (allative plural)
seppänä (essive singular)
seppeinä (essive plural)
sep'äksi (singular translative)
sep'eiksi (plural translative)
sep'än (instructive singular)
sep'ein (instructive plural)
seppänek (comitative singular)
seppeinek (comitative plural)
sep'ättä (abessive singular)
sep'eittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: sepp

Finnish: seppä

Ingrian: seppä

Karelian: šeppä

Livonian: siepā

Livvi: seppy

Ludian: sepp

Veps: sep

Võro: sepp

Votic: seppe

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *śeppä (“skilled”). Cognate with Proto-Samic *čeappē (“skilled, adept”), Hungarian szép (“beautiful”).


tipa

tipa (nominative singular)
tibat (nominative plural)
tiban (accusative singular)
tibat (accusative plural)
tiban (genitive singular)
tipadën (genitive plural)
tipoidën (genitive plural)
tipada (partitive singular)
tipoida (partitive plural)
tibassa (inessive singular)
tibahna (inessive singular)
tiboissa (inessive plural)
tiboihna (inessive plural)
tibasta (elative singular)
tiboista (elative plural)
tipahën (illative singular)
tipoihën (illative plural)
tiballa (adessive singular)
tiboilla (adessive plural)
tibalta (ablative singular)
tiboilta (ablative plural)
tipalën (allative singular)
tipalëk (allative singular)
tipoilën (allative plural)
tipoilëk (allative plural)
tipana (essive singular)
tipoina (essive plural)
tibaksi (singular translative)
tiboiksi (plural translative)
tiban (instructive singular)
tiboin (instructive plural)
tipanëk (comitative singular)
tipoinëk (comitative plural)
tibatta (abessive singular)
tiboitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: tipa (dialectal)

Karelian:

South Karelian: tipa

Livonian: tibā, tšibā

Livvi: tipa

Estonian: tibu

Finnish: tipu

Ingrian: tipu

Karelian:

South Karelian: tipu

⇒ Ludian: tipušk

Veps: tipu

Votic: (Jõgõperä) tipu

Kukkuzi: cipu

Finnish: tipi (dialectal)

Võro: tibi

Finnish: tipo (dialectal)

Võro: tibo

Probably originally an interjection used to attract a hen or chicken.


hanko

hanko (nominative singular)
hangot (nominative plural)
hangon (accusative singular)
hangot (accusative plural)
hangon (genitive singular)
hankodën (genitive plural)
hankoidën (genitive plural)
hankoda (partitive singular)
hankoida (partitive plural)
hangossa (inessive singular)
hangohna (inessive singular)
hangoissa (inessive plural)
hangoihna (inessive plural)
hangosta (elative singular)
hangoista (elative plural)
hankohën (illative singular)
hankoihën (illative plural)
hangolla (adessive singular)
hangoilla (adessive plural)
hangolta (ablative singular)
hangoilta (ablative plural)
hankolën (allative singular)
hankolëk (allative singular)
hankoilën (allative plural)
hankoilëk (allative plural)
hankona (essive singular)
hankoina (essive plural)
hangoksi (singular translative)
hangoiksi (plural translative)
hangon (instructive singular)
hangoin (instructive plural)
hankonëk (comitative singular)
hankoinëk (comitative plural)
hangotta (abessive singular)
hangoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hang

Finnish: hanko

→ Inari Sami: hȧŋgu

→ Northern Sami: háŋgu

Ingrian: hanko

Karelian:

North Karelian: hanko

South Karelian: hango

Livonian: ang

Livvi: hango

Ludian: hang

Veps: hang

Votic: anko


kotva

kotva (nominative singular)
kotvat (nominative plural)
kotvan (accusative singular)
kotvat (accusative plural)
kotvan (genitive singular)
kotvadën (genitive plural)
kotvëidën (genitive plural)
kotvada (partitive singular)
kotvëida (partitive plural)
kotvassa (inessive singular)
kotvahna (inessive singular)
kotvëissa (inessive plural)
kotvëihna (inessive plural)
kotvasta (elative singular)
kotvëista (elative plural)
kotvahën (illative singular)
kotvëihën (illative plural)
kotvalla (adessive singular)
kotvëilla (adessive plural)
kotvalta (ablative singular)
kotvëilta (ablative plural)
kotvalën (allative singular)
kotvalëk (allative singular)
kotvëilën (allative plural)
kotvëilëk (allative plural)
kotvana (essive singular)
kotvëina (essive plural)
kotvaksi (singular translative)
kotvëiksi (plural translative)
kotvan (instructive singular)
kotvëin (instructive plural)
kotvanëk (comitative singular)
kotvëinëk (comitative plural)
kotvatta (abessive singular)
kotvëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kotva

Karelian: kotva, kodva

Livvi: kodvu

Ludian: kodv

Veps: kodv


lakka

lakka (nominative singular)
lak'at (nominative plural)
lak'an (accusative singular)
lak'at (accusative plural)
lak'an (genitive singular)
lakkadën (genitive plural)
lakkoidën (genitive plural)
lakkada (partitive singular)
lakkoida (partitive plural)
lak'assa (inessive singular)
lak'ahna (inessive singular)
lak'oissa (inessive plural)
lak'oihna (inessive plural)
lak'asta (elative singular)
lak'oista (elative plural)
lakkahën (illative singular)
lakkoihën (illative plural)
lak'alla (adessive singular)
lak'oilla (adessive plural)
lak'alta (ablative singular)
lak'oilta (ablative plural)
lakkalën (allative singular)
lakkalëk (allative singular)
lakkoilën (allative plural)
lakkoilëk (allative plural)
lakkana (essive singular)
lakkoina (essive plural)
lak'aksi (singular translative)
lak'oiksi (plural translative)
lak'an (instructive singular)
lak'oin (instructive plural)
lakkanëk (comitative singular)
lakkoinëk (comitative plural)
lak'atta (abessive singular)
lak'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lakk

Finnish: lakka

Ingrian: lakka

Karelian:

North Karelian: lakka

South Karelian: lakka

Livonian: lakād pl

Livvi: lakku

Võro: lakk

Votic:

Kukkuzi: lakka

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (whence Old Norse flaki). Doublet of *laki.


kupu

kupu (nominative singular)
kubut (nominative plural)
kubun (accusative singular)
kubut (accusative plural)
kubun (genitive singular)
kupudën (genitive plural)
kupuidën (genitive plural)
kupuda (partitive singular)
kupuida (partitive plural)
kubussa (inessive singular)
kubuhna (inessive singular)
kubuissa (inessive plural)
kubuihna (inessive plural)
kubusta (elative singular)
kubuista (elative plural)
kupuhën (illative singular)
kupuihën (illative plural)
kubulla (adessive singular)
kubuilla (adessive plural)
kubulta (ablative singular)
kubuilta (ablative plural)
kupulën (allative singular)
kupulëk (allative singular)
kupuilën (allative plural)
kupuilëk (allative plural)
kupuna (essive singular)
kupuina (essive plural)
kubuksi (singular translative)
kubuiksi (plural translative)
kubun (instructive singular)
kubuin (instructive plural)
kupunëk (comitative singular)
kupuinëk (comitative plural)
kubutta (abessive singular)
kubuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kubu

Finnish: kupu

Karelian:

North Karelian: kupu

South Karelian: kubu

Livvi: kubu

Ludian: kubu

Veps: kubu

Võro: kubo

Uncertain, possibly related to Northern Sami skohpalas (“blister”), or possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hūbǭ.

crop, craw (part of birds' digestive tract)


juttu

juttu (nominative singular)
jut'ut (nominative plural)
jut'un (accusative singular)
jut'ut (accusative plural)
jut'un (genitive singular)
juttudën (genitive plural)
juttuidën (genitive plural)
juttuda (partitive singular)
juttuida (partitive plural)
jut'ussa (inessive singular)
jut'uhna (inessive singular)
jut'uissa (inessive plural)
jut'uihna (inessive plural)
jut'usta (elative singular)
jut'uista (elative plural)
juttuhën (illative singular)
juttuihën (illative plural)
jut'ulla (adessive singular)
jut'uilla (adessive plural)
jut'ulta (ablative singular)
jut'uilta (ablative plural)
juttulën (allative singular)
juttulëk (allative singular)
juttuilën (allative plural)
juttuilëk (allative plural)
juttuna (essive singular)
juttuina (essive plural)
jut'uksi (singular translative)
jut'uiksi (plural translative)
jut'un (instructive singular)
jut'uin (instructive plural)
juttunëk (comitative singular)
juttuinëk (comitative plural)
jut'utta (abessive singular)
jut'uitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: jutt

→ Livonian: jut

Finnish: juttu

Ingrian: jutto

Karelian:

South Karelian: juttu

Livvi: juttu

Võro: jutt

Votic: juttu


tarna

tarna (nominative singular)
tarnat (nominative plural)
tarnan (accusative singular)
tarnat (accusative plural)
tarnan (genitive singular)
tarnadën (genitive plural)
tarnoidën (genitive plural)
tarnada (partitive singular)
tarnoida (partitive plural)
tarnassa (inessive singular)
tarnahna (inessive singular)
tarnoissa (inessive plural)
tarnoihna (inessive plural)
tarnasta (elative singular)
tarnoista (elative plural)
tarnahën (illative singular)
tarnoihën (illative plural)
tarnalla (adessive singular)
tarnoilla (adessive plural)
tarnalta (ablative singular)
tarnoilta (ablative plural)
tarnalën (allative singular)
tarnalëk (allative singular)
tarnoilën (allative plural)
tarnoilëk (allative plural)
tarnana (essive singular)
tarnoina (essive plural)
tarnaksi (singular translative)
tarnoiksi (plural translative)
tarnan (instructive singular)
tarnoin (instructive plural)
tarnanëk (comitative singular)
tarnoinëk (comitative plural)
tarnatta (abessive singular)
tarnoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tarn

Finnish: taarna, (rare) tarna

Võro: tarn

Borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tŕ̥nam, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós. Proto-Permic *turn (Komi-Zyrian турун (turun), Udmurt турын (turyn)) has the same origin.


vakja

vakja (nominative singular)
vakjat (nominative plural)
vakjan (accusative singular)
vakjat (accusative plural)
vakjan (genitive singular)
vakjadën (genitive plural)
vakjoidën (genitive plural)
vakjada (partitive singular)
vakjoida (partitive plural)
vakjassa (inessive singular)
vakjahna (inessive singular)
vakjoissa (inessive plural)
vakjoihna (inessive plural)
vakjasta (elative singular)
vakjoista (elative plural)
vakjahën (illative singular)
vakjoihën (illative plural)
vakjalla (adessive singular)
vakjoilla (adessive plural)
vakjalta (ablative singular)
vakjoilta (ablative plural)
vakjalën (allative singular)
vakjalëk (allative singular)
vakjoilën (allative plural)
vakjoilëk (allative plural)
vakjana (essive singular)
vakjoina (essive plural)
vakjaksi (singular translative)
vakjoiksi (plural translative)
vakjan (instructive singular)
vakjoin (instructive plural)
vakjanëk (comitative singular)
vakjoinëk (comitative plural)
vakjatta (abessive singular)
vakjoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vai

Finnish: vaaja

Ingrian: vaakia

Karelian:

North Karelian: vuakie

South Karelian: vuagie

Livonian: vaigā

Võro: vag'a, vagja

Votic: vadʹdʹõ

Borrowed from either Proto-Germanic *wagjaz, or Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian vadzis, Lithuanian vagis).


vaksa

vaksa (nominative singular)
vaksat (nominative plural)
vaksan (accusative singular)
vaksat (accusative plural)
vaksan (genitive singular)
vaksadën (genitive plural)
vaksoidën (genitive plural)
vaksada (partitive singular)
vaksoida (partitive plural)
vaksassa (inessive singular)
vaksahna (inessive singular)
vaksoissa (inessive plural)
vaksoihna (inessive plural)
vaksasta (elative singular)
vaksoista (elative plural)
vaksahën (illative singular)
vaksoihën (illative plural)
vaksalla (adessive singular)
vaksoilla (adessive plural)
vaksalta (ablative singular)
vaksoilta (ablative plural)
vaksalën (allative singular)
vaksalëk (allative singular)
vaksoilën (allative plural)
vaksoilëk (allative plural)
vaksana (essive singular)
vaksoina (essive plural)
vaksaksi (singular translative)
vaksoiksi (plural translative)
vaksan (instructive singular)
vaksoin (instructive plural)
vaksanëk (comitative singular)
vaksoinëk (comitative plural)
vaksatta (abessive singular)
vaksoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vaks

Finnish: vaaksa

Ingrian: vaaksa

Karelian: voaksa

Livonian: vaksā

Livvi: vuaksu

Ludian: voaks

Veps: vaks

Võro: vass

Votic: vaassõ

From Proto-Finno-Permic *waksa. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vuopsē.


takka

takka (nominative singular)
tak'at (nominative plural)
tak'an (accusative singular)
tak'at (accusative plural)
tak'an (genitive singular)
takkadën (genitive plural)
takkoidën (genitive plural)
takkada (partitive singular)
takkoida (partitive plural)
tak'assa (inessive singular)
tak'ahna (inessive singular)
tak'oissa (inessive plural)
tak'oihna (inessive plural)
tak'asta (elative singular)
tak'oista (elative plural)
takkahën (illative singular)
takkoihën (illative plural)
tak'alla (adessive singular)
tak'oilla (adessive plural)
tak'alta (ablative singular)
tak'oilta (ablative plural)
takkalën (allative singular)
takkalëk (allative singular)
takkoilën (allative plural)
takkoilëk (allative plural)
takkana (essive singular)
takkoina (essive plural)
tak'aksi (singular translative)
tak'oiksi (plural translative)
tak'an (instructive singular)
tak'oin (instructive plural)
takkanëk (comitative singular)
takkoinëk (comitative plural)
tak'atta (abessive singular)
tak'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: (dialectal) takka

Karelian:

North Karelian: takka

South Karelian: takka

Livvi: takku

Ludian: takk

Estonian: taak

Finnish: taakka

Ingrian: taakka, staakka

Votic: taakkõ

Borrowed from Proto-Norse *ᛊᛏᚨᚲᚲᚨᛉ (*stakkaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *stakkaz. Possibly doublet of *sakna.


tola

tola (nominative singular)
tolat (nominative plural)
tolan (accusative singular)
tolat (accusative plural)
tolan (genitive singular)
toladën (genitive plural)
tolëidën (genitive plural)
tolada (partitive singular)
tolëida (partitive plural)
tolassa (inessive singular)
tolahna (inessive singular)
tolëissa (inessive plural)
tolëihna (inessive plural)
tolasta (elative singular)
tolëista (elative plural)
tolahën (illative singular)
tolëihën (illative plural)
tolalla (adessive singular)
tolëilla (adessive plural)
tolalta (ablative singular)
tolëilta (ablative plural)
tolalën (allative singular)
tolalëk (allative singular)
tolëilën (allative plural)
tolëilëk (allative plural)
tolana (essive singular)
tolëina (essive plural)
tolaksi (singular translative)
tolëiksi (plural translative)
tolan (instructive singular)
tolëin (instructive plural)
tolanëk (comitative singular)
tolëinëk (comitative plural)
tolatta (abessive singular)
tolëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: tola

Cognate with Proto-Samic *toalē, further origin unknown.


rita

rita (nominative singular)
ridat (nominative plural)
ridan (accusative singular)
ridat (accusative plural)
ridan (genitive singular)
ritadën (genitive plural)
ritoidën (genitive plural)
ritada (partitive singular)
ritoida (partitive plural)
ridassa (inessive singular)
ridahna (inessive singular)
ridoissa (inessive plural)
ridoihna (inessive plural)
ridasta (elative singular)
ridoista (elative plural)
ritahën (illative singular)
ritoihën (illative plural)
ridalla (adessive singular)
ridoilla (adessive plural)
ridalta (ablative singular)
ridoilta (ablative plural)
ritalën (allative singular)
ritalëk (allative singular)
ritoilën (allative plural)
ritoilëk (allative plural)
ritana (essive singular)
ritoina (essive plural)
ridaksi (singular translative)
ridoiksi (plural translative)
ridan (instructive singular)
ridoin (instructive plural)
ritanëk (comitative singular)
ritoinëk (comitative plural)
ridatta (abessive singular)
ridoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: rita

Karelian: rita, rida

Livvi: rida

Ludian: rida

Veps: rida

Cognate with Proto-Samic *rëtē. Further origin unclear, possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *rita.


virka

virka (nominative singular)
virgat (nominative plural)
virgan (accusative singular)
virgat (accusative plural)
virgan (genitive singular)
virkadën (genitive plural)
virkoidën (genitive plural)
virkada (partitive singular)
virkoida (partitive plural)
virgassa (inessive singular)
virgahna (inessive singular)
virgoissa (inessive plural)
virgoihna (inessive plural)
virgasta (elative singular)
virgoista (elative plural)
virkahën (illative singular)
virkoihën (illative plural)
virgalla (adessive singular)
virgoilla (adessive plural)
virgalta (ablative singular)
virgoilta (ablative plural)
virkalën (allative singular)
virkalëk (allative singular)
virkoilën (allative plural)
virkoilëk (allative plural)
virkana (essive singular)
virkoina (essive plural)
virgaksi (singular translative)
virgoiksi (plural translative)
virgan (instructive singular)
virgoin (instructive plural)
virkanëk (comitative singular)
virkoinëk (comitative plural)
virgatta (abessive singular)
virgoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) virg, viirg

Finnish: (dialectal) virka

Ingrian: virka

Karelian:

South Karelian: virga

Livvi: virgu

Ludian: virg

Veps: virg

Võro: ⇒ virgus, viirgus

Votic: virkõ

→ Russian: ворга (vorga)

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian verdze).


tuppi

tuppi (nominative singular)
tup'ët (nominative plural)
tup'ën (accusative singular)
tup'ët (accusative plural)
tup'ën (genitive singular)
tuppëdën (genitive plural)
tuppidën (genitive plural)
tuppëda (partitive singular)
tuppida (partitive plural)
tup'ëssa (inessive singular)
tup'ëhna (inessive singular)
tup'issa (inessive plural)
tup'ihna (inessive plural)
tup'ësta (elative singular)
tup'ista (elative plural)
tuppëhën (illative singular)
tuppihën (illative plural)
tup'ëlla (adessive singular)
tup'illa (adessive plural)
tup'ëlta (ablative singular)
tup'ilta (ablative plural)
tuppëlën (allative singular)
tuppëlëk (allative singular)
tuppilën (allative plural)
tuppilëk (allative plural)
tuppëna (essive singular)
tuppina (essive plural)
tup'ëksi (singular translative)
tup'iksi (plural translative)
tup'ën (instructive singular)
tup'in (instructive plural)
tuppënëk (comitative singular)
tuppinëk (comitative plural)
tup'ëtta (abessive singular)
tup'itta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tupp

Finnish: tuppi

Ingrian: tuppi, tuppe

Karelian: tuppi

Livonian: tup

Livvi: tuppi

Ludian: tuppi

Võro: tupp'

Votic: tuppi

Cognate with Proto-Samic *toppë. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *duppaz (“hollow”), whence Middle Low German dop, doppe (“sheath, case”).


pakko

pakko (nominative singular)
pak'ot (nominative plural)
pak'on (accusative singular)
pak'ot (accusative plural)
pak'on (genitive singular)
pakkodën (genitive plural)
pakkoidën (genitive plural)
pakkoda (partitive singular)
pakkoida (partitive plural)
pak'ossa (inessive singular)
pak'ohna (inessive singular)
pak'oissa (inessive plural)
pak'oihna (inessive plural)
pak'osta (elative singular)
pak'oista (elative plural)
pakkohën (illative singular)
pakkoihën (illative plural)
pak'olla (adessive singular)
pak'oilla (adessive plural)
pak'olta (ablative singular)
pak'oilta (ablative plural)
pakkolën (allative singular)
pakkolëk (allative singular)
pakkoilën (allative plural)
pakkoilëk (allative plural)
pakkona (essive singular)
pakkoina (essive plural)
pak'oksi (singular translative)
pak'oiksi (plural translative)
pak'on (instructive singular)
pak'oin (instructive plural)
pakkonëk (comitative singular)
pakkoinëk (comitative plural)
pak'otta (abessive singular)
pak'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pakk

Finnish: pakko (rare, dialectal)

Ingrian: pakko

Võro: pakk

Votic: pakko

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *spakō, *spakaz.


vaikka

vaikka (nominative singular)
vaik'at (nominative plural)
vaik'an (accusative singular)
vaik'at (accusative plural)
vaik'an (genitive singular)
vaikkadën (genitive plural)
vaikkoidën (genitive plural)
vaikkada (partitive singular)
vaikkoida (partitive plural)
vaik'assa (inessive singular)
vaik'ahna (inessive singular)
vaik'oissa (inessive plural)
vaik'oihna (inessive plural)
vaik'asta (elative singular)
vaik'oista (elative plural)
vaikkahën (illative singular)
vaikkoihën (illative plural)
vaik'alla (adessive singular)
vaik'oilla (adessive plural)
vaik'alta (ablative singular)
vaik'oilta (ablative plural)
vaikkalën (allative singular)
vaikkalëk (allative singular)
vaikkoilën (allative plural)
vaikkoilëk (allative plural)
vaikkana (essive singular)
vaikkoina (essive plural)
vaik'aksi (singular translative)
vaik'oiksi (plural translative)
vaik'an (instructive singular)
vaik'oin (instructive plural)
vaikkanëk (comitative singular)
vaikkoinëk (comitative plural)
vaik'atta (abessive singular)
vaik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vaik, ⇒ vaikne

Finnish: ⇒ vaieta, (dialectal) vaiketa

Ingrian: ⇒ vaiketa

Karelian: ⇒

South Karelian: vaikkane

Livvi: ⇒ vaikkaine

Ludian: ⇒ vaikkani

Veps: ⇒ vaikne

Võro: ⇒ vaiklik


vaikka

Finnish: vaikka, (dialectal) vaihka

Ingrian: ⇒ vaikko, vaikka, vaik

→ Votic: vaikkõ

Karelian:

North Karelian: vaikka (possibly borrowed from Finnish)

Probably from or akin to *vai, with + *-ka; perhaps roughly *vai + *-ka; the dialectal Finnish variant vaihka may hint at why this particle has a geminate *-kk-.


hek

Finnish: he

Veps: he

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *sej (whence also Northern Sami sii, Erzya сынь (siń)). The initial change *s > *h is shared with the corresponding singular pronoun *hän (see for more details).


tippa

tippa (nominative singular)
tip'at (nominative plural)
tip'an (accusative singular)
tip'at (accusative plural)
tip'an (genitive singular)
tippadën (genitive plural)
tippoidën (genitive plural)
tippada (partitive singular)
tippoida (partitive plural)
tip'assa (inessive singular)
tip'ahna (inessive singular)
tip'oissa (inessive plural)
tip'oihna (inessive plural)
tip'asta (elative singular)
tip'oista (elative plural)
tippahën (illative singular)
tippoihën (illative plural)
tip'alla (adessive singular)
tip'oilla (adessive plural)
tip'alta (ablative singular)
tip'oilta (ablative plural)
tippalën (allative singular)
tippalëk (allative singular)
tippoilën (allative plural)
tippoilëk (allative plural)
tippana (essive singular)
tippoina (essive plural)
tip'aksi (singular translative)
tip'oiksi (plural translative)
tip'an (instructive singular)
tip'oin (instructive plural)
tippanëk (comitative singular)
tippoinëk (comitative plural)
tip'atta (abessive singular)
tip'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: tippa

Ingrian: tippa

Karelian:

North Karelian: tippa

South Karelian: tippa

Livonian: sipā

Livvi: tippu

Ludian: tipp

Veps: tipp

Võro: ⇒ tsipa

Estonian: tiba


kaukalo

kaukalo (nominative singular)
kaukalot (nominative plural)
kaukalon (accusative singular)
kaukalot (accusative plural)
kaukalon (genitive singular)
kaukalodën (genitive plural)
kaukaloidën (genitive plural)
kaukalota (partitive singular)
kaukaloita (partitive plural)
kaukalossa (inessive singular)
kaukalohna (inessive singular)
kaukaloissa (inessive plural)
kaukaloihna (inessive plural)
kaukalosta (elative singular)
kaukaloista (elative plural)
kaukalosën (illative singular)
kaukaloisën (illative plural)
kaukalolla (adessive singular)
kaukaloilla (adessive plural)
kaukalolta (ablative singular)
kaukaloilta (ablative plural)
kaukalolën (allative singular)
kaukalolëk (allative singular)
kaukaloilën (allative plural)
kaukaloilëk (allative plural)
kaukalona (essive singular)
kaukaloina (essive plural)
kaukaloksi (singular translative)
kaukaloiksi (plural translative)
kaukalon (instructive singular)
kaukaloin (instructive plural)
kaukalonëk (comitative singular)
kaukaloinëk (comitative plural)
kaukalotta (abessive singular)
kaukaloitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: kaukalo

Ingrian: kaukalo

Livonian: kougõl

Votic: kaukolo


rätti

rätti (nominative singular)
rät'it (nominative plural)
rät'in (accusative singular)
rät'it (accusative plural)
rät'in (genitive singular)
rättiden (genitive plural)
rättejiden (genitive plural)
rättidä (partitive singular)
rättejitä (partitive plural)
rät'issä (inessive singular)
rät'ihnä (inessive singular)
rättejissä (inessive plural)
rättejihnä (inessive plural)
rät'istä (elative singular)
rättejistä (elative plural)
rättihen (illative singular)
rättejisen (illative plural)
rät'illä (adessive singular)
rättejillä (adessive plural)
rät'iltä (ablative singular)
rättejiltä (ablative plural)
rättilen (allative singular)
rättilek (allative singular)
rättejilen (allative plural)
rättejilek (allative plural)
rättinä (essive singular)
rättejinä (essive plural)
rät'iksi (singular translative)
rättejiksi (plural translative)
rät'in (instructive singular)
rättejin (instructive plural)
rättinek (comitative singular)
rättejinek (comitative plural)
rät'ittä (abessive singular)
rättejittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: rätt

Finnish: rätti

Ingrian: rätti

Võro: rätt'

Votic: rätte, rätti

Unknown. Possibly related to Komi-Zyrian рот (rot).


rokka

rokka (nominative singular)
rok'at (nominative plural)
rok'an (accusative singular)
rok'at (accusative plural)
rok'an (genitive singular)
rokkadën (genitive plural)
rokkëidën (genitive plural)
rokkada (partitive singular)
rokkëida (partitive plural)
rok'assa (inessive singular)
rok'ahna (inessive singular)
rok'ëissa (inessive plural)
rok'ëihna (inessive plural)
rok'asta (elative singular)
rok'ëista (elative plural)
rokkahën (illative singular)
rokkëihën (illative plural)
rok'alla (adessive singular)
rok'ëilla (adessive plural)
rok'alta (ablative singular)
rok'ëilta (ablative plural)
rokkalën (allative singular)
rokkalëk (allative singular)
rokkëilën (allative plural)
rokkëilëk (allative plural)
rokkana (essive singular)
rokkëina (essive plural)
rok'aksi (singular translative)
rok'ëiksi (plural translative)
rok'an (instructive singular)
rok'ëin (instructive plural)
rokkanëk (comitative singular)
rokkëinëk (comitative plural)
rok'atta (abessive singular)
rok'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: rokk

Finnish: rokka

Ingrian: rokka

Karelian: rokka

Livonian: rok

Livvi: rokku

Ludian: rokk

Veps: rok

Võro: rokk

Votic: rokkõ


tomu

tomu (nominative singular)
tomut (nominative plural)
tomun (accusative singular)
tomut (accusative plural)
tomun (genitive singular)
tomudën (genitive plural)
tomuidën (genitive plural)
tomuda (partitive singular)
tomuida (partitive plural)
tomussa (inessive singular)
tomuhna (inessive singular)
tomuissa (inessive plural)
tomuihna (inessive plural)
tomusta (elative singular)
tomuista (elative plural)
tomuhën (illative singular)
tomuihën (illative plural)
tomulla (adessive singular)
tomuilla (adessive plural)
tomulta (ablative singular)
tomuilta (ablative plural)
tomulën (allative singular)
tomulëk (allative singular)
tomuilën (allative plural)
tomuilëk (allative plural)
tomuna (essive singular)
tomuina (essive plural)
tomuksi (singular translative)
tomuiksi (plural translative)
tomun (instructive singular)
tomuin (instructive plural)
tomunëk (comitative singular)
tomuinëk (comitative plural)
tomutta (abessive singular)
tomuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tomu

Finnish: tomu

Ingrian: tomu

Karelian: tomu

Livvi: tomu

Ludian: tomu

Veps: tomu


karta

karta (nominative singular)
kardat (nominative plural)
kardan (accusative singular)
kardat (accusative plural)
kardan (genitive singular)
kartadën (genitive plural)
kartoidën (genitive plural)
kartada (partitive singular)
kartoida (partitive plural)
kardassa (inessive singular)
kardahna (inessive singular)
kardoissa (inessive plural)
kardoihna (inessive plural)
kardasta (elative singular)
kardoista (elative plural)
kartahën (illative singular)
kartoihën (illative plural)
kardalla (adessive singular)
kardoilla (adessive plural)
kardalta (ablative singular)
kardoilta (ablative plural)
kartalën (allative singular)
kartalëk (allative singular)
kartoilën (allative plural)
kartoilëk (allative plural)
kartana (essive singular)
kartoina (essive plural)
kardaksi (singular translative)
kardoiksi (plural translative)
kardan (instructive singular)
kardoin (instructive plural)
kartanëk (comitative singular)
kartoinëk (comitative plural)
kardatta (abessive singular)
kardoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kard

Finnish: karta (dialectal)

Ingrian: karta

Livonian: kārda

Võro: kard

Votic: kartõ

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian skārds, Lithuanian skarda).


salakka

salakka (nominative singular)
salak'at (nominative plural)
salak'an (accusative singular)
salak'at (accusative plural)
salak'an (genitive singular)
salakkadën (genitive plural)
salakkoidën (genitive plural)
salakkata (partitive singular)
salakkoita (partitive plural)
salak'assa (inessive singular)
salak'ahna (inessive singular)
salak'oissa (inessive plural)
salak'oihna (inessive plural)
salak'asta (elative singular)
salak'oista (elative plural)
salakkasën (illative singular)
salakkoisën (illative plural)
salak'alla (adessive singular)
salak'oilla (adessive plural)
salak'alta (ablative singular)
salak'oilta (ablative plural)
salakkalën (allative singular)
salakkalëk (allative singular)
salakkoilën (allative plural)
salakkoilëk (allative plural)
salakkana (essive singular)
salakkoina (essive plural)
salak'aksi (singular translative)
salak'oiksi (plural translative)
salak'an (instructive singular)
salak'oin (instructive plural)
salakkanëk (comitative singular)
salakkoinëk (comitative plural)
salak'atta (abessive singular)
salak'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: salakas (< *salak'as)

Finnish: salakka

→ Swedish: (dialectal) salk

Karelian:

North Karelian: šalakka

South Karelian: šalakka

Livonian: salāk ("European smelt")

→ Latvian: salaka ("European smelt")

Ludian: salag, salak

Veps: salag

→ Russian: салака (salaka)

According to Kallio (2022), possibly derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric *śala- (“to flash, to lighten”) (whence also *salama) with the diminutive suffix + *-kka.


laita

laita (nominative singular)
laidat (nominative plural)
laidan (accusative singular)
laidat (accusative plural)
laidan (genitive singular)
laitadën (genitive plural)
laitoidën (genitive plural)
laitada (partitive singular)
laitoida (partitive plural)
laidassa (inessive singular)
laidahna (inessive singular)
laidoissa (inessive plural)
laidoihna (inessive plural)
laidasta (elative singular)
laidoista (elative plural)
laitahën (illative singular)
laitoihën (illative plural)
laidalla (adessive singular)
laidoilla (adessive plural)
laidalta (ablative singular)
laidoilta (ablative plural)
laitalën (allative singular)
laitalëk (allative singular)
laitoilën (allative plural)
laitoilëk (allative plural)
laitana (essive singular)
laitoina (essive plural)
laidaksi (singular translative)
laidoiksi (plural translative)
laidan (instructive singular)
laidoin (instructive plural)
laitanëk (comitative singular)
laitoinëk (comitative plural)
laidatta (abessive singular)
laidoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) ⇒ laide

Finnish: laita

Karelian:

North Karelian: laita

South Karelian: laida

Livonian: lāida

Veps: laid


laita

Estonian: laid

→ Latvian: laides

Finnish: laita

→ Northern Sami: láidi

Ingrian: laita

Karelian:

North Karelian: laita

South Karelian: laida

Livvi: laidu

Ludian: laid

Veps: laid

Võro: laid

Votic: laitõ


kulu

kulu (nominative singular)
kulut (nominative plural)
kulun (accusative singular)
kulut (accusative plural)
kulun (genitive singular)
kuludën (genitive plural)
kuluidën (genitive plural)
kuluda (partitive singular)
kuluida (partitive plural)
kulussa (inessive singular)
kuluhna (inessive singular)
kuluissa (inessive plural)
kuluihna (inessive plural)
kulusta (elative singular)
kuluista (elative plural)
kuluhën (illative singular)
kuluihën (illative plural)
kululla (adessive singular)
kuluilla (adessive plural)
kululta (ablative singular)
kuluilta (ablative plural)
kululën (allative singular)
kululëk (allative singular)
kuluilën (allative plural)
kuluilëk (allative plural)
kuluna (essive singular)
kuluina (essive plural)
kuluksi (singular translative)
kuluiksi (plural translative)
kulun (instructive singular)
kuluin (instructive plural)
kulunëk (comitative singular)
kuluinëk (comitative plural)
kulutta (abessive singular)
kuluitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kulu

Finnish: kulu

Ingrian: kulu

Karelian:

North Karelian: kulu

South Karelian: kulu

Livvi: kulu

Livonian: ku’l

Ludian: kulu

Veps: kulu

Võro: kulu


lanci

lanci (nominative singular)
landët (nominative plural)
landën (accusative singular)
landët (accusative plural)
landën (genitive singular)
lat'ën (genitive plural)
lancidën (genitive plural)
latta (partitive singular)
lancida (partitive plural)
landëssa (inessive singular)
landëhna (inessive singular)
lancissa (inessive plural)
lancihna (inessive plural)
landësta (elative singular)
lancista (elative plural)
lantëhën (illative singular)
lancihën (illative plural)
landëlla (adessive singular)
lancilla (adessive plural)
landëlta (ablative singular)
lancilta (ablative plural)
lantëlën (allative singular)
lantëlëk (allative singular)
lancilën (allative plural)
lancilëk (allative plural)
lantëna (essive singular)
lancina (essive plural)
landëksi (singular translative)
lanciksi (plural translative)
landën (instructive singular)
lancin (instructive plural)
lantënëk (comitative singular)
lancinëk (comitative plural)
landëtta (abessive singular)
lancitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: laas (“old-growth forest”)

desc

Finnish: (dialectal, obsolete) lansi (“lowland, wetland”), ⇒ lannistaa

Livonian: lǭņtš (“lowland forest”)

Võro: laan' (“old-growth forest”)


veci

veci (nominative singular)
vedet (nominative plural)
veden (accusative singular)
vedet (accusative plural)
veden (genitive singular)
vet'en (genitive plural)
veciden (genitive plural)
vettä (partitive singular)
vecidä (partitive plural)
vedessä (inessive singular)
vedehnä (inessive singular)
vecissä (inessive plural)
vecihnä (inessive plural)
vedestä (elative singular)
vecistä (elative plural)
vetehen (illative singular)
vecihen (illative plural)
vedellä (adessive singular)
vecillä (adessive plural)
vedeltä (ablative singular)
veciltä (ablative plural)
vetelen (allative singular)
vetelek (allative singular)
vecilen (allative plural)
vecilek (allative plural)
vennä (essive singular)
vecinä (essive plural)
vedeksi (singular translative)
veciksi (plural translative)
veden (instructive singular)
vecin (instructive plural)
vennek (comitative singular)
vecinek (comitative plural)
vedettä (abessive singular)
vecittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: vesi

Finnish: vesi

Ingrian: vesi

Karelian:

North Karelian: vesi

South Karelian: vezi

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: ve’ž

Vidzeme Livonian: vez, vēz

Livvi: vezi

Ludian: vezi

Veps: vezi

Võro: vesi

Votic: vesi

Kukkuzi: vesi


orci

orci (nominative singular)
ordët (nominative plural)
ordën (accusative singular)
ordët (accusative plural)
ordën (genitive singular)
ortëdën (genitive plural)
orcidën (genitive plural)
ortëda (partitive singular)
orcida (partitive plural)
ordëssa (inessive singular)
ordëhna (inessive singular)
orcissa (inessive plural)
orcihna (inessive plural)
ordësta (elative singular)
orcista (elative plural)
ortëhën (illative singular)
orcihën (illative plural)
ordëlla (adessive singular)
orcilla (adessive plural)
ordëlta (ablative singular)
orcilta (ablative plural)
ortëlën (allative singular)
ortëlëk (allative singular)
orcilën (allative plural)
orcilëk (allative plural)
ortëna (essive singular)
orcina (essive plural)
ordëksi (singular translative)
orciksi (plural translative)
ordën (instructive singular)
orcin (instructive plural)
ortënëk (comitative singular)
orcinëk (comitative plural)
ordëtta (abessive singular)
orcitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: õrs

Finnish: orsi

Ingrian: orsi

Karelian:

North Karelian: orši

South Karelian: orži

Livonian: vȯŗž

Livvi: orzi

Ludian: orž

Veps: orz'

Võro: ors'

Votic: õrsi

From earlier *orti, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *ardis (whence Latvian ārds, Lithuanian ãrdas). A doublet of *arta.


muli

Possibly from earlier *mula- + *-i and borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence obsolete Latvian mūle (“hornless cow”) and Samogitian šmulas).


muli

muli (nominative singular)
mulit (nominative plural)
mulin (accusative singular)
mulit (accusative plural)
mulin (genitive singular)
mulidën (genitive plural)
mulëjidën (genitive plural)
mulida (partitive singular)
mulëjita (partitive plural)
mulissa (inessive singular)
mulihna (inessive singular)
mulëjissa (inessive plural)
mulëjihna (inessive plural)
mulista (elative singular)
mulëjista (elative plural)
mulihën (illative singular)
mulëjisën (illative plural)
mulilla (adessive singular)
mulëjilla (adessive plural)
mulilta (ablative singular)
mulëjilta (ablative plural)
mulilën (allative singular)
mulilëk (allative singular)
mulëjilën (allative plural)
mulëjilëk (allative plural)
mulina (essive singular)
mulëjina (essive plural)
muliksi (singular translative)
mulëjiksi (plural translative)
mulin (instructive singular)
mulëjin (instructive plural)
mulinëk (comitative singular)
mulëjinëk (comitative plural)
mulitta (abessive singular)
mulëjitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: muli

Ingrian: muli

Karelian:

South Karelian: ⇒ mulʹikki

Votic: muli

Karelian:

North Karelian: mulʹlʹu

South Karelian: mulʹu

Livvi: mulʹu

Ludian: mulʹu

Finnish: mulipää

Livonian: mūļpǟ

Votic: mulipää


raita

raita (nominative singular)
raidat (nominative plural)
raidan (accusative singular)
raidat (accusative plural)
raidan (genitive singular)
raitadën (genitive plural)
raitoidën (genitive plural)
raitada (partitive singular)
raitoida (partitive plural)
raidassa (inessive singular)
raidahna (inessive singular)
raidoissa (inessive plural)
raidoihna (inessive plural)
raidasta (elative singular)
raidoista (elative plural)
raitahën (illative singular)
raitoihën (illative plural)
raidalla (adessive singular)
raidoilla (adessive plural)
raidalta (ablative singular)
raidoilta (ablative plural)
raitalën (allative singular)
raitalëk (allative singular)
raitoilën (allative plural)
raitoilëk (allative plural)
raitana (essive singular)
raitoina (essive plural)
raidaksi (singular translative)
raidoiksi (plural translative)
raidan (instructive singular)
raidoin (instructive plural)
raitanëk (comitative singular)
raitoinëk (comitative plural)
raidatta (abessive singular)
raidoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) raid

Finnish: raita

Ingrian: raita

Karelian: raita, raida

Livvi: raidu

Ludian: raid

Veps: raid

Votic: (Mati; rare) raita

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *spraiþō, compare Old High German spreid, spreida (“bush”).


turska

turska (nominative singular)
turskat (nominative plural)
turskan (accusative singular)
turskat (accusative plural)
turskan (genitive singular)
turskadën (genitive plural)
turskëidën (genitive plural)
turskada (partitive singular)
turskëida (partitive plural)
turskassa (inessive singular)
turskahna (inessive singular)
turskëissa (inessive plural)
turskëihna (inessive plural)
turskasta (elative singular)
turskëista (elative plural)
turskahën (illative singular)
turskëihën (illative plural)
turskalla (adessive singular)
turskëilla (adessive plural)
turskalta (ablative singular)
turskëilta (ablative plural)
turskalën (allative singular)
turskalëk (allative singular)
turskëilën (allative plural)
turskëilëk (allative plural)
turskana (essive singular)
turskëina (essive plural)
turskaksi (singular translative)
turskëiksi (plural translative)
turskan (instructive singular)
turskëin (instructive plural)
turskanëk (comitative singular)
turskëinëk (comitative plural)
turskatta (abessive singular)
turskëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tursk

Finnish: turska

Livonian: tūrska


kiima

kiima (nominative singular)
kiimat (nominative plural)
kiiman (accusative singular)
kiimat (accusative plural)
kiiman (genitive singular)
kiimadën (genitive plural)
kiimoidën (genitive plural)
kiimada (partitive singular)
kiimoida (partitive plural)
kiimassa (inessive singular)
kiimahna (inessive singular)
kiimoissa (inessive plural)
kiimoihna (inessive plural)
kiimasta (elative singular)
kiimoista (elative plural)
kiimahën (illative singular)
kiimoihën (illative plural)
kiimalla (adessive singular)
kiimoilla (adessive plural)
kiimalta (ablative singular)
kiimoilta (ablative plural)
kiimalën (allative singular)
kiimalëk (allative singular)
kiimoilën (allative plural)
kiimoilëk (allative plural)
kiimana (essive singular)
kiimoina (essive plural)
kiimaksi (singular translative)
kiimoiksi (plural translative)
kiiman (instructive singular)
kiimoin (instructive plural)
kiimanëk (comitative singular)
kiimoinëk (comitative plural)
kiimatta (abessive singular)
kiimoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kiim

Finnish: kiima

Karelian: kiima

Livvi: kiimu

Ludian: kiim

Veps: kim

→ Proto-Samic: *kimē

From earlier *kixëma, derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric *kixe- (compare Proto-Samic *kikëtēk and Hungarian kéj).


lahna

lahna (nominative singular)
lahnat (nominative plural)
lahnan (accusative singular)
lahnat (accusative plural)
lahnan (genitive singular)
lahnadën (genitive plural)
lahnoidën (genitive plural)
lahnada (partitive singular)
lahnoida (partitive plural)
lahnassa (inessive singular)
lahnahna (inessive singular)
lahnoissa (inessive plural)
lahnoihna (inessive plural)
lahnasta (elative singular)
lahnoista (elative plural)
lahnahën (illative singular)
lahnoihën (illative plural)
lahnalla (adessive singular)
lahnoilla (adessive plural)
lahnalta (ablative singular)
lahnoilta (ablative plural)
lahnalën (allative singular)
lahnalëk (allative singular)
lahnoilën (allative plural)
lahnoilëk (allative plural)
lahnana (essive singular)
lahnoina (essive plural)
lahnaksi (singular translative)
lahnoiksi (plural translative)
lahnan (instructive singular)
lahnoin (instructive plural)
lahnanëk (comitative singular)
lahnoinëk (comitative plural)
lahnatta (abessive singular)
lahnoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: lahna

? → Estonian: (dialectal) lahn

Ingrian: lahna

Karelian: lahna

Livonian: lō’nõz

Livvi: lahnu

Ludian: lahn

Veps: lahn

Votic: lahnõ


särki

särki (nominative singular)
särget (nominative plural)
särgen (accusative singular)
särget (accusative plural)
särgen (genitive singular)
särkeden (genitive plural)
särkiden (genitive plural)
särkedä (partitive singular)
särkidä (partitive plural)
särgessä (inessive singular)
särgehnä (inessive singular)
särgissä (inessive plural)
särgihnä (inessive plural)
särgestä (elative singular)
särgistä (elative plural)
särkehen (illative singular)
särkihen (illative plural)
särgellä (adessive singular)
särgillä (adessive plural)
särgeltä (ablative singular)
särgiltä (ablative plural)
särkelen (allative singular)
särkelek (allative singular)
särkilen (allative plural)
särkilek (allative plural)
särkenä (essive singular)
särkinä (essive plural)
särgeksi (singular translative)
särgiksi (plural translative)
särgen (instructive singular)
särgin (instructive plural)
särkenek (comitative singular)
särkinek (comitative plural)
särgettä (abessive singular)
särgittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: särg

Finnish: särki

Ingrian: särki

Karelian: särki, šärki (Northern), särgi (Southern)

Livonian: särg

Livvi: särgi

Ludian: šär'g

Veps: särg

Võro: särg'

Votic: särtši

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *särke. Cognates include Erzya сэрьге (seŕge, “roach”), Moksha сярьге (śaŕge, “roach”), Eastern Mari шеренге (šerenge, “roach”), perhaps also Northern Mansi та̄рка (tārka, “ruffe”), Eastern Khanty лӓрәг (lärəg, “ruffe”), Northern Khanty лӓр (lär, “ruffe”).


kavala

kavala (nominative singular)
kavalat (nominative plural)
kavalan (accusative singular)
kavalat (accusative plural)
kavalan (genitive singular)
kavaladën (genitive plural)
kavaloidën (genitive plural)
kavalata (partitive singular)
kavaloita (partitive plural)
kavalassa (inessive singular)
kavalahna (inessive singular)
kavaloissa (inessive plural)
kavaloihna (inessive plural)
kavalasta (elative singular)
kavaloista (elative plural)
kavalasën (illative singular)
kavaloisën (illative plural)
kavalalla (adessive singular)
kavaloilla (adessive plural)
kavalalta (ablative singular)
kavaloilta (ablative plural)
kavalalën (allative singular)
kavalalëk (allative singular)
kavaloilën (allative plural)
kavaloilëk (allative plural)
kavalana (essive singular)
kavaloina (essive plural)
kavalaksi (singular translative)
kavaloiksi (plural translative)
kavalan (instructive singular)
kavaloin (instructive plural)
kavalanëk (comitative singular)
kavaloinëk (comitative plural)
kavalatta (abessive singular)
kavaloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaval

Finnish: kavala

Ingrian: kavala

Karelian: kavala

Livonian: kovāl

Võro: kavval'

Votic: kavalõ


seipi

seipi (nominative singular)
seibet (nominative plural)
seiben (accusative singular)
seibet (accusative plural)
seiben (genitive singular)
seipeden (genitive plural)
seipiden (genitive plural)
seipedä (partitive singular)
seipidä (partitive plural)
seibessä (inessive singular)
seibehnä (inessive singular)
seibissä (inessive plural)
seibihnä (inessive plural)
seibestä (elative singular)
seibistä (elative plural)
seipehen (illative singular)
seipihen (illative plural)
seibellä (adessive singular)
seibillä (adessive plural)
seibeltä (ablative singular)
seibiltä (ablative plural)
seipelen (allative singular)
seipelek (allative singular)
seipilen (allative plural)
seipilek (allative plural)
seipenä (essive singular)
seipinä (essive plural)
seibeksi (singular translative)
seibiksi (plural translative)
seiben (instructive singular)
seibin (instructive plural)
seipenek (comitative singular)
seipinek (comitative plural)
seibettä (abessive singular)
seibittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: seipi

Estonian: teib

Livonian: teib, tebā

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic *steip- (whence dialectal Latvian stiepats).


kapris

kapris (nominative singular)
kaprihët (nominative plural)
kaprihën (accusative singular)
kaprihët (accusative plural)
kaprihën (genitive singular)
kapristën (genitive plural)
kaprihidën (genitive plural)
kaprista (partitive singular)
kaprihita (partitive plural)
kaprihëssa (inessive singular)
kaprihëhna (inessive singular)
kaprihissa (inessive plural)
kaprihihna (inessive plural)
kaprihësta (elative singular)
kaprihista (elative plural)
kaprihësën (illative singular)
kaprihisën (illative plural)
kaprihëlla (adessive singular)
kaprihilla (adessive plural)
kaprihëlta (ablative singular)
kaprihilta (ablative plural)
kaprihëlën (allative singular)
kaprihëlëk (allative singular)
kaprihilën (allative plural)
kaprihilëk (allative plural)
kaprissa (essive singular)
kaprihina (essive plural)
kaprihëksi (singular translative)
kaprihiksi (plural translative)
kaprihën (instructive singular)
kaprihin (instructive plural)
kaprissëk (comitative singular)
kaprihinëk (comitative plural)
kaprihëtta (abessive singular)
kaprihitta (abessive plural)

>? Estonian: kaber, kabris

Finnish: kauris

Karelian:

North Karelian: kapris

South Karelian: kabris

>? Livonian: ka’bbõr, (Salaca) kabr

Livvi: kabris

>? Veps: kabroo (Southern)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hafraz (before Grimm's law), from Proto-Indo-European *kápros.


voitto

voitto (nominative singular)
voit'ot (nominative plural)
voit'on (accusative singular)
voit'ot (accusative plural)
voit'on (genitive singular)
voittodën (genitive plural)
voittoidën (genitive plural)
voittoda (partitive singular)
voittoida (partitive plural)
voit'ossa (inessive singular)
voit'ohna (inessive singular)
voit'oissa (inessive plural)
voit'oihna (inessive plural)
voit'osta (elative singular)
voit'oista (elative plural)
voittohën (illative singular)
voittoihën (illative plural)
voit'olla (adessive singular)
voit'oilla (adessive plural)
voit'olta (ablative singular)
voit'oilta (ablative plural)
voittolën (allative singular)
voittolëk (allative singular)
voittoilën (allative plural)
voittoilëk (allative plural)
voittona (essive singular)
voittoina (essive plural)
voit'oksi (singular translative)
voit'oiksi (plural translative)
voit'on (instructive singular)
voit'oin (instructive plural)
voittonëk (comitative singular)
voittoinëk (comitative plural)
voit'otta (abessive singular)
voit'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: võit

Finnish: voitto

→ Lule Sami: vuojtto

→ Northern Sami: vuoitu

Ingrian: voitto

Karelian: voitto

Livvi: voitto

Ludian: voit

Võro: võit

Votic: võitto


räntä

räntä (nominative singular)
rändät (nominative plural)
rändän (accusative singular)
rändät (accusative plural)
rändän (genitive singular)
räntäden (genitive plural)
ränteiden (genitive plural)
räntädä (partitive singular)
ränteidä (partitive plural)
rändässä (inessive singular)
rändähnä (inessive singular)
rändeissä (inessive plural)
rändeihnä (inessive plural)
rändästä (elative singular)
rändeistä (elative plural)
räntähen (illative singular)
ränteihen (illative plural)
rändällä (adessive singular)
rändeillä (adessive plural)
rändältä (ablative singular)
rändeiltä (ablative plural)
räntälen (allative singular)
räntälek (allative singular)
ränteilen (allative plural)
ränteilek (allative plural)
räntänä (essive singular)
ränteinä (essive plural)
rändäksi (singular translative)
rändeiksi (plural translative)
rändän (instructive singular)
rändein (instructive plural)
räntänek (comitative singular)
ränteinek (comitative plural)
rändättä (abessive singular)
rändeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: ränd

Finnish: räntä

Ingrian: ränne (< *rändeh)

Karelian:

North Karelian: räntä

South Karelian: rändä

Livvi: rändy

Ludian: ränd

Veps: ränd

Votic: ränne, ränte (< *rändeh)

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Lithuanian drengti).

sleet (precipitation of rain–snow mixture)


pilli

pilli (nominative singular)
pillit (nominative plural)
pillin (accusative singular)
pillit (accusative plural)
pillin (genitive singular)
pilliden (genitive plural)
pillejiden (genitive plural)
pillidä (partitive singular)
pillejitä (partitive plural)
pillissä (inessive singular)
pillihnä (inessive singular)
pillejissä (inessive plural)
pillejihnä (inessive plural)
pillistä (elative singular)
pillejistä (elative plural)
pillihen (illative singular)
pillejisen (illative plural)
pillillä (adessive singular)
pillejillä (adessive plural)
pilliltä (ablative singular)
pillejiltä (ablative plural)
pillilen (allative singular)
pillilek (allative singular)
pillejilen (allative plural)
pillejilek (allative plural)
pillinä (essive singular)
pillejinä (essive plural)
pilliksi (singular translative)
pillejiksi (plural translative)
pillin (instructive singular)
pillejin (instructive plural)
pillinek (comitative singular)
pillejinek (comitative plural)
pillittä (abessive singular)
pillejittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: pill

Finnish: pilli

Ingrian: pilli

Karelian: pilli

Livonian: piļ

Livvi: pilli

Võro: pill'

Votic: pilli


raju

Probably related to Finnish raivo (“fury, rage”).


raju

raju (nominative singular)
rajut (nominative plural)
rajun (accusative singular)
rajut (accusative plural)
rajun (genitive singular)
rajudën (genitive plural)
rajuidën (genitive plural)
rajuda (partitive singular)
rajuida (partitive plural)
rajussa (inessive singular)
rajuhna (inessive singular)
rajuissa (inessive plural)
rajuihna (inessive plural)
rajusta (elative singular)
rajuista (elative plural)
rajuhën (illative singular)
rajuihën (illative plural)
rajulla (adessive singular)
rajuilla (adessive plural)
rajulta (ablative singular)
rajuilta (ablative plural)
rajulën (allative singular)
rajulëk (allative singular)
rajuilën (allative plural)
rajuilëk (allative plural)
rajuna (essive singular)
rajuina (essive plural)
rajuksi (singular translative)
rajuiksi (plural translative)
rajun (instructive singular)
rajuin (instructive plural)
rajunëk (comitative singular)
rajuinëk (comitative plural)
rajutta (abessive singular)
rajuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: raju

Finnish: raju

Ingrian: raju

Karelian: raju

Votic: (Pummala) raju


neiti

neiti (nominative singular)
neidit (nominative plural)
neidin (accusative singular)
neidit (accusative plural)
neidin (genitive singular)
neitiden (genitive plural)
neitejiden (genitive plural)
neitidä (partitive singular)
neitejitä (partitive plural)
neidissä (inessive singular)
neidihnä (inessive singular)
neitejissä (inessive plural)
neitejihnä (inessive plural)
neidistä (elative singular)
neitejistä (elative plural)
neitihen (illative singular)
neitejisen (illative plural)
neidillä (adessive singular)
neitejillä (adessive plural)
neidiltä (ablative singular)
neitejiltä (ablative plural)
neitilen (allative singular)
neitilek (allative singular)
neitejilen (allative plural)
neitejilek (allative plural)
neitinä (essive singular)
neitejinä (essive plural)
neidiksi (singular translative)
neitejiksi (plural translative)
neidin (instructive singular)
neitejin (instructive plural)
neitinek (comitative singular)
neitejinek (comitative plural)
neidittä (abessive singular)
neitejittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: neid

Finnish: neiti

→ Votic: neiti

Ingrian: neiti

Karelian: neiti


irta

irta (nominative singular)
irdat (nominative plural)
irdan (accusative singular)
irdat (accusative plural)
irdan (genitive singular)
irtadën (genitive plural)
irtoidën (genitive plural)
irtada (partitive singular)
irtoida (partitive plural)
irdassa (inessive singular)
irdahna (inessive singular)
irdoissa (inessive plural)
irdoihna (inessive plural)
irdasta (elative singular)
irdoista (elative plural)
irtahën (illative singular)
irtoihën (illative plural)
irdalla (adessive singular)
irdoilla (adessive plural)
irdalta (ablative singular)
irdoilta (ablative plural)
irtalën (allative singular)
irtalëk (allative singular)
irtoilën (allative plural)
irtoilëk (allative plural)
irtana (essive singular)
irtoina (essive plural)
irdaksi (singular translative)
irdoiksi (plural translative)
irdan (instructive singular)
irdoin (instructive plural)
irtanëk (comitative singular)
irtoinëk (comitative plural)
irdatta (abessive singular)
irdoitta (abessive plural)

⇒ Finnish: irti

⇒ Ingrian: irti

Karelian:

North Karelian: ⇒ irti

South Karelian: ⇒ ird́i

Veps: ird (“outside, surface”, noun), ⇒ irdal, irdas

⇒ Finnish: irto-, irtain

⇒ Ingrian: irtonain

Karelian:

North Karelian: ⇒ iralleh, irallah

South Karelian: ⇒ iralleh, irallah

⇒ Livvi: iralleh, irallah

Votic: irtää (Mati)

Borrowed from Baltic (compare Lithuanian irti (“to fall apart, to separate”)).


raaka

raaka (nominative singular)
raagat (nominative plural)
raagan (accusative singular)
raagat (accusative plural)
raagan (genitive singular)
raakadën (genitive plural)
raakoidën (genitive plural)
raakada (partitive singular)
raakoida (partitive plural)
raagassa (inessive singular)
raagahna (inessive singular)
raagoissa (inessive plural)
raagoihna (inessive plural)
raagasta (elative singular)
raagoista (elative plural)
raakahën (illative singular)
raakoihën (illative plural)
raagalla (adessive singular)
raagoilla (adessive plural)
raagalta (ablative singular)
raagoilta (ablative plural)
raakalën (allative singular)
raakalëk (allative singular)
raakoilën (allative plural)
raakoilëk (allative plural)
raakana (essive singular)
raakoina (essive plural)
raagaksi (singular translative)
raagoiksi (plural translative)
raagan (instructive singular)
raagoin (instructive plural)
raakanëk (comitative singular)
raakoinëk (comitative plural)
raagatta (abessive singular)
raagoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: raag- (in compound: raagnahk)

Finnish: raaka

desc

→? Votic: raaka (“raw”) (rare, Jõgõperä)

Ingrian: raaka

Karelian:

North Karelian: roaka

South Karelian: ruaga

Livonian: rǭgõ- (in compound: rǭgõmīez)

Livvi: ruagu

Veps: rag


raaka

Estonian: raag (“(bare) twig”)

Finnish: raaka (“yard (especially on a mast)”)

Ingrian: raaka (“flail”)

Karelian:

North Karelian: ruaka, roaka (“stick, wooden pole”)

South Karelian: ruaga (“stick, wooden pole”)

⇒ Livonian: rǭgõz (“twig, branch”)

Livvi: ruagu (“stick, wooden pole”)

Ludian: ruag (“fishing pole”)

Veps: rag (“twig, wooden pole”)

⇒ Võro: raagõs (“twig”)

Votic: raakõ (“branch, twig”)

(nautical) yard (horizontal spar on the mast of a sailing ship)


nuija

nuija (nominative singular)
nuijat (nominative plural)
nuijan (accusative singular)
nuijat (accusative plural)
nuijan (genitive singular)
nuijadën (genitive plural)
nuijëidën (genitive plural)
nuijada (partitive singular)
nuijëida (partitive plural)
nuijassa (inessive singular)
nuijahna (inessive singular)
nuijëissa (inessive plural)
nuijëihna (inessive plural)
nuijasta (elative singular)
nuijëista (elative plural)
nuijahën (illative singular)
nuijëihën (illative plural)
nuijalla (adessive singular)
nuijëilla (adessive plural)
nuijalta (ablative singular)
nuijëilta (ablative plural)
nuijalën (allative singular)
nuijalëk (allative singular)
nuijëilën (allative plural)
nuijëilëk (allative plural)
nuijana (essive singular)
nuijëina (essive plural)
nuijaksi (singular translative)
nuijëiksi (plural translative)
nuijan (instructive singular)
nuijëin (instructive plural)
nuijanëk (comitative singular)
nuijëinëk (comitative plural)
nuijatta (abessive singular)
nuijëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nui

Finnish: nuija

Livonian: nujā

→ Latvian: nūja

Võro: nui


entinen

entinen (nominative singular)
enticet (nominative plural)
enticen (accusative singular)
enticet (accusative plural)
enticen (genitive singular)
endicten (genitive plural)
enticiden (genitive plural)
endictä (partitive singular)
enticitä (partitive plural)
enticessä (inessive singular)
enticehnä (inessive singular)
enticissä (inessive plural)
enticihnä (inessive plural)
enticestä (elative singular)
enticistä (elative plural)
enticesen (illative singular)
enticisen (illative plural)
enticellä (adessive singular)
enticillä (adessive plural)
enticeltä (ablative singular)
enticiltä (ablative plural)
enticelen (allative singular)
enticelek (allative singular)
enticilen (allative plural)
enticilek (allative plural)
endinnä (essive singular)
enticinä (essive plural)
enticeksi (singular translative)
enticiksi (plural translative)
enticen (instructive singular)
enticin (instructive plural)
endinnek (comitative singular)
enticinek (comitative plural)
enticettä (abessive singular)
enticittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: endine

Finnish: entinen

Ingrian: entiin

Karelian:

North Karelian: entine

South Karelian: endine

Livonian: ändõst- (in compounds), (Salaca) endi

Livvi: endine

Ludian: endine

Veps: enzne, endzne

Votic: entin


jauho

jauho (nominative singular)
jauhot (nominative plural)
jauhon (accusative singular)
jauhot (accusative plural)
jauhon (genitive singular)
jauhodën (genitive plural)
jauhoidën (genitive plural)
jauhoda (partitive singular)
jauhoida (partitive plural)
jauhossa (inessive singular)
jauhohna (inessive singular)
jauhoissa (inessive plural)
jauhoihna (inessive plural)
jauhosta (elative singular)
jauhoista (elative plural)
jauhohën (illative singular)
jauhoihën (illative plural)
jauholla (adessive singular)
jauhoilla (adessive plural)
jauholta (ablative singular)
jauhoilta (ablative plural)
jauholën (allative singular)
jauholëk (allative singular)
jauhoilën (allative plural)
jauhoilëk (allative plural)
jauhona (essive singular)
jauhoina (essive plural)
jauhoksi (singular translative)
jauhoiksi (plural translative)
jauhon (instructive singular)
jauhoin (instructive plural)
jauhonëk (comitative singular)
jauhoinëk (comitative plural)
jauhotta (abessive singular)
jauhoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: jahu

Finnish: jauho

Ingrian: jauho

Karelian: jauho

Livonian: jo'u

Livvi: jauho

Ludian: ďauh

Veps: jauh

Võro: jauh, jahu

Votic: javo

→ Southern Sami: jaavvoe

→ Northern Sami: jáffu

→ Inari Sami: jáávvuh

→ Kildin Sami: я̄вв (jeavv)

→ Skolt Sami: jävv


mäntä

mäntä (nominative singular)
mändät (nominative plural)
mändän (accusative singular)
mändät (accusative plural)
mändän (genitive singular)
mäntäden (genitive plural)
mänteiden (genitive plural)
mäntädä (partitive singular)
mänteidä (partitive plural)
mändässä (inessive singular)
mändähnä (inessive singular)
mändeissä (inessive plural)
mändeihnä (inessive plural)
mändästä (elative singular)
mändeistä (elative plural)
mäntähen (illative singular)
mänteihen (illative plural)
mändällä (adessive singular)
mändeillä (adessive plural)
mändältä (ablative singular)
mändeiltä (ablative plural)
mäntälen (allative singular)
mäntälek (allative singular)
mänteilen (allative plural)
mänteilek (allative plural)
mäntänä (essive singular)
mänteinä (essive plural)
mändäksi (singular translative)
mändeiksi (plural translative)
mändän (instructive singular)
mändein (instructive plural)
mäntänek (comitative singular)
mänteinek (comitative plural)
mändättä (abessive singular)
mändeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: mänd

Finnish: mäntä

Votic: mänte

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian mente and Lithuanian mentė).


tahto

tahto (nominative singular)
tahtot (nominative plural)
tahton (accusative singular)
tahtot (accusative plural)
tahton (genitive singular)
tahtodën (genitive plural)
tahtoidën (genitive plural)
tahtoda (partitive singular)
tahtoida (partitive plural)
tahtossa (inessive singular)
tahtohna (inessive singular)
tahtoissa (inessive plural)
tahtoihna (inessive plural)
tahtosta (elative singular)
tahtoista (elative plural)
tahtohën (illative singular)
tahtoihën (illative plural)
tahtolla (adessive singular)
tahtoilla (adessive plural)
tahtolta (ablative singular)
tahtoilta (ablative plural)
tahtolën (allative singular)
tahtolëk (allative singular)
tahtoilën (allative plural)
tahtoilëk (allative plural)
tahtona (essive singular)
tahtoina (essive plural)
tahtoksi (singular translative)
tahtoiksi (plural translative)
tahton (instructive singular)
tahtoin (instructive plural)
tahtonëk (comitative singular)
tahtoinëk (comitative plural)
tahtotta (abessive singular)
tahtoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: tahto

Ingrian: tahto

Karelian: tahto

Veps: taht

Votic: tahto

→ Northern Sami: dáhttu

→ Inari Sami: táttu

From *tahtadak + *-o, or alternatively a zero-derivation from *tahtodak (itself also from *tahtadak).


tuki

tuki (nominative singular)
tugët (nominative plural)
tugën (accusative singular)
tugët (accusative plural)
tugën (genitive singular)
tukëdën (genitive plural)
tukidën (genitive plural)
tukëda (partitive singular)
tukida (partitive plural)
tugëssa (inessive singular)
tugëhna (inessive singular)
tugissa (inessive plural)
tugihna (inessive plural)
tugësta (elative singular)
tugista (elative plural)
tukëhën (illative singular)
tukihën (illative plural)
tugëlla (adessive singular)
tugilla (adessive plural)
tugëlta (ablative singular)
tugilta (ablative plural)
tukëlën (allative singular)
tukëlëk (allative singular)
tukilën (allative plural)
tukilëk (allative plural)
tukëna (essive singular)
tukina (essive plural)
tugëksi (singular translative)
tugiksi (plural translative)
tugën (instructive singular)
tugin (instructive plural)
tukënëk (comitative singular)
tukinëk (comitative plural)
tugëtta (abessive singular)
tugitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tugi

Finnish: tuki

Ingrian: tuki

Karelian:

North Karelian: tuki

South Karelian: tugi

Livonian: ti’g, tü’g

Livvi: tugi

Ludian: tugi

Veps: tugi

Võro: tugi

Votic: (Mati) tugõ


paikka

paikka (nominative singular)
paik'at (nominative plural)
paik'an (accusative singular)
paik'at (accusative plural)
paik'an (genitive singular)
paikkadën (genitive plural)
paikkoidën (genitive plural)
paikkada (partitive singular)
paikkoida (partitive plural)
paik'assa (inessive singular)
paik'ahna (inessive singular)
paik'oissa (inessive plural)
paik'oihna (inessive plural)
paik'asta (elative singular)
paik'oista (elative plural)
paikkahën (illative singular)
paikkoihën (illative plural)
paik'alla (adessive singular)
paik'oilla (adessive plural)
paik'alta (ablative singular)
paik'oilta (ablative plural)
paikkalën (allative singular)
paikkalëk (allative singular)
paikkoilën (allative plural)
paikkoilëk (allative plural)
paikkana (essive singular)
paikkoina (essive plural)
paik'aksi (singular translative)
paik'oiksi (plural translative)
paik'an (instructive singular)
paik'oin (instructive plural)
paikkanëk (comitative singular)
paikkoinëk (comitative plural)
paik'atta (abessive singular)
paik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: paik

Finnish: paikka

Ingrian: paikka

Karelian:

North Karelian: paikka

South Karelian: paikka

Livonian: pāika

Livvi: paikku

Ludian: paik

Veps: paik

Võro: paik

Votic: paikkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *pājkkē (see there for further descendants)

Probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *spaikǭ, whence Gutnish spaik (“a mark carved in a tree”). LÄGLOS, however, considers this uncertain due to the semantic gap.


itku

itku (nominative singular)
itkut (nominative plural)
itkun (accusative singular)
itkut (accusative plural)
itkun (genitive singular)
itkudën (genitive plural)
itkuidën (genitive plural)
itkuda (partitive singular)
itkuida (partitive plural)
itkussa (inessive singular)
itkuhna (inessive singular)
itkuissa (inessive plural)
itkuihna (inessive plural)
itkusta (elative singular)
itkuista (elative plural)
itkuhën (illative singular)
itkuihën (illative plural)
itkulla (adessive singular)
itkuilla (adessive plural)
itkulta (ablative singular)
itkuilta (ablative plural)
itkulën (allative singular)
itkulëk (allative singular)
itkuilën (allative plural)
itkuilëk (allative plural)
itkuna (essive singular)
itkuina (essive plural)
itkuksi (singular translative)
itkuiksi (plural translative)
itkun (instructive singular)
itkuin (instructive plural)
itkunëk (comitative singular)
itkuinëk (comitative plural)
itkutta (abessive singular)
itkuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: itk

Finnish: itku

Ingrian: itku

Karelian: itku

Livvi: itku

Ludian: itk

Veps: itk

Võro: ikk

Votic: itku


riista

riista (nominative singular)
riistat (nominative plural)
riistan (accusative singular)
riistat (accusative plural)
riistan (genitive singular)
riistadën (genitive plural)
riistoidën (genitive plural)
riistada (partitive singular)
riistoida (partitive plural)
riistassa (inessive singular)
riistahna (inessive singular)
riistoissa (inessive plural)
riistoihna (inessive plural)
riistasta (elative singular)
riistoista (elative plural)
riistahën (illative singular)
riistoihën (illative plural)
riistalla (adessive singular)
riistoilla (adessive plural)
riistalta (ablative singular)
riistoilta (ablative plural)
riistalën (allative singular)
riistalëk (allative singular)
riistoilën (allative plural)
riistoilëk (allative plural)
riistana (essive singular)
riistoina (essive plural)
riistaksi (singular translative)
riistoiksi (plural translative)
riistan (instructive singular)
riistoin (instructive plural)
riistanëk (comitative singular)
riistoinëk (comitative plural)
riistatta (abessive singular)
riistoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: riist

Finnish: riista

Ingrian: riista

Karelian:

North Karelian: riista

South Karelian: riista

Livonian: rīst

Livvi: riistu

Veps: rišt

Võro: riist

Votic: riissõ


sekä

desc

Estonian: sega-, ⇒ sekka (illative), seas (inessive), seast (elative)

⇒ Livonian: siegās (inessive), sieʾggõ (illative)

Võro: segä-, ⇒ sekkä (illative), seehn (inessive), seest (elative)

Finnish: seka-, ⇒ sekaan (illative), seassa (inessive), seasta (elative)

Ingrian: seka-, ⇒ sekkaa (illative), seas (inessive), seast (elative)

Karelian:

tooltip

reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes

North Karelian: šeka- ⇒ šekah (illative), šejašša (inessive), šejašta (elative)

South Karelian: šega- ⇒ šegah (illative), šejašša (inessive), šejašta (elative)

Livvi: sega-, ⇒ segah (illative)

Ludian: sega-

Veps: sega

→ Proto-Samic: *seakē (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *sekä (“inside, among”).


turva

turva (nominative singular)
turvat (nominative plural)
turvan (accusative singular)
turvat (accusative plural)
turvan (genitive singular)
turvadën (genitive plural)
turvëidën (genitive plural)
turvada (partitive singular)
turvëida (partitive plural)
turvassa (inessive singular)
turvahna (inessive singular)
turvëissa (inessive plural)
turvëihna (inessive plural)
turvasta (elative singular)
turvëista (elative plural)
turvahën (illative singular)
turvëihën (illative plural)
turvalla (adessive singular)
turvëilla (adessive plural)
turvalta (ablative singular)
turvëilta (ablative plural)
turvalën (allative singular)
turvalëk (allative singular)
turvëilën (allative plural)
turvëilëk (allative plural)
turvana (essive singular)
turvëina (essive plural)
turvaksi (singular translative)
turvëiksi (plural translative)
turvan (instructive singular)
turvëin (instructive plural)
turvanëk (comitative singular)
turvëinëk (comitative plural)
turvatta (abessive singular)
turvëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: turv

Finnish: turva

→ Northern Sami: dorvu

Ingrian: turva

Karelian:

North Karelian: turva

South Karelian: turva

Livvi: turvu

Veps: ⇒ turviš, turvil

Votic: (Rudja) turva

Probably borrowed by metathesis from Proto-Germanic *trūwō (whence Swedish tro (“belief, reliability”)).


avoin

avoin (nominative singular)
avoimët (nominative plural)
avoimën (accusative singular)
avoimët (accusative plural)
avoimën (genitive singular)
avoindën (genitive plural)
avoimidën (genitive plural)
avointa (partitive singular)
avoimita (partitive plural)
avoimëssa (inessive singular)
avoimëhna (inessive singular)
avoimissa (inessive plural)
avoimihna (inessive plural)
avoimësta (elative singular)
avoimista (elative plural)
avoimësën (illative singular)
avoimisën (illative plural)
avoimëlla (adessive singular)
avoimilla (adessive plural)
avoimëlta (ablative singular)
avoimilta (ablative plural)
avoimëlën (allative singular)
avoimëlëk (allative singular)
avoimilën (allative plural)
avoimilëk (allative plural)
avoimëna (essive singular)
avoimina (essive plural)
avoimëksi (singular translative)
avoimiksi (plural translative)
avoimën (instructive singular)
avoimin (instructive plural)
avoimënëk (comitative singular)
avoiminëk (comitative plural)
avoimëtta (abessive singular)
avoimitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: avoin

Karelian: avoin

Ludian: avoin

Veps: avoin'


tuura

tuura (nominative singular)
tuurat (nominative plural)
tuuran (accusative singular)
tuurat (accusative plural)
tuuran (genitive singular)
tuuradën (genitive plural)
tuurëidën (genitive plural)
tuurada (partitive singular)
tuurëida (partitive plural)
tuurassa (inessive singular)
tuurahna (inessive singular)
tuurëissa (inessive plural)
tuurëihna (inessive plural)
tuurasta (elative singular)
tuurëista (elative plural)
tuurahën (illative singular)
tuurëihën (illative plural)
tuuralla (adessive singular)
tuurëilla (adessive plural)
tuuralta (ablative singular)
tuurëilta (ablative plural)
tuuralën (allative singular)
tuuralëk (allative singular)
tuurëilën (allative plural)
tuurëilëk (allative plural)
tuurana (essive singular)
tuurëina (essive plural)
tuuraksi (singular translative)
tuurëiksi (plural translative)
tuuran (instructive singular)
tuurëin (instructive plural)
tuuranëk (comitative singular)
tuurëinëk (comitative plural)
tuuratta (abessive singular)
tuurëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tuur

Finnish: tuura

Ingrian: tuura

Võro: tuur

Votic: tuurõ, duurõ

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian dūre and Lithuanian durà).


näppi

näppi (nominative singular)
näp'it (nominative plural)
näp'in (accusative singular)
näp'it (accusative plural)
näp'in (genitive singular)
näppiden (genitive plural)
näppejiden (genitive plural)
näppidä (partitive singular)
näppejitä (partitive plural)
näp'issä (inessive singular)
näp'ihnä (inessive singular)
näppejissä (inessive plural)
näppejihnä (inessive plural)
näp'istä (elative singular)
näppejistä (elative plural)
näppihen (illative singular)
näppejisen (illative plural)
näp'illä (adessive singular)
näppejillä (adessive plural)
näp'iltä (ablative singular)
näppejiltä (ablative plural)
näppilen (allative singular)
näppilek (allative singular)
näppejilen (allative plural)
näppejilek (allative plural)
näppinä (essive singular)
näppejinä (essive plural)
näp'iksi (singular translative)
näppejiksi (plural translative)
näp'in (instructive singular)
näppejin (instructive plural)
näppinek (comitative singular)
näppejinek (comitative plural)
näp'ittä (abessive singular)
näppejittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: näpp

Finnish: näppi

Ingrian: näppi

Karelian: näppi

Livvi: näppi

Ludian: näpp

Veps: näp

Võro: näpp

Votic: näppi