kalja

kalja (nominative singular)
kaljat (nominative plural)
kaljan (accusative singular)
kaljat (accusative plural)
kaljan (genitive singular)
kaljadën (genitive plural)
kaljoidën (genitive plural)
kaljada (partitive singular)
kaljoida (partitive plural)
kaljassa (inessive singular)
kaljahna (inessive singular)
kaljoissa (inessive plural)
kaljoihna (inessive plural)
kaljasta (elative singular)
kaljoista (elative plural)
kaljahën (illative singular)
kaljoihën (illative plural)
kaljalla (adessive singular)
kaljoilla (adessive plural)
kaljalta (ablative singular)
kaljoilta (ablative plural)
kaljalën (allative singular)
kaljalëk (allative singular)
kaljoilën (allative plural)
kaljoilëk (allative plural)
kaljana (essive singular)
kaljoina (essive plural)
kaljaksi (singular translative)
kaljoiksi (plural translative)
kaljan (instructive singular)
kaljoin (instructive plural)
kaljanëk (comitative singular)
kaljoinëk (comitative plural)
kaljatta (abessive singular)
kaljoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kali

Finnish: kalja

Karelian: kalja

Livonian: kaļ

Livvi: kalju

→ Komi-Zyrian: калля (kalľa)

Possibly borrowed from an Indo-European language, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut- or *h₂al-ew-yo-.


outo

outo (nominative singular)
oudot (nominative plural)
oudon (accusative singular)
oudot (accusative plural)
oudon (genitive singular)
outodën (genitive plural)
outoidën (genitive plural)
outoda (partitive singular)
outoida (partitive plural)
oudossa (inessive singular)
oudohna (inessive singular)
oudoissa (inessive plural)
oudoihna (inessive plural)
oudosta (elative singular)
oudoista (elative plural)
outohën (illative singular)
outoihën (illative plural)
oudolla (adessive singular)
oudoilla (adessive plural)
oudolta (ablative singular)
oudoilta (ablative plural)
outolën (allative singular)
outolëk (allative singular)
outoilën (allative plural)
outoilëk (allative plural)
outona (essive singular)
outoina (essive plural)
oudoksi (singular translative)
oudoiksi (plural translative)
oudon (instructive singular)
oudoin (instructive plural)
outonëk (comitative singular)
outoinëk (comitative plural)
oudotta (abessive singular)
oudoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: õud, ⇒ õudne

Finnish: outo

Karelian:

North Karelian: outo

South Karelian: oudo

Livvi: oudo


räkä

räkä (nominative singular)
rägät (nominative plural)
rägän (accusative singular)
rägät (accusative plural)
rägän (genitive singular)
räkäden (genitive plural)
räkeiden (genitive plural)
räkädä (partitive singular)
räkeidä (partitive plural)
rägässä (inessive singular)
rägähnä (inessive singular)
rägeissä (inessive plural)
rägeihnä (inessive plural)
rägästä (elative singular)
rägeistä (elative plural)
räkähen (illative singular)
räkeihen (illative plural)
rägällä (adessive singular)
rägeillä (adessive plural)
rägältä (ablative singular)
rägeiltä (ablative plural)
räkälen (allative singular)
räkälek (allative singular)
räkeilen (allative plural)
räkeilek (allative plural)
räkänä (essive singular)
räkeinä (essive plural)
rägäksi (singular translative)
rägeiksi (plural translative)
rägän (instructive singular)
rägein (instructive plural)
räkänek (comitative singular)
räkeinek (comitative plural)
rägättä (abessive singular)
rägeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: röga, (dialectal) räga

Finnish: räkä

Ingrian: räkä

Karelian: räkä, rekä, regä

Livonian: gregād

Livvi: regä

Ludian: regä, rögä

Veps: rega

Võro: rägä

Votic: räkä


kalju

kalju (nominative singular)
kaljut (nominative plural)
kaljun (accusative singular)
kaljut (accusative plural)
kaljun (genitive singular)
kaljudën (genitive plural)
kaljuidën (genitive plural)
kaljuda (partitive singular)
kaljuida (partitive plural)
kaljussa (inessive singular)
kaljuhna (inessive singular)
kaljuissa (inessive plural)
kaljuihna (inessive plural)
kaljusta (elative singular)
kaljuista (elative plural)
kaljuhën (illative singular)
kaljuihën (illative plural)
kaljulla (adessive singular)
kaljuilla (adessive plural)
kaljulta (ablative singular)
kaljuilta (ablative plural)
kaljulën (allative singular)
kaljulëk (allative singular)
kaljuilën (allative plural)
kaljuilëk (allative plural)
kaljuna (essive singular)
kaljuina (essive plural)
kaljuksi (singular translative)
kaljuiksi (plural translative)
kaljun (instructive singular)
kaljuin (instructive plural)
kaljunëk (comitative singular)
kaljuinëk (comitative plural)
kaljutta (abessive singular)
kaljuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) kali

Finnish: kalju

→ Northern Sami: gálljo

Livonian: kaļ

→ Latvian: kaļa

From the same root as *kaljama, with the suffix + *-u.

debarked log; roller (one of a set of round logs used to help move a boat, etc. by rolling it over the logs)


mutka

mutka (nominative singular)
mutkat (nominative plural)
mutkan (accusative singular)
mutkat (accusative plural)
mutkan (genitive singular)
mutkadën (genitive plural)
mutkëidën (genitive plural)
mutkada (partitive singular)
mutkëida (partitive plural)
mutkassa (inessive singular)
mutkahna (inessive singular)
mutkëissa (inessive plural)
mutkëihna (inessive plural)
mutkasta (elative singular)
mutkëista (elative plural)
mutkahën (illative singular)
mutkëihën (illative plural)
mutkalla (adessive singular)
mutkëilla (adessive plural)
mutkalta (ablative singular)
mutkëilta (ablative plural)
mutkalën (allative singular)
mutkalëk (allative singular)
mutkëilën (allative plural)
mutkëilëk (allative plural)
mutkana (essive singular)
mutkëina (essive plural)
mutkaksi (singular translative)
mutkëiksi (plural translative)
mutkan (instructive singular)
mutkëin (instructive plural)
mutkanëk (comitative singular)
mutkëinëk (comitative plural)
mutkatta (abessive singular)
mutkëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: mutka, (dialectal) mukka

Ingrian: mutka

Karelian:

North Karelian: mukka, mutka

South Karelian: mutka

Livvi: mutku

Votic: mutkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *mokkē (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Uralic *mučka.


malja

Finnic (Northern)
malja (nominative singular)
maljat (nominative plural)
maljan (accusative singular)
maljat (accusative plural)
maljan (genitive singular)
maljadën (genitive plural)
maljoidën (genitive plural)
maljada (partitive singular)
maljoida (partitive plural)
maljassa (inessive singular)
maljahna (inessive singular)
maljoissa (inessive plural)
maljoihna (inessive plural)
maljasta (elative singular)
maljoista (elative plural)
maljahën (illative singular)
maljoihën (illative plural)
maljalla (adessive singular)
maljoilla (adessive plural)
maljalta (ablative singular)
maljoilta (ablative plural)
maljalën (allative singular)
maljalëk (allative singular)
maljoilën (allative plural)
maljoilëk (allative plural)
maljana (essive singular)
maljoina (essive plural)
maljaksi (singular translative)
maljoiksi (plural translative)
maljan (instructive singular)
maljoin (instructive plural)
maljanëk (comitative singular)
maljoinëk (comitative plural)
maljatta (abessive singular)
maljoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: malja

Ingrian: malja

Karelian:

North Karelian: malʹlʹa

South Karelian: malʹlʹa

Livvi: malʹlʹu

Ludian: malʹlʹ

Veps: maĺ

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*mālijaʀ), from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (compare Old Norse mælir, Old English mǣle, mēle).


talja

talja (nominative singular)
taljat (nominative plural)
taljan (accusative singular)
taljat (accusative plural)
taljan (genitive singular)
taljadën (genitive plural)
taljoidën (genitive plural)
taljada (partitive singular)
taljoida (partitive plural)
taljassa (inessive singular)
taljahna (inessive singular)
taljoissa (inessive plural)
taljoihna (inessive plural)
taljasta (elative singular)
taljoista (elative plural)
taljahën (illative singular)
taljoihën (illative plural)
taljalla (adessive singular)
taljoilla (adessive plural)
taljalta (ablative singular)
taljoilta (ablative plural)
taljalën (allative singular)
taljalëk (allative singular)
taljoilën (allative plural)
taljoilëk (allative plural)
taljana (essive singular)
taljoina (essive plural)
taljaksi (singular translative)
taljoiksi (plural translative)
taljan (instructive singular)
taljoin (instructive plural)
taljanëk (comitative singular)
taljoinëk (comitative plural)
taljatta (abessive singular)
taljoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: talja

Karelian:

North Karelian: tal'l'a

South Karelian: tal'l'a

Livvi: tal'l'u

Cognate with Proto-Samic *tuoljē, both possibly borrowed from Proto-Balto-Slavic *dáljāˀ (“share, part”).


aukko

aukko (nominative singular)
auk'ot (nominative plural)
auk'on (accusative singular)
auk'ot (accusative plural)
auk'on (genitive singular)
aukkodën (genitive plural)
aukkoidën (genitive plural)
aukkoda (partitive singular)
aukkoida (partitive plural)
auk'ossa (inessive singular)
auk'ohna (inessive singular)
auk'oissa (inessive plural)
auk'oihna (inessive plural)
auk'osta (elative singular)
auk'oista (elative plural)
aukkohën (illative singular)
aukkoihën (illative plural)
auk'olla (adessive singular)
auk'oilla (adessive plural)
auk'olta (ablative singular)
auk'oilta (ablative plural)
aukkolën (allative singular)
aukkolëk (allative singular)
aukkoilën (allative plural)
aukkoilëk (allative plural)
aukkona (essive singular)
aukkoina (essive plural)
auk'oksi (singular translative)
auk'oiksi (plural translative)
auk'on (instructive singular)
auk'oin (instructive plural)
aukkonëk (comitative singular)
aukkoinëk (comitative plural)
auk'otta (abessive singular)
auk'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: auk

Finnish: aukko

Ingrian: aukko, aukku

Karelian: aukko

Livonian: ouk

Votic: aukko

Probably from earlier *avukko and derived from *ava. Alternatively, and less likely, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *augô.


nokka

nokka (nominative singular)
nok'at (nominative plural)
nok'an (accusative singular)
nok'at (accusative plural)
nok'an (genitive singular)
nokkadën (genitive plural)
nokkëidën (genitive plural)
nokkada (partitive singular)
nokkëida (partitive plural)
nok'assa (inessive singular)
nok'ahna (inessive singular)
nok'ëissa (inessive plural)
nok'ëihna (inessive plural)
nok'asta (elative singular)
nok'ëista (elative plural)
nokkahën (illative singular)
nokkëihën (illative plural)
nok'alla (adessive singular)
nok'ëilla (adessive plural)
nok'alta (ablative singular)
nok'ëilta (ablative plural)
nokkalën (allative singular)
nokkalëk (allative singular)
nokkëilën (allative plural)
nokkëilëk (allative plural)
nokkana (essive singular)
nokkëina (essive plural)
nok'aksi (singular translative)
nok'ëiksi (plural translative)
nok'an (instructive singular)
nok'ëin (instructive plural)
nokkanëk (comitative singular)
nokkëinëk (comitative plural)
nok'atta (abessive singular)
nok'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nokk

Finnish: nokka

Ingrian: nokka

Karelian:

North Karelian: nʹokka

South Karelian: nʹokka

Livvi: nʹokku

Ludian: nʹokk

Veps: nʹok

Võro: nokk

Votic: nokkõ

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *nokka (compare Northern Khanty [script needed] (noχ-, “to peck”), Eastern Mansi [script needed] (nē̮k˳-, “to peck”)).


luja

luja (nominative singular)
lujat (nominative plural)
lujan (accusative singular)
lujat (accusative plural)
lujan (genitive singular)
lujadën (genitive plural)
lujëidën (genitive plural)
lujada (partitive singular)
lujëida (partitive plural)
lujassa (inessive singular)
lujahna (inessive singular)
lujëissa (inessive plural)
lujëihna (inessive plural)
lujasta (elative singular)
lujëista (elative plural)
lujahën (illative singular)
lujëihën (illative plural)
lujalla (adessive singular)
lujëilla (adessive plural)
lujalta (ablative singular)
lujëilta (ablative plural)
lujalën (allative singular)
lujalëk (allative singular)
lujëilën (allative plural)
lujëilëk (allative plural)
lujana (essive singular)
lujëina (essive plural)
lujaksi (singular translative)
lujëiksi (plural translative)
lujan (instructive singular)
lujëin (instructive plural)
lujanëk (comitative singular)
lujëinëk (comitative plural)
lujatta (abessive singular)
lujëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: luja

Karelian:

North Karelian: luja

South Karelian: luja

Livvi: luja

Ludian: luja

Veps: luja

Cognate with Proto-Samic *lojē, further origin unknown.


arki

arki (nominative singular)
argët (nominative plural)
argën (accusative singular)
argët (accusative plural)
argën (genitive singular)
arkëdën (genitive plural)
arkidën (genitive plural)
arkëda (partitive singular)
arkida (partitive plural)
argëssa (inessive singular)
argëhna (inessive singular)
argissa (inessive plural)
argihna (inessive plural)
argësta (elative singular)
argista (elative plural)
arkëhën (illative singular)
arkihën (illative plural)
argëlla (adessive singular)
argilla (adessive plural)
argëlta (ablative singular)
argilta (ablative plural)
arkëlën (allative singular)
arkëlëk (allative singular)
arkilën (allative plural)
arkilëk (allative plural)
arkëna (essive singular)
arkina (essive plural)
argëksi (singular translative)
argiksi (plural translative)
argën (instructive singular)
argin (instructive plural)
arkënëk (comitative singular)
arkinëk (comitative plural)
argëtta (abessive singular)
argitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ⇒ argine

Finnish: arki

Ingrian: arki

Karelian:

North Karelian: arki

South Karelian: argi

Livvi: argi

Ludian: arg

Veps: ar'g

Votic: artši

→ Proto-Samic: *ārkë (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *argį̄ or *argijǭ (whence Old Norse ergi and Proto-Norse ᛡᚱᛡᚷᛖᚢ (ᴀrᴀgeu)).


hukka

hukka (nominative singular)
huk'at (nominative plural)
huk'an (accusative singular)
huk'at (accusative plural)
huk'an (genitive singular)
hukkadën (genitive plural)
hukkëidën (genitive plural)
hukkada (partitive singular)
hukkëida (partitive plural)
huk'assa (inessive singular)
huk'ahna (inessive singular)
huk'ëissa (inessive plural)
huk'ëihna (inessive plural)
huk'asta (elative singular)
huk'ëista (elative plural)
hukkahën (illative singular)
hukkëihën (illative plural)
huk'alla (adessive singular)
huk'ëilla (adessive plural)
huk'alta (ablative singular)
huk'ëilta (ablative plural)
hukkalën (allative singular)
hukkalëk (allative singular)
hukkëilën (allative plural)
hukkëilëk (allative plural)
hukkana (essive singular)
hukkëina (essive plural)
huk'aksi (singular translative)
huk'ëiksi (plural translative)
huk'an (instructive singular)
huk'ëin (instructive plural)
hukkanëk (comitative singular)
hukkëinëk (comitative plural)
huk'atta (abessive singular)
huk'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hukk

Finnish: hukka

Ingrian: hukka

Karelian:

North Karelian: hukka

South Karelian: hukka

Livonian: *hukkahën > ukkõ, *huk'assa > ukās

→ Latvian: ukā

Livvi: hukku

Ludian: hukk

Võro: *hukkahën > hukan

Votic: (Kattila) ukkõ

Unclear. The word been compared to Proto-Germanic *sukka- (“noise, disturbance”) on one hand, and Komi чыкны (ćykny, “to lose”), Udmurt чыкйыны (ćykjyny, “to be soiled”) on the other. Both comparisons would require an earlier form *šukka (in the latter case in turn from earlier *čukka).
The word has later developed a tabooistic meaning "wolf" in Ludic, Livvi, Karelian and eastern dialects of Finnish, largely replacing *suci.

unk

Unclear


kutsu

kutsu (nominative singular)
kutsut (nominative plural)
kutsun (accusative singular)
kutsut (accusative plural)
kutsun (genitive singular)
kutsudën (genitive plural)
kutsuidën (genitive plural)
kutsuda (partitive singular)
kutsuida (partitive plural)
kutsussa (inessive singular)
kutsuhna (inessive singular)
kutsuissa (inessive plural)
kutsuihna (inessive plural)
kutsusta (elative singular)
kutsuista (elative plural)
kutsuhën (illative singular)
kutsuihën (illative plural)
kutsulla (adessive singular)
kutsuilla (adessive plural)
kutsulta (ablative singular)
kutsuilta (ablative plural)
kutsulën (allative singular)
kutsulëk (allative singular)
kutsuilën (allative plural)
kutsuilëk (allative plural)
kutsuna (essive singular)
kutsuina (essive plural)
kutsuksi (singular translative)
kutsuiksi (plural translative)
kutsun (instructive singular)
kutsuin (instructive plural)
kutsunëk (comitative singular)
kutsuinëk (comitative plural)
kutsutta (abessive singular)
kutsuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kutsu

Finnish: (dialectal, rare) kutsu

Karelian:

South Karelian: kudžu

Livvi: kudžu

Ludian: kudžu

Võro: ⇒ kutsik


viha

viha (nominative singular)
vihat (nominative plural)
vihan (accusative singular)
vihat (accusative plural)
vihan (genitive singular)
vihadën (genitive plural)
vihoidën (genitive plural)
vihada (partitive singular)
vihoida (partitive plural)
vihassa (inessive singular)
vihahna (inessive singular)
vihoissa (inessive plural)
vihoihna (inessive plural)
vihasta (elative singular)
vihoista (elative plural)
vihahën (illative singular)
vihoihën (illative plural)
vihalla (adessive singular)
vihoilla (adessive plural)
vihalta (ablative singular)
vihoilta (ablative plural)
vihalën (allative singular)
vihalëk (allative singular)
vihoilën (allative plural)
vihoilëk (allative plural)
vihana (essive singular)
vihoina (essive plural)
vihaksi (singular translative)
vihoiksi (plural translative)
vihan (instructive singular)
vihoin (instructive plural)
vihanëk (comitative singular)
vihoinëk (comitative plural)
vihatta (abessive singular)
vihoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: viha

Finnish: viha

Ingrian: viha

North Karelian: viha

South Karelian: viha

Livonian: vija

Livvi: viha

Ludian: viha

Veps: viha

Võro: viha

Votic: viha

→ Proto-Samic: *vëšē

From earlier *wiša, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwiša- (“hate”). Possibly already from Proto-Finno-Permic, compare Udmurt вож (vož, “hate”), Komi-Zyrian веж (vež, “envy”).


viha

Estonian: viha

Finnish: viha

Karelian:

North Karelian: viha

South Karelian: viha

Livonian: vijā

Livvi: viha

Ludian: viha

Veps: viha

Võro: viha

Votic: viha

From earlier *wiša, borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wišás (“poison, bile”), from Proto-Indo-European *wisós. Compare Sanskrit विष (viṣa). For the meaning "greenness", compare also Erzya ожо (ožo, “yellow”), Eastern Mari ужар (užar, “green”).


linko

linko (nominative singular)
lingot (nominative plural)
lingon (accusative singular)
lingot (accusative plural)
lingon (genitive singular)
linkodën (genitive plural)
linkoidën (genitive plural)
linkoda (partitive singular)
linkoida (partitive plural)
lingossa (inessive singular)
lingohna (inessive singular)
lingoissa (inessive plural)
lingoihna (inessive plural)
lingosta (elative singular)
lingoista (elative plural)
linkohën (illative singular)
linkoihën (illative plural)
lingolla (adessive singular)
lingoilla (adessive plural)
lingolta (ablative singular)
lingoilta (ablative plural)
linkolën (allative singular)
linkolëk (allative singular)
linkoilën (allative plural)
linkoilëk (allative plural)
linkona (essive singular)
linkoina (essive plural)
lingoksi (singular translative)
lingoiksi (plural translative)
lingon (instructive singular)
lingoin (instructive plural)
linkonëk (comitative singular)
linkoinëk (comitative plural)
lingotta (abessive singular)
lingoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ling

Finnish: linko

Livonian: ling

Võro: ling

Derived from Proto-Germanic *slingwaną (“to sling”).


loppu

loppu (nominative singular)
lop'ut (nominative plural)
lop'un (accusative singular)
lop'ut (accusative plural)
lop'un (genitive singular)
loppudën (genitive plural)
loppuidën (genitive plural)
loppuda (partitive singular)
loppuida (partitive plural)
lop'ussa (inessive singular)
lop'uhna (inessive singular)
lop'uissa (inessive plural)
lop'uihna (inessive plural)
lop'usta (elative singular)
lop'uista (elative plural)
loppuhën (illative singular)
loppuihën (illative plural)
lop'ulla (adessive singular)
lop'uilla (adessive plural)
lop'ulta (ablative singular)
lop'uilta (ablative plural)
loppulën (allative singular)
loppulëk (allative singular)
loppuilën (allative plural)
loppuilëk (allative plural)
loppuna (essive singular)
loppuina (essive plural)
lop'uksi (singular translative)
lop'uiksi (plural translative)
lop'un (instructive singular)
lop'uin (instructive plural)
loppunëk (comitative singular)
loppuinëk (comitative plural)
lop'utta (abessive singular)
lop'uitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lõpp

Finnish: loppu

Ingrian: loppu

Karelian: loppu

Livvi: loppu

Ludian: loppu

Veps: lop

Võro: lõpp

Votic: lõppu

→ Northern Sami: loahppa

From *loppi (whence dialectal Finnish loppi) or *loppëdak + *-u.


moni

moni (nominative singular)
monët (nominative plural)
monën (accusative singular)
monët (accusative plural)
monën (genitive singular)
mondën (genitive plural)
monidën (genitive plural)
monta (partitive singular)
monida (partitive plural)
monëssa (inessive singular)
monëhna (inessive singular)
monissa (inessive plural)
monihna (inessive plural)
monësta (elative singular)
monista (elative plural)
monëhën (illative singular)
monihën (illative plural)
monëlla (adessive singular)
monilla (adessive plural)
monëlta (ablative singular)
monilta (ablative plural)
monëlën (allative singular)
monëlëk (allative singular)
monilën (allative plural)
monilëk (allative plural)
monna (essive singular)
monina (essive plural)
monëksi (singular translative)
moniksi (plural translative)
monën (instructive singular)
monin (instructive plural)
monnëk (comitative singular)
moninëk (comitative plural)
monëtta (abessive singular)
monitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: mõni

Finnish: moni

Ingrian: moni

Karelian:

North Karelian: moni

South Karelian: moni

⇒ Livonian: mūnda

Livvi: moni

Ludian: moni

Võro: myni

Votic: mõni


käpälä

käpälä (nominative singular)
käpälät (nominative plural)
käpälän (accusative singular)
käpälät (accusative plural)
käpälän (genitive singular)
käpäläden (genitive plural)
käpäleiden (genitive plural)
käpälätä (partitive singular)
käpäleitä (partitive plural)
käpälässä (inessive singular)
käpälähnä (inessive singular)
käpäleissä (inessive plural)
käpäleihnä (inessive plural)
käpälästä (elative singular)
käpäleistä (elative plural)
käpäläsen (illative singular)
käpäleisen (illative plural)
käpälällä (adessive singular)
käpäleillä (adessive plural)
käpälältä (ablative singular)
käpäleiltä (ablative plural)
käpälälen (allative singular)
käpälälek (allative singular)
käpäleilen (allative plural)
käpäleilek (allative plural)
käpälänä (essive singular)
käpäleinä (essive plural)
käpäläksi (singular translative)
käpäleiksi (plural translative)
käpälän (instructive singular)
käpälein (instructive plural)
käpälänek (comitative singular)
käpäleinek (comitative plural)
käpälättä (abessive singular)
käpäleittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: käbar

Finnish: käpälä

→ Northern Sami: geahpil

Ingrian: käpälä

Karelian: käpälä, käbälä

Livvi: käbäl

Ludian: käbäl

Veps: käbäl

Votic: tšäpäle

Probably related to *käppä, perhaps with the diminutive + *-lä.


rasi

Finnic (Northern)
rasi (nominative singular)
rasit (nominative plural)
rasin (accusative singular)
rasit (accusative plural)
rasin (genitive singular)
rasidën (genitive plural)
rasëjidën (genitive plural)
rasida (partitive singular)
rasëjita (partitive plural)
rasissa (inessive singular)
rasihna (inessive singular)
rasëjissa (inessive plural)
rasëjihna (inessive plural)
rasista (elative singular)
rasëjista (elative plural)
rasihën (illative singular)
rasëjisën (illative plural)
rasilla (adessive singular)
rasëjilla (adessive plural)
rasilta (ablative singular)
rasëjilta (ablative plural)
rasilën (allative singular)
rasilëk (allative singular)
rasëjilën (allative plural)
rasëjilëk (allative plural)
rasina (essive singular)
rasëjina (essive plural)
rasiksi (singular translative)
rasëjiksi (plural translative)
rasin (instructive singular)
rasëjin (instructive plural)
rasinëk (comitative singular)
rasëjinëk (comitative plural)
rasitta (abessive singular)
rasëjitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: rasi

Ingrian: rasi

Karelian:

North Karelian: raši

South Karelian: razi

Livvi: razi

Ludian: raži

Veps: ⇒ razagat

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*grasja), from Proto-Germanic *grasą.

forest that has been cleared over a year ago for slash and burn but has not yet been burnt


kilpi

kilpi (nominative singular)
kilbet (nominative plural)
kilben (accusative singular)
kilbet (accusative plural)
kilben (genitive singular)
kilpeden (genitive plural)
kilpiden (genitive plural)
kilpedä (partitive singular)
kilpidä (partitive plural)
kilbessä (inessive singular)
kilbehnä (inessive singular)
kilbissä (inessive plural)
kilbihnä (inessive plural)
kilbestä (elative singular)
kilbistä (elative plural)
kilpehen (illative singular)
kilpihen (illative plural)
kilbellä (adessive singular)
kilbillä (adessive plural)
kilbeltä (ablative singular)
kilbiltä (ablative plural)
kilpelen (allative singular)
kilpelek (allative singular)
kilpilen (allative plural)
kilpilek (allative plural)
kilpenä (essive singular)
kilpinä (essive plural)
kilbeksi (singular translative)
kilbiksi (plural translative)
kilben (instructive singular)
kilbin (instructive plural)
kilpenek (comitative singular)
kilpinek (comitative plural)
kilbettä (abessive singular)
kilbittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kilp

Finnish: kilpi

Possibly borrowed by metathesis from Proto-Germanic *hlībō, whence Old Norse hlíf. Cognate with Proto-Samic *këlpë


onni

onni (nominative singular)
onnët (nominative plural)
onnën (accusative singular)
onnët (accusative plural)
onnën (genitive singular)
onnëdën (genitive plural)
onnidën (genitive plural)
onnëda (partitive singular)
onnida (partitive plural)
onnëssa (inessive singular)
onnëhna (inessive singular)
onnissa (inessive plural)
onnihna (inessive plural)
onnësta (elative singular)
onnista (elative plural)
onnëhën (illative singular)
onnihën (illative plural)
onnëlla (adessive singular)
onnilla (adessive plural)
onnëlta (ablative singular)
onnilta (ablative plural)
onnëlën (allative singular)
onnëlëk (allative singular)
onnilën (allative plural)
onnilëk (allative plural)
onnëna (essive singular)
onnina (essive plural)
onnëksi (singular translative)
onniksi (plural translative)
onnën (instructive singular)
onnin (instructive plural)
onnënëk (comitative singular)
onninëk (comitative plural)
onnëtta (abessive singular)
onnitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: õnn

Finnish: onni

Ingrian: onni

Karelian:

North Karelian: onni

South Karelian: onni

Livonian: vȯņ

Livvi: onni

Võro: ynn'

Votic: õnni

Unknown. Possibly with Northern Sami vuodna or from *onci (“cavity”). In older Finnish, the meaning "one's share in life" is attested, bridging the semantic difference part-way. Alternatively the word may be of Germanic or older Indo-European origin (akin to Proto-Germanic *wunjō, Proto-Indo-European *wénh₁-ih₂).


kekri

kekri (nominative singular)
kekrit (nominative plural)
kekrin (accusative singular)
kekrit (accusative plural)
kekrin (genitive singular)
kekriden (genitive plural)
kekrejiden (genitive plural)
kekridä (partitive singular)
kekrejitä (partitive plural)
kekrissä (inessive singular)
kekrihnä (inessive singular)
kekrejissä (inessive plural)
kekrejihnä (inessive plural)
kekristä (elative singular)
kekrejistä (elative plural)
kekrihen (illative singular)
kekrejisen (illative plural)
kekrillä (adessive singular)
kekrejillä (adessive plural)
kekriltä (ablative singular)
kekrejiltä (ablative plural)
kekrilen (allative singular)
kekrilek (allative singular)
kekrejilen (allative plural)
kekrejilek (allative plural)
kekrinä (essive singular)
kekrejinä (essive plural)
kekriksi (singular translative)
kekrejiksi (plural translative)
kekrin (instructive singular)
kekrejin (instructive plural)
kekrinek (comitative singular)
kekrejinek (comitative plural)
kekrittä (abessive singular)
kekrejittä (abessive plural)

desc

köyri<q:Western Savonia and Southern Ostrobothnia>

köyry<q:Tavastia and Northern Ostrobothnia>

Finnish: kekri, (Eastern Savonia) keyri, keuri, (Western Savonia and Southern Ostrobothnia) köyri, (Tavastia and Northern Ostrobothnia) köyry

Karelian:

North Karelian: kekri

South Karelian: kegri

Livvi: kegri

From earlier *kekrä (whence Proto-Samic *keavrē), borrowed from pre Proto-Indo-Iranian *ḱekrám (later *čakrám, whence Sanskrit चक्र (cakra, “wheel, cycle of seasons”)). Alternatively, according to Saarikivi (2022), possibly a derivation from *käkrä, *kekrä (“bent, crooked”), first in the sense "turn of the year".


raato

raato (nominative singular)
raadot (nominative plural)
raadon (accusative singular)
raadot (accusative plural)
raadon (genitive singular)
raatodën (genitive plural)
raatoidën (genitive plural)
raatoda (partitive singular)
raatoida (partitive plural)
raadossa (inessive singular)
raadohna (inessive singular)
raadoissa (inessive plural)
raadoihna (inessive plural)
raadosta (elative singular)
raadoista (elative plural)
raatohën (illative singular)
raatoihën (illative plural)
raadolla (adessive singular)
raadoilla (adessive plural)
raadolta (ablative singular)
raadoilta (ablative plural)
raatolën (allative singular)
raatolëk (allative singular)
raatoilën (allative plural)
raatoilëk (allative plural)
raatona (essive singular)
raatoina (essive plural)
raadoksi (singular translative)
raadoiksi (plural translative)
raadon (instructive singular)
raadoin (instructive plural)
raatonëk (comitative singular)
raatoinëk (comitative plural)
raadotta (abessive singular)
raadoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: raato

→ Northern Sami: ráhtu

→ Inari Sami: ráátu

→ Skolt Sami: räätt

Ingrian: raato

Karelian:

North Karelian: ruato

South Karelian: ruado

Votic: raato

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*brādō), from Proto-Germanic *brēdô.


harjus

harjus (nominative singular)
harjuksët (nominative plural)
harjuksën (accusative singular)
harjuksët (accusative plural)
harjuksën (genitive singular)
harjustën (genitive plural)
harjuksidën (genitive plural)
harjusta (partitive singular)
harjuksita (partitive plural)
harjuksëssa (inessive singular)
harjuksëhna (inessive singular)
harjuksissa (inessive plural)
harjuksihna (inessive plural)
harjuksësta (elative singular)
harjuksista (elative plural)
harjuksësën (illative singular)
harjuksisën (illative plural)
harjuksëlla (adessive singular)
harjuksilla (adessive plural)
harjuksëlta (ablative singular)
harjuksilta (ablative plural)
harjuksëlën (allative singular)
harjuksëlëk (allative singular)
harjuksilën (allative plural)
harjuksilëk (allative plural)
harjussa (essive singular)
harjuksina (essive plural)
harjuksëksi (singular translative)
harjuksiksi (plural translative)
harjuksën (instructive singular)
harjuksin (instructive plural)
harjussëk (comitative singular)
harjuksinëk (comitative plural)
harjuksëtta (abessive singular)
harjuksitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: harjus

Finnish: harjus

Karelian: harjus

Livvi: harjus

Ludian: har'duz

Veps: hargus, hargos

→ Russian: хариус (xarius)

Probably from *harja + *-us. Alternatively, and less likely, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *harzuz (whence Swedish harr).


vartija

vartija (nominative singular)
vartijat (nominative plural)
vartijan (accusative singular)
vartijat (accusative plural)
vartijan (genitive singular)
vartijadën (genitive plural)
vartijoidën (genitive plural)
vartijata (partitive singular)
vartijoita (partitive plural)
vartijassa (inessive singular)
vartijahna (inessive singular)
vartijoissa (inessive plural)
vartijoihna (inessive plural)
vartijasta (elative singular)
vartijoista (elative plural)
vartijasën (illative singular)
vartijoisën (illative plural)
vartijalla (adessive singular)
vartijoilla (adessive plural)
vartijalta (ablative singular)
vartijoilta (ablative plural)
vartijalën (allative singular)
vartijalëk (allative singular)
vartijoilën (allative plural)
vartijoilëk (allative plural)
vartijana (essive singular)
vartijoina (essive plural)
vartijaksi (singular translative)
vartijoiksi (plural translative)
vartijan (instructive singular)
vartijoin (instructive plural)
vartijanëk (comitative singular)
vartijoinëk (comitative plural)
vartijatta (abessive singular)
vartijoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vardja, (dialectal) vardija

Finnish: vartija

Karelian:

South Karelian: vardie, vardivo

Livvi: ⇒ vardoija (“to guard”)

Ludian: ⇒ vardoida (“to guard”)

Veps: ⇒ vardoita (“to guard”)

Votic: ⇒ (Mati) varrita (“to guard”)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *wardijô (whence Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰 (wardja)).


niska

niska (nominative singular)
niskat (nominative plural)
niskan (accusative singular)
niskat (accusative plural)
niskan (genitive singular)
niskadën (genitive plural)
niskoidën (genitive plural)
niskada (partitive singular)
niskoida (partitive plural)
niskassa (inessive singular)
niskahna (inessive singular)
niskoissa (inessive plural)
niskoihna (inessive plural)
niskasta (elative singular)
niskoista (elative plural)
niskahën (illative singular)
niskoihën (illative plural)
niskalla (adessive singular)
niskoilla (adessive plural)
niskalta (ablative singular)
niskoilta (ablative plural)
niskalën (allative singular)
niskalëk (allative singular)
niskoilën (allative plural)
niskoilëk (allative plural)
niskana (essive singular)
niskoina (essive plural)
niskaksi (singular translative)
niskoiksi (plural translative)
niskan (instructive singular)
niskoin (instructive plural)
niskanëk (comitative singular)
niskoinëk (comitative plural)
niskatta (abessive singular)
niskoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: niska

→ Northern Sami: niski

Ingrian: niska

Karelian: niska, niška

Livonian: (obsolete) nī'sk

Livvi: nišku

Ludian: nišk

Veps: nišk

Votic: niskõ

Unknown. Only an unconvincing Indo-Aryan loan theory has been proposed.


nurmi

nurmi (nominative singular)
nurmët (nominative plural)
nurmën (accusative singular)
nurmët (accusative plural)
nurmën (genitive singular)
nurmëdën (genitive plural)
nurmidën (genitive plural)
nurmëda (partitive singular)
nurmida (partitive plural)
nurmëssa (inessive singular)
nurmëhna (inessive singular)
nurmissa (inessive plural)
nurmihna (inessive plural)
nurmësta (elative singular)
nurmista (elative plural)
nurmëhën (illative singular)
nurmihën (illative plural)
nurmëlla (adessive singular)
nurmilla (adessive plural)
nurmëlta (ablative singular)
nurmilta (ablative plural)
nurmëlën (allative singular)
nurmëlëk (allative singular)
nurmilën (allative plural)
nurmilëk (allative plural)
nurmëna (essive singular)
nurmina (essive plural)
nurmëksi (singular translative)
nurmiksi (plural translative)
nurmën (instructive singular)
nurmin (instructive plural)
nurmënëk (comitative singular)
nurminëk (comitative plural)
nurmëtta (abessive singular)
nurmitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nurm

Finnish: nurmi

Ingrian: nurmi

Karelian: nurmi

Livonian: nuŗm

Livvi: nurmi

Ludian: nurm

Veps: norm

Võro: nurm'

Votic: nurmi


rupi

rupi (nominative singular)
rubët (nominative plural)
rubën (accusative singular)
rubët (accusative plural)
rubën (genitive singular)
rupëdën (genitive plural)
rupidën (genitive plural)
rupëda (partitive singular)
rupida (partitive plural)
rubëssa (inessive singular)
rubëhna (inessive singular)
rubissa (inessive plural)
rubihna (inessive plural)
rubësta (elative singular)
rubista (elative plural)
rupëhën (illative singular)
rupihën (illative plural)
rubëlla (adessive singular)
rubilla (adessive plural)
rubëlta (ablative singular)
rubilta (ablative plural)
rupëlën (allative singular)
rupëlëk (allative singular)
rupilën (allative plural)
rupilëk (allative plural)
rupëna (essive singular)
rupina (essive plural)
rubëksi (singular translative)
rubiksi (plural translative)
rubën (instructive singular)
rubin (instructive plural)
rupënëk (comitative singular)
rupinëk (comitative plural)
rubëtta (abessive singular)
rubitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) rubid

Finnish: rupi

Ingrian: rupi

Karelian: rupi, rubi

Livvi: rubi

Ludian: rubi

Veps: rubi

Votic: rupi

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hreubaz, compare Old Norse hrufa (“scab”), Swedish ruva (“scab”).


ruumis

ruumis (nominative singular)
ruumihët (nominative plural)
ruumihën (accusative singular)
ruumihët (accusative plural)
ruumihën (genitive singular)
ruumistën (genitive plural)
ruumihidën (genitive plural)
ruumista (partitive singular)
ruumihita (partitive plural)
ruumihëssa (inessive singular)
ruumihëhna (inessive singular)
ruumihissa (inessive plural)
ruumihihna (inessive plural)
ruumihësta (elative singular)
ruumihista (elative plural)
ruumihësën (illative singular)
ruumihisën (illative plural)
ruumihëlla (adessive singular)
ruumihilla (adessive plural)
ruumihëlta (ablative singular)
ruumihilta (ablative plural)
ruumihëlën (allative singular)
ruumihëlëk (allative singular)
ruumihilën (allative plural)
ruumihilëk (allative plural)
ruumissa (essive singular)
ruumihina (essive plural)
ruumihëksi (singular translative)
ruumihiksi (plural translative)
ruumihën (instructive singular)
ruumihin (instructive plural)
ruumissëk (comitative singular)
ruumihinëk (comitative plural)
ruumihëtta (abessive singular)
ruumihitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: ruumis, rumis (dialectal)

Ingrian: ruumis

Karelian: ruumis

Livvi: ruumis

Votic: ruumõz

→ Inari Sami: ruumâš

→ Lule Sami: rumáj

→ Northern Sami: rumaš

→ Southern Sami: repmie

Ingrian: ruume

Votic: ruumõ

Unknown, possibly derived from a root *ruumV-, but no satisfactory root is known.


vaimo

vaimo (nominative singular)
vaimot (nominative plural)
vaimon (accusative singular)
vaimot (accusative plural)
vaimon (genitive singular)
vaimodën (genitive plural)
vaimoidën (genitive plural)
vaimoda (partitive singular)
vaimoida (partitive plural)
vaimossa (inessive singular)
vaimohna (inessive singular)
vaimoissa (inessive plural)
vaimoihna (inessive plural)
vaimosta (elative singular)
vaimoista (elative plural)
vaimohën (illative singular)
vaimoihën (illative plural)
vaimolla (adessive singular)
vaimoilla (adessive plural)
vaimolta (ablative singular)
vaimoilta (ablative plural)
vaimolën (allative singular)
vaimolëk (allative singular)
vaimoilën (allative plural)
vaimoilëk (allative plural)
vaimona (essive singular)
vaimoina (essive plural)
vaimoksi (singular translative)
vaimoiksi (plural translative)
vaimon (instructive singular)
vaimoin (instructive plural)
vaimonëk (comitative singular)
vaimoinëk (comitative plural)
vaimotta (abessive singular)
vaimoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vaim

→ Livonian: vaim

Finnish: vaimo

→ Karelian:

North Karelian: vaimo

South Karelian: vaimo

Ingrian: vaimo

Võro: vaim

→ Proto-Samic: *vājmō (see there for further descendants)

From earlier *wajma-w, derived from Proto-Uralic *wajŋe. Cognate with Proto-Samic *vuojŋë.


sumu

sumu (nominative singular)
sumut (nominative plural)
sumun (accusative singular)
sumut (accusative plural)
sumun (genitive singular)
sumudën (genitive plural)
sumuidën (genitive plural)
sumuda (partitive singular)
sumuida (partitive plural)
sumussa (inessive singular)
sumuhna (inessive singular)
sumuissa (inessive plural)
sumuihna (inessive plural)
sumusta (elative singular)
sumuista (elative plural)
sumuhën (illative singular)
sumuihën (illative plural)
sumulla (adessive singular)
sumuilla (adessive plural)
sumulta (ablative singular)
sumuilta (ablative plural)
sumulën (allative singular)
sumulëk (allative singular)
sumuilën (allative plural)
sumuilëk (allative plural)
sumuna (essive singular)
sumuina (essive plural)
sumuksi (singular translative)
sumuiksi (plural translative)
sumun (instructive singular)
sumuin (instructive plural)
sumunëk (comitative singular)
sumuinëk (comitative plural)
sumutta (abessive singular)
sumuitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: sumu

→ Estonian: sumu

Ingrian: sumu

Karelian:

North Karelian: šumu

Livvi: sumu

→? Proto-Samic: *somō (see there for further descendants)

Finnish: (dialectal) sume

Karelian:

South Karelian: sume

Livvi: sume

Ludian: sume

Veps: sumeg

From earlier *sumi + *-u, from the same root as *sumëda.


joukko

joukko (nominative singular)
jouk'ot (nominative plural)
jouk'on (accusative singular)
jouk'ot (accusative plural)
jouk'on (genitive singular)
joukkodën (genitive plural)
joukkoidën (genitive plural)
joukkoda (partitive singular)
joukkoida (partitive plural)
jouk'ossa (inessive singular)
jouk'ohna (inessive singular)
jouk'oissa (inessive plural)
jouk'oihna (inessive plural)
jouk'osta (elative singular)
jouk'oista (elative plural)
joukkohën (illative singular)
joukkoihën (illative plural)
jouk'olla (adessive singular)
jouk'oilla (adessive plural)
jouk'olta (ablative singular)
jouk'oilta (ablative plural)
joukkolën (allative singular)
joukkolëk (allative singular)
joukkoilën (allative plural)
joukkoilëk (allative plural)
joukkona (essive singular)
joukkoina (essive plural)
jouk'oksi (singular translative)
jouk'oiksi (plural translative)
jouk'on (instructive singular)
jouk'oin (instructive plural)
joukkonëk (comitative singular)
joukkoinëk (comitative plural)
jouk'otta (abessive singular)
jouk'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: jõuk

desc

Finnish: joukko, joukkio (“a group of people”)

Ingrian: joukko

Karelian: joukko

Livvi: joukko

Ludian: d'ouk

Veps: jouk

Votic: (Kattila) jõukku

Probably, as per Koivulehto, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *jaukiją (“team of oxen”) (whence Old Norse eykr), from Proto-Indo-European *yewg-.
In the past it was thought that the word could originate from Proto-Finno-Ugric *jowkkᴈ, but it is now widely agreed that Hungarian gyakor, on which this reconstruction primarily rests, is in fact not related to the Finnic word, and that Proto-Uralic most likely did not have clusters of three or more consonants.
The word is also occasionally, albeit not universally, held to be related to Udmurt [script needed] (ľuk) and Komi-Zyrian юк (juk). According to one theory, the loanword would be old enough to have reached the Permic languages as well. Alternatively, the Permic words could be borrowed from Finnic.


nisu

nisu (nominative singular)
nisut (nominative plural)
nisun (accusative singular)
nisut (accusative plural)
nisun (genitive singular)
nisudën (genitive plural)
nisuidën (genitive plural)
nisuda (partitive singular)
nisuida (partitive plural)
nisussa (inessive singular)
nisuhna (inessive singular)
nisuissa (inessive plural)
nisuihna (inessive plural)
nisusta (elative singular)
nisuista (elative plural)
nisuhën (illative singular)
nisuihën (illative plural)
nisulla (adessive singular)
nisuilla (adessive plural)
nisulta (ablative singular)
nisuilta (ablative plural)
nisulën (allative singular)
nisulëk (allative singular)
nisuilën (allative plural)
nisuilëk (allative plural)
nisuna (essive singular)
nisuina (essive plural)
nisuksi (singular translative)
nisuiksi (plural translative)
nisun (instructive singular)
nisuin (instructive plural)
nisunëk (comitative singular)
nisuinëk (comitative plural)
nisutta (abessive singular)
nisuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nisu

desc

Finnish: nisu (dialectal, mainly Western Finnish)

Karelian:

South Karelian: nižu

Livonian:

Kurzeme Livonian: ni’zzõz

Vidzeme Livonian: nizu

Livvi: nižu

Ludian: nižu

Veps: nižu

Võro: nisu

Votic: nisu


poikki

Estonian: põik-, ⇒ põiki

Finnish: poikki-, ⇒ poikki, poikin

Ingrian: poikki, ⇒ poikkeen

Karelian: poikki

Ludian: poikki

⇒ Veps: poikheze

Votic: põittši

⇒ Finnish: pois, poissa

⇒ Ingrian: pois

⇒ Karelian: pois

⇒ Votic: poiz, (Eastern Votic) poizag


hiha

hiha (nominative singular)
hihat (nominative plural)
hihan (accusative singular)
hihat (accusative plural)
hihan (genitive singular)
hihadën (genitive plural)
hihoidën (genitive plural)
hihada (partitive singular)
hihoida (partitive plural)
hihassa (inessive singular)
hihahna (inessive singular)
hihoissa (inessive plural)
hihoihna (inessive plural)
hihasta (elative singular)
hihoista (elative plural)
hihahën (illative singular)
hihoihën (illative plural)
hihalla (adessive singular)
hihoilla (adessive plural)
hihalta (ablative singular)
hihoilta (ablative plural)
hihalën (allative singular)
hihalëk (allative singular)
hihoilën (allative plural)
hihoilëk (allative plural)
hihana (essive singular)
hihoina (essive plural)
hihaksi (singular translative)
hihoiksi (plural translative)
hihan (instructive singular)
hihoin (instructive plural)
hihanëk (comitative singular)
hihoinëk (comitative plural)
hihatta (abessive singular)
hihoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: iha (dialectal)

Finnish: hiha

Ingrian: hia

Karelian: hiha

Votic: iha

From earlier *šiša, from Proto-Finno-Permic *iša. Cognate with Proto-Samic *sësē.


sanka

sanka (nominative singular)
sangat (nominative plural)
sangan (accusative singular)
sangat (accusative plural)
sangan (genitive singular)
sankadën (genitive plural)
sankoidën (genitive plural)
sankada (partitive singular)
sankoida (partitive plural)
sangassa (inessive singular)
sangahna (inessive singular)
sangoissa (inessive plural)
sangoihna (inessive plural)
sangasta (elative singular)
sangoista (elative plural)
sankahën (illative singular)
sankoihën (illative plural)
sangalla (adessive singular)
sangoilla (adessive plural)
sangalta (ablative singular)
sangoilta (ablative plural)
sankalën (allative singular)
sankalëk (allative singular)
sankoilën (allative plural)
sankoilëk (allative plural)
sankana (essive singular)
sankoina (essive plural)
sangaksi (singular translative)
sangoiksi (plural translative)
sangan (instructive singular)
sangoin (instructive plural)
sankanëk (comitative singular)
sankoinëk (comitative plural)
sangatta (abessive singular)
sangoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sang

Finnish: sanka

→ Northern Sami: sáŋgá

Ingrian: sanka

Votic: sankõ

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *ćanka (whence Erzya сянго (śango)) or, alternatively, possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *stangō.

unk

Uncertain


harva

harva (nominative singular)
harvat (nominative plural)
harvan (accusative singular)
harvat (accusative plural)
harvan (genitive singular)
harvadën (genitive plural)
harvoidën (genitive plural)
harvada (partitive singular)
harvoida (partitive plural)
harvassa (inessive singular)
harvahna (inessive singular)
harvoissa (inessive plural)
harvoihna (inessive plural)
harvasta (elative singular)
harvoista (elative plural)
harvahën (illative singular)
harvoihën (illative plural)
harvalla (adessive singular)
harvoilla (adessive plural)
harvalta (ablative singular)
harvoilta (ablative plural)
harvalën (allative singular)
harvalëk (allative singular)
harvoilën (allative plural)
harvoilëk (allative plural)
harvana (essive singular)
harvoina (essive plural)
harvaksi (singular translative)
harvoiksi (plural translative)
harvan (instructive singular)
harvoin (instructive plural)
harvanëk (comitative singular)
harvoinëk (comitative plural)
harvatta (abessive singular)
harvoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: harv

Finnish: harva

→ Northern Sami: hárvi

Ingrian: harva

Karelian: harva

Livonian: ǭra

Livvi: harvu

Ludian: harv

Veps: harv

Võro: harv

Votic: arvõ


haara

haara (nominative singular)
haarat (nominative plural)
haaran (accusative singular)
haarat (accusative plural)
haaran (genitive singular)
haaradën (genitive plural)
haaroidën (genitive plural)
haarada (partitive singular)
haaroida (partitive plural)
haarassa (inessive singular)
haarahna (inessive singular)
haaroissa (inessive plural)
haaroihna (inessive plural)
haarasta (elative singular)
haaroista (elative plural)
haarahën (illative singular)
haaroihën (illative plural)
haaralla (adessive singular)
haaroilla (adessive plural)
haaralta (ablative singular)
haaroilta (ablative plural)
haaralën (allative singular)
haaralëk (allative singular)
haaroilën (allative plural)
haaroilëk (allative plural)
haarana (essive singular)
haaroina (essive plural)
haaraksi (singular translative)
haaroiksi (plural translative)
haaran (instructive singular)
haaroin (instructive plural)
haaranëk (comitative singular)
haaroinëk (comitative plural)
haaratta (abessive singular)
haaroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: haar

Finnish: haara

Ingrian: haara

Karelian:

North Karelian: hoara

South Karelian: huara

Votic: aarõ

fork, bifurcation (place where a tree or other object divides into two)


sääri

sääri (nominative singular)
sääret (nominative plural)
säären (accusative singular)
sääret (accusative plural)
säären (genitive singular)
säärden (genitive plural)
sääriden (genitive plural)
säärtä (partitive singular)
sääridä (partitive plural)
sääressä (inessive singular)
säärehnä (inessive singular)
säärissä (inessive plural)
säärihnä (inessive plural)
säärestä (elative singular)
sääristä (elative plural)
säärehen (illative singular)
säärihen (illative plural)
säärellä (adessive singular)
säärillä (adessive plural)
sääreltä (ablative singular)
sääriltä (ablative plural)
säärelen (allative singular)
säärelek (allative singular)
säärilen (allative plural)
säärilek (allative plural)
säärnä (essive singular)
säärinä (essive plural)
sääreksi (singular translative)
sääriksi (plural translative)
säären (instructive singular)
säärin (instructive plural)
säärnek (comitative singular)
säärinek (comitative plural)
säärettä (abessive singular)
säärittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: säär

Finnish: sääri

Ingrian: sääri

Karelian: seäri

Livonian: sēr

Livvi: siäri

Ludian: šiäŕ

Veps: sär

Võro: siir'

Votic: sääri

From Proto-Finno-Permic *ćäjerɜ. Related to Moksha сяярь (śajaŕ) and Komi-Zyrian чер (ćer).


-kka

Finnish: -kka

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-kka (compare Erzya -ка (-ka), Hungarian -ka).


erä

erä (nominative singular)
erät (nominative plural)
erän (accusative singular)
erät (accusative plural)
erän (genitive singular)
eräden (genitive plural)
ereiden (genitive plural)
erädä (partitive singular)
ereidä (partitive plural)
erässä (inessive singular)
erähnä (inessive singular)
ereissä (inessive plural)
ereihnä (inessive plural)
erästä (elative singular)
ereistä (elative plural)
erähen (illative singular)
ereihen (illative plural)
erällä (adessive singular)
ereillä (adessive plural)
erältä (ablative singular)
ereiltä (ablative plural)
erälen (allative singular)
erälek (allative singular)
ereilen (allative plural)
ereilek (allative plural)
eränä (essive singular)
ereinä (essive plural)
eräksi (singular translative)
ereiksi (plural translative)
erän (instructive singular)
erein (instructive plural)
eränek (comitative singular)
ereinek (comitative plural)
erättä (abessive singular)
ereittä (abessive plural)

⇒ Estonian: ära (“away”, adverb)

desc

erä<pos:noun><t:wilderness, hunting ground; game, catch; that which is separate from others, batch, piece>

Finnish: erä (“wilderness, hunting ground; game, catch; that which is separate from others, batch, piece”, noun), ⇒ erikseen (“separately”, adverb), erillään (“apart”, adverb), erata (“to diverge”, verb)

⇒ Ingrian: eriksee (“separately”, adverb), erillää (“apart”, adverb)

Karelian:

North Karelian: erä (“chick; game, prey”, noun), ⇒ erilläh (“apart”, adverb)

South Karelian: ⇒ erilläh (“apart”, adverb)

⇒ Livonian: jarā (“away”, adverb)

⇒ Livvi: eriže (“apart”, adverb)

⇒ Ludian: eriže (“apart”, adverb)

eragata<pos:verb><t:to diverge, go apart>

⇒ Veps: eragata (“to diverge, go apart”, verb)

Võro: erä (“separate, apart”, adjective)


vasama

vasama (nominative singular)
vasamat (nominative plural)
vasaman (accusative singular)
vasamat (accusative plural)
vasaman (genitive singular)
vasamadën (genitive plural)
vasamoidën (genitive plural)
vasamata (partitive singular)
vasamoita (partitive plural)
vasamassa (inessive singular)
vasamahna (inessive singular)
vasamoissa (inessive plural)
vasamoihna (inessive plural)
vasamasta (elative singular)
vasamoista (elative plural)
vasamasën (illative singular)
vasamoisën (illative plural)
vasamalla (adessive singular)
vasamoilla (adessive plural)
vasamalta (ablative singular)
vasamoilta (ablative plural)
vasamalën (allative singular)
vasamalëk (allative singular)
vasamoilën (allative plural)
vasamoilëk (allative plural)
vasamana (essive singular)
vasamoina (essive plural)
vasamaksi (singular translative)
vasamoiksi (plural translative)
vasaman (instructive singular)
vasamoin (instructive plural)
vasamanëk (comitative singular)
vasamoinëk (comitative plural)
vasamatta (abessive singular)
vasamoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: vasama

Karelian:

North Karelian: važama

South Karelian: važama

From the root *vaśa- (whence Proto-Samic *vuočētēk) + *-ma.


lauta

lauta (nominative singular)
laudat (nominative plural)
laudan (accusative singular)
laudat (accusative plural)
laudan (genitive singular)
lautadën (genitive plural)
lautëidën (genitive plural)
lautada (partitive singular)
lautëida (partitive plural)
laudassa (inessive singular)
laudahna (inessive singular)
laudëissa (inessive plural)
laudëihna (inessive plural)
laudasta (elative singular)
laudëista (elative plural)
lautahën (illative singular)
lautëihën (illative plural)
laudalla (adessive singular)
laudëilla (adessive plural)
laudalta (ablative singular)
laudëilta (ablative plural)
lautalën (allative singular)
lautalëk (allative singular)
lautëilën (allative plural)
lautëilëk (allative plural)
lautana (essive singular)
lautëina (essive plural)
laudaksi (singular translative)
laudëiksi (plural translative)
laudan (instructive singular)
laudëin (instructive plural)
lautanëk (comitative singular)
lautëinëk (comitative plural)
laudatta (abessive singular)
laudëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: laud

Finnish: lauta

→ Northern Sami: lávdi

Ingrian: lauta

Karelian:

North Karelian: lauta

South Karelian: lauda

Livonian: lōda

Livvi: laudu

Ludian: laud

Veps: laud

Võro: laud

Votic: lautõ

→? Proto-Samic: *luovtē

Probably borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian plauts (“shelf”), Lithuanian plautas (“sauna bench”)). Alternatively, possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (whence Old Norse fleyðr, Swedish flöte).


salpa

salpa (nominative singular)
salbat (nominative plural)
salban (accusative singular)
salbat (accusative plural)
salban (genitive singular)
salpadën (genitive plural)
salpoidën (genitive plural)
salpada (partitive singular)
salpoida (partitive plural)
salbassa (inessive singular)
salbahna (inessive singular)
salboissa (inessive plural)
salboihna (inessive plural)
salbasta (elative singular)
salboista (elative plural)
salpahën (illative singular)
salpoihën (illative plural)
salballa (adessive singular)
salboilla (adessive plural)
salbalta (ablative singular)
salboilta (ablative plural)
salpalën (allative singular)
salpalëk (allative singular)
salpoilën (allative plural)
salpoilëk (allative plural)
salpana (essive singular)
salpoina (essive plural)
salbaksi (singular translative)
salboiksi (plural translative)
salban (instructive singular)
salboin (instructive plural)
salpanëk (comitative singular)
salpoinëk (comitative plural)
salbatta (abessive singular)
salboitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: salpa

→ Inari Sami: sälbi

→ Northern Sami: sálbi

Karelian:

North Karelian: salpa

South Karelian: salba

Livvi: salbu

Ludian: salb

Veps: saub

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *stalpą (whence dialectal Swedish stalpe (“pole”)).


leppä

leppä (nominative singular)
lep'ät (nominative plural)
lep'än (accusative singular)
lep'ät (accusative plural)
lep'än (genitive singular)
leppäden (genitive plural)
leppeiden (genitive plural)
leppädä (partitive singular)
leppeidä (partitive plural)
lep'ässä (inessive singular)
lep'ähnä (inessive singular)
lep'eissä (inessive plural)
lep'eihnä (inessive plural)
lep'ästä (elative singular)
lep'eistä (elative plural)
leppähen (illative singular)
leppeihen (illative plural)
lep'ällä (adessive singular)
lep'eillä (adessive plural)
lep'ältä (ablative singular)
lep'eiltä (ablative plural)
leppälen (allative singular)
leppälek (allative singular)
leppeilen (allative plural)
leppeilek (allative plural)
leppänä (essive singular)
leppeinä (essive plural)
lep'äksi (singular translative)
lep'eiksi (plural translative)
lep'än (instructive singular)
lep'ein (instructive plural)
leppänek (comitative singular)
leppeinek (comitative plural)
lep'ättä (abessive singular)
lep'eittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: lepp

Finnish: leppä

Ingrian: leppä

Karelian: leppä

Livonian: liepā

Livvi: leppy

Ludian: lepp

Veps: lep

Võro: lepp

Votic: leppe

? → Erzya: лепе (ľepe)

? → Moksha: лепе (ľepe)

Possibly from Baltic, compare Proto-Balto-Slavic *léiˀpāˀ.


tappo

tappo (nominative singular)
tap'ot (nominative plural)
tap'on (accusative singular)
tap'ot (accusative plural)
tap'on (genitive singular)
tappodën (genitive plural)
tappoidën (genitive plural)
tappoda (partitive singular)
tappoida (partitive plural)
tap'ossa (inessive singular)
tap'ohna (inessive singular)
tap'oissa (inessive plural)
tap'oihna (inessive plural)
tap'osta (elative singular)
tap'oista (elative plural)
tappohën (illative singular)
tappoihën (illative plural)
tap'olla (adessive singular)
tap'oilla (adessive plural)
tap'olta (ablative singular)
tap'oilta (ablative plural)
tappolën (allative singular)
tappolëk (allative singular)
tappoilën (allative plural)
tappoilëk (allative plural)
tappona (essive singular)
tappoina (essive plural)
tap'oksi (singular translative)
tap'oiksi (plural translative)
tap'on (instructive singular)
tap'oin (instructive plural)
tapponëk (comitative singular)
tappoinëk (comitative plural)
tap'otta (abessive singular)
tap'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tapp

Finnish: (dialectal) tappo

⇒? Livvi: tapos

Võro: tapp

Votic: tappo, tappu

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (whence Swedish täppa (“enclosure, small garden or field”)).


läpi

Probably from Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?] (whence Eastern Mari леп (ĺep)).


läpi

läpi (nominative singular)
läbet (nominative plural)
läben (accusative singular)
läbet (accusative plural)
läben (genitive singular)
läpeden (genitive plural)
läpiden (genitive plural)
läpedä (partitive singular)
läpidä (partitive plural)
läbessä (inessive singular)
läbehnä (inessive singular)
läbissä (inessive plural)
läbihnä (inessive plural)
läbestä (elative singular)
läbistä (elative plural)
läpehen (illative singular)
läpihen (illative plural)
läbellä (adessive singular)
läbillä (adessive plural)
läbeltä (ablative singular)
läbiltä (ablative plural)
läpelen (allative singular)
läpelek (allative singular)
läpilen (allative plural)
läpilek (allative plural)
läpenä (essive singular)
läpinä (essive plural)
läbeksi (singular translative)
läbiksi (plural translative)
läben (instructive singular)
läbin (instructive plural)
läpenek (comitative singular)
läpinek (comitative plural)
läbettä (abessive singular)
läbittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: läbi

Finnish: läpi

Ingrian: läpi

Karelian:

North Karelian: läpi

South Karelian: läbi

Livonian: le’b

Livvi: läbi

Ludian: läbi

Veps: läbi

Võro: läbi

Votic: läpi


torvi

torvi (nominative singular)
torvët (nominative plural)
torvën (accusative singular)
torvët (accusative plural)
torvën (genitive singular)
torvëdën (genitive plural)
torvidën (genitive plural)
torvëda (partitive singular)
torvida (partitive plural)
torvëssa (inessive singular)
torvëhna (inessive singular)
torvissa (inessive plural)
torvihna (inessive plural)
torvësta (elative singular)
torvista (elative plural)
torvëhën (illative singular)
torvihën (illative plural)
torvëlla (adessive singular)
torvilla (adessive plural)
torvëlta (ablative singular)
torvilta (ablative plural)
torvëlën (allative singular)
torvëlëk (allative singular)
torvilën (allative plural)
torvilëk (allative plural)
torvëna (essive singular)
torvina (essive plural)
torvëksi (singular translative)
torviksi (plural translative)
torvën (instructive singular)
torvin (instructive plural)
torvënëk (comitative singular)
torvinëk (comitative plural)
torvëtta (abessive singular)
torvitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tõri

Finnish: torvi

Ingrian: torvi

Karelian:

North Karelian: torvi

South Karelian: torvi

Livvi: torvi

Veps: torv

From earlier *towri, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian taure (“bugle, shepherd's horn”), Lithuanian taurė (“goblet”)), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *táwros.


rasva

rasva (nominative singular)
rasvat (nominative plural)
rasvan (accusative singular)
rasvat (accusative plural)
rasvan (genitive singular)
rasvadën (genitive plural)
rasvoidën (genitive plural)
rasvada (partitive singular)
rasvoida (partitive plural)
rasvassa (inessive singular)
rasvahna (inessive singular)
rasvoissa (inessive plural)
rasvoihna (inessive plural)
rasvasta (elative singular)
rasvoista (elative plural)
rasvahën (illative singular)
rasvoihën (illative plural)
rasvalla (adessive singular)
rasvoilla (adessive plural)
rasvalta (ablative singular)
rasvoilta (ablative plural)
rasvalën (allative singular)
rasvalëk (allative singular)
rasvoilën (allative plural)
rasvoilëk (allative plural)
rasvana (essive singular)
rasvoina (essive plural)
rasvaksi (singular translative)
rasvoiksi (plural translative)
rasvan (instructive singular)
rasvoin (instructive plural)
rasvanëk (comitative singular)
rasvoinëk (comitative plural)
rasvatta (abessive singular)
rasvoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: rasv, rasu

Finnish: rasva

Ingrian: rasva

Karelian: rašva, razva

Livonian: razā

Livvi: razvu

Ludian: razv

Veps: razv

Võro: rasv, rasõv

Votic: razvõ

By regular metathesis from earlier *rawsa, borrowed from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (compare German Gekröse (“innards”)).


liina

liina (nominative singular)
liinat (nominative plural)
liinan (accusative singular)
liinat (accusative plural)
liinan (genitive singular)
liinadën (genitive plural)
liinoidën (genitive plural)
liinada (partitive singular)
liinoida (partitive plural)
liinassa (inessive singular)
liinahna (inessive singular)
liinoissa (inessive plural)
liinoihna (inessive plural)
liinasta (elative singular)
liinoista (elative plural)
liinahën (illative singular)
liinoihën (illative plural)
liinalla (adessive singular)
liinoilla (adessive plural)
liinalta (ablative singular)
liinoilta (ablative plural)
liinalën (allative singular)
liinalëk (allative singular)
liinoilën (allative plural)
liinoilëk (allative plural)
liinana (essive singular)
liinoina (essive plural)
liinaksi (singular translative)
liinoiksi (plural translative)
liinan (instructive singular)
liinoin (instructive plural)
liinanëk (comitative singular)
liinoinëk (comitative plural)
liinatta (abessive singular)
liinoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: liina

Ingrian: liina

Karelian:

North Karelian: liina

South Karelian: liina

Livvi: liinu

Ludian: liin

Veps: lin


honka

Estonian: hong

Finnish: honka

Ingrian: honka

→ Votic: honkõ

Karelian:

North Karelian: honka

South Karelian: honga

Livvi: hongu

Ludian: hong

Veps: hong

Votic:

Kukkuzi: honka


viiru

viiru (nominative singular)
viirut (nominative plural)
viirun (accusative singular)
viirut (accusative plural)
viirun (genitive singular)
viirudën (genitive plural)
viiruidën (genitive plural)
viiruda (partitive singular)
viiruida (partitive plural)
viirussa (inessive singular)
viiruhna (inessive singular)
viiruissa (inessive plural)
viiruihna (inessive plural)
viirusta (elative singular)
viiruista (elative plural)
viiruhën (illative singular)
viiruihën (illative plural)
viirulla (adessive singular)
viiruilla (adessive plural)
viirulta (ablative singular)
viiruilta (ablative plural)
viirulën (allative singular)
viirulëk (allative singular)
viiruilën (allative plural)
viiruilëk (allative plural)
viiruna (essive singular)
viiruina (essive plural)
viiruksi (singular translative)
viiruiksi (plural translative)
viirun (instructive singular)
viiruin (instructive plural)
viirunëk (comitative singular)
viiruinëk (comitative plural)
viirutta (abessive singular)
viiruitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: viir

Finnish: viiru

Ingrian: viiru, veeru

⇒ Karelian:

South Karelian: viirukka

⇒ Livonian: vīrg

Votic: viiru


vaippa

vaippa (nominative singular)
vaip'at (nominative plural)
vaip'an (accusative singular)
vaip'at (accusative plural)
vaip'an (genitive singular)
vaippadën (genitive plural)
vaippoidën (genitive plural)
vaippada (partitive singular)
vaippoida (partitive plural)
vaip'assa (inessive singular)
vaip'ahna (inessive singular)
vaip'oissa (inessive plural)
vaip'oihna (inessive plural)
vaip'asta (elative singular)
vaip'oista (elative plural)
vaippahën (illative singular)
vaippoihën (illative plural)
vaip'alla (adessive singular)
vaip'oilla (adessive plural)
vaip'alta (ablative singular)
vaip'oilta (ablative plural)
vaippalën (allative singular)
vaippalëk (allative singular)
vaippoilën (allative plural)
vaippoilëk (allative plural)
vaippana (essive singular)
vaippoina (essive plural)
vaip'aksi (singular translative)
vaip'oiksi (plural translative)
vaip'an (instructive singular)
vaip'oin (instructive plural)
vaippanëk (comitative singular)
vaippoinëk (comitative plural)
vaip'atta (abessive singular)
vaip'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vaip

Finnish: vaippa

Karelian: vaippa

Votic: vaippa, vaippu

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *waipaz, compare Old Norse veipa, veipr (“headscarf, kerchief”) and Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 (waips, “crown, wreath”).


toimi

toimi (nominative singular)
toimët (nominative plural)
toimën (accusative singular)
toimët (accusative plural)
toimën (genitive singular)
toindën (genitive plural)
toimidën (genitive plural)
tointa (partitive singular)
toimida (partitive plural)
toimëssa (inessive singular)
toimëhna (inessive singular)
toimissa (inessive plural)
toimihna (inessive plural)
toimësta (elative singular)
toimista (elative plural)
toimëhën (illative singular)
toimihën (illative plural)
toimëlla (adessive singular)
toimilla (adessive plural)
toimëlta (ablative singular)
toimilta (ablative plural)
toimëlën (allative singular)
toimëlëk (allative singular)
toimilën (allative plural)
toimilëk (allative plural)
toimëna (essive singular)
toimina (essive plural)
toimëksi (singular translative)
toimiksi (plural translative)
toimën (instructive singular)
toimin (instructive plural)
toimënëk (comitative singular)
toiminëk (comitative plural)
toimëtta (abessive singular)
toimitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tõim

Finnish: toimi

Ingrian: toimi

Karelian: toimi

⇒ Livonian: tūoimõl

⇒ Veps: toimetada

Derived with the same suffix as *-in (instrumental suffix) (compare *loimi < *loodak), either:
* from *toodak (“to bring”),
* from the same root as *toipudak (“to recover, recuperate”),
* or from *töö (“work”), implying an older derivation (*tewe-ma).


lehti

lehti (nominative singular)
lehtet (nominative plural)
lehten (accusative singular)
lehtet (accusative plural)
lehten (genitive singular)
lehteden (genitive plural)
lehtiden (genitive plural)
lehtedä (partitive singular)
lehtidä (partitive plural)
lehtessä (inessive singular)
lehtehnä (inessive singular)
lehtissä (inessive plural)
lehtihnä (inessive plural)
lehtestä (elative singular)
lehtistä (elative plural)
lehtehen (illative singular)
lehtihen (illative plural)
lehtellä (adessive singular)
lehtillä (adessive plural)
lehteltä (ablative singular)
lehtiltä (ablative plural)
lehtelen (allative singular)
lehtelek (allative singular)
lehtilen (allative plural)
lehtilek (allative plural)
lehtenä (essive singular)
lehtinä (essive plural)
lehteksi (singular translative)
lehtiksi (plural translative)
lehten (instructive singular)
lehtin (instructive plural)
lehtenek (comitative singular)
lehtinek (comitative plural)
lehtettä (abessive singular)
lehtittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: leht

Finnish: lehti

Ingrian: lehti

Karelian:

North Karelian: lehti

South Karelian: lehti

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: lē’d̦

Vidzeme Livonian: lieds

Veps: leht

Võro: leht'

Votic: (Kattila) lehti

From earlier *lešte, from an early Indo-European language, possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic *leištas. Compare Proto-Samic *lëstë, Lithuanian laĩškas, Russian лист (list).


koukku

koukku (nominative singular)
kouk'ut (nominative plural)
kouk'un (accusative singular)
kouk'ut (accusative plural)
kouk'un (genitive singular)
koukkudën (genitive plural)
koukkuidën (genitive plural)
koukkuda (partitive singular)
koukkuida (partitive plural)
kouk'ussa (inessive singular)
kouk'uhna (inessive singular)
kouk'uissa (inessive plural)
kouk'uihna (inessive plural)
kouk'usta (elative singular)
kouk'uista (elative plural)
koukkuhën (illative singular)
koukkuihën (illative plural)
kouk'ulla (adessive singular)
kouk'uilla (adessive plural)
kouk'ulta (ablative singular)
kouk'uilta (ablative plural)
koukkulën (allative singular)
koukkulëk (allative singular)
koukkuilën (allative plural)
koukkuilëk (allative plural)
koukkuna (essive singular)
koukkuina (essive plural)
kouk'uksi (singular translative)
kouk'uiksi (plural translative)
kouk'un (instructive singular)
kouk'uin (instructive plural)
koukkunëk (comitative singular)
koukkuinëk (comitative plural)
kouk'utta (abessive singular)
kouk'uitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: koukku

Ingrian: koukku

Karelian:

North Karelian: koukku

South Karelian: koukku

Livvi: koukku

Ludian: kouk

Veps: kouk

Votic: koukku

Unknown. Possibly, but not necessarily, related to *kookka.


hellä

hellä (nominative singular)
hellät (nominative plural)
hellän (accusative singular)
hellät (accusative plural)
hellän (genitive singular)
helläden (genitive plural)
helleiden (genitive plural)
hellädä (partitive singular)
helleidä (partitive plural)
hellässä (inessive singular)
hellähnä (inessive singular)
helleissä (inessive plural)
helleihnä (inessive plural)
hellästä (elative singular)
helleistä (elative plural)
hellähen (illative singular)
helleihen (illative plural)
hellällä (adessive singular)
helleillä (adessive plural)
hellältä (ablative singular)
helleiltä (ablative plural)
hellälen (allative singular)
hellälek (allative singular)
helleilen (allative plural)
helleilek (allative plural)
hellänä (essive singular)
helleinä (essive plural)
helläksi (singular translative)
helleiksi (plural translative)
hellän (instructive singular)
hellein (instructive plural)
hellänek (comitative singular)
helleinek (comitative plural)
hellättä (abessive singular)
helleittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: hell

Finnish: hellä

Ingrian: hellä

→ Votic: helle

Karelian: hellä

Livvi: helly

Võro: hell

Votic: (Kattila, Mati) ellä


häkä

häkä (nominative singular)
hägät (nominative plural)
hägän (accusative singular)
hägät (accusative plural)
hägän (genitive singular)
häkäden (genitive plural)
häkeiden (genitive plural)
häkädä (partitive singular)
häkeidä (partitive plural)
hägässä (inessive singular)
hägähnä (inessive singular)
hägeissä (inessive plural)
hägeihnä (inessive plural)
hägästä (elative singular)
hägeistä (elative plural)
häkähen (illative singular)
häkeihen (illative plural)
hägällä (adessive singular)
hägeillä (adessive plural)
hägältä (ablative singular)
hägeiltä (ablative plural)
häkälen (allative singular)
häkälek (allative singular)
häkeilen (allative plural)
häkeilek (allative plural)
häkänä (essive singular)
häkeinä (essive plural)
hägäksi (singular translative)
hägeiksi (plural translative)
hägän (instructive singular)
hägein (instructive plural)
häkänek (comitative singular)
häkeinek (comitative plural)
hägättä (abessive singular)
hägeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: ⇒ hägu, (dialectal) häga

Finnish: häkä

→ Inari Sami: hȧkȧ

→ Northern Sami: heahki

→ Votic: häkä

Ingrian: häkä

Unknown. Possibly related to Northern Sami ciehki (“thick air”).


huuli

huuli (nominative singular)
huulët (nominative plural)
huulën (accusative singular)
huulët (accusative plural)
huulën (genitive singular)
huuldën (genitive plural)
huulidën (genitive plural)
huulta (partitive singular)
huulida (partitive plural)
huulëssa (inessive singular)
huulëhna (inessive singular)
huulissa (inessive plural)
huulihna (inessive plural)
huulësta (elative singular)
huulista (elative plural)
huulëhën (illative singular)
huulihën (illative plural)
huulëlla (adessive singular)
huulilla (adessive plural)
huulëlta (ablative singular)
huulilta (ablative plural)
huulëlën (allative singular)
huulëlëk (allative singular)
huulilën (allative plural)
huulilëk (allative plural)
huulla (essive singular)
huulina (essive plural)
huulëksi (singular translative)
huuliksi (plural translative)
huulën (instructive singular)
huulin (instructive plural)
huullëk (comitative singular)
huulinëk (comitative plural)
huulëtta (abessive singular)
huulitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: huul

Finnish: huuli

Ingrian: huuli

Karelian:

North Karelian: huuli

South Karelian: huuli

Livonian: ūļ

Livvi: huuli

Ludian: huuľ

Veps: hul'

Võro: huul'

Votic: uuli


luuta

luuta (nominative singular)
luudat (nominative plural)
luudan (accusative singular)
luudat (accusative plural)
luudan (genitive singular)
luutadën (genitive plural)
luutëidën (genitive plural)
luutada (partitive singular)
luutëida (partitive plural)
luudassa (inessive singular)
luudahna (inessive singular)
luudëissa (inessive plural)
luudëihna (inessive plural)
luudasta (elative singular)
luudëista (elative plural)
luutahën (illative singular)
luutëihën (illative plural)
luudalla (adessive singular)
luudëilla (adessive plural)
luudalta (ablative singular)
luudëilta (ablative plural)
luutalën (allative singular)
luutalëk (allative singular)
luutëilën (allative plural)
luutëilëk (allative plural)
luutana (essive singular)
luutëina (essive plural)
luudaksi (singular translative)
luudëiksi (plural translative)
luudan (instructive singular)
luudëin (instructive plural)
luutanëk (comitative singular)
luutëinëk (comitative plural)
luudatta (abessive singular)
luudëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: luud

Finnish: luuta

→ Northern Sami: luvdá

Ingrian: luuta

Livonian: lūdõ

Livvi: ⇒ luuvata

Ludian: luud

Veps: lud

Võro: luud

Votic: lootõ, luutõ

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian slota and Lithuanian šluota).


selkä

selkä (nominative singular)
selgät (nominative plural)
selgän (accusative singular)
selgät (accusative plural)
selgän (genitive singular)
selkäden (genitive plural)
selkeiden (genitive plural)
selkädä (partitive singular)
selkeidä (partitive plural)
selgässä (inessive singular)
selgähnä (inessive singular)
selgeissä (inessive plural)
selgeihnä (inessive plural)
selgästä (elative singular)
selgeistä (elative plural)
selkähen (illative singular)
selkeihen (illative plural)
selgällä (adessive singular)
selgeillä (adessive plural)
selgältä (ablative singular)
selgeiltä (ablative plural)
selkälen (allative singular)
selkälek (allative singular)
selkeilen (allative plural)
selkeilek (allative plural)
selkänä (essive singular)
selkeinä (essive plural)
selgäksi (singular translative)
selgeiksi (plural translative)
selgän (instructive singular)
selgein (instructive plural)
selkänek (comitative singular)
selkeinek (comitative plural)
selgättä (abessive singular)
selgeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: selg

Finnish: selkä

Ingrian: selkä

Karelian:

North Karelian: šelkä

South Karelian: šelgä

Ludian: sel'g

Veps: sel'g

Võro: sälg

Votic: seltše

→ Proto-Samic: *sealkē (see there for further descendants)

→ Russian: сельга (selʹga)

From Proto-Finno-Permic *śelkä. Cognate to Proto-Samic *čielkē and Eastern Mari шӹлӹж (šÿlÿž, “area of the sacrum”).


pihka

pihka (nominative singular)
pihkat (nominative plural)
pihkan (accusative singular)
pihkat (accusative plural)
pihkan (genitive singular)
pihkadën (genitive plural)
pihkoidën (genitive plural)
pihkada (partitive singular)
pihkoida (partitive plural)
pihkassa (inessive singular)
pihkahna (inessive singular)
pihkoissa (inessive plural)
pihkoihna (inessive plural)
pihkasta (elative singular)
pihkoista (elative plural)
pihkahën (illative singular)
pihkoihën (illative plural)
pihkalla (adessive singular)
pihkoilla (adessive plural)
pihkalta (ablative singular)
pihkoilta (ablative plural)
pihkalën (allative singular)
pihkalëk (allative singular)
pihkoilën (allative plural)
pihkoilëk (allative plural)
pihkana (essive singular)
pihkoina (essive plural)
pihkaksi (singular translative)
pihkoiksi (plural translative)
pihkan (instructive singular)
pihkoin (instructive plural)
pihkanëk (comitative singular)
pihkoinëk (comitative plural)
pihkatta (abessive singular)
pihkoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pihk

Finnish: pihka

Ingrian: pihka

Karelian: pihka

Livvi: pihku

Ludian: pihk

Veps: pihk

Votic: pihkõ


rahka

rahka (nominative singular)
rahkat (nominative plural)
rahkan (accusative singular)
rahkat (accusative plural)
rahkan (genitive singular)
rahkadën (genitive plural)
rahkoidën (genitive plural)
rahkada (partitive singular)
rahkoida (partitive plural)
rahkassa (inessive singular)
rahkahna (inessive singular)
rahkoissa (inessive plural)
rahkoihna (inessive plural)
rahkasta (elative singular)
rahkoista (elative plural)
rahkahën (illative singular)
rahkoihën (illative plural)
rahkalla (adessive singular)
rahkoilla (adessive plural)
rahkalta (ablative singular)
rahkoilta (ablative plural)
rahkalën (allative singular)
rahkalëk (allative singular)
rahkoilën (allative plural)
rahkoilëk (allative plural)
rahkana (essive singular)
rahkoina (essive plural)
rahkaksi (singular translative)
rahkoiksi (plural translative)
rahkan (instructive singular)
rahkoin (instructive plural)
rahkanëk (comitative singular)
rahkoinëk (comitative plural)
rahkatta (abessive singular)
rahkoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) rahk

Finnish: rahka

Ingrian: rahka

Karelian: rahka

Veps: rahk

Võro: rahk

Votic: rahkõ

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *dragjō.


kumpi

Estonian: kumb

Finnish: kumpi, kumpainen

Ingrian: kumpa, kumpain

Karelian:

North Karelian: kumpi

qualifier

with extended stem <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*kuta-</i>

Veps: kudamb (with extended stem *kuta-)

Võro: kumb

Votic: kumpõ

which (of two alternatives, interrogative)


pujo

pujo (nominative singular)
pujot (nominative plural)
pujon (accusative singular)
pujot (accusative plural)
pujon (genitive singular)
pujodën (genitive plural)
pujoidën (genitive plural)
pujoda (partitive singular)
pujoida (partitive plural)
pujossa (inessive singular)
pujohna (inessive singular)
pujoissa (inessive plural)
pujoihna (inessive plural)
pujosta (elative singular)
pujoista (elative plural)
pujohën (illative singular)
pujoihën (illative plural)
pujolla (adessive singular)
pujoilla (adessive plural)
pujolta (ablative singular)
pujoilta (ablative plural)
pujolën (allative singular)
pujolëk (allative singular)
pujoilën (allative plural)
pujoilëk (allative plural)
pujona (essive singular)
pujoina (essive plural)
pujoksi (singular translative)
pujoiksi (plural translative)
pujon (instructive singular)
pujoin (instructive plural)
pujonëk (comitative singular)
pujoinëk (comitative plural)
pujotta (abessive singular)
pujoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: puju

Finnish: pujo

Võro: pujo


kehä

kehä (nominative singular)
kehät (nominative plural)
kehän (accusative singular)
kehät (accusative plural)
kehän (genitive singular)
kehäden (genitive plural)
keheiden (genitive plural)
kehädä (partitive singular)
keheidä (partitive plural)
kehässä (inessive singular)
kehähnä (inessive singular)
keheissä (inessive plural)
keheihnä (inessive plural)
kehästä (elative singular)
keheistä (elative plural)
kehähen (illative singular)
keheihen (illative plural)
kehällä (adessive singular)
keheillä (adessive plural)
kehältä (ablative singular)
keheiltä (ablative plural)
kehälen (allative singular)
kehälek (allative singular)
keheilen (allative plural)
keheilek (allative plural)
kehänä (essive singular)
keheinä (essive plural)
kehäksi (singular translative)
keheiksi (plural translative)
kehän (instructive singular)
kehein (instructive plural)
kehänek (comitative singular)
keheinek (comitative plural)
kehättä (abessive singular)
keheittä (abessive plural)

>? Estonian: keha (“body”)

Finnish: kehä

Karelian: kehä

>? Võro: kihä (“body”)

From earlier *keššä, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *keččä.


salko

salko (nominative singular)
salgot (nominative plural)
salgon (accusative singular)
salgot (accusative plural)
salgon (genitive singular)
salkodën (genitive plural)
salkoidën (genitive plural)
salkoda (partitive singular)
salkoida (partitive plural)
salgossa (inessive singular)
salgohna (inessive singular)
salgoissa (inessive plural)
salgoihna (inessive plural)
salgosta (elative singular)
salgoista (elative plural)
salkohën (illative singular)
salkoihën (illative plural)
salgolla (adessive singular)
salgoilla (adessive plural)
salgolta (ablative singular)
salgoilta (ablative plural)
salkolën (allative singular)
salkolëk (allative singular)
salkoilën (allative plural)
salkoilëk (allative plural)
salkona (essive singular)
salkoina (essive plural)
salgoksi (singular translative)
salgoiksi (plural translative)
salgon (instructive singular)
salgoin (instructive plural)
salkonëk (comitative singular)
salkoinëk (comitative plural)
salgotta (abessive singular)
salgoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: salko

Ingrian: salko

Karelian:

North Karelian: šalko

South Karelian: šalgo

Livvi: salgo

Ludian: salg

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *śëlkaw, borrowed from an Indo-European language, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰalgʰ-. Cognate with Proto-Samic *čuolkōj.


kärsä

kärsä (nominative singular)
kärsät (nominative plural)
kärsän (accusative singular)
kärsät (accusative plural)
kärsän (genitive singular)
kärsäden (genitive plural)
kärseiden (genitive plural)
kärsädä (partitive singular)
kärseidä (partitive plural)
kärsässä (inessive singular)
kärsähnä (inessive singular)
kärseissä (inessive plural)
kärseihnä (inessive plural)
kärsästä (elative singular)
kärseistä (elative plural)
kärsähen (illative singular)
kärseihen (illative plural)
kärsällä (adessive singular)
kärseillä (adessive plural)
kärsältä (ablative singular)
kärseiltä (ablative plural)
kärsälen (allative singular)
kärsälek (allative singular)
kärseilen (allative plural)
kärseilek (allative plural)
kärsänä (essive singular)
kärseinä (essive plural)
kärsäksi (singular translative)
kärseiksi (plural translative)
kärsän (instructive singular)
kärsein (instructive plural)
kärsänek (comitative singular)
kärseinek (comitative plural)
kärsättä (abessive singular)
kärseittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: kärss

Finnish: kärsä

Ingrian: kärsä

→? Votic: kärse

Karelian:

North Karelian: kärsä

South Karelian: kärzä

Livvi: kärzy

Ludian: kärz

Veps: kärz

Võro: kärs

Possibly borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian (whence Sanskrit कर्षू (karṣū, “furrow”)).


laho

Probably borrowed from Proto-Norse [script needed] (*lāgō), from Proto-Germanic *lēgō (whence Old Norse lág, Swedish låga (“fallen tree lying on the ground”)), in which case a doublet of *lëëka and *lëëko.


laho

laho (nominative singular)
lahot (nominative plural)
lahon (accusative singular)
lahot (accusative plural)
lahon (genitive singular)
lahodën (genitive plural)
lahoidën (genitive plural)
lahoda (partitive singular)
lahoida (partitive plural)
lahossa (inessive singular)
lahohna (inessive singular)
lahoissa (inessive plural)
lahoihna (inessive plural)
lahosta (elative singular)
lahoista (elative plural)
lahohën (illative singular)
lahoihën (illative plural)
laholla (adessive singular)
lahoilla (adessive plural)
laholta (ablative singular)
lahoilta (ablative plural)
laholën (allative singular)
laholëk (allative singular)
lahoilën (allative plural)
lahoilëk (allative plural)
lahona (essive singular)
lahoina (essive plural)
lahoksi (singular translative)
lahoiksi (plural translative)
lahon (instructive singular)
lahoin (instructive plural)
lahonëk (comitative singular)
lahoinëk (comitative plural)
lahotta (abessive singular)
lahoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: laho

→ Estonian: (dialectal) lahu

Ingrian: laho

Karelian:

North Karelian: laho

South Karelian: laho

Livvi: laho

Ludian: laho

Veps: laho

Votic: laho


piiri

piiri (nominative singular)
piirit (nominative plural)
piirin (accusative singular)
piirit (accusative plural)
piirin (genitive singular)
piiriden (genitive plural)
piirejiden (genitive plural)
piiridä (partitive singular)
piirejitä (partitive plural)
piirissä (inessive singular)
piirihnä (inessive singular)
piirejissä (inessive plural)
piirejihnä (inessive plural)
piiristä (elative singular)
piirejistä (elative plural)
piirihen (illative singular)
piirejisen (illative plural)
piirillä (adessive singular)
piirejillä (adessive plural)
piiriltä (ablative singular)
piirejiltä (ablative plural)
piirilen (allative singular)
piirilek (allative singular)
piirejilen (allative plural)
piirejilek (allative plural)
piirinä (essive singular)
piirejinä (essive plural)
piiriksi (singular translative)
piirejiksi (plural translative)
piirin (instructive singular)
piirejin (instructive plural)
piirinek (comitative singular)
piirejinek (comitative plural)
piirittä (abessive singular)
piirejittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: piir

Finnish: piiri

Karelian: piirdiä

Livvi: piiri

Võro: piir'

Votic: piiri

From Proto-Uralic *pire, see there for further etymology.


savi

savi (nominative singular)
savët (nominative plural)
savën (accusative singular)
savët (accusative plural)
savën (genitive singular)
savëdën (genitive plural)
savidën (genitive plural)
savëda (partitive singular)
savida (partitive plural)
savëssa (inessive singular)
savëhna (inessive singular)
savissa (inessive plural)
savihna (inessive plural)
savësta (elative singular)
savista (elative plural)
savëhën (illative singular)
savihën (illative plural)
savëlla (adessive singular)
savilla (adessive plural)
savëlta (ablative singular)
savilta (ablative plural)
savëlën (allative singular)
savëlëk (allative singular)
savilën (allative plural)
savilëk (allative plural)
savëna (essive singular)
savina (essive plural)
savëksi (singular translative)
saviksi (plural translative)
savën (instructive singular)
savin (instructive plural)
savënëk (comitative singular)
savinëk (comitative plural)
savëtta (abessive singular)
savitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: savi

Finnish: savi

Ingrian: savi

Karelian: savi

Livonian: sä’uv

Livvi: savi

Ludian: savi

Veps: savi

Võro: savi

Votic: savi, savvi

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *śawe. Cognate with Proto-Mordvinic *śovəń.


nila

nila (nominative singular)
nilat (nominative plural)
nilan (accusative singular)
nilat (accusative plural)
nilan (genitive singular)
niladën (genitive plural)
niloidën (genitive plural)
nilada (partitive singular)
niloida (partitive plural)
nilassa (inessive singular)
nilahna (inessive singular)
niloissa (inessive plural)
niloihna (inessive plural)
nilasta (elative singular)
niloista (elative plural)
nilahën (illative singular)
niloihën (illative plural)
nilalla (adessive singular)
niloilla (adessive plural)
nilalta (ablative singular)
niloilta (ablative plural)
nilalën (allative singular)
nilalëk (allative singular)
niloilën (allative plural)
niloilëk (allative plural)
nilana (essive singular)
niloina (essive plural)
nilaksi (singular translative)
niloiksi (plural translative)
nilan (instructive singular)
niloin (instructive plural)
nilanëk (comitative singular)
niloinëk (comitative plural)
nilatta (abessive singular)
niloitta (abessive plural)

>? Estonian: ila (“slobber”)

Finnish: nila

Karelian: ńila

Livvi: ńila

Ludian: ńila

Veps: ńila


leski

leski (nominative singular)
lesket (nominative plural)
lesken (accusative singular)
lesket (accusative plural)
lesken (genitive singular)
leskeden (genitive plural)
leskiden (genitive plural)
leskedä (partitive singular)
leskidä (partitive plural)
leskessä (inessive singular)
leskehnä (inessive singular)
leskissä (inessive plural)
leskihnä (inessive plural)
leskestä (elative singular)
leskistä (elative plural)
leskehen (illative singular)
leskihen (illative plural)
leskellä (adessive singular)
leskillä (adessive plural)
leskeltä (ablative singular)
leskiltä (ablative plural)
leskelen (allative singular)
leskelek (allative singular)
leskilen (allative plural)
leskilek (allative plural)
leskenä (essive singular)
leskinä (essive plural)
leskeksi (singular translative)
leskiksi (plural translative)
lesken (instructive singular)
leskin (instructive plural)
leskenek (comitative singular)
leskinek (comitative plural)
leskettä (abessive singular)
leskittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: lesk

Finnish: leski

Ingrian: leski

Karelian: leški

Livonian: lešk

Livvi: leski

Ludian: lešk

Veps: lesk

Võro: läsk'

Votic: lehtši

→ Akkala Sami: leask

→ Inari Sami: leskâ

→ Kildin Sami: ле̄сск (liessk)

→ Lule Sami: läska

→ Northern Sami: leaska

→ Skolt Sami: liâskk


emäntä

emäntä (nominative singular)
emändät (nominative plural)
emändän (accusative singular)
emändät (accusative plural)
emändän (genitive singular)
emäntäden (genitive plural)
emänteiden (genitive plural)
emäntätä (partitive singular)
emänteitä (partitive plural)
emändässä (inessive singular)
emändähnä (inessive singular)
emändeissä (inessive plural)
emändeihnä (inessive plural)
emändästä (elative singular)
emändeistä (elative plural)
emäntäsen (illative singular)
emänteisen (illative plural)
emändällä (adessive singular)
emändeillä (adessive plural)
emändältä (ablative singular)
emändeiltä (ablative plural)
emäntälen (allative singular)
emäntälek (allative singular)
emänteilen (allative plural)
emänteilek (allative plural)
emäntänä (essive singular)
emänteinä (essive plural)
emändäksi (singular translative)
emändeiksi (plural translative)
emändän (instructive singular)
emändein (instructive plural)
emäntänek (comitative singular)
emänteinek (comitative plural)
emändättä (abessive singular)
emändeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: emand

Finnish: emäntä

→ Northern Sami: eamit

Ingrian: emäntä

Karelian:

North Karelian: emäntä

South Karelian: emändä

Livonian: jemānd

Livvi: emändy

Ludian: emänd

Võro: imänd

Votic: emänte, (Eastern Votic) emätä

mistress, housewife (female head of a household)


arka

arka (nominative singular)
argat (nominative plural)
argan (accusative singular)
argat (accusative plural)
argan (genitive singular)
arkadën (genitive plural)
arkoidën (genitive plural)
arkada (partitive singular)
arkoida (partitive plural)
argassa (inessive singular)
argahna (inessive singular)
argoissa (inessive plural)
argoihna (inessive plural)
argasta (elative singular)
argoista (elative plural)
arkahën (illative singular)
arkoihën (illative plural)
argalla (adessive singular)
argoilla (adessive plural)
argalta (ablative singular)
argoilta (ablative plural)
arkalën (allative singular)
arkalëk (allative singular)
arkoilën (allative plural)
arkoilëk (allative plural)
arkana (essive singular)
arkoina (essive plural)
argaksi (singular translative)
argoiksi (plural translative)
argan (instructive singular)
argoin (instructive plural)
arkanëk (comitative singular)
arkoinëk (comitative plural)
argatta (abessive singular)
argoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: arg

Finnish: arka

Ingrian: arka

Karelian:

North Karelian: arka

South Karelian: arga

Livonian: ārga

Livvi: argu

Ludian: arg

Veps: arg

Võro: arg

Votic: arkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *ārkē (see there for further descendants)


rampa

rampa (nominative singular)
rambat (nominative plural)
ramban (accusative singular)
rambat (accusative plural)
ramban (genitive singular)
rampadën (genitive plural)
rampoidën (genitive plural)
rampada (partitive singular)
rampoida (partitive plural)
rambassa (inessive singular)
rambahna (inessive singular)
ramboissa (inessive plural)
ramboihna (inessive plural)
rambasta (elative singular)
ramboista (elative plural)
rampahën (illative singular)
rampoihën (illative plural)
ramballa (adessive singular)
ramboilla (adessive plural)
rambalta (ablative singular)
ramboilta (ablative plural)
rampalën (allative singular)
rampalëk (allative singular)
rampoilën (allative plural)
rampoilëk (allative plural)
rampana (essive singular)
rampoina (essive plural)
rambaksi (singular translative)
ramboiksi (plural translative)
ramban (instructive singular)
ramboin (instructive plural)
rampanëk (comitative singular)
rampoinëk (comitative plural)
rambatta (abessive singular)
ramboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: ramb

Finnish: rampa

Ingrian: rampa

Karelian:

North Karelian: rampa

South Karelian: ramba

Livvi: rambu

Ludian: ramb

Veps: ramb

Võro: ramm

Votic: rampa

Uncertain. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *krampaz (compare Swedish krämpa (“ailment”)), or alternatively, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *ramba- (whence Lithuanian rambùs (“sluggish, slow”)).


kuitu

kuitu (nominative singular)
kuidut (nominative plural)
kuidun (accusative singular)
kuidut (accusative plural)
kuidun (genitive singular)
kuitudën (genitive plural)
kuituidën (genitive plural)
kuituda (partitive singular)
kuituida (partitive plural)
kuidussa (inessive singular)
kuiduhna (inessive singular)
kuiduissa (inessive plural)
kuiduihna (inessive plural)
kuidusta (elative singular)
kuiduista (elative plural)
kuituhën (illative singular)
kuituihën (illative plural)
kuidulla (adessive singular)
kuiduilla (adessive plural)
kuidulta (ablative singular)
kuiduilta (ablative plural)
kuitulën (allative singular)
kuitulëk (allative singular)
kuituilën (allative plural)
kuituilëk (allative plural)
kuituna (essive singular)
kuituina (essive plural)
kuiduksi (singular translative)
kuiduiksi (plural translative)
kuidun (instructive singular)
kuiduin (instructive plural)
kuitunëk (comitative singular)
kuituinëk (comitative plural)
kuidutta (abessive singular)
kuiduitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kiud

Finnish: kuitu, (dialectal) kuito

Ingrian: kuitu, kuito

Karelian:

North Karelian: kuitu

South Karelian: kuidu

Livvi: kuidu

Ludian: kuid

Veps: kuid

Võro: kiud

Votic: (rare) kuito, kudju


-pa

Estonian: -v

Finnish: -va (also -pa in relics)

Ingrian: -va

Karelian: -va (also -pa in relics)

Veps: -b

Võro: -v

Votic: -va

-ing; forms the present (active) participle, which is used as an adjective.


-pa

Finnish: -pa

Ingrian: -pa

Often connected with Latvian -ba (“just, namely”), Lithuanian bà (“just, namely”), which have a solid Indo-European etymology (Proto-Indo-European *bʰo; further compare e.g. Lithuanian bé (“without; but”), ultimately from *bʰe, but the vocalism seems to rule this option out), and the Finnic particles are usually considered to be borrowed from Baltic. However, the Finnic particle has also been compared with Komi-Zyrian [script needed] (pö), Udmurt [script needed] (pe), suggesting possible inheritance. It may however merely be a shift from etymology 1 caused by the conditional weakening or loss of the ending in many descendants, leading to it being reanalyzed as an emphatic particle, but may have been reinforced by the similar Baltic particles.


turpa

turpa (nominative singular)
turbat (nominative plural)
turban (accusative singular)
turbat (accusative plural)
turban (genitive singular)
turpadën (genitive plural)
turpëidën (genitive plural)
turpada (partitive singular)
turpëida (partitive plural)
turbassa (inessive singular)
turbahna (inessive singular)
turbëissa (inessive plural)
turbëihna (inessive plural)
turbasta (elative singular)
turbëista (elative plural)
turpahën (illative singular)
turpëihën (illative plural)
turballa (adessive singular)
turbëilla (adessive plural)
turbalta (ablative singular)
turbëilta (ablative plural)
turpalën (allative singular)
turpalëk (allative singular)
turpëilën (allative plural)
turpëilëk (allative plural)
turpana (essive singular)
turpëina (essive plural)
turbaksi (singular translative)
turbëiksi (plural translative)
turban (instructive singular)
turbëin (instructive plural)
turpanëk (comitative singular)
turpëinëk (comitative plural)
turbatta (abessive singular)
turbëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: turpa

→? Northern Sami: [Term?] (ᴛu̮rᵘ̮ᴘᴘᴱ̬) (dialectal)

→? Inari Sami: turbe

→? Skolt Sami: tuʹrbb

→? Kildin Sami: туррьп (turr’p)

→? Ter Sami: [script needed] (turpä)

Karelian:

North Karelian: turpa

South Karelian: turba

Livvi: turbu

Ludian: turb

Veps: turb


turpa

Estonian: turb

Finnish: turpa

⇒ Ingrian: turpikka

desc

Livonian: dūrba (“zope; Ballerus ballerus”), tūrba

Võro: turd

⇒ Votic: turpõkkõ

Possibly from the same root as Etymology 1.

Squalius cephalus
Squalius cephalus#Translingual


kokka

kokka (nominative singular)
kok'at (nominative plural)
kok'an (accusative singular)
kok'at (accusative plural)
kok'an (genitive singular)
kokkadën (genitive plural)
kokkëidën (genitive plural)
kokkada (partitive singular)
kokkëida (partitive plural)
kok'assa (inessive singular)
kok'ahna (inessive singular)
kok'ëissa (inessive plural)
kok'ëihna (inessive plural)
kok'asta (elative singular)
kok'ëista (elative plural)
kokkahën (illative singular)
kokkëihën (illative plural)
kok'alla (adessive singular)
kok'ëilla (adessive plural)
kok'alta (ablative singular)
kok'ëilta (ablative plural)
kokkalën (allative singular)
kokkalëk (allative singular)
kokkëilën (allative plural)
kokkëilëk (allative plural)
kokkana (essive singular)
kokkëina (essive plural)
kok'aksi (singular translative)
kok'ëiksi (plural translative)
kok'an (instructive singular)
kok'ëin (instructive plural)
kokkanëk (comitative singular)
kokkëinëk (comitative plural)
kok'atta (abessive singular)
kok'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kokk (dialectal)

Finnish: kokka

Ingrian: kokka

Karelian: kokka

Livvi: kokku

Ludian: kokk

Veps: kok

Votic: kokkõ

Cognate with Proto-Samic *koakkē. Further origin unclear. Possibly from Proto-Finno-Ugric *kokka or alternatively, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hōkaz.


haapa

haapa (nominative singular)
haabat (nominative plural)
haaban (accusative singular)
haabat (accusative plural)
haaban (genitive singular)
haapadën (genitive plural)
haapoidën (genitive plural)
haapada (partitive singular)
haapoida (partitive plural)
haabassa (inessive singular)
haabahna (inessive singular)
haaboissa (inessive plural)
haaboihna (inessive plural)
haabasta (elative singular)
haaboista (elative plural)
haapahën (illative singular)
haapoihën (illative plural)
haaballa (adessive singular)
haaboilla (adessive plural)
haabalta (ablative singular)
haaboilta (ablative plural)
haapalën (allative singular)
haapalëk (allative singular)
haapoilën (allative plural)
haapoilëk (allative plural)
haapana (essive singular)
haapoina (essive plural)
haabaksi (singular translative)
haaboiksi (plural translative)
haaban (instructive singular)
haaboin (instructive plural)
haapanëk (comitative singular)
haapoinëk (comitative plural)
haabatta (abessive singular)
haaboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: haab

Finnish: haapa

Ingrian: haapa

Karelian:

North Karelian: hoapa

South Karelian: hoaba, huaba

Livonian: ǭbõ

Livvi: huabu

Ludian: huab

Veps: hab

Võro: haav

Votic: aapõ

Unknown. Possibly a substrate borrowing, from the same substrate as Proto-Germanic *aspō and Latvian apse. The aforementioned words are sometimes considered to originate from Proto-Indo-European *Hosp-, but the term is highly areal. Alternatively, if the word is original in Indo-European, the Finnic term could be borrowed by metathesis (*ašpa > *šapa) from one of them, such as Proto-Germanic *aspō.


kirppu

kirppu (nominative singular)
kirp'ut (nominative plural)
kirp'un (accusative singular)
kirp'ut (accusative plural)
kirp'un (genitive singular)
kirppudën (genitive plural)
kirppuidën (genitive plural)
kirppuda (partitive singular)
kirppuida (partitive plural)
kirp'ussa (inessive singular)
kirp'uhna (inessive singular)
kirp'uissa (inessive plural)
kirp'uihna (inessive plural)
kirp'usta (elative singular)
kirp'uista (elative plural)
kirppuhën (illative singular)
kirppuihën (illative plural)
kirp'ulla (adessive singular)
kirp'uilla (adessive plural)
kirp'ulta (ablative singular)
kirp'uilta (ablative plural)
kirppulën (allative singular)
kirppulëk (allative singular)
kirppuilën (allative plural)
kirppuilëk (allative plural)
kirppuna (essive singular)
kirppuina (essive plural)
kirp'uksi (singular translative)
kirp'uiksi (plural translative)
kirp'un (instructive singular)
kirp'uin (instructive plural)
kirppunëk (comitative singular)
kirppuinëk (comitative plural)
kirp'utta (abessive singular)
kirp'uitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kirp

Finnish: kirppu

Ingrian: kerppu, kirppu

Karelian: kirppu

Livvi: kirpu

Ludian: kirp

Veps: kirp

Võro: kirp

Votic: tširppu