hanhi

hanhi (nominative singular)
hanhët (nominative plural)
hanhën (accusative singular)
hanhët (accusative plural)
hanhën (genitive singular)
hanhëdën (genitive plural)
hanhidën (genitive plural)
hanhëda (partitive singular)
hanhida (partitive plural)
hanhëssa (inessive singular)
hanhëhna (inessive singular)
hanhissa (inessive plural)
hanhihna (inessive plural)
hanhësta (elative singular)
hanhista (elative plural)
hanhëhën (illative singular)
hanhihën (illative plural)
hanhëlla (adessive singular)
hanhilla (adessive plural)
hanhëlta (ablative singular)
hanhilta (ablative plural)
hanhëlën (allative singular)
hanhëlëk (allative singular)
hanhilën (allative plural)
hanhilëk (allative plural)
hanhëna (essive singular)
hanhina (essive plural)
hanhëksi (singular translative)
hanhiksi (plural translative)
hanhën (instructive singular)
hanhin (instructive plural)
hanhënëk (comitative singular)
hanhinëk (comitative plural)
hanhëtta (abessive singular)
hanhitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hani

→ Võro: hani

Finnish: hanhi

Ingrian: hanhi

Karelian:

North Karelian: hanhi

South Karelian: hanhi

Livvi: hanhi

Ludian: hanh

Veps: hanh', (Central) haneh, (Southern) handez

Võro: haah'

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*hanheh</i>

Votic: anõ (from *hanheh)

From earlier *šanši, through Proto-Balto-Slavic *źansís from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (compare e.g. Lithuanian žąsis).


lukko

lukko (nominative singular)
luk'ot (nominative plural)
luk'on (accusative singular)
luk'ot (accusative plural)
luk'on (genitive singular)
lukkodën (genitive plural)
lukkoidën (genitive plural)
lukkoda (partitive singular)
lukkoida (partitive plural)
luk'ossa (inessive singular)
luk'ohna (inessive singular)
luk'oissa (inessive plural)
luk'oihna (inessive plural)
luk'osta (elative singular)
luk'oista (elative plural)
lukkohën (illative singular)
lukkoihën (illative plural)
luk'olla (adessive singular)
luk'oilla (adessive plural)
luk'olta (ablative singular)
luk'oilta (ablative plural)
lukkolën (allative singular)
lukkolëk (allative singular)
lukkoilën (allative plural)
lukkoilëk (allative plural)
lukkona (essive singular)
lukkoina (essive plural)
luk'oksi (singular translative)
luk'oiksi (plural translative)
luk'on (instructive singular)
luk'oin (instructive plural)
lukkonëk (comitative singular)
lukkoinëk (comitative plural)
luk'otta (abessive singular)
luk'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lukk

Finnish: lukko

Veps: ⇒ lukkol

Võro: lukk

Votic: lukko

Ingrian: lukku

Karelian:

North Karelian: lukku

South Karelian: lukku

Livvi: lukku

Ludian: lukk

Votic: lukku

Borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *lukǭ (whence Icelandic loka), related to Proto-Germanic *luką.


hetki

hetki (nominative singular)
hetket (nominative plural)
hetken (accusative singular)
hetket (accusative plural)
hetken (genitive singular)
hetkeden (genitive plural)
hetkiden (genitive plural)
hetkedä (partitive singular)
hetkidä (partitive plural)
hetkessä (inessive singular)
hetkehnä (inessive singular)
hetkissä (inessive plural)
hetkihnä (inessive plural)
hetkestä (elative singular)
hetkistä (elative plural)
hetkehen (illative singular)
hetkihen (illative plural)
hetkellä (adessive singular)
hetkillä (adessive plural)
hetkeltä (ablative singular)
hetkiltä (ablative plural)
hetkelen (allative singular)
hetkelek (allative singular)
hetkilen (allative plural)
hetkilek (allative plural)
hetkenä (essive singular)
hetkinä (essive plural)
hetkeksi (singular translative)
hetkiksi (plural translative)
hetken (instructive singular)
hetkin (instructive plural)
hetkenek (comitative singular)
hetkinek (comitative plural)
hetkettä (abessive singular)
hetkittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: hetki

→ Estonian: hetk

Karelian: hetki

Livvi: hätki

Ludian: hätk

Veps: hätk

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic [Term?], if cognate with Erzya шка (ška, “time”).


helmi

helmi (nominative singular)
helmet (nominative plural)
helmen (accusative singular)
helmet (accusative plural)
helmen (genitive singular)
helmeden (genitive plural)
helmiden (genitive plural)
helmedä (partitive singular)
helmidä (partitive plural)
helmessä (inessive singular)
helmehnä (inessive singular)
helmissä (inessive plural)
helmihnä (inessive plural)
helmestä (elative singular)
helmistä (elative plural)
helmehen (illative singular)
helmihen (illative plural)
helmellä (adessive singular)
helmillä (adessive plural)
helmeltä (ablative singular)
helmiltä (ablative plural)
helmelen (allative singular)
helmelek (allative singular)
helmilen (allative plural)
helmilek (allative plural)
helmenä (essive singular)
helminä (essive plural)
helmeksi (singular translative)
helmiksi (plural translative)
helmen (instructive singular)
helmin (instructive plural)
helmenek (comitative singular)
helminek (comitative plural)
helmettä (abessive singular)
helmittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: helmes

Finnish: helmi

Ingrian: helmi

Karelian: helmi

Livonian: eļm, ēļmaz

Livvi: helmi

Ludian: hölmü

Veps: hel'm

Võro: helm'

Votic: elmi

→ Northern Sami: helbmu

Unknown. Possibly a substrate loan from the pre-Finnic languages of the Baltic.


olki

olki (nominative singular)
olgët (nominative plural)
olgën (accusative singular)
olgët (accusative plural)
olgën (genitive singular)
olkëdën (genitive plural)
olkidën (genitive plural)
olkëda (partitive singular)
olkida (partitive plural)
olgëssa (inessive singular)
olgëhna (inessive singular)
olgissa (inessive plural)
olgihna (inessive plural)
olgësta (elative singular)
olgista (elative plural)
olkëhën (illative singular)
olkihën (illative plural)
olgëlla (adessive singular)
olgilla (adessive plural)
olgëlta (ablative singular)
olgilta (ablative plural)
olkëlën (allative singular)
olkëlëk (allative singular)
olkilën (allative plural)
olkilëk (allative plural)
olkëna (essive singular)
olkina (essive plural)
olgëksi (singular translative)
olgiksi (plural translative)
olgën (instructive singular)
olgin (instructive plural)
olkënëk (comitative singular)
olkinëk (comitative plural)
olgëtta (abessive singular)
olgitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: õlg

Finnish: olki

Ingrian: olki

Karelian:

North Karelian: olki

South Karelian: olgi

Livonian: vȯļg

Livvi: olgi

Ludian: ol'g

Veps: ol'g

Võro: olg'

Votic: õltši

→ Northern Sami: oalga

→ Inari Sami: olgâ

→ Skolt Sami: vuõllg

→ Kildin Sami: о̄ллк (ōllk)

From Proto-Finno-Permic *olke ~ *ulke, akin to Erzya олго (olgo) (< *ulke). Further origin unknown. As agricultural terminology, the word is unlikely to derive from Proto-Uralic; possibly from the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate.

unk

unknown


himo

himo (nominative singular)
himot (nominative plural)
himon (accusative singular)
himot (accusative plural)
himon (genitive singular)
himodën (genitive plural)
himoidën (genitive plural)
himoda (partitive singular)
himoida (partitive plural)
himossa (inessive singular)
himohna (inessive singular)
himoissa (inessive plural)
himoihna (inessive plural)
himosta (elative singular)
himoista (elative plural)
himohën (illative singular)
himoihën (illative plural)
himolla (adessive singular)
himoilla (adessive plural)
himolta (ablative singular)
himoilta (ablative plural)
himolën (allative singular)
himolëk (allative singular)
himoilën (allative plural)
himoilëk (allative plural)
himona (essive singular)
himoina (essive plural)
himoksi (singular translative)
himoiksi (plural translative)
himon (instructive singular)
himoin (instructive plural)
himonëk (comitative singular)
himoinëk (comitative plural)
himotta (abessive singular)
himoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: himu

Finnish: himo

→ Northern Sami: hipmu

Ingrian: himo

Karelian: himo

Livonian: imū

Livvi: himo

Ludian: himo

Veps: himo

Võro: himo

Votic: imo


laukka

laukka (nominative singular)
lauk'at (nominative plural)
lauk'an (accusative singular)
lauk'at (accusative plural)
lauk'an (genitive singular)
laukkadën (genitive plural)
laukkëidën (genitive plural)
laukkada (partitive singular)
laukkëida (partitive plural)
lauk'assa (inessive singular)
lauk'ahna (inessive singular)
lauk'ëissa (inessive plural)
lauk'ëihna (inessive plural)
lauk'asta (elative singular)
lauk'ëista (elative plural)
laukkahën (illative singular)
laukkëihën (illative plural)
lauk'alla (adessive singular)
lauk'ëilla (adessive plural)
lauk'alta (ablative singular)
lauk'ëilta (ablative plural)
laukkalën (allative singular)
laukkalëk (allative singular)
laukkëilën (allative plural)
laukkëilëk (allative plural)
laukkana (essive singular)
laukkëina (essive plural)
lauk'aksi (singular translative)
lauk'ëiksi (plural translative)
lauk'an (instructive singular)
lauk'ëin (instructive plural)
laukkanëk (comitative singular)
laukkëinëk (comitative plural)
lauk'atta (abessive singular)
lauk'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lauk

Finnish: laukka

Ingrian: laukka

Karelian:

Southern Karelian: laukka

Livonian: lōka

Livvi: laukku

Ludian: lauk

Veps: lauk


piimä

piimä (nominative singular)
piimät (nominative plural)
piimän (accusative singular)
piimät (accusative plural)
piimän (genitive singular)
piimäden (genitive plural)
piimeiden (genitive plural)
piimädä (partitive singular)
piimeidä (partitive plural)
piimässä (inessive singular)
piimähnä (inessive singular)
piimeissä (inessive plural)
piimeihnä (inessive plural)
piimästä (elative singular)
piimeistä (elative plural)
piimähen (illative singular)
piimeihen (illative plural)
piimällä (adessive singular)
piimeillä (adessive plural)
piimältä (ablative singular)
piimeiltä (ablative plural)
piimälen (allative singular)
piimälek (allative singular)
piimeilen (allative plural)
piimeilek (allative plural)
piimänä (essive singular)
piimeinä (essive plural)
piimäksi (singular translative)
piimeiksi (plural translative)
piimän (instructive singular)
piimein (instructive plural)
piimänek (comitative singular)
piimeinek (comitative plural)
piimättä (abessive singular)
piimeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: piim

Finnish: piimä (“sour milk”)

→ Karelian: piimä

→ Swedish: pimma (“milk”) (Gothenburg Månsing)

Võro: piim

Votic: piime

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *pejmä, probably borrowed from Proto-Iranian *páyHmā (“milk”), or alternatively inherited from Proto-Uralic *pije-mä, from *pije- (“to milk”), compare Hungarian fej (“to milk”).


henki

henki (nominative singular)
henget (nominative plural)
hengen (accusative singular)
henget (accusative plural)
hengen (genitive singular)
henkeden (genitive plural)
henkiden (genitive plural)
henkedä (partitive singular)
henkidä (partitive plural)
hengessä (inessive singular)
hengehnä (inessive singular)
hengissä (inessive plural)
hengihnä (inessive plural)
hengestä (elative singular)
hengistä (elative plural)
henkehen (illative singular)
henkihen (illative plural)
hengellä (adessive singular)
hengillä (adessive plural)
hengeltä (ablative singular)
hengiltä (ablative plural)
henkelen (allative singular)
henkelek (allative singular)
henkilen (allative plural)
henkilek (allative plural)
henkenä (essive singular)
henkinä (essive plural)
hengeksi (singular translative)
hengiksi (plural translative)
hengen (instructive singular)
hengin (instructive plural)
henkenek (comitative singular)
henkinek (comitative plural)
hengettä (abessive singular)
hengittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: hing

Finnish: henki

Ingrian: henki

Karelian:

North Karelian: henki

South Karelian: hengi

Livonian: jeng

Livvi: hengi

Ludian: heng

Veps: heng

Võro: heng', hing'

Votic: entši

→ Proto-Samic: *(h)eaŋkë (see there for further descendants)

Unknown. Has been compared with various words in other Uralic languages with mainly heat-related meanings (e.g. Erzya ченгемс (čengems, “to burn down; to thirst”), Udmurt ӝог (džog, “hot, drought”), Northern Mansi саӈк (saňk, “sweat”)), and UEW reconstructs a common root *čeŋke, but this is unlikely as initial *č would not regularly result in *h.


alku

alku (nominative singular)
algut (nominative plural)
algun (accusative singular)
algut (accusative plural)
algun (genitive singular)
alkudën (genitive plural)
alkuidën (genitive plural)
alkuda (partitive singular)
alkuida (partitive plural)
algussa (inessive singular)
alguhna (inessive singular)
alguissa (inessive plural)
alguihna (inessive plural)
algusta (elative singular)
alguista (elative plural)
alkuhën (illative singular)
alkuihën (illative plural)
algulla (adessive singular)
alguilla (adessive plural)
algulta (ablative singular)
alguilta (ablative plural)
alkulën (allative singular)
alkulëk (allative singular)
alkuilën (allative plural)
alkuilëk (allative plural)
alkuna (essive singular)
alkuina (essive plural)
alguksi (singular translative)
alguiksi (plural translative)
algun (instructive singular)
alguin (instructive plural)
alkunëk (comitative singular)
alkuinëk (comitative plural)
algutta (abessive singular)
alguitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: alg

Finnish: alku

Ingrian: alku

Karelian:

North Karelian: alku

South Karelian: algu

Livvi: algu

Veps: aug

Votic: alku

→? Proto-Samic: *ālkō

Northern Sami: álgu


vehnä

vehnä (nominative singular)
vehnät (nominative plural)
vehnän (accusative singular)
vehnät (accusative plural)
vehnän (genitive singular)
vehnäden (genitive plural)
vehneiden (genitive plural)
vehnädä (partitive singular)
vehneidä (partitive plural)
vehnässä (inessive singular)
vehnähnä (inessive singular)
vehneissä (inessive plural)
vehneihnä (inessive plural)
vehnästä (elative singular)
vehneistä (elative plural)
vehnähen (illative singular)
vehneihen (illative plural)
vehnällä (adessive singular)
vehneillä (adessive plural)
vehnältä (ablative singular)
vehneiltä (ablative plural)
vehnälen (allative singular)
vehnälek (allative singular)
vehneilen (allative plural)
vehneilek (allative plural)
vehnänä (essive singular)
vehneinä (essive plural)
vehnäksi (singular translative)
vehneiksi (plural translative)
vehnän (instructive singular)
vehnein (instructive plural)
vehnänek (comitative singular)
vehneinek (comitative plural)
vehnättä (abessive singular)
vehneittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: vehnä

Ingrian: vehnä

→ Votic: vehne

Karelian:

North Karelian: vehnä

South Karelian: vehnä

From Proto-Finno-Permic *wešnä (“spelt, wheat”), probably borrowed from a substrate language.


siima

siima (nominative singular)
siimat (nominative plural)
siiman (accusative singular)
siimat (accusative plural)
siiman (genitive singular)
siimadën (genitive plural)
siimoidën (genitive plural)
siimada (partitive singular)
siimoida (partitive plural)
siimassa (inessive singular)
siimahna (inessive singular)
siimoissa (inessive plural)
siimoihna (inessive plural)
siimasta (elative singular)
siimoista (elative plural)
siimahën (illative singular)
siimoihën (illative plural)
siimalla (adessive singular)
siimoilla (adessive plural)
siimalta (ablative singular)
siimoilta (ablative plural)
siimalën (allative singular)
siimalëk (allative singular)
siimoilën (allative plural)
siimoilëk (allative plural)
siimana (essive singular)
siimoina (essive plural)
siimaksi (singular translative)
siimoiksi (plural translative)
siiman (instructive singular)
siimoin (instructive plural)
siimanëk (comitative singular)
siimoinëk (comitative plural)
siimatta (abessive singular)
siimoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal) sihm

Finnish: siima

→ Inari Sami: sijmá

Ingrian: siima

Karelian: siima

Livvi: siimu

Ludian: siim

Veps: sim, sima

Votic: siimõ


lanka

lanka (nominative singular)
langat (nominative plural)
langan (accusative singular)
langat (accusative plural)
langan (genitive singular)
lankadën (genitive plural)
lankoidën (genitive plural)
lankada (partitive singular)
lankoida (partitive plural)
langassa (inessive singular)
langahna (inessive singular)
langoissa (inessive plural)
langoihna (inessive plural)
langasta (elative singular)
langoista (elative plural)
lankahën (illative singular)
lankoihën (illative plural)
langalla (adessive singular)
langoilla (adessive plural)
langalta (ablative singular)
langoilta (ablative plural)
lankalën (allative singular)
lankalëk (allative singular)
lankoilën (allative plural)
lankoilëk (allative plural)
lankana (essive singular)
lankoina (essive plural)
langaksi (singular translative)
langoiksi (plural translative)
langan (instructive singular)
langoin (instructive plural)
lankanëk (comitative singular)
lankoinëk (comitative plural)
langatta (abessive singular)
langoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lõng

Finnish: lanka

Ingrian: lanka

Karelian:

North Karelian: lanka

South Karelian: langa

Livonian: lānga

Livvi: langu

Ludian: lang

Veps: lang

Võro: lang

Votic: lõnkõ

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *langô (whence Icelandic langi (“rectum of a bovine”)), from Proto-Germanic *langaz. Cognate with Proto-Samic *luoŋkē (“rectum”).


airo

airo (nominative singular)
airot (nominative plural)
airon (accusative singular)
airot (accusative plural)
airon (genitive singular)
airodën (genitive plural)
airoidën (genitive plural)
airoda (partitive singular)
airoida (partitive plural)
airossa (inessive singular)
airohna (inessive singular)
airoissa (inessive plural)
airoihna (inessive plural)
airosta (elative singular)
airoista (elative plural)
airohën (illative singular)
airoihën (illative plural)
airolla (adessive singular)
airoilla (adessive plural)
airolta (ablative singular)
airoilta (ablative plural)
airolën (allative singular)
airolëk (allative singular)
airoilën (allative plural)
airoilëk (allative plural)
airona (essive singular)
airoina (essive plural)
airoksi (singular translative)
airoiksi (plural translative)
airon (instructive singular)
airoin (instructive plural)
aironëk (comitative singular)
airoinëk (comitative plural)
airotta (abessive singular)
airoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: aer

Finnish: airo

Ingrian: airo

Karelian:

North Karelian: airo

South Karelian: airo

Livonian: āiraz, (Salaca) airas, air

→ Latvian: airis

Livvi: airo

Ludian: air

Veps: air

Votic: airo

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *airō. Compare also Proto-Samic *ājrō.


hätä

hätä (nominative singular)
hädät (nominative plural)
hädän (accusative singular)
hädät (accusative plural)
hädän (genitive singular)
hätäden (genitive plural)
häteiden (genitive plural)
hätädä (partitive singular)
häteidä (partitive plural)
hädässä (inessive singular)
hädähnä (inessive singular)
hädeissä (inessive plural)
hädeihnä (inessive plural)
hädästä (elative singular)
hädeistä (elative plural)
hätähen (illative singular)
häteihen (illative plural)
hädällä (adessive singular)
hädeillä (adessive plural)
hädältä (ablative singular)
hädeiltä (ablative plural)
hätälen (allative singular)
hätälek (allative singular)
häteilen (allative plural)
häteilek (allative plural)
hätänä (essive singular)
häteinä (essive plural)
hädäksi (singular translative)
hädeiksi (plural translative)
hädän (instructive singular)
hädein (instructive plural)
hätänek (comitative singular)
häteinek (comitative plural)
hädättä (abessive singular)
hädeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: häda

Finnish: hätä

→ Northern Sami: heahti

Ingrian: hätä

→ Votic: hätä

Karelian: hätä, hädä

Livonian: ädā

Livvi: hädä

Ludian: hädä

Veps: häda

Võro: hädä

From earlier *šätä, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *sētō (“ambush”), whence Old English sæt and Old Norse sát.


riita

riita (nominative singular)
riidat (nominative plural)
riidan (accusative singular)
riidat (accusative plural)
riidan (genitive singular)
riitadën (genitive plural)
riitoidën (genitive plural)
riitada (partitive singular)
riitoida (partitive plural)
riidassa (inessive singular)
riidahna (inessive singular)
riidoissa (inessive plural)
riidoihna (inessive plural)
riidasta (elative singular)
riidoista (elative plural)
riitahën (illative singular)
riitoihën (illative plural)
riidalla (adessive singular)
riidoilla (adessive plural)
riidalta (ablative singular)
riidoilta (ablative plural)
riitalën (allative singular)
riitalëk (allative singular)
riitoilën (allative plural)
riitoilëk (allative plural)
riitana (essive singular)
riitoina (essive plural)
riidaksi (singular translative)
riidoiksi (plural translative)
riidan (instructive singular)
riidoin (instructive plural)
riitanëk (comitative singular)
riitoinëk (comitative plural)
riidatta (abessive singular)
riidoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: riid

Finnish: riita

Ingrian: riita

Karelian:

North Karelian: riita

South Karelian: riida

Livonian: (Salaca) rīd

Livvi: riidu

Ludian: riid

Veps: rid

Votic: riito, riitõ


häntä

häntä (nominative singular)
händät (nominative plural)
händän (accusative singular)
händät (accusative plural)
händän (genitive singular)
häntäden (genitive plural)
hänteiden (genitive plural)
häntädä (partitive singular)
hänteidä (partitive plural)
händässä (inessive singular)
händähnä (inessive singular)
händeissä (inessive plural)
händeihnä (inessive plural)
händästä (elative singular)
händeistä (elative plural)
häntähen (illative singular)
hänteihen (illative plural)
händällä (adessive singular)
händeillä (adessive plural)
händältä (ablative singular)
händeiltä (ablative plural)
häntälen (allative singular)
häntälek (allative singular)
hänteilen (allative plural)
hänteilek (allative plural)
häntänä (essive singular)
hänteinä (essive plural)
händäksi (singular translative)
händeiksi (plural translative)
händän (instructive singular)
händein (instructive plural)
häntänek (comitative singular)
hänteinek (comitative plural)
händättä (abessive singular)
händeittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: händ

Finnish: häntä

Ingrian: häntä

Karelian:

North Karelian: häntä

South Karelian: händä

Livonian: ǟnda

Livvi: händy

Ludian: händ

Veps: händ

Võro: hand

Votic: änte

Unknown. According to a now obsolete theory, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *čänčä (“back”).


rinta

rinta (nominative singular)
rindat (nominative plural)
rindan (accusative singular)
rindat (accusative plural)
rindan (genitive singular)
rintadën (genitive plural)
rintoidën (genitive plural)
rintada (partitive singular)
rintoida (partitive plural)
rindassa (inessive singular)
rindahna (inessive singular)
rindoissa (inessive plural)
rindoihna (inessive plural)
rindasta (elative singular)
rindoista (elative plural)
rintahën (illative singular)
rintoihën (illative plural)
rindalla (adessive singular)
rindoilla (adessive plural)
rindalta (ablative singular)
rindoilta (ablative plural)
rintalën (allative singular)
rintalëk (allative singular)
rintoilën (allative plural)
rintoilëk (allative plural)
rintana (essive singular)
rintoina (essive plural)
rindaksi (singular translative)
rindoiksi (plural translative)
rindan (instructive singular)
rindoin (instructive plural)
rintanëk (comitative singular)
rintoinëk (comitative plural)
rindatta (abessive singular)
rindoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: rind

Finnish: rinta

Ingrian: rinta

Karelian:

North Karelian: rinta

South Karelian: rinda

Livonian: rīnda

Livvi: rindu

Ludian: rind

Veps: rind

Võro: rind

Votic: rintõ

Unknown. Cognate with Proto-Samic *rëntē. Germanic origin, such as from Proto-Norse *ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚾᛞᚨ- (*strinda-) (whence Old Norse strind (“border, side, land”), Norwegian strind (“slice, line, row”)) is unlikely due to the semantic gap.


nahka

nahka (nominative singular)
nahkat (nominative plural)
nahkan (accusative singular)
nahkat (accusative plural)
nahkan (genitive singular)
nahkadën (genitive plural)
nahkoidën (genitive plural)
nahkada (partitive singular)
nahkoida (partitive plural)
nahkassa (inessive singular)
nahkahna (inessive singular)
nahkoissa (inessive plural)
nahkoihna (inessive plural)
nahkasta (elative singular)
nahkoista (elative plural)
nahkahën (illative singular)
nahkoihën (illative plural)
nahkalla (adessive singular)
nahkoilla (adessive plural)
nahkalta (ablative singular)
nahkoilta (ablative plural)
nahkalën (allative singular)
nahkalëk (allative singular)
nahkoilën (allative plural)
nahkoilëk (allative plural)
nahkana (essive singular)
nahkoina (essive plural)
nahkaksi (singular translative)
nahkoiksi (plural translative)
nahkan (instructive singular)
nahkoin (instructive plural)
nahkanëk (comitative singular)
nahkoinëk (comitative plural)
nahkatta (abessive singular)
nahkoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nahk

Finnish: nahka

Ingrian: nahka

Karelian: nahka

Livonian: nǭ’gõ

Livvi: nahku

Ludian: nahk

Veps: nahk

Võro: nahk

Votic: nahkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *nākkē

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *naskiz, *naskaz, whence also Old English næsc (“soft leather, deer skin”).


tarha

tarha (nominative singular)
tarhat (nominative plural)
tarhan (accusative singular)
tarhat (accusative plural)
tarhan (genitive singular)
tarhadën (genitive plural)
tarhoidën (genitive plural)
tarhada (partitive singular)
tarhoida (partitive plural)
tarhassa (inessive singular)
tarhahna (inessive singular)
tarhoissa (inessive plural)
tarhoihna (inessive plural)
tarhasta (elative singular)
tarhoista (elative plural)
tarhahën (illative singular)
tarhoihën (illative plural)
tarhalla (adessive singular)
tarhoilla (adessive plural)
tarhalta (ablative singular)
tarhoilta (ablative plural)
tarhalën (allative singular)
tarhalëk (allative singular)
tarhoilën (allative plural)
tarhoilëk (allative plural)
tarhana (essive singular)
tarhoina (essive plural)
tarhaksi (singular translative)
tarhoiksi (plural translative)
tarhan (instructive singular)
tarhoin (instructive plural)
tarhanëk (comitative singular)
tarhoinëk (comitative plural)
tarhatta (abessive singular)
tarhoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tara

Finnish: tarha

Ingrian: tarha, ⇒ tarhas

Karelian: tarha

Livonian: tarā, (Salaca) tara

Livvi: tarhu

Veps: tarh

Võro: tahr, tahõr, tarh

Votic: tara

From earlier *tarša, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian dārzs, Lithuanian daržas).

halo (ring of light around the moon or the sun)


papu

papu (nominative singular)
pabut (nominative plural)
pabun (accusative singular)
pabut (accusative plural)
pabun (genitive singular)
papudën (genitive plural)
papuidën (genitive plural)
papuda (partitive singular)
papuida (partitive plural)
pabussa (inessive singular)
pabuhna (inessive singular)
pabuissa (inessive plural)
pabuihna (inessive plural)
pabusta (elative singular)
pabuista (elative plural)
papuhën (illative singular)
papuihën (illative plural)
pabulla (adessive singular)
pabuilla (adessive plural)
pabulta (ablative singular)
pabuilta (ablative plural)
papulën (allative singular)
papulëk (allative singular)
papuilën (allative plural)
papuilëk (allative plural)
papuna (essive singular)
papuina (essive plural)
pabuksi (singular translative)
pabuiksi (plural translative)
pabun (instructive singular)
pabuin (instructive plural)
papunëk (comitative singular)
papuinëk (comitative plural)
pabutta (abessive singular)
pabuitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: papu

Ingrian: papu

→ Votic: papu

Karelian: papu, pabu

Livvi: pabu

Veps: babu (with initial b- reintroduced from Russian)

Borrowed from Proto-Slavic *bobъ in an early form, or from Proto-Balto-Slavic [Term?] directly.


polvi

polvi (nominative singular)
polvët (nominative plural)
polvën (accusative singular)
polvët (accusative plural)
polvën (genitive singular)
polvëdën (genitive plural)
polvidën (genitive plural)
polvëda (partitive singular)
polvida (partitive plural)
polvëssa (inessive singular)
polvëhna (inessive singular)
polvissa (inessive plural)
polvihna (inessive plural)
polvësta (elative singular)
polvista (elative plural)
polvëhën (illative singular)
polvihën (illative plural)
polvëlla (adessive singular)
polvilla (adessive plural)
polvëlta (ablative singular)
polvilta (ablative plural)
polvëlën (allative singular)
polvëlëk (allative singular)
polvilën (allative plural)
polvilëk (allative plural)
polvëna (essive singular)
polvina (essive plural)
polvëksi (singular translative)
polviksi (plural translative)
polvën (instructive singular)
polvin (instructive plural)
polvënëk (comitative singular)
polvinëk (comitative plural)
polvëtta (abessive singular)
polvitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: põlv

Finnish: polvi

Ingrian: polvi

Karelian: polvi

Livonian: polu (Vidzeme)

Ludian: pol'v

Veps: pol'v

Võro: põlv'

Votic: põlvi

From Proto-Uralic *polwe, related to Proto-Samic *puolvë.


marja

marja (nominative singular)
marjat (nominative plural)
marjan (accusative singular)
marjat (accusative plural)
marjan (genitive singular)
marjadën (genitive plural)
marjoidën (genitive plural)
marjada (partitive singular)
marjoida (partitive plural)
marjassa (inessive singular)
marjahna (inessive singular)
marjoissa (inessive plural)
marjoihna (inessive plural)
marjasta (elative singular)
marjoista (elative plural)
marjahën (illative singular)
marjoihën (illative plural)
marjalla (adessive singular)
marjoilla (adessive plural)
marjalta (ablative singular)
marjoilta (ablative plural)
marjalën (allative singular)
marjalëk (allative singular)
marjoilën (allative plural)
marjoilëk (allative plural)
marjana (essive singular)
marjoina (essive plural)
marjaksi (singular translative)
marjoiksi (plural translative)
marjan (instructive singular)
marjoin (instructive plural)
marjanëk (comitative singular)
marjoinëk (comitative plural)
marjatta (abessive singular)
marjoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: mari

Finnish: marja

Ingrian: marja

Karelian:

North Karelian: marja

South Karelian: marja

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: mōŗa

Vidzeme Livonian: mare

Livvi: muarju

Veps: marj

Võro: mari

Votic: marjõ


salama

salama (nominative singular)
salamat (nominative plural)
salaman (accusative singular)
salamat (accusative plural)
salaman (genitive singular)
salamadën (genitive plural)
salamoidën (genitive plural)
salamata (partitive singular)
salamoita (partitive plural)
salamassa (inessive singular)
salamahna (inessive singular)
salamoissa (inessive plural)
salamoihna (inessive plural)
salamasta (elative singular)
salamoista (elative plural)
salamasën (illative singular)
salamoisën (illative plural)
salamalla (adessive singular)
salamoilla (adessive plural)
salamalta (ablative singular)
salamoilta (ablative plural)
salamalën (allative singular)
salamalëk (allative singular)
salamoilën (allative plural)
salamoilëk (allative plural)
salamana (essive singular)
salamoina (essive plural)
salamaksi (singular translative)
salamoiksi (plural translative)
salaman (instructive singular)
salamoin (instructive plural)
salamanëk (comitative singular)
salamoinëk (comitative plural)
salamatta (abessive singular)
salamoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: salama

Veps: samalta (with metathesis)


vasikka

vasikka (nominative singular)
vasik'at (nominative plural)
vasik'an (accusative singular)
vasik'at (accusative plural)
vasik'an (genitive singular)
vasikkadën (genitive plural)
vasikkoidën (genitive plural)
vasikkata (partitive singular)
vasikkoita (partitive plural)
vasik'assa (inessive singular)
vasik'ahna (inessive singular)
vasik'oissa (inessive plural)
vasik'oihna (inessive plural)
vasik'asta (elative singular)
vasik'oista (elative plural)
vasikkasën (illative singular)
vasikkoisën (illative plural)
vasik'alla (adessive singular)
vasik'oilla (adessive plural)
vasik'alta (ablative singular)
vasik'oilta (ablative plural)
vasikkalën (allative singular)
vasikkalëk (allative singular)
vasikkoilën (allative plural)
vasikkoilëk (allative plural)
vasikkana (essive singular)
vasikkoina (essive plural)
vasik'aksi (singular translative)
vasik'oiksi (plural translative)
vasik'an (instructive singular)
vasik'oin (instructive plural)
vasikkanëk (comitative singular)
vasikkoinëk (comitative plural)
vasik'atta (abessive singular)
vasik'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vasikas

Finnish: vasikka

Ingrian: vasikka

Karelian:

North Karelian: vasikka

South Karelian: vazikka

desc

Livonian: (Courland) vā’ški, (Salaca) vaisk

Livvi: vazikku

Võro: vasik

Votic: vazikkõ


pohja

pohja (nominative singular)
pohjat (nominative plural)
pohjan (accusative singular)
pohjat (accusative plural)
pohjan (genitive singular)
pohjadën (genitive plural)
pohjëidën (genitive plural)
pohjada (partitive singular)
pohjëida (partitive plural)
pohjassa (inessive singular)
pohjahna (inessive singular)
pohjëissa (inessive plural)
pohjëihna (inessive plural)
pohjasta (elative singular)
pohjëista (elative plural)
pohjahën (illative singular)
pohjëihën (illative plural)
pohjalla (adessive singular)
pohjëilla (adessive plural)
pohjalta (ablative singular)
pohjëilta (ablative plural)
pohjalën (allative singular)
pohjalëk (allative singular)
pohjëilën (allative plural)
pohjëilëk (allative plural)
pohjana (essive singular)
pohjëina (essive plural)
pohjaksi (singular translative)
pohjëiksi (plural translative)
pohjan (instructive singular)
pohjëin (instructive plural)
pohjanëk (comitative singular)
pohjëinëk (comitative plural)
pohjatta (abessive singular)
pohjëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: põhi

Finnish: pohja

Ingrian: pohja

Karelian: pohja

Livonian: pūoj

Livvi: pohju

Ludian: pohd'

Veps: pohj

Võro: põhi (“base, foundation, bottom, north”), põh'a (“base, foundation, bottom”)

Votic: põhjõ

Unknown. Akin to Proto-Samic *poaššō, but this is probably borrowed from earlier Finnic. The word has been proposed to be a borrowing from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)posčaH (later *pasčā), but this is rejected by Holopainen (2019). Several proposals for Germanic loan origin have also been advanced, including derivation from Proto-Germanic *bansijaz (“haystack”), but these are likewise considered unlikely.


teko

teko (nominative singular)
tegot (nominative plural)
tegon (accusative singular)
tegot (accusative plural)
tegon (genitive singular)
tekodën (genitive plural)
tekoidën (genitive plural)
tekoda (partitive singular)
tekoida (partitive plural)
tegossa (inessive singular)
tegohna (inessive singular)
tegoissa (inessive plural)
tegoihna (inessive plural)
tegosta (elative singular)
tegoista (elative plural)
tekohën (illative singular)
tekoihën (illative plural)
tegolla (adessive singular)
tegoilla (adessive plural)
tegolta (ablative singular)
tegoilta (ablative plural)
tekolën (allative singular)
tekolëk (allative singular)
tekoilën (allative plural)
tekoilëk (allative plural)
tekona (essive singular)
tekoina (essive plural)
tegoksi (singular translative)
tegoiksi (plural translative)
tegon (instructive singular)
tegoin (instructive plural)
tekonëk (comitative singular)
tekoinëk (comitative plural)
tegotta (abessive singular)
tegoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tegu

Finnish: teko

Ingrian: teko

Karelian: teko

Ludian: teko

Veps: teko

Võro: tego

Votic: teko


savu

savu (nominative singular)
savut (nominative plural)
savun (accusative singular)
savut (accusative plural)
savun (genitive singular)
savudën (genitive plural)
savuidën (genitive plural)
savuda (partitive singular)
savuida (partitive plural)
savussa (inessive singular)
savuhna (inessive singular)
savuissa (inessive plural)
savuihna (inessive plural)
savusta (elative singular)
savuista (elative plural)
savuhën (illative singular)
savuihën (illative plural)
savulla (adessive singular)
savuilla (adessive plural)
savulta (ablative singular)
savuilta (ablative plural)
savulën (allative singular)
savulëk (allative singular)
savuilën (allative plural)
savuilëk (allative plural)
savuna (essive singular)
savuina (essive plural)
savuksi (singular translative)
savuiksi (plural translative)
savun (instructive singular)
savuin (instructive plural)
savunëk (comitative singular)
savuinëk (comitative plural)
savutta (abessive singular)
savuitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: savu

Ingrian: savvu

Karelian:

North Karelian: šavu

South Karelian: šavu

Livonian: so’v

Livvi: savvu, savu

Ludian: savu

Veps: savu

Võro: sau

Votic: savvu

From Proto-Finno-Permic *sawe + *-u. Cognates include Proto-Samic *suovë and Moksha сув (suv).


perä

perä (nominative singular)
perät (nominative plural)
perän (accusative singular)
perät (accusative plural)
perän (genitive singular)
peräden (genitive plural)
pereiden (genitive plural)
perädä (partitive singular)
pereidä (partitive plural)
perässä (inessive singular)
perähnä (inessive singular)
pereissä (inessive plural)
pereihnä (inessive plural)
perästä (elative singular)
pereistä (elative plural)
perähen (illative singular)
pereihen (illative plural)
perällä (adessive singular)
pereillä (adessive plural)
perältä (ablative singular)
pereiltä (ablative plural)
perälen (allative singular)
perälek (allative singular)
pereilen (allative plural)
pereilek (allative plural)
peränä (essive singular)
pereinä (essive plural)
peräksi (singular translative)
pereiksi (plural translative)
perän (instructive singular)
perein (instructive plural)
peränek (comitative singular)
pereinek (comitative plural)
perättä (abessive singular)
pereittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: pära

Finnish: perä

Ingrian: perä

Karelian:

North Karelian: perä

South Karelian: perä

Livonian: (Courland) pierā, (Salaca) piera

Livvi: perä

Ludian: perä

Veps: pera

Võro: perä

Votic: perä

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *perä. Cognates include Erzya пря (pŕa, “head”) and Proto-Permic *bär.


ranta

ranta (nominative singular)
randat (nominative plural)
randan (accusative singular)
randat (accusative plural)
randan (genitive singular)
rantadën (genitive plural)
rantoidën (genitive plural)
rantada (partitive singular)
rantoida (partitive plural)
randassa (inessive singular)
randahna (inessive singular)
randoissa (inessive plural)
randoihna (inessive plural)
randasta (elative singular)
randoista (elative plural)
rantahën (illative singular)
rantoihën (illative plural)
randalla (adessive singular)
randoilla (adessive plural)
randalta (ablative singular)
randoilta (ablative plural)
rantalën (allative singular)
rantalëk (allative singular)
rantoilën (allative plural)
rantoilëk (allative plural)
rantana (essive singular)
rantoina (essive plural)
randaksi (singular translative)
randoiksi (plural translative)
randan (instructive singular)
randoin (instructive plural)
rantanëk (comitative singular)
rantoinëk (comitative plural)
randatta (abessive singular)
randoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: rand

Finnish: ranta

Ingrian: ranta

Karelian:

North Karelian: ranta

South Karelian: randa

Livonian: rānda

Livvi: randu

Ludian: rand

Veps: rand

Võro: rand

Votic: rantõ

→ Proto-Samic: *rintō (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed either from Proto-Germanic *strandō, or from Proto-Baltic *kranta (whence Lithuanian krantas).


vasta

Estonian: vast, ⇒ vastu

Finnish: vasta, vasta-, ⇒ vastaan, vasten, vastoin

Ingrian: vast, ⇒ vastaa, vassen, vassoin

Karelian:

North Karelian: vašta, ⇒ vaštah, vaššašša

South Karelian: vasta, ⇒ vastah, vassas

Livonian: vastõ

⇒ Livvi: vaste, vastah, vastas

⇒ Ludian: vastah, vaste

⇒ Veps: vastha, vaste

Võro: vasta, vasta-

Votic: vassõ

From Proto-Finno-Permic *wasta (“a place opposite or across”).


väki

väki (nominative singular)
väget (nominative plural)
vägen (accusative singular)
väget (accusative plural)
vägen (genitive singular)
väkeden (genitive plural)
väkiden (genitive plural)
väkedä (partitive singular)
väkidä (partitive plural)
vägessä (inessive singular)
vägehnä (inessive singular)
vägissä (inessive plural)
vägihnä (inessive plural)
vägestä (elative singular)
vägistä (elative plural)
väkehen (illative singular)
väkihen (illative plural)
vägellä (adessive singular)
vägillä (adessive plural)
vägeltä (ablative singular)
vägiltä (ablative plural)
väkelen (allative singular)
väkelek (allative singular)
väkilen (allative plural)
väkilek (allative plural)
väkenä (essive singular)
väkinä (essive plural)
vägeksi (singular translative)
vägiksi (plural translative)
vägen (instructive singular)
vägin (instructive plural)
väkenek (comitative singular)
väkinek (comitative plural)
vägettä (abessive singular)
vägittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: vägi

Finnish: väki

Ingrian: väki

Karelian: väki

Livonian: vä'g

Ludian: vägi

Veps: vägi

Võro: vägi

Votic: vätši (“nation, people”)


varas

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic *vāras (whence Lithuanian voras (“old”) and Old Prussian urs (“old”)).


varas

varas (nominative singular)
varahët (nominative plural)
varahën (accusative singular)
varahët (accusative plural)
varahën (genitive singular)
varastën (genitive plural)
varahidën (genitive plural)
varasta (partitive singular)
varahita (partitive plural)
varahëssa (inessive singular)
varahëhna (inessive singular)
varahissa (inessive plural)
varahihna (inessive plural)
varahësta (elative singular)
varahista (elative plural)
varahësën (illative singular)
varahisën (illative plural)
varahëlla (adessive singular)
varahilla (adessive plural)
varahëlta (ablative singular)
varahilta (ablative plural)
varahëlën (allative singular)
varahëlëk (allative singular)
varahilën (allative plural)
varahilëk (allative plural)
varassa (essive singular)
varahina (essive plural)
varahëksi (singular translative)
varahiksi (plural translative)
varahën (instructive singular)
varahin (instructive plural)
varassëk (comitative singular)
varahinëk (comitative plural)
varahëtta (abessive singular)
varahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vara

Finnish: (dialectal) varas, ⇒ varhain

Livonian: varāz

Veps: varaz

Votic: varaz


vaha

vaha (nominative singular)
vahat (nominative plural)
vahan (accusative singular)
vahat (accusative plural)
vahan (genitive singular)
vahadën (genitive plural)
vahoidën (genitive plural)
vahada (partitive singular)
vahoida (partitive plural)
vahassa (inessive singular)
vahahna (inessive singular)
vahoissa (inessive plural)
vahoihna (inessive plural)
vahasta (elative singular)
vahoista (elative plural)
vahahën (illative singular)
vahoihën (illative plural)
vahalla (adessive singular)
vahoilla (adessive plural)
vahalta (ablative singular)
vahoilta (ablative plural)
vahalën (allative singular)
vahalëk (allative singular)
vahoilën (allative plural)
vahoilëk (allative plural)
vahana (essive singular)
vahoina (essive plural)
vahaksi (singular translative)
vahoiksi (plural translative)
vahan (instructive singular)
vahoin (instructive plural)
vahanëk (comitative singular)
vahoinëk (comitative plural)
vahatta (abessive singular)
vahoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: vaha

Finnish: vaha

Ingrian: vaha

Karelian:

North Karelian: vaha

South Karelian: vaha

Livonian: vǭ’

Livvi: vaha

Ludian: vaha

Veps: vaha

Võro: vaha

Votic: vaha

From earlier *vakša, borrowed from Proto-Baltic *vakša, later *wáśka (whence Latvian vasks, Lithuanian vaškas).


sini

sini (nominative singular)
sinet (nominative plural)
sinen (accusative singular)
sinet (accusative plural)
sinen (genitive singular)
sinden (genitive plural)
siniden (genitive plural)
sintä (partitive singular)
sinidä (partitive plural)
sinessä (inessive singular)
sinehnä (inessive singular)
sinissä (inessive plural)
sinihnä (inessive plural)
sinestä (elative singular)
sinistä (elative plural)
sinehen (illative singular)
sinihen (illative plural)
sinellä (adessive singular)
sinillä (adessive plural)
sineltä (ablative singular)
siniltä (ablative plural)
sinelen (allative singular)
sinelek (allative singular)
sinilen (allative plural)
sinilek (allative plural)
sinnä (essive singular)
sininä (essive plural)
sineksi (singular translative)
siniksi (plural translative)
sinen (instructive singular)
sinin (instructive plural)
sinnek (comitative singular)
sininek (comitative plural)
sinettä (abessive singular)
sinittä (abessive plural)

Estonian: sini-, sina

Finnish: sini

Ingrian: sini

Karelian:

South Karelian: sini

Livvi: sini

Votic: sini

From Proto-Finno-Permic *sine (compare Erzya сэнь (seń, “blue, gray”), Moksha сенем (śeńem, “blue”)). Sometimes connected with Proto-Uralic *śine (“charcoal”), whence Hungarian szén, Northern Sami čitna, but these words are probably not related.
Earlier often compared also with Iranian terms such as Pashto شين (šin, “green, blue”), but this is unlikely to be correct: the possible loan sources Proto-Scythian *āxšīni or Proto-Iranian *axšáyHnah would not be expected to give a (pre-)Finnic word beginning with *s-. A Slavic origin, from Proto-Slavic *siňь (“blue, blue-gray”), has also been proposed, but is likewise unlikely due to phonological and chronological issues; the Slavic *-i- would be expected to be reflected as a long *-ii-, and there are no known Slavic borrowings already into West Uralic.


lapa

lapa (nominative singular)
labat (nominative plural)
laban (accusative singular)
labat (accusative plural)
laban (genitive singular)
lapadën (genitive plural)
lapoidën (genitive plural)
lapada (partitive singular)
lapoida (partitive plural)
labassa (inessive singular)
labahna (inessive singular)
laboissa (inessive plural)
laboihna (inessive plural)
labasta (elative singular)
laboista (elative plural)
lapahën (illative singular)
lapoihën (illative plural)
laballa (adessive singular)
laboilla (adessive plural)
labalta (ablative singular)
laboilta (ablative plural)
lapalën (allative singular)
lapalëk (allative singular)
lapoilën (allative plural)
lapoilëk (allative plural)
lapana (essive singular)
lapoina (essive plural)
labaksi (singular translative)
laboiksi (plural translative)
laban (instructive singular)
laboin (instructive plural)
lapanëk (comitative singular)
lapoinëk (comitative plural)
labatta (abessive singular)
laboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: laba

Finnish: lapa

Ingrian: lapa

Karelian:

North Karelian: lapa

South Karelian: laba

Livonian: labā

Livvi: laba

Ludian: laba

Veps: laba

Võro: laba

Votic: lapa

→ Proto-Samic: *lāpē


puna

puna (nominative singular)
punat (nominative plural)
punan (accusative singular)
punat (accusative plural)
punan (genitive singular)
punadën (genitive plural)
punëidën (genitive plural)
punada (partitive singular)
punëida (partitive plural)
punassa (inessive singular)
punahna (inessive singular)
punëissa (inessive plural)
punëihna (inessive plural)
punasta (elative singular)
punëista (elative plural)
punahën (illative singular)
punëihën (illative plural)
punalla (adessive singular)
punëilla (adessive plural)
punalta (ablative singular)
punëilta (ablative plural)
punalën (allative singular)
punalëk (allative singular)
punëilën (allative plural)
punëilëk (allative plural)
punana (essive singular)
punëina (essive plural)
punaksi (singular translative)
punëiksi (plural translative)
punan (instructive singular)
punëin (instructive plural)
punanëk (comitative singular)
punëinëk (comitative plural)
punatta (abessive singular)
punëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: puna

Finnish: puna

Votic: puna

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *puna (“color, hair”).


humar

humar (nominative singular)
humarët (nominative plural)
humarën (accusative singular)
humarët (accusative plural)
humarën (genitive singular)
humardën (genitive plural)
humaridën (genitive plural)
humarta (partitive singular)
humarita (partitive plural)
humarëssa (inessive singular)
humarëhna (inessive singular)
humarissa (inessive plural)
humarihna (inessive plural)
humarësta (elative singular)
humarista (elative plural)
humarësën (illative singular)
humarisën (illative plural)
humarëlla (adessive singular)
humarilla (adessive plural)
humarëlta (ablative singular)
humarilta (ablative plural)
humarëlën (allative singular)
humarëlëk (allative singular)
humarilën (allative plural)
humarilëk (allative plural)
humarna (essive singular)
humarina (essive plural)
humarëksi (singular translative)
humariksi (plural translative)
humarën (instructive singular)
humarin (instructive plural)
humarnëk (comitative singular)
humarinëk (comitative plural)
humarëtta (abessive singular)
humaritta (abessive plural)

Estonian: uhmer

Finnish: huhmar, huhmare

Ingrian: hummar

Karelian: huuhmar, huhmar, huumar

Livvi: huuhmar

Ludian: humbar

Veps: humbar

Võro: huhmõr', huhmri

desc

Votic: ummõr, (Kattila, Pummala, Lempola) uhmar

From Proto-Finno-Permic *šumare, possibly from the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate.

mortar (vessel used to grind ingredients)


sopa

sopa (nominative singular)
sobat (nominative plural)
soban (accusative singular)
sobat (accusative plural)
soban (genitive singular)
sopadën (genitive plural)
sopëidën (genitive plural)
sopada (partitive singular)
sopëida (partitive plural)
sobassa (inessive singular)
sobahna (inessive singular)
sobëissa (inessive plural)
sobëihna (inessive plural)
sobasta (elative singular)
sobëista (elative plural)
sopahën (illative singular)
sopëihën (illative plural)
soballa (adessive singular)
sobëilla (adessive plural)
sobalta (ablative singular)
sobëilta (ablative plural)
sopalën (allative singular)
sopalëk (allative singular)
sopëilën (allative plural)
sopëilëk (allative plural)
sopana (essive singular)
sopëina (essive plural)
sobaksi (singular translative)
sobëiksi (plural translative)
soban (instructive singular)
sobëin (instructive plural)
sopanëk (comitative singular)
sopëinëk (comitative plural)
sobatta (abessive singular)
sobëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sõba

Finnish: sopa

Karelian: sopa

Livvi: soba

Ludian: soba

Veps: soba

Võro: sõba

Votic: sõpa


hako

hako (nominative singular)
hagot (nominative plural)
hagon (accusative singular)
hagot (accusative plural)
hagon (genitive singular)
hakodën (genitive plural)
hakoidën (genitive plural)
hakoda (partitive singular)
hakoida (partitive plural)
hagossa (inessive singular)
hagohna (inessive singular)
hagoissa (inessive plural)
hagoihna (inessive plural)
hagosta (elative singular)
hagoista (elative plural)
hakohën (illative singular)
hakoihën (illative plural)
hagolla (adessive singular)
hagoilla (adessive plural)
hagolta (ablative singular)
hagoilta (ablative plural)
hakolën (allative singular)
hakolëk (allative singular)
hakoilën (allative plural)
hakoilëk (allative plural)
hakona (essive singular)
hakoina (essive plural)
hagoksi (singular translative)
hagoiksi (plural translative)
hagon (instructive singular)
hagoin (instructive plural)
hakonëk (comitative singular)
hakoinëk (comitative plural)
hagotta (abessive singular)
hagoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hagu

Finnish: hako

Ingrian: hako

→ Votic: hako

Karelian:

North Karelian: hako

South Karelian: hago

Livonian: a’g

Livvi: hago

Ludian: hago

Veps: hago

Võro: hago

From earlier *šako, borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Lithuanian šaka (“branch of a tree”)).

fallen, rotten or waterlogged tree trunk


samo

samo (nominative singular)
samot (nominative plural)
samon (accusative singular)
samot (accusative plural)
samon (genitive singular)
samodën (genitive plural)
samoidën (genitive plural)
samoda (partitive singular)
samoida (partitive plural)
samossa (inessive singular)
samohna (inessive singular)
samoissa (inessive plural)
samoihna (inessive plural)
samosta (elative singular)
samoista (elative plural)
samohën (illative singular)
samoihën (illative plural)
samolla (adessive singular)
samoilla (adessive plural)
samolta (ablative singular)
samoilta (ablative plural)
samolën (allative singular)
samolëk (allative singular)
samoilën (allative plural)
samoilëk (allative plural)
samona (essive singular)
samoina (essive plural)
samoksi (singular translative)
samoiksi (plural translative)
samon (instructive singular)
samoin (instructive plural)
samonëk (comitative singular)
samoinëk (comitative plural)
samotta (abessive singular)
samoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: samm, (dialectal) samu, (archaic) samo, samb (“step”)

Finnish: (obsolete) samo (“run, hurry, high speed”), ⇒ samota (“to wander, to run, to hurry”)

Karelian:

North Karelian: ⇒ samota (“to gallop”)

Livonian: sa’m (“step”)

Võro: samm (“step”)

Votic:

Krevinian: ⇒ śamun (“I run”), saamub (“he/she/it runs”)


salmi

salmi (nominative singular)
salmët (nominative plural)
salmën (accusative singular)
salmët (accusative plural)
salmën (genitive singular)
salmëdën (genitive plural)
salmidën (genitive plural)
salmëda (partitive singular)
salmida (partitive plural)
salmëssa (inessive singular)
salmëhna (inessive singular)
salmissa (inessive plural)
salmihna (inessive plural)
salmësta (elative singular)
salmista (elative plural)
salmëhën (illative singular)
salmihën (illative plural)
salmëlla (adessive singular)
salmilla (adessive plural)
salmëlta (ablative singular)
salmilta (ablative plural)
salmëlën (allative singular)
salmëlëk (allative singular)
salmilën (allative plural)
salmilëk (allative plural)
salmëna (essive singular)
salmina (essive plural)
salmëksi (singular translative)
salmiksi (plural translative)
salmën (instructive singular)
salmin (instructive plural)
salmënëk (comitative singular)
salminëk (comitative plural)
salmëtta (abessive singular)
salmitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: salm

Finnish: salmi

→ Votic: salmi

Ingrian: salmi

Karelian: salmi

Veps: sal'm

From Proto-Finno-Permic *śolma. Related to Proto-Samic *čoalmē.

narrow passage of water, strait, narrows


mees

Estonian: mees

Finnish: mies

Ingrian: mees

Karelian: mies

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: mīez

Vidzeme Livonian: mies

Livvi: mies

Ludian: miez

Veps: mez'

Võro: miis'

Votic: meez

Unclear. Two possibilities have been proposed:
* From earlier *meexes, borrowing from Proto-Germanic *mēgaz (“male in-law”).
* (less likely) Relationship to the Proto-Uralic root *mańćɜ, reflected in the ethnonyms Mansi and Magyar, of Indo-Iranian origin (compare Proto-Balto-Slavic *mangjás (“man”), Sanskrit मनुष्य (manuṣyá)).
Both proposals have phonetic problems. At any rate, the word is an innovation replacing Proto-Uralic *koje (“man”).


kaari

kaari (nominative singular)
kaarët (nominative plural)
kaarën (accusative singular)
kaarët (accusative plural)
kaarën (genitive singular)
kaardën (genitive plural)
kaaridën (genitive plural)
kaarta (partitive singular)
kaarida (partitive plural)
kaarëssa (inessive singular)
kaarëhna (inessive singular)
kaarissa (inessive plural)
kaarihna (inessive plural)
kaarësta (elative singular)
kaarista (elative plural)
kaarëhën (illative singular)
kaarihën (illative plural)
kaarëlla (adessive singular)
kaarilla (adessive plural)
kaarëlta (ablative singular)
kaarilta (ablative plural)
kaarëlën (allative singular)
kaarëlëk (allative singular)
kaarilën (allative plural)
kaarilëk (allative plural)
kaarna (essive singular)
kaarina (essive plural)
kaarëksi (singular translative)
kaariksi (plural translative)
kaarën (instructive singular)
kaarin (instructive plural)
kaarnëk (comitative singular)
kaarinëk (comitative plural)
kaarëtta (abessive singular)
kaaritta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaar

Finnish: kaari

Ingrian: kaari

Karelian: koari, kuari

Livonian: kǭr

Livvi: kuari

Ludian: kuar

Veps: kar'

Võro: kaar'

Votic: kaari

From Proto-Uralic *këŋere. Cognate with Inari Sami kuoŋâr, Northern Khanty [script needed] (χoŋkar) (Obdorsk) and Eastern Mansi [script needed] (ke̮ŋǝr) (Upper Konda).


maho

maho (nominative singular)
mahot (nominative plural)
mahon (accusative singular)
mahot (accusative plural)
mahon (genitive singular)
mahodën (genitive plural)
mahoidën (genitive plural)
mahoda (partitive singular)
mahoida (partitive plural)
mahossa (inessive singular)
mahohna (inessive singular)
mahoissa (inessive plural)
mahoihna (inessive plural)
mahosta (elative singular)
mahoista (elative plural)
mahohën (illative singular)
mahoihën (illative plural)
maholla (adessive singular)
mahoilla (adessive plural)
maholta (ablative singular)
mahoilta (ablative plural)
maholën (allative singular)
maholëk (allative singular)
mahoilën (allative plural)
mahoilëk (allative plural)
mahona (essive singular)
mahoina (essive plural)
mahoksi (singular translative)
mahoiksi (plural translative)
mahon (instructive singular)
mahoin (instructive plural)
mahonëk (comitative singular)
mahoinëk (comitative plural)
mahotta (abessive singular)
mahoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: maho

Ingrian: maho

Karelian:

North Karelian: maho

South Karelian: maho

Livvi: maho

Ludian: maho

Veps: maho

Votic: maho


raukka

raukka (nominative singular)
rauk'at (nominative plural)
rauk'an (accusative singular)
rauk'at (accusative plural)
rauk'an (genitive singular)
raukkadën (genitive plural)
raukkëidën (genitive plural)
raukkada (partitive singular)
raukkëida (partitive plural)
rauk'assa (inessive singular)
rauk'ahna (inessive singular)
rauk'ëissa (inessive plural)
rauk'ëihna (inessive plural)
rauk'asta (elative singular)
rauk'ëista (elative plural)
raukkahën (illative singular)
raukkëihën (illative plural)
rauk'alla (adessive singular)
rauk'ëilla (adessive plural)
rauk'alta (ablative singular)
rauk'ëilta (ablative plural)
raukkalën (allative singular)
raukkalëk (allative singular)
raukkëilën (allative plural)
raukkëilëk (allative plural)
raukkana (essive singular)
raukkëina (essive plural)
rauk'aksi (singular translative)
rauk'ëiksi (plural translative)
rauk'an (instructive singular)
rauk'ëin (instructive plural)
raukkanëk (comitative singular)
raukkëinëk (comitative plural)
rauk'atta (abessive singular)
rauk'ëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: rauk

Finnish: raukka

Ingrian: raukka

Karelian: raukka

Livvi: raukku

Ludian: rauk

Veps: rauk

Votic: raukkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *rāvkkē (see there for further descendants)

Possibly from *raukëda (by suffix substitution *-(k)ëda > *-kka).


laiska

laiska (nominative singular)
laiskat (nominative plural)
laiskan (accusative singular)
laiskat (accusative plural)
laiskan (genitive singular)
laiskadën (genitive plural)
laiskoidën (genitive plural)
laiskada (partitive singular)
laiskoida (partitive plural)
laiskassa (inessive singular)
laiskahna (inessive singular)
laiskoissa (inessive plural)
laiskoihna (inessive plural)
laiskasta (elative singular)
laiskoista (elative plural)
laiskahën (illative singular)
laiskoihën (illative plural)
laiskalla (adessive singular)
laiskoilla (adessive plural)
laiskalta (ablative singular)
laiskoilta (ablative plural)
laiskalën (allative singular)
laiskalëk (allative singular)
laiskoilën (allative plural)
laiskoilëk (allative plural)
laiskana (essive singular)
laiskoina (essive plural)
laiskaksi (singular translative)
laiskoiksi (plural translative)
laiskan (instructive singular)
laiskoin (instructive plural)
laiskanëk (comitative singular)
laiskoinëk (comitative plural)
laiskatta (abessive singular)
laiskoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: laisk

Finnish: laiska

Ingrian: laiska

Karelian:

North Karelian: laiska

South Karelian: laiška

Livonian: lāiska

Livvi: lašku

Ludian: lašk

Veps: lašk

Võro: laisk

Votic: laiskõ

→? Latvian: laĩsks

→ Proto-Samic: *lāškē (see there for further descendants)

Unclear. Likely akin to Latvian laĩsks (“lazy”), though the direction of the borrowing is unclear.


etana

etana (nominative singular)
etanat (nominative plural)
etanan (accusative singular)
etanat (accusative plural)
etanan (genitive singular)
etanadën (genitive plural)
etanoidën (genitive plural)
etanata (partitive singular)
etanoita (partitive plural)
etanassa (inessive singular)
etanahna (inessive singular)
etanoissa (inessive plural)
etanoihna (inessive plural)
etanasta (elative singular)
etanoista (elative plural)
etanasën (illative singular)
etanoisën (illative plural)
etanalla (adessive singular)
etanoilla (adessive plural)
etanalta (ablative singular)
etanoilta (ablative plural)
etanalën (allative singular)
etanalëk (allative singular)
etanoilën (allative plural)
etanoilëk (allative plural)
etanana (essive singular)
etanoina (essive plural)
etanaksi (singular translative)
etanoiksi (plural translative)
etanan (instructive singular)
etanoin (instructive plural)
etananëk (comitative singular)
etanoinëk (comitative plural)
etanatta (abessive singular)
etanoitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: etana

Karelian:

South Karelian: edana

Finnish: (dialectal) etona

Karelian:

North Karelian: etona

South Karelian: edona

Livvi: edenöi

Ludian: eden'oi

Veps: edenoi

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Germanic *etunaz (“overeater, glutton”).

bor

(Northern Finnic) slug, snail (Gastropoda)


haava

haava (nominative singular)
haavat (nominative plural)
haavan (accusative singular)
haavat (accusative plural)
haavan (genitive singular)
haavadën (genitive plural)
haavoidën (genitive plural)
haavada (partitive singular)
haavoida (partitive plural)
haavassa (inessive singular)
haavahna (inessive singular)
haavoissa (inessive plural)
haavoihna (inessive plural)
haavasta (elative singular)
haavoista (elative plural)
haavahën (illative singular)
haavoihën (illative plural)
haavalla (adessive singular)
haavoilla (adessive plural)
haavalta (ablative singular)
haavoilta (ablative plural)
haavalën (allative singular)
haavalëk (allative singular)
haavoilën (allative plural)
haavoilëk (allative plural)
haavana (essive singular)
haavoina (essive plural)
haavaksi (singular translative)
haavoiksi (plural translative)
haavan (instructive singular)
haavoin (instructive plural)
haavanëk (comitative singular)
haavoinëk (comitative plural)
haavatta (abessive singular)
haavoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: haav

Finnish: haava

Ingrian: haava

Karelian: huava

Livonian: ǭ’v

Võro: haav

Votic: (Mati) aavõ

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *hawwą, compare Icelandic högg (“hit, blow”) and Swedish hugg (“stab wound, stab”).


tatti

tatti (nominative singular)
tat'it (nominative plural)
tat'in (accusative singular)
tat'it (accusative plural)
tat'in (genitive singular)
tattidën (genitive plural)
tattëjidën (genitive plural)
tattida (partitive singular)
tattëjita (partitive plural)
tat'issa (inessive singular)
tat'ihna (inessive singular)
tattëjissa (inessive plural)
tattëjihna (inessive plural)
tat'ista (elative singular)
tattëjista (elative plural)
tattihën (illative singular)
tattëjisën (illative plural)
tat'illa (adessive singular)
tattëjilla (adessive plural)
tat'ilta (ablative singular)
tattëjilta (ablative plural)
tattilën (allative singular)
tattilëk (allative singular)
tattëjilën (allative plural)
tattëjilëk (allative plural)
tattina (essive singular)
tattëjina (essive plural)
tat'iksi (singular translative)
tattëjiksi (plural translative)
tat'in (instructive singular)
tattëjin (instructive plural)
tattinëk (comitative singular)
tattëjinëk (comitative plural)
tat'itta (abessive singular)
tattëjitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: tatt

⇒ Estonian: tatikas

Finnish: tatti

Karelian: tatti

Võro: tatt'


järki

järki (nominative singular)
järget (nominative plural)
järgen (accusative singular)
järget (accusative plural)
järgen (genitive singular)
järkeden (genitive plural)
järkiden (genitive plural)
järkedä (partitive singular)
järkidä (partitive plural)
järgessä (inessive singular)
järgehnä (inessive singular)
järgissä (inessive plural)
järgihnä (inessive plural)
järgestä (elative singular)
järgistä (elative plural)
järkehen (illative singular)
järkihen (illative plural)
järgellä (adessive singular)
järgillä (adessive plural)
järgeltä (ablative singular)
järgiltä (ablative plural)
järkelen (allative singular)
järkelek (allative singular)
järkilen (allative plural)
järkilek (allative plural)
järkenä (essive singular)
järkinä (essive plural)
järgeksi (singular translative)
järgiksi (plural translative)
järgen (instructive singular)
järgin (instructive plural)
järkenek (comitative singular)
järkinek (comitative plural)
järgettä (abessive singular)
järgittä (abessive plural)

desc

Estonian: järg (“row, queue; turn (to do something)”)

Finnish: järki (“sense, reason, logic; (obsolete) order”)

⇒ Ingrian: järkenää (“immediately”), järestää (“right away”)

Karelian: järki (“order, state of being, condition”)

⇒ Livvi: järilleh (“back”)

⇒ Ludian: d'ärgilleh (“back”)

Veps: järg (“just, completely”), (dialectal) d'ärk

Võro: järg (“turn (to do something)”)

⇒ Votic: (Kattila, Mati) järkeä, (Pummala) järkeäzä (“immediately, at once”)

→ Proto-Samic: *jearkë (“weather conditions”)

Unknown. Possibly a variant of the root in *jälki. The superficial similarity to Proto-Mongolic *ǰerge, while noted, appears to be merely coincidental for want of any tenable explanation for a connection.


kurja

kurja (nominative singular)
kurjat (nominative plural)
kurjan (accusative singular)
kurjat (accusative plural)
kurjan (genitive singular)
kurjadën (genitive plural)
kurjëidën (genitive plural)
kurjada (partitive singular)
kurjëida (partitive plural)
kurjassa (inessive singular)
kurjahna (inessive singular)
kurjëissa (inessive plural)
kurjëihna (inessive plural)
kurjasta (elative singular)
kurjëista (elative plural)
kurjahën (illative singular)
kurjëihën (illative plural)
kurjalla (adessive singular)
kurjëilla (adessive plural)
kurjalta (ablative singular)
kurjëilta (ablative plural)
kurjalën (allative singular)
kurjalëk (allative singular)
kurjëilën (allative plural)
kurjëilëk (allative plural)
kurjana (essive singular)
kurjëina (essive plural)
kurjaksi (singular translative)
kurjëiksi (plural translative)
kurjan (instructive singular)
kurjëin (instructive plural)
kurjanëk (comitative singular)
kurjëinëk (comitative plural)
kurjatta (abessive singular)
kurjëitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kuri

Finnish: kurja

Ingrian: kurja

Karelian: kurja

Livonian:

Vidzeme Livonian: kure

⇒ Livonian: kuŗē (Courland)

Livvi: kurju

⇒ Ludian: kurd'aine

Võro: kuri

Votic: kurjõ


kaima

kaima (nominative singular)
kaimat (nominative plural)
kaiman (accusative singular)
kaimat (accusative plural)
kaiman (genitive singular)
kaimadën (genitive plural)
kaimoidën (genitive plural)
kaimada (partitive singular)
kaimoida (partitive plural)
kaimassa (inessive singular)
kaimahna (inessive singular)
kaimoissa (inessive plural)
kaimoihna (inessive plural)
kaimasta (elative singular)
kaimoista (elative plural)
kaimahën (illative singular)
kaimoihën (illative plural)
kaimalla (adessive singular)
kaimoilla (adessive plural)
kaimalta (ablative singular)
kaimoilta (ablative plural)
kaimalën (allative singular)
kaimalëk (allative singular)
kaimoilën (allative plural)
kaimoilëk (allative plural)
kaimana (essive singular)
kaimoina (essive plural)
kaimaksi (singular translative)
kaimoiksi (plural translative)
kaiman (instructive singular)
kaimoin (instructive plural)
kaimanëk (comitative singular)
kaimoinëk (comitative plural)
kaimatta (abessive singular)
kaimoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaim

Finnish: kaima

Ingrian: kaima

Karelian: kaima

Livonian: kāima

Livvi: kaimu

Ludian: kaimo

Votic: kaimõ

→ Proto-Samic: *kājmē

Borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Latvian ciems, kaimiņš and Lithuanian kaimas).

namesake (person with the same name as another person)


jäkälä

jäkälä (nominative singular)
jäkälät (nominative plural)
jäkälän (accusative singular)
jäkälät (accusative plural)
jäkälän (genitive singular)
jäkäläden (genitive plural)
jäkäleiden (genitive plural)
jäkälätä (partitive singular)
jäkäleitä (partitive plural)
jäkälässä (inessive singular)
jäkälähnä (inessive singular)
jäkäleissä (inessive plural)
jäkäleihnä (inessive plural)
jäkälästä (elative singular)
jäkäleistä (elative plural)
jäkäläsen (illative singular)
jäkäleisen (illative plural)
jäkälällä (adessive singular)
jäkäleillä (adessive plural)
jäkälältä (ablative singular)
jäkäleiltä (ablative plural)
jäkälälen (allative singular)
jäkälälek (allative singular)
jäkäleilen (allative plural)
jäkäleilek (allative plural)
jäkälänä (essive singular)
jäkäleinä (essive plural)
jäkäläksi (singular translative)
jäkäleiksi (plural translative)
jäkälän (instructive singular)
jäkälein (instructive plural)
jäkälänek (comitative singular)
jäkäleinek (comitative plural)
jäkälättä (abessive singular)
jäkäleittä (abessive plural)

Finnish: jäkälä

Karelian:

North Karelian: jäkälä

South Karelian: jägälä

Livvi: jägäl

Ludian: d'ägäl

→? Russian: ягель (jagelʹ)

Proto-Finno-Permic *jäkä + *-lä. Cognate with Proto-Samic *jeakēl.


haju

Finnic (Northern)
haju (nominative singular)
hajut (nominative plural)
hajun (accusative singular)
hajut (accusative plural)
hajun (genitive singular)
hajudën (genitive plural)
hajuidën (genitive plural)
hajuda (partitive singular)
hajuida (partitive plural)
hajussa (inessive singular)
hajuhna (inessive singular)
hajuissa (inessive plural)
hajuihna (inessive plural)
hajusta (elative singular)
hajuista (elative plural)
hajuhën (illative singular)
hajuihën (illative plural)
hajulla (adessive singular)
hajuilla (adessive plural)
hajulta (ablative singular)
hajuilta (ablative plural)
hajulën (allative singular)
hajulëk (allative singular)
hajuilën (allative plural)
hajuilëk (allative plural)
hajuna (essive singular)
hajuina (essive plural)
hajuksi (singular translative)
hajuiksi (plural translative)
hajun (instructive singular)
hajuin (instructive plural)
hajunëk (comitative singular)
hajuinëk (comitative plural)
hajutta (abessive singular)
hajuitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: haju

→ Inari Sami: haajâ

→ Lule Sami: hádja

→ Northern Sami: hádja

→ Skolt Sami: haajj

Ingrian: haju

Karelian:

North Karelian: haju

South Karelian: haju

Livvi: haju

Veps: haju

Probably *haja- + *-u. From the same root as *haistak.


halla

halla (nominative singular)
hallat (nominative plural)
hallan (accusative singular)
hallat (accusative plural)
hallan (genitive singular)
halladën (genitive plural)
halloidën (genitive plural)
hallada (partitive singular)
halloida (partitive plural)
hallassa (inessive singular)
hallahna (inessive singular)
halloissa (inessive plural)
halloihna (inessive plural)
hallasta (elative singular)
halloista (elative plural)
hallahën (illative singular)
halloihën (illative plural)
hallalla (adessive singular)
halloilla (adessive plural)
hallalta (ablative singular)
halloilta (ablative plural)
hallalën (allative singular)
hallalëk (allative singular)
halloilën (allative plural)
halloilëk (allative plural)
hallana (essive singular)
halloina (essive plural)
hallaksi (singular translative)
halloiksi (plural translative)
hallan (instructive singular)
halloin (instructive plural)
hallanëk (comitative singular)
halloinëk (comitative plural)
hallatta (abessive singular)
halloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: hall

Finnish: halla

Ingrian: halla

Karelian: halla

Livonian: ǭla

Livvi: hallu

Ludian: hall

Veps: hall

Võro: hall

Votic: allõ

From earlier *šalna (whence also Proto-Samic *suolnē), borrowed from Proto-Baltic (whence Latvian salna, Lithuanian šalnà), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *śalnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱolH-n-eh₂.

frost occurring at night during the growing season


sammal

sammal (nominative singular)
sammalët (nominative plural)
sammalën (accusative singular)
sammalët (accusative plural)
sammalën (genitive singular)
sammaldën (genitive plural)
sammalidën (genitive plural)
sammalta (partitive singular)
sammalita (partitive plural)
sammalëssa (inessive singular)
sammalëhna (inessive singular)
sammalissa (inessive plural)
sammalihna (inessive plural)
sammalësta (elative singular)
sammalista (elative plural)
sammalësën (illative singular)
sammalisën (illative plural)
sammalëlla (adessive singular)
sammalilla (adessive plural)
sammalëlta (ablative singular)
sammalilta (ablative plural)
sammalëlën (allative singular)
sammalëlëk (allative singular)
sammalilën (allative plural)
sammalilëk (allative plural)
sammalla (essive singular)
sammalina (essive plural)
sammalëksi (singular translative)
sammaliksi (plural translative)
sammalën (instructive singular)
sammalin (instructive plural)
sammallëk (comitative singular)
sammalinëk (comitative plural)
sammalëtta (abessive singular)
sammalitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sammal

Finnish: sammal

→ Northern Sami: sámil

Ingrian: sammal

Karelian: šammal

Livonian: sōmal

Livvi: sammal

Ludian: sammal, sammau

Veps: samal, samou

Võro: sammõl'

Votic: sammõl

Unknown. Sometimes compared with Lithuanian samanos, but a borrowing from Baltic is not considered certain.


kaivo

kaivo (nominative singular)
kaivot (nominative plural)
kaivon (accusative singular)
kaivot (accusative plural)
kaivon (genitive singular)
kaivodën (genitive plural)
kaivoidën (genitive plural)
kaivoda (partitive singular)
kaivoida (partitive plural)
kaivossa (inessive singular)
kaivohna (inessive singular)
kaivoissa (inessive plural)
kaivoihna (inessive plural)
kaivosta (elative singular)
kaivoista (elative plural)
kaivohën (illative singular)
kaivoihën (illative plural)
kaivolla (adessive singular)
kaivoilla (adessive plural)
kaivolta (ablative singular)
kaivoilta (ablative plural)
kaivolën (allative singular)
kaivolëk (allative singular)
kaivoilën (allative plural)
kaivoilëk (allative plural)
kaivona (essive singular)
kaivoina (essive plural)
kaivoksi (singular translative)
kaivoiksi (plural translative)
kaivon (instructive singular)
kaivoin (instructive plural)
kaivonëk (comitative singular)
kaivoinëk (comitative plural)
kaivotta (abessive singular)
kaivoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kaev

Finnish: kaivo

→ Northern Sami: gáivo

→ Inari Sami: káivu

→ Skolt Sami: käivv

→ Kildin Sami: ка̄ййв (kājjv)

→ Ter Sami: [script needed] (kaivta̮u̯ʿš)

Ingrian: kaivo

Karelian: kaivo

Livonian: kouv

Livvi: kaivo

Ludian: kaiv

Veps: kaiv

Võro: kaiv

Votic: kaivo


riutta

Finnic (Northern)
riutta (nominative singular)
riut'at (nominative plural)
riut'an (accusative singular)
riut'at (accusative plural)
riut'an (genitive singular)
riuttadën (genitive plural)
riuttëidën (genitive plural)
riuttada (partitive singular)
riuttëida (partitive plural)
riut'assa (inessive singular)
riut'ahna (inessive singular)
riut'ëissa (inessive plural)
riut'ëihna (inessive plural)
riut'asta (elative singular)
riut'ëista (elative plural)
riuttahën (illative singular)
riuttëihën (illative plural)
riut'alla (adessive singular)
riut'ëilla (adessive plural)
riut'alta (ablative singular)
riut'ëilta (ablative plural)
riuttalën (allative singular)
riuttalëk (allative singular)
riuttëilën (allative plural)
riuttëilëk (allative plural)
riuttana (essive singular)
riuttëina (essive plural)
riut'aksi (singular translative)
riut'ëiksi (plural translative)
riut'an (instructive singular)
riut'ëin (instructive plural)
riuttanëk (comitative singular)
riuttëinëk (comitative plural)
riut'atta (abessive singular)
riut'ëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: riutta

Karelian:

North Karelian: riutta

Livvi: riuhta

Borrowed from Proto-Norse *ᚷᚱᛖᚢᛏᚨ (*greuta), from Proto-Germanic *greutą.

reef (rocks at or near surface of the water)


satama

satama (nominative singular)
satamat (nominative plural)
sataman (accusative singular)
satamat (accusative plural)
sataman (genitive singular)
satamadën (genitive plural)
satamoidën (genitive plural)
satamata (partitive singular)
satamoita (partitive plural)
satamassa (inessive singular)
satamahna (inessive singular)
satamoissa (inessive plural)
satamoihna (inessive plural)
satamasta (elative singular)
satamoista (elative plural)
satamasën (illative singular)
satamoisën (illative plural)
satamalla (adessive singular)
satamoilla (adessive plural)
satamalta (ablative singular)
satamoilta (ablative plural)
satamalën (allative singular)
satamalëk (allative singular)
satamoilën (allative plural)
satamoilëk (allative plural)
satamana (essive singular)
satamoina (essive plural)
satamaksi (singular translative)
satamoiksi (plural translative)
sataman (instructive singular)
satamoin (instructive plural)
satamanëk (comitative singular)
satamoinëk (comitative plural)
satamatta (abessive singular)
satamoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: sadam

Finnish: satama

Ingrian: sattaama

Livonian: sadām

Võro: satam

Votic: satamõ

From *sata + *-ma. The root is probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *staþaz (whence English stathe, German Gestade (“shore”), dialectal Danish stade (“harbor”)).
Another possible explanation is derivation from *sata- (“to rain, to fall down”), with the semantic development "place of falling" > "place of descending (into a boat)", for which a parallel appears in *valkama.


hoikka

hoikka (nominative singular)
hoik'at (nominative plural)
hoik'an (accusative singular)
hoik'at (accusative plural)
hoik'an (genitive singular)
hoikkadën (genitive plural)
hoikkëidën (genitive plural)
hoikkada (partitive singular)
hoikkëida (partitive plural)
hoik'assa (inessive singular)
hoik'ahna (inessive singular)
hoik'ëissa (inessive plural)
hoik'ëihna (inessive plural)
hoik'asta (elative singular)
hoik'ëista (elative plural)
hoikkahën (illative singular)
hoikkëihën (illative plural)
hoik'alla (adessive singular)
hoik'ëilla (adessive plural)
hoik'alta (ablative singular)
hoik'ëilta (ablative plural)
hoikkalën (allative singular)
hoikkalëk (allative singular)
hoikkëilën (allative plural)
hoikkëilëk (allative plural)
hoikkana (essive singular)
hoikkëina (essive plural)
hoik'aksi (singular translative)
hoik'ëiksi (plural translative)
hoik'an (instructive singular)
hoik'ëin (instructive plural)
hoikkanëk (comitative singular)
hoikkëinëk (comitative plural)
hoik'atta (abessive singular)
hoik'ëitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: hoikka

Ingrian: hoikka

→ Votic: hoikkõ

Karelian: hoikka

Livonian: voik, oik

Livvi: hoikku

Ludian: hoik

Veps: hoik

Votic: (Kattila, Pummala) oikka


koski

koski (nominative singular)
koskët (nominative plural)
koskën (accusative singular)
koskët (accusative plural)
koskën (genitive singular)
koskëdën (genitive plural)
koskidën (genitive plural)
koskëda (partitive singular)
koskida (partitive plural)
koskëssa (inessive singular)
koskëhna (inessive singular)
koskissa (inessive plural)
koskihna (inessive plural)
koskësta (elative singular)
koskista (elative plural)
koskëhën (illative singular)
koskihën (illative plural)
koskëlla (adessive singular)
koskilla (adessive plural)
koskëlta (ablative singular)
koskilta (ablative plural)
koskëlën (allative singular)
koskëlëk (allative singular)
koskilën (allative plural)
koskilëk (allative plural)
koskëna (essive singular)
koskina (essive plural)
koskëksi (singular translative)
koskiksi (plural translative)
koskën (instructive singular)
koskin (instructive plural)
koskënëk (comitative singular)
koskinëk (comitative plural)
koskëtta (abessive singular)
koskitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kosk

Finnish: koski

Karelian:

North Karelian: koški

South Karelian: koski

Livvi: koski

Ludian: kosk

Veps: kosk

a continuous series of relatively small waterfalls in a stream, rapid


koski

Estonian: (dialectal) kosk

Livonian: kuosk

→ Latvian: kaska, koska

Võro: kosk'

Finnish: (dialectal) koskut, kosku, koskus

Ingrian: kosut

Karelian:

North Karelian: košus

South Karelian: koššus, koskut

Livvi: koskud

Ludian: koskud

⇒ Veps: koskhaine

Votic: (Mati) kõsku

From Proto-Uralic [Term?]. Cognate with Hungarian hárs.


kipu

kipu (nominative singular)
kibut (nominative plural)
kibun (accusative singular)
kibut (accusative plural)
kibun (genitive singular)
kipudën (genitive plural)
kipuidën (genitive plural)
kipuda (partitive singular)
kipuida (partitive plural)
kibussa (inessive singular)
kibuhna (inessive singular)
kibuissa (inessive plural)
kibuihna (inessive plural)
kibusta (elative singular)
kibuista (elative plural)
kipuhën (illative singular)
kipuihën (illative plural)
kibulla (adessive singular)
kibuilla (adessive plural)
kibulta (ablative singular)
kibuilta (ablative plural)
kipulën (allative singular)
kipulëk (allative singular)
kipuilën (allative plural)
kipuilëk (allative plural)
kipuna (essive singular)
kipuina (essive plural)
kibuksi (singular translative)
kibuiksi (plural translative)
kibun (instructive singular)
kibuin (instructive plural)
kipunëk (comitative singular)
kipuinëk (comitative plural)
kibutta (abessive singular)
kibuitta (abessive plural)

q

in compound: <i class="Latn mention" lang="et">kibuvits</i>

Estonian: kibu- (in compound: kibuvits)

Finnish: kipu

→ Northern Sami: gihpu

Ingrian: kipu

Karelian:

North Karelian: kipu

South Karelian: kibu

Livonian: kibūd

Livvi: kibu

Ludian: kibu

Veps: kibu

Votic: (Kattila, Rudja) tšipu


koivu

koivu (nominative singular)
koivut (nominative plural)
koivun (accusative singular)
koivut (accusative plural)
koivun (genitive singular)
koivudën (genitive plural)
koivuidën (genitive plural)
koivuda (partitive singular)
koivuida (partitive plural)
koivussa (inessive singular)
koivuhna (inessive singular)
koivuissa (inessive plural)
koivuihna (inessive plural)
koivusta (elative singular)
koivuista (elative plural)
koivuhën (illative singular)
koivuihën (illative plural)
koivulla (adessive singular)
koivuilla (adessive plural)
koivulta (ablative singular)
koivuilta (ablative plural)
koivulën (allative singular)
koivulëk (allative singular)
koivuilën (allative plural)
koivuilëk (allative plural)
koivuna (essive singular)
koivuina (essive plural)
koivuksi (singular translative)
koivuiksi (plural translative)
koivun (instructive singular)
koivuin (instructive plural)
koivunëk (comitative singular)
koivuinëk (comitative plural)
koivutta (abessive singular)
koivuitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: kõiv

Finnish: koivu

Ingrian: koivu

Karelian:

North Karelian: koivu

South Karelian: koivu

Livonian:

Courland Livonian: kȭvaz, kõuvõ

Vidzeme Livonian: küu, küuve

Ludian: koiv

Veps: koiv

Võro: kõiv

Votic: koivu


palkka

palkka (nominative singular)
palk'at (nominative plural)
palk'an (accusative singular)
palk'at (accusative plural)
palk'an (genitive singular)
palkkadën (genitive plural)
palkkoidën (genitive plural)
palkkada (partitive singular)
palkkoida (partitive plural)
palk'assa (inessive singular)
palk'ahna (inessive singular)
palk'oissa (inessive plural)
palk'oihna (inessive plural)
palk'asta (elative singular)
palk'oista (elative plural)
palkkahën (illative singular)
palkkoihën (illative plural)
palk'alla (adessive singular)
palk'oilla (adessive plural)
palk'alta (ablative singular)
palk'oilta (ablative plural)
palkkalën (allative singular)
palkkalëk (allative singular)
palkkoilën (allative plural)
palkkoilëk (allative plural)
palkkana (essive singular)
palkkoina (essive plural)
palk'aksi (singular translative)
palk'oiksi (plural translative)
palk'an (instructive singular)
palk'oin (instructive plural)
palkkanëk (comitative singular)
palkkoinëk (comitative plural)
palk'atta (abessive singular)
palk'oitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: palk

Finnish: palkka

Ingrian: palkka

Karelian: palkka

Livonian: pālka

Livvi: palku

Ludian: palk

Veps: pauk

Võro: palk

Votic: palkkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *pālkkē

Northern Sami: bálká

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Slavic *bolgo.


paino

paino (nominative singular)
painot (nominative plural)
painon (accusative singular)
painot (accusative plural)
painon (genitive singular)
painodën (genitive plural)
painoidën (genitive plural)
painoda (partitive singular)
painoida (partitive plural)
painossa (inessive singular)
painohna (inessive singular)
painoissa (inessive plural)
painoihna (inessive plural)
painosta (elative singular)
painoista (elative plural)
painohën (illative singular)
painoihën (illative plural)
painolla (adessive singular)
painoilla (adessive plural)
painolta (ablative singular)
painoilta (ablative plural)
painolën (allative singular)
painolëk (allative singular)
painoilën (allative plural)
painoilëk (allative plural)
painona (essive singular)
painoina (essive plural)
painoksi (singular translative)
painoiksi (plural translative)
painon (instructive singular)
painoin (instructive plural)
painonëk (comitative singular)
painoinëk (comitative plural)
painotta (abessive singular)
painoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pain

Finnish: paino

Ingrian: paino

Karelian:

North Karelian: paino

South Karelian: paino

Livvi: paino

Ludian: pain

Võro: pain

Votic: paino


akka

akka (nominative singular)
ak'at (nominative plural)
ak'an (accusative singular)
ak'at (accusative plural)
ak'an (genitive singular)
akkadën (genitive plural)
akkoidën (genitive plural)
akkada (partitive singular)
akkoida (partitive plural)
ak'assa (inessive singular)
ak'ahna (inessive singular)
ak'oissa (inessive plural)
ak'oihna (inessive plural)
ak'asta (elative singular)
ak'oista (elative plural)
akkahën (illative singular)
akkoihën (illative plural)
ak'alla (adessive singular)
ak'oilla (adessive plural)
ak'alta (ablative singular)
ak'oilta (ablative plural)
akkalën (allative singular)
akkalëk (allative singular)
akkoilën (allative plural)
akkoilëk (allative plural)
akkana (essive singular)
akkoina (essive plural)
ak'aksi (singular translative)
ak'oiksi (plural translative)
ak'an (instructive singular)
ak'oin (instructive plural)
akkanëk (comitative singular)
akkoinëk (comitative plural)
ak'atta (abessive singular)
ak'oitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: akka

Ingrian: akka

Karelian:

North Karelian: akka

South Karelian: akka

Livvi: akku

Ludian: akk

Veps: ak

Votic: akkõ

→ Proto-Samic: *ākkē, *ākkā

Possible Wanderwort, compare Sanskrit अक्का (akkā), Latin Acca Larentia, Ancient Greek Ἀκκώ (Akkṓ), Chuvash акка (akka)


naa

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Ugric *na; alternatively, see *taa, from which by analogy with *tämä ~ *nämä, *too ~ *noo.


naa

Finnish: (dialectal) naa

Karelian:

South Karelian: noa

Livvi: nua

Ludian: nuad

Võro: naaq


noo

Finnish: nuo

Ingrian: noo

Karelian:

North Karelian: nuo

South Karelian: nuo

Votic:

Kukkuzi: noo

Estonian: nood

Finnish: (dialectal) nuot

Kven: nuot

Livvi: nuod

Võro: nuuq


apila

apila (nominative singular)
apilat (nominative plural)
apilan (accusative singular)
apilat (accusative plural)
apilan (genitive singular)
apiladën (genitive plural)
apiloidën (genitive plural)
apilata (partitive singular)
apiloita (partitive plural)
apilassa (inessive singular)
apilahna (inessive singular)
apiloissa (inessive plural)
apiloihna (inessive plural)
apilasta (elative singular)
apiloista (elative plural)
apilasën (illative singular)
apiloisën (illative plural)
apilalla (adessive singular)
apiloilla (adessive plural)
apilalta (ablative singular)
apiloilta (ablative plural)
apilalën (allative singular)
apilalëk (allative singular)
apiloilën (allative plural)
apiloilëk (allative plural)
apilana (essive singular)
apiloina (essive plural)
apilaksi (singular translative)
apiloiksi (plural translative)
apilan (instructive singular)
apiloin (instructive plural)
apilanëk (comitative singular)
apiloinëk (comitative plural)
apilatta (abessive singular)
apiloitta (abessive plural)

Finnish: apila

Livonian: ǭ'biļ

Votic: (obsolete) apila (Vilbaste)

Karelian:

North Karelian: apilaš

South Karelian: apilaš

Livvi: abilaz

Probably borrowed from Proto-Baltic [Term?] (whence Lithuanian dobilas, Old Prussian wobilis).


armo

armo (nominative singular)
armot (nominative plural)
armon (accusative singular)
armot (accusative plural)
armon (genitive singular)
armodën (genitive plural)
armoidën (genitive plural)
armoda (partitive singular)
armoida (partitive plural)
armossa (inessive singular)
armohna (inessive singular)
armoissa (inessive plural)
armoihna (inessive plural)
armosta (elative singular)
armoista (elative plural)
armohën (illative singular)
armoihën (illative plural)
armolla (adessive singular)
armoilla (adessive plural)
armolta (ablative singular)
armoilta (ablative plural)
armolën (allative singular)
armolëk (allative singular)
armoilën (allative plural)
armoilëk (allative plural)
armona (essive singular)
armoina (essive plural)
armoksi (singular translative)
armoiksi (plural translative)
armon (instructive singular)
armoin (instructive plural)
armonëk (comitative singular)
armoinëk (comitative plural)
armotta (abessive singular)
armoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: arm

Finnish: armo

→ Inari Sami: ármu

→ Northern Sami: árbmu

Ingrian: armo

Karelian:

North Karelian: armo

South Karelian: armo

Livonian: arm

Livvi: armo

Veps: armod pl ("caresses")

Võro: arm

Votic: armo

Either derived as *armahtadak, *armait'ak + *-o, or a separate borrowing from Proto-Germanic *armǭ (whence Old Norse arma) or Proto-Germanic [Term?] (whence Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌹𐍉 (armaiō)).


armas

armas (nominative singular)
armahët (nominative plural)
armahën (accusative singular)
armahët (accusative plural)
armahën (genitive singular)
armastën (genitive plural)
armahidën (genitive plural)
armasta (partitive singular)
armahita (partitive plural)
armahëssa (inessive singular)
armahëhna (inessive singular)
armahissa (inessive plural)
armahihna (inessive plural)
armahësta (elative singular)
armahista (elative plural)
armahësën (illative singular)
armahisën (illative plural)
armahëlla (adessive singular)
armahilla (adessive plural)
armahëlta (ablative singular)
armahilta (ablative plural)
armahëlën (allative singular)
armahëlëk (allative singular)
armahilën (allative plural)
armahilëk (allative plural)
armassa (essive singular)
armahina (essive plural)
armahëksi (singular translative)
armahiksi (plural translative)
armahën (instructive singular)
armahin (instructive plural)
armassëk (comitative singular)
armahinëk (comitative plural)
armahëtta (abessive singular)
armahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: armas

Finnish: armas

Ingrian: armas

Karelian:

North Karelian: armaš

South Karelian: armaš

Livonian: ārmaz

Livvi: armas

Ludian: armaz

Veps: armaz

Võro: armas, armsa (with metathesis)

Votic: armõz

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“pitiful, poor”), with later ameliorative semantic development. In the modern Finnic languages, the meaning "pitiful" survives only dialectally in Estonian, and in the derivatives *armahtadak, *armastadak.


jalo

jalo (nominative singular)
jalot (nominative plural)
jalon (accusative singular)
jalot (accusative plural)
jalon (genitive singular)
jalodën (genitive plural)
jaloidën (genitive plural)
jaloda (partitive singular)
jaloida (partitive plural)
jalossa (inessive singular)
jalohna (inessive singular)
jaloissa (inessive plural)
jaloihna (inessive plural)
jalosta (elative singular)
jaloista (elative plural)
jalohën (illative singular)
jaloihën (illative plural)
jalolla (adessive singular)
jaloilla (adessive plural)
jalolta (ablative singular)
jaloilta (ablative plural)
jalolën (allative singular)
jalolëk (allative singular)
jaloilën (allative plural)
jaloilëk (allative plural)
jalona (essive singular)
jaloina (essive plural)
jaloksi (singular translative)
jaloiksi (plural translative)
jalon (instructive singular)
jaloin (instructive plural)
jalonëk (comitative singular)
jaloinëk (comitative plural)
jalotta (abessive singular)
jaloitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: (dialectal, archaic) jalu

Finnish: jalo

→ Northern Sami: jállu

Karelian:

North Karelian: jalo

South Karelian: jalo

Livvi: jalo

Ludian: d'alo

Veps: jalo

From earlier *jala-w, probably a cognate with Proto-Samic *juolē.


lambas

lambas (nominative singular)
lampahët (nominative plural)
lampahën (accusative singular)
lampahët (accusative plural)
lampahën (genitive singular)
lambastën (genitive plural)
lampahidën (genitive plural)
lambasta (partitive singular)
lampahita (partitive plural)
lampahëssa (inessive singular)
lampahëhna (inessive singular)
lampahissa (inessive plural)
lampahihna (inessive plural)
lampahësta (elative singular)
lampahista (elative plural)
lampahësën (illative singular)
lampahisën (illative plural)
lampahëlla (adessive singular)
lampahilla (adessive plural)
lampahëlta (ablative singular)
lampahilta (ablative plural)
lampahëlën (allative singular)
lampahëlëk (allative singular)
lampahilën (allative plural)
lampahilëk (allative plural)
lambassa (essive singular)
lampahina (essive plural)
lampahëksi (singular translative)
lampahiksi (plural translative)
lampahën (instructive singular)
lampahin (instructive plural)
lambassëk (comitative singular)
lampahinëk (comitative plural)
lampahëtta (abessive singular)
lampahitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lammas

Finnish: lammas

Ingrian: lammas

Karelian:

North Karelian: lammaš

South Karelian: lammaš

Livonian: lāmbaz

Livvi: lammas

Ludian: lambaz

Veps: lambaz

Võro: lammas

Votic: lammõz


lapida

lapida (nominative singular)
lapidat (nominative plural)
lapidan (accusative singular)
lapidat (accusative plural)
lapidan (genitive singular)
lapidadën (genitive plural)
lapidoidën (genitive plural)
lapidata (partitive singular)
lapidoita (partitive plural)
lapidassa (inessive singular)
lapidahna (inessive singular)
lapidoissa (inessive plural)
lapidoihna (inessive plural)
lapidasta (elative singular)
lapidoista (elative plural)
lapidasën (illative singular)
lapidoisën (illative plural)
lapidalla (adessive singular)
lapidoilla (adessive plural)
lapidalta (ablative singular)
lapidoilta (ablative plural)
lapidalën (allative singular)
lapidalëk (allative singular)
lapidoilën (allative plural)
lapidoilëk (allative plural)
lapidana (essive singular)
lapidoina (essive plural)
lapidaksi (singular translative)
lapidoiksi (plural translative)
lapidan (instructive singular)
lapidoin (instructive plural)
lapidanëk (comitative singular)
lapidoinëk (comitative plural)
lapidatta (abessive singular)
lapidoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: labidas

Finnish: (dialectal) lapia

Karelian:

North Karelian: lapie

South Karelian: labie

Livonian: lä'bḑi

Votic: lappia

Finnish: lapio

Ludian: labid, labido

Veps: labid

Võro: lapjo

Ingrian: lapja

Livvi: labju

Possibly borrowed from a Balto-Slavic language; compare Proto-Slavic *lopata (“shovel, spade”), Lithuanian lópeta (“shovel”), Latvian lâpsta (“shovel, spade”) and Old Prussian lopto (“spade”). Derivation from *lapa (“blade”) has been proposed, but no nominal suffix **-ida exists.


pisara

pisara (nominative singular)
pisarat (nominative plural)
pisaran (accusative singular)
pisarat (accusative plural)
pisaran (genitive singular)
pisaradën (genitive plural)
pisaroidën (genitive plural)
pisarata (partitive singular)
pisaroita (partitive plural)
pisarassa (inessive singular)
pisarahna (inessive singular)
pisaroissa (inessive plural)
pisaroihna (inessive plural)
pisarasta (elative singular)
pisaroista (elative plural)
pisarasën (illative singular)
pisaroisën (illative plural)
pisaralla (adessive singular)
pisaroilla (adessive plural)
pisaralta (ablative singular)
pisaroilta (ablative plural)
pisaralën (allative singular)
pisaralëk (allative singular)
pisaroilën (allative plural)
pisaroilëk (allative plural)
pisarana (essive singular)
pisaroina (essive plural)
pisaraksi (singular translative)
pisaroiksi (plural translative)
pisaran (instructive singular)
pisaroin (instructive plural)
pisaranëk (comitative singular)
pisaroinëk (comitative plural)
pisaratta (abessive singular)
pisaroitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: pisar
→ Ingrian: pisar

Finnish: pisara

Ingrian: pisara

Karelian: pisara, pizara

? Livonian: pizār ("leech")

Livvi: pizar

Ludian: pizar

Veps: pizar

Võro: pissar'

Votic: (Jõgõperä) pisarõ

Possibly from Proto-Finno-Permic *piśa- (“to rain, drizzle”) with *-ra. Compare Erzya пиземе (piźeme), Moksha пизем (piźem, “rain”).


sakna

sakna (nominative singular)
saknat (nominative plural)
saknan (accusative singular)
saknat (accusative plural)
saknan (genitive singular)
saknadën (genitive plural)
saknoidën (genitive plural)
saknada (partitive singular)
saknoida (partitive plural)
saknassa (inessive singular)
saknahna (inessive singular)
saknoissa (inessive plural)
saknoihna (inessive plural)
saknasta (elative singular)
saknoista (elative plural)
saknahën (illative singular)
saknoihën (illative plural)
saknalla (adessive singular)
saknoilla (adessive plural)
saknalta (ablative singular)
saknoilta (ablative plural)
saknalën (allative singular)
saknalëk (allative singular)
saknoilën (allative plural)
saknoilëk (allative plural)
saknana (essive singular)
saknoina (essive plural)
saknaksi (singular translative)
saknoiksi (plural translative)
saknan (instructive singular)
saknoin (instructive plural)
saknanëk (comitative singular)
saknoinëk (comitative plural)
saknatta (abessive singular)
saknoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: saun

Finnish: sauna (see there for further descendants)

Ingrian: sauna

Karelian: soakna

Livonian: sōna

Votic: saunõ

Võro: sann

Cognate with Proto-Samic *suovńē (“pit in the ground”); the original meaning may have been "pit", given that early saunas were dug pits into the ground and a pile of heated rocks (*kiukasa). Possibly a borrowing from early Proto-Germanic *stakna- (later *stakkaz, compare e.g. English stack). LÄGLOS however disputes this.


oraba

oraba (nominative singular)
orabat (nominative plural)
oraban (accusative singular)
orabat (accusative plural)
oraban (genitive singular)
orabadën (genitive plural)
oraboidën (genitive plural)
orabata (partitive singular)
oraboita (partitive plural)
orabassa (inessive singular)
orabahna (inessive singular)
oraboissa (inessive plural)
oraboihna (inessive plural)
orabasta (elative singular)
oraboista (elative plural)
orabasën (illative singular)
oraboisën (illative plural)
oraballa (adessive singular)
oraboilla (adessive plural)
orabalta (ablative singular)
oraboilta (ablative plural)
orabalën (allative singular)
orabalëk (allative singular)
oraboilën (allative plural)
oraboilëk (allative plural)
orabana (essive singular)
oraboina (essive plural)
orabaksi (singular translative)
oraboiksi (plural translative)
oraban (instructive singular)
oraboin (instructive plural)
orabanëk (comitative singular)
oraboinëk (comitative plural)
orabatta (abessive singular)
oraboitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: orav

Finnish: orava

Ingrian: orava, (dialectal) orraava

Karelian:

North Karelian: orava

South Karelian: orava

Livonian: vȯrābõz

Livvi: orau

>? Ludian: orau

>? Veps: orav

Võro: orrav

Votic: õravõ

From Proto-Uralic *ora. Cognates include Proto-Samic *oarēvē. The nature of the third syllable *-ba is unclear.


luku

luku (nominative singular)
lugut (nominative plural)
lugun (accusative singular)
lugut (accusative plural)
lugun (genitive singular)
lukudën (genitive plural)
lukuidën (genitive plural)
lukuda (partitive singular)
lukuida (partitive plural)
lugussa (inessive singular)
luguhna (inessive singular)
luguissa (inessive plural)
luguihna (inessive plural)
lugusta (elative singular)
luguista (elative plural)
lukuhën (illative singular)
lukuihën (illative plural)
lugulla (adessive singular)
luguilla (adessive plural)
lugulta (ablative singular)
luguilta (ablative plural)
lukulën (allative singular)
lukulëk (allative singular)
lukuilën (allative plural)
lukuilëk (allative plural)
lukuna (essive singular)
lukuina (essive plural)
luguksi (singular translative)
luguiksi (plural translative)
lugun (instructive singular)
luguin (instructive plural)
lukunëk (comitative singular)
lukuinëk (comitative plural)
lugutta (abessive singular)
luguitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: lugu

→ Latvian: luga

Finnish: luku

Ingrian: luku

Karelian:

North Karelian: luku

South Karelian: lugu

Livonian: lu’g

Livvi: lugu

Ludian: lugu

Veps: lugu

Võro: lugu

Votic: luku

From *lukëdak + *-u. Cognate with Proto-Samic *lokō (whence Northern Sami lohku).


nato

nato (nominative singular)
nadot (nominative plural)
nadon (accusative singular)
nadot (accusative plural)
nadon (genitive singular)
natodën (genitive plural)
natoidën (genitive plural)
natoda (partitive singular)
natoida (partitive plural)
nadossa (inessive singular)
nadohna (inessive singular)
nadoissa (inessive plural)
nadoihna (inessive plural)
nadosta (elative singular)
nadoista (elative plural)
natohën (illative singular)
natoihën (illative plural)
nadolla (adessive singular)
nadoilla (adessive plural)
nadolta (ablative singular)
nadoilta (ablative plural)
natolën (allative singular)
natolëk (allative singular)
natoilën (allative plural)
natoilëk (allative plural)
natona (essive singular)
natoina (essive plural)
nadoksi (singular translative)
nadoiksi (plural translative)
nadon (instructive singular)
nadoin (instructive plural)
natonëk (comitative singular)
natoinëk (comitative plural)
nadotta (abessive singular)
nadoitta (abessive plural)

Estonian: nadu

Finnish: nato

Ingrian: nato

Karelian: (Northern) nato, (Southern) nado

Livvi: nado

Ludian: nado

Veps: nado

Võro: nado

Votic: nato